A-Treatise-on-Suits-in-Chancery-Henry-R-Gibson-Second-Ed-1907

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PREFACETOTHEFIRSTEDITION.
Whilethereisageneralfamilyresemblancebetweenthesystemsofjurispru-denceprevalentinthevariousStatesoftheUnion,thedifferencesandpeculiaritiesintheirsystemsofpleadingandpracticeare,nevertheless,sogreatthatnowork,dealingwiththeprocedureinCourts,isofmuchpracticalvaluetothepractitioner,unlessitisadaptedtothejurisprudenceandpracticeoftheparticularStateinwhichhelives.Booksofgeneralpractice,withfoot-notesofthediverserulingsinvariousStates,areoftenmoreconfusingthanenlightening.Whatthepracti-tionerneedsisabookonCourtprocedurethatomitseverythingthatisnotthelawinhisownState,andcontainseverythingthatheislikelytoneedintheprogressofasuit.SuchabookIhaveendeavoredtomakethis,sofarastheChancerypracticeisconcerned.WhatordinarilyhappensinalitigationcanwellbecompressedintooneVolume
;
butwhatveryseldomhappens,theunusualandthepossible,wouldfillseveralvolumes.Whathappensinmattersofpleadingandpracticein99outofevery100suits,Ihavelaboredtogive;what«mayhappeninthehundredthsuit,Ihavenotstriventoforecast.Theordinarylawiscomparativelysmallincompass:itistheexceptionalandtheuncommonthatnecessitateamultiplicityofbooks,andfilllibraries.AndwhileIhavenotattemptedtogivewhatisexceptionalanduncom-mon,mypurposehasbeentogiveeverythinglikelytoproveofvalue,tobefoundinourstatutes,decisions,andrulesofpractice,andinstandardauthoritiesonthesubject.1.InMattersofEquityJurisprudence,thisworkisbasedmainlyonPomeroy,Story,andthestatutesandjudicialdecisionsofourownState.2.InMattersofChanceryPleading,IhavefollowedStory,insofarascon-sistentwithourstatutes.DanielandBarbourhave,also,beendrawnon,quitelargely.Themanydifferences,betweenoursystemofpleadingandthatoftheEnglishCourtofChancery,areclearlypointedout,wherenecessarytopreventconfusion.3.InMattersofChanceryPractice,theworksofDanielandBarbourhavebeenreliedonwhenconsistentwithourstatutes,decisions,rulesofpractice,andsystemofjurisprudence.

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PREFACETOTHESECONDEDITION.
Whateveramandoesheflattershimselfhecanimproveon,andsotheauthorofthefirsteditionofthiswork,betterawareofitsdeficienciesthananyoneelse,beganthepreparationofwhathehopedwouldbeanimprovededitionbeforethefirsthadbeenfullyprinted.ThemainobjectoftheoriginaleditionwasexpressedinitsTitle,andPreface;butitleftmanysuits-inChanceryunconsidered,andleftothersveryimperfectlyconsidered.Tosupplythesedeficienciesisthemainobjectofthepresentedition.Thedeficienciesinthefirsteditionwerecaused,first,byanapprehensionthatthenecessaryadditionalmatterwouldmaketoounwieldyavolume;andsecond,bytheauthor'sdutiesasChancellorengrossingtoomuchofhistime.Tnpreparingthisedition,theauthorhashadadequatetime,andthesuggestionsofaconsiderableproportionofthelawyersoftheState,besidestheuseoftheLawLibraryofCongressforovertenyears:sohehopesthedeficiencieshavebeenreducedtotheminimumconsistentwithonevolume.Thepresentedition,(whichcontains20percentmorematter1thantheoriginal,)treatsofeverykindofsuitinChancerytheaveragelawyerwillbecalledontobring,ordefend,inanaveragelifetime,2thesuitsoftenestbroughtbeingmostfullyconsidered.TheauthorcannotforbearexpressinghisgratitudetotheJudgesandChan-cellorsoftheState,andtothemembersofthebar,fortheirkindreceptionofthefirstedition:itlargelycompensatedhimforthedrudgerydevotedtoitscompilationandpublication.Inthisconnectionitmaynotbeoutofplacetosay,thatnoneofthereferencestoreportsandtextbooksineithereditionaresecond-hand,butaretheresultsoforiginalinvestigation,andcanbeimplicitlyreliedon.TheCodereferencesare,unlessotherwisenoted,totheCodeof1858:thereasonsforthisare,1st,itistheonlyStatutoryCodeoftheState;2d,allsubse-quentCodescontainit,sofarasextant;and3rd,thisworkmayoutlivethetem-poraryCodesofindividuals,(ofwhichtherehavealreadybeenfour,)butcannothopetooutlivetheCodeoftheState.StatutespassedsincetheCodeof1858areusuallyreferredtobythedateandchapteroftheAct.Thequotationsofmaximstoillustratethetextwill,itisbelieved,provehelpful.NobookthattreatsofEquityiscompletewithout-them.Theyarenotthemeregewgawsofpedanticlore,butthecrystallizedwisdomofthelaw,polishedandpreservedbythemastersofjurisprudence.HENRYR.GIBSON.Knoxville,Tenn.,March4,1907.
161oldsectionshavebeenomittedorconsolidated,I 2Adeaqucefrequentiusacciduntjuraadaptantur.and244newsectionsadded.Over1,000oftheoldsec-tionshavebeenre-written,orrevised.I

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X • CONTENTS.PARTII.PROCEEDINGSINASUITINCHANCERY,FROMITSPRELIMINA-RIESTOTHEAPPEARANCEOFTHEDEFENDANT.CHAPTERVI.
PROCEEDINGSPRELIMINARYTOASUIT.SECTIONS77-79
CHAPTERVII.PARTIESTOSUITSINCHANCERY'.ArticleI.whoMaySueinChanceryII-WhoMaybeSuedinChancery •HI.GeneralRulesastoPartiesIV.WhoShouldbeComplainantsV.WhoShouldbeDefendants'.
VI.NextFriendsandGuardiansadLitemVII.Mis-joinderandNon-joinderofPartiesVIII.EffectofDeathorMarriageofParties,orAssignmentoftheirInterestsIX.PartiesinParticularSuitsX.PartiesinSuitsbyandagainsttheState,Counties,Cities,andCorporationsCHAPTERVIII.ORIGINALBILLSINCHANCERY.ArticleI.OriginalBillsGenerallyConsideredII.FrameofanOriginalBillIII.FormofanOriginalBillIV.PracticalSuggestionsastotheDrawingofBills
CHAPTERIX.PROCEEDINGSPRELIMINARYTOPROCESS.ArticleI.ProceedingsPreliminarytoExtraordinaryProcessII.FilingoftheBillIII.ProceedingsinReferencetoCosts
CHAPTERX.ORIGINALPROCESSINCHANCERY.ArticleI.OriginalProcessGenerallyConsideredII.SubpoenatoAnswerIII.ProcessbyPublicationIV.AttachmenttoCompelanAnswerCHAPTERXI.PROCEEDINGSBETWEENPROCESSANDAPPEARANCE.ArticleI.ProConfessos,andProceedingsThereonII.MotionsbytheComplainant
80-8586-8990-9596-99100-102103-108109-112113-116117-127128-131
132-138139-152153-164165-173
174-176177-179180-183
184-186187-195196-200201-204
205-213214-221

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CONTENTS.XtPARTIII.PROCEEDINGSINASUITINCHANCERY,FROMTHEAPPEARANCEOFTHEDEFENDANTTOTHECLOSEOFTHEPLEADINGS.
ArticleI.II.III.
CHAPTERXII.APPEARANCEANDDEFENCE.AppearancebytheDefendantDefencesGenerallyConsideredPreliminaryMotionsbytheDefendant
SECTIONS222-228229-232233-239
CHAPTERXIII.PLEASINABATEMENT.ArticleI.PleasinAbatementGenerallyConsidered240-243II.PleasinAbatementtotheProcess 244-246III.PleasinAbatementtotheBill 247-252IV.FrameandFormofPleasinAbatement253-254V.PleasinAbatementinAttachmentSuits 255-259VI.ProceedingsUponaPleainAbatement....' 260-265
CHAPTERXIV.MOTIONSTODISMISSBILLS.266-274
CHAPTERXV.DEMURRERS.ArticleI.DemurrersGenerallyConsidered, 275-280II.DemurrersbyAllowance 281-288III.DemurrersofRight 289-300IV.RulesGoverningDemurrers 301-308V.FrameandFormofDemurrers 309-312VI.ActionoftheCourtonDemurrers 313-316VII.PracticalSuggestionsConcerningDemurrers317-319
ArticleI.II.III.IV.V.
CHAPTERXVI.PLEASINBAR.PleasinBarGenerallyConsidered 320-324KindsofPleasinBar 325-334FrameandFormofPleasinBar 335-340PleasSupportedbyanAnswer 341-349ProceedingsuponaPleainBar , 350-354

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ArticleI.II.III.IV.V.
ArticleI.II.III.IV.V.VI.VII.VIII.
CONTENTS.CHAPTERXXIV.EVIDENCEINCHANCERY.EvidenceGenerallyConsideredWhenProofis,andisnot,NeCessaryPleadingswhenEvidenceWhenProofMustbeFiledPracticalSuggestionsconcerningProofCHAPTERXXV.DEPOSITIONSINCHANCERY.DepositionsGenerallyConsideredNoticetoTakeDepositionsDepositionsTakenonInterrogatoriesFormalitiesofaDepositionPowersandDutiesofCommissioners,andRightsandDutiesofWitnesses •ExceptionstoDepositionsAmendmentofDepositionsPracticalSuggestionsaboutDepositions
Xlll
SECTIONS441-451452-457458-462463-468469-473
474-479480-482483-485486-491492-496497-501502-504505-513
CHAPTERXXVI.MOTIONSPREVIOUSTOTHEHEARING.ArticleI.MotionsBeforetheCaseisCalledII.MotionforaContinuanceIII.MotionstoDismisstheBill '.
IV.SuggestionsHowtoPreventDelays,ArisingFromAmendmentsandContinuancesCHAPTERXXVII.THEHEARING,ORTRIALOFTHECAUSE.ArticleI.TheHearing;bytheChancellorII.IncidentsoftheHearingIII.TrialbyJury
514-518519-522523-525526-529
530-538539-546547-554
PARTV.PROCEEDINGSINASUITINCHANCERY,FROMTHECONCLUSIONOFTHEHEARINGTOTHEENFORCEMENTOFTHEDECREE.CHAPTERXXVIII.DECREESONTHEMERITS.ArticleI.NatureandExtentoftheReliefGranted 555-563II.DecreesGenerallyConsidered 564-574III.KindsofDecrees 575-579IV.PracticalSuggestionsastoDecrees 580-581

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XIV
Article
CONTENTS.CHAPTERXXIX.DECREESASTOCOSTS.
I.CostsGenerallyConsideredII.TheAdjudicationofCosts.
SECTIONS582-S8S586-593
CHAPTERXXX.REFERENCESTOTHEMASTERANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.ArticleI.WhenReferencesareNecessary,orProperII.ProceedingsuponaReferenceIII.TheMaster'sReport'
IV.ProceedingsuponaMaster'sReportCHAPTERXXXI.DECREESOFSALEANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.SalesGenerallyConsideredReportofSales,andProceedingsThereonOpeningofBiddingsPurchasers'Duties,RightsandLiabilitiesPaymentofMoneyunderaDecreetoPartiesEntitled
ArticleI.II.III.IV.V.
ArticleI.II.III.IV.V.VI.
,CHAPTERXXXII.HOWDECREESAREENFORCED.FinalProcessGenerallyConsideredTransferofTitlebyDecree,orDeedFinalProcessAgainstthePersonFinalProcessAgainstPropertySequestrationstoEnforceDecreesProceedingsinEnforcementofDecreesonRemandment.
594-602603-610611-614615-620
621-627628-633634-639640-643644-645
646-648649-650651-652653657658-661662-665
PARTVI.BILLSINCHANCERYRELATINGTOORIGINALBILLS.CHAPTERXXXIII.AMENDEDANDSUPPLEMENTALBILLS.ArticleI.AmendedBillsII.SupplementalBillsIII.DefencestoAmendedandSupplementalBills
CHAPTERXXXIV.ABATEMENTANDREVIVOR.ArticleI.BillsofRevivorII.StatutoryMethodsofRevivorIII.BillsAkintoBillsofRevivorIV.DefencestoProceedingstoRevive
666-679680-692693-697
698-709710-716717-719720-722

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CONTENTS.XVCHAPTERXXXV.SECTIONSBILLSTOCARRYDECREESINTOEXECUTION.723-724
CHAPTERXXXVI.CROSSBILLS.. 725-738
PARTVII.INTERLOCUTORYAPPLICATIONSINSUITSINCHANCERY,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.CHAPTERXXXVII.MOTIONSINCOURT,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.ArticleI.MotionsGenerallyConsidered 739-743II.MotionsbytheComplainant 744-749III.MotionsbytheDefendant 7S0-7S2IV.MotionsCommontoBothParties 753-762V.MotionsbyStrangersandQuasiParties 763-764VI.MotionsAboutPayingMoneyInto,orOutof,Court 765-769
CHAPTERXXXVIII.MOTIONSATCHAMBERS,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.ArticleI.JurisdictionoftheChancelloratChambers, 770-775II.ProceedingsbeforetheChancelloratChambers776-783
CHAPTERXXXIX.AFFIDAVITS.784-790
CHAPTERXL.PETITIONS.791-799
CHAPTERXLI.SUITSFORINJUNCTIONS,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREIN.ArticleI.InjunctionsGenerallyConsidered 8C0-803II.InWhatCasesInjunctionswillbeGranted 804-826III.HowInjunctionsareObtained,Issued,andServed827-837IV.PleadingsinInjunctionSuits,andReliefsGranted838-844V.ViolationsofInjunctions,andRemediesTherefor845-848VI.TheDissolutionofInjunctions 849-858VII.InjunctionandRefundingBonds,andtheirBreach859-863
CHAPTERXLII.SUITSPRAYINGNEEXEATS,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREIN.864-868

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fXvi CONTENTS.CHAPTERXLIII.SUITSINCHANCERYFORATTACHMENTOFPROPERTY.SECTIONSArticleI.AttachmentBills,andProceedingsThereon.. 869-883II.Defences,Decrees,andSubsequentProceedings884-890
CHAPTERXLIV.SUITSFORRECEIVERS,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREIN.ArticleI.ReceiversGenerallyConsidered 891-894II.InWhatCaseaReceiverwillbeAppointed895-902III.TimeandMannerofAppointingReceivers903-909IV.Powers,Duties,andLiabilities,ofReceivers910-913V.Settlements,Removal,andDischarge,ofReceivers914-917
CHAPTERXLV.ATTACHMENTSOFTHEPERSONFORCONTEMPT.918-924
PARTVIII.PARTICULARSUITSINCHANCERYSPECIALLYCONSIDERED.CHAPTERXLVI.SUITSINRELATIONTOTRUSTS.ArticleI.SuitsinRelationtoExpressTrusts 925-929II.SuitsinRelationtoResultingandConstructiveTrusts930-931
CHAPTERXLVI.SUITSARISINGFROMFRAUDS,ACCIDENTS,ANDMISTAKESArticleI.SuitsArisingfromActualFrauds 932-935II.SuitsArisingfromConstructiveFrauds 936-9'SIII.SuitsArisingfromAccidentsandMistakes939-941
CHAPTERXLVII.SUITSTOSETUP,REFORM,ANDRESCINDWRITINGS.ArticleI.SuitstoSetupWrittenInstruments942-944II.SuitstoReformWrittenInstruments.. 945-946III.SuitstoRescindWrittenInstruments947-948CHAPTERXLVIII.SUITSFORSPECIFICPERFORMANCE.949-951CHAPTERXLIX.SUITSFORANACCOUNTING.952-958

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CONTENTS.CHAPTERL.SUITSINRELATIONTOPARTNERSHIPS.
XVU
SECTIONS959-961
CHAPTERLI.SUITSFOREXONERATION,SUBROGATIONANDCONTRIBUTION.ArticleI.SuitsforExoneration 962-963II.SuitsforSubrogation 964-965III.SuitsforContribution 966-967
ArticleI.II.III.
CHAPTERLII.SUITSRELATINGTOPERSONSUNDERDISABILITY.SuitsWheretheChanceryCourtActsasGuardianSuitstoSellorLeasethePropertyofInfantsandWivesSuitsRelatingtoPersonsofUnsoundMind 968-971972-979980-984
ArticleI.II.III.
CHAPTERUII.SUITSTOADMINISTERTHEESTATESOFDECEDENTS.SuitstoAppointanAdministratorSuitstoSellaDecedent'sLandtoPayHisDebtsSuitstoAdministerInsolventEstates 985-987988-996997-1004
ArticleI.II.
III.
IV.V.VI.
CHAPTERLIV.SUITSBYCREDITORSWITHOUTREMEDYATLAW.SuitswhereJudgmentatLawCannotbeObtained1005-1008SuitswhereJudgmentatLawHasbeenObtained,butExecutionatLawCannotbeLevied 1009-1018SuitswhereJudgmentatLawHasbeenObtained,butaDiscoveryofPropertyisNecessary 1019-1024SuitswhereaCreditorHasObtainedaJudgmentinAnotherState,andHasExhaustedhisLegalRemedy1025-1027SuitswhereJudgmentsatLawMaybeHad,butExecutionatLawCannotbeLevied
'.
1028-1029SuitsbyGeneralCreditorsfortheirProRataofanInsolventDebtor'sProperty 1030-1035
CHAPTERLV.SUITSTOENFORCELIENS.1036-1041
CHAPTERLVI.SUITSTOPROTECTANDRECOVERREALANDPERSONALPROPERTY.ArticleI.SuitstoProtectInterestsinLand 1042-1044II.SuitstoRecoverInterestsinLand 1045-1050III.SuitstoRecoverEscheatedProperty 1051-1052IV.SuitstoRecoverPersonalProperty 1053-1057

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xviii CONTENTS.CHAPTEREVILSUITSTOPARTITIONLANDS,ORTHEIRPROCEEDS.SECTIONSArticleI.PartitionbyDivision 1058-1064II.PartitionbySale 1065-1069III.GrossValueofLifeEstate 10701072CHAPTERLVIII.SUITSINCHANCERYINCASESACTIONABLEATLAW.1073-1080
CHAPTERLIX.SUITSINTHENATUREOPAQUOWARRANTOPROCEEDING.1081-1083
CHAPTERLX.SUITSFORWRITSOFMANDAMUS.1084-1087
CHAPTERLXI.SUITSFORDIVORCEANDALIMONY.ArticleI.MattersRelatingtotheJurisdiction1088-1091II.PleadingsandProcedure 1092-1098III.Trial,Orders,andDecrees 1099-1105CHAPTERLXII.SUITSWHERENORECOVERYISSOUGHT.ArticleI.SuitsforanInterpleader 1106-1115II.SuitsforaDiscovery 1116-1124III.SuitstoPerpetuateTestimony: 1125-1132IV.SuitstoTakeTestimonydeBeneEsse 1133-1135
PARTIX.THEOFFICERSANDRULESOFTHECHANCERYCOURT.CHAPTERLXIII.THECHANCELLOR:HISPOWERSANDDUTIES.ArticleI.TheQualificationsandPowersoftheChancellor1136-1138aII.DutiesoftheChancellor 1139-1141III.ProvisionswhentheChancellorisIncompetent1142-1147IV.TheEtiquetteoftheChanceryCourt 1148-1152CHAPTERLXIV.THECLERKANDMASTER:HISPOWERSANDDUTIES.1153-1172CHAPTERLXV.SOLICITORS:THEIRRIGHTS,DUTIESANDLIABILITIES.1173-1184

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PARTI.THECHANCERYCOURT:ITSHISTORY,JURISDICTIONANDPRINCIPLES.CHAPTERI.THEHISTORYOETHECHANCERYCOURT.ArticleI.OriginandEvolutionofEquityJurisprudence.ArticleII.HistoryoftheChanceryCourtsofTennessee.
ARTICLEI.ORIGINANDEVOLUTIONOFEQUITYJURISPRUDENCE.
§1.TheCivilLaw:itsDevelopment.§2.EvolutionofEquityinEngland.§3.CharacteroftheFirstChancerySuits.§4.PrinciplesonwhichtheEarlyChancel-lorsActed.§5.TheCommonLawasComparedwiththeCivilLaw.
§6.SomeoftheDeficienciesoftheCommonLaw.§7.HowtheLawhasFollowedEquity.§8.TheDivineLawofJusticetheRuleofDecision.§9.OtherCausesContributingtotheEstab-lishmentoftheChanceryCourt.
§1.TheCivilLaw:ItsDevelopment.—ThesystemofjurisprudencecalledEquitywasoriginallylargelyderivedfromthecivillawoftheRomans;anditsearlydevelopmentinEnglandwassimilartothedevelopmentofananalogoussysteminthejurisprudenceofRome.Therefore,inendeavoringtotracetheoriginoftheChanceryCourt,itmaybewelltonotice,briefly,thedevelopmentofthecivillaw.TheearlylawsofRome,liketheoldcommonlawofEngland,wereexceed-inglystern,rigid,formalandarbitrary,payinglittleattentiontoabstractrightandjustice.1Theirjudicialproceedingsweretechnicaltothelastdegree.Absoluteaccuracywasrequiredincomplyingwiththeestablishedphrasesandactsintheenforcementofcivilrights.Anyomission,ormistake,ofawordoramovementwasfatal.2Ascivilization,however,progressedinRome,subtletechnicalitiesgavewaytosimplermethodsofpleading;buteventhenitwasfoundthatcasesoccasionallyarosetowhichtheimprovedformulaswereinad-equate.Theseextraordinarycasesweredecidedbythepraetorwithoutbeingreferredtotheordinarytribunal,andwithoutbeinghamperedbyanytechnicalrequirementsastotheproperformula,orkindofaction,hehimselfdeterminingboththelawandthefactsofthecase.1Thecomplainantstatedthefactsofhiscase,thedefendantsetuphisdefense,thepraetordecided.Thisextraordinarymethodofdeterminingsuits,sosimple,sofreefromtechnicalities,soeasilymouldedtotheexigenciesofeverycase,wasfoundsosuperiortoeventhe11Pom.Eq.Jur.,§7.•$ | 21Pom.Bq.Jur.,§3.

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§2 ORIGINANDEVOLUTIONOFEQUITY.improvedformulas,thateventuallyitsupersededthem,andbecametheonlymodeofprocedure,—muchas,inmanyoftheStatesandinEngland,thepro-cedurebybillandanswerhassupplantedtherigidformulasofcommonlawactions.3NotonlywerethepleadingsthussimplifiedbytheRomanjurists,butthelawwascorrespondinglyimproved;andadeliberateandpersistenteffortwasmadetobringtheirjurisprudenceintoperfectharmonywithanabsolutelyimpartialequity,thatshoulddoequalandperfectjusticetoall.4And,thus,wasperfectedthatsystemofjurisprudenceknownasthecivillaw,fromwhicharederivedmanyofthemaxims,principlesanddoctrinesofEquity,nowfollowedandenforcedintheChanceryCourts.5§2.EvolutionofEquityinEngland.—Thedevelopmentoftheextraor-dinaryjurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtofEnglandwassimilar,initscauses,progressandresults,tothedevelopmentofthesystemofEquityintheRomanlaw,asalreadyintimated.6InEngland,theKingwasregardedasthe''foun-tainofjustice;"and,whenanypersonconceivedthathehadbeenwronged,eitherincourtoroutofcourt,hehadtheprivilegeofpetitioningtheKingforredress.TheKing,beingunabletohearanddetermineallofthesecomplaintsbecauseoftheirnumberandcomplexity,generallyreferredthemtohischiefsecretary,whowascalledhisChancellor.Thisofficerwasanecclesiastic,trainedinthelawandtheologyofRome,7andwassometimescalledthe"keeperoftheKing'sconscience."8Whenthusdirectedtoadjudicatetherights,anddeterminetheremedies,ofthosepetitioningtheKingforjustice,theChancellornaturallyhadrecoursetothecivillawofRome,beingmostfamiliartherewith;and,also,findingthereinadivinersortofjustice,andasimplerandmoreefficientformofprocedure.Besides,theseChancellors,whoweregenerallyveryableandverylearnedmen,werenodoubt,disposedtoregardtheEnglishcommonlawasabarbarouscodecomparedwiththeRomancivillaw.9TheChancellor'sofficewasoneofgreattrustandconfidence:hewastheKing'sadviserandconfidant,thechiefmemberofhiseouncil,andthekeeperofhisgreatsealofState.Heisspokenof,ataveryearlyday,asonewho"annulsunjustlaws,andexecutesthecommandsofapiousprince,andputsanendtowhatisinjurioustothepeopleortomorals."10§3.CharacteroftheFirstChancerySuits.—TheChancellors,followingtheexampleoftheRomanpraetors,11appliedtheequitableprinciplesofthecivillawtothedeterminationofallsuitsreferredtothembytheKing.Thesuitsthusreferredwere,generally:1,applicationstoobtainredressforinjuriesandactsofoppressionwherefromthepoweroftheoffender,orforanyothercause,afairtrialintheordinarycourtscouldnotbehad;2,caseswheretherewerefraud,deceitanddishonestybeyondthereachofthecommonlaw;12and3.easeswherethecommonlawwasinadequatetotherequirementsofjustice.Inthosetimesofdisorderandoppression,manyweretheappealstotheKingbythepoorandtheweakforprotectionagainsttherichandthestrong,thelocalmagistratesbeingoftenoverawed;andmanywerethecomplaintsofwantofremedyatlaw.TheKing,unabletogivepersonalattentiontosomanypetitions,finally,conferredupontheChancellorfullauthoritytogivereliefinallmattersof"Grace,"astheseapplicationsforredressweretermed;andfromthisperiodpetitionsbegantobeaddressedtotheChancellorsthemselves,andnottotheKing.Thisdelegationofauthoritywasmadeintheyear1348
;
31Pom.Eq.Jur.,§6.Seepost,§lo.41Pom.Eq.Jur.,§8.s1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§23;1Pom.Eq.Jur.,§14.61Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§1-9;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§50.71Sto.Eq.Jur.,§23.Thefactthatthefirst-Chancellorswereecclesiastics,generallybish-opsorachbishops,accountsforandexplains-variouswordsandphrasesfoundintheoldformsofbills,suchas:(1)"Orator,"onewhoprays;(2)"doingscontrarytoconscience,"thebishopbeingboundtoactaccordingtocon-science;andbeingalso,thekeeperoftheKing'sconscience;and(3)"andyourorator
shalleverpray,etc.,"thefullsentencebeing,"andyouroratorshalleverprayforyou."Barton'sSuitinEquity,40,note;seealso,Sto.Eq.PI.,§14;andLube'sEq.PI.,260.Thisantiquatedconclusionisstillsometimesused.8Snell'sPr.Eq.,10.TheChanceryCourtsofTennesseerepresenttheconscienceoftheState,astheChanceryCourtofEnglandrep-resentedtheconscienceoftheKing.o1Pom.Eq.Jur.,§17.10Bouvier'sLawDie,"Equity."111Sto.Eq.Jur.,§50.121Pom.Eq.Jur.,§31.

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ORIGINANDEVOLUTIONOFEQUITY.§4and,inthenextfiftyyears,theEquityjurisdictionoftheChancellorwasclearlyestablished.13§4.PrinciplesonwhichtheEarlyChancellorsActed.—WhenmattersofGracewerethusreferredtotheChancellor,heissuedawritcommandingthepartycomplainedagainsttoappearandanswerthecomplaint,andabidebytheorderoftheCourt.14TheprinciplesonwhichtheChancellorbasedhisdecisionswerethoseofHonesty,EquityandConscience.15By"Conscience"wasmeantthoseobligationsonepersonisundertoanothertoexercisethatgoodfaiththeotherhasarighttoexpect.18OnanapplicationtoParliamentforredress,thepetitionwasreferredtotheChancellor,withthecommand:"Lettherebedone,byauthorityoftheParliament,thatwhichrightandreason,andgoodfaithandgoodconscience,demandinthecase.'
'
17MattersofGracebeingthusbroughtbeforetheChancellor,asthekeeperoftheKing'sconscience,andhebeingrequiredtodojusticeintheKing'sname,hefeltundernoobligationtodeterminetherightsofpetitionersbythatlawfromwhichtheyhadfledtotheKingforrelief;and,forreasonsalreadystated,theChancellors,atanearlyday,adoptedtheequitableprinciplesandsimpleprocedureofthecivillawofRome,adaptingthem,withwisdomandprudence,totheemergenciesoftheparticularcases.ThemattersreferredtothembeingmattersofGraceandofconscience,theChancellorsfeltboundtodecidethecauseaccordingtoconscience.ThejurisdictionoftheChancellorbeingthusestablisheduponGraceandconscience,andhisjudgmentsbeinginthenameoftheKing,andbyhisauthority,whenevertheCourtsofcommonlawwereinadequatetothedemandsofjustice,thepartyunabletoobtainreliefthereinwouldhaverecoursetotheChancellor,whoinhisCourt,calledtheHighCourt,ofChanceryofEngland,undertook,likethepraetorofRome,toadministeranequitynotfoundinthelaw,himselfdeterminingallquestionsbothoflawandfact,andrenderingadecreeadaptedtoalltheexigenciesofjustice.18§5.TheCommonLawasComparedwiththeCivilLaw.—Thecommonlawwasthenutterlyincapableofdoingcompletejusticeinmanycases;and,innotafewcases,itfurnishednoremedyorreliefwhatever.Ithadcertainrigidmoldsorformulas,intosomeoneofwhicheverycauseofactionhadtobecast
;
andifthecausecouldnotberunintoanyofthesemolds,therewasnore-dress;andifitcouldberunintooneofthemolds,onlysuchredressastheformulagavecouldbehad,regardlessoftheequitiesofthecase,andtherealrightsoftheparties.Thefictions,formalismsandarbitrarytechnicalitiesofthecommonlaw,anditsdialecticalrefinements,wereinexplicableandincom-prehensiblejargontothepublic,andoftenacostlymockeryofjusticetothelitigants.Thosewhoaskedforbreadwereoftengivenastone,andthosewhoappliedforafishsometimesreceivedaserpent.Equity,ontheotherhand,disregardedforms,ignoredfictions,subordinatedtechnicalitiestotherequirementsofjustice,andindulgedinnodialecticalre-finements.Itspleadingsweresimpleandnatural,anditsdoctrineswerefoundedupontheeternalprinciplesofrightasinterpretedbyaloftyChristianmorality.Itsgreatunderlyingprinciples,theconstantsources,theneveriailingrootsofitsparticularrules,weretheprinciplesofequity,justice,mor-131Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§44;46.14Thiswritwasthesubpoena.151SpenoeEq.Jur.,338-339.16Ibid,411.Fidesestobligatioconscientiwali-eningadintentionemalterius.(Good.faithisanobligationbindingtheconscienceofonepartytoatransactionaccordingtotheunderstand-ingoftheotherparty.
)
itIbid,346.ThemattersthusbroughtbeforetheKingweredecidedaccordingtoreasonandconscience;andwhenmatterswerereferredtotheChancellor,eitherbytheKingorbyPar-liament,hewasrequiredtodo"thatwhichrightandreason,andgoodfaith,andgoodcon-sciencedemandedinthecase."Theterm'con-science"embracedallthoseobligationswhich
resteduponaperson,who,fromthecircum-stancesinwhichhewasplacedtowardsan-other,andtherelationssubsistingbetweenthem,wasboundtoexercisegoodfaithinhisconductanddealingswiththatotherperson.1SpenceEq.Jur.411.TheearlyChancellorsdecided,asarule,accordingtothisconscience,but,inprocessoftime,asystemofrulesandgeneralprinciples,basedonreasonandcon-science,wereevolvedfromtheadjudicationsoftheCourt,orwereadoptedbytheChancellorsfromthejurisprudenceoftheCivilLaw,asformulastospecifythenatureandlimittheextentoftheirequityjurisdiction.1Pom.EqJur.,§§43-58.Seepost,%58.is1Pom.Eq.Jur.,§5;Bisph.Pr.Eq.,§§6-8.

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§6 ORIGINANDEVOLUTIONOFEQUITY.4alityandhonesty,enforcedaccordingtoconscienceandgoodfaith,andsoadaptedtotherequirementsofeachcaseandthecomplicationsofbusinessaffairs,thattherightsanddutiesofallthepartieswerefullydetermined.19§6.SomeoftheDeficienciesoftheCommonLaw.—ThecommonlawthenwasnotwhatithassincebecomeunderthebenigninspirationoftheChanceryjurisprudence.20Atcommonlaw,1,avendor'sliencouldnotbeenforced;2,afraudulentconveyancecouldnotbesetaside;3,adefectiveinstrumentcouldnotbereformed;4,amistakeoraccidentcouldnotbeeffectuallyrelievedagainst;5,adebt,noteoraccountcouldnotbeassigned;6,aresultingtrustcouldnotbesetup;7,abeneficialinterestinpropertycouldnotbeenforced
;
8,avoidinstrumentcouldnotbecancelled;9,awillortrustcouldnotbecon-struedinadvanceofactionthereon;10,testimonycouldnotbeperpetuated;11,atrustfundcouldnotbeimpounded;12,aspecificperformancecouldnotbedecreed;13,anequitablepartitionoflandcouldnotbehad;14,adeedcouldnotbedeclaredamortgage;15,titletolandcouldnotbeeffectuallyquieted
;
16,waste,trespassesandotherviolationsofrightscouldnotbestayed;17,aforfeitureorpenaltycouldnotberelievedagainst;18,aset-offcouldnotbeobtained;19,landcouldnotberedeemedfromamortgagee;20,alienonrealtycouldnotbeenforced;21,alostinstrumentcouldnotbesetup;22,theestatesofminorsandlunaticscouldnotbeadministered;23,aproratadistributionofassetscouldnotbehad;24,acontractcouldnotbeapportioned;25,acloudcouldnotberemovedfromone'stitle;26,securitiescouldnotbemarshalled
;
27,apartnershipcouldnotbewoundup;28,asubrogationorcontributioncouldnotbeobtained;29,trustswerenotrecognized,andcouldbeviolatedwithimpunity;30,awife'sequitiesdidnotexist;31,atitlebondwasnode-fencetoanactionofejectment;32,aninjunctioncouldnotbehadinanycase,orforanypurpose,howevergreatthewrong;33,receivershipswereunknown
;
34,equitablerightsandinterestswerenotrecognized,and,35,fraudscouldnotbeadequatelyremedied.21§7.HowtheLawhasFollowedEquity.—Undertheinfluenceoftheprinci-plesofEquityasadministeredinChancery,theruggedfeaturesofthecommonlawhavegrownconstantlymoreandmoresmoothandhumane,anditscapacitytodojusticehasconstantlyincreased.TheevolutionofthelawinEnglandandinAmericahasbeenonthelinesmarkedoutbyEquity,22until,inthelan-guageofLordHale,"bythegrowthofEquityonEquitytheheartofthecommonlawhasbeeneatenout."23ToshowtheeffectoftheprinciplesanddoctrinesofEquityuponourownstatutesthefollowingillustrationsarecited
:
1,thelawinreferencetogamblingandwageringcontracts;242,thewholelawoflandlords',mechanics',laborers'andotherliens;253,thelawofnoticethroughregistrationofdeeds;264,theproratadistributionofinsolventes-tates;275,theapportionmentofrents;286,theprovisionsforthebenefitofmarriedwomen;297,theguardianshipovertheestatesofinfantsandpersonsofunsoundmind;308,theallowanceofset-offs;319,therighttosueuponadebt,noteoraccountpurchasedfromtheoriginalcreditor;3210,thestatutoryremedyofinterpleader;3811,therighttosetasidethesatisfactionofajudg-ment;3412,theproceedingbygarnishment;3513,therighttoasaleofland191Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§49-56;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§25-30.20ThepresentcommonlawofEnglandisasdissimilarfromthatofEdwardIIIasisthepresentstateofsociety.Jacobv.State,3Hum.,493;Boxv.Lanier,4Cates,408.EquityjurisdictionwasestablishedinEnglandinthereignofEdwardIII.Greenv.Allen,5Hum.,197.EdwardIIIwasbornin1312,anddiedin1377.21See1Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§40;43-88;97;102-117;137;162;155;175;182;279-280;340;370-406;430;912;1098;1121;1179-1180;1270;1280.22Case,troverandassumpsitwereinventedtogivequasiequitableremedies,intheCourtsoflaw.1Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§24-29.
233Pom.Eq.Jur.,§1180,note.24Code,§§1769-1775.2.1M.&V.'sCode,§2739-2799;4280-4305.26Code,§§2071-2075.27Code,§§2311-2397.28M.&V.'sCode,§3289.29Code,§§2478-2488.30Code,§§2489-2546;31Code,§§2918-2925.Bank,7Pick.,336.32Code,§§2795-2797.33Code,§2800.31Code,§§2990-2996.35Code,§§3087-3103.
3681-3719.NashvilleTrustCo.

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5 ORIGINANDEVOLUTIONOFEQUITY.§8forpartition;3614,theprocedingatlawtoremoveacloudfromtitlebysuingaclaimantnotinpossession,inejectment;3715,therighttodefendbytitlebondasbydeed;3816,thepowertosellthepropertyofinfantsandlunaticsforrein-vestmentorsupport;3917,therighttoimpoundthepropertyofabscondingdebtors;4018,theremediesbymotionallowedsureties;4119,theremovalandappointmentsoftrustees;4220,givingtherighttotakedepositionsatlaw;4321,makingpartieswitnesses;4422,providingfortheperpetuationoftestimonyandthetakingofevidencedebeneesse;4523,allowinglostinstrumentstobeproved;46andauthorizinglostrecordstobesupplied.47Allofthesestatutesaremereenactmentsofrightsrecognizedandenforced,remediesemployed,de-fencesallowed,andproceduresused,intheChanceryCourtbyvirtueofitsin-herentjurisdiction,andwerewhollyunknowntothecommonlaw,theirrecog-nitioninourCourtsoflawdependingexclusivelyuponthestatute,andthestatutebeingsuggestedbythepracticeinEquity.§8.TheDivineLawofJusticetheRuleofDecision.—Thestatement,oftenmade,thattheCourtofChancerywasestablishedtomitigatetherigorofthecommonlaw,andtosupplyitsdefects,isnotwhollytrue.48ThisCourtwasestablishedtodojustice,regardlessofanyandalllaw.TheKingdeemeditadutyimposeduponhisconscience,bothbyhisoathandbyreligion,to"decreejustice,"andindecreeingjusticehedeemedhimselfboundratherbytheDivineLawthanbyhumanlaw;49and,whentheChancelloractedinhisstead,hebasedhisdecisions,notuponthelawoftheland,butuponhonesty,equityandconscience,forsowashecommandedtodoinexercisingtheKing'spre-rogativeofGrace.50Inshort,theChanceryCourtwasestablishedratherasaCourtbasedonthepreceptsofReligionthanasaCourtbasedontherulesofLaw.51Itisunquestionablytruethattheharshnessofthecommonlaw,itsunfitnesstocopewithfraud,itsincapacitytodojusticeinmanycases,thedefectsinitsremedies,theopportunitiesitgavethestrongtooppresstheweak,anditsgeneralinadequacytomeettherequirementsofequity,greatlycontributedtoperpetuatetheexistenceoftheChanceryCourt,andtoenlargeandjustifyitsjurisdiction.Nevertheless,thevitalprinciplefromwhichtheCourtsprungwastheprerogativedoctrinethattheKingwasthe"fountainofjustice;"andthat,whenacitizencouldnotgetjusticeintheordinaryCourts,hemightcometothisfountain.52TheKing,inadministeringjusticeinsuchcases,deemedhimselfaboveallthelawsandcustomsofhisrealm,andboundonlybyhisconscienceandhiswill.Asitwasnotamatterofrightinacitizentodrawonthisreservesourceofjustice,whenremedywasgivenitwasdeemed"grantedasofGrace."53§9.OtherCausesContributingtotheEstablishmentoftheChanceryCourt.—AstheChancerywastheofficeout.ofwhichallwritsatcommonlawissued,theChancellorretainedcasesforhisowndispositionwhenthefactsweresuchthatnocommonlawwritwasadaptedtotherequirementsofthecase,orwhenthecommonlawCourtswereunabletofurnishadequaterelief;andsomecon-tendthathereinoriginatedtheextraordinaryjurisdictionoftheChancellor.Inthisclassofcases,theChancellordeterminedthemattersindispute,sothatthecourtoftheKingmightnotbedeficientindoingjustice.54ButitisbelievedthattheequitablejurisdictionoftheChancellororiginatedmainly,if36Code,§§3262-3322.37Code,§3231.38Code,§3243a.39Code,§§3323-3340;3708-3719.40Code,§3455.ThiswasasubstituteforthewritofneexeatinEquity.SeeCoxv.Breed-love,2Yerg.,516.41Code,§§3620-3635.4i'Code,§§3648-3664.""~rie.883836-3870.44Code,§§3813a.45Code,§§3876-3885.
46Code,§§3901-3906.47Code,§§3907-3908.481Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§16-17.49ByMeKingsreign,andprincesdecreejustice.Proverbs,8:15.501Pom.Eq.Jur.,§35;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§21.511Pom.Eq.Jur.,§55.52Bisph.Pr.Eq.,§7;1Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§33-3753iPom.Eq.Jur.,§§32-35;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§44.541Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§43-44,

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§9 ORIGINANDEVOLUTIONOPEQUITY.6notexclusively,fromthereferencetohimbytheKingofpetitionsforjusticeandredress,asalreadystated.BBItisunquestionablytrue,however,that,haditnotbeenforthedeficienciesofthecommonlaw,thenumberofthesepetitionstotheKingwouldhavebeencomparativelyfew.WhenthelayChancellorssucceededtheecclesiastics,nomaterialchangesweremadeinthejurisdictionoftheCourt.Itssystemofjurisprudencewas,however,enlargedandmademorecomprehensive,precedentsweremorecloselyfollowed,andthedecisionsoftheChancellorsmorecarefullypreserved.Buttheequitableprinciplesofthecivillawwereasfullyenforced,andthepeculiarproofsandpracticeoftheCourtinallthingscontinued,thelayChan-cellorsbeinggreatlyaidedhereinbytheMastersinEquity,whowereper-manentofficersoftheCourt.66ThuswasestablishedtheHighCourtofChanceryofEngland;andthusoriginatedthatgrandsystemofjurisprudenceknownasEquity;bothmain-tainingtheirexistencebyvirtue,alone,oftheirinherentmerits,andtheirwon-derfulfitnessforthepurposesofadministrativejustice.57Itmaybewellheretoremarkthat,byanActoftheBritishParliament,whichwentintooperationin1875,allthegreatCourtsofEngland,includingtheHighCourtofChancery,wereconsolidated,andasystemofpleadingandpracticeadoptedsimilartothoseinuseinChancery.TheActofParliamentalsoprovidesthat"inallmattersinwhichthereisanyconflictorvariancebetweentherulesofEquityandtherulesofthecommonlaw,withreferencetothesamematter,therulesofEquityshallprevail.1'AndthusinEnglandthetriumphoftherighteousprinciplesofEquityovertherulesofthecommonlawiscomplete,and,nodoubt,final.6855Ibid,§§39-50;1Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§33-35.561SpenceEq.Jur.,§§712-713.ItwillbeseenfromthisreviewthatEquitymaybede-finedtobethatsystemofjurisprudence,basedongoodreason,goodconscience,andtheCivilLaw,introducedanddevelopedbytheChan-cellorsofEngland,byauthorityoftheKingandacquiescenceoftheParliament,todojus-ticewherejusticewasdeniedbythecommon
law,ortodomoreperfectjusticethancouldbedonethroughthecommonlaw.57AndunderitsbeneficentinfluencethecommonlawhasbecomesotransfiguredthatitnomoreresemblesthecommonlawofCokethantheimageofMolochstainedwiththebloodofbutcheredbabesresemblesthelivingJesusblessingthelittlechildrenofJudsea.58Bisph.Pr.Eq.,§§1;11;1Pom.,Eq.Jur.,§12.

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HISTORYOFOURCHANCERYCOURTS.§10
ARTICLEII.THEHISTORYOFTHECHANCERYCOURTSOFTENNESSEE.10.TheChanceryCourtofNorthCarolina.11.IntroductionofCourtsofEquityintoTennessee.12.DevelopmentofourChanceryCourts.
§13.HowourChanceryCourtswereFinally-Established.§14.GrowthoftheCourtinPublicFavor.§15.EquityJurisprudence,Pleadings,andPractice,inOtherStates.§10.TheChanceryCourtofNorthCarolina.—"WhenNorthCarolinawascolonizedbytheEnglish,theybroughtwiththem,aspartoftheirjurispru-dence,theprinciplesandpracticeoftheEnglishCourtofChancery,andincor-poratedthemintotheirjudicialsystem.Asearlyas1713,wefindaCourtofChanceryinexistenceinNorthCarolina;anditissafetosaythatthisCourtwascoevalwiththefirstlegalinstitutionsofthecolony.TheCourtofChan-ceryisreferredtointheActsof1720,ch.6;of1723,ch.10;of1746,ch.2;of1748,ch.2;andof1762,ch.5.ThecourtthusestablishedbytheLordsPro-prietorsofNorthCarolina,underthegeneralpowergiventhembytheCharterofKingCharlesII,wassimilartotheChanceryCourt,ofEngland,andwas.heldbytheGovernorandCouncil.1ThiscourtcontinueduntiltheoutbreakoftheAmericanRevolution;butnoprovisionhavingbeenmadeforitsre-establishmentundertheStateauthority,itceasedtoexist,forafewyears—thestruggleforIndependenceandthecon-flictofarmiesabsorbingpublicattention.ThepeopleofNorthCarolina,how-ever,intheirConstitutionof1776,expresslyprovidedforCourtsofEquity,2andthusrecognizedthejurisprudenceadministeredbytheChanceryCourtasafundamentalpartofthelawofthenewState.AlthoughnoCourtofChancerywasestablished,equitablerightscontinuedtoexist,notwithstand-ing;3andin1782thepeoplediscovered,andthroughtheirLegislaturesol-emnlydeclared,that"theCourtsoflawwerenotequaltotheredressofallkindsofinjuries,thatmanyinnocentmenwerewithheldoftheirrights,andsomede-privedofthem,altogether,forwantofaCourtorCourtsofEquity."*Itwas1Griffinv.Graham,1HawksN.C.Rep.97,132;Greenv.Allen,5Hum.,235.ThedecreeinthecaseofWilliamDuckinfleldv.JohnAr-derne'sheirs,pronouncedMay13,1713,isprob-ablythemostancientmemorialoftheChan-ceryCourtofNorthCarolinainexistence.2Rev.Stats,ofN.C.(byIredell&Battle,)528.ThisdecreewasconfirmedinAugust,1720,bytheProvincialLegislature.Iredell'sLawsofN.C.36.InLocke'sFundamentalConstitu-tionsofNorthCarolina,madein1669,itwasprovidedthat:"§35,TheChancellor'sCourt,consistingofoneoftheProprietorsandhissixcouncellors,whoshallbecalledvice-Chan-cellors,shallhavethecustodyofthesealofthePalatine.**TothisCourt,also,belongallinvasionsofconscience."Iredell&Battle'sRev.Stats,ofN.C,454.2Const,ofNorthCarolina,§§13;21;29.Themeaningoftheterm"Equity"wasnotdefined.TheConstitutionassumedthatitwasknown,asincaseofotherwordsusedwithoutdefini-tion;andweare,therefore,tolooktotheju-risprudencetheninexistenceforaproperun-derstandingoftheterm.Franklinv.Armfield,2Sneed.353.3Griffinv.Graham,1Hawks,132.iActsof1782,ch.11,§1.The1stand2ndsectionsofthisActareasfollows:I."WhereastheCourtsofLawasatpresent
established,arenotequaltotheredressofallkindsofinjuries,butmanyinnocentmenarewithheldoftheirrights,andsomedeprivedofthemaltogether,forwantofaCourtorCourtsofEquity.II."BeitenactedbytheGeneralAssemblyoftheStateofNorthCarolina,anditisherebyenactedbytheauthorityofthesame,thatfromandaftertheexpirationofthepresentsessionoftheGeneralAssembly,eachSuperiorCourtofLawinthisStateshallalsobe,andactas,aCourtofEquityforthesamedistrict,andpossessallthepowersandauthorities,withinthesame,thattheCourtofChancerywhichwasformerlyheldinthisStateunderthelateGovernmentusedandexercised,andthatareproperlyandrightfullyincidenttosuchacourt,agreeabletothelawsinforceinthisState,andnotin-consistentwithourpresentConstitution."ThisstatutealsomadetheCourtsofEquitycourtsofrecord.Hayw.&Cobb,173.ItwillthusbeseenthattheCourtsofEquityofNorthCarolina,establishedin1782,wereCourtsofgeneralEquityjurisdiction.Thiswasnotonlysodeclaredbythestatutere-ferredto,butwasalsoanecessaryimplicationfromthelanguageoftheConstitutionitself.AndfromthedateofthatActdowntotheces-sionofTennesseetotheUnitedStates,thepowersandjurisdictionoftheCourtsofEquity

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§11HISTORYOFOURCHANCERYCOURTS.8accordinglyenactedinthatyearbytheLegislatureofNorthCarolinathateachoftheSuperiorCourtsofLawshouldalsobeCourtsofEquity,andpossessallthepowersandauthoritiesformerlyheldbytheCourtofChanceryundertheColonialgovernment,andthatwereproperlyandrightfullyincidenttosuchaCourt,andnotinconsistentwiththelawsandConstitutionoftheState.5ThisActprescribedaprocedurefortheCourt,andgrantedsubpcena,andsuchprocesstoenforcedecreesasbelongedtoCourtsofChancery.Allmat-tersoffactweretriablebyjury,asinsuitsatLaw;costsweretobepaidbyeitherpartyatthediscretionoftheCourt;theproceedingsoftheCourtweretobekeptdistinctfromthoseoftheLawCourt;anditwasexpresslydeclaredthattheCourtshouldbe"aCourtofrecord.''6TheEnglishCourtofChancerywasnotaCourtofrecord,andthestatementinsomeofourreportsthat"byourActsof1787and1801,ourCourtofEquityisaCourtofrecord,"7whiletrue,ignoresthepreviousActof1782.§11.IntroductionofCourtsofEquityintoTennes&ee.—WhencountieswerecreatedintheterritorynowTennessee,bytheLegislatureofNorthCar-olina,theywereatfirstmadepartsofadjoiningJudicialDistrictsinthatState;butin1784,thecountiesofWashington,Sullivan,GreeneandDavidsonwereconstitutedaseparateJudicialDistrict,andnamedtheDistrictofWash-ington.ThisDistrictcoveredthewholeoftheterritorynowTennessee;but,inthefollowingyear,DavidsoncountywasgivenaseparateCourt.TheCourtsthusestablishedinthisterritorybyNorthCarolina,werevestedwithgeneraljurisdictioninLawandEquity.8
•In1787,thetwo-foldCourtofLawandEquitywasdivided,anditwasen-actedthattheChancerybranchoftheCourtshouldbestyledthe"CourtofEquity;"anda"ClerkandMasterinEquity"wasappointedforeachCourtofEquity.ButbothCourtscontinuedtobeheldbythesameJudge.ThisActauthorizedpublicationastonon-residentandabscondingdefendants;andprovidedthatexecutionstoenforcemoneydecreesmightissueasatlaw,insteadofthethenmodeofenforcingmoneydecreesby"attachment,habeascorpus,attachmentwithproclamation,andcommissionsofrebellion."9*
In1790,.theterritorynowTennesseewasdeededtotheUnitedStatesbyNorthCarolina;andtheActandDeedofCessionprovidedthat"thelawsofNorthCarolinashouldcontinueinfullforcewithintheterritoryuntilrepealed,orotherwisealtered,bythelegislativeauthorityoftheterritory."In1793,byanordinanceofWilliamBlount,TerritorialGovernor,thecoun-tiesofKnoxandJeffersonwereformedintoaJudicialDistrict,calledtheDistrictofHamilton,andtheCourtsofLawandEquitythereinwereorderedlobeheldatKnoxville.10Thefirstsessionofthe1stTerritorialLegislaturemetinKnoxvillein1794;andthefirstActpassedbyitdeclaredthattheNorthCarolinaActgivingEquityjurisdictiontotheSuperiorCourtsofLawshouldbeinfullforceandeffect.11ThissameLegislaturecreatedtheJudicialDistrictsofWashington,HamiltonandMero,andvestedintheCourtsthereofthegeneralEquityjurisdictionconferredbytheActof1782;andthusthepeculiarpowers,pleadings,proofsandpracticeoftheChanceryCourtwereformallymadeapartofthejurisprudenceofthenewTerritory.12§12.TheDevelopmentofour-ChanceryCourts.—In1796,thissystemofEquityjurisprudencewasincorporatedintotheConstitutionofthenewState,13andthusimbeddedintheveryfoundationsofthegovernment.In1801,anActwaspassedtoregulatetheproceedingsoftheCourtofEquity:thisActpre-ofNorthCarolinawere,inandfortheirre-spectivedistricts,identicalinkindandcom-mensurateinextentwiththepowersandju-risdictionoftheEnglishCourtofChanceryatthetimeoftheAmericanRevolution.51Scott'sRev.,261.61Scott'sRev.,264.7Carsonv.Richardson,3Hay.,231.81Scott'sRev.,328;350.
91Scott'sRev.,389.101Scott'sRev.,454.n1Scott'sRev.,484.TheNorthCarolinastatutereferredtowasthefamousActof1782,(Ch.11.)abovementioned,establishingCourtsofEquity.121Scott'sRev.,457-484.13Art.V,§§1,2.

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9 HISTORYOFOURCHANCERYCOURTS.§13scribesjindetail,thepracticeofthecourt;andalargeproportionoftheprovisionsoftheActareinforcetoday.Amongthechangesmadeintheprac-ticebythisActwasthepowerconferredontheChanceryCourttodivesttitletoland,insteadofrequiringpartiestoconvey,ashadhithertobeentheprac-tice.14In1809,theSuperiorCourtsofLawandEquitywereabolished,andCircuitCourtsestablishedintheirstead,andinvestedwithalloftheirpowersandjurisdictionbothatcommonlawandinEquity.15ASupremeCourtofErrorsandAppealswascreatedbythesamestatute,tobecomposedoftwoSupremeJudgesandoneoftheCircuitJudges.BytheActof1811,10thisSupremeCourtwasgiven"exclusivejurisdictioninallEquitycausesarisingintheCircuitCourts,"andeitherpartywasgiventherighttotakedepositions.Pre-vioustothisAct,theevidenceinEquitysuitswasgenerallyoral.TheActof1811,repealedsomuchoftheActof1809asauthorizedCircuitJudgestositwiththeSupremeJudges.17In1813,theCircuitJudgesweregivenconcurrentjurisdictionwiththeSupremeCourtinallEquitycauses,andtheCircuitclerksweremadeClerksfindMastersinEquity.18In1817,itwasprovidedthatEquitycauses,whereinaCircuitJudgewasincompetent,mightbeadjournedtotheSupremeCourt,andthereheardontheoriginalpapers,asthoughbroughtthereoriginally.19In1819,theoldpracticeallowingwitnessestogiveoralevidenceinChancerysuits,andthelawcompellingtheirattendance,wererepealed;anditwasenactedthatdepositionsshouldbetakeninallChancerycases.20InthisAct,theCircuitCourtssittinginEquitycauses,arestyled".CourtsofChancery."21In1822,itwasenactedthattheChanceryCourtsshouldbeheldbyoneoftheJudgesoftheSupremeCourt;andin1824,aChanceryCourtwasrequiredtobeheldtwiceayearineachcircuit.Finallyin1827,thelawsgivingtheSupremeJudgesoriginalChanceryjtirisdictionwererepealed,andtwoChan-cellorswereappointedtoholdtheChanceryCourts.AtthesametimetheStatewaslaidoffintotwoChanceryDivisions,theEasternandtheWestern,withoneChancellorforeach.TheChancellorsweredeclaredtobeChancellorsfortheState,andweregivenauthoritytointerchange.22§13.HowourChanceryCourtswereFinallyEstablished.—In1834,anewConstitutionwasformed,whichrecognized"theseveralCourtsofEquity"aspartofthejudicialpoweroftheState,andauthorizedtheestablishmentofCourtsofChancery,andtheappointmentofChancellorsandClerksandMas-ters.23ThisConstitutioncontinuedalllawsandordinancestheninforceanduse,untilalteredorrepealed.24ThefirstLegislatureunderthisConstitutionincreasedthenumberofChancellorstothree,andvestedthemwith"thesamepowers,privilegesandjurisdictioninallrespectsthattheChancellorsthenhadbyexistinglaws,andthatwereproperlyandrightfullyincidenttoaCourtofChancery,agreeablytothelawstheninforceintheState,notincon-sistentwiththeConstitution."26Thisstatute,insubstance,re-enactstheNorthCarolinaActof1782;andisinforcetoday.26ThenumberofChancellorswasincreasedtothreebythesamestatute,andaMiddleDivisionestablished.TheActrequiredChancellorstomakerules''withaviewtotheattainmentofthefollowingimprovementsinthepractice
:
141Scott'sRev.,685;Dibrellv.Eastland,3Yerg.,534.is1Scott'sRev.,1148.10Ch.72,§4.172Scott'sRev.,36.is2Scott'sRev.,146.19Ibid,361.AndwelearnfromDibrellv.Eastland,3Yerg.,535,that,in1832,thislawwastheninforce.BytheActof1822,ch.14,onanappealtotheSupremeCourt,inaChan-cerycause,theoriginalpapers,includingthedepositions,werefiledinthesupremeCourt,
insteadofatranscriptasnow.Car.&Nich.,220.202Scott'sRev.,485;Hardinv.Stanly,3Yerg.,381.212Scott'sRev.,485.221Hay&Cobb,175.23Art.VI,§§3,13.24Art.XI,§1.25Actsof1835,ch.4.20Code,§4279.WhenevertheCodeisre-ferredto,theCodeof1858ismeant,unlessotherwisestated.

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§14 HISTORYOFOURCHANCERYCOURTS.101st,theabbreviatingofbillsandanswersandotherproceedings;2d,theexpe-ditingofthedecisionofcauses;3d,thediminishingofcosts;and,4th,theremedyingofsuchabusesandimperfectionsasmaybefoundtoexistinthepractice."27BachChanceryDivisionwassubdividedintoDistricts,eachDis-trictcomposedoffromonetofourcounties,andtheCourtwasheldatsomeoneplaceineachDistrict.ThenumberofChancellorsandthenumberofChanceryDivisionshavebeenincreasedfromtimetotimedowntothepresent;butnofurtherchangesweremadeinthestatusoftheChanceryCourts,until1870,whenthepresentConsti-tutionwasadopted.ByittheChanceryCourtsaremadeConstitutionalCourts,andthusputbeyondthereachoftheLegislature.28In1877,thejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtswassoenlargedasto"includeallcivilcausesofactiontriableintheCircuitCourts,exceptforinjuriestoperson,propertyorchar-acter,involvingunliquidateddamages."29Thefar-reachingeffectofthisstatuteishardlyyetfullycomprehended;buttheCourtsaregivingitthatliberalconstructionevidentlyintendedbytheLegislature,andtheresultisnotonlyagreatincreaseinthepoweroftheChanceryCourtstodofulljustice,legalaswellasequitable;butagreatincreaseintheirprestigeandpopularity.§14.GrowthoftheCourtinPublicFavor.—TheChanceryCourthasbeenstruggling,foroverfivehundredyears,tojustifyitsexistence,andtovindicatethesuperiorityofitsjurisprudence.Havinghadaforeignoriginwhenorigi-nallyestablishedinEngland,anditsjurisdictioninterferingwiththecommonlaw,thesecircumstancesnaturallycreatedaprejudiceagainsttheCourt.Thefactthatitsproceedingswereoutofsightofthepeople,thatithadnojuries,thatnowitnesseswereexaminedbeforeit,andthatitsdecreeswerepro-nouncedbyasingleJudge,alltendedtostrengthenthisprejudice.TheCourt,too,laidaheavyhandongreatandrichmen,andexposedandrightedthewrongscommittedbydesigningandcraftymen,andrequiredguardians,trus-teesandevenhusbandsandfatherstodorighttowardsthosedependingonthem;andaboveall,wasquicktodetectandcorrectfraudsandunconscientiousconduct.Wickedmen,thusthwartedintheirschemesofwrong-doing,endea-voredtojustifythemselvesbyabusingthe"oneman"Court.But,notwith-standingtheseadverseinfluences,theChanceryCourtofEnglandcontinuedtogrowinpowerandpopularityastheEnglishpeoplegrewincivilizationandintelligence,untilnowitsprinciplesaresupremeinalltheCourtsofthatcountry.30AsinEngland,soinTennessee,theChanceryCourthashaditsadversaries,andhashaditstriumphs.Itshistory,asalreadybrieflyshown,demonstratesthefactofitsconstantgrowthinpopularfavor,fromthebeginningofourex-istenceasaStatedowntothepresent.ByvariousActsoftheLegislature,itsjurisdictionhasbeengreatlyincreased,31itspowershavebeenmuchenlarged,itspracticehasbeensimplifiedandimproved,anditsprocessmademoreeffica-cious.InthelanguageofJudgeFreeman,"TheChanceryCourthasbeensteadilyadvancingandwideningtheboundariesofitsjurisdictionfromitsearliesthistorytothepresentday."32InTennessee,theseextensionsoftheboundariesoftheCourthavebeenmadebythepeople,throughtheirlegisla-tures,thusgivingconclusiveevidenceofthegrowthoftheCourtinpublicfavor.Andnow,bytheConstitutionof1870,itismadeaConstitutionalCourt,andbytheActof1877,ithasbeengivenjurisdictionofallcivilactionstriableintheCircuitCourtexceptactionsforinjuriestoperson,propertyorcharacter,involvingunliquidateddamages,thusmakingitsvindicationcomplete,anditstriumphperfectandpermanent.Equity,foundedupontheeternalveritiesofright,justiceandmorality,27Actsof1835.ch.4. 20Actsof1877,oh.97.28Const,of1870,Art.VI,§1;Halseyf>. 30Ante,§9.Gaines,2Lea,319;Jacksonv.Nimmo,3Lea,31Nolenv.Woods,12Lea,615.597. 32Jacksonv.Nimmo,3Lea,604.

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11 HISTORYOFOURCHANCERYCOURTS.§15ratherthanuponarbitrarycustomsandrigiddogmas,andactingaccordingtothedictatesofreasonandgoodconscience,ratherthanunadjustibleformulas,hasthecapabilitytoreachandcovereverycivilcasewhichcanpossiblyariseoutofthetransactionsofmankind,itsdoctrinesandrulesfurnishingasuremeansofaccuratelyandjustlydeterminingtherightsanddutiesofalltheparties,anditsflexibleremediesinherentandstatutory,adjustingandadapt-ingthemselvestoalltheintricaciesofeveryemergency;33sothatinoiirCourtsofChancerythereisnowabsolutelynothingwantingthatmancandevisefortheperfectadministrationofcompleteequity;andtherecanneverbeanyfailuretodoadequatejustice,inanysuit,unlesstheprooffailstodisclosetherealfactsandcircumstancesofthetransaction,ortheChancellorfailstocom-prehendthedoctrine,orapplytheremedy,applicabletothecase.§15.EquityJurisprudence,Pleadings,andPractice,inOtherStates.—ThejurisprudenceofEquity,anditspleadingsandpracticeprevailinalltheStatesoftheUnion;andinmanyoftheStateshavecompletelysupplantedthepleadingsandpracticeofthecommonlaw.Thereisanopinion,somewhatprevalent,.thatthereisnoEquityjurisprudenceinthoseStatesoftheUnionwhichhaveabolishedChanceryCourts.Thisisagrossmisconception.Thedoctrines,principlesandremediesoftheChanceryCourtareinfullforceineveryState;andwhile,inmanyoftheStates,therearenoseparateChanceryCourts,inallofthemthejurisprudenceofEquityis,nevertheless,recognizedandadministeredasfullyasthoughspecialcourtsofEquitywereinexistence,inthoseStatesthathaveadoptedthe"codepractice,"or"reformedproced-ure,"asitisvariouslytermed,insteadoftheprinciples,pleadings,practiceandremediesoftheChanceryCourtbeingabolished,infactthecommonlawpracticepleadingsandremedieshavebeenabolished,orgreatlyconformedtothoseinChancery.Undertheso-called''codepractice,''theprincipalplead-ingsare:1,Thepetitionorcomplaint,whichisidenticalwithabillinChan-cery;2,Aspecialdemurrer,and3,Ananswer,whicharethesameinformandsubstanceasthelikepleadingsinChancery.Inshort,thoseStatesthathaveadoptedthe''codepractice,''have,ineffect,bystatutesubstitutedthesimpleandpliablepleadingsofChanceryforthestiffandcumbrousformsofthecommonlaw.Andso,althoughinmanyoftheStatestherearenoseparateChanceryCourts,yetinthoseveryStatesthepleadings,practiceandprinciplesofChanceryareprevalent,andwellnighsupreme,althoughtosomeextentundernewnames.34AndintheFederalCourtstheprinciples,pleadingandpracticeofEquityremainwhollyunimpaired.331Pom.Eq.Jur.,§59. I SiIbid,§§282-288.

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§16JURISDICTIONOFTHECHANCERYCOURT.12
CHAPTERII.JURISDICTIONOFTHECHANCERYCOURT.ArticleI.JurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtsGenerallyConsidered.ArticleII.EquitableorInherentJurisdictionoftheChanceryCourt.ArticleIII.StatutoryJurisdictionoftheChanceryCourt.
ARTICLEI.
JURISDICTIONOFTHECHANCERYCOURTSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.
§20.StatutoryChangesinthePowersandJurisdictionoftheCourt.EffectoftheActof1877,GenerallyConsidered.ClassificationofMattersofEquitableJurisdiction.
21.
22.
§16.JurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtsofNorthCarolina.§17.JurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtsofTennessee.§18.OurChanceryPracticeFoundedonthatofEngland.§19.PowersandJurisdictionoftheChan-ceryCourts.§16.JurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtsofNorthCarolina.—TheArticledevotedtotheHistoryoftheChanceryCourtsofTennesseeplainlyindicatesthecharacterandextentoftheirjurisdiction.TheActof17821vestedtheCourtsofEquityinNorthCarolinawith''allthepowersandauthoritieswithintheirrespectivedistrictsthattheCourtofChancery,formerlyheldundertheColonialgovernment,usedandexercised,andthatwereproperlyandrightfullyincidenttosuchaCourt."2ThisActwascontinuedinforceinTennesseebytheDeedofCession;3bytheTerritorialLegislature;4bvtheConstitutionof1796;5bytheConstitutionof1834;6bytheActof1835;7bytheCodeof1858
:
8andbytheConstitutionof1870.9Thequestionthenarises:"Whatwerethe''powersandauthoritiesusedandexercisedbytheChanceryCourtofNorthCarolina"atthetimeoftheAmericanRevolution?Thisquestioncanbeansweredonlywithapproximateaccuracy,norecords,ordinancesorstatutesdefiningthejurisdictionofthatCourtbeinginexistence,sofarasknown.10TheCourtwasestablishedbytheLordsPro-prietorsunderthegeneralpowergiventhembytheGreatCharterof.KingCharlesII.:itwasheldbytheGovernorandhisCouncil,andtherecanbenodoubtthatitsmodelwastheCourtofChanceryinEngland.11TheSupremeCourtofNorthCarolinaheld,inthecaseofGriffinv.Graham,12thattheEquitysystemofEnglandwasapartofthecommonlawofNorthCarolinainforceandusewithinitsterritoryatthetimeoftheAmericanRevolution,whichcommonlawwas,in1778,declaredbythelegislatureofNorthCarolinatobein"fullforcewithintheState."13ChancellorKent,inManningv.Manning,lChap.11.i1Scott'sRev.,261.3Ibid,438.iActsof1794,Ch.1,5Art.X,§2.eArt.XI,§1.iChap.4.8Code,§4279.
§77;1Scott'sRev.,457.
!)Art.XI.§1.ioGreenv.Allen,5Hum.,205.Seealso,Griffinv.Graham,1Hawks,(N.C)97;132.iiSeeJudgeGaston'sargumentinGriffinvGraham,1Hawks,(N.C.)103.12Ibid.13Actsof1778,ch.5,§1;1Scott'sRev.,226.

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13 JURISDICTIONOFTHE)CHANCERYCOURT.§17heldthattheEnglishsystemofEquityjurisprudenceatthecommencementoftheRevolution''formedanimportantandveryessentialbranchofthecommonlaw."14§17.JurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtsofTennessee.—Thesameconclu-sionwasreachedbyJudgesTurleyandWhite,inthegreatcaseofGreenv.Allen,15JudgeWhiteholdingthatthepowersofourChanceryCourts"arenodoubtasampleasthoseoftheChanceryCourtofEngland,withnootherdiffer-enceexceptthatwhichgrowsoutofthedifferenceofourinstitutions.''JudgeGreeninOakleyv.Long,18concedestoourChanceryCourts"thejurisdictionwhichwasexercisedbytheChanceryCourtofEnglandasaCourtofEquity;'
'
andinDicksonv.Montgomery,17hestatesthat"ourCourtofChanceryhasjurisdictioninallcaseswhere,inEngland,theLordChancellorintheexerciseofhisextraordinaryjurisdiction,18couldhaveaffordedrelief."AndJudgeCooper,inLakev.McDavitt,19says:"TheChanceryCourtisvestedwith"allthepowers,privilegesandjurisdictionincidenttoaCourtofEquitybyexistinglaws,'thatis,bythestatutoryandcommonlawoftheState.ItisaSuperiorCourtascontra-distinguishedfromaCourtofpeculiar,specialandlimitedjurisdiction.Itpossesses,exceptwherechangedbystatute,thejurisdictionwhichwasexercisedbytheLordChancellorofEnglandasanEquityJudge,denominatedhisextraordinaryjurisdiction."InthiscaseJudgeCooperrec-ognizestheEquityjurisprudenceasapartofthe"commonlawoftheState,"thusconcurringwiththeJudgesheretoforecitedonthispoint.§18.OurChanceryPracticeFoundedonthatofEngland.—NotonlyaretheprinciplesanddoctrinesoftheEnglishChanceryCourtinforceintheChanceryCourtsofthisState,but,beforethepassageoftheActof1801,weweregovernedbytheEnglishrulesinChancerypracticealmostexclusively,andourEquityproceedingshadtheforceandeffectofproceedingsintheEng-lishCourt.20Andaslateas1822,theRulesadoptedbytheSupremeCourtfortheregulationofthepracticeoftheChanceryCourtprovidedthat"inallcaseswheretheRulesprescribedbyActofAssembly,orthoseRulesheretoforeadopted,donotapply,thepracticeoftheCourtsofChanceryshallberegulatedbythepracticeoftheHighCourtofChanceryinEngland."21TheU.S.Cir-cuitCourtsinthisState,intheirEquityproceedings,arealsogovernedbythepracticeoftheEnglishChancery,asitexistedin1842.22InTennessee,whilethepleadingsandpractice,inthemain,conformtothepleadingsandpracticeoftheEnglishCourtofChancerypriorto1875,thereare,nevertheless,manymaterialmodifications,allofwhichwillappearintheirappropriateplacesinthistreatise.23§19.PowersandJurisdictionoftheChanceryCourts.—ItwillthusbeseenthatboththejurisprudenceandthepracticeoftheEnglishChancery141Johns.Ch.,531.The"commonlaw"oftheEnglishcoloniesinAmericaembracedthewholebodyofthelawsthecolonistsbroughtwiththemfromEngland,includingtheChan-ceryCourtanditsjurisprudence.Seenote19,infra.155Hum.,206;239.1010Hum.,259.IT1Swan,361.18This"extraordinaryJurisdiction"wastheEquityjurisdiction.Lakev.McDavitt,13Lea,30;Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§33-35.ThisextraordinaryjurisdictionembracesthewholefieldofEquitytreatedofinStory'sEquityJurisprudence.1913Lea,30.Seenote14,supra.20Dibrellv.Eastland,3Yerg.,535.21Cooke,(Appendix,)444.22RulesofPractice.U.S.CourtsofEquity,§90;seealso,Cooke,392;415.23ThepracticeintheChanceryCourtsofTennesseeisamodifiedpractice,partakingofthecodefeaturestoaconsiderableextent.SeeCode§§4305-4494.AndinTennessee,asinoth-erStates,therehasbeenastrugglebetweenthetwosystemsofpleading—betweenthestat-
utorysystemandtheprecedingsystem;andourSupremeCourtrulingsonthesubjecthaveoscillatedbetweenthetwo,sometimesconform-ingtotherequirementsandspiritofthestat-utes;and,atothertimes,ignoringthestatutes,andreassertingthesupremacyoftheancientrules,accordingasthejudgeshavebeenin-spiredwithadmirationfortheneworvenera-tionfortheold.Asaresultofourstatutoryenactmentsonthesubjectsofpleadingandpractice,thetextbooksthattreatofChanceryPracticeandPleading,whileinthemainvaluableguides,are,nevertheless,liableattimestomisleadinmatterswherein,bydirectenactmentorbynecessaryimnlication,theformerpracticehasbeenrepealedormodified.Andoneofthemainpurnosesofthisbookistogivesomuchoftheoldpracticeasisinforce,andtosub-stitutethenewpracticeforsomuchoftheoldasisnolongerinforce,thuspresentingtothepractitionerthewholeofthepractice,oldandnew,nowprevailinginourChanceryCourts,andomittingsomuchoftheoldpracticeashasbecomeobsolete,orhasbeenrepealedor-modifiedbystatute.

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§20JURISDICTIONOPTHECHANCERYCOURT.14CourtareinforceinourState,exceptinsofaraschangedbyourStatutesandRules.Sothat,insummarizingthe"powers,privilegesandjurisdiction"conferredonourChanceryCourtsbytheCode,24itmaybesafelystatedthatthepowersandjurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtsofTennessee,inandfortheirrespectivedistricts,are,exceptaschangedbystatute,identicalinkind,andcommensurateinextent,withtheEquitypowersandjurisdictionoftheHighCourtofChanceryinEnglandatthetimeoftheAmericanRevolution.25Anditmaybeadded,thestatutorychangesinthepowersandjurisdictionofourChanceryCourtshavegreatlyenlargedthosepowersandjurisdiction,andproportionatelyincreasedtheirefficiencyandbeneficence.§20.StatutoryChangesinthePowersandJurisdictionoftheCourt.—Ashasbeenalreadystated,thestatutorychangesinthepowersandjurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtshavemainlybeenadditions,andnotlimitations."Juris-diction"meanstheauthoritypossessedbyaCourttodetermineacontroversy;andthe"powers"ofaCourtareitsrightandabilitytoenforceitsdeter-minations.1.ThePrincipalAdditionstothePowersoftheCourtarethefollowing,giveninorderoftime
:
1.Powertoorderabilltobetakenforconfessed.262.Powertoissueanexecutiontoenforceamoneydecree.273.PowertobringdefendantsbeforetheCourtbypublication.284.Powertodivestandvesttitletopropertybydecree.295.Powertoissueattachmentstoimpoundproperty.306.Powertoappointacommissionertoexecuteaconveyance,releaseoracquittance,inthenameofeitherthepartiesorofhimself.317.Powertoappointadministratorsadlitemwhennecessaryintheprogressofacause.322.ThePrincipalAdditionstotheJurisdictionoftheCourtarethefollowing,giveninchronologicalorder
:
1.Jurisdictiontoempanelajurytotryanissueoffact.332.Jurisdictiontoproceedagainstnon-residentandabscondingdefendants,bypublication.343.Jurisdictiontodecreeadivorceandalimony.354.Jurisdictiontoproceedinremagainsttheestatesofnon-residentsbyattachmentandpublication.365.Jurisdictiontoproceedagainsttherealandpersonalpropertyofnon-residentdefendants.376.Jurisdictiontoproceedbyattachmentandpublicationagainsttheestatesandpersonsofnon-residentabscondingdebtors.387.Jurisdictiontoappointanadministrator,andwinduphisintestate'sestate.398.Jurisdictiontokeepcorporationsinthelineoftheirduties,andtodecreeaforfeitureoftheircharters.409.Jurisdictionoverthepersonsandestatesofidiots,lunaticsandpersonsofunsoundmind.4110.Jurisdictiontoconsentto,anddecree,asaleofthepropertyofinfants24Code,§4279.AllreferencestoCodesec-tionsaretothesectionsintheCodeof1858.25Seecasescitedintheprecedingsections.Seealso.1Pom.Bq.Jur.,§§282-288:1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§57.26Actsof1782,ch.11.27Actsof1787,ch.22;Deaderickv.Smith,6Hum.,146.28Actsof1787,ch.22.29Actsof1801,ch.6;Dibrellv.Eastland,3Terg.,534.30Actsof1801,ch.6,§3.
31Actsof1838,ch.176.32Actsof1889,ch.137.S3Actsof1782,ch.1134Actsof1787,ch.2235Actsof1799,ch.19.36Actsof1801,ch.6.37Actsof1801,ch.6.38Actsof1836,ch.43.39Actsof1842,ch.177.40Actsof1846,ch.57trlssA7tHe°L185413352'^163;FentreSS*Fen"

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15 JURISDICTIONOFTHECHANCERYCOURT.§21andmarriedwomen.IftheCourthadinherentjurisdiction42todothis,thestatutecertainlysettledalldoubtsandenlargedthatjurisdiction.4311.Jurisdictiontopreventtheusurpationofoffice,andtodeclareanofficeforfeited.4412.JurisdictionofallcivilcausesofactiontriableintheCircuitCourt,exceptforinjuriestoperson,propertyorcharacter,involvingunliquidateddamages.45§21.EffectoftheActof1877generallyConsidered.—In1801,itwasenactedthat''afteranswerfiledandnopleainabatementtothelocaljurisdic-tionoftheCourt,noexceptionforwantofjurisdictionshalleverafterwardsbemade."46IthasbeenuniformlyheldeversincethepassageofthisAct,thatonfailureofthedefendanttoobjecttothejurisdictionoftheCourtbeforeanswering,theCourthadtheright,anditwasitsduty,todeterminethecon-troversy,unlessthematterwasunfitforaCourtofEquity.Undertheopera-tionofthisholding,theChanceryCourthad,forseventy-fiveyears,beeninthehabitofentertainingdemands,andcausesofaction,purelylegalintheirnature.TheActof1877isonlyonestepfurtherthanthelawwasbefore,asJudgeFreeman,inJacksonv.Nimmo,47veryconclusivelyshows.TheChan-ceryCourthaslonghadjurisdiction,inattachmentcases,of"debtsordemandsofapurelylegalnature,exceptcausesofactionsfoundedontorts."48Thus,itwillbeseen,theActof1877isbynomeansasrevolutionaryaswasatfirstsupposed.EveryenlargementoftheChanceryjurisdictionforfivehundredyears,inEnglandandAmerica,hasbeenthesignalforanalarm;buttheenlargementshavecontinued,until,bothinEnglandandamajorityoftheAmericanStates,theChancerymethodsofpleadingandtheprinciplesoftheChanceryjurisprudencehave,inalargemeasure,superseded,theunbendingformalitiesandtheharshdoctrinesofthecommonlaw.49TheActof1877goesfartosettletheancientcontroversy,betweentheChanceryandtheCommonLawCourts,withrespecttotheboundarylinebetweentheirrespectivejurisdictions;anditincludesnotonlythedisputedterritory,butalsoalltheterritoryadjacentthereto,withintheconcurrentjurisdictionoftheChanceryCourt.50IntheEnglishJudicatureAct,passedin1873,itisprovidedthat''generally,inallmattersinwhichthereisanyconflictorvariance,betweentherulesofEquityandtherulesofthecommonlawwithreferencetothesamematter,
42Brown,exparte,8Hum.200;Masonv.Tinsley,1Tenn.Chy.154;Greenlawv.Green-law,16Lea,435;Williamsv.Williams,10Heisk.570.43Codeof1858,§3323.44Codeof1858,§3409.45Actsof1877,ch.97.40.Actsof1801.ch.6,§16;1Scott'sRev.,688.473Lea,597,610.48Code,§3461.49InthoseStateswhichhavewhatistermedthe"CodePractice,"theprocedureisbasedlargelyontheordinaryChanceryPractice;andalthoughthenamesoftheirCourtshavebeenchanged,thesubstanceoftheEquityjurispru-denceandprocedureremain,whilecommonlawformsandprocedureshave,inthemain,beenabrogated.50Itissafetosay,thattheActof1877,ch.97,gavetotheChanceryCourtsapracticallysupremesovereigntyoverallthereallydebata-bleterritorythatformerlyexistedonthecom-monlawfrontiers;andforeverterminatedthedisputations,withwhichourCourtshadre-sounded,forahundredyears,astowheretheelasticdomainofEquityreallyended,andwheretherigidrealmofLawinviolablybegan.WhatstrugglestheChanceryrecordsdis-close,overattemptstogettheCourttodetei-minecases,inwhichthejurisdictionwasde-batable!whatcontrarietyofrulingsondemur-rersinsuchcases!whatsubtledialecticaldis-tinctionsweredrawn,sometimestosustain.
andsometimestodefeat,thejurisdiction!whatclamorswereraisedagainstinterferingwiththejurisdictionofthecommonlawCourts,andthesacredrightoftrialbyjury!whatinvoca-tionsofMagnaCharta,andtheinviolableBillofRights!whatappealstotheChancellortostretchforththestrongrightarmofhisben-eficentpower,andtakejurisdiction,thatEquitymightbeadministered,andiniquityovercome!whatreferencestotheMaster,re-ports,exceptions,recommittals,anddecreesinthelowerCourt;andwhatappeals,writsoferror,remandments,andreversals,toandby,theSupremeCourt!Andthen,perhaps,thecomplainant,thusAnallydeniedjusticeinaCourtofEquity,wenttotheCircuitCourtforredress,andthere,aftermultitudinousmo-tions,demurrers,pleas,continuances,trials,newtrials,billsofexceptions,appeals,rever-salsandmoretrials,andperhapsmoreappealsandreversals,hewasatlastinformedbyanewsetofJudges,thatthesuitwasonethatshouldhavebeenbroughtintheChanceryCourt!Allsuchunseemlyandcostlycontro-versiesoverquestionsofdisputedjurisdiction,andtheconsequentscandalontheCourtsofJustice,arehappilyandforeverendedbythebeneficentActof1877.AndnomorewillJus-ticeweepinherowntempletoseehersuitorstorntopiecesbyherownministerscontendingforthejurisdictionoverthem.SeeHayv.Marshall,3Hum.,6*23;Halev.Hale,4Hum.,183;andTaylor«.Tompkins,2Heisk.,89.

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§22JURISDICTIONOFTHECHANCERYCOURT.16therulesofEquityshallprevail."TheeffectofthisprovisionistomaketherulesofEquitysupreme,inalllitigation,inalltheCourtsofEngland.ItisbelievedtheTennesseeActof1877hasthesameeffectinallcommonlawrightsofactionsoughttobeenforcedinChancery.WhenthejurisdictionofaCourtisenlarged,thenewsubjectsofjurisdictionshouldnotbetreatedasaliens,anddiscriminatedagainst;norshouldthepartiestosuchsuitsbeheldindis-favor,ordeniedanyequitableright,benefitorprivilege,accordedbytheCourtintheordinaryexerciseofitsjurisdiction.TheActof1877wasmani-festlyintendedtoenlargethejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtasaCourtofEquity,andnottomakeit,astothisenlargement,amere'CommonLawCourt;51andhence,inallsuitsbroughtundertheActof1877,thepleadings,practiceandprinciples,ofEquityjurisprudencewillcontrol.52§22.ClassificationofMattersofEquitableJurisdiction.—TheimportanceformerlyattachedtoaproperclassificationofthesubjectsofEquityjurisdic-tionnolongerexistsinthisState,anditisnowimmaterialwhetherthematterIncontroversyiswithintheequitableorthestatutoryjurisdictionoftheCourt
;
andifwithintheequitable,itisunimportantwhetherthejurisdictionbeexclu-siveorconcurrent.Asaresult,alltheabstruselearninginthebooksonthelinesofdemarcationbetweenthedifferentgroundsofjurisdictionhasceasedtobeofmuchpracticalvalue.Thelegalniceties,thecomplextechnicalitiesandthedialecticaldiscriminationsonthesubjectofjurisdiction,withwhichthegreatjuristsofEnglandandAmericawrestledinthelastfivecenturies,nolongerperplexeitherthestudentorthepractitionerinthisState.Forconvenienceofconsideration,thejurisdictionofourChanceryCourts,asnowconstituted,maybedividedinto:1,TheEquitable,orInherent,and2,TheStatutory
:
1.TheEquitable,orInherent,toincludeallofthosematters,whetherpurelyequitableintheirnatureorhavingcharacteristicsbothequitableandlegal,jurisdictionoverwhichisderivedexclusivelyorchieflyfromtheirinherentpowersasCourtsofEquity;and2.TheStatutory,toincludeallofthosematters,whetherequitableintheircharacteristicsorpurelylegalintheirnature,jurisdictionoverwhichisderivedexclusivelyorchieflyfromourstatutes.siLenoirv.MiningCo.,4Pick,168.InthiscaseitwasdecidedthatwhenasuitbasedonclaimspurelylegalistriedintheChanceryCourtthemaximsandprinciplesofEquitywillbeapplied.5:2TheChanceryCourtinTennesseeisnowequippedwithfullpowertodocompleteandspeedyjusticeinallsuitswithinitsjuris-diction,howevernumeroustheparties,orcomplicatedtheirrightsandduties.ItisvestedwithauthoritytososhapeandmoulditsdecreesastomeeteveryexigencyrequiredeitherbyLaworEquity,andtoadjustallmat-tersincontroversy,legalaswellasequitable,soastogiveeachpartyhisexactrights,andtorequireofeachpartyhisexactduties,
whethersuchpartybecomplainantordefend-ant,andwhethertheobligationsbebetweencomplainantsanddefendants,orbetweenco-complainantsorbetweenco-defendants.Andithasbeenclothedwithunlimitedpowertouseanykindofprocess,legalorequitable,toenforceitsordersanddecrees;andifanemer-gencyshouldarisenecessitatingaprocessnothithertoused,theCourtwould,whenabso-lutelynecessarytopreventafailureofsub-stantialjustice,somodifyoneofthecus-tomarylegalorequitableprocessesastoadaptittotheexigenciesoftheemergency.TheActof1877isliberallyconstrued,Simmons».Leon-ni'd,5Pick.,622.

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I'/ THEEQUITABLE,ORINHERENTJURISDICTION.§23
AKTICLEII.THEEQUITABLE,ORINHERENT,JURISDICTIONOFTHECHANCERYCOURT.
§23.TheEquitable,orInherentJurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtGenerallyCon-sidered. §24.TheEquitable,orInherentJurisdictionGenerallyStated.§25.TheEquitable,orInherentJurisdictionSpeciallyStated.§23.TheEquitable,orInherent,JurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtgen-erallyConsidered.—ThejurisprudenceandprocedureoftheChanceryCourtconstitutedapartofthelawourancestorsbroughtwiththemfromEngland,whentheyfoundedtheColonyofNorthCarolina.WhenthatColonybecameaState,thisjurisprudencewasrecognized,anditsadministrationprovidedfor,initsConstitution;andin1782,itsLegislatureconferredthisjurisdictionupontheCourts.TennesseebeingthenapartofNorthCarolina,thatjurisprudence
'
becameapartofourlaw;and,whenwebecameaState,boththeDeedofCessionandtheActofAdmissionbyCongress,madethelawsofNorthCarolinaourlaws,untilwesawfittochangethem.Inourfirst,andinallsubsequent,Constitutions,thejurisprudenceandprocedureoftheChanceryCourtwerefullyrecognized,andtheiradministrationabundantlyprovidedfor.Whiletheprocedurehasbeenmodernized,simplifiedandimproved,inmanyparticulars,asalreadyfullyshown,thejurisprudencehasinnoparticularbeenchanged,exceptinsofarasithasbeenextendedandenlargedonthelinesofitslegiti-matedevelopment.1Thisoriginaljurisdiction,thusderived,throughtheColonyandStateofNorthCarolina,fromtheEquityJurisprudenceofEngland,iscalledtheinherentjurisdictionoftheCourt,tocontradistinguishitfromthestatutoryjurisdiction;anditistothisoriginalandinherent-jurisdictionthatourstatutereferswhenitsays:''TheChanceryCourtsshallcontinuetohaveallthepowers,privilegesandjurisdiction,properlyandrightfullyincidenttoaCourtofEquity,byexistinglaws."2Theinherentpowers,privilegesandjurisdictionofourChanceryCourts,withintheirrespectivelocalandpersonaljurisdictions,areidenticalinkindandcommensurateinextent,withtheEquitypowers,privilegesandjurisdic-tionoftheHighCourtofChanceryinEngland,atthetimeoftheAmericanRevolution.3TheChanceryCourtisaSuperiorCourt4ofgeneraloriginaljurisdictionof1SeeArticleontheHistoryoftheChanceryCourtsofTennessee,ante,§§10-14.TheChan-ceryCourt,underitsinherentjurisdiction,dealsonlywithpropertyandtherightsanddutiesofpartiesincidentthereto;andeveryaffirmativedecreeeitheraffectsthepropertyofsomeparty,orsomerightordutyofsomepartyinreferencetoproperty.Itsjuris-dictionoverinfants,noncompotes,andmarriedwomenarisesoutoftheirpropertyandprop-ertyrights.Itsjurisdictioninsuitsfordi-vorce,mandamus,habeascorpusandothersuitsformerlytriableexclusivelyinCourtsofLaw,isoureiystatutory.Astowhatpropertyis.andwhatarerightsofproperty,seepost,§56.2Code,§4279.Insomecasesthestatutehas•giventheCourtjurisdictionofmattersoverwhichithadinherentjurisdictionalready,as(1)incaseofpartition.HoppervFisher,2Head.254;(2)inproceedingstosellthelandsofinfants,Grayv.Barnard,1Tenn.Ch.,298;
(3)toappointandremovetrustees,Code,§§3648-3664;Watkinsv.Specht,7Cold.,594;IPerryonTrusts,§§280-282;and(4)toaidajudgmentcreditorafterareturnofnullabona.Code,§§4282-4285.3SeethefollowingArticle;also,Lakev.Mc-Davitt,13Lea,30.4Hopperv.Fisher,2Head,254;Lakev.Mc-Davitt,13Lea,30.Theruleofjurisdictionis,thatnothingshallbeintendedtobeoutofthejurisdictionofaSuperiorCourtbutthatwhichspeciallyappearstobeso;and,onthecontrary,nothingshallbeintendedtobewith-inthejurisdictionofanInferiorCourtbutthatwhichissoexpresslyalleged.Kilcreasev.Blythe,6Hum.,378.TheChanceryCourtisaSuperiorCourtwithinthesenseandmean-ingofthetermascontradistinguishedfromanInferiorCourt.Hopperv.Fisher,2Head,253;Robertsonv.Winchester,1Pick.,187.

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§24THEEQUITABLE,ORINHERENTJURISDICTION.18allcasesofanequitablenature,wherethedebtordemandexceedsfiftydollars
;
andeverymatterofequitablecognizanceabovesaidamountispresumedtobewithinitsinherentjurisdictionasaCourtofEquity.5§24.TheEquitable,orInherent,JurisdictiongenerallyStated.—ThewholeinherentjurisdictionoftheChanceryCourt,asidefromitsinjunctivepowers,maybebrieflysummedupinthesefourpropositions.1.Ifalawfulandequitablecontractbethesubjectmatterofthesuit,alltheCourtcandois(1)toequitablyenforcethecontract,or(2)toawardcom-pensationforitsbreach,or(3)torequirethepartyindefaulttodosuchactrelativetheretoashe,ingoodreasonandgoodconscience,oughttohavedonewithoutsuit.82.Iftherebenocontract,orthecontractbeinequitable,andthepartiesdisagreeastotheirrightsandduties,alltheCourtcandois(1)torequirethepartyindefaulttodo,orrefrainfromdoing,whatgoodreasonandgoodconsciencerequire,or(2)whereinjuryhasbeendone,tomakethedefendantatonetherefor.3.Ifanyofthepartiesareunderdisability,and(1)theirinterestswillbepromotedbyasaleoftheirproperty,orbyaconversionoftheirmoneyintootherproperty,orbyusingaportionorallofthecorpusoftheirestatefortheirmaintenance,educationorsupport;or(2)iftheirrightsneedprotectionorenforcement;ontheapplicationofaguardian,ornextfriend,theCourtwill(1)bydecreedoforthemwhattheyinreasonandconsciencewouldthemselveshavedoneifundernodisability,or(2)willrequirethepartieswhoaresuijuristodotoorforthoseunderdisability,whatingoodreasonandgood•conscience,theyshouldhavedonewithoutsuit.4.Ifthepartiesaresuijuris,whatevertheyconsenttoduringtheprogress•ofthesuitwill,ifviolativeofnolaw,bebindingontheCourt;andifitistotheinterestofaninfantorlunaticpartytojoininanylawfulconsent,andthestateofthepleadingspermit,theCourtcanconsentforsuchinfantorlunatic.And,generally,wherethereisconsent,thepartiesbindtheCourt;7andwherethereisnoconsent,theCourtbindstheparties.§25.TheEquitable,orInherent,Jurisdiction,SpeciallyStated.—TheequitableorinherentjurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtincludesallcasesofanequitablenature,wherethedebtordemandexceedsfiftydollars.8Thesecasesincludethefollowing
:
1.Allsuitsresultingfromaccidentsandmistakes.2.Allsuitsresultingfromfrauds,actual,andconstructive.3.Allsuitsresultingfromtrusts,express,constructive,andresulting.4.Allsuitsforthespecificperformanceofcontracts.5.Allsuitsforthereformation,re-execution,rescission,andsurrenderofwritteninstruments.6.Allsuitsforanaccounting,andforsurchargingandfalsifyingaccounts.7.Allsuitsbetweenpartners,andtowindupaninsolventpartnership.8.Allsuitsfortheadministrationandmarshalingofassets.9.Allsuitsforsubrogationandsubstitution.10.Allsuitsfortheenforcementoflienscreatedbymortgages,deedsoftrust,salesoflandoncredit,orotherequitableconsiderations.11.Allsuitsbymarriedwomenagainsttheirhusbands,exceptfordivorce.912.Allsuitsagainstmarriedwomenandminorsinreferencetotheirestates,notcognizableatlaw.13.Allsuitsbywardsagainstguardians,executors,administratorsand5Code,§§4279-4281.Astothefiftydollarlimit,see§26,post,note5.aEquitycompelsadefendanttodothatwhichanuprightandconscientiousmanwouldhavedonewithoutcompulsion.White,J.,InPerkinsv.Hays,Cooke,166.Equitydelightsinplacingpartiesinthesituationtheyought
inreasonandconsciencetooccupy.Hancockv.Bryant,2Yerg.,478.TAndsothemaximsdeclare:Consensusfaeitlegem.Conventiovindtlegem.8Code,§4280.Seepost,§26.»SuitsfordivorcearebroughtunderthestatutoryjurisdictionoftheCourt.

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19 THEEQUITABLE,ORINHERENTJURISDICTION.§25others,whereanaccounting,orsurchargingorfalsifyinganaccount,isnecessary.14.Allsuitsforanapportionmentandcontribution.15.Allsuitsforthemarshalingofsecurities.16.Allsuitsforreliefagainstforfeituresandpenalties.17.Allsuitsfortheredemptionoflandorotherproperty.18.Allsuitstohaveabsolutedeedsorbillsofsaledeclaredtobemortgages.19.Allsuitsfortheconstructionandenforcementofwillsandtrusts.20.Allsuitstoobtainaset-offagainstajudgmentinfavorofanon-residentorinsolvent.21.Allsuitsforthediscoveryandperpetuationoftestimony.22.Allsuitstocompelclaimantstointerplead.23.Allsuitsforequitableattachmentsandreceivers.24.Allsuitswhereaneexeatrepublicaissought.25.Allsuitswhereaninjunctionisasubstantialpartofthereliefsought.26.Allsuitstoremovecloudsandquiettitles.27.Allsuitsfortheestablishmentandexecutionofcharities.28.Allsuitsforanewtrialafterajudgmentatlaw.29.Allsuitstohavevoidjudgmentssodeclared,andtoavoidvoidablejudgments.30.Allsuitstoexecutedecrees,andtoimpeachdecreesandjudgments.31.Allsuitstopreventthedoingofanillegalorinequitableacttotheinjuryofcomplainant'spropertyrights,orinterests,quiatimet.32.Allsuitsfortheexonerationorprotectionofsureties.33.Allothersuitswherethedefendanthasdone,orisdoing,oristhreaten-ingtodo,someinequitableacttotheinjuryofthecomplainant,andthereisnoadequateremedythereforinanyothercourt.

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§26 STATUTORYJURISDICTION.20
ARTICLEIII.STATUTORYJURISDICTIONOFTHECHANCERYCOURTS.
26.StatutoryJurisdictionoftheCourtgenerallyConsidered.27.JurisdictionConcurrentwiththeCoun-tyCourts.
§28.JurisdictionConcurrentwiththeCir-cuitCourts.§29.TheActof1877SpeciallyConsidered.§30.ExclusiveStatutoryJurisdictionoftheChanceryCourts.
§26.StatutoryJurisdictionoftheCourtgenerallyConsidered.—Withper-hapsthesingleexceptionoftheActprohibitinginterlocutoryinjunctionsagainstthecollectionofStatetaxes,1allofthestatutesnowinexistencerela-tivetothepowers,privilegesandjurisdiction,oftheChanceryCourtareeitherdeclaratoryoraugmentative,ashasbeenshowninaprecedingArticle.TheStatutedeclaresthattheCourthasallthepowers,privilegesandjurisdictionproperlyandrightfullyincidenttoaCourtofEquity,byexistinglaws.2TheeffectofthisstatuteistomaketheinherentjurisdictionoftheCourt,inasense,alsostatutory.ThestatutefurtherdeclaresthattheCourthasexclusiveoriginaljurisdictionofallcasesofanequitablenature,wherethedebtordemandexceedsfiftydollars,unlessotherwiseprovidedbythestatute.3TheCourthasnojurisdictionofanydebtordemandoflessvaluethanfiftydollars,4exceptuponanejectmentbilltorecoverland,oronareplevinordetinuebill,oronabilltoaidajudgmentcreditor,5oronabilltoenforcethestatutoryrightsofapurchaserofrealtyatataxsale.6TheCourtcannotenforceavendor'slienwhentheamountofthedemandislessthanfiftydollars.7Thestatutoryjurisdiction,whileincludingmattersalsobelongingtotheinherentjurisdiction,mayforconveniencebedividedinto:1,JurisdictionconcurrentwiththeCountyCourt;2,JurisdictionconcurrentwiththeCircuitCourt;and3,JurisdictionexclusiveofallotherCourts.§27.JurisdictionConcurrentwiththeCountyCourts.—TheChanceryCourthasjurisdictionconcurrentwiththeCountyCourt
:
1.Ofthepersonsandestatesofidiots,lunatics,andotherpersonsofun-soundmind.8
1Actsof1873,ch.44.2Code,§4279.SeeprecedingArticle,§§16-22.3Code,§4280.Whatismeantby"casesofanequitablenature"isthewholebodyofEquityJurisprudenceasaremedialsystem.PomeroyandStoryareauthorsofworksonEquityJurisprudencerecognizedbyourSu-premeCourt;andtheirtreatiseshavebeenlargelyusedinthecompilationofthisbook.4Code,§§4280-4281.5TheCourthasjurisdictioninamandamussuitwheretheamountincontroversyisunderfiftydollars;State,exrel.,v.Alexander,7Cates,156;andinsuitstorecoverlandwhichisoflessvaluethanfiftydollars.Frazierv.Browning,11Lea,253.TheChanceryCourtshavejurisdiction,alsotoaidajudgmentcred-itorafterareturnofnullabona,whentheamountofhisjudgmentislessthanfiftydol-lars;Putnamv.Bentley,8Bax.,84;Statev.Covington,4Lea,58;buttheyhavenojuris-dictiontoenforceavendor'slienwhentheamountislessthanfiftydollars.Maloner.Dean,9Lea,336.Ifthedebtordemandassetforthinthebillexceedsfiftydollars,theCourtprimafactehasjurisdiction;andifthe
defendant,withoutpleadinginabatement,an-swersthebill,hecannot,atthehearin,,re-sistadecreeonthemeregroundthattheamountofthedebt,asascertainedbytheproof,islessthanfiftydollars.Spurlockr.Fulks,ISwan,289;Birminghamv.Tapscott,4Heisk.,382;Wagstaffv.Braden,1Bax,,304;Smetsv.Williams,4Paige(N.T.)364.oActsof1903,ch.258,§78.7Malonev.Dean,9Lea,336.Afterthisde-cision,theLegislatureclothedtheCountyCourtswithjurisdictiontoenforcevendors'lienswhentheamountisunderfiftydollars.Actsof1887,ch.141.WhythejurisdictionwasnotconferredontheChanceryCourts,itishardtounderstand,inasmuchastherulesofpracticeandpleadingintheChanceryCourtarerequiredtobefollowedintneCountyCourtinsuchcases,andthecostsinthetwoCourtsinsuchcasesarepreciselythesameIThepro-ceedingsintheCountyCourtsinsuitstoselllandsareoftensoinartificialastobeunintelli-gible,andoftensodefectiveastoconveynotitletothepurchaser.8Code,§4298.

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21 STATUTORYJURISDICTION.§282.Ofthepersonsandestatesofinfants,andoftheappointmentandre-movalofguardians.93.Ofsuitsforthepartition,10orsale,ofestates,byheirsortenantsincommon.114.Ofsuitsforthesaleofadecedent'slandattheinstanceofhispersonalrepresentativesorcreditors,ifthepersonalpropertyisinsufficienttosatisfythedebtsoftheestate.125.Ofsuitsfortheallotmentofdower.136.Ofsuitsfortheappointmentofanadministratorofadecedent'sestate,whensixmonthshaveelapsedsincehisdeath,andnopersonwillapplytotheCountyCourt,orcanbeprocured,toadministerintheusualway,14and7.Ofsuitstoenforcethepaymentoflegaciesanddistributiveshares.15§28.JurisdictionConcurrentwiththeCircuitCourts.—TheChanceryCourthasjurisdictionconcurrentwiththeCircuitCourtinthefollowingcases:161.Ofsuitsfordivorceandalimony.172.Ofsuitsforthepartition,orsale,ofestatesbyheirsortenantsincommon.183.Ofsuitsforthesaleofadecedent'slandattheinstanceofhispersonalrepresentativesorcreditors,ifthepersonalpropertyisinsufficienttosatisfythedebtsoftheestate.194.•Ofsuitsfortheallotmentofdower.205.Ofarbitrationandagreedcases.216.Ofsuitsfortheabatementandrecoveryofusury.227.Ofsuitstoenforcethepaymentoflegaciesanddistributiveshares.23And,undertheActof1877,theChanceryCourthasjurisdiction,concurrentwiththeCircuitCourt,inthefollowingcases:248.Ofallsuitstorecovermoneydueforworkorlabordone,orservicesrendered,orforthehire,rent,use,priceorvalueofproperty,realorpersonal.259.Ofallsuitstorecovermoneyexpendedforthedefendant'suseandbene-fit,orathisinstanceandrequest.10.Ofallsuitstorecovermoneythedefendanthasreceivedfromorforthecomplainant,withouttherighttoretainitagainsthim.11.Ofallsuitstorecovermoneyagreed,oradjudged,tobepaid.12.Ofallsuitstorecovermoneydueonanycontract,expressorimplied;ordueonanyjudgmentoraward;orlostatgaming.13.Ofallsuitstorecoverpenalties,26orliquidateddamages,ordamagesliquidatedorunliquidated,forbreachesofcontracts,expressedorimplied;orforbreachesofanyobligationorlegalduty.2714.Ofallsuitstorecoverdamagesinallothercases,28exceptdamagesforinjuriestoperson,propertyorcharacter,involvingunliquidateddamages.
9Code,§4299.TheCodefollowingtheNorthCarolinaActof1762,ch.5,expresslyprovidesthatthepowersoftheChanceryoverthees-tatesofinfantsarenottobeabridgedbytheconcurrentjurisdictionconferredontheCoun-tyCourt,§2493.AstothepoweroftheChan-ceryCourttoappointguardiansforinfants,seeLakev.McDavitt,13Lea,26.10TheChanceryCourthasinherentjurisdic-tionofpartition.Hopperv.Fisher,2Head,253.11Code,§§4302;4201;3266.12Connellv.Walker,6Lea,709;Burgnerv.Burgner,11Heisk.,729;Kindellv.Titus,»Heisk..727.13Code,§§2407;4302.14Code,§§4304,2209-2219.SeeArticleonthissubject,post,§§985-987.15Code,§2312;Stewart*.Glenn,3Heisk.,581.16ForcasesatlawwheretheChanceryCourthasnojurisdiction,seepost,§§290-298.
irCode,§§4301;2451.SeeChapteronDi-vorceandAlimony.18Code,§3266.19Code,§§2233;2267.20Code,§§4302;4233.21Code,§§4303;3432-3454.22Code,§4300.23Code,§2312.24Actsof1877,ch.97.25Evenifthepropertyhasbeentortiouslyconverted,thetortmaybewaivedandthevalueofthepropertysuedforinChancery.Bakerv.Huddleston,3Bax.,1.Andthesuitmaybebroughtagainsttheadministratorofthetortiousconverter.Elrodv.Alexander,4Heisk.,342.26McCrearyv..FirstNationalBank,1Cates,128.27Damagesforbreachofwarranty.Wil-liamsv.Burg,9Lea,455;orforbreachofabond,Glennv.Moore,11Lea,256.28Suchasfornegligence,Kirkeysv.Cran-dall,6Pick.,532,andfraudulentconduct.

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§29 STATUTORYJURISDICTION.2215.Ofallsuitstorecoverland,oranyinteresttherein,oranyrentorprofitthereof.16.Ofallsuitstorecoverspecificpersonalproperty.17.Ofallsuch"specialactionsandproceedings"29asejectment,30forcibleentryanddetainer,replevin,31detinue,mandamus,32habeascorpus,33sum-maryproceedingsbymotion,andproceedingstochangenames,andtolegiti-mateandadoptchildren;and18.OfallothercivilcausesofactiontriableintheCircuitCourt,exceptforinjuriestoperson,propertyorcharacter,involvingunliquidateddamages.34TheChanceryandCircuitCourtshavealsoconcurrentjurisdiction
:
19.OfallsuitsinthenameoftheStateagainstcorporations,andtopre-venttheusurpationofoffice;35and20.Ofallsuitscommencedbyattachmentagainstthepropertyofthede-fendant.3821.Ofallsuitstoenforcemechanics'liens,37landlords'andfurnishers'liens,38liensonboats,39liensofcottonsellers,40liensforwharfage,41liensofemployesofcorporationsandpartnerships,42liensoffarmlaborers,43liensofcontractorsandlaborersonrailroads,44andliensonpersonalproperty.4522.OfallsuitsbroughtinthenameoftheStateorCountytoenforceliensfortaxes,46and23.OfallappealsfromthejudgmentoftheCountyCourtonanaccountstatedbytheCountyCourtClerkwithanadministrator,orexecutor.47§29.Actof1877,SpeciallyConsidered.—TheActof1877,ch.97,wasatfirstregardedwithdisfavorbytheCourtsandtheBar,andevenitsconstitu-tionalityquestioned.Whenrecognizedatall,itwasdonegrudgingly,andattemptsweremadebybothJudgesandSolicitorstolimititsapplication,andconstrueitasthoughitmadealawCourtoutoftheChanceryCourt.ButtheActgainedsteadilyinfavor;itsconstitutionalitywasrecognized,anditswis-29TheyaresodenominatedintheCode.See"Title2,ofSpecialActionsandProceedings,"between§3228and§3229.30Evenwhenthelandisworthlessthanfiftydolars.Frazierv.Browning,11Lea,253;Smithv.Taylor,11Lea,743.31SeeWomackv.Smith,11Hum.,478;Leei>.Cone,4Cold.,392;Chesneyv.Rodgers,10Heisk.,542.32Hawkinsv.Kercheval,10Lea,542.33TheChanceryCourtisgivenjurisdictionofhabeascorpussuitsbytheActof1877,ch.97;butitwouldseemthatthisActdoesnotgivetheChancellorthepowersoftheCircuitJudgeinhabeascorpuscasesatchambers.Thehabeascorpus"casesofequitablecognizance,"referredtointheCode,§3723,includeonlycaseswhereapartyhasbeencommittedbytheChanceryCourt,orChancellor,forsomecontempt.SeeCode,§§4108-4109;4482-4483,andtheArticleonContempt,post,§§203;922.34Actsof1877,ch.97.ThescopeofthisActisbroaderthanhassometimesbeenthought.ByittheChanceryCourtisgivenjurisdiction"ofallcivilcausesofactiontriableintheCir-cuitCourt,exceptforinjuriestotheperson,propertyorcharacter,involvingunliquidateddamages."Theexceptionisconfinedto"inju-riestoperson,propertyorcharacter,involvingunliquidateddamages."Hence,thesethreeelementsmustco-existinthesuittobringitwithintheexception.1st,thesuitmustbeforaninjury;2nd,theinjurymustbetoperson,prop-ertyorcharacter;and3d,theinjurymustin-volveunliquidateddamages.Ifacivilcauseofactiondoesnotcoverallthreeoftheseele-ments,thenthesuitmaybebroughtintheChanceryCourt.Nearlyalloftheexceptedcasesareincludedinthefollowingthreeclasses
:
1."Injuriestopersoninvolvingunliquidateddamages"include,(1)assault,(2)battery,(3)falsearrest,(4)falseimprisonment,(5)injurytothepersonfromnegligence,nuisances,se-duction,andmalpractice,and(6)maliciousprosecutioninvolvinganarrest.
2."Injuriestoproperty,involvingunliquidateddamages"includeinjuriestoproperty,realorpersonal,arisingfromtrespasses,vietarmis,nuisances,negligence,andtorts.3."Injuriestocharacterinvolvingunliquidateddamages"include(1)slander,(2)libel,and(3)maliciousprosecution:thelastisoftenforin-juriestobothpersonandcharacter.Bythe2ndSectionoftheActof1877,node-murrerforwantofjurisdictionofthecauseofactionshallbesustainedintheChanceryCourt,exceptincasesofunliquidateddamagesforinjuriestoperson,propertyorcharacter.Liquidateddamagesare(1)suchasareagreeduponbythepartieseitherbeforeorniterthebreach.Bouv.L.Die,"LiquidatedDamages;"Wintersv.Fleece,4Lea,550;or(2)suchasaredefinitelyfixedbysomeruleoflaw.SeeGlennv.Moore,11Lea,256;Statev.Keller,11Lea,399;Williamsv.Burg,9Lea,460.ButtheChanceryCourtinasuittoenjoininjuriestopropertywillgofurtherandawarddamagesfortheinjurydone.See§§36;38.35Code,§3411.SeeArticleonthesesuits,post,§§1081-1083.36Code,§§3455;3460;3461.SeeChapteronAttachmentSuits.37Code,§§1987;3543;Actsof1S73,ch.19;Actsof1889,ch.103,§2.38Code.§3541;Sharpv.Fields,1Heisk.,571.Anyattachmentsuit,exceptfortorts,maybebroughtinChancery.Code,§§3455;3461;3507-3508.30Code,§3550;Caseyv.Weatherly,13Pick.,297.*oM.&V.'sCode,§2762.41Code,§1993.'
42M.&V.'sCode,§2769.43M.&V.'sCode,§2772.44M.&V.'sCode,§2776;Actsof1877,ch.97,45Actsof1889,ch.12.40Actsof1887,ch.2,§64;GrundyCountyv.Tenn.CoalCo.,10Pick.,297.47Code,§§2302-2304.

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23 STATUTORYJURISDICTION.§30domandusefulnessappreciated.Itisbeingmoreandmoreliberallyconstrued,itsfar-reachingandbeneficenteffectsaremoreandmorefullyunderstood,anditsextensionsofremedialpowersandprocessesmoreandmoregenerallyappreciatedandapplied.ThisActplacesatthedisposaloftheChanceryCourtallthepowersandjurisdictionoftheCircuitCourt,incivilcausesofaction,exceptafewinvolv-ingunliquidateddamages;sothatwhenasuitisbeingtriedinChancery,theChancellorhasathisdisposalalltheweaponsandmachineryofjusticecon-tainedinthearmoriesofthecommonlawaswellasthoseinthearmoriesofEquity,thusenablinghimtodofull,completeandadequatejusticeinthesuitbeforehim,unhamperedbytheformalitiesandtechnicalitiesofthecom-monlaw,andunhinderedbytheformerstatutesconferringexclusivejurisdic-tionofcommonlawmattersupontheCircuitCourts.TheActof1877didnotcarrytheChancellorintoaLawCourttotrythelawsuit,butcarriedthelawsuitintotheChanceryCourttobeheardbytheChancellor,andclothedhimwithallofthepowersoftheCircuitCourtinadditiontothoseoftheChanceryCourt,soastoenablehimnotonlytoadministerthelawapplicabletothecase,butatthesametime,toapplyanypowersorprinciplesofEquitynecessarytodeter-mineallthequestionsinvolvedinthecontroversy,48andrenderanyfurtherlitigationnotonlyunnecessarybutimproper.Whilethemaxim,WhenChanceryhasjurisdictionforonepurposeitwilltakejurisdictionforallpurposes,hasalwaysbeenafavoriteone,neverthelesstheCourtwasformerlysohamperedbynothavingajuryofitsowntodeter-mineacontrollingquestionoffactwhentheevidencewasconflictingandthecreditofwitnessestobeweighed,ortoassessunliquidateddamages,thatitoften,perhapstoooften,afterdecidingtheequitablemattersincontroversy,refusedtogofurtherandremittedthecomplainanttotheCourtsoflawinordertoobtaintheremainderoftheredresshewasentitledto.Butnow,clothedwithlawpowersbytheActof1877,andhavingfullpowertoempanneiajuryofitsown,ourChanceryCourtcangivefulleffecttothesaidmaxim,and.inoneandthesamesuitdetermineeveryquestionofEquity,laworfactin-volved,includingunliquidateddamageswheresuchdamagesareincidentaltothemainobjectofthesuit.49§30.ExclusiveStatutoryJurisdictionoftheChanceryCourt.—TheChan-ceryCourthasexclusivestatutoryjurisdictionofthefollowingsuits,someofwhich,however,belong,also,toitsinherentjurisdiction
:
1.Ofallsuitstoaidjudgmentcreditors,whenthepropertyofthedefend-antcannotbereachedbyexecution.502.Ofallsuitstosetasidefraudulentconveyances,andsubjectthepropertysoconveyedtothesatisfactionofcomplainant'sdebt.513.Ofallsuitstosubjectthepropertyof'corporationstothepaymentoftheirdebts,whenthecorporatefranchisesarenotused,orhavebeengrantedtoothers,inwholeorinpart.524.OfallsuitsrelatingtocontroversiesbetweentheStateandincorporatedcompanies,theirstockholdersandcreditors,growingoutoftheinternalim-provementlawsoftheState.535.Ofallsuitstoenforceforeignjudgmentsagainstthepropertyofthenon-residentdefendantwhenthecreditorhasexhaustedhislegalremedy.546.Ofallsuitstosellthepropertyofinfantsandmarriedwomen,fortheirsupport,educationandmaintenance,andwhenmanifestlyfortheirinterest.557.Ofallsuitstopartition,sellandre-investthepropertyoflunatics,whenforthemanifestinterestofthelunaticorhisfamily.5648Lenoirv.Mining-Co.,4Pick.,168.49Seepost,§36,wherethismaximisfullyconsidered.50Code,§§4282-4286.51Code,§§4288-4293.
52Code,§§4294-4295.53Code,§4296.54Code,§4297.55Code,§§3323-3340.5GCode,§3708-3719.

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25 MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOPJURISDICTION.§31
CHAPTERIII.MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOPEQUITY.ArticleI.MaximsandPrinciplesofJurisdiction.ArticleII.MaximsandPrinciplesofAdjudication.ArticleIII.MaximsApplicabletotheCourt,andtoitsPractice,andtoPleadings.
ARTICLEI.MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOFJURISDICTION.§37.ChanceryneverLosesitsJurisdictionbyImplication.§38.EquityDelightstodoCompleteJustice,andNotbyHalves.§39.HewhoSeeksEquitymustDoEquity.§40.CourtsofEquitywillnotTolerateanyInterferencewiththeirOfficers,Pro-cessorDecrees,bytheCourtsofLaw.
§31.MaximsgenerallyConsidered.§32.EquityActsuponthePerson.§33.EquitywillnotSufferaWrongWithoutaRemedy.§34.EquityActsSpecifically,andNotbyWayofCompensation.§35.WhenPartiesareDisabledtoActChancerywillActforThem.§36.WhenChanceryhasJurisdictionforOnePurpose,itwillTakeJurisdic-tionfor'AllPurposes.§31.MaximsgenerallyConsidered.—Therearecertaingreatunderlyingprinciples,oftencalledMaxims,1whicharethefruitfulsourcesofavastnum-berofparticularrulesconcerningbothrightsandremedies.TheseprinciplesareacomponentpartofEquityjurisprudence.2Theylieatthefoundationofuniversaljustice;arethesourcesofmunicipallaw;andhavebeenworthilyandaptlycalled'legumleges—thelawsofthelaws.3Thesemaximsare,inthestrictestsense,theprincipia/thebeginnings,outofwhichhasbeendevelopedtheentiresystemofEquityjurisprudence,byaprocessofnaturalevolution.Thestudentwhohasmadetheseprinciplesapartofhismentalhabit,whohas,asitwere,incorporatedthemintohisveryintellectualbeing,hasalreadymasteredtheessenceofEquity;andhasmadetheacquisitionofitsparticularrulesaneasytask.5
1Maximitadictaquiamaximaestejusdignitasetcertissimaauctoritasatquequodmaximeomnibusprobetur.Co.Lit.,11.(Amaximissocalledbecauseitsdignityismaximumanditsauthor-itythemostcertain,andbecauseapprovedatthemaximumbyall.)21Pom.Eq.Jur.,§120.32Kent'sCom.,553.Sofundamentalarethesemaximsthathewhodisputestheirau-thorityisregardedasbeyondthereachofreason.Contranegantemprincipianonestdis-putandum.Cokesays,"Maximsoflawarenoldentorlaw."Coke,Litt,11,67;andBaconsays,"Theyarethefountainsofjusticefromwhichflowallcivillaws."InBoxv.T,anier,4Cates,409,Beard,Ch.J.,says,"Maximshavetheirfoundationinuniversallaw;theyareembodiedinthecommonlaw,andareanessentialpartofitswarpandwoof."4Principiaprooant,nonprooantur.(Maximsareproof,andneednoproving.)51Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§121;360.SovastisthenumberandvarietyofsuitsinChancery,thatitisimpossibleforaSolicitortofindaprece-
dentforeverycase,evenifitexisted;buthewhohas-themaximsmasteredissavedmuchofthedrudgeryofhuntingprecedents.Outofthetwenty-sixlettersofthealphabet,byper-mutationsandcombinations,aremadethecountlessmultitudesofwordsandsentenceswrittenbyearth'smillionssincewritingwasinvented.So,outofafewfundamentalmax-imscanbededucedtheruleswhich,byproperapplication,willdeterminethe,equitiesofthevastproportionofequitablesuitsinstitutedinChancery.MeliuseHpeterefontesquamsectaririvulos.(Itisbettertoseekthefountains[themaximsofthelaw]thantofollowtherivers[huntforadjudicationsbasedonmaxims.]ThemaximsandprinciplescontainedinthisChapterarenotallstrictlymaximsandprin-ciplesofEquity;manyofthemaremaximsandprinciplesofthecommonlaw.Neverthe-less,theyhaveallbeenadoptedintothefam-ilyofequitabledoctrinesandareconstantlyusedandappliedbyourChanceryCourts.TheauthorhaslongbeenconvincedthatnoonecanmasterthejurisprudenceofEquitywho

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§32MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOPJURISDICTION.26§32.EquityActsuponthePerson.6—"WhentheChancellorsfirstbegantoexercisejudicialfunctions,theyrefrainedfromusingcommonlaw,orstatutoryprocesses,probablytoavoidconflictswiththecommonlawCourts,whichwerejealousoftheextraordinarypowersexercisedbytheChanceryCourt.1,InsteadofcommandingtheSherifftomakethemoney,decreedthecomplain-ant,outofthedefendant'sproperty,theChancellorcommandedthedefendanttopaythemoney;2,InsteadofempoweringtheMastertodivestthetitletolandoutofthedefendant,andvestitinthecomplainant,orthepurchaser,theChancellorrequiredthedefendanttoexecuteadeedtothecomplainant,ortothepurchaser;3,InsteadofforbiddingaCourtoflawtoproceedinasuit,ortoenforceitsjudgmentinagivencase,theChancellorforbadetheplaintifffromproceedinginthesuit,ordoinganyacttowardsobtaininganexecution;and,4,Ingeneral,thedecreesoftheChanceryCourtwereenforcedthroughthepersonalactofthepartyhimself.7Ifthepartyfailedorrefused,todowhattheChancellorbyhisdecreerequiredhimtodo,compulsoryprocesswasissued.Butnocompulsoryprocessissueduntilthepartyhadbeenservedwithamandate,commandinghimtodowhattheCourtrequiredofhim.8Ifhethendisobeyed,hewasadjudgedincontempt,andwascommittedtoprisonuntilhecompliedwiththeordersoftheCourt.Ifhestillrefused,hisproperty,realandpersonal,wassequesteredandappliedtothesatisfactionofthedecree.ThiswasformerlythepracticeinNorthCarolinaandTennessee;butin1787,inconsequenceofthethenmodeof''carryingintoeffectthedecreesoftheCourtofEquitybyattachments,habeascorpus,attachmentsbyproclama-tionandcommissionsofrebellionbeinginmanycasesdilatory,oppressiveandinadequate,"theLegislatureofNorthCarolinaauthorizedexecutionstoissueonChancerydecrees,asatlaw;andin1801,theLegislatureofTennesseeen-actedthat"insteadofdecreeingpartiestoconveylands,astheretoforeprac-ticedinequity,"theCourtwasgivenpowerbydecreetodivestthetitleoutofthepersonagainstwhomthedecreewaspronounced.9Sincethepassageofthesetwoacts,ourCourtsofChanceryhavenotacted,ordinarily,inpersonam.ThevastmajorityofChancerydecreesarenowenforcedbyexecu-tions,attachmentsofproperty,writsofpossession,divestitureoftitle,andordersofsale;sothatitmaynowbesaidthatourCourtsofChancerydonotact,ordinarily,inpersonam.Nevertheless,themaximthatCourtsofEquityoperateontheperson,istrue;andmostimportantresultsfollowfromthemaxim;andalthoughinpractice,ourChanceryCourtactsordinarilyonthepropertyoftheparty,yetithasallofitsoriginalauthoritytoactonthepersonoftheparty,aswillbeseenbyinspectingtheCode,§§4478-4488;andaswillbemorefullyshownhereafter.10TheprincipalcasesinwhichEquitynowoperatesonthepersoninTennesseearethefollowing
:
1.WherethePartiesBesidewithintheJurisdictionoftheCourt,buttheland,orothersubjectmatterincontroversy,isnot.Insuchcase,ifEquitysorequire,theCourtmay,byattachment,compelonepartytoconveythe*landtotheother.11Hence,aspecificperformancewillbedecreedastolandsinaforeigncountry;so,atrustwillbedeclaredandenforced,oramortgageforeclosedorredeemed,orafraudulentjudgmentoverhauled,andeventhesalesundersuchajudgment,whenthelands,orthejudgment,areinaforeigncountry.12Buthasnotthoroughlycomprehendedthatsubtlealchemyinitsmaximswherebythemostdif-ficultproblemsarereadilysolved;and,sobe-lieving,nolittlespacehasbeendevotedtothem.Theseprinciplesandmaximsconstituteasystemofjurisprudencebasedongoodrea-sonandgoodconscience;andaredesignedtoenabletheCourtsofEquitytodocompletejusticebetweenallthepartiesinanylitiga-tion,howevernovel,abstruse,complicatedornumerous,thequestionsinvolvedmaybe.6JEquttasagitinpersonam.Code,§430.j.71Pom,Eq.Jur.,§428.
s2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1043.o1Scott'sRev.,389;692.10SeeChapterontheEnforcementofDe-crees.11Millerv.Birdsong,7Bax.,537.Itisnotenoughthatasubpoenatoanswerwasservedonthedefendant:hemustbeanactualresi-dentwithintheterritorialjurisdictionoftheCourt.Wicksv.Caruthers,13Lea,353.12Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§1291-1294.IngeneralthefactthatthepropertyisnotwithinthejurisdictionconstitutesnobartoaproceedinginaCourtofEquity,ifthepersoniswithin

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27 MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOFJURISDICTION.§33where,inordertogivethereliefsought,itisnecessarytodealdirectlywiththelanditself,withouttheagencyoftheparties,thenthefactthatthelandisout-sideofthejurisdictionoftheCourtwoulddebartheCourtfromgrantingtherelief,becausetheCourtwillnotmakeadecreethatitcannotenforcebyitsownauthority.13Thus,abillcannotbebroughtforapartitionoflandoutsideofthejurisdiction,fortheCourtcannotsendcommissionersthere;butabillmaybemaintainedforrentsandprofitsoflandoutsideofthejurisdiction.142.WhereaDiscoveryofFacts,orofProperty,isorthedeliveryofdocuments,orthesurrenderofpersonalproperty,ortrustfunds,iscommanded.16§33.EquitywillnotSufferaWrongWithoutaRemedy.—Thismaxim,andthemaximthat"EquityoperatesuponthePerson,"aretwooftheprin-ciplesmostactiveinoriginatingandmouldingtheChanceryjurisprudence.TheKing,asthe"fountainofjustice,"withanoathrestinguponhiscon-sciencetoseethatrightwasdonetoallhissubjects,17andbelievingthathehadtheprerogativepower,astheSupremeJudgeofEngland,todowhat-soeverhedeemedwasrightandjustasbetweenmanandman,withoutrefer-encetolaws,customs,statutes,precedentsorCourts;andprompted,nodoubt,byhisecclesiasticalChancellors,wasnotwillingtoseeawrongdonetoasub-ject,andtobetoldthattherewasnopowerinhiskingdomtorightthatwrong,thatthecommonlawfurnishednoremedytherefor;andthat,asaconsequence,thewrong-doer,inthatparticular,wassuperiortolaw,andmightierthantheKing.Hencewasit,thattheKing,deemingsuchastateoffactsderogatorytohimself,disparagingtohisprerogative,disgracefultohiskingdomandadere-lictionofdutyunderhisoath,tookpersonalcognizanceofsuchmatterswhenpetitionedtosodo;andwhenpetitionsbecametoonumerousforhispersonalattention,hereferredthemtohisChancellors,whowerethe"keepersofhisconscience,"withauthoritytodowhatevergoodconscienceandgoodreasonrequiredinthepremises.Thecommonlawhadamaxim,Ubijus,ibiremedium,(Whereverthereisarightthereisaremedyfortheviolationofthatright;)butthemaximwastoogeneraltobetrue.Haditbeentrue,therewouldhavebeennoneedforaChanceryCourt.Tosupportthismaximitwasheldthatiftherewasnoremedythentherewasnoright,whichwasthesameassayingthattherightdependedontheremedy;and,unfortunatelyforthecommonlaw,thiswastrue.For,underthecommonlaw,everycauseofactionhadtobeadaptedtosomeoneofitstechnicalandarbitraryformsofsuit,andifthiscouldnotbedone,thenthesuitcouldnotbebrought;sothat,atcommonlaw,therighthadtobeadaptedtotheremedy,thusviolatingatthesametime,bothreasonandjustice.IntheChanceryCourt,theoppositerulewasadoptedandenforced,andtheremedywasadaptedtotheright,andthusmadetoassumeanyformtherightrequired.Thismaxim,or,asitissometimesexpressed,Equitywillnotsufferarighttobewithoutaremedy,istheoriginalsourceoftheentireequitablejurisdictionthejurisdiction;foraCourtofEquityactsuoontheperson;or,tousetheappropriatephrase,Mquitasagitinpersonam.Butques-tionsmayariseunderahillrespectingfunds,orotherthings,inaforeigncountry,sopurelylocal,thataCourtofEquityinanothercoun-trymightveryproperlydeclinetointerfere,andremitittothedomesticforum.Sto.Eq.PI.,I489.SeealsoJohnsonv.Kimbro,3Head,557.13Extraterritoriumjusdicentinonpareturim-pune.(ThedecreeofaJudgewhoundertakestoexercisejurisdictionbeyondhisStatemaybedisobeyedwithoutpunishment).TelegraphCo.v.Railroad,8Bax.,61.142Sto.Eq.Jur..§§1292-1300.15Code,§§4283-4285.
16OnthejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourttoactinpersonam,seePom.Eq.Jur.,§5135;170;1317-1318.17TheConstitutionofourState,whichmaybecalledour"fountainofjustice,"providesthat"everyman,foraninjurydonehiminhislands,goods,personorreputation,shallhaveremedybyduecourseoflaw,andrightandjusticeadministeredwithoutsale,denialordelay."Const.Tenn.,Art.I,§17.Foreveryinjury,theConstitutiondeclaresthereshallbearemedy;andtheChanceryCourthashad.fromitsfoundation,theinherentrighttoprovide,oradopt,aremedyforanycaseorinjurywherefornoremedyclearlyappears.1Pom.Eq.Jur.,8,8.21-20;Bisph.Pr.Eq.,886-7;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§39-44.

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§33 MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOPJURISDICTION.28oftheChanceryCourt,exclusive,concurrentandauxiliary;andafullexpla-nationofthescopeandmeaningofthismaximwouldrequireadiscussionofthewholesystemofEquity.18AndnowthatthejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtshasbeensogreatlyenlargedbystatutesinTennessee,theforceofthemaximanditsbeneficencehavebeenproportionatelyenlarged.ThewrongthatEquitywillnotsuffertobewithoutaremedy,mustbeacivilinjurytothecomplainant'srightsorinterests,legalorequitable.TherearesomedutiesEquitydoesnotattemptjudiciallytoenforce,suchascharity,gratitudeandkindness;andsomewrongswithwhichEquitydoesnotinterfere,suchasviolationsofhonor,oroftruth,orofmorals,involvingnoquestionofproperty,andnoquestionofpecuniaryliability;butanywrongdonetoalegalorequitablerightwillberedressedinEquity,unlesssomeotherCourthasex-clusivejurisdiction.Thismaximwasoriginallyintendedtomeanthat,inallcivilcaseswithinthescopeofjudicialaction,whereawronghadbeendone,orwasthreatenedtobedone,andafull,complete,adequateandcertainremedycouldnotbehadinthecommonlawCourts,aremedywouldbeprovided,andenforced,intheChanceryCourt;andalljurisdictionassumednecessaryforthatpurpose.And,inordertoenabletheCourttoadequatelyexercisethisjurisdiction,andtomakeitsremedieseffective,withoutcomingintoconflictwiththepowersorprocessesofthecommonlawCourts,theplanwasdevisedofcompellingthedefendanthimselftoexecutethedecreeoftheCourtofChancerybyimpris-oninghim,ifnecessary,untilhedidso.Hence,themaxim,Equityactsupontheperson;anditmightbesaidthatonthesetwomaximshangallEquity.Inpursuanceofthesetwomaxims,theCourtofChanceryhasdevised,oradopted,fromtheRoman,orcivillaw,thefollowingremedies,noneofwhichexistedatcommonlaw:(1)Specificperformanceofcontracts;(2)Injunctionstorestraintheviolationofrights,tostayunjustproceedingsatlaw,toquiettitle,andpreventwrongs;(3)There-executionofinstrumentslostorde-stroyed;(4)there-formationofdeeds,orcontracts,erroneouslydrawnbyac-cident,ormistake;(5)Therescissionandcancellationofagreementsandcon-veyancesobtainedundercircumstancesofsurprise,fraudormistake;(6)there-openingofsettlements,andadjudicationofcomplicatedaccounts;(7)Themethodofwindingupalltheaffairsofapartnership;(8)Themarshalingofsecurities;(9)Theredemptionandforeclosureofmortgages;(10)Theparti-tionoflandbetweentenantsincommon;(11)Theenforcementoftrustsandfiduciaryobligations;(12)Theexoneration,contributionandsubrogationofsureties;(13),Theadministrationofestates;(14)Thewindingupofthe(statesofinsolventdebtors,andinsolventcorporations;(15)Theenforcementofliens;(16)Theprotectionofthepersonsandestatesofinfants;(17)Theestablishmentofawife'sequity;(18)Theremedybyinterpleader;(19)Theperpetuationoftestimony;and(20)Adiscoveryinaid.oflegalproceedings.Thus,uponthesetwomaxims,Equitywillnotsufferawrongwithoutaremedy,andEquityoperatesupontheperson,wasbuildedthatgrandstruc-tureofjurisprudencecalledEquity;andalthoughbymeansoftheimprove-mentsintheprocessesoftheCourts,aidedlargelybywiselegislation,remediesforeverycivilwrongknowntotheCourts,havebeendevised,andenforced,jetif,intheprogressofcivilization,if,inthecomplicatednet-workofmercan-tilebusiness,if,throughtheingenuityandsubtletyofthehumanmindbentonschemesofpersonalorpecuniaryadvantages,orintentondevicesforaggrandizement,newremediesshouldberequiredtocircumventcircumventionandtoovercometheinsidiousnessofanysortofmachiavelism,theCourtofChancery,operatinginobediencetothismaxim,willdevisearemedyadeqiiatetotheemergency,andvindicatethebeneficenceandcapacityofitsinherentpowerstodojusticeinanycase,andtorighteverywrong,howeverintricate181Pom.Eq.Jur.,§423.

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29 MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOFJURISDICTION.§34theease,howevergreatthewrong,orhoweverpowerfulthewrong-doer.19Thepowersthatliedormantinthispotentmaximwillawaken,asthenecessi-tiesfortheiractionarise;andtheywillbefoundcommensuratewitheverynecessity.Itmustnotbeforgotten,however,thatthisremedymaybeforfeitedorlostbythepartywronged:forfeited,(1)bysomefraudulent,illegal,orunconscien-tiousconductinconnectionwiththewronghecomplainsof,wherebyhishandshavebecomestainedwithiniquity;or(2)byhaving,throughhisfaultorneg-ligence,occasioned,orcontributedto,thelosscomplainedof;for,whenoneoftwopersonsmustsuffer,thelossmustbebornebyhimwhoseactcausedit.20Ortheremedymaybelost,(1)'bythefactthattheadversepartyhasanequal,orasuperior,equity;or(2)bylaches,oracquiescence;or(3)bysubsequentcontract,orestoppel.§34.EquityActsSpecifically,andNotbyWayofCompensation.2011—ThisprinciplerunsthroughthewholesystemofChanceryjurisprudence.Equityaimsatputtingthepartiesexactlyinthepositiontheyoughttooccupy,givingtheminspeciewhattheyareentitledtoenjoy;andputtingastoptoinjurieswhicharebeinginflicted.Thus,Equitydecreesthespecificperformanceofacontract,insteadofgivingdamagesforitsbreach.So,Equityrestrainsthecommissionofatrespass,insteadofcompensatingtheaggrievedpartybydam-ages.Insomecases,also,apartywillbecompelledtospecificallymakegoodhisrepresentationsbywhichanotherhasbeenmisled.21So,Equitywilldeclareapersonwhohasknowinglyacquiredtrustproperty,atrustee;andwillmakepropertypurchasedinhisownnamebyafiduciarywithtrustfunds,trustproperty;willconstrueandenforcewillsandotherexpresstrusts;andwillsetuplostordestroyedinstrumentsandrecords;andwillcancelfraudulentdeeds,andremovecloudsontitle,andwill,byinjunction,protectapartyinhisrights,orrestrainapartyinhiswrongs.Inalltheforegoingcases,thecommonlaweithergavenoremedy,orelsemerelyalloweddamagesforthewrong,thelatterremedywhenallowedbeingoftenwhollyinadequate,andsometimes,fromthepovertyofthedefendant,whollyworthless.§35.WhenPartiesareDisabledtoActtheChanceryCourtwillActforThem.21a—Personsofunsoundmindaredisabledtoactforthemselvesbynature;infantsaredisabledbothbynatureandbylaw,andmarriedwomen;iredisabledbylawalone.Asarule,noneofthesethreeclassescanofthem-selvesenterintoanyimportantcontract,especiallycontractsrelativetolands.Butitisoftenofgreatimportancetotheirwelfare,toconverttheirpropertyintoanotherform,ortoexpenditfortheirurgentnecessities;andthelawwouldbegreatlydefectiveinthisimportantmatterifitfurnishednoremedyforsuchemergencies.TheChanceryCourtgivesthisremedy,andhasfulljurisdictiontodoeverythingnecessaryforthewelfareofpersonsunderdisa-bility:itmaysell,leaseorexchange,theirlands;convertpersonalityintorealty,orrealtyintopersonality;ordertheexpenditureofanypartoftheprincipaloftheirestatesfortheireducation,ormaintenance;and,ingeneral,doanyactindispensabletotheirwelfare,theCourtatalltimeshavinginviewthebestinterestsoftheparties;andactingaswouldaprudentandconsiderateparent.2219Chanceryhasbeenthehandmaidofallcourtsinaffordingprocesstomeetexigencies.Shehasdonesointhefaceoftyranny,tobreakloosetheironhandofpowerwhengraspingagainstconscience.Peck,J.,inCoxv.Breedlove,2Yerg.,499;520.BeforetheestablishmentoftheChanceryCourtinEng-landitmighthavebeenoftensaid,Belegibusnoncuratmaasimus.201Sto.Eq.Jur.,§387.20aSnell'sPr.Eq.,47.21Bisph.Pr.Eq.,§51.2iawhilethisisnotamaxim,itisnever-thelessafundamentalprincipleofEquity.
22Ridleyv.Halliday,22Pick.,607.ItisthepeculiarprovinceofCourtsofEquitytogiveallneededandappropriatereliefincaseofin-fantswhoserightshavebeensacrificed.Couyv.RoaneIronCo.,21Pick.,515.TheChan-ceryCourtactsasguardianforallpersonsunderdisability;and,onproperapplication,willprotectthemfromthecupidityoffaithlessguardiansandrelatives,andtherapacityofunscrupulousstrangers.Butwhileaccordedfullprotectiontheyarenotentitledtohavetechnicalitiesstrainedintheirbehalf,especi-allyagainstastrangerguiltyofnouncon-scientiousconduct.

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§36MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOPJURISDICTION.30§36.WhenChanceryhasJurisdictionforOnePurpose,itwillTakeJuris-dictionforAllPurposes.—Thismaximisnotalwayssobroadlystatedinthereportsandtextbooks,butinthelightoftheActof1877,extendingthecommonlawjurisdictionoftheChanceryCourts,therecanbenodoubtaboutthecorrectnessoftheruleasgiven.Pomeroystatestherulethus:"WhereaCourtofEquityhasobtainedjurisdictionoversomeportionorfeatureofacontroversy,itmay,andwillingeneral,proceedtodecidethewholeissues,andtoawardcompleterelief,althoughtherightsofthepartiesarestrictlylegal,andthefinalremedygrantedisofthekindwhichmightbeconferredbyaCourtoflaw.''23Thereasonoftheruleis,thedutyofCourtstopreventamultiplicityofsuits;andCourtsofEquitydelighttodocompletejustice,andnotbyhalves.OurChanceryCourtactedinaccordancewiththisrulepriortotheActof1877;24anditmaynowbeconsideredasaninvaluablerule,andoneattendedwithverybeneficentresults.25Wheresuitsarebroughttoenjointhefurtherprosecutionofapendingactionatlaw,ortheenforcementofajudgmentrecoveredatlaw,eitheronthegroundofsomeequitabledefensenotcognizablebythelawCourts,oronthegroundofsomefraud,mistake,accident,orotherincidentofthetrialatlaw,whichren-deredthelegaljudgmentinequitable,insuchcasesaCourtofEquity,havingobtainedjurisdictionforthepurposeofaninjunction,willdecidethewholecontroversy,andrenderafinaldecree,eventhoughtheissuesarelegalintheirnature,andcapableofbeingtriedbyacourtoflaw;andthelegalremedies,therefore,areadequate.Thisruleisgeneralinitsoperation,andextendstoallsuitsbroughttoobtainthespecialreliefofinjunction,andisnotconfinedtosuitsforthepurposeofenjoiningactions,orjudgments,atlaw.Itmaybestatedasageneralproposition,thatwherevertheChanceryCourthasjurisdic-tiontogranttheremedyofinjunctionforsomespecialpurpose,eventhoughtheinjunctioncoversonlyaportionofthecontroversy,itmaygoonanddecidealltheissues,andmakeafinaldecree,grantingfullreliefinthesamemannerascouldaCourtoflaw,decreeingdamagesforthewrongsenjoinedwhenproper.26Particularinstancesoftheoperationofthisgeneralruleconcerningtheremedyofinjunctionmaybeseenincases'ofwaste,ofprivatenuisance,andofcontinuousorirreparabletrespasses,where,theChanceryCourthavingob-tainedjurisdictionbyinjunction,willcompletethereliefthecomplainantisentitledto,bydecreeinghimdamagesfortheinjuriesdone.27IftheChanceryCourtobtainsjurisdictionofasuitforthepurposeofgrant-ingsomedistinctivelyequitablerelief,such,forexample,asadiscovery,orthespecificperformanceofacontract,ortherescission,orcancellation,ofsomeinstrument,anditappearsfromfactsdisclosedonthehearing,but'notmowntothecomplainantwhenhebroughthissuit,thatthespecialreliefprayedforhasbecomeimpracticable,andthecomplainantisentitledtotheonlyalternatereliefpossible,thatofdamages,theCourtthenwill,insteadofcompellingthecomplainanttoincurthedoubleexpenseandtroubleofanactionatlaw,retainthecause,decidealltheissuesinvolved,anddecreethepaymentofcompensatorydamages.28ItisafundamentalruleofEquityjurisprudence,thattheCourtofChancery,inanycausecomingbeforeitfordecision,ifthecircumstancesofthecasepermit,andallthepartiesininterestareorcanbebroughtbeforeit,will231Pom.Eq.Jur.,§231.24Almonyv.Hicks,3Head,41;Johnsonv.Cooper,2Yerg.,524;Jonesv.Perry,10Yerg.,59.251Sto.Eq.Jur.,§64ft;MoHaneyv.Caw-thorne,4Heisk.,508;Hudginsv.Fanning,4Bax.,574;Smithv.Taylor,11Lea,744.261Pom.Eq.Jur.,§181.Seepost,§826.271Pom.Eq.Jur.,§181.28Rich!v.ChattanoogaBrewingCo.,21
Pick.,705;Pearlv.Nashville,10Yere179-1?,?m-F%AUT-JS224-228;236-237;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§64ft.Equitywillnotdecreeasuitwhereitmaydecreearemedy.Fran.Max.,i.T.he™axim,Equitydelightstodocom-pletejusticeandnotbyhalves,issimilarin£L°,Fe£at*10<n1°thfmaximabovetreated,andmuchthatisfoundundertt-aheadmighthavebeenpertinentlyincorporatedhere.Seepost.

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31 MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOFJURISDICTION.§37determinetheentirecontroversy,andawardfullandfinalrelief;andthusdocompletejusticetoallthelitigants,whatevermaybetheamountornatureoftheirinterestorliability,andthustobringallpossiblelitigationoverthesubject-matterwithinthecompassofonejudicialdetermination.Byvirtueofthisrule,andinordertopromotejustice,theCourt,havingobtainedjuris-dictionofacontroversyforonepurpose,willextenditsjudicialcognizanceoverrights,interests,andcausesofactionwhichare-purelylegalintheirnature,andwillawardremedieswhichcouldhavebeenadequatelybestowedbyaCourtoflaw.29AllthiscouldhavebeendonebeforetheActof1877;andsincethatacttherulehereinstatedhasbecomeoneoftheordinaryjurisdictionoftheCourt.§37.TheChanceryCourtneverLosesitsJurisdictionbyImplication.—ExactlywhateffectourConstitutionhas,onthestabilityandjurisdictionoftheChanceryCourt,hasnotbeendetermined.Thatthisjurisdictioncanbeincreasediscertain;30butitisdoubtfulwhetheritsequitablejurisdictioncanbetakenazvay,orevenseriouslyimpaired.ThesystemofEquityjurisprudenceistacitlyrecognizedbytheConstitutionasapartofthefundamentallawoftheland.Hence,allthestrongerinTennesseeistherulethataCourtofEquityneverlosesitsjurisdictionbyimplication.InallcaseswheretheCourthad,originally,jurisdictionbecauseofsomewantofadequateremedyatlaw,thatjurisdictionisnotlostbythefactthattheCourtsoflawnowgivearemedy.ThejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtscannotbemadethustoebbandflow.Theirjurisdictionmustbepermanent,andmustremainfixeduntilchangedbyanewConstitution,orbytheLegislatureactingwithinthepresentConstitution.31ThecommonlawJudgescannotdiminishthein-herentjurisdictionofaCourtofEquitybyenlargingtheirownjurisdiction;andwhentheLegislatureenlargesthejurisdictionofthecommonlawCourts,theruleiswellsettledthat,unlessthestatuteshowsaclearlegislativeintenttorestrict,orabolish,thejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourts,suchjurisdictionwillcontinueunabridged,32for,..withoutsomepositiveact,thejustinferenceisthattheLegislaturedesiresthejurisdictioninEquitytoremainuponitsoldfoundations.33§38.EquityDelightstodoCompleteJustice,andNotbyHalves.—ThismaximhasgrownoutofthedesireoftheChanceryCourttosocompletelydecideeverymatterinvolvedinthelitigationthattherewillbenorootsofcontroversyleftoutofwhichothersuitsmayspring.34Hence,theCourtre-quiresthatallpersonsinterested,eitherlegallyorbeneficially,inthesubject-matterofthesuitshallbemadepartiestoit,eitherascomplainantsorasde-fendants,sothattheremaybeadecreethatwillbindthemall.Bythismeans,theCourtisenabledtomakeacompletedecreebetweenallthepartiesinter-estedinthecontroversy,andthusnotonlytopreventfuturelitigationbytakingawaythenecessityofamultiplicityofsuits,buttomakeitperfectlycertainthatnoinjusticehasbeendonetoanypartyinterestedinthesubject-matterofthesuit.35This,too,isoneofthepurposesoftheCourtinenforcingthemaxim,Hewhoseeksequitymustdoequity;for,bygivingthedefendanthisrightsinacause,theCourtnotonlydoesjusticeinfullandnotbyhalves,butthedefendantisrelievedfromthenecessityofinstitutingasuitinhisownbehalf.ItistheconstantandzealousaimoftheChanceryCourttosoframeitsdecreesastoadjustandcomposealldisputesastoallmatters,legalandequitable,involvedinthecontroversy,ACourtofEquitywillalwaysdolastcasetheparagraphonpage171,beginningwith"Ifone,"shouldreadItisone,"&c.34Bonijudicisestlitesdirimere,nelisexliteoriatur.(ItisthedutyofagoodJudgetoputanendtocontroversies,andnotallowonesuittogrowupoutofanother.)InterestreipublicceutsitfinisUtium.(TheStateisinterestedinhavinganendputtolitigation.)35Sto.Eq.PI.,§72.
291Pom.Eg.Jur.,§242.30Jacksonv.Nimmo,3Lea,597;Nolen».Woods,12Lea,616.311Sto.Eq.Jur.,§64i.321Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§278-279.33Womackv.Smith.11Hum.,482;Brightv.Newland,4Sneed,442;Smithv.Taylor,11Lea,744;Bedwellv.Jones.9Lea,168.Inthis

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§39MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOPJURISDICTION.32directlywhatcanbedoneindirectlyorcircuitously,andwillstrivetopreventamultiplicityofsuits.30FormerlythejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtendedwherethatoftheCircuitCourtbegan,and,asaconsequence,itwasoftenunabletodocompletejustice;butafterdoinghalfjustice,wasobligedtoremitthecomplainanttotheCircuitCourtfortheotherhalf.Thiswasespeciallytrue
:
»1.Onbillstoremoveacloud,orrecoverland,thecomplainantsafterre-coveringthelandintheChanceryCourt,wereobligedtogototheCircuitCourttocollecttherentsandprofits.2.Onbillstoenjoinanuisance,thecomplainants,afterhavingthenuisanceenjoined,'wereremittedtotheCircuitCourttorecovertheirdamages.3.Onbillsforanewtrial,thepartiescomplaining,afterprovingtheircaseinChancery,wereremittedtotheCircuitCourt,ifplaintiffsthere,inordertoobtainarecovery.4.Onbillstosetuplostdeeds,notesofhand,orothercontracts,thecom-plainants,afterhavingtheirlostinstrumentssetupinChancerywereobligedtoresorttotheCircuitCourttohavethemenforced.5.Onbillstoenjoinwaste,afteraperpetualinjunctionwashadinChan-cery,thecomplainantswereremittedtotheCircuitCourttogetcompensationforthewastecommitted.6.Onbillstoreforminstruments,aftergettingthemreformedinChancery,thecomplainantswereobligedtogototheCircuitCourt,-toobtaindamagesfortheirbreach,orrecoverwhatwasdueonthem.7.OnbillstoenjoinadefendantintheCircuitCourtfrommakinganin-equitabledefence,ortoenjoinaplaintifffromassertinganinequitableclaim,afterobtainingsuchreliefthesuitsintheCircuitCourtwereoftenleftpending.8.Onbillstodeclarethedefendantausurper,thecomplainantwasgiventheoffice,butremittedtofurtherlitigationtorecoverhisfees.InmostoftheaboveinstancestheChanceryCourtnowadministersfulljus-tice,itshandbeingnolongerstayedbythefearoftrespassingonthedomainsofthelawCourts;37andthedispositionoftheChancellorsnowistodisregarddecisionsandprecedentsabsoletesincetheActof1877,andadministerjustice-tothefullextentoftheirjurisdiction,andnolongerremitapartytotheCir-cuitCourt,orforcehimtoinstituteasecondsuit,whenallthequestionsin-volvedinthelitigation,orincidentaltoit,canbeeffectuallydeterminedinthesuitpendingintheChanceryCourt;3Ssothatpartialorhalfjusticeisnowveryseldomadministered.89§39.HeWhoSeeksEquityMustDoEquity.—Undertheoperationofthismaxim,CourtsofChanceryareenabledtoadjusttheequitiesofthecomplain-anttotheequitiesofthedefendant,andthusdocompletejusticebetweentheparties.Formerly,itwasthepracticeoftheCourttorefuserelieftothecom-plainant,unlessthecomplainantwouldacknowledge,orconcede,orprovidefor,therights,claimsanddemandsjustlybelongingtothedefendant,andgrowingoutof,ornecessarilyconnectedwith,thesubject-matterofthecon-troversy.TheecclesiasticalChancellorssoughttoenforceintheirCourtsthedivineinjunctionofdoinguntoothersaswewouldhaveothersdountous;
whichisonly*anotherformofthemaxim.Butnow,theCourtofChancerydoesnotwaitforthecomplainanttooffertodoequity,butactsonthesupposi-tionthat,knowingtheruleoftheCourt,heiswillingtodowhateverequitytowardsthedefendanttheCourtmayrequireofhim.(1),IfaborrowerofmoneyuponusuryseekstheaidoftheChanceryCourttohavecancelledthe30Twosuitsareamultiplicity.Pearlv.Nashville,10Yers\.179,185.3TTheActof1877givestheChanceryCourtafreehandindealingwithmostmattersfor-merlycognizableexclusivelyintheCourtsofLaw.38Bonijudicisestampliarejurisdictionem.It
isthedutyofagoodjudgetoamplifyhisju-risdiction,whennecessarytodofulljustice.30Thismaximinitsoperationissimilartothemaxim,WhenChanceryhasjurisdictionforonepurpose,itwilltakejurisdictionforallpurposes.Seeante,§36.

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S3 MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOFJURISDICTION.§40usuriouscontract,theCourtwillrequirehimtodoequitybypayingthelenderwhatislegallyduehim;(2),Ifataxpayerseeksrelieffromanover-assessment,lemustpaywhatisjustlydue;(3),Ifapartyseekstohaveatax-deeddeclaredacloud,hemustpayallthetaxespaidbytheholderofthedeed;(4),[fapersonasksforpartition,hemustpayhisproportionofanyincumbranceremovedbythedefendant;40(5),IfahusbandseekstheaidofaChancery3ourttoreducehiswife'spersonalestatetopossession,hewillberequiredtoioequitytothewifebyallowingtheCourttosettleuponher,forthesoleandseparateuseofherselfandchildren,areasonableportionoftheproceedsofsaidestate;(6),Iftheowneroflandallowsanothertomakeimprovementsthereonunderthebeliefthathehastheright,aCourtofChancerywillcompel«uchowner,seekingtoasserthistitle,topayforsuchimprovements;41(7),Whereacomplainantseekstohaveacertainfunddecreedtohim,hewillberequired,ifinsolvent,topaythedefendantwhatheoweshim;42(8)Whereacomplainanthashisdeeddeclaredamortgagehemustpaytheconsiderationhereceived;(9),Wherethecomplainantobtainstherescissionofacontract,orthecancellationofaninstrumenthemustmakethedefendantwhole;(10),Whereamarriedwomanavoidsasaleshemustrestoretheconsiderationshere-ceived;(11),Amortgagorwillnotbeallowedtoredeem,withoutpayinganin-cumbrancedischargedbythemortgagee;43(12),Ajudgmentwillnotbeen-joined,unlesscomplainantpayswhatheowesthejudgmentcreditor,44and,(13),Ingeneral,wheneveracomplainantseekstorecoverpropertyfromwhichthedefendanthasremovedanincumbrance,ortothevalueofwhichthedefend-anthasaddedingoodfaith,reliefwillbegrantedthecomplainantonlyoncon-ditionthatthedefendantbereimbursedtotheextentthecomplainanthasbeenbyhimbenefited.Itwillthusbeseenthat,ingivingthecomplainantrelief,aCourtofChan-cerywillrequireofhimwhateverthedefendantmay,ingoodreasonandgoodconscience,beentitledtoinreferencetothesubject-matterofthesuit,although,thisrequirementmaybeonetheCourtwouldnototherwiseenforce.45Theconditionthusimposedonthecomplainantis,asitwere,thepriceofthedecreetheCourtgiveshim.Underthismaxim,anequitablerightmaybesecuredtothedefendantwhichcouldnotbeobtainedbyhiminanyothermanner—whichbecouldnothavesecuredbyasuitbroughtforthatpurpose.Theequitythecomplainantisrequiredtodomust,however,beconnectedwiththesubject-matterofthesuit,orgrowoutoftheverycontroversybeforetheCourt;andconditionsmustnotbearbitrarilyimposed.46TheprinciplecontainedinthismaximenlargesthepowersandjurisdictionoftheCourtwhenequitiesarise,infavorofthedefendant,outofthesubject-matterofthecontroversy;andhence,thismightbetermedajurisdictionalmaxim.It,also,enablestheChancellortodeterminethewholecontroversyinallisbranches,and,ifnecessary,tomakeasortofequitablecompromisede-cree,givingtoeachpartywhat,ingoodreasonandgoodconscience,heoughttohave;andrequiringofeachwhat,ingoodreasonandgoodconscience,heoughttodo;—thusfulfillingthatothermaxim,Bonijudicisestlitcsdirimere,tielisexliteoriatur.(Itisthedutyofagoodjudgetosothoroughlydecideafuitthatanothersuitwillnotariseoutofit.) *§40.CourtsofEquitywillnotTolerateanyInterferencewiththeirOfficers,ProcessorDecrees,bytheCourtsofLaw.—Thisisanoldandwell-settledrule,andwasadoptedintheinfancyoftheCourtofChanceryasasortoflawofself-preservation.For,iftheCourtsofcommonlawcouldha,vehadtheirway,theywouldhavethrottledtheChanceryCourtinitscradle.Inthosesemi-bar-baroustimesthebeautiesofEquityandChristianethicswerenotappreciated;401Sto.Eq.Jur.,§64.41Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§389-390.42Alexanderv.Wallace,10Yerg.,lOo.43Wilsonv.Carver,4Hay.,90;Woodv.Chil-coat,1Cold.,423.
44Creedv.Scruggs,1Heisk.,590.45Wilsonv.Carver,4Hay.,90.461Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§386-387.

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MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOFJURISDICTION.34§40andtherude,stern,arbitrarycodeofthecommonlawwasdeemedtheperfec-tionofreason,andnohigherorbetterlawwasdeemedpossible,ordesirable.Itismanifest,that,fromthenecessityofthecase,oneCourtcannotallowanotherCourttoquestionitsproceedings,tointerferewithitsprocess,todis-turbitsofficers,ortothwartitsdecrees.Alltheauthoritiesconcurincon-sideringitassettledlawthataCourtofChancerywillprotectitsownofficersagainstanysuitbroughtagainstthemforactsdoneunderitsprocess.47ThisruleappliestoReceivers,Sequestrators,andal|otherofficersactingundertheordersoftheCourt;andanyinterferencewiththemwillbedeemedacontemptofCourt,andpunishedassuch.48Evenastrangertothesuit,whohasbeendis-possessed,mustapplytotheCourtforredress,andcannotbringaforcibleentryanddetainersuitinanotherCourt.49Apartywrongfullydispossessedshouldfileapetitionforawritofrestitution.50EveryCourtmusthaveaninherentpowerofenforcingitsjudgmentsanddecrees;andsurelytonotribunalcanthispowermoreproperlybelongthantotheChanceryCourt.51And,ingeneral,ifanypersonsuffersanyinjury,inconsequenceofanyorder,orproceeding,oftheChanceryCourt,orbyreasonofanythingwhichhasoccurredintheexecutionofitsprocess,hemustapplytothatCourtforredress,andnottoaCourtofLaw.Ifthemattercomplainedofinvolvesaquestionofjurisdiction,orofthevalidityoreffectofitsorderorprocess,theChanceryCourtwillneverallowsuchaquestiontobecarriedfordecisiontoaCourtofLaw;butwill,atitsdiscretion,eitheritselfgiveredresstothepartyaggrieved,orpermithimtoproceedatLaw,asjusticeandconveniencemayrequire.5247Turnerv.Breeden,2Lea,713.482Dan.Ch.Pr.,1056;2Sto.Bq.833,a.49Scottu.Newsom,4Sneed,456.Jur.,§ 50ntd.51Deaderickv.Smith,6Hum.,52Smith'sBq.Jur.,32. 146.

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MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOPADJUDICATION.§41
ARTICLEII.MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOFADJUDICATION.41.MaximsofAdjudicationGenerallyConsidered.42.HewhoComesintoEquitymustComewithCleanHands.43.EquityLookstotheIntentratherthantotheForm.44.EquityImputesanIntentiontoFulfilanObligation.45.EquityRegardsthatasDonewhichOughttobeDone.46.NoPersonBoundtoActforAnothercanActforHimself.47.EquityDelightsinEquality.48.EquitywillUndoWhatFraudhasDone.49.EquityAidstheVigilant,NotThosewhoSleepupontheirRights.50.SoUseyourOwnasNottoInjureAnother.
§51.NooneCanTakeAdvantageofHisownWrong.§52.WhereOneofTwoPersonsmustSuf-feraLoss,HeshouldSufferwhoseActorNeglectOccasionedtheLoss.§53.EquityFollowstheLaw.§54.WherethereisEqualEquitytheLawmustPrevail.§55.WherethereareEqualEquities,theFirstinOrderofTimeshallPrevail.§56.ToProtectandEnforceRightstoPropertytheObjectofSuitsinChancery.§57.EquityRegardstheBeneficiaryastheRealOwner.§58.EquityEnforcesWhatGoodReasonandGoodConscienceRequire.§59.NoOneShouldbeCondemnedWith-outaChancetobeHeard.§60.StareDecisis,etNonQuietaMovere.§41.MaximsofAdjudicationGenerallyConsidered.—IntheadjudicationfthequestionsthatariseinEquityitisseldomthatanystatuteisdetermina-ive,andnotalwaysthatanydecisionofourSupremeCourtisapplicable;andLencetheChancellorisforcedtorelyontherulesofpracticeandpleading,andhemaximsandprinciplesoflawandEquity,ashisguides.Theserules,max-msandprinciplesaregenerallysothoroughlyincorporatedintohisjudgmenthatheusesthemunconsciouslyinmakingadecision.But,ifhisopinioniswrittenandanalyzed,itwilloftenbediscoveredthattheserules,maximsandirinciplescontrolledthedecision.TheprincipalmaximsonwhichtheChancelloractsinadjudicatinganequita-ilematterarethefollowing,whichmightbedesignatedasTHETWELVETABLES1OPEQUITY.1.Equityactsupontheperson,(forcinghimtodowhatconsciencerequires.)2.Equitywillnotsufferawrongwithoutaremedy.3.Equityimputesanintentiontofulfilanobligation.4.Equityactsspecifically,andnotbywayofcompensation.5.Equityregardsthatasdonewhichoughttobedone.6.Equityrequireshimwhoseeksequitytodoequity.7.Equityregardsthebeneficiaryastherealowner.8.Equitydelightstodocompletejustice,andnotbyhalves.9.Equityactsforthosedisabledtoactforthemselves.10.Equitylookstotheintentratherthantotheform.11.Equitydelightsinequality.12.Equityrequiresdiligence,cleanhandsandgoodfaith.SomeofthesemaximshavebeenconsideredintheprecedingArticle,being,,lso,maximsofjurisdiction.llnanalogytotheTwelveTablesoftheRomanLaw.

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§42MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOPADJUDICATION.36§42.HewhoComesintoEquitymustComewithCleanHanSs.2—Thismaximdeclaresthatacomplainant,whohasbeenguiltyofunconscientiousconductorbadfaith,orhascommittedanywrong,inreferencetoaparticulartransaction,cannothavetheaidofaCourtofEquityinenforcinganyallegedrightsgrowingoutofsuchtransaction.TheCourtofChancerywasregardedbytheecclesiasticalChancellorsasaTempleintowhichnonecouldcomeexceptthosewhohad"cleanhandsandpurehearts."Intheoriginofthejurispru-dence,thetheorywasadoptedthataCourtofEquityinterposedonlytoenforcetherequirementsofgoodconscienceandgoodreason,astomattersnotequita-blydeterminableintheLawCourts;andthisinterpositionbeingdeemedamatterofGrace,itwouldnotbeexercisedinfavorofaperson,whoseconduct,inthematterhehadcomplainedof,hadbeenunconscientious,orinbadfaith
;
orwhohadviolatedanyofthoseprinciplesofEquityandrighteousdealing,whichtheCourthadbeenconstitutedtoenforce.Buttheoperationofthemaximisconfinedtomisconductconnectedwiththeparticularmatterinlitiga-tion;anddoesnotextendtoanymisconduct,howevergross,whichisuncon-nectedtherewith,andwithwhichthedefendantisnotconcerned.3Undertheoperationofthismaxim,thecomplainantmustshowthatthetransactionfromwhichhisclaimarisesisfairandjust,thatthereisnothingunconscientiousinhisconductrelativethereto,andthatthereliefheseeksisequitable,andnotharshoroppressiveuponthedefendant.Hence,aspecificperformancewillberefusedwhenthecomplainanthasobtainedtheagreementbysharpandun-scrupulouspractices,byover-reaching,byconcealmentofimportantfacts,bytakingundueadvantageofhisposition,orbyanyunconscientiousmeans;or,whenthecontractitselfisunfair,one-sided,unconscionable,oraffectedbyanyothersuchinequitablecircumstance;or,whenthespecificenforcementoftheagreementwouldbeoppressiveuponthedefendant,orwould,inanyothermanner,workinjustice.4So,ifacontractisaffectedwithfraud,orhasafraud-ulentpurpose,noneofthepartiestosuchfraudcanhavetheassistanceoftheCourteithertocompeltheexecutionofsuchcontract,ortohaveitcancelled,ortohavethepropertyorinterests,transferredthereunder,restored.Equitywillleavesuchpartieswheretheyhaveplacedthemselves,andwillrefuseallaffirmativeaidtoeitherofthefraudulentparticipants.ItisonthisprinciplethatthedoorofaCourtofEquityisalwaysshutagainstadebtorwhenheseekstorecoverbackpropertyhehasconveyedtohinder,delayordefraudhiscreditors.Exdolomalononorituractio.(Norightofactionarisesoutofafraud.)Agreementsandtransfers,theconsiderationofwhichisbasedonaviolationofchastity,oroncompoundingafelony,orongambling,oronthecommissionofanycrime,oronanybreachofgoodmorals,arealldeemedillegal,andnoparticipantthereincangetanyrelief,intheChanceryCourt,whetherthereliefsoughtisanenforcementoftheagreement,orarescissionofit.5Inparidelictopotiorestconditiodefendentis.("Wherepartiesareequallyinthewrongtheconditionofthedefendantisthestronger.)Butwherethepartiesarenotinparidelicto,andwherepublicpolicyispromotedthereby,themoreexcusableofthetwomaybegrantedreliefbytheCourtsettingasidetheagreementandrestoringhimtohisoriginalposition.ACourtofChancerywillnotenforceanusuriouscontractevenwhenthedefenceofusuryisnotmade
;
butwillrelieveagainstusuriouscontracts;andwillalsorestoremoneyorpropertylostuponanygameorwager.§43.EquityLookstotheIntentratherthantotheForm.—Thismaximis2Thereareseveralmaximsakintothis:Hewhohathcommittediniquityshallnothaveequity;Exturpicausanonorituractio,(Norightofactionarisesoutofanimmoraltransaction;)Inparidelictopotiorestconditiorlefetiijentis,(Wherebothpartiesareequallyinfault,thesituationofdefendantisthestrong-er.)31Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§398-399.Theunclean-
nessofcomplainant'shandswilldefeathissuitwheneverandhoweveritappearsSim-monsMedicineCo.t>.MansfieldDrugCo.,9Pick.,84.See,Hortonv.Lyons,13Pick.,180.41Pom.Eq.Jur.,§400.Hortonr.Lyons,13Pick.,180.51Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§401-402.oCode,§§1771;1954;Bankv.Mann,10Pick.,

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37 MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOPADJUDICATION.§43connectedwiththeonethatsays,Equityregardsthatasdonewhichingoodcon-scienceoughttohavebeendone;foritisonlybylookingattheintent,ratherthanattheform,ofatransactionthatEquitycantreatasdonewhatoughttohavebeendone.Thetwomaximsacttogetherandaideachother;7andwiththefurtherhelpofthemaxim,thatEquityimputesanintentiontofulfil'anobli-gation,aCourtofChancerywillnotonlyholdaresultingtrustee,oraconstruc-tivetrustee,liableassuch,butwillimputetohimanintentiontoactassuch,regardlessoftheformofthetransfer,orconveyance.Equityheedsnotforms,butstrivestoreachthesubstanceofthings;andtoascertain,upholdandenforcerightsanddutieswhichspringfromtherealrela-tionsandtheactualtransactionsoftheparties.Lookingtotheintentratherthantotheform,wheneverapenaltyisdesignedmerelytosecurethepaymentofagivensumofmoney,ortheperformanceofsomeact,Equitywillrelievetheobligorfromthepenalty,uponhispayingthedebt,ortheactualdamages,resultingfromhisdefault.So,ifaleasehasbeenforfeitedfornon-paymentofrent,orforbreachofsome,butnotallofthecovenantscontainedinthelease,ifthelessorcanbeadequatelycompensatedforthebreachofthecontract,Equitywillregardtheforfeitureclauseasmerelyameansofsecuringtheob-servanceofthecontract,andaCourtofChancerywillrelievefromthefor-feiture.8So,lookingattheintentratherthanattheformofthecontract,Equitywillconsidertheforfeitureclausesinmortgagesandtrustdeedsas'merelymeansofenforcingthepaymentofthemoneycontractedtobepaid,andwillrelievefromforfeituresincurred,uponthepaymentofthedebt.9Equitywill,also,uponparolevidence,convertanabsolutedeedintoamort-gage;andwill,ingeneral,unlessprohibitedbysomestatute,setupandenforcetherealcontractoftheparties,regardlessoftheform,orofthewantofform;forEquitylooksnotattheoutwardform,buttotheinwardsubstanceofeverytransaction,recurringtoprinciplesanddisregardingceremonies,10lookinguponformsasmadeforjustice,andnotjusticemadeforforms.WherethereissubstancefortheCourttoacton,thewantofformwillbedisregarded,forEquityregardssubstanceandnotceremonies.Thisistruenotonlyinadjudi-catingtheequitiesoftheparties,butistrueinmattersofpleading,also.Thusifthebillmakesoutacaseforrelief,anywantofformality,oranymisnomerofthebill,oranyeccentricityofphraseology,willnotdefeatthecomplainant'srighttoreliefonthefactsallegedandproved.103.So,ifthenecessarypartiesarebeforetheCourt,andacaseforreliefisallegedandproved,thefactthatpartiesaremadecomplainantswhoshouldhavebeenmadedefendants,orviceversa,willnotpreventtheCourtfromdecreeingaccordingtotheequitiesoftheparties;andthisissoevenwhenpersonsunderdisabilityaretobeaffectedbythedecrees.Thefactthattheproperfactsarealleged,andtheproperpartiesarebeforetheCourt,issubstance;themannerofallegingthefactsandthepositionofthepartiesinthesuitisceremony.Nooneispresumedtogivesomethingfornothing,andnoonecaninreasonandconscienceexpecttoreceivesomethingfornothing.Wheneverapersonpartswithaconsiderationheispresumedtointendtoacquirewhateverthatconsiderationpaysfor;andhewhoacquiresthelegaltitletopropertyforwhichanother'smoneyhaspaid,isboundinreasonandconsciencetoholditsubjecttotheordersofthepersonwhosemoneywentintoit.Reducedtothelastanalysis,thepropertyacquiredbyanother'smoneyisonlythatmoneyinan-7Pom.Bq.Jur.,§378.8Pom.Bq.Jur.,§381.9Pom.Eq.Jur.,§382.10Bondv.Jackson,3Hay.,191.Equitylooksbeneaththeveilofform,anddiscernstherealfeaturesofthetransaction,actingonthemaxim,Nonquoddictumest,sedquodfac-tumest.inspicitur.Snell'sPr.Eq.,41.Equityconsiderstherealandthesubstantial,andal-lowsnoruleofevidenceatlaw,nofictionofCourtsoflaw,andnoactsorsubterfugesof
u
parties,totieitshands,orshackleitsfeet,ordimitssight,insearchingfortherealtruthofthetransactionunderinvestigation.CourtsofEquityactuponthecircumstancesandjusticeoftheparticularcase,whereasCourtsoflawratherregardprecedents,forms,rulesofprocedureandthestrictletterofthelaw.10*Seepost,§§139,note19;269;431,note;681;719;64,sub.-sec.4.

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§44MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOFADJUDICATION.38otherform;andpropertyconveyedwithoutreceivinganother'smoneytherefor,continues,inEquity,thepropertyoftheconveyor.Hence,itisthepassingofaconsiderationandnottheformofthecontractthatinEquitypassestitle;uandwhatevertheformofthetransaction,ifnoconsiderationpasses,inEquitynotitlepasses.12§44.EquityImputesanIntentiontoFulfilanObligation.—ACourtofCon-sciencewillnothastilyconcludethatanunconscientiousacthasbeendone,iftheconductoftheactorissusceptibleofamorecharitableconstruction.TheCourtwillpresumeaninnocentintention,ifsuchpresumptionwillnothazardtheequitablerightsofthecomplainant.Thismaxim,therefore,isamerestate-mentofthegeneralpresumptionuponwhichaCourtofEquityacts;anditmeansthat,wheneveradutyrestsuponanindividual,intheabsenceofallevidencetothecontrary,itwillbepresumedthatheintendedtodorightratherthanwrong;toactconscientiouslyratherthaninbadfaith;toperformhisdutyratherthantoviolateit.13Thus,whenapersoncovenantstodoanact,andheafterwardsdoessomethingwhichiscapableofbeingconsideredeitheratotalorapartialperformanceofthatact,hewillbepresumedtohavedoneitwiththeintentionofperforminghiscovenant,althoughnosuchintentionwasex-pressed.So,wheneveratrustee,orotherpersoninafiduciaryposition,actingapparentlywithinthescopeofhispowers{thatis,havingauthoritytodowhathedoesdo),purchaseslands,orpersonalproperty,withtrustfunds,andtakesthetitletosuchpropertyinhisownname,withoutanydeclarationofatrust,atrustwithrespecttosuchpropertyatonceresultsinfavorofthebeneficiaryofsaidfunds,andthepurchaserbecomeswithrespecttosuchproperty,atrus-tee.ACourtofEquityassumesthatthepurchaserintendedtodohisfiduciaryduty,andnottoviolateit;andhewillnotbeheardtodisputethisassumption.AlltheevidencetheCourtneedstocreatethetrustistheproofthatthetrustfundswereactuallyusedinthepurchase.Thismaximisappliedtotrusteesproper,toexecutorsandadministrators,todirectorsandmanagersofcorporations,toguardiansofinfantsorofpersonsofunsoundmind,toagentsusingthemoneyoftheirprincipals,topartnersusingpartnershipfunds,tohusbandspurchasingpropertywiththeseparateestateoftheirwives,andgenerally,toallpersonswhostandinfiduciaryrela-tionstoothers.14Andwhenitisshownthatsuchpersonshaveusedmoney,bythemsoheldintrust,inthepurchaseofanyproperty,realorpersonal,takingthetitleintheirownname,aCourtofChancerywillimputetothemaninten-tiontofulfiltheirobligation,namely,tomakethepurchaseforthebenefitofthepersonentitledtotheuseoftheconsiderationmoney;andtheywillbedecreedtoholdsuchpropertyastrusteesforthebenefitofthepartieswhosefundswereusedinthepurchase.§45.EquityRegardsthatasDonewhichOughttobeDone.—InaCourtofChanceryoughttobebecomesis;andwhateverapartyoughttodo,oroughttohavedone,inreferencetothepropertyofanother,will,ordinarily,bere-gardedasdone;andtherightsofthepartieswillbeadjudicatedasthough,infact,ithadbeendone.15Thismaximisfar-reachinginitsoperation,andfullofbeneficentconsequences;thedoctrinesandrulescreatinganddefiningequitableestatesorinterestsbeing,inagreatmeasure,drivedfromit.16Asbetweenthepartybywhom,andthepartyforwhom,anactought,ingoodconscience,tobedone,ortohavebeendone,Equitywillconsideritasdone.Forthepurposeofreachingexactjustice,Equitywillfrequentlyconsiderthatpropertyhasassumedcertainformswithwhichitought,injustice,tobe11Solutiopretiiemptionislocohabetur.(Thepaymentofthepurchase-moneyisequivalenttoapurchase.)12Thisisthereasonapurchaserwithoutavaluableconsiderationhasnoequity.Seepost.§§332;390.131Pom.Eq.Jur.,§420.Thelawrequires
thatgoodfaithbeobservedinalltransactionsbetweenmanandman.Craddockv.Cabiness,1Swan,483.141Pom.Bq.Jur.,§§421-422.16Stephensonv.Tandle,3Hay.,115;Wavnee.Pouts,24Pick.,145.is1Pom.Bq.Jur.,§364.

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39 MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOFADJUDICATION.§45stamped,17orthatpartieshaveperformedcertaindutieswhichthey,injustice,oughttofulfill;andwillregulatetheownershipofestatesandinterestsaccord-ingly.18Insuchmattersanothermaximissometimesinvoked:Equity'regardsthesubstance,nottheformsofthings.Thus,(1)thevendoroflandisregardedinEquityastheownerofthepurchase-money,andthevendeeislookeduponastheowneroftheland;(2)thepurchaserofapossibleinterestinlandbecomestheequitableowneroftheinterest;(3)thesaleofachattelnotyetinexistence,ornotyetthepropertyoftheseller,becomeseffectiveinEquityassoonasthethingcomesintoexistence",orbecomesthepropertyoftheseller;(4)theas-signmentofathinginactiongivestheassigneealltherightsoftheassignor
;
and(5)ingeneral,wheneveraparty,foravaluableconsiderationtransfers,orcontractstotransfer,anyinterestinanyproperty,orinanyrightsofproperty,aCourtofChanceryplacestheassignee,orvendee,intheshoesofthevendorastoall.theinterestsandrightstransferred,oragreedtobetrans-ferred.19So,(1)whenanagentinvestshisprincipal'smoneyinland,andtakestitleinhisownname;or(2)apartnerusespartnershipfundstobuylandinhisownname;or(3)whenaguardianuseshisward'sfundsinthepurchaseofpropertyinhisownname;or(4)anexecutor,administrator,oranyothertrustee,usestrustmoneytobuypropertyinhisownname,inallsuchcasesEquitywillregardthatasdonewhichthepurchaseroughttohavedone,that,is,willregardthepurchaserasholdingthelegaltitleforthebenefitofthepartywhowasentitledtothepurchasemoney,andwilldecreeaccordingly.So,whenapartyacquiresthelegaltitletopropertybyfraud,hewillbedecreedtoholditastrusteeforhisvendor.Andwhereanactispreventedfrombeingdone,byfraud,Equitywillconsidertheactasdone,inordertoavoidtheeffectsofthefraud.20Thus,awidowpreventedbyfraudfromdissentingtoawill,inEquitywillbegivenalltherightsshewouldhaveacquiredbyadissentinduetime.21Andifasonpretendtodestroydeedstoenablehisfathertodevisethelands,butdestroysonlycopies,Equitywilltreatthedeedsasde-stroyed.22Equity,treatingthatasdonewhichoughttohavebeendone,willconsiderlandasredeemedwhentheredeemerhasdoneallthatwasrequiredofhim,andthepurchaserrefusestore-convey,ortotaketheredemptionmoney.Thismaximisnearlyalliedtoanothermaxim,Noonecantakeadvan-tageofhisownwrong.Topreventapartyderivingadvantagefromhisownwrong,Equityregardsthatasdonewhich,ingoodreasonandgoodconscienceoughttohavebeendone.Hence,agreementsbasedonavaluableconsiderationare,inEquity,considered,intheinterestsofthepersonentitledtotheirper-formance,asperformed,andperformedatthetimewhen,andinthemannerinwhich,theyoughttohavebeenperformed.23Andthesameconsequencesat-tachtotheagreementasthoughithadactuallybeenperformed,sothatthepartyindefaultshallnotbenefitbyhiswrong,northeotherpartysufferthereby.24Sowherelandisorderedtobesoldbyawill,itisconsideredaspersonalty
;
andwherelanddevisedbyawillisafterwardscontractedtobesold,itisdeemedconverted,25andthedeviseegetsnothingbutthenakedlegaltitlewithoutanybeneficialinterestintheproperty.26Moneydirectedbyawilltobeinvestedinlandisconsideredasland,anddescendstotheheirsoftheorigi-nalbeneficiary,andnottohispersonalrepresentatives;and,ontheotherhand,landdirectedbyawilltobeconvertedintomoneygoestothepersonalrepre-sentativesoftheoriginalbeneficiary,orisincludedinthegeneralterm"per-sonalproperty.''2TitWhelessv.Wheless,8Pick.,293.18Bisph.Pr.Bq.,§44.191Pom.Bq.Jur.,§§368-369.20Townsendv.Townsend,4Cold.,83.21Smartv.Water-house,10Yerg.,93;1Sto.Bq.Jur.,§§187;256.22Belcherv.Belcher,10Yerg.,120.23Cook«.Cook,3Head,719.241Sto.Bq.Jur.,§64g.
25ThedoctrineofequitableconversionisfirmlyfixedinthejurisprudenceofTennessee.Waynev.Fouts,24Pick.,145.26Butthecontractofsalemustbeonethatisenforceable.Blairv.Snodgrass,1Sneed2427McCormickv.Cantrell;7Terg.,615;Greenv.Davidson,4Bax.,488;Jonesv.Kirkpatrick2Tenn.Ch.,696;1Pom.Bq.Jur.,§371;1sto'Eq.Jur.,§§790-793;1212-1214.

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§46MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOFADJUDICATION.40Butanadministratorhasnopowertomakeaconversion;andifhedoes,themoneyputintolandwillbedeemedpersonality,attheelectionofthoseentitledtothemoney.28Inreferencetoagreementsthemaximissometimesstatedthus:''Whatisagreedtobedoneisconsideredasdone,"29andsometimesthus,"Equitytreatsthatasdonewhichisagreedtobedoneuponsufficientconsiderations."30Butitmustbeborneinmindthatthismaximseeksnomorethantoenforceanequitableobligation.Theremustbearightononesideandacorrespondingdutyontheotherside.Equitydoesnotregardasdonewhatmighthavebeendone,orwhatcouldhavebeendone,butwhatought,ingoodreasonandgoodconscience,tohavebeendone.Nordoesthisruleoperateinfavorofanyoneexcepthimwhohastheequitablerighttohavetheactperformed,andthosestandinginhisshoes;nordoesitoperateagainstanyoneexcepthimuponwhomthedutyhasdevolved,anduponthosewhostandinhisplace.31§46.NoPersonBoundtoActforAnotherinanyMattercan,astothatMatter,ActforHimself.—This,whilenotamaxim,isafundamentaldoctrineofEquity,andonefruitfulofmanymostbeneficentconsequences.32Inthefirstplace,whoeverundertakestoactforanother'sbenefit,impliedlycontractsthatineverymatteraffectingtheother,hewilldoforhimallthatgoodreasonandgoodconsciencerequire.Inordertoavoidanypossiblecontention,andtoleaveabsolutelynoroomforcasuistry,CourtsofEquitylayitdownasarule,withoutexception,thatnotrusteeshallinanycase,orunderanycircumstances,directlyorindirectly,acquireanypersonalinterestortitleinortothetrustproperty,oritsproceeds,ormakeanypersonalprofitsoutofthetrust,orbymeansofhistrustcharacter,withoutthefullconsentofthebeneficiary,givenundercircumstancesthatleavenoroomwhatevertoquestiontheperfectfair-nessandgoodfaithofthewholetransaction.Eventhen,aCourtofEquityactshesitatinglyinconfirmingsuchtransactions;andwhentheyarequestioned,requiresconclusiveevidenceofthefullestgoodfaithonthepartofthetrustee,andthemostthoroughunderstandingofthefacts,andthemostabsolutefree-domofaction,onthepartofthebeneficiary.Whenarelationofconfidenceisonceshown,aCourtofChancerywillpresumethatthedominionorinfluencearisingtherefromwasexercised.33Ofcourse,ifthebeneficiaryisaminor,orpersonofunsoundmind,heisutterlyincapableofgivinganysuchconsent.Thisruleispotentofconsequencesinmattersofimpliedtrusts,andconstruc-tivefrauds;and,underitsoperation,alltrusteesandquasi-trusteesarekeptinthestrictlineoftheirtrueandfullduty;andwhensuchdutyisviolated,Equitywill,asfaraspossible,dealwiththemandtheirdoingsasthoughtheywerereallyintendingtodotheirduty,andactforthebeneficiary'sbenefit;28Robertsv.Jackson,3Yerg.,77.29Themaximissometimesgeneralizedthus:Equitylooksonthatasdonewhichoughttohavebeendone,orwhichhasbeenagreedtobedone,orwhichhasbeendirectedtobedone.Snell'sPr.Eq.;Stephensonv.Yandle,3Hay.,115.soGriffeyv.Northcutt,5Heisk.,755.311Pom.Eq.Jur.,§365.32Cannonv.Apperson,14Lea,570-580.33Baylissv.Williams,6Cold.,441.Noper-sonwhoundertakesorassumestoactforanother'swelfareinanymatter,can,withoutviolatinggoodreasonandgoodconscience,soactinthatmatterastoobtainanadvantageforhimself,attheexpenseofthepersonforwhomheassumestoact.Apartywhotakesadvantageofthetrustorconfidencereposedinhimbyanother,andtherebybenefitshim-selftotheother'sinjury,isguiltyofthegrossestpossiblebreachofgoodfaith.Aper-sonwhoundertakestoactforanotherimplied-lycontractswithhimtogivehimthefullben-efitofhiswisdom,skillanddiligence;andtopreferhisprincipal'sorward'sinteresttohisown.Apersonholdingarelationoftrust,confidenceoragency,isboundbyeveryconsid-erationofreasonandconsciencetoloyally
dischargethedutiesheundertakes,withaneyesingletothewelfareofthepartytrustinghim;andbeforehecanactforhimselfinanymatter,affectingtheinterestsofthepersontrustinghim,hemustsurrendertherelationingoodfaith,andacquaintsuchpersonwithallthefactsinhispossessionnecessarytoacompleteunderstandingofthosematters.Nogreaterbusinesswrongcanbecommit-ted,undertheformofacontract,thantheacquisitionoftheproperty,ortakingotheradvantage,ofapersonbythebetrayalofhisconfidence.Suchanactisasortoftrea-sonagainstgoodfaith,andshocksthecon-scienceofallmankind.Inordertoremovethetemptationtosuchgrosstreachery,andthere-bymoreeffectuallytopreventsuchwrongs,CourtsofEquityconsiderallcontractsbe-tweenthepersontrustingandthepersontrustedasvoidableattheelectionoftheformer.Thisruleappliestoallpersonswhoundertakeorassumetoactforothers,ortobecometheirconfidentialadvisers,andtoeverycasewhereinfluenceisacquiredandabused,orconfidenceisreposedandbetrayed.Se»Searcy«.Kirkpatrick,1Overton,423;post,§57.

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41 MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOPADJUDICATION.§47andwillaccordinglygivethebeneficiaryallthebenefitsaccruingtothetrustee,orthequasi-trustee,bymeansofthetransactioninquestion;willgivethebeneficiarythepropertyorprofitsacquired,andwillrequirethetrustee,orquasi-trustee,tomakegoodanylosscausedbyhisconductinthematter.Thereasonoftherule,thatatrusteecanneveractforhimselfinanytrustmatter,isthenecessityofabsolutelyremovingfromhimanytemptationtoviolatehisfullduty,andtheimminentperilofallowinghimtooccupyasitua-tionwhereinhemayhaveoccasiontodoubtwhenhemight,ormightnot,actforhimself,andwhenhemust,ormay,actforthebeneficiaryorpersonconfid-inginhim.34Inthemeaningofthissection,andalso,whereverusedinthisbook,thegeneralterm"trustee"denotesandincludesexecutors,administrators,ClerksofCourts,Receivers,SpecialCommissioners,Sheriffs,constables,andallguardians,officersandpersonswhogivebondsforthefaithfuldischargeoftheirduties,andallotherpersonsonwhomfiduciaryortrustdutiesarecon-ferredbyanyinstrumentofwriting,orbyanystatute,ordinanceorby-law,public,corporateorprivate;andtheterm"quasi-trustee"denotesandincludeshusband,wife,parent,personinaparentalsituation,attorney,guardianadlitem,nextfriend,partner,agent,businessmanager,clerk,steward,secretary,treasurer,book-keeper,auctioneer,consignee,bailee,physician,spiritualad-viser,thepromoters,president,directorsandotherofficersormanagersofacorporationorassociation,vendor,creditor,principaldebtorincasesofsurety-ship,and,ingeneral,allotherpersonswhoundertake,orassume,thecharacterofconfidentialadvisers,ormanagersofanother'saffairs,orwhooccupyaposi-tionorrelationthatenablesthemtogreatlyinfluencetheactionofthoserely-inguponthem,orwhoinanywayacquireinfluenceandabuseit,orpossessanother'sconfidenceandbetrayit.Thetermtrusteeincludesbothtrusteesandquasi-trustees,andthetermbeneficiarydenotesandincludeseveryonewhoexpresslyorimpliedlyconfidesortrustshisproperty,businessoraffairs,toanother,andeveryoneforwhosebenefitanexpressorimpliedtrustarises,oraconstructivefraudcanbedeclared.35§47.EquityDelightsinEquality.—Thismaximissometimesmorestrongly•expressedthus:EqualityisEquity.36Thecommonlawdelightedinprefer-ences;itwasthelawofapeoplefondofdistinctions,distinctionsinpersonalrank,insocialpositions,informsofprocedure,inevidencesofdebt,andinformsofactions.ButtheChanceryCourt,earlyinitshistory,endeavoredtobreakdownthesedistinctionsinsofaraspropertywasconcerned.Jointobli-gationsweremadeseveral;lienswereapportioned;contributionwasenforcedamongco-contractors,co-suretiesandco-legatees;andtheestatesofdebtorsweredividedratablyamongtheircreditors.Thesechangesinthecommonlaw,thusenforcedoriginallyinEquity,havelongsince,bystatuteorother-wise,becomeapartofthegenerallawoftheland.Inaccordancewiththisequitablemaxim,aCourtofChancerywilldivideacommonfundequallybetweenthoseentitled;andifthefundisnotsufficienttopayallinfull,aproratadistributionwillbeordered.So,whenacommon34Amancannotservetwomastersatthesametime,especiallyincaseofconflictingtrusts.Denningv.Todd,7Pick.,427.Quit-quidncquiriturservoacquiriturdomino.(Whateverisacquiredbytheservantisacquiredbythemaster.)Whateverprofitatrusteemakesoutoftrustpropertyistheprofitofthebenefi-ciary.Theparableofthetalentswellillus-tratesthisruleofEquity.Matt.,ch.23.v.20.a.-fOurlegalnomenclatureisdeficientinsat-isfactorytermstoexpresstherelationsofageneraltrusteeandageneralcorrelativeto•suchtrustee.Thetermtrustee,whileagoodone,hasbeenlargelyappropriatedtodenoteanexpresstrustee,andtheterms,beneficiary
andcestuiquetrust,inadequatelyexpresstheentireclassofpersons,forwhosebenefitim-pliedtrustsarecreated,andimpliedfraudsconstructed.Inasmuch,asinalmosteveryvarietyoftrustthereisanexpressorimpliedrelationofconfidence,itiswithreluctanceandmisgivingssuggestedthatthewordcon-ficlorappropriatelyandnotinadequatelyde-notesandincludeseveryonewho.expresslyorimpliedly,confidesortrusts;andthewordconfidesequallyaswelldenotesandincludeseveryoneinwhomconfidenceortrustisex-presslvorimpliedlvreposed.36Also,thus:JEquitasestquasi(equalitas.(Equityisequality,asitwere.)

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§48MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOFADJUDICATION.42liabilityrestsuponseveralpersonsinfavorofasingleclaimant,aswheresev-eralpersonsowethesamedebt,aCourtofChancerywillrequireeachperson,soliable,todischargeanequalproportionoftheliability;or,ifanyoneofthemshouldpaymorethanhisshare,Equitywillrequiretheotherstocon-tributeenoughtomakegoodtheexcess.Whereaninsolventpartnership,aninsolventcorporation,oraninsolventestate,iswoundupinChancery,theCourtalwaysproceedsupontheprinciplethatequalityisequity,andapportionstheassetsprorataamongallthecred-itors,preferringnoneunlesstheyhavepriorliens.Thesameruleprevails,when,inanycase,anycreditorfilesabill,onbehalfofallothercreditors,towindupthebusinessofadebtorunderageneralassignment.So,wherethereishotenoughmoneytopayallthelegaciesinfull,Equitywillmakeaproratadeductionfromeach.37Andsoitmaybestated,ingeneralterms,thatwheneverthereisacommonburden,itmustbeborneequallybyall;andwhenthereisacommonbenefit,itmustbesharedequallybyall.Ofcourse,thismaximwillnotpreventparties,bycontractamongthemselves,changingtheoperationofthisgeneralrule.§48.EquitywillUndoWhatFraudhasDone.—Fraud,38inthesightofaCourtofEquity,vitiateseverycontractortransactionintowhichitenters,attheelectionoftheinjuredparty;39andtheCourtwillnotonlyundowhatfraudhasdone,butwilltreatactsasdonewhichfraudpreventedfrombeingdone.AllCourtsrequiregoodfaithindealingsbetweenmen,andreprobatebadfaith.39aButastheCourtsofcommonlawrespectedformsandceremonies,andwouldnotlookbeneathaseal,norbehindawriting,norbeyondtheverdictofajury,norallowajudgmenttobequestioned,fraudtookadvantageoftheserules,andmadeforms,writings,seals,verdicts,andjudgmentsitsinstrument-alitiesandagenciesineffectingitsnefariousschemesfortheundoingoftheweak,theinexperienced,thetrustingandtheneedy.When,however,EquityestablishedherCourts,shedisregardedforms,discreditedceremonies,peeredbeneaththeseal,lookedbehindwritings,questionedtheverdictsofjuries,anddidnothesitatetosetasidethesolemnjudgmentsofCourts,whenfoundtobeunjustandprocuredbyfraud.CourtsofEquitysetasidedeedsorconvertedihemintomortgages,setasidetheverdictsofjuriesinCourtsoflawandawardednewtrials,andforbadetheenforcementofjudgments,whengoodreasonandgoodconsciencerequired.Whateverfraudtouchedwasdeclaredtobevitiated,whereverfraudtrodwasdeclaredunholyground,andwhateverfrauddidwaspronouncednullandvoid.Allthehauntsoffraudwerelaidbare,allofitspaths,howevercrooked,weresign-boarded,allofitssubterfugespointedout,allofitsfalsecoinsbranded,andallofitsalliesdetectedandmarkedwithbadges.FraudhasbeensocrippledandhedgedaboutbytheChanceryCourtthatitspowertodeceiveanddoevilhasbeenmuchweakened,andtheremediesforitsrascalitiesmuchincreased,butithasnotyetgoneoutofbusiness.371Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§405-411.InEquity,noonegetsthelion'sshare,unlesshehassupe-riorrights,orpriorliens.38Fraus(fraud)wasoneofthenamesofMercury,thegodofspeech,trafficandtheft;anditiscurious,ifnotinstructive,tonotehowhishistoryandoffices,in-ancientmyth-ology,illustratetheappropriatenessofthisalias.Mercury'sfirstactwastocheatApollooutofaherdofcattlebymeansofalyre;helulledthehundred-eyedArgustosleep,andthenmurderedhim;heovercamePrometheus,thewise,andboundhimtoMt.Caucasus;heinventedastrology,wasthego-betweenofgodsandwomen;thegullwashisfavoritebird,andhewasworshiped,andprayedtoforluck,bythievesandschemers.Hiswandwasgiltatthepoint,blueinthemiddle,andblackatthehandle,andsohisvictimsfirstfeltrich,
thenblue,theninblackdespair.Healwaysworeasmileonhisface,andcurlsinhishair;carriedapurseinhishand,andwasgenerallyinahurry.Themetal,mercury,namedforhim,isverybright,butveryelusive,hardtofind,difficulttoseize,impossibletohold;andisusedbyminerstogathergold,andbyquackstosalivatetheirpatients.soGwintherv.Girding,3Head.,lf»7.Seemaxim,Equityregardsthatasdonewhichoughttobedone,ante,§45.soaThelawrequiresgoodfaithtobeob-servedinalltransactionsbetweenmanandman.Craddockv.Cabiness.1Swan,483.Seeante,§4;andpost,58.InthegrandtempletoJupiterontheCapi-tolineHillinancientRome,thestatueofFiaesstoodononesideofJupiter'sandthestatueofVictoriaontheother,thusproclaimingthat

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43 MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOFADJUDICATION.§49Asphysiciansdiagnoseinternaldiseasebycertainexternalsigns,soCourtsofChancerydiagnosetheexistenceoffraudbycertainsignstermed"badgesoffraud,"whicharetreatedofelsewhere.40InCourtsoflawitisamaximthat"Fraudisodiousandnottobepresumed,"41bywhichismeantthatbeforesodetestableacrimecanbeimputedtoanyoneitmustbeproved.ButCourtsofChancery,whileconsideringfraudmpreodiousthandoCourtsoflaw,theyneverthelessincertaincasespresumefraud;thatis,certainstatesoffactareconsideredinChanceryincompatiblewithanhonestpurpose,andwhenprovedoradmitted,fraudispresumed.42CourtsofChancerywill,or-dinarilyimputefraudtoapartyonlessevidencethanisrequiredinCourtsoflaw;43andtheyallowamuchgreaterlatitudeofproofinthesearchforfraud,andamoreminuteexaminationofwitnesses.44Andwhatevertheshapesanddisguisesfraudhasinventedintherefinementsanddiversitiesofcommerceandtheprogressofcivilization,theCourtsofEquityhave,always,beenabletodetectandexposeit,toredressthewrongdonebyit,andtokeepitodious,regardlessoftherankorwealthoftheperpetrator.43§49.EquityAidstheVigilant,notThosewhoSleepupontheirRights.46—Thismaximisdesignedtopromotediligenceonthepartofsuitors.Equityrequiresapartytoasserthisrightsinareasonabletimeafterhediscoversthathehasbeenwronged.Apersonwhodelayssuit,notonlybyhisnegligencemakestheproofofhiswrongsmoredifficult,butinducestheotherpartytobelievethatheacquiescesinthesituation.Besides,ifCourtsallowsuitstobedelayed,apartymaywaituntilanadversewitnessdies,ormovesaway,beforehebringssuit.Apartyinthewrongmaybesomisledbythenon-actionofthepartywrongedasdosuchacts,andotherwisesochangehissituation,thatitwouldembarrasstheCourtingrantingrelief.Hewhoseeksequitymustkeephimselfinaconditiontodoequity;andif,byhisowndelay,heisdisabledfromdoingequityhewillbedebarredfromreceivingequity.Itisbadfaithforapartywrongedtodelaysuituntilthewrongcannotberightedwithoutdoinganotherwrong.Goodconsciencerequiresapartytodonoactthatwillmisleadanothertohisdetriment,eventhoughthatothermayhavedonehimwrong.Hence,ithasbeensaidthat"nothingcancallaCourtofChanceryintoactivitybutconscience,goodfaithandreasonablediligence."47Inmanycases,equitablereliefdependsuponthediscretionoftheChancellor,andthelachesofthecomplainantisoftenoneofthemostimportantoftheelementstakenintoconsiderationwhenthatdiscretionisexercised.48Thismaximisgoodfaithamong;thepeopleisasimportantinpeaceasisvictoryinwar.40SeeArticleon"FraudulentConveyances,"post,§§1009-1017.41Frausestodiosaetnonprwsumenda.42Seepost,§§449;1011.By"presumption"insuchcases,inferenceismeant.43Ibid.aPost,§§448;1010.45FraudsareviewedwithgreathorrorandindignationbyCourtsofEquity,asdestruct-iveofthathonorableconfidencenecessaryforhumanintercourse,andasconstitutingasortoftreasonagainstsocietyitself.Thesubtlecharacteroftheseviolations,thegreatdifficul-tyinmakingtheproof,theabsolutenecessity,oftentimes,forprobingtheconscienceoftheallegedoffenderbysearchinginterrogatories,thediscerningintelligencerequiredtoferretoutthewrongandtodetectfraudinitsman-ifoldandcunningdisguises,thestrongsenseofequitynecessaryforthecorrectionofse-cretactsofbadfaith,andtheinadequacyofthecommonlawremediestomeetthemani-festdemandsofjustice,madeitnecessaryforpartieswhohadbeendefraudedtoapplytoaCourtofConscienceinordertoobtaincom-pleteredress;andtothisfacttheChanceryCourtlargelyowesitsexistenceanditsjuris-diction;andthealtarsofthisCourthaveal-waysbeenthefavoriterefugeofpartiesseek-ingreliefagainstthosewhohavedefrauded
them.Jur.,§See1Sto.Bq.Jur.,§185;1Pom.Bq.
i31-37.ThefollowingaresomeoftheMaximsandSayingsRelatingtoFraud:1.Dolosusversaturingeneralibus.(Apersonwhointendstoperpetuateafraudusesgen-eralterms.)2.Frausetjusnunquamcohabitant.(Fraudandjusticeneverdwelltogether.)3.Frausestcelarefraudem.(Itisafraudtoconcealafraud.)4.Doluscircuitunonpurgatur.(Fraudisnotpurgedbyindirectaction.)5.Suppressioverisuggestiofalsi.(Thesup-pressionofthetruthisthesuggestionofwhatisfalse.)6.Exdolomalononorituractio.(Arightofactioncannotariseoutofafraud.)7.Frauslatetingeneralibus.(Fraudlurksingeneralexpressions.).8.Onceafraud,alwaysafraud.9.Fraudpoisonsallittouches.10.Fraudhastheoutwardvisiblesignofhonesty,butlackstheinwardsoiritualgrace.11.Theknotthatfraudties,Equitydelightstountie.12.Fraudstrivestocover-upitstracks.46Vigilantibusnondormientibusosquitassub-venit.47Laffertyv.Turley,3Sneed,177;1Pom.Eq.Jur.,§419.48Bisph.Pr.Eq.,§39;Snell'sPr.Eq.,39.

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§50MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOPADJUDICATION.44constantlyappliedwhereapartydelaystoolongbeforeheappliesforaninjunction,ortoberelievedagainstafraud,orseeksaspecificperformanceofacontract,ortherescissionofacontract.Itapplies,also,topersonswhodonotinquireafterbeingputuponinquiry;topurchasersatpublicsalesvv'heretherearenowarrantiesofqualityortitle;andtothosewhosedutyitistotakenecessarystepstoperfecttheirrightsbygivingnoticeofanassign-menttothemofanon-negotiablechoseinaction;orbyhavingtheirinstrumentsdulyregistered.Equitydelightsindiligence,andisslowtoaidtheslow.Itnotonlyrequirescleanhandsandapureheart,butalsoswiftfeet.Butifthedefendanthascausedthecomplainanttosleephecannotcomplainofit,torthatwouldbetotakeadvantageofhisownwrong.§50.SoUseYourOwnasNottoInjureAnother.—WhilethisisalawmaximitisoftenappliedinEquity.TheChanceryCourtfrequentlyenforcesthismaximbyenjoiningtheerection,orcommission,ofnuisancestothecomplainantonthelandofthedefendant;because,althoughamanmayowntheland,hehasnorighttosouseitastopreventhisneighborsfromenjoyingtheirland.Amanmaybedrivenfromhishomebybadsmells,noxiousvapors,unbearablenoises,shockingspectacles,andotherintolerablenuisancesuponhisneighbor'sland,quiteaseffectuallyasthoughdrivenawaybyphysicalforce.Amancannotsodivertastreamonhisownlandastoturnwaterinjuriouslyuponaneighbor'sland;andhecannotdigsonearthelandofhisneighborastocausethelatter'slandtocavein,orsonearastoendangerhisneighbor'swall;hecannotpolluteastreamthatflowsthroughhisneighbor'sland;norcanhesostop,orchange,thecurrentofastreamastopreventitsordinaryflowthroughthelandofanother.49Acreditor,havinghischoiceoftwofunds,oughttoexercisehisrightofelectioninsuchamannerasnottoinjureothercreditors,whocanresorttoonlyoneofthesefunds.50Anditmaybelaiddownasageneralrule,thatnoonecansoexercisearightastoimpairtherightofanother,especiallyifthelatterrightis.ofequaldignityinthesightofthelaw.Therightsoflife,liberty,propertyandthepursuitofhappiness,mustallbesousedandexercisedasnottoimpairorinjuretheequalenjoymentoftheserightsbyanother.TheChanceryCourtwill,ondueapplication,enjointhedefendantfromsousinghisproperty,orsoexercisingaright,astoinjurethepropertyorrightsofthecomplainant.§51.NooneCanTakeAdvantageofHisOwnWrong.51—InvainshouldheseektheaidofEquitywhohasviolatedequity.52Suchaperson,inthesightofaCourtofChancery,hasuncleanhands.Ifapersoncouldtakeadvan-tageofhisownwrongitwouldbeadirectbribetocdmmitthewrong.Thismaximapplieswhereatrusteebuyspropertyinhisownnamewithtrustfunds
;
whereatrusteemakesaprofitbymeansofhistrust;whereanyfiduciaryobtainsagoodbargainbymeansofhispositionofconfidenceorinfluence;whereatenantortrespassercutsdowntimber;whereapartystandsbyanddoesnotobjecttohisowngoodsbeingsoldasanother's;wherethetrueownerallowsabonafidepurchasertomakeimprovements;andwhereadefend-antfraudulentlyconcealsthecauseofactionfromthecomplainantandthenpleadsthestatuteoflimitation.Whereaparty,byhiswordsorconductwil-fullycausesanothertobelieveintheexistenceofacertainstateoffacts,andinduceshimtoactonthatbelief,theformerisconcludedbyhiswordsorconduct;asalsoisonewhonegligentlyallowsanothertocontractonthefaithandunderstandingofafactwhichhecancontradict.Inbrief,this
.Jacobs,1Cates,741;Cox130.Sicutereiuoutalienum49TerminalCo.v.Howell,24PicfononImthts.soParrv.Fumbanks,11Lea,395.siNuUuscomm-odumcaperepotestdeinjuriasuapropria.
52Equityhasatwo-foldmeaning:itmeans(1)thatsystemofjurisprudenceadministeredexclusivelyinChancery,and(2)aright,orclaim,recognizedbyaCourtofEquityasjust.Whenusedintheformersenseitbeginswithacapital.

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45 MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOPADJUDICATION.§52maximoperatestoestopallpersons,whosewords,actsorsilence,havemisledanothertohisinjury.53§52.WhereOneofTwoPersonsmustsufferLossHeshouldSufferwhoseActorNeglectOccasionedtheLoss.—Thereasonofthismaximconsistsinthetactthattheequityoftheone,whoseactcausedtheloss,islessthantheequityoftheotherparty;forthelatterisentirelywithoutfaultandwhollyinnocent.54Thismaximapplieswherealosshappenstoatrustfundbythefailureofabank,orthemisconductofthetrustee'sagentorattorney,ortheinsolvencyoftheborrower.Insuch,cases,thelossmustbebornebythetrustee,forhedepositedthemoneyinthebank,hechosetheagentorattorney,andheloanedthemoney.Themaximapplies,also,tocaseswhereanagenthasbeengivenapparentauthoritytosellgoods,ordoanyact,and,takingadvantageofthisapparentauthority,sellsthegoods,ordoestheact,infraudoftheprincipal'srights,andmisappliestheproceeds.55Insuchcasesthelossfallsnotonthepartywhodealswiththeagent,butontheprincipal.58So,ifafraudulentvendeeselltoaninnocentpurchaserbeforethevendortakestepstodisaffirmthesale,suchasalewillbegood,becausetheactofthevendorenabledthevendeetomakethesale.57Whereapartysignsaforgednoteassurety,believingtheprincipal'ssignaturetheretogenuine,andthepayeepartswithvalueforsuchnote,thepartysosigningassuretymustbeartheloss.58Theintrinsicequityofthismaximissimilartothatofthemaxim,Noonecantakeadvantageofhisownwrong;anditappliestoapartywhostandsbyandallowshispropertytobesoldasanother's;toanypersonwho,eveninnocently,misleads,orwhoinnocentlyenablesanothertomislead,athirdpartytohisdetriment;and,ingeneraltoallcasesofestoppel,andtoallothercaseswhereonehasinnocentlyactedonthefaithofanother'sactsorwords.Themaximisoftenexpressedthus:Whereoneoftwopersonsmustsufferlossbytheactsorfraudofathirdparty,hewhoenabledthatthirdpartytooccasiontheloss,ortocommitthefraud,oughttobethesufferer.59§53.EquityFollowstheLaw.—Equityfollowsthelawinthefollowingparticulars:00(1)Inadjudicatingquestionsaffectinglegalestates,rights,interestsorduties,EquityappliesthoserulesoflawtheCircuitCourtswouldapplyinlikecases;(2)Inadjudicatingquestionsaffectingequitableestates,rights,interests,orduties,Equitywillfollowtheanalogiesofthelawwhereanyanalogyclearlyexists,especiallythelawinreferencetothedescentanddistributionofestates,andthehusband'srighttohiswife'schattels,butsubjecttoherequity;(3)WheretheLegislaturehaspassedanactnotex-presslyapplicabletoproceedingsinEquity,neverthelesstheCourtsofChan-cerywillfollowsuchstatute,unlessitcontravenessomefundamentableequit-ablerightorsomeequitableremedy;(4)WheretheCourtsoflawandofEquityhaveconcurrentjurisdiction,thestatutesoflimitationswillbeenforcedinChancery.61Indeed,itmaybegenerallysaidthataCourtofChanceryinenforcingalegalright,orinapplyingalegalremedy,willfollowthelawwhennofundamentalruleofEquityistherebyviolated.Wereitotherwise,aman'slegalrights,orlegaldutiesorliabilities,might,tosomeextent,dependontheCourtinwhichthesuitwaspending.Thisremark,however,mustnotbesoconstruedastointimatethat,whenalegalcauseofactionispendinginChan-53Broom'sLeg.Max.,276-295.54Colesv.Anderson,8Hum.,493;Whitbyv.Armour,4Lea,686;Bankv.Wolf,6Cates,255.55Kingv.Fleece,7Heisk.,281.56Walkerv.Skipwith,Meigs,509.57Arendalev.Morgan,5Sneed,704.58Trevathanv.Caldwell,4Heisk.,535.59Walkerv.Skipwith,Meigs,509;Susongv.Williams,1Heisk.,631;Trevathanv.Caldwell,4Heisk.,538.Hewhoenablesanothertocom-mitafraudisanswerablefortheconsequences,as(1)wheretheownerknowinglypermitshispropertytobesoldbyanother;or(2)wherea
creditor,whohasobtainedasecretandundueadvantage,signsacompositionandtherebyinducesothercreditorstosignit.Snell'sPr.Eq.,474-473.ooBy"law,"inthissection,ismeantthecommonandstatutorylaw.ciNicholsonr.Lauderdale,3Hum.,200;Pee-blesv.Green,6Lea,473;Hughesv.Brown,4Pick.,586.ButChancerywillnotenforcethestatuteoflimitationswhenthedefendantfraudulentlyconcealedthecauseofaction.Smartv.Waterhouse,10Yerg.,104;Vancev.Matley,8Pick.,310.

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§54MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOFADJUDICATION.46eery,theCourthasnotthepowertoapplythemaximsandprinciplesofEquity,andtoenforceanyequitiesthatmayexistinthecase;andespeciallythepowertocompelthecomplainanttodoequity.62Butthismaximmustnotbetoobroadlyinterpreted;for,asarule,insteadofEquityfollowingthelaw,itwidelydepartsfromthelaw.CourtsofChan-eeryfollowthelawastothecompetencyofwitnesses,andthemethodsofob-tainingtestimony,63butcontravenestherulesoflawastotheadmissibilityandforceofevidence,especiallyincasesoffraud,andincaseswhereparoleevidenceisheardtoexplain,vary,contradictornullifyawritteninstrument,ortoassailajudgmentordecree.64§54.WherethereisEqualEquitytheLawmustPrevail.—Iftwopersonshaveequalequitableclaimsastothesamesubject-matter,and,astotheirequitableintereststherein,areequallyentitledtotheaidoftheCourt,butoneofthemhasthelegalestatetosaidsubject-matter,thenhewillprevail.65Incequalijuremeliorestcmtditiopossidentisetdefendentis.(Wheretherightisequaltheconditionofthepossessorandofthedefendantisthebetter.)66Theequityisequalbetweenpersonswhoareequallyinnocentandhavebeenequallydiligent.ItisuponthisaccountthattheChanceryCourtconstantlyrefusestointerfere,eitherforreliefordiscovery,againstabonatidepurchaserofthelegalestateforavaluableconsiderationwithoutnoticeoftheadversetitle,ifheavailshimselfofthisdefenceatthepropertimeandinthepropermode.Insuchacase,theequitiesbeingequal,thelegaltitleprevails.67§55.WherethereareEqualEquities,theFirstinOrderofTimeshallPrevail.—ThismaximisgenerallygiveninitsLatinform,Quiprioresttemporepotiorestjure.(Hewhoispriorintimeissuperiorinright.)Themaximissometimesmisunderstoodandmisapplied.Itstruemeaningisthis:Asbe-tweenpersonshavingequitableinterestsonly,iftheirinterestsareinallotherrespectsequal,priorityintimegivessuperiorityinright.And,inacontestbetweenpersonshavingonlyequitableinterests,priorityoftimewillgivesu-periorityofright,providedthereisnotothersufficientgroundofpreferencebetweenthem.68Por,#iftheequitiesareequal,andoneofthepartieshas,inaddition,thelegaltitle,thenanothermaximwouldapply:Wherethereisequalequitythelawmustprevail?9InaCourtofChancery,inaconflictofequities,thepartyhavingthesuperiorequitywillprevail;andiftheequitiesareequal,andneitherpartyhasthelegaltitle,thenpriorityprevails;andifnoprioritythedefendantprevails.Undertheoperationofthismaxim,granteesandincumbrancerstakeandarerankedaccordingtothedatesoftheirsecurities.Partiesclaimingliensorhav-ingjudgments,orattachments,orexecutionliens,orassignments,allholdinorderoftime,providedthereisnoothergroundofpreference.70Inaraceofdiligencebetweencreditorshavingequalrightsinlaw,orequalrightsinEquity,hewhoisfirstintimebecomesfirstinright,71forEquityrewardsac-cordingtodiligence.§56.ToProtectand'EnforceRightstoPropertytheObjectofSuitsinChancery.—Theterm"property,"asusedinthissection,includeseverythingthatisthesubjectofexclusiveindividualownership;or,tobemorespecific,includesnotonlylands,houses,goodsandchattels,rightsandcredits,but,also,aman'sperson,andhiswifeandminorchildren,andhisrighttowork,andtosellandacquireproperty,andengageinanylawfulbusiness,andhisandtheir62CourtsofEquitywillnot,inacaseofpurelylegalcognizance,grantreliefcontrarytothesettledmaximsandprinciplesofEquityjurisprudence;butwillapplyandenforcethosemaximsandprinciplesevenincaseswheretherulesoftheCircuitCourtareotherwise.Le-noirv.MiningCo.,4Pick.,168.63Code,§4455.64Seeante,§§6-7,forcaseswherelawfol-lowsEquity.
65Perkinsv.Hays,Cooke,163.66Broom'sLeg.Max.,690.67lSto.Eq.Jur.,§64c;Reevesv.Hager,17Pick.712.681Poni.Eq.Jur.,§§414,678-734.goPerkinsv.Hays,Cooke,163.70Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§414;415,678-734;andseePriorities,post,§§73-74.71Hillmanv.Moore,3Tenn.Ch.,460;Jordanv.Everett,9Pick.,396.

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47 MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOPADJUDICATION.§57reputation,healthandcapacitytolabor,andhisandtheirrighttoenjoythesensesofsight,smell,hearingandtaste,andhisandtheirrightofspeechandiocomotion,andhisandtheirrighttoenjoytheirsenseofmoralproprietywhennormal.Asmenlivebytheirlaborandproperty,nomanispresumedtopartwitheitherwithoutreceivingorexpectinganequivalentinvalue.Hence,when-everonepersonhasobtainedeitherthelabororproprtyofanotherheshouldpayoraccounttherefor,unlesshecanproveitwasagift;andso,whateverinjuryonepersondoestoanother'spropertyorcapacitytolaborshouldbemadegood.Todeclareanddefinetherightsofproperty,andregulateitstenure,posses-sion,enjoymentandtransfer,isthebusinessoftheLegislature;andtoprotectandenforcethoserights,compelatonementfortheirviolation,andconformthetenure,possession,enjoymentandtransferofpropertytotherequirementsoflawandEquity,sothateachpersonmayhavehisown,andnopersonhavewhatisanother's,isthebusinessoftheCourts.Questionsinvolvingpartisanpolitics,denominationalreligion,ecclesiasticalcontroversies,scientifictheories,merebreachesofmoralrectitudeandviola-tionsofcriminallaw,arenotwithinthedomainofEquityJurisprudence,andtheChanceryCourthasnojurisdictionofthem,unlesstheyinvolverightsofproperty,andthenonlyastosuchrights.§57.EquityRegardstheBeneficiaryastheRealOwner.—InaCourtoftawincaseofanexpresstrust,thebeneficiaryisnotrecognized,andhasnorightsthetrusteeisboundtorespect.Onthefaceofthedeedthelegaltitleisinthe.trustee,andtheCourtsoflawwilllooknofurther,andwillhearnoproofinbehalfofthebeneficiary.Indeed,ifthebeneficiaryisinpossessionthetrusteecanejecthimbysuitinaCourtoflaw.Inshort,intheeyeofthelawthebeneficiaryisnotknown.72ButinEquity,wheretheintent-ofthegrantorandnottheformofthegrantprevails,thebeneficiaryisregardedastherealowner;andthetrusteeiscon-sideredasameremanagerofthetrustpropertyforthebenefitofthebene-ficiary,73andliabletothebeneficiaryforanyandeverybreachof.thetrust.Ifthetrusteefailtodohisduty,theChanceryCourtwillremovehim,onproperapplication.Andallthisistruenotonlyoftrustscreatedbywills,deedsorotherinstru-mentsinwriting,butisalsotrueoftrustscreatedbylaw.Thuseveryadmin-istrator,executor,andguardian,and,toalessextent,everyCourtClerk,Receiver,Sheriff,CountyTrusteeorotherpublicofficerentrustedwiththemoneyofothers,bythelaw,andespeciallywherehehasgivenbondtosecurethoseentitled,isliabletobecalledbythebeneficiariestoaccountinChancery
;
and,inallsuchcases,theCourtregardsthebeneficiaryastherealowneroftheproperty,althoughthelegaltitleisintheofficerhavingitinpossession.ButwhiletheChanceryCourtregardsthebeneficiaryastherealownerinordermorefullytoguardhisinterestsandasserthisrights,it,also,regardshimtherealownerastohisliabilities,and,exceptincaseswherethetrustisdeclaredbyawillordeedduly.registered,74willsubjecthisinterestinthetrustpropertytothesatisfactionofhisdebts,onaproperbillfiledforthatpurpose,ashereaftershown.Indealingwiththebeneficiary'sinterestinthetrustpropertyEquityfollowsthelaw,andtreatssuchpropertyasdescend-ible,devisableandalienable.76Inallcasesoftrusts,includingtrustdeeds,assignmentsforthebenefitofcreditors,andevenconstructiveandresultingtrusts,theChanceryCourts722Sto.Eq.Jur.,§964,968;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§979.734Kent'sCom.,303-304;LewinonTrusts,572;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§989.Quicquidaeqmriturservoaeqmriturdomdno.Seeante,§46.
74Code,§4283.752Sto.Eq.Jur.,§974;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§

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§58MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOFADJUDICATION.48areeverreadytolendahelpinghandtothebeneficiaryasagainsthimwhoholdsthelegaltitle.§58.EquityEnforcesWhatGoodReasonandGoodConscienceRequire.—Whatevergoodreasonandgoodconsciencerequireapartytodoorrefrainfrom,inamatteraffectinganother'spropertyorrights,thataCourtofChan-ceryrequiresofhim,unlesstheotherpartyhasforfeitedhisrighttoreliefbyhisnegligenceorparticipationinthewrongdone.ConscienceitselfmightmaketoorefinedortoounstableastandardforthedeterminationofhumanconductintheCourts;andreasonofitselfmightgivetoowidearangeforsharppracticesinmattersoftrade,orotherdealings.Indeed,consciencewithoutreasonmightdegenerateintofanaticism,orgrosseccentricity;and,ontheotherhand,reasonwithoutconsciencemightbecometrickery,orevendownrightknavery.76Hence,intheadministrationofjustice,consciencemustbeconformedtoreasonandthusbecomegoodconscience,andreasonmustbeconformedtoconscienceandthusbecomegoodreason;andwhatevergoodeon-scienceandgoodreasonuniteinapprovingisthenearestapproachtoperfectjusticemanisabletoattain.77ThisunionofgoodreasonandgoodconscienceiswhatinageneralwayismeantbythetermEquityintheadministrationofjustice.Wheneveranyoneisabouttodo,orhasdone,anyactwhichingoodreasonandgoodconscienceheoughtnottodoorhavedone,orisabout'tofailorhasfailedtodoanyactwhichingoodreasonandgoodconscienceheoughttodo,orhavedone,wherebyanotherpersonisabouttobeorhasbeeninjuredinhisestateorrights,suchpersonhastherighttoinvoketheaidoftheCourtstopreventtheinjurythreatened,orobtaincompensationforthewrongdone
;
andiftheCourtsoflawareinadequatetoaffordasufficientremedytheCourtsofEquityhaveinherentpowertotakefulljurisdictionandadminstercompleterelief.AllobligationsenforceableinChancery,arisefromcontractsexpressorim-plied,orareimposedbystatute.Impliedcontractsarebothgeneralandspecial.1.Thegeneralimpliedcontractistheagreementeverymemberofthecommunityimpliedlymakeswitheveryothermemberofthecommunitythatineveryrelationhemayoccupyascitizen,husband,father,confidantorbar-gainor,hewill,ineverytransactionconnectedwithsuchrelation,dowhatevergoodreasonandgoodconsciencerequire.2.Thespecialimpliedcontractisthateachpersonwhohasbusinessrelationswithanotherwill,inallmattersofbusiness,doallthatgoodreasonandgoodconsciencerequire';andthateverypersonhavingrelationsoftrustorconfidencewithanother,will,inreferencetoallmattersconnectedtherewith,dowhatevergoodreasonandgoodcon-sciencerequire,andwillrefrainfromdoingwhatevergoodreasonandgoodconscienceforbid.Eachpartyto.anymatterofbusinesshasboththemoralandlegalrighttoexpectandrequiretheobservanceofthisimpliedcontractbytheotherparty.Thisjustexpectationconstitutesthefoundationofallliumanintercourse,onitisbuiltthesuperstructureofallbusinessdealings,andCourtsofChancerywillnotallowittobedisappointed.Theimpliedcontractsurroundseveryexpresscontract,andfillsallthein-tersticesthereof.Astheatmospherepervadesallspacesnotoccupiedbyothersubstances,sotheimpliedcontractpervadesthewholeworldoflegalrightsanddutiesnotoccupiedbyexpresscontracts;andunderthisallcomprehensiveimpliedcontract,conclusivelypresumedbylaw,everypersonisheldtoact,inwordanddeed,andtoiteverypersonisboundtoconform.Thisimpliedcon-tractis,insubstance,whatintheRomanorcivillawiscalled"bonatides;"and7GJudexJifihri-cdebetduossales,mlcinsupicntiwnesitinsipidusetsalemconsrieutiwnesitdiabolus.(AJudgeoughttohavetwosalts,thesaltofwisdomthathemaydonothing
foolish,andthesaltofconsciencethathemavdonothingwicked.)Coke,3Inst.,147.77Lube'sEq.PI.,17;286;1Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§55-57;seenote17to§4,ante.

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49 MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOPADJUDICATION.§59itisthefoundationofalargeproportionoftheadjudicationsintheChanceryCourt.78§59.StareDecisisetNonQuietaMovere.—(Adheretothedecisions,anddonotunsettlequestionsputatrest.)Itismoreimportanttoapeopletohavetheirlawsknownandfixedthantohavethempreciselyjust;forourcon-ceptionsofjusticediffer,butwhatisfixediscertain,andcanbeconformedto.T9ThedecisionsofourCourtsarelikesign-boardswherebyweshapeourcourseandkeepontheroadofsafety.Thelawmustrunonstraightlines,andcannotbecrookedtosuitsupposedexceptions.80Fluctuationsofjudicialde-cisionshaveaneffectsimilartotheshiftingofthemagneticneedle;nooneissurethatheistravellingintherightdirection,.andnoonecangivesafecoun-sel.HenceitisthatCourtsdeemadecisionwhichhasbecomearuleofprop-ertyasbindingonthemasalegislativeenactment,81andthisissowhetherthedecisionwasoriginallycorrectornot,32orwhetheritaffectsproperty,orapointofpractice.83Lawsaremadeforthegreatestgoodofthegreatestnumber,andmustnecessarilybegeneral.Itisbetterthattheindividualcon-formtothelawthanthatthelawconformtotheindividual;anditisbetterthataparticularcaseofhardshipbeunredressedthanthatthelawbeviolated,whentheviolationwouldoccasionmuchmischief,84andespeciallywouldun-settlethefoundationsofpropertyrights,anddisturbthelandmarksofthelaw.85Buttheruleofstaredecisisisnotsoinflexiblewhenthedecisionisrecent,andhasnotgivensatisfaction.86Andwhatistrueastoprecedentsaboutpropertyisequallytrueastoprece-dentsaboutpleadings,practice,proof,andprocedure.87Courtsabhorinnova-tionsinpleadingsorprocedure,88and''delightwithmeasuredsteptotreadthebeatenpathofprecedent."89ASolicitorwhodepartsfromestablishedpre-cedentsinpleadings,proofsandprocedureviolateshisdutybothtohisclientsandtotheCourt:heneedlesslyendangersthesuccessoftheformer,andper-plexesthemindofthelatter.Suchinnovationsaremischievousandshouldnotbetolerated.78Thepropositionslaiddowninthetextinregardtoimpliedcontractsarefullysustainedbythebestlawwriters.Blackstonesays,"Impliedcontractsaresuchasreasonandjus-ticedictate,andwhichthereforethelawpre-sumeseverymanundertakestoperform,anduponthispresumptionmakeshimanswerabletosuchpersonsassufferbyhisnon-perform-ance."Vol.3,158.Impliedcontractsarisefromnaturalreasonandfromthegeneralim-plicationandintendmentsoftheCourtsthateverymanhathengagedtoperformwhathisdutyorjusticerequires.Ibid,161.See1SpenceEq.Jur.,411.Parsons,inhisgreatworkonContracts,says,"Thelawofcontractsinitswidestextent,mayberegardedasin-cludingnearlyallthelawwhichregulatestherelationsofhumanlife;***foroutofcontracts,expressorimplied,declaredorun-derstood,growallrights,allduties,allobli-gations,alllaw."1Parsons'Cont.3.Whateveramanoughttodo,thatthelawsupposeshimtohavepromisedtodo.***Impliedcon-tractsformthewarpandwoofofactuallife***Impliedcontractsareco-ordinateandcommensuratewithduties.Ibid.4.Everymemberofsocietyhasimpliedlycontractedtodowhateverthelawrequiresofhim.Walker'sAm.Law.468.Thisimpliedcontractarisesfromman'snatureasasocialanimal,andwithoutitsocietycouldnotexist,andmenwouldbecomebeastsofprey:Seepost,§932.79Miseraestservitusubijusestvagumautin-certum.(Miserableistheservitudewherethelawisvague,oruncertain.)Atkinsonv.Dance,9Terg.,427.soBankv.Skillern,.2Sneed,698,701;Frank-linv.McCorkle,16Lea.629.Thelawsofna-turecauseindividualhardships.Kainsbless
manybutruinsome.Thefroststaysthepes-tilence,butshortensthecrops.81McKinneyv.Stacks,2Heisk.,284.82CaseCo.v.Joyce,5Pick.,337;Steedmanv.Dobbins,9Pick.,397;Wilkinsv.Railroad,2Cates,422.Whereadecisionlaysdownaruleofproperty,itisasmuchlawasanActoftheLegislature,andshouldremainuntilchangedbytheLegislature.Courtsshouldadheretotheoldlandmarksofthelaw,andnotbeswayedorconfusedbynewdecisionsofotherStates.JacksonIns.Co.v.Freeman,9Heisk.,300.ssThompsonv.French,10Yerg.,458;Smithv.Harris,3Sneed,553,557.84Nealv.Cox,Peck.,449;Franklinv.Mc-Corkle,16Lea,629.ssSmithv.McCall,2Hum.,163;Wilkinsv.RailroadCo.,2Cates,420.Inthelattercase,Neil,J.,reviewstheTennesseeauthoritiesinanexhaustiveopinion.86Sherfyv.Argenbright,1Heisk.,143;Bar-tonv.Shall,Peck,233.ButeveninsuchacaseitisbettertolettheLegislaturechangethelawthanfortheCourtstochangeit.Cockev.McGinnis,Mart.&Yerg,364.TheLegisla-turecanrepealstatutespassedbyit,butCourtsarenotvestedwithrepealingpower,andadecisiononcemadeismadeforever.Cloustonv.Barbiere,4Sneed,339.87Thompsonv.French,10Yerg.,458;Smith».Harris,3Sneed,553,557.88Omnisinnovatiophisnovitateperturbatquamutilitateprodest.(Everyinnovationdisturbsmorebyitsnoveltythanbenefitsbyitsutility.)89Cokehassaid,Viatrita,viatutissima.(Theroadthatiswornbytravelisthesafest.)AndChancellorKenthasdeclaredthattheoldwayisthesafeway
—
viaantiquaviaesttuta.Man-ningv.Manning,1Johns,Ch.527.

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§60MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOPADJUDICATION.SO§60.NoOneShouldbeCondemnedwithoutaChancetobeHeard.90—ThisisafundamentalmaximofEquityjurisdiction,andhasalwaysbeensacredlyobserved.Indeed,itisaprinciplefoundedinnaturaljustice,andofuniversalapplication,thatnomancanbeproceededagainstinCourtwithoutnotice.9oaTheinherentloveoffairplaycontainedinthemaxim,Audialterampartem?1hasalwaysandeverywherebeenrecognizedbyallJudgesandCourts;andthepracticeofalltribunalsistorenderjudgmentagainstnoonewithoutgivinghimachancetobeheardinhisownbehalf.ThelawdelightsingivingtoeverymanadayinCourttomakehisdefence.92Werethelawotherwisenorightwouldbecertain,nopropertysafe,nopossessionsecure;fraudwouldrevelintriumph,andtrickerybesupremeovergoodfaith.NoprincipleofthecommonlawismoresacredthanthatnomanshallbedeprivedofhispropertybythejudgmentofaCourtwithoutpersonalnoticethathehasbeenimpleadedtherein.93Wherethedefendantcannotbepersonallynotifiedofthesuitagainsthim,buthaspropertywithinthejurisdictionoftheCourt,thelawdeemsitnotjustthatheshouldenjoyhisproperty,oritsproceeds,freefromthejust'claimsofhiscreditors,andsotheCourtwillsubstituteaseizureofhisproperty,94andanoticetohimprintedinalocalnewspaperthathehasbeensued,inplaceofdirectpersonalnoticeofthesuit.Buteveninsuchacase,soanxiousaretheCourtstodoeverythingintheirpowertogivethedefendantactualnoticeofthesuitagainsthimthattheyrequirehispropertytobeactuallyattached,andduepublicationthereoftobemade,beforetheywilldispensewiththeserviceofasubpoenauponhim.Insuchacasetheattachmentofhispropertyandthepublishednoticearesubstitutedforanattachmentofhispersoninthecause,oratleastsubstitutedforactualnoticebyserviceofasubpoena,95Thenotificationtothedefendantthathehasbeensued,madebyserviceofsubpoena,orbyattachmentofhisproperty,andpublication,or,insomespecificcases,bypublicationwithoutattachment,isessentialtothejurisdictionoftheCourtoverhisperson,andiftheCourthasnojurisdictionoverhisperson,actualorconstructive,ithasnopowertorenderany(Jecreeagainsthiminpersonam,noragainsthisproperty,evenwhenthepropertyiswithinitsjuris-diction;butanysuchdecreewillbeabsolutelyvoid.9690Nemoinauditusneesummonituscondemnarede-betsinonsitcontumax.(Nooneoughttobecondemnedunheardandunsummoned,ifhebenotcontumacious.)Ifthedefendantevadeorattempttoevadetheserviceofthesubpoena,theofficershallleaveacopyattheusualresi-denceofthedefendant,whichshallbeasuffi-cientservice.Code,§4346.Thedefendantwillnotbeallowedtotakeadvantageofhisowncontumacy.9oaRidgewayv.Bank,11Hum.,523.91Heartheotherparty.02Peck,J.,inRoberts&Phillipsv.Stewart,1Yerg.,392.03Gasget&Co.v.Scott,9Yerg.,244.Thisgreatprinciple,whichhasalwaysbeencon-sideredsoimportanttothesafetyoftheciti-zen,hasbeenviolatedinbutfewinstances,andinthoseonlywheretheevilsresultingfromrequiringthenoticewouldmorethancounterbalancethosearisingfromproceedingwithoutit,asincasesofattachmentsofprop-
erty,motionsagainstpublicofficersoftheState,andofsuretiesagainsttheirprincipals;andsuchviolationsarewatchedwithgreatjealousy,andthestatutesauthorizingthemarestrictlyconstrued.Ibid.04Aman'spropertyis,inasense,apartofhimself,andwhenhispropertyisseizedbyanotherheispresumedtoknowit,theproper-tybeinginthepossesionofhimselforagent,andtheknowledgeoftheagentbeingconsid-eredtheknowledgeoftheprincipal.Seepost,§65,sub-sec,2.95Walkerv.Cottrell,6Bax.,273;Inglev.McCurry,1Heisk.,26;Rainsv.Perry,1Lea,39.9GSeeauthoritiesnextaboveciled;also,Foggr.Gibbs,8Bax.,467;Finleyv.Gaut.8Bax.,152;Walkerv.Day,Ibid.80;Bellv.Wil-liams,1Head,229;Kinzerv.Helm,7Heisk.,675;Barrettv.Oppenheimer,12Heisk.,302;Sherrillv.Goodrum,3Hum.,430;Hughesv.Bryant,6Yerg.,471.

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51 MAXIMS'OFPRACTICEANDPLEADING.§61
ARTICLEIII.MAXIMSAPPLICABLETOTHECOURT,ANDTOITSPRACTICEANDPLEADINGS.§"63.MaximsApplicabletoPleadings.64.OtherPrinciplesandMaxims.§61.MaximsApplicabletotheCourt,anditsOrders.§62.MaximsApplicabletothePracticeoftheCourt.§61.MaximsApplicabletotheCourt,anditsOrders.—ThefollowingaresomeofthemaximsapplicabletotheCourt,anditsorders
:
.1.ActusCuriancmincmgravabit.(AnactoftheCourtinjuresnoone.)WhenevertheCourtmakessomeorder,ordoessomeact,onitsownmotion,duringtheprogressofacause,suchorderoractwillnotbeallowedtoworkaninjurytoanyoftheparties.WhereadecreehasbeendelayedbytheactoftheCourt,itwill,ifnecessarytojustice,beenterednuncprotunc.2.Actusjudiciariuscoramnonjxtdiceirritushabetur.(AjudicialactoutsideoftheJudge'sauthorityisnullandvoid.)3.Consensusfacitlegem.(Consentmakeslaw.)Whateverthepartiesagreeto,duringtheprogressofasuit,isbindingupontheCourt,if(1)thepartiesi-onsentingareundernodisability,andif(2)theconsentisinviolationofnolaw.Everypersonsuijuriscandowhathepleaseswithhisown,solongasheviolatesnolawandinjuresnooneelse.Theagreementsofpartiesduringtheprogressofasuitarefavored,andtheCourtcannotgobehindthem,orrevisethem,ordisregardthem,orsetthemaside,exceptforfraud,accidentormistake.Wherepartiesconsent,theybindtheCourt;wheretheydonot,orcannotconsent,theCourtbindsthem.Conventiovincitlegem.14.CursusCuriaestlexCuria.(ThepracticeoftheCourtisthelawoftheCourt.)Rulesofprocedureareindispensabletotheorderlyadministrationofjustice,andallCourtshavesuchrules,andrequirestrictobediencetothem.Theyareapartofthemeanswherebythelawisenforced.Lawwouldbeofnovalueiftherewerenomeansofenforcingit.Anothermaximis,Quandoaliquidmandaiur,mandaturetomneperquodpervenituradMud.2(Whenany-thingiscommanded,everymeansofaccomplishingitisalsocommanded.)SowhenCourtswerecreated,bynecessaryimplication,powerwasgiventhemtomakesuchrulesofpracticeasarenecessarytoenablethemtoapplyandadmin-isterthelaw.Theseruleswhenestablishedhavealltheforceandeffectoflaw,aswellupontheCourtsthemselves,asupontheirofficersandlitigants,untildulychangedonduenotice.5.Fierinondebet,factumvalet.(Whatoughtnottohavebeendoneisvalidwhendone.)Thus,adecreethatiserroneousis,unlessdulyreversedbytheSupremeCourt,asbindingonthepartiesasthoughinstrictaccordancewiththelawandthefacts.So,aninjunctionthatshouldnothavebeengrantedmustbeobeyedasimplicitlyasthoughfullywarrantedbythefacts.Allirreg-ularproceduresarevalid,unlesstheirregularitiesaredulyquestionedandcorrected.Inbrief,everyjudicialactisbindingsolongasitisnotappealedArt.I,sec.20.Astotheeffectofconsent,seepost,§72.2Or,asitisotherwiseexpressed,Cuijuris-dictiodataest,eaquoqueconcessaesseviilenturninequibusjurisdictiocxpliearinonpotest.(Whenjurisdictionisgiven,thosethings,also,aredeemedtobegivenwhicharenecessarytotheexerciseofthatjurisdiction).
lTheagreementofthepartiesisstrongerthanthelaw;thatis,thelawcannotviolateorloosentheagreement,ifitbealawfulone.Courtsareestablishedtoenforcecontracts,notto-makethem.ItisnoteveninthepoweroftheLegislaturetoviolate,orsetaside,acon-tract.TheinviolabilityofcontractsisrequiredbytheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.Art.I,sec.10;andtheConstitutionoftheState.

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§62MAXIMSOEPRACTICEANDPLEADING.52from,orreversedbywritoferror,howeverirregularorfulloferrorstheactmaybe.Butajudgmentordecreethatisvoidbindsnoone,benefitsnoone,andprotectsnoone:voidthingsarenothings.6.Omniaprasumunturriteetsolenniteresseacta.(Allthingsarepresumedtoberightlyandregularlydone.)TheCourtspresumethatwhateverisdonebyaCourt,orbyanofficerofthelaw,isproperlydone.WhateverisdonebytheLegislatureispresumedtohavebeencorrectly'done.TheCourtspre-sumethatwhenaCourtofgeneraljurisdictionpronouncesadecreethateverynecessarysteppreliminarytheretowasdulytaken.Allpresumptionsareinfavoroftheregularityoftheproceedingsofallswornofficials.7.Quijussujudicisaliquodfeceritnonvideturdolomalofecisse,quiaparereneccsseest.(HewhodoesanythingbycommandoftheJudgewillnotbedeemedtohaveactedfromanimpropermotive,becauseitwasnecessaryforhimtoobey.)ThisruleprotectsaClerkwhopaysoutmoney,ordoesanyotheract,byorderoftheCourt;itprotectstheSheriffintheproperexecutionoftheorders,decreesandprocessoftheCourt;andprotectsReceivers,SpecialCommissionersandothers,whodoanyactinpursuanceofanorderordecree•ofaCourt.Thepartydissatisfiedwithanysuchorderordecreemusttaketheproperstepstohaveitsuspended,correctedorreversed.§62.MaximsApplicabletothePracticeoftheCourt.—Thefollowingaresomeoftheprincipalmaximsthatmaybeappliedtoquestionsofpractice
:
1.Denonapparentibusetnone.vistentibuseademestratio.(Whatdoesnotappearintherecord,andwhatdoesnotexistinfact,areoneandthesameinlaw.)Courtscanactuponnothingthatdoesnotdulyappearintherecord.Courtsoflawmayhearanddetermine,butCourtsofChancerymustseeanddetermine:theycannottakecognizanceoforalstatementsunlessanduntilreducedtowritingindueformandmadepartoftherecord.TheChancellorcannotregardhispersonalknowledgeofmen,characterorfacts,forthesearenotintherecord:nonrefertquidnotumsitjudicii,sinotumnonsitinformaju-dicii.3Thismaximissometimesmoreterselyexpressedthus-.Quodnonapparetnonest.(Whatdoesnotappear[intherecord]doesnotexist[sofarasthesuitisconcerned].)2.Injudiciononcrediturnisijuratis.(Inajudicialproceeding,nothingisbelievedunlessproveduponoath.)ThisisonereasonwhytheChancellor,theClerkandMaster,theSolicitorsandtheSheriffareallsworn.Nowitnesscanbeheardunlesssworn,orunlesshisoathisexpresslywaived.StatementsoffactmadeinCourtbyparties,oronbehalfofparties,willnotbeheededunlessswornto,oragreedtobytheoppositeside.TheCourtcannotcreditany-thingnotverifiedbytheoathoftheproponent,andthisisthereasonwhyaffidavitsarerequiredinsupportofmotions.3.Meliorestconditiodefendentis.(Thesituationofdefendantispreferabletothatofcomplainant.)Thereasonofthisruleisthattheburdenofproofusuallyrestsuponthecomplainant;and,ordinarily,thedefendantneedmakenoproofuntilthecomplainanthasmadeoutaprimafaciecase.Thecomplain-antmustsatisfytheCourtthathehasarighttothethingindispute;and,untilhedoesso,thedefendantcankeephisarmsfolded,andhismouthclosed.4So,whereeachpartyisequallyatfault,theCourtwillnotaideither,asarule,forinparidelictopotiorestconditiodefendentis.-Boththedefendantandthepossessormaystandstilluntilthecomplainanthasprovedaright.5Meliorestconditiopossidentis,etreiquamactoris.4.Omnisinnovatioplusnovitateperturbatquamutilitateprodest.(Every3Seepost,§§451,1141,sub-sec.10.Itmat-tersnotwhatisknowntotheJudge,ifitbenotknowntohimjudicially.TheJudge,asamay\,mayknowfactspertinenttothecasewhichdonotappearofrecord,buthecannomoreconsidersuchfactsthancanajurorun-derlikecircumstances.TheJudgehasnoeyes
tosee,andnoearstohear,andnomindtoconsider,anythingnotintherecordofthecause.Judicisestjudicaresecundumallegataetprobata.*Pinsonv.Ivey,1Yerg.,308.Seepost,§64,sub-sec.20.6Seepost,§453.

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53 MAXIMSOPPRACTICEANDPLEADING.,'§62innovationdisturbsmorebyitsnoveltythanbenefitsbyitsutility.)Thisisespeciallytrueinmattersofpleadingandpractice.Solicitors,frominexperi-enceorcarelessness,areconstantlydepartingfromtheproperformofplead-ings,ordersanddecrees;andareconstantlymakinginnovationsontheregularpracticeoftheCourts.6Staredecisisetnonmoverequieta.7Thismaximap-pliesaswelltoquestionsofpleadingandpracticeastopropertyrights.5.Quifacitperaliumfacitperse.(Hewhodoesanythingbyanother,doesithimself.)Theactoftheagentistheactoftheprincipal;andamongpart-nerseachoneistheagentofalltheothers.Iftheprincipal,ormaster,ratifiesanactofhisagentorservant,theeffectisthesameasthoughsuchactwasexpresslyauthorizedbeforeitwasdone;foromnisratihabitioretrotrahitur,etmandatoatquiparatur.8Delegatedpower,however,cannotbedelegated.Rep-resentationinCourtsisindispensable,andlitigantswillbeasfullyboundbytheactsoftheirSolicitorsasthoughsuchactshadbeendonebythemselvesinperson.WhentheCourtisoncesatisfiedthataSolicitorisauthorizedto.ap-pear,itwillnotquestionhisauthoritytobindhisclientinanyway,orbyanyact,oragreement,intheprogressofthecause.AndasSolicitorsareswornwellandtrulytodemeanthemselvesinCourt,theCourtwillpresumetheyhaveauthoritytoappearwhentheoppositeside,ortheclienthimself,doesnotdisputethatauthority.6.Quilibetpotestrenunciarejuriproseintroducto.(Anyonecanwaivealawmadeforhisbenefit.)Nooneisobligedtoacton,ormakeuseof,alltherightsheisentitledto:hemaywaiveanyofthem.Andthefailuretoexercisearightindueseasonwillgenerallybedeemedawaiver;andif,inconse-quenceofaseemingwaiver,theoppositepartyhastakenalegitimatestep,thepartymakingthewaiverwillbeconcludedandestoppedfromrecallinghiswaiver.9Thisruleisstrictlyenforcedinpractice.107.Quisentitcommodum,sentiredebetetonus.(Hewhoenjoysthebenefitoughtalsotobeartheburden.)Thisruleisenforcedbyrequiringthepartywhoobtainsabenefitinajudicialproceeding,topayapart,orall,ofthecosts,whentheycannotbeotherwisemade.118.Ubilexaliquemcogitostenderecausam,necesseestquodcausasitjustaetlegitima.(Wherethelawrequiresanyonetoshowcausethecausemustbejustandlegal.)InCourtapartyisfrequentlyrequiredtoshowcause:(1)Whyhedidsoandso;or,(2)whyhedidnotdosoandso;or,(3)whyheshouldbeallowedtodosoandso;or(4)whytheotherpartyshouldnotbeallowedtodosoandso.Itmaybestatedgenerallythatwhatismeantby"showingcause"isshowinggoodcause,thatis,showingagood,legal,substantialandmeritoriousreasonorreasons,justifications,orexcuses,fortheactioninquestion.Thelawdespisestriflesandquibbles,12andwhenthelawortheCourtrequiresapartyto"showcause,"suchpartymust,ingoodfaith,makesuchashowingasto-demonstratethatjusticeisclearlyonhisside.Ifheisshowingcausetoberelieved,ortoshieldhimself,hemustmakeitclearlyappearthathehasbeenguiltyofnoinexcusablelachesornegligence,andofnoactsofbadfaithordisregardofduty,andthathehasameritoriousclaimordefence.Inawordhemustshowgoodcause.13Ifheisshowingcausetoobtaintherighttodoanaffirmativeactwhichshouldhavebeendoneorappliedforindueseason,hemustlikewiseshowgoodreasonorexcuseforhisdelay,andshowthatheactedeChancellorKenthasdeclaredthattheoldwayisthesafeway
—
viaantiquaviaesttuta.Manningv.Manning,1Johns.Ch.,527.7Standbywhathasbeendecided,anddonotdisturbwhatissettled.Seeante,§59,wherethismaximisfullyconsidered.sEveryratificationofwhathasbeendoneisequivalenttoapriorcommandtodoit.9Brasherv.VanCortlandt,2Johns.Ch.,242.Itfemopotestmvtareconsiliumswiminalteriusin-juriam.(Noonecanchangehisplantotheinjuryofanother).So,ifonehastworightsorremedies,'andherepudiatesoneorelectsone,heisestoppedtochangehisaction.
O'BryanBros.v.GlennBros.,7Pick.,106.SeeArticleonEstoppel,post,§67.ioSeeArticleonWaiverandConsent,post,§§71-72.11Seepost,§§587,593.12Seemaxims:(1)Deminimi?noncuratlex;(2)Apicesjurisnonsuntjura;(3)LexnonfavetdeVnUorumvotisHi)Lexnonprwcipitinutilia;(5)Lexneminemcoffitadvanaseninutiliaperagenda;(6)Aurupiaveroorumsuntjudireindigna;and(7)QuiItrrretinlitem-liwretincortice.13And"goodcause"meansmerits.CainvJennings.3Tenn.Ch.131;Gillv.Wvatt6Heisk.,88.

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§63MAXIMSOPPRACTICEANDPLEADING.54assoonashehadknowledgeandanopportunity.Goodfaith,diligenceandmeritsmustbeshownbyeverypartywhocomesintotheChanceryCourtforrelief.ApartyapplyingforleavetodosomethinginCourtwhichshouldhavebeendonebefore,mustshownotonlyagoodexcuseforhisfailuretoactinseason,butmustsetforthsuchmeritsaswillshowthathehastherightonhisside,andthesemeritsmustbeshownnotbygeneralallegationsbutbyspecificfacts.14ApartyrequiredtoshowcauseisordinarilyasuppliantforthemercyoftheCourt,15andheshouldrealizehisextremityandconformtoeveryrequirementofthelaw,thepracticeandgoodreason;18andthis"cause,"or"goodcause,"shouldbeshown(1),indueseason,whichmeansatthefirstopportunityafteritsnecessitybecameknown;(2)indueform,thatisinthemannerrequiredbythepracticeoftheCourt;and(3)bydueparticularity,thatisbyafulldisclosureofallthefactsandcircumstancesbearingonthematterinquestion.Andthewritingsettingforththisgoodcausethusshownshouldbeverifiedbytheoathoftheparty,orofhisSolicitorwhenthefactsareinthelatter'spersonalknowledge,butnototherwise.Themostusualcaseswhereapartyisrequiredtoshowgoodcauseare:(1)fornotansweringinseason;(2)forleavetowithdrawanansweranddemurorplead;(3)fornotamendinghisbillinseason,ornotsoonerapplyingsotodo;(4)forsettingasideaproconfesso;(5)foramendmenttoanswer;(6)forleavetore-examineawitness;(7)foracontinuance;(8)forrecommitmentofaMaster'sreport;(9)forsettingasideasale;(10)forleavetofileanamendedorsupplementalorcrossbill;(11)forextensionoftimetotakeproof;and(12)fordoingorhavingdoneanyactinCourtoutofcourse,orforun-doinganyactinCourtthatwasdoneincourse.§63.MaximsApplicabletoPleadings.—Thefollowingmaximsapplytopleadings,andtheirinterpretation
:
1.Alleganscontrarianonestaudiendus.(Hewhomakesassertionsthatarecontrarytoeachotherwillnotbeheard.)Thismaximappliesbothtoplead-ingsandproof.Abilloranswercontainingcontradictorystatementsbecomesanullityastosuchstatements;norwilltheCourtallowapleadingtobeamended,whentheamendmentiscontradictoryorrepugnanttothepleading.So,testimonythatiscontradictorydestroysitself,andawitnesswhocontra-dictshimselfisnottobeheard.2.Allegarinondebuitquodprobatumnonrelevat.(Thatoughtnottobeallegedwhich,ifproved,wouldnotberelevant.)Nouselessallegationsshouldbemade,andnosurplusageinserted,inpleadings.Poetry,rhetoric,sarcasm,pathos—allarealikeirrelevantandimpertinent,andwillbestrickenoutonmotion.3.Benignefaciendasuntinterpretationeschartarum,utrestnagisvaleatquampcreat-(Writteninstrumentsshouldbeliberallyconstruedsothattheymaystandratherthanfall.)Thisisourruleindealingwithbills,theCourtmak-ingeveryreasonablepresumptionintheirfavor,whenassailedbyademur-rer,oramotiontodismiss.17TheEnglishruleisthereverse,followingthemaxim,ambiguumplacituminterpretaridebetcontraproferentem.18InTennessee,aliberalinterpretationisgiventoallwritings,thepurposeoftheCourtbeingtoascertain,andgiveeffectto,theintentionofthemakersoftheinstrument.Theintentionisthesubstance,thewordsarebuttheshadow;14Seepost,§§235;511;960-961.Generalalle-gationsinsuchcasesaremerevoxetpr.rterennihil.Montgomeryv.Olwell1Tenn.Ch.,172.15Cheathamv.Pearce&Ryan,5Pick.,66S.10Ifyouhavemerits,andtheinclinationoftheChancellorisagainstyou,makeyourpre-sentationsoclear,strongandequitablethathewillbeobligedtoyield;ifhisinclinationisfa-vorable,givehimgoodgroundstograntyourapplication.17Code,§2884;Thompsonv.Paul,8Hum.,117;Lincolnv.Purcell,2Head,143;Hobbsf\
M.&C.Railroad,9Heisk.,879;samecase,12Heisk.,531;Frenchv.Dickey,3Tenn.Ch.,302;Gregoryv.Hasbrook,1Tenn.Ch.218.isAnambiguouspleadingoughttobein-terpretedagainstthepartypleadingit.ThismaximisproperlyappliedinEngland,whereallsolicitorsarethoroughlytrainedandskilled;butinTennessee,wheresolicitorsareadmittedtopracticewithoutthoroughpreparation,aliberalinterpretationofpleadings,andotherlegalinstruments,isnecessaryandequitable.SeeQuinn!>.Leake,1Tenn.Ch.71.

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55 maximsoppractice;andpleading.§64andsotheintentionistheonlyinfallibletouchstonefortheinterpretationofcontracts.19Inconstruingwills,theintentionofthetestatoristhepolarstarbywhich>theCourtshouldbeguided.Animushominisestanimascripti,20theintentionofthewriteristhesoulofthewriting,or,asithasotherwisebeenex-pressed,wordsarethebody,themeaningisthesoul.Theofficeofinterpreta-tionistodeducethetruesensefromthewords,andnottoinjectafalsesenseintothem.Expositio,quaeexvisceribuscausanascitur,etaptissimaetfortissimo,inlege.21Andwhilethewordsaredeemedoflessimportancethanthemeaningoftheentireinstrument,.neverthelessitisonlybymeansofthewordsthatthismeaningcanbeascertained.Divinationoninterpretatioestquaeomninoreceditalitera.22Neitherbadwriting,badpunctuation,norbadgrammarwill,intheleast,prejudicetheinstrument,formalagrammaticanonvitiatchartam.234.Falsademonstrationonnocet.(Afalsedescriptiondoesnoharm.)Thisisamaximoffrequentapplication,andappliestocaseswherethewrongnameisgiventoaperson,orthing,otherwisesufficientlydescribedintheinstru-ment.Whereabillismisnamed,theCourtwilldisregardthename,ifitcon-tainanequitablegroundofsuit.5.Utileperinutilenonvitiatur.(Theusefulisnotvitiatedbytheuseless.)Surplusageworksnoinjury,andmaybeignored.Thisruleappliestounnec-essarywordsandphrasesindeeds,contractsandpleadings;theyaredeemedmeretrifleswhichthelawdisregards.Deminimisnoncuratlex.TheCourtwillordersurplusmattersinpleadingstobestrickenout,orwillignorethem.§64.OtherPrinciplesandMaxims.—FortheconvenienceofChancellorsandSolicitors,thefollowingadditionalmaximsandprinciplesarehereinserted.1.Accusarenemosedebet,nisicoramDeo.(Nooneisboundtocriminatehimself,exceptbeforehisGod.)NomancanbeforcedtocriminatehimselfinanyCourt,excepttheCourtofhisownconscience.2.ActusDeivellegisneminifacitinjuriam.(TheactofGod,orofthelaw,causesalosstonoone.)Asineasesofaccidentandforfeiturescausedbyflood,pestilenceandsickness;oranactoftheLegislatureputinforcefromandafteritspassageoperatingoncontractsbypartiesbeforethelawwasmadeknown.3.Actusjudiciariuscoramnonjudiceirritushabetur.(AjudicialactoutsideoftheJudge'sauthorityisnullandvoid.)Asadecreeorordernotwar-rantedbythepleadings,oradecreeinacaseoverwhichtheCourthasno'jurisdiction.4.Causcedotis,vita,libertatis,fisci,suntinterfavorabiliainlege.(Suitsin-volvingdower,life,libertyandrevenuearefavoredinlaw.)5.Certumestquodcertumreddipotest.(Thatisdeemedcertainwhichcanbemadecertain.)Aswhenoneinstrumentcallsforasecond,andthelattercontainswhatwasdeficientintheformer.6.Cessanterationelegis,cessatipsalex.(Whenthereasonforthelawhasceased,thelawitselfceases.)24AsthelawsintheCodeof1858,neverre-pealed,relatingtoslavesandfreenegroes.7.Debitumetcontractussuntnulliusloci.(Neitheradebtnoracontractare19Officerv.Sims,2Heisk.,506.ThefollowingaresomeoftheprincipalMaximsofInterpretation:1.Maledictaexpositioqumcorrumpittextum.(Accursedistheexpositionwhichdestroysthetext).2.Exantecedentibusetconsequentibusfitoptimaimterpretatio.(Thebestinterpretationismadebyconsideringbothwhatprecedesandwhatfollowsthematterindoubt).3.Quihmretinliterahceretmcortice.(Hewhostickstotheletterstickstothebark).4.Nimiasuotilitasinjurereprobatur.(Toomuchsubtletyisreprobatedinlaw).5.Nihilfaciterrornominiscumdecorporevelpersonaconstat).Anerrorinthenameamountstonothingwhenthereiscertaintyastothethingorperson).
6.Verbaitasuntintelligendautresmagisvaleatquampereat.(Wordsshouldbesointer-pretedthatthesubject-mattermaybepre-servedratherthandestroyed).7.Verbarelatainessevidentur.(Wordsre-ferredtoareconsideredasinserted).8.Ameaningshouldbedrawnoutofthewordsandnotforcedintothewords.20Theintentionofthepartyisthelifeoftheinstrument.21Thatinterpretation,whichisbornofthebowelsofthecase,is,inlaw,thefittestandmostpowerful.22Itisaguess,notaninterpretation,whichdisregardsthewordsofaninstrument.23Brownv.Hamlett,8Lea,732.24Battell'e&Co.v.YoungstownCo.,16Lea,360.

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§64 MAXIMSOPPRACTICEANDPLEADING.56localintheirnature.)Suitstorecoverdebts,andsuitsbasedoncontracts,are,calledtransitoryactions,andmaybebroughtwhereverthedebtorisfound.8.Defideetofficiojudicisnonrecipiturqucestio:seddescientia,siveerrorsitjurisautfacti.(ThegoodfaithandofficeofaJudgecannotbecalledinques-tion,buthisknowledgeofthelaw,orfactsofthecase,maybe.)9.Deminimisnoncuratlex.(Thelawpaysnoattentiontotrifles.)Verysmallerrorsarealwaysignored.10.Diesdominicusnondiesjuridicus.(TheLord'sdayisnottheCourt'sday).2511.Bxnudopactononorituractio.(Nosuitcanbebroughtuponacontractwithoutasupportingconsideration.)12.Bxdolomalononorituractio.(Nosuitcanbebroughttoenforceafraud.)Acomplainantmusthavecleanhands.13.Bxpactoillicitononorituractio.(Nosuitcanbebroughttoenforceacon-tractinviolationoflaw.)14.Bxfactojusoritur.(Thelawarisesoutofthetransaction.)Thelawistheshadowwhichthefactscast.15.Bxpressiouniuspersonavelreiestexclusioalterius.(Theexpressmen-tionofonepersonorthinginawritteninstrumentisequivalenttotheexpressexclusionofallotherpersonsorthings.)Thus,adeedtoAisadeedtohimalone,andtonootherperson;andadevisetoBineffectexcludesallothers.16.Frustraprobaturquodprobatumnonrelevat.(Itisuselesstoproveany-thingwhich,whenproved,wouldbeimmaterial.)17.Hceresesteadempersonacumantecessore.(Theheirandhisancestorareoneandthesameperson.)Thatis,oneinright,theheirsucceedingtotherightsofhisancestor;justasthekingneverdies.18.Ignorantiafactiexcusat;ignorantiajurisnonexcusat.(Ignoranceofthefactexcuses,butignoranceofthelawdoesnotexcuse.)Ignoranceofthelawdoesnotexcuseincriminalcases,butmayexcuseincivilcases.19.Inconsimilicasu,consimiledebetesseremedium.(Insimilarcasestheremedyshouldbesimilar.)*20.Inaqualijuremeliorestconditiopossidentis.(Wheretherightsofthepartiesareequal,theclaimofthepartyinpossessionispreferred.)Ifneitherpartyhasanytitletotheproperty,realorpersonal,indispute,theCourtwillrefusetodisturbthepossessionofthedefendant.Possessionisasufficientdefenceagainsteveryoneexcepthimwhohasthelegalrighttothepossession.Possessionisasortofinchoatetitle,andmayripenintoaperfecttitle,ifcontinued.21.Injure,nonremotacausa,sedproximaspectatur.(Inlaw,theproximateandnottheremotecauseistobeconsidered.)22.Judicisestjudicaresecundumallegataetprobata.(ItisthedutyofaJudgetodecideaccordingtotheallegationsofthepleadingsandthepertinentproof.)Adecreethatisnotsupportedbythepleadingsisvoid;adecreenotsupportedbytheevidenceisvoidable,onappealorwritoferror.23.Lexnoncogitadimpossibilia.(Thelawdoesnotrequireanyonetodowhatcannotbedone.)24.Meliorestconditiopossidentisubineuterjushabet.(Thesituationofthepersoninpossessionisbetterthanthatoftheclaimant,whereneitherhasanytitletotheproperty.')25.Necessitas,quodcogit,defendit.(Thenecessityisadefencetowhatnec-essitycompelsonetodo.)Aswhenhousesareblownuptostayaconflagration.26.Nemocogiturremsuamvendere,ctiamjustopretio.(Noonecanbeforcedtosellhisownpropertyevenforafairprice.)Butitmaybetakenforapublicpurposeonjustcompensationbeingpaidtherefor.25AjudgmentrenderedonSundayisvoid.Stylesv.Harrison,15Pick.,128.

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57 MAXIMSOPPRACTICEANDPLEADING.§6427.Nosciturasociis.(Itisknownbyitsassociates.)"Writingmaybede-cipheredbyusingknownlettersorwordsinthesamewritingasguides.So,themeaningofdoubtfulwordsmaybemadeplainbythecontext.Exantecedent-ibuse,tconsequentibusfitoptimainterpretatio.(Thebestinterpretationisobtainedbyconsideringwhatgoesbeforeandwhatfollows.)28.Nullaimpossibiliaautinhonestasuntprcesumenda;veraautemethonestaetpossibilia.(Whatisimprobableordishonestisnevertobepresumed:onthecontrary,thelawpresumesinfavoroftruth,honestyandprobability.)29.Omnemajuscontinetinseminus.(Thegreateralwaysincludestheless.)Anauthoritytodoagreaterthingwillauthorizethedoingofalessthing.30.Principiaprobantnon'probantur.(Maximshaveaninherentprobativeforce,andneednottobeproved.)31.Ratiolegisestanimalegis.(Thereasonofthelawisthesoulofthelaw.)Thereasonforthelawbeingknown,itsinterpretationisknown.32.Resinteraliosactaalterinocerenondebet.(Nooneoughttosufferbecauseofwhatothershavesaidordone.)33.Resperpecuniamcestimatur.(Thevalueofanythingis-estimatedaccord-ingtoitsworthinmoney.)34.Resperitsuodomino.(Whenpropertyperishesthelossfallsuponitsowner.)Whenpropertydies,isburned,orotherwisedestroyedorimpairedriuringlitigation,withoutanyonebeingtoblametherefor,theownerofthepropertymustbeartheloss.2635.Saluspopuliestsupremalex.(Thewelfareofthepeopleisthesupremelaw.)Therightsoftheindividualmustbesubordinatedtothepublicgood.36.Sublatofundamentocaditopus.(Whenthefoundationisremovedthesuperstructurefalls.)37.Sublatoprincipali,tollituradjunctum.(Whentheprincipalisremoveditsadjunctsare,also,removed.)Theaccessoryfollowstheprincipal;andwhatisincidenttoathinggoeswithit.38.SuperHuanonnocent.(Whatissuperfluousworksnoinjury.)Surplusagedoesnotvitiate.39.Suppressioverisuggestiofalsi.(Thesuppressionofatruthisequivalenttothesuggestionofafalsehood.)40.Tantumbonavalentquantumvendipossunt.(Propertyisworthonlywhatitcanbesoldfor.)41.Ubieademratioibiidemlex;etdesimilibusidemestjudicium.(Wherethereasonisthesame,thelawisthesame;andwherethefactsarealike,thedecreeoftheCourtwillbethesame.)42.Volentinonfitinjuria.(Hewhoconsentstowhatisdonecannotcom-plainofit.)Norightofactionaccruestoapersonwhoagreedtowhatwasdone,eventhoughitinjuredhim.43.Verbarelatainessevidentur.(Wordsreferredtoareconsideredasin-serted.)Whenadeed,pleading,oranywritteninstrumentreferstoanotherwriting,thelatterisdeemedincorporatedintheformer.2726Topv.White,12Heisk.,191;Lewisv.Woodfolk,2Bax.,46;Planters'Bankv.Van-dyck,4Heisk.,617.2TThemaximscontainedinthisbookarethemostvaluable,andthoseoftenestquoted.Nomancaneverbecomeanaccomplishedlaw-yerunlesshefullymasterstheleadingmaximsofthelaw,andmakesthementirelyhisown.Theyconstitutenoinconsiderableportionofthetechnicalnomenclatureofjurisprudence;andathoroughunderstanding;ofthemisindis-pensabletoalawyer'seducation.TheycontainnotonlytheveryquintessenceoflawandEquity,ofgoodreasonandgoodconscience;butthey,also,greatlytendtobroadenthecomprehension,andstrengthentheapprehen-sion,oflegalandequitableprinciples.Nolawyercanreadilyunderstandmuchoftheverybestlegalreasoning,foundinthereportsandtreatises,unlessheunderstandsthemean-
ingandscopeofthemaximsfoundtherein.Thesemaximsarenot,assomeignorantlyaf-fecttobelieve,mereostentatiousdisplaysofpedanticlore;but,ontheotherhand,theyaretheveryfountainsoutofwhichthescienceofjurisprudenceflows,andthesourcesofallthatisbeautiful,majestic,anddivineineitherLaworEquity.Withoutthemaxims,thelawwouldbeaninterminablemedleyofdisconnectedcases,whichnomemoryco.uldhold.Butgreatminds,bycompressingmultitudesofindividualcases,haveobtainedtherefromtheiressence,asitwere,thelogicoftherulings,theration-aleoftheadjudication,therationesdecidendi,theverylawsthatgovernthelaws,,thelegesleflum;—andthisistheoriginofmaxims,bywhoseaidordertooktheplaceofconfusion,systemmarshalledthecasesintoharmoniousranksthelawbecameascience,andjurispru-denceaphilosophy.

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§65 NOTICE,ANDITSEFFECTS.58
CHAPTERIV.NOTICE,LISPENDENS,ESTOPPEL,ACQUIESCENCE,NEGLIGENCE,LACHES,WAIVER,ANDCONSENT.ArticleI.Notice,LisPendens,Estoppel,Acquiescence,NegligenceandLaches.ArticleII.Waiver,andConsent.ARTICLEI.NOTICE,LISPENDENS,ESTOPPELACQUIESCENCE,NEGLIGENCEANDLACHES.68.Acquiescence,anditsEffects.69.Negligence,anditsEffects.70.Laches,anditsEffects.
§65.Notice,anditsEffects.§66.RuleofLisPendens.§67.Estoppels,andTheirEffects.
.§65.Notice,andItsEffects.—Noonecantransfertoanotheragreaterrighttoathingthanhehimselfpossesses;andnoonecan,inreasonandconscience,expecttoacquireagreaterrightthanthevendorcouldrightfullysell.1Hewhobuyswithnoticeofanother'srightsisboundingoodconsciencetoholdwhathebuys,subjecttothoserights,forotherwisehewouldbetakingadvantageofhisownwrong,andwouldbeenrichinghimselfatanother'sexpense,neitherofwhichactsispermittedbyaCourtofConscience.2ButtheCourt,imputingtothepurchaseranintentiontodothehonestthing,willpresumethathemadethepurchasewiththeintentionofholdingthepropertylasubordinationtothoserightsofwhichhehadnoticeatthetimeofhispur-chase.3Topresumeotherwisewouldbetopresumethepurchaserwasactinginbadfaith,andwasintendingtoperpetrateafraudonthepersonofwhoserightshehadnotice.Besides,apurchaserwithnoticehasnorighttocomplainwhenthethirdperson,ofwhoseclaimshehadnotice,demandshisown;forthepurchaserwasershipofthepropertyinlitigationsoastoaffecttherightsofthepartiestothesuit.)9.Quisentitcommodumsentiredebetetonus.(Hewhotakesthebenefitmusttakeitwithitsburden.)Apartnerwhosharesinthepro-fitsmustshareinthelosses;andhewhotakestitletopropertymusttakeitwithitsencum-brances.10.Quiinjusdominiumvealteriussucceeditlitreejusutldebet.(Hewhotakestheplaceofanotherastoanyrightorpropertyholdsitsubjecttoalltherightsoftheassignor.)11.Quodmeumest,sinefactomeoveldefectumeo,amittivelinalhtmtransferrinonpotest.(Whatisminecannotbelosttomeortrans-ferredtoanother,withoutmydeedordefault.)12.ResaccessariasequiturrempHncipalem.(Whateverbelongstoathinggoeswithit.)Or.asourlawyerssometimestranslateit,thetailgoeswiththehide.13.Transitterracumonere.(Hewhobuyslandtakesitsubjecttoallliensandencum-brancesrestinguponit.)14.Ubialiquidconceditur,concedituretidsinequoresipsanonpotest.(Whenanythingisgrantedthatalsoisgrantedwithoutwhichthegrantitselfcannotbemadeeffectual.)2Noticeofthepriorrightcutsunbytherootsanyclaimofthesubsequentpurchaser.3SeeMaxim,Equityimputesanintentiontofulfilanobligation;§44,ante.
lThefollowingaresomeoftheprincipalMaximsRelativetoTransfersofProperty:1.Alienatioestomnisactusperquerndominiumtransfertur.(Alienationincludeseveryactbywhichtherighttopropertyistransferred.)2.Assignatusutiturjureauctoris.(Theas-signeeisentitledtotherightsoftheassignor.)3.Caveatemptor:quiignorarenondebuitquodjusalienumemit.(Letthepurchaserbeware:hewhobuyswhatisanother'sisboundtoknowwhatheisbuying.)ThismaximappliestoCourtsales.Seepost,§§640-641,notes.4.Cuicvnquealiquisquidconceditconcederevi-deturetidsinequoresipsaessenonpotuit.(Who-evertransfersanythingtoanotherisdeemedtotransferthatwithoutwhichthetransferwouldbevoid.)5.Dominiumnonpotestesseinpendenti.(Thetitletopropertycannotbeinpendency.)Thetitlemaybeindispute,butitneverthelessrestsinhimwhoisadjudgedtobetheowner.6.Duononpossuntinsolidonnam.rempossi-dere.(Twopersonscannotexclusivelyownthesamething.)7.Nemopotestplusjurisadaliumtransferrequamipsehabet.(Noonecantransfertoan-otheragreaterrightthanhehimselfhas).8.Pendentelitenihilimmovetur.(Whileasuitispendingnochangecanbemadeintheown-

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59 NOTICE,ANDITSEFFECTS.§65undernocompulsiontobuy,andifhepaidmorethanthevendor'sinterestinthepropertywasworth,orifthethirdperson'sclaimsprovegreaterthanhesupposedwhenhebought,hedeliberatelyassumedtheserisks,andcannot,inreasonandconscience,beheardtocomplain.Anylossresultingfromthepriorandsuperiorequitiesofthethirdparty,thepurchaserwithnoticemustchargetohisownnegligenceorwilfulness;for,whenoneoftwopersonsmustsufferaloss,heshallsufferwhoseownactornegligenceoccasionedsuchloss.Itwouldbemanifestlycontrarytoreasonandconsciencetorequiretheinno-centthirdpersontobearthisloss.Inconformitywiththesegeneraldoctrines,theruleisclearlyestablishedthatapurchaserwithnoticeofanother'srights,inortothethingpurchased,is,inEquity,liabletotheownerofthoserights,tothesameextentandinthesamemannerasthepersonfromwhomhemadethepurchase.Ontheotherhand,aperson,whoacquirestitletopropertyinwhichanotherhasanequity,andpaysavaluableconsiderationforit,withoutanynoticeofsuchequity,mayholdthepropertyfreedfromtheequity.61.NoticeDefined.Noticeissuchinformationconcerningafact,actuallycom-municatedtoapartybyanauthorizedperson,oractuallyderivedbyapartyfromapropersource,orpresumedbylawtohavebeenactuallyacquiredbyhim,asisequivalentinitslegaleffectstofullknowledgeofsuchfact.Notice,therefore,isoftwokinds:1st,thatactuallycommunicatedorderived;and2d,thatpresumedbylawtohavebeenacquired.Theformeriscalledactualnotice,thelatteriscalledconstructivenotice.Actualnoticeincludesallthoseinstancesinwhichpositivepersonalinformationofamatterisdirectlycommunicatedtotheparty,andthiscommunicationprovedasafact.Constructivenoticein-cludesallotherkindsofnotice,beingthoseinwhichtheinformationisconclu-sivelypresumedfromcertainfacts,orisimpliedasapresumptionoflawintheabsenceofcontraryproof.4Thereisnodifferenceintheirconsequencesbetweenactualandconstructivenotice.52.NoticetoanAgentwhenNoticetohisPrincipal.Noticetoanagentinthebusinessoremploymentwhichheiscarryingonforhisprincipal,isacon-structivenoticetotheprincipalhimself,sofarasthelatter'srightsandliabili-tiesareinvolvedin,oraffectedby,thetransaction.Thisrulealikeincludesandappliestothepositiveinformationorknowledgeobtainedorpossessedbytheagentinthetransaction,andtoactualorconstructivenoticecommunicatedtohimtherein.Thegeneralrule,thatnoticetotheagentisnoticetotheprincipal,willoper-atewithequalforceandeffect,whetherthenoticetotheagentbeactual,orconstructive.Actualknowledgemaybebroughthometotheagentbythemostdirectevidence,orhemaybechargeablewithconstructivenoticebyalispendens,byaregistration,byrecitalsintitledeeds,bypossessionofthepropertybyastranger,orbycircumstancessufficienttoputaprudentmanuponinquiry;inallsuchcasestheeffectupontheprincipalisthesameasthoughtheinformationornoticetotheagenthadbeentohiminperson.So,noticetoonepartnerisnoticetotheotherastopartnershipmatters;6butnotastoindividualmatters.7Andnoticetooneormoredirectorsisnoticetothecorporation.83.EffectofBeingPutonInquiry.Wheneverapartyhasinformationorknow-ledgeofcertainextraneousfacts,whichofthemselvesdonotamountto,nortendtoshow,anactualnotice,butwhicharesufficienttoputareasonablyprudentmanuponinquiryrespectingaconflictinginterest,claimorright;andthecircumstancesaresuchthattheinquiry,ifmadeandfollowedupwithreasonablecareanddiligence,wouldleadtoadiscoveryofthetruth,toa42Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§593-594;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§399-400a.5Pinsonv.Ivey,1Yerg.,339.Constructivenoticeisfurtherconsidered,post,§76.
6Arnoldv.Linaweaver,3Head,51.TBoilingv.Anderson,4Bax.,550.8Rahtv.MiningCo.,5Lea,63.

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§66 USPENDENSANDESTOPPELS.60knowledgeoftheinterest,claim,orrightwhichreallyexists;thentheparty-isabsolutelychargedwithaconstructivenoticeofsuchinterest,claim,orright.Thepresumptionofknowledgeisthenconclusive.94.CircumstancesfromwhichNoticemaybeInferred,Amongthefactsandcir-cumstancesfromwhichactualnoticemaybeinferredarethefollowing:1.Closerelationship,personalintimacy,orbusinessconnections,existingbetweenthepurchaserandthepartywithwhomheisdealing,orbetweenhimandtheholderoftheadverseclaim.2.Greatinadequacyofprice,whichmayarousethepurchaser'ssuspicion,andputhimuponinquiryastothereasonsforsellingthepropertyatlessthanitsapparentvalue;and3.Thesight,orknowledge,ofvisiblematerialobjectsuponorconnectedwiththesubject-matter,whichmayreasonablysuggesttheexistenceofsomeease-ment,orotherright,belongingtoathirdperson.§66.RuleofLisPendens.—DuringthependencyofasuitinEquity,neitherpartytothelitigationcansoalienateorencumberthepropertyindisputeastoaffect-therightsofhisopponent.Thisruleoflispendensisbasedbothonnecessityandonnotice.1,Itisbasedonnecessity,10because,diditnotexist,anylitigationmightbeindefinitelyprolongedinconsequenceofsuccessivealienationsofthepropertyindispute,makingitnecessarytobecon-stantlybringingthesuccessivealieneesbeforetheCourt.2,Itis,also,basedonnotice;becausetherecordsoftheCourtarenoticetotheworld;anditismainlyfromthisstandpointthatthesubjectwillbeconsidered.11Thelispendensandtheconsequentnoticebeginfromtheserviceofasub-poenaorotherprocessafterthefilingofthebill,12(fortheCourtmusthaveacquiredjurisdictionofthedefendantbeforehecanbebound,)andcontinuethroughtheentirependencyofthesuit,andendonlywhenthesuitisreallyendedbyafinaldecree.Inorder,however,thatapurchaserpendentelitemaybethusaffected,thesuitmustbeprosecutedingoodfaith,withallreasonablediligence,andwithoutunnecessarydelay.13Lispendensisnoticeofeverythingaverredinthepleadingspertinenttotheissueortothereliefsought,andofthecontentsofexhibitsfiledandproved.Inorderthatthenoticemaythusoperate,thespecificpropertytowhichthesuitrelatesmustbepointedoutinthepleadings,insuchamannerastocalltheattentionofallpersonstotheverything,andthuswarnthemnottointer-meddle.14Itisnotnecessarythatthelandshouldbedescribedbymetesandbounds;certaintytoacommonintent,reasonablecertainty,issufficient.§67.Estoppels,andTheirEffect.—WheneverA,byacts,words,orsilence,intentionallycausesorpermitsBtodoathinghewouldnototherwisehavedone,itwouldbemanifestlyinequitableforA,byrepudiatingtheveryconductbywhichheinducedBtoact,andbysettinguprightsofhisown,inconsistentwithhissaidconduct,tocompelBtoincuralossbyundoingtheverythingA'sconductcausedhimtodo.CourtsofEquitywillnotpermitsuchinequita-bleactiononA'spart,andwillnotallowhimtosetupanyclaimsinconsistentwiththoseacts,words,orsilence,ofhis,whichinducedBtodowhathedid.ThisdoctrineofEquityistermedEstoppel;andwhenfullyconsideredwillbefoundtorestuponthreemaxims:(1)WhenoneoftwopersonsmustsufferaJoss,itmustbebornebyhimwhoseconductoccasionedit;(2)Noonecantakeadvantageofhisownwrong;and(3)Heisnottobeheardwhoalleges
f>2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§608;Covingtonv.Ander-son,16Lea,319.Inthiscase,theruleuponthequestionofnoticeisthuslaiddown:What-everissufficienttoputapersonuponinquiryisnoticeofallthefactstowhichthatinquirywilllead,whenprosecutedwithreasonabledil-igenceandingoodfaith.10Sheltonv.Johnson,4Sneed,672;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§406.Mannp.Roberts,11Lea,57.Pen-dentelitenihilimmovetur.
112Pom.Eq.Jur.,§632;seeLisPendens,inourDigests.12Tharpev.Dunlap,4Heisk.,674;Staples«.White,4Pick.,30.Butinattachmentsuitsthelienbeginsatthefilingofthebill,ifthepropertyismentionedinthebill.Code,§§3507;4286.132Pom.Eq.Jur.,§634;Mannv.Roberts,11Lea,57.14Boshearv.Lay,6Heisk.,163.

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61 ESTOPPELS.§67whatiscontrarytohisformerstatements.15ItisalsoaprincipleofEquitythateverypersonisboundtomakegoodthoseintentionalrepresentationswherebyheinducesanothertoact.Itissometimessaidthatequitableestoppelsresultfromfraudulentconductonthepartofthepersonestopped.Whilethisstatementisratherbroad,itisneverthelesstruethat,whenBhasacquiredrights,orincurredliabilities,orpartedwithaconsideration,onthefaithofA'sconduct,itwouldbefraudulentinAtorepudiatesuchformerconduct,ortosetupclaimsinconsistentwithhisformerconduct,toB'sinjury.10Thewordconductwhenusedinreferencetothepersonestoppedmeansconductinitsbroadestsense,andincludeswordsandsilence,positiveactsandnegativeomissions.17Thegeneralruleofestoppelincasesoflandis,thatifapersoninterestedinanestateknowinglymisleadsanotherintodealingwiththeestateasifhewerenotinterested,hewillbepostponedtothepartymisled,18andbecom-pelledtomakehisrepresentationspecificallygood.Itapplies(1)toonewhodenieshisowntitle,orencumbrance,wheninquiredofbyanotherwhoisabouttopurchasetheland,ortoloanmoneyuponitssecurity;(2)toonewhoknowinglysuffersanothertodealwiththelandasthoughitwerehisown;(3)toonewhoknowinglysuffersanothertoexpendmoneyinimprovementswithoutgivingnoticeofhisownclaim,andthelike;19butinallsuchcases,theremustbeintentionaldeceit,orgrossnegligenceequivalenttofraud.Thetendencyofthelawistogivemarriedwomenenlargedrights,anddis-enthrallthemofmanyofthedisabilitiesunderwhichtheyformerlylabored.Withanextensionofrightsiscoupledanextensionofdutiesandliabilities.Amarriedwomanisnotprivilegedtoperpetratefrauds,ortomisleadpeopletotheirhurt;20andshemaybeestoppedbyherwords,silenceorconductinthesamemanner,andnearlytothesameextent,asthoughshewasundernodisability,especiallywhenherconducthasbeenbothfraudulentandveryin-jurioustotheotherparty.21Aninfantmay,also,beboundbyanestoppelwhenitwouldoperateasafraudupontheotherpartytoallowtheinfanttorepudia-tehisconduct,fraudnotbeingoneoftheprivilegesofinfancy.22Themeasureoftheoperationofanestoppelistheextentoftherepresenta-tionmadebyonepartyandactedonbytheother.Theestoppeliscommensu-ratewiththethingrepresented,andoperatestoputthepartyentitledtoitsbenefitinthesamepositionasifthethingrepresentedweretrue.Withrespecttothepersonswhoareboundby,orwhomayclaimthebenefitof,theestoppel,itoperatesbetweentheimmediatepartiesandtheirprivies,whetherbyblood,byestate,orbycontract.23
isAlleganscontrarianonestaudiendus.So,ifapersonissilentwheninconscienceheoughttospeak,Equitywillnothearhimspeakwheninconscienceheoughttobesilent.Brashears'Bxrs.v,VanCortlandt,2Johns.Ch.,249.162Pom.Eq.Jur.,§803;2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§1543.Onestoppelsbyconduct,seeTaylorv.N.&C.RailroadCo.,2Pick.,228.Morrisv.Moore,11Hum.,433.17Apartyhaving-tworightsorremediesisboundbyhiselectionofoneofthem,andes-toppedtorepudiatehisaction.O'BryanBros.v.GlennBros.,7Pick.,106.Nemopotestmutareconsiliumswuminalteriusmjuriam.(Noonecanchangehismindtoanother'sinjury).BigelowonEstoppel,480,thussumsuptherequisitesofanestoppelbyconduct:"First—Theremusthavebeenarepresenta-tionorconcealmentofmaterialfacts."Second—Therepresentationmusthavebeenmadewithknowledge."TMrd—Thepartytowhomitwasmademusthavebeenignorantofthetruthofthematter. , „,,."Fourth—Itmusthavebeenmadewiththeintentionthattheotherpartyshouldactuponit.
"Fifth—Theotherpartymusthavebeenin-ducedtoactuponit."Taylorv.RailroadCo.,2Pick..244.Apartysettingupanequitableestoppelishimselfboundtotheexerciseofgoodfaithandduediligencetoascertainthetruth,2Sto.Eq.Jur.§1553o.isButlerv.Williams,5Heisk.,241.19Pattonv.McClure,Mart.&Yerg.,339;Mosesv.Sanford,2Lea,655.20Pilcherv.Smith,2Head,211;Latimerv.Rogers,3Head,692.21Galbraithv.Lunsford,3Pick.,89;Howellv.Hale,5Lea,405;Hanksv.Polsom,11Lea,562;Foggv.Yeatman,6Lea,580;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§814;2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§1536.22Barhamv.Turbeville,1Swan,437,andcasestherecited;Adamsv.Pite,3Bax.,69;Galbraithv.Lunsford,3Pick.,103;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§815.Aninfantwhoobtainsmoneyfromhistrustee,orguardian,byfraudulentlyrepresentinghimselftobeofage,isestoppedtorecoverthismoneywhenheattainshismajority.Snell'sPr.Eq..39.232Pom.Eq.Jur.,§813.

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§68 ACQUIESCENCE,ANDITSEFFECTS.62§68.Acquiescence,andItsEffects.—Apartywhohasarightofactionmaylosethatrighteither(1)byaconfirmationofthevoidabletransaction,24or(2)byacquiescinginthetransaction,or(3)bymeredelay,orlaches,inbring-ingsuit.Ifaparty,withfullknowledgeofthefactsandofhisrights,freelyanddeliberatelyratifyavoidabletransaction,suchanactforeverterminatesanyrighthemayeverhavehadtoquestionthetransactionthusratifiedandconfirmed.So,ifaparty,withlikeknowledgeofthefactsandofhisrights,freelyanddeliberatelyacquiesceinavoidabletransaction,andtakeorclaimbenefitsunderit,hewillbeestoppedtoquestionthevalidityofsuchtransaction.Meredelay,meresufferingtimetoelapsewithoutdoinganything,isnotac-quiescence:althoughitmaybe,andoftenis,strongevidenceofanacquies-cence;anditmaybe,andoftenis,agroundforrefusingequitablerelief.Inordertoconstituteacquiescencetheremustbe(1)someactwhich,thoughnotdeliberatelyintendedasaratificationorconfirmationofthevoidabletransac-tion,neverthelessrecognizesitasexisting,andclaimsorobtainssomebenefitresultingfromit;and(2)thisactmustbedonewithknowledgeofthematerialfacts,andoftheactor'srightsunderthosefacts;and(3)withoutanyundueinfluenceorrestraint.25Rights,oncevalid,areoftenlostbydelay,andtheimpliedacquiescenceresultingfromsuchdelay.20AcquiescenceconsistingofmeresilencemayalsooperateasatrueestoppelinEquity,toprecludeapartyfromassertinglegaltitleandrightsofproperty,realorpersonal,orrightsofcontract.Therequisitesofsuchestoppelhavebeendescribed.Afraudulentintentiontodeceiveormisleadisnotessential.Allinstancesofthisclass,inEquity,restupontheprinciple:"Ifonemaintainsilencewheninconscienceheoughttospeak,Equitywilldebarhimfromspeakingwheninconscienceheoughttoremainsilent."Thisprinciplein-cludesallcaseswhereanownerofpropertystandsby,andknowingly,andwithoutinterposinganyobjections,permitsanotherpersontodealwiththepropertyasthoughitwerehisown,orasthoughhewererightfullydealingwithit,asbyexpendingmoneyuponit,makingimprovements,erectingbuild-ings,andthelike.Ofcourse,itisessentialthatthepersoninpossessionshouldbeactinginignoranceoftherealconditionofthetitle,andinthesuppositionthathewasrightfulinhisdealingswiththeproperty.27Partieswhohavelongacquiescedinsettlementsofaccounts,orofothermu-tualdealings,willnotbepermittedtoreopenthem;andthisistrueeventhoughthepartiesstoodinconfidentialrelationstowardeachother,astrusteeandcestuiquetrust,principalandagent,andthelike,andthesettlementembracedmattersgrowingoutofsuchrelations.So,corporationsmaybeestoppedbyacquiescence,likenaturalpersons,eitherintheirdealingswiththirdpersonsorwiththeirownstockholders;and,conversely,stockholdersmay,byacquies-cence,beestoppedfromobjectingtotheactsofthecorporation.Ifamort-gagor,obligor,orotherdebtor,bykeepingsilenceundercircumstanceswhenheoughttospeak,leadstheintendedassigneetobelievethatthereisnodefence,hewillbeestoppedfromafterwardssettingupanydefence,whichmightotherwisebeavailable,asagainsttheassigneewhohasthusbeeninducedtopurchasethedemand.273"
Inallthesecases,theCourtsenforcethemaxim,"Equityaidsthevigilant,notthosewhosleepupontheirrights."Theneglecttodoathinginproperseasoniscalledlaches,andisoneoftheunpardonablesinsinthesightofaCourtofEquity.24Whereveranycontractorconveyanceisvoid,eitherbyapositivelaworuponprinci-plesofpublicpolicy,itisdeemedincapableofconfirmation;itbeingamaxim,QuodabinitiowonvaletintrarfutemvorUnonconvnlescit.Butwhereitismerelyvoidable,orturnsuponcir-cumstancesofundueadvantage,surprise,orimposition,there,ifitisdeliberatelyanduponfullexamination,confirmedbytheparties,it
willbevalid.1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§306;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§964.202Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§964-965.2i!2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§1534.Thecasesofacqui-escenceinourreportsarenumerous.Asillus-trativeofthisfact,thefollowingareallin1Pickel:Owensv.Dunn,131;Barnardi».RoaneIronCo..153;Robertsonv.Winchester,171.272Pom.Eq.Jur.,§818.27a2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§819-820.

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63 NEGLIGENCE,ANDITSEEFECTS.§69§69.Negligence,28andItsEffects.—Ithasoftenbeensaidthat,ingeneral,nothingcanforceaCourtofEquityintoactivitybutconscience,goodfaith,andreasonablediligence.Equityaidsthevigilant,notthosewhoslumberontheirrights.Laches,delay,indifferenceandpassiveacquiescence,whennotinanywaycausedbytheotherparty,arehurtful,ifnotfatal,tocomplainant'srightsinaCourtofEquity.ThedoctrinethatEquityrequiresgoodworksaswellasgoodfaith,isespeciallyenforcedagainsttrustees,andallotherpersons,whoactinacapacityoftrustforothersespeciallyinafiduciarycapacity,suchasexecu-tors,administrators,guardians,agents,receivers,clerksofcourtsandofindi-vidiuals,secretaries,treasurers,andotherofficersoffirms,societiesandcorpo-rations,book-keepers,guardiansadlitem,nextfriends,attorneysandconfi-dentialadvisors.29Anyofthesepersons,whenactingforothersinreferencetomattersofpropertyorbusinessintrustedtotheircareandmanagement,istothatextentatrustee,andsubjecttoalltheobligationsimposedbyCourtsofEquityontrustees,andheldchargeableforalllossesresultingfromtheirwantofduediligence,equallywithlossesresultingfromdownrightbadfaith.
,Thecompensationordinarilyallowedtrusteeswillbereduced,orentirelydisal-lowed,incaseoflossresultingfromtheirnegligence.Ofpersonsactingastrustees,Equityrequiresgoodworksaswellasgoodfaith.Equityneverinterferesinbehalfofapartywhosenegligence,ordelay,hascaused,occasioned,orcontributedto,theinjuryofwhichhecomplains.Noonecantakeadvantageofhisownwrong;andwhenoneoftwopersonsmustsufferaloss,thatoneshallsufferitwhoseact,orneglect,occasionedit.Cleanhands,apureheartandswiftfeetarerequiredofhimwhoseekstheaidofaCourtofConscience;andif,inanycase,itappearsthattheinjurycomplainedofmightnothavehappened,hadthecomplainant,orhisagents,orattorneys,beendulydiligent,theCourtwillstayitshandanddeclinetointerfere.30ThisdoctrinerunsallthroughboththepracticeandthejurisprudenceoftheCourt.TheCourtwillnotrelieveagainstnegligenceinpleading,orintakinganystepinCourt,orintakingproof,unlessuponthepaymentofcompensatorycosts.So,theCourtwillnotrelieveagainstaforfeiture,oranaccident,oramistake,thatistheresultofnegligence.Equitywillnotrelieveagainstajudgmentatlaw,norrehearnorreviewoneofitsowndecrees,whenthewrongcomplainedofcouldhavebeenprevented,orthenewevidencebroughtforwardcouldhavebeenobtained,byreasonablediligenceat,orbefore,theformertrial.Norcanhewhoisputuponinquiryescapetheconsequencesthereof,bydeclin-ingtomaketheproperinvestigations.InEquity,everymanischargeablewithallthatduediligence,intheparticularmatter,wouldhaveresultedin.Equityrequiresapartytodoallthat,ingoodreasonandgoodconscience,heshouldhavedone;andafailuretodowhatitwasaparty'sdutytohavedone,willnotrelievehimfromthepenaltiesofhisneglect.Besides,negligenceinactingwhenone'srightshavebeeninvaded,maybedeemedevidenceofanacquiescence,ormaybecomelaches,andthusbarapartyfromassertingwhatwould,onduediligence,havebeenaclearrightofaction.31§70.Laches,andItsEffects.—Theneglectofapersontomakecomplaint,orbringsuitindueseason,hebeingsuijurisandknowingthefacts,orhavingthemeansofknowledge,iscalledlaches;andwheretherehasbeengrosslachesinprosecutingrights,orlongandunreasonableacquiescenceinadverserights,
28Negligenceis(1)theomissiontodosome-thingwhichareasonableman,guidedbythoseconsiderationswhichordinarilyregulatetheconductofhumanaffairs,wouldhavedoneun-derthecircumstances;or(2)thedoingofsomethingwhichaprudentandreasonablemanwouldnothavedoneunderthecircum-
stances.Negligenceisnotabsoluteorintrin-sic,butalwaysrelativetosomecircumstancesoftime,place,orperson.Broom'sLeg.Max..359.20Seeante,§46.30Seeante,§49.31SeeWaiver,post,§71.

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§70 LACHES,ANDITSEFFECTS.64CourtsofEquityrefusetointerfere,theyactingeitherbyanalogytothestatutesoflimitations,orupontheirowninherentdoctrineofdiscouragingan-tiquateddemands.32TheCourtrealizesthedifficultyofdoingentirejustice,whentheoriginaltransactionhasbecomeobscuredbytimeandtheevidencelost,anddeemsitgoodpublicpolicytoallowclaimsandtitleslongacquiescedintoremaininrepose.Nevertheless,whentherearecircumstancesexcusingorjustifyingthedelay,CourtsofEquitywillnotrefusetheiraid.33Ithasbeensaidthat"nothingcancallaCourtofEquityintoactivitybutconscience,goodfaithandreasonablediligence."34TheCourtneverlendsitsa.idtoonewho,withknowledgeofhisrightsandwithopportunitytoassertthem,delaysunreasonablysotodo.Equityaidsthosewhoarevigilant,notthosewhosleepupontheirrights,andalwaysdiscouragesstaledemands.Time,inEquity,isawitnessthat,whathaslongbeenacquiescedin,mustoriginallyhavebeenfoundedonsomeright.35Inthisrespect,itiswhollyindependentofthestatuteoflimitations.36TheCourtfrownsuponattemptstounsettlewhatliaslongbeenatrest,first,becauseofthedifficulty,ifnotimpossibility,ofmakingproof;second,because,inuprootinganancientmatter,innocentper-sonsareliabletobeinjured;third,becausethedefendant,eveniforiginallyinthewrong,may,asaresultofthecomplainant'slaches,haveacquiredsuchaffirmativerightsthathecannotbeplacedinstatuquo;andfourth,becausethedelayraisesapresumptionthatoriginallytherewas,ifnotagooddefense,atleastabetteronethancannowbemade.Ifapartyhaveknowledgeofhisrights,hisdelaywillnotbeexcusedbecauseofpoverty,orwantofevidence.37Lacheswillbarsuits(1)toopenaccountsandsettlementslongacquiescedin;38(2)tochangeaboundarylinelongrecognized;39(3)tocorrectanallegedfraud,accidentormistakelongsubmittedto;40(4)tohaveanuisanceabatedthathaslongexisted;41(5)tohaveacontracteitherrescindedorspecificallyenforced,whenbydelaythepartiescannotbeplacedinstatuquo;'12(6)ortohaveanytransactionuprooted,oranybusinessunravelled,when,inconse-quenceoflongacquiescence,thechancesarethatmaterialevidencehasbeenlost,thatthememoryofthefactshasbecomedimmed,thatpartiesorwitnesseshavediedorremoved,andthatnewrightshavesprungupthatshouldnotbeunsettled.43Butnodelaywillprejudiceadefraudedpartyaslongashewasignorantofthefraud;44and,especially,ifthedefendantconcealedthefactswhichitwashisdutytodisclose,ordeceivedthecomplainantbymisstatements,orotherwiselulledhissuspicions.Thesleepofthecomplainantcannotbeusedasadefencebyhimwhocausedthatsleep,forthatwouldbetotakeadvantageofhisownwrong.45322Sto.Eq.Jur.,§1520.Seemaxim,Equityaidsthevigilant,andnotthosewhosleepupontheirrights.Ante,"§49.332Sto.Eq.Jur.,§529Laffertyv.Turley,3Sneed,176;Lanev.Farmer,11Lea,577.Pre-wittv.Bunch,17Pick.,723.34Laffertyv.Turley,3Sneed,177.35Hammondsv.Hopkins,3Terg.,529;RoaneCo.v.AndersonCo.,5Pick.,259.36Hammondsv.Hopkins,3Yerg.,528;Lewisv.Brooks.6Yerg.,166;185;Haynesv.Swan,6Heisk.,560;Parkesv.Clift,9Lea,531.371PerryonTrusts,§230.Lachesbasedonlapseoftimealoneisnotgenerallyabar.Parkerv.Bethel,12Pick.,252.382Sto.Eq.Jur.,§529;Loveu.White,4
Hay.,210;Pattonv.Cone,1Lea,14;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§820.39RoaneCountyv.AndersonCounty,5Pick.,259.40Underhillv.Nelson,1Lea,98;Hendersonv.Conway,9Lea,410;2Pom.Bq.Jur.,§§897;965.412Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§817;1359;1HighonInjunc.,§756;Caldwellv.Knott,10Yerg.,209.42Smithv.Christmas,7Yerg.,565;3Pom.Eq.Jur.,§1408.43Whitbyv.Armour,4Lea,683;Boltonv.Dickens,4Lea,577.442Pom.Eq.Jur.,§917.45Vancev.Motley,8Pick.,310;Nicholsonv.Lauderdale,3Hum.,200.

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65 WAIVER.§71
ARTICLEII.WAIVERANDCONSENT.
$71.Waiver,andItsEffects.72.Consent,andItsEffects.§71.Waiver,andItsEffects.—Alitigationisalegalcombatinwhicheachpartyhastherighttotakeeverylawfuladvantageofhisadversary,andwhenapartyfailsordeclinestoexercisethisright,inanygivencase,heisdeemedtohavewaivedit,forreasonssatisfactorytohimself.1Thevariousstepstaken,andvariouspleadingsfiled,intheprogressofalitigation,arenotalwaystakenorfiledinstrictaccordancewiththepracticeorpleadingsoftheCourt,andso,manyerrorsofomissionandcommission,importantandunimportant,oftenhappenbetweenthefilingofabillandtheexecutionofthefinaldecree.ThepracticeoftheCourtallowsthepartiestoobjecttoanyerrorcommittedbytheiradversaries;butinasmuchasobjectionmadelongaftertheerrorisdommittedcausesconfusionanddelayintheorderlyprogressofalitigation,andoftenimposesunduehardshiponthepartyinerror,theCourtrequirestheadversepartytointerposehisobjectionindueseason;andifhefailsotodo,hewillbedeemedtohavewaivedhisrighttoobject;andhewillnotbeallowedsubsequentlytowithdrawhiswaiverandclaimtherightwaived,2onthepleathatheoverlookedit,forthatwouldbetolethimtakeadvantageofhisownwrong;besidesEquityaidsthevigilant,andnotthosewhosleepontheirrights.3Apartywhoremainssilentwhenheshouldobjectwillnotbeallowedtoobjectwhenheshouldremainsilent;forsilence,undersuchcircumstancesisconsent,andwaiverisaquasiconsent.4ThepartywhoisdeemedtohavewaivedhisrighttoobjecthasnojustcauseiocomplainofthisruleoftheCourt;forheisconclusivelypresumedtoknowtherule,andtohaveintentionallyignoredtheerrorinquestion.Whatamanconsentstohecannotcomplainof,andthisconsentmaybeinferredfromsilence,orfromconduct.5Thedoctrineofwaiverisawholesomeone,andgreatlyfacilitatesthedis-patchofbusinessintheCourts,andpromotesthepromptandorderlyprogressofasuittofinaldecree.Ifpartieswereallowedtogobackandtakeadvantageofarightoropportunityoverlooked,neglected,ordeliberatelydisregarded,nopartycouldtakeaforwardstepinalitigationwithoutdangerofbeingcom-pelledtoretraceitinorderto.enablehisadversarytomakeanattackoradefenceonagroundlongsincepassed,ortomakesomemotion,orexercisesomerightorprivilegeheneglectedtomakeorexercisewhentheopportunitywasdulypresented.Thedoctrineofwaiverpromotesdiligence,preventstrickeryandbadfaith,6andpreservesrightsacquiredinconsequenceofthewaiver.Thedoctrineofwaiverisnotonlyappliedtoonepartyinreferencetotheactionoftheother,butitisappliedtooneorbothpartiesinreferencetothe
iQuilitetpotestremmciarejureproseintroducto.2Seifredv.Peoples'Bank,2Tenn.Ch.,17;and1Bax.,200.3Seeante,§49;and§§68-70.4Quitacetronsentirevidetur.(Hewhoissilent[whenheoughttoobject]isconsideredasconsenting[towhatisdone].)5Volentinonfitinjuria.(Nolegalinjuryis
donetohimwhoconsents).Nonrefertanquisassensumsuumprcefertverbis,anrebusipsisetfactis.(Itmattersnotwhetherapartygiveshisassentbyhiswords,orbyhisactsanddeeds.)Seepost,§72.cBrasher'sExecutorsv.VanCortlandt,2Johns.,Ch.,248.Seifredv.Peoples'Bank,2Tenn.Ch.,17.

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§71 WAIVER. 66officersoftheCourt;andifapartyfailtoobjecttotheChancellor,7ortheClerkandMaster,ortheSheriff,actinginamatterbecauseoftheincompetencyofsuchofficerfromkinshiporinterest,suchpartyknowingofsuchincompe-tency,hewillbedeemedtohavewaivedtheincompetency,andisboundbysuchwaiver.Indeed,anyparty,whowithknowledgeofthegroundsofobjec-tiontoanyactorproceedinginCourtbyanyotherparty,orbyanofficerorwitness,failsindueseason,8toavailhimselfofsuchgroundsofobjection,isdeemedtohavewaivedhisobjectiontosuchactorproceeding,andtohaveacquiescedtherein,andisestoppedbyhisconduct.9Oneofthereasonsofthisrulingis,thatiftheobjectionismadeinseasonthepartyindefaultmay,byamendmentorotherwise,correctthedefectorirregularity,whereasifnotthenmade,andespeciallyifmadeatthehearing,heisabsolutelydeprivedofsuchopportunity.10SotheCourtsrulethatapartywhowillnotobjectwhenheshould,shallnotobjectwhenhewould.Ifonepartywasallowedtoignoreaslip,defect,orothererrororomissionofhisadversary,inpleading,prooforprocedure,untilafterthetimeoroppor-tunityforsupplyingthedeficiencyorcuringoftheerrorhadelapsed,itwouldnotonlyoftendefeattherealjusticeofthecaseonitsmerits,ordelaythetrialbyrequiringtheCourttocontinuethehearinginordertogivedueopportunitytosupplythedeficiencyorcuretheerror,butitwouldalsoenablecraftypartiestolieinambush,asitwere,andstriketheiropponentsunawares,andintheirback,aftertheyhadpassedthepointwhenattentionshouldhavebeencalledtotheerror;andthis,too,inaCourtconsecratedtogoodfaithandfairplay.11Henceitis,thatifapartyfailtoobjecttosomeslip,omission,defectorothererror,inpleading,prooforprocedure,atthepropertimeandinthepropermanner,hewillbedeemedtohavewaivedhisrighttomakesuchobjection;andthisisespeciallytrueifaftersuchrightofobjectionaccrued,he,himself,insteadofobjecting,takesomestepthatimplieshisassenttooracquiescenceinwhathisadversaryhasdone.12TherearemanysmallthingsdoneinCourt,orleftundone,whichoughtnottohavebeendoneorleftundone,butwhichbecomevalidwhendone,13ifnotdulyobjectedto,orwhichifleftundonedonotaffectthemeritsofthecon-troversy.Aftersuchthingshavebeendone,orleftundone,andobjectionwaived,theCourtactsonthemaxim,Staredecisis,14andrefusestoreopentliem.Indeed,theCourtregardswithlittlefavorthesparringofadversepartiesbythewayside,andisanxiousonlytodowhatitrightfullycantofacilitateaspeedydeterminationofthecontroversyonitsrealmerits,andthedoctrineofwaivergreatlyaidstheCourtinsodoing,andthuspromotestheadministrationofjustice.7Wroer.Greer,2Swan,172;Crozierv.Good-win,1Lea,125;Holmesv.Bason,8Lea,754.8Dueseason,insuchacase,isordinarilyatthetimeoftheactorproceeding,orassoonasitcomestotheknowledgeofthepartyhav-ingtherighttoobject,andbeforeanyotheractdoneorproceedinghadwhichwouldnothavebeendoneorhadifsuchobjectionhadbeendulymade.9Nonrevertanquisassensumsuumprtefertver-bisanrebusipsisetfactis.(Itmattersnotwhetheramangiveshisassentbyhiswords,orbyhisactsanddeeds.)Thedoctrineofwaiveroperatessomewhatasdoesthedoctrineoflaches,orthestatuteoflimitations,oranestoppel.Itpreventswrang-lesbetweenparties,ortheirSolicitors,inwhicheventheChancellorandtheofficersoftheCourtmaybecomeinvolved;andthusilpreventsmuchunseemliness.Ifitwerenotforthisdoctrine,allthelaborandmoneyandtimeexpendedinpreparingasuitforfinalhearingwouldoftenbetotallywasted,onthedemandofonepartyortheotherthathebeallowedtogobacktothebeginningofthesuit,andmakeamotion,orfileoramendaplead-ing,orintroducesomeproofonapreliminaryissue,whichheneglectedordeliberatelypre-
ferrednottodo.sitthepropertimeintheor-derlyprogressofthesuit,accordingtotheprac-ticeoftheCourt.10Seifredv.Bank,1Bax.,203;Pillowv.Shannon,3Yerg.,508.nBrasher'sExecutorsr.VanCortlandt,-Johns.,Ch.248;Cowmanv.Lovett,10Paige,561.ChancellorKent,inBrasher'sExecutorsr.VanCortlandt,2Johns.,Ch.,248,severelyrep-rehendedaparty,who"laidlow,"sotospeak,whilehisadversarywentonstepbystepinthepreparationofhiscase,andthensprunganobjectionhethoughtwasfatal,(andwouldhavebeenifmadeindueseason,)andtheChancellorappliedthedoctrineofestoppel,andheldthatasthepartywouldnotobjectwhenheshould,heshouldnotobjectwhenhewould;andoverruledtheobjection.12Jonesi\Carper,2Tenn.Ch.,627;Stad-lerv.Hertz,13Lea,317.ApartyhasnorighttocomplainoftheactionoftheCourtinhold-inghimestoppedbyhisconduct.Volentinonfitinjuria.(Hewhoconsentedhasnorighttocomplainofwhatheconsentedto).13Fierinondebetfactum-valet.(Whatoughtnottobedoneisvalidwhendone.)Seeante,§61,sub-sec,5.14staredecisis,elnonmovcrequieta.(Stand

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67 WAIVER. §711.WaiverswhenOperativeontheComplainant.Acomplainantisexpectedtobeespeciallyvigilantinhiseffortstowinhissuit,andwhenhefailstotakeadvantageofanopportunitytocripplehisadversaryheisdeemedtohavesatisfactoryreasonsforwaivingtheopportunity,andsotheCourtholdshimtohischoiceinthematter,andwillnotallowhimafterwardtoclaimwhathehadwaived.Thus,thefailureofacomplainanttoobjectindueseason(1)toapleabecausenotdulyswornto,15orbecausedeficientinsubstance18orform,or(2)toananswerbecausenotsigned,17nordulyswornto,18norinproperform,norsufficientlyfull,or(3)toananswerfiledasacrossbillwithoutaprosecu-tionbond,or(4)torequiremoneytenderedtobepaidintoCourtwhenthepleaoftenderisfiled,heisdeemedtohavewaivedsuchdeficiencies,andifheletsapleagotoissuebyfilingareplication,orapleaorananswergotoissuebythelapseoftwentydays,andmoreespeciallyifhetakesprooforcross-exam-inesawitnessastoeitherthepleaortheanswer,heisconclusivelydeemedtohavewaivedalldeficienciesintheirformorsubstance,andtohaveadmittedtheirsufficiency.19Whenaninsufficientdefenceisthuswaived,thedefectivepleadinghas,atthehearing,alltheforceandeffectofasufficientpleading.20Soifthecomplainantallowsanexecutiontobeawardedtoenforceadecreeinanattachmentsuitheisdeemedtohavewaivedhisrighttohavetheat-tachedpropertysoldtosatisfyhisrecovery.21So,incaseofappealstotheSupremeCourt,afailuretopointouterrorsintherecordwillbedeemedawaiverofsucherrors;22andgoingtotrialisawaiverofanydeficiencyintherecord.23Apositivestepinpleadingorproofbythecomplainant,basedontheassump-tionthatthepreviouspleadingisregular,waivesanyirregularityinsuchpre-viouspleading.24Thus
:
1.Allowingacausetogotoissuewaivesthesignaturetotheanswer,25oranyotherinsufficiencyinit.2.Takingproofonanunswornanswerwaivestheoath,2'1oranyotherde-ficiencyinit.3.Filingareplicationtoaplea,orallowingittogotoissuewithoutarepli-cation,ortakingproofonaplea,waivesanyinsufficiencyintheplea.2.WaiverswhenOperativeontheDefendant.Thepartiestoalitigationareadversaries,andwheneitherofthem,andespeciallythedefendant,failstotakeadvantageofanopportunitytoweakenhisadversary,orstrengthenhimself,theCourt,actingasumpire,concludesthat,forreasonssatisfactorytohimself,hewaivessuchopportunities.Therefore,thefailureofthedefendanttohavethebilldismissedbecausenotsigned,27ornotproperlyswornto,28orbecauseofthewantofaprosecutionbond,29orsomefataldefecttherein,orinthepauperoath,orforwantofjurisdictionoftheperson,orlocaljurisdictionoftowhathasbeendecided,anddonotdisturbwhathasbeensettled.)See,§_59,ante,wherethismaximisfullytreated.15Seifredv.Peoples'Bank,1Bax.,201;Wil-sonv.Eifler,7Cold.,33.16Harrisv.Smith,14Pick.,286,citing§337,now§332,ofthisTreatise.Thepleainthiscasewasthatofinnocentpurchaser.17Jonesv.Carper,.2Tenn.Ch.,627;Stadlerv.Hertz,13Lea,317.18Insuchacasetheansweronlymakesanissue.Chester»>.Canfleld,2Shan.Cas.,300.InNewYorkithadtheforceofananswerswornto,underastatutesimilartoours.SeeReedv.Warner.5Paige,654.19Seifredv.People'sBank,2Tenn.Ch.,17;Dan.Ch.Pr.512. ^.
20Theinsufficiencyof,thedefenceofinno-centpurchaser,setupinapleaoranswer,iswaivedbylettingthecausegotoissuewith-outexceptiontoitsinsufficiency.Stainbackv.JunkBros.&Co.,14Pick.,306.Issuetakenon
apleaofnildebet,andpaymenttoaswornac-count,isawaiveroftherighttohavetheaccountdeniedunderoath.Loebv.Nunn,4Heisk,449.Objectiontotheaffidavitofadi-vorcebillbecausemadebyanextfriend,iswaivedifnotmadebeforethehearing.Hack-neyv.Hackney,9Hum.,453.Butsee§§1094-1095,post.21Seepost,§887,note.22SupremeCourtRule20,§4-Seepost,§1302.23Ibid.Rule26.Seepost,§1311,note16.21Harmonr.Crook,2Terg.,127;Hargisr.Ayres,8Yerg.,467;Cookev.Richards,11Heisk.,711;andSeifredv.People'sBank,2Tenn.Ch.,17;Seifredv.People'sBank,1Bax.,201;Dan.Ch.Pr.,512.25Jonesv.Carper,2Tenn.Ch.,627;Stadlerv.Hertz,13Lea,317.26Wilsonv.Eifler,7Cold.,33.27Wilsonv.Eifler,7Cold.,34.28Hackney%'.Hackney,9Hum.,453.29Hallv.Fowlkes,9Heisk.,753.

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§71 WAIVER. 68thesubject-matter,orbecausethebillismultifarious,orthereisamisjoinderofpartiescomplainant,orbecauseoffailureofcomplainanttocomplyindueseasonwithsomestatutoryrequirement,ororderorruleoftheCourt,ortotakesomestepattherighttime,ortodosomeotherthingintheorderlyprose-cutionofhissuit,willberegardedasawaiverofhis(thedefendant's)righttodoso,henothavingtakenadvantagethereofatthepropertimeandinthepropermanner.30Thedefendant'sfailuretofileindueseasonapleainabatement,orademur-rer,orapleainbar,orananswer,31oracrossbill,ortohaveademurrer,filedwithhisanswer,actedonattherighttime,orhisfailuretopleadpayment,oranaccordandsatisfaction,atender,oraset-off,oraformeradjudication,ornonestfactum,orthestatuteoflimitations,32orthestatuteoffrauds,orthatbewasaninnocentpurchaser,33orthatthesuitwasprematurelybrought,oranyotherdefencethatmustbespecificallypleaded,willbedeemedawaiverofhisrighttotakeanysuchstep,orfileanysuchpleading.34So,adefendantmaywaiveonerightorprivilegeofhisown,byassertingorusinganotherrightinconsistenttherewith.Thus,(1)thefilingofademur-rerisanabandonmentorwaiverofapleainabatementtothejurisdiction;35(2)thefilingofananswerisanabandonment,orwaiver,ofademurrer;36(3)whereademurrerhasbeenfiledwithananswer,goingintoafinalhearingofthecauseonthemerits,withouthavingpreviouslyinvokedtheactionoftheCourtonthedemurrerisawaiverofthedemurrer;37(4)theadoptionofanyoneofthedefencessetoutintheCode,§4386,isawaiverofthosepreceding;38(5)neglectingtorelyonaninjunctionenjoiningthesuit,untilthehearing,isawaiveroftheinjunction.39TakingaforwardstepinpleadingorprocedureisawaiveroftherighttoinsistontheactionoftheCourtonthesteplasttaken.Thus
:
1.Filingademurrertothebillwhileamotiontodismissforwantofacostbondispending,isawaiverofthemotion.402.Obtainingtimetoanswerafterpleatolocaljurisdictionisoverruled,waivesactiononthepleaintheSupremeCourt.413.Goingtotrialonthemeritsisawaiverofthedemurrerfiledwiththeanswerandnotactedon.424.FailuretoinvoketheactionoftheCourtonademurrerincorporatedinananswer,atthefirsttermafteritisfiled,isawaiverofthedemurrer.435.Filingananswer,orpleainbar,isawaiverofactiononademurrerundisposedof.446.Filingananswerwhichsetsupadefence,oradenialofcomplainant'sclaim,waivesactiononapleainbarpreviouslyfiled,makingthesamedefense.45Adefendantmaywaivehisrighttoobjecttoaportionofthepurchase-priceofhislandbeingpaidincashwhenthelandissoldfordebtbydecree30Wilsonv.Eifler,7Cold.,34;Fallsv.Associa-tion,21Pick.,18.So,atlaw,amotiontodismissacertiorarimustbemadeatthefirsttermoritwillbeconsideredaswaived;andamotiontodismissanappealintheSupremeCourtforirregularitiesiswaivedifnotmadeatthefirstterm.Tedderv.Odum,2Heisk.,50;Snyderv.Summers,1Lea,481.31Mitchellv.McKinny,6Heisk.,83.32Johnsonv.Cooper,2Yerg.,533;quotingthemaxim,quisquisjuriproseintroduciorenunctat.33Harrisv.Smith,14Pick.,286;citing§337[now§334]ofthistreatise.34Complainant'sfailuretotakeapreliminarystepbeforefilinghisbilliswaivedbythedefendantan-sweringandnotdemurring.FallsB.&L-Asso.,21Pick.,18.Whenthenoticerequiredtofixalien,itnotgiven,butdefendantanswered,and_noques-tionastothelienraiseduntilthehearing,suchnoticeiswaivedbythedefendant.Noll&Thomp-sonv.Railroad,4Cates,140.Abillofinterpleaderclaiminginterestinafundsustained.becausenot
demurredto.Readv.StreetRy.Co.,2Cates,316.Anestoppelnotreliedonintheansweriswaived.Readv.StreetRy.Co.,2Cates,316.35Cookev.Richards,11Heisk.,711.36Lowev.Morris,4Sneed,69.Andwasanabandonmentofapleainabatement,butseepost,§§260-261.37Pritchettv.State,2Sneed,285;Kylev.Riley,.11Heisk.,230.38Cookev.Richards,11Heisk.,711.But,seepost,§§260-261,astopleasinabatement.30Tiptonv.Bank,11Heisk.,151.40Cowan,McClung&Co.v.Donaldson,11Pick.„322.41UnionCountyv.KnoxCounty,6Pick.,541.42Kylev.Riley,11Heisk.,230;Stephensv.Mar-tin,1Pick.,278.43Caruthersv.Caruthers,2Lea,77;Hardingv.Egin,2Tenn.Ch.,39.44Seepost,§232.45Seepost,§§232;413.

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69 waiver. §71inbarofredemption;46andhemaywaivehisrighttopleadoveroranswer,afterhispleainabatementhasbeenfoundagainsthimonthefacts,byfailingtopleadoranswer,ortoapplyforleavesotodo.473.WaiverswhenOperativeonEitherParty.Eitherpartywillbedeemedtohavewaivedhisright,if,indueseason,hefailtoexcepttodepositions,ortohavetheClerkandMasteractonhisexceptions,ortoappealfromhisactionthereonwhenadverse,ortohavetheChancelloractonsuchappeal;orifeitherpartyfailtoobjecttoaquestionpropoundedtoawitness,orfailtoobjecttoanyanswertoaquestion,ortoanypaper,deed,orotherwritingorotherevi-denceofferedasproof,48orfailtonotifytheoppositepartytoproduceapaperatthehearing,orfailtoexcepttotheMaster'sreport,ortohaveanaccountopenedtoenablehimtofileadditionalevidence;ortohavetheactionoftheChancelloronexceptionstotheMaster'sreport,orfailtorequiretheoppositepartytofilesomeparticularpaper,ordosomeparticularactrequiredbythepracticeororderoftheCourt;49orfailtomovethatsomepleading,deposition,orotherpaperbestrickenfromthefilebecausenotfiledinseason,ornotentitledtobefiledforanyotherreason,orbecausenotmarkedfiledbytheClerkandMaster;50orfailtodemandatrialbyjury,61orfailtotakeanyactioninanyothermatterproperinpreparingfortrialonhispart,orpropertopreventhisadversaryobtaininganyundueadvantage,orfailatthehearingtorenewex-ceptionstoevidence,ortocalltheattentionoftheChancellortoaparticularpieceofproof,ortoaparticularavermentoradmissioninthepleadingsorintheargumentoftheoppositeparty,ortoaparticulardecisionorpointoflaw
;
ortofail,afterthehearing,toseethatthedecreegiveshimallheisentitledto,orisnoharderonhimthantheChancellor'sholdingrequires,orfailtofileabillofexceptions,ortoprayanappeal,orgiveanappealbond,ordoanyotheractnecessarytoenablehimtogototheSupremeCourtunderasfavorablecir-cumstancesaspossible.Ineachandalloftheseinstances,ifthepartyhavingtherighttodotheparticularact,ortoobjecttotheparticularact,failtosodo,orsoobject,indueseasonandpropermanner,hewillbedeemedtohavewaivedhisrightsotodo,orsotoobject.Indeed,itmaybesafelylaiddownasageneralrule,thatallpleadings,proofs,motions^exceptions,attacks,defences,andobjectionsmustbefiledormadeindueseasonandmanner;andallexceptionstopleadings,proof,attacksanddefencesmustbemadeinduemannerandseason;andallstepsnecessaryinthelitigationeithertoattack,defendorassertrightsmustbetakenatthepropertimeandindueform;and,aboveall,thateveryobjectionbasedontechnicalgroundsandnotgoingtothesubstanceoftheissueinvolved,mustbemadeintherightwayandattherighttime;andthatifanyoftheseactsarenotdoneindueformandseasontheywillbedeemedtobewaived,andtherighttodothemwillbedeniedbytheCourt.WherearuleofCourtrequiresamotionforanewtrialtospecifythegroundstherefor,allgroundsnotsospeci-fiedaredeemedtobewaived,andcannotbeassignedintheSupremeCourt.62So,eitherpartymaywaivearightorbenefit(1)bytakinganinconsistentrightorbenefit,or(2)bydoinganactortakingastepinconsistenttherewith,or(3)byignoringsuchrightorbenefituntiltheadversepartyhastakenastepinconsistenttherewith,asabovemorefullyshown.Thus,cross-examiningawitnessisawaiverofnotice,orofanydefectinthenotice,totakehisdepo-sition;523'andobtainingareferencetotheMasterisawaiverofatrialbyjurypreviouslydemanded.52134.WaiverswhenNotOperative.Butwhileapartymayhavefailedtodoan46McBeev.McBee,1Heisk.,558;Hodgesv.Copely,11Heisk.,335.Butseepost,§626,notes.47Sewellw.Tuthill&Pattison,4Cates,271.48ObjectionstotestimonynotmadeintheChan-ceryCourtarewaived,andcannotbemadeintheSupremeCourt.Pillowv.Shannon,3Yerg.,508.49SuchastofilemoneyinCourtwhentendered.Rogersv.Tindell,ISPick.,356.
50Fanningv.Fly,2Cold.,486.51Garrisonv.Hollins,2Lea,686;Coulteru.SewingMachineCo.,3Lea.,116.52RailroadV.Johnson,6Cates,632.AndgoingintoahearingintheSupremeCourtisawaiverofalldefectsintherecord.Setpost,§1311,note16.52aBradfordv.Ingram,5Hay.,155.52bHarrisv.Bogle,7Cates,701

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§72 CONSENT,ANDITSEFFECTS.70actindueseason,hewillnotbedeemedtohavewaivedtherighttodoit,ifhisfailurewascausedbythewrongfulactoftheadverseparty.Apartywillnotbeallowedtoinsistthatarightto,doaparticularactiswaivedbynon-actionwhenhisownconductmisledtheotherparty,orputhimtosleep,53orwhenheexpresslyagreesthattherightmaycontinue.54Itmust,also,beunderstoodthat,whileawaiver,orevenanexpressconsent,maybebindingonapartytoasuit,itmayatthesametimenotbebindingontheCourt,fortheCourtwillnotallowaparty,eitherbyactionornon-action,toviolatearuleoftheCourt,ordoanactcontrarytolaworpublicpolicy.Thus,whilethefailureofthedefendanttoobjectordemur,whentheCourthasnojurisdictionofthesubject-matterofthesuit,55orwhenthebillonitsfaceclaimsusury,orseekstoenforceanillegalorimmoralcontract,ortoobtainaproformaorcollusivedecree,oroneagainstpublicpolicy,58ortosellahomestead,ortosellexemptpersonalproperty,57willbindsuchdefendant,theChancellormayrefusetoentertainthesuit,and,onhisownmotion,dismissthebill.Waiversarenotoperativeonpersonsofunsoundmind;andarenotordi-narilyoperativeuponminors58andmarriedwomen;noraretheyoperativeuponapartywhowasignorantoftherightinquestion,especiallyifsuchigno-rancewastheresultoftheconductoftheotherparty,orofanofficeroftheCourt.Butifthisignorancewastheresultofhisownnegligenceormistakehewillbebound,forhecannottakeadvantageofhisownwrong.§72.Consent,andItsEffects.—Consent59istheconcurrenceoragreementoftwoormorepersonsastoanymatteroffactoropinion.Courtsareestab-lishedtoprovideforcasesofdissent,caseswherethereisdisagreementinsteadofagreement.WherethereisagreementbetweenpartiesthereisnoneedofaCourt,indeedwhenthereisagreementthereisnoneedoflaw,60providedalwaystheagreementisbetweenpartiescapableofcontracting,innowayinjuresanyotherperson,andviolatesnoruleoflaworpublicpolicy.111Lawsaremadetoprovideforcasesofdisagreement,anditisthebusinessofCourtstoapplytheselawstothefactsattendingsuchdisagreements,andtherebyascertainwhichofthedisagreeingpartiesisinthewrong,andinwhatway,andtowhatextent,heshallatonetherefor.Toshowtheforceofthemaximthatconsentmakeslaw,itisonlynecessarytorecallthatconsentcontrolsninehundredandninety-nineoutofeverythou-sandtransactionsbetweenmanandman,inthebusinessworldandinsociallife.Aformalagreementbindsnotonlythepartiesthereto,buteveryoneelse,provided,ofcourse,itinterfereswithnothirdperson'srightsorproperty,andviolatesnolaworpublicpolicy;anditcontinuestobindthepartiestheretountilithasaccomplisheditspurpose,orbeensetasideor.changedbyanotheragreementbetweenthesameparties,'ortheirpriviesinestate.If,however,oneormoreofthepartiestoanagreementshouldviolatetheagreement,theotherpartycouldapplytotheCourts,eithertopreventanyfurtherviolation,orforthedamagesresultingtohimbyreasonoftheviolation,orforaspecificper-formanceoftheagreement.Whilealitigationisasortoflegalwarinwhichthepartiesaretheadversa-ries,neverthelessthroughtheagencyofcounselrepresentingtheparties,agree-mentsareoftenmadeintheprogressofasuit;andtheseagreementsaregreatlyfavoredbytheCourts,1st,becausetheylessenthelaborsoftheJudges
;
53Merchantv.Preston,1Lea,280;Gillespiev.Goddard,1Heisk.,777.Seemaxims,ante,§§49;51.54Rogersv.O'Mary,11Pick.,514.55Bakerv.Mitchell,21Pick.,610;seepost,§290.58Ottenheimerv.Cook,10Heisk.,309.57Millsv.Bennett,10Pick.,651.58Prestonv.Golde,12Lea,271;Farrowv.Far-row,13Lea,120.Aninfantcannotwaivehishomesteadrights.Ibid.
59IntheLatinlanguage,(fromwhichthewordconsentisderived)itmeansthinkingtogetheroralike,aunionofminds,astoanymatter.<i<>Consensusfacitlegem.(Consentmakeslaw;)thatis,thelawfortheparticularmattercoveredbytheagreement.61Conventioprivatorumnonpotestpublicojuriderogare.(Theagreementofprivatepersonscan-notannulapubliclaw.)

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71 CONSENT,ANDITSEFFECTS.§722d,becausetheylessentheasperitiesofthelitigation;and3d,becausetheyfacilitatethedispatchofbusiness;andtheyarefirmlyenforced,exceptincasesoffraud,accident,ormistake,whichcasesveryseldomhappen.Itis,indeed,amaximthatwherepartiesconsenttheybindtheCourt,02andwheretheydonotconsenttheCourtbindsthem.Theagreementofthepartfesmakesthelawforthecontract.03Whatapartyagreestointhecourseofalitigationissobindinguponhimthathecannotappealfromit,orifanappealshouldbegranted,theSupremeCourtwillnothearhim,evenifhisagreementiscontrarytowhattheCourtwouldhavedecidedonacontest.04WhatapartyconsentstoinCourthecannotcomplainof.05Forthisreasonanerroneousorderordecree,whenconsentedto,willbindthepartiesconsentingbothintheCourtwheretheconsentwasmade,andintheSupremeCourt.Indeed,theSupremeCourtwillnotlookbehindaconsenttoseewhetheritwasreasonableornot,ifitviolatenolaworpublicpolicy.60Agreementsinregardtopleadings,proofs,references,reports,orders,de-crees,andotherproceedingsinlitigation,arebindingandwillbeenforced.Consentmaynotonlybeshownbythewordsorwritingsoftheparties,butmaybeinferredfromtheirsilenceorconductundercircumstances,07forhewhoissilentwhenheoughttoobject,willnotbeallowedtoobjectwhenheoughttobesilent.08But,aselsewhereshown,noconsentisbindingonapartynotsnijuris.TherearemanyimpliedconsentsenforcedinCourtduringtheprogressofalitigation,mostofthembasedonthefailureofthepartytoobjecttosomepleading,prooforproceedingindueseason,butthesehavealreadybeencon-sideredinthesectiondevotedtowaivers,andwillnotberepeated.62Modusetconventiovincuntlegem.(Agree-mentscontrolthelaw.)NeithertheCourtsnorthelegislaturecansetasideavalidagreement.TheyareprotectedbytheConstitutionofboththeStateandtheUnitedStates.63Contractuslegemexconventioneaccipiunt.64ConsensustoHiterrorem.(Consentdoesawaywithanyerrorintheagreement.)65Volentinonfitinjuria.(Whatamanconsentstohecannotcomplainof.)66Aconsentdecreecanonlybechangedoran-nulledonabillfiledforthatexpresspurpose,andonthegroundoffraud,accidentormistake.
6TNonrefertanquisassensumsuumprwfertver-bisanrebusipsisetfactis.(Itmakesnodifferencewhetheramangiveshisassentbyhiswords,orbyhisactsanddeeds.)68Quispotestetdebetvetarejubetsinonvetat.(Hewhocanandoughttoobject,commandsthethingtobedoneifhefailstoobject.)Andthereisanothermaximapplicable.Quitacetconsenttrevidetur.(Hewhoissilentisconsideredascon-senting.)Therearesimilarmaximsamongallciv-ilizednations,showingtheconsensusofmankindthatsilencegivesconsentwhenapartydeliberatelyfailstoobject.

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§73PRIORITIES,ANDBONAFIDEPURCHASERS.n
CHAPTERV.PRIORITIES,ANDBONAFIDEPURCHASERS.
73.Priorities,andEquitiesRelatingThere-to.
i74.Assignments,HowAffectedbyPriori-ties.
§75.BonaFidePurchasers,andTheirEqui-ties.§76.EquitiesofPurchasers,HowAffectedbyNoticeofPriorClaims.§73.Priorities,andEquitiesRelatingThereto.—Whentheownerofalegalestateconveysingoodfaithallofhisinterestinittoanother,itismanifestthathecannot,byasecondconveyanceofthesameestatetoathirdperson,vestanytitletheretoinsuchthirdperson.Noonecantransfertoanotheragreaterrightthanhehimselfpossesses;and,atthetimeofhissecondcon-veyance,theconveyorhadnorightorinteresttoconvey.Hence,asbetweentwovendeesofthesameproperty,thefirstinorderoftimeprevails,exceptinsofarastheeffectofthisruleischangedbytheregistrationlawsandthedoctrineofnotice.Asimilarruleofprioritiesprevailsinreferencetotheacquisitionofequita-bleinterests,therulebeingexpressedinthemaxim,"Wherethereareequalequitiesthefirstinorderoftimeshallprevail."ThisdoctrineofprioritiesinEquityisbasedongoodreasonandgoodconscience.Itismanifestlybothreasonableandrightthathe,whofirstacquiresaninterestinanyproperty,shouldbeprotectedinhisacquisition;otherwisethelawofforcemustprevail,andinsteadofpriorityoftimegivingsuperiorityofright,themaximwouldread"SuperiorityofMightgivesSuperiorityofRight;"andhewouldholdthepropertywhocouldbringtobearthegreatestforce,ortheshrewdeststrategy.Theequitabledoctrineofpriorityintimegivingsuperiorityinrightappliesonlyasbetweenpersonshavingequitableinterests,andonlythenwhenthoseequitableinterestsareinallotherrespectsequal;forpriorityintimedoesnotgiveasuperiorityinrightifthepriorequityis,inotherrespectsthaninpointoftime,asuperiorequity.11.TheFundamentalRulesofPriority.Theequitabledoctrineconcerningpri-oritiesisembodiedinthethreefollowinggeneralrules:1st.Amongsuccessiveequitableestates,orinterests,wherethereexistsnospecialclaim,advantage,orsuperiority,inanyoneovertheothers,theorderoftimecontrols.Underthesecircumstances,themaxim,"Amongequalequities,thefirstinorderoftimeprevails,"furnishestheruleofdecision.22d.Betweenalegalandanequitabletitletothesamesubject-matter,thelegaltitleingeneralprevails,inpursuanceofthemaxim,''Wherethereisequalequitythelawmustprevail.'
'
3d.Thelegaltitlebeingoutstandingandnotinvolvedinthecontroversy,wheretherearesuccessiveunequalequitiesinthesamesubject-matter,aswherethereisacompleteorperfectequitableestateintheonepartyandanincom-pleteorimperfectequitableestateoramereequityintheotherparty;or,whereamongequitableinterestsofalikeintrinsicnature,oneisaffectedbysomeincidentorqualitywhichrendersitinferiortoanother,thentheprece-
11Pom.Eq.Jur„§§413-417;678;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§64d.2Anattachmentofachoseinactionafterassign-mentthereof,butbeforenoticetothedebtor,willdefeattheassignment.Clodfelterv.Cox,1Sneed,330.Thisisaleadingcase.

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73 PRIORITIES,ANDBONAFIDEPURCHASERS.§73denceresultingfromorderoftimeisdefeated,andthesuperiorequitableestateorinterestprevailsovertheothers;asismanifestedlyimpliedinthemaxim,"Wherethereareequalequities,thefirstinorderoftimemustpre-vail."32.PrioritiesofAttachments,Judgments,andExecutions.Priority,inorderoftime,prevailstothesameextentwhenliensareacquiredbythefilingofattachmentbills,orthelevyofattachmentwrits.Inallsuchcases,wheretherightofthecomplainantattachedeitherdirectlybythefilingofanattachmentbill,orindirectlybythelevyoftheattachmentwritforhisbenefit,thatrightoperatesasalispendens,and,ifperfectedbyasale,thetitleofthepurchaserwillrelatebacktothefilingofthebill,ortothelevyofthewrit,asthecasemaybe;4and,iftherebeseveralbillsorseverallevies,theirprioritieswillbeintheorderoftime,beginningwiththeoldestlien,iftheequitiesofthepartiesareotherwiseequal.Iftwoormoreleviesbyattachmentaremadeatthesametime,theywillbetreated-asonelevy,andaproratadistributionoftheproceedswillbemade.5Theprioritiesofjudgmentsanddecrees,andofthelienstherebycreated,aredeterminedbytheirrespectivedates,orregistration;6theprioritiesofdifferentleviesbyexecutiononthesametractoflandareregulatedbytheorderoftimeinwhichtheleviesaremade;7andtheprioritiesofdifferentleviesbyexecutiononthesamepersonaltyaredeterminedbytheprioritiesofthedatesoftheirrespectivetestes.8Andinconflictsbetweenattachmentliens,judgmentliens,andexecutionliens,thefirstinorderoftimewillprevail.3.EquitiesandLiabilitiesofPurchasers.Inapplyingtheserules,itbecomes,importanttoknowwhenoneequityissuperiortoanother.CourtsofEquityrecognizenoinequalitybasedonform,ormodeofcreation,providedtheequita-bleinterestisperfectedandisbaseduponavaluableconsideration.Thefollowingruleswillaidindeterminingthisquestion:1.Theequitableinterestcreatedbyatrust,orbyacontractinrem,madeuponavaluableconsideration,issuperiortotheequityarisingfromamerevoluntarytransfer,orfromthesatisfactionofapre-existingdebt.92.Theequityacquiredbyapartywhohasbeenmisled,issuperiortotheinterestinthesamesubject-matteroftheonewhowilfullyprocuredorsufferedhimtobemisled.Anequity,otherwiseequalorevensuperior,may,throughthegrosslaches,ortheintentionaldeceitoftheholder,bepostponedtotheequityofanotheracquiredasaresultofsuchlachesordeceit.AnyconductwhichEquityregardsasconstitutingfraud,eitheranactualintentiontomis-lead,orthatgrossnegligencewhichproducesalltheeffects,andmeritsalltheblame,ofintentionaldeception,willoperatetopostponetheequityofthepersonguiltythereofasagainsttheequityofthepersontherebymisled.3.Apartytakinganestateorinterestwithnoticeofanother'sequitythere-in,takessubjecttothatequity;thatis,thepurchaserofanestateorinterest,legalorequitable,evenforavaluableconsideration,withnoticeofanyexistingequitableestate,interest,claimorright,inortothesamesubject-matter,heldby.athirdperson,isliableinEquitytothesameextent,andinthesameman-ner,asthepersonfromwhomhemadethepurchase.10Apurchaserwithnoticeofatrust,eitherexpressorimplied,becomeshimselfatrusteeforthebeneficiaryastothepropertypurchased,andisboundinthesamemannerastheoriginaltrusteefromwhomhepurchased.Apurchaserormortgageewithnoticeoftheexpressequitablelienofavendorforunpaid
32Pom.Eq.Jur.,§682;see"Assignments"inourDigests.4Parkerv.Swan,1Hum.,80.5Leav.Maxwell,1Head.,365;Stonev.Abbott,3Bax.,319;Allenv.Gilliland,6Lea,534;Relfev.McComb,2Head.,558.Code,§§2980-2981.395-398.
7Parkerv.Swan,1Hum.,80;Knightv.Oeden,2Tenn.Ch.,476.8Cecilv.Carson,2Pick.,139.oAndersonv.Ammonett,9Lea,1;2Pom.EqJur.,§685.102Pom.Eq.Jur.,§688;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§

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§74PRIORITIES,ANDBONAFIDEPURCHASERS.74purchaseprice,takesthelandsubjecttothatlien.Apurchaserormortgageeofthelegalestate,withnoticeofanequitablelienbyapriordefectivemort-gage,orbyanyothermeansfromwhichanexpressequitableliencanarise,isboundbythelien.Apurchaserwithnoticeofapriorcontracttosellor'tolease,takessubjecttosuchcontract,andisboundinthesamemannerashisvendortocarryitintoexecution.114.ExceptionstotheRulesofPriority.While,asbetweensuccessivepur-chasersorassigneesofanassignableinterest,thegeneralruleisthatheisen-titledtothepreferencewhofirstgivesnoticeoftheassignmenttothedebtor;12thefollowingaretheexceptionstotherule:
1.Allnegotiableinstruments,whethernegotiablebythelawmerchantorbystatute,maybetransferredeitherbywrittenendorsement,bydelivery,orotherwise,withoutanynoticetothemaker.132.Certificatesofstockinacorporationmaybeassignedwithoutnoticetothecorporation.143.Lifeinsurancepoliciesmaybeassignedwithoutnoticetothecompany,intheabsenceofanycontracttothecontrary.15§74.Assignments,HowAffectedbyPriorities.—Whathasbeensaidinreferencetothemanifestequitiesarisingoutofseveralconveyancesofthesamepropertybythesamevendortoseveralvendees,1applieswithequalforcetosuccessiveassignmentsofanunnegotiablechoseinactionbythesameas-signortodifferent,assignees;but,astherearefactsinthelattercasedifferentfromthoseintheformercase,someimportantmodificationsoftherulesofpriorityinsalesofrealtybecomenecessary.Where/therearesuccessiveequitableassignmentsofafundtodifferentpar-ties,itwouldseem,onfirstthought,that,asthelegalestateisoutstanding,andastheinterestsofallthesuccessiveassigneesaresimilarintheiressentialnature,thefirstinorderoftimeshouldprevail,underthemaximQuiprioresttemporepotiorestjure.Onfullerdeliberation,however,importantconsidera-tionswillappearsufficienttotakesuchassignmentsoutoftheoperationofthegeneralrule.Whereanequitableinterestinlandiscreated,theholderthereofcanprotecthimselfbyhavingitregistered.Whereanequitableinterestinchattelsisobtained,itcanbesecuredbyatransferofthepossession,orbyre-ducingtheagreementtowritingandhavingitregistered.Butnosuchsafe-guardsexistincaseofassignmentsofachoseinaction.Thelegaltitle,whichisanalogoustothepossession,remainsvestedinthedebtor,trusteeorholderofthefund;whilethecreditororbeneficiary,evenafteroneormoreassign-mentsofallhisinterest,continuesclothedwithfullapparentrighttomakefurtherassignments.1.NoticetoDebtorwhenNecessarytoPerfectanAssignment.Itis,therefore,settledlawthat,while,asagainsttheassignorhimself,nonoticeoftheassign-mentofanon-negotiablechoseinaction,orfund,needbegiventothedebtor,trusteeorotherholderofthefund,nevertheless,that,asagainstsubsequentassigneesforavaluableconsideration,noticetothedebtor,trustee,orholderofthefundisnecessaryinordertoperfecttheassignmentandrenderitvalidandeffectual;andthat,amongsuccessiveassigneesofthesamethinginactionwhohavepaidavaluableconsideration,theassigneeingoodfaithandforvaluewhofirstgivesnotice,obtainsaprecedenceovertheothers,eventhoughtheymaybeearlierintime.Theequitiesofthesuccessiveassignmentsbeing-otherwiseequal,thepriorityamongthemisdeterminedbytheorderofthedatesofthenotices,ratherthanbytheorderofthedatesoftheassignments.112Pom.Kq.Jur.,§§685-688;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§395-398;see"Notice"inourDigests.12Thisgeneralrule,laidclowninClodfeltery.Cox,1Sneed,330,hasbeenuniformlyfollowedinTennessee.13Code,§§1956-1967;Suggt:Powell,1Head.,
221;Perkinsv.Perkins,1Tenn.Ch.,540;Smithv.Hubbard,1Pick.,312.14Cornickv.Richards,3Lea,1.15MutualP.Ins.Co.v.Hamilton,5Sneed,269.lAnte,§65.

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75 PRIORITIES,ANDBONAFIDEPURCHASERS.§74Givingnoticeisregardedasequivalent,orasleastanalogousto,theactoftakingpossession;anduntilnoticeisreceivedbythedebtor,paymentbyhimtotheassignorwouldbevalid,andbindtheassignee.2Itshouldbecarefullyobserved,however,thattoenableasubsequentas-signeetoobtainapriorityinthismanner,bygivingthefirstnoticetothedebtororlegalholder,hemustbeanassigneeingoodfaith,andforavaluableconsideration.Ifhehaspartedwithnoconsiderationheisamerevolunteer,andstandsinthesamepositionashisassignor.Ifhehadnoticeoftheearlierassignment,thenhetooksubjectthereto.32.CasesWhereNoticeisNotRequired.Theforegoingrulesinreferencetotheneedofnoticeincaseofassignmentsofchosesinaction,donotapplyinthefollowingcases:1.Allnegotiableinstruments,whethernegotiablebythelawmerchant,ormadesobystatute,4maybetransferredwithoutanynoticetothemakers.2.Certificatesofstockinacorporationmaybeassignedwithoutnoticetothecorporation.53.Lifeinsurancepoliciesmaybeassignedwithoutnoticetothecompany,intheabsenceofanycontracttothecontrary.63.ToWhomNoticeMustbeGiven.Noticemaybegiventothedebtor,trus-tee,orholderofthefund,eitherinwriting,orverbally,ifthelatterformisexplicit,definiteandcertain.7Noticetooneoftwoormoreco-trustees,orjointdebtorsis,ingeneral,noticetoall;butitceasestobeoperativewhensuchtrustee,ordebtor,dies,orsuchtrusteegivesuphisposition.Nonoticetotheassignorisnecessarytomakehimliablewhenthedebtorrefusestopaythedebtassigned,exceptincaseofnegotiablepaper,towhichtherulescon-cerningnoticedonotapply.Theserules,requiringnoticetothedebtororholderofthefund,areconfinedtotransfersofpersonalproperty,debts,moneyclaimsarisingfromcontracts,accountsandthelike;butnottoequitableinter-estsinland,ortonegotiablepaper.Theassigneemustnotonlynotifythedebtor,buthemustdosopromptly,andobtainpossessionofthechoseinactionifinwriting,andifnottakesuchstepsasareequivalenttoactualpossession.ApriorassigneemaylosehisprioritybyanylacheswhichinjuresasubsequentbonaMeassignee.84.EquitiesoftheDebtoragainsttheAssignee.Theassigneeofathinginactionnotnegotiable,takestheinterestassignedsubjecttoallthedefenses,legalandequitable,ofthedebtorwhoissuedtheobligation,orofthetrusteeorotherpartyuponwhomtheobligationoriginallyrested.9Thatis,whentheoriginaldebtor,ortrustee,inwhateverformhispromiseorobligationismade,ifitisnotnegotiable,issuedbytheassignee,thedefenses,legalandequitable,whichhehadatthetimeoftheassignment,oratthetimewhennoticeofitwasgiven,againsttheoriginalcreditor,availtohimagainstthesubstitutedcreditor.Thisruleappliestoallformsofcontractnotnegotiable,10andtoalldefenseswhichwouldhavebeenvalidbetweenthedebtorpartyandtheorig-inalcreditor.Thesedefensesmay(1)ariseoutof,orbeinherentin,theverytermsornatureoftheobligationitself,asthatitwasconditional,andthecon-ditionhasnotbeenperformedbytheassignor,orthefailureorillegalityoftheconsideration,andthelike;or,(2)theymayexistoutsideofthecontract,asset-off,payment,release,theconditionofaccountsbetweentheoriginalparties,andthelike.11Itisessential,however,thattheequityinfavorofthedebtor
2Clodfelterv.Cox,1Sneed,330;andanattach-mentofthedebt,afterassignmentbutbeforenoticethereoftothedebtor,willdefeattheassignment.Ibid;Trabuev.Bankhead,2Tenn.Ch.,412.32Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§695-702.4Code,§§1956-1967;Smithv.Hubbard,1Pick.,312.5Cornickv.Richards,3Lea,1.6MutualP.Ins.Co.v.Hamilton,5Sneed,269.
7Clodfelterv.Cox.,1Sneed,330.82Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§696-698.I)2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§703.10Itapplies,also,tonegotiablepaperwhenas-signedaftermaturity,orafternoticeofdefence,orforapre-existingdebt.Fordv.Thompson,1Head.,265.11Youngv.Atkins,4Heisk.,531.

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§75PRIORITIES,ANDBONAFIDEPURCHASERS.76shouldexistatthetimeoftheassignment,orbeforenoticethereof;for,afterreceivingnotice,hecannot,byapayment,release,obtainingaset-off,oranyotheract,defeatorprejudicetherightoftheassignee.Thedebtor,whowouldhavebeenentitledtoequitiesunderthisrule,may,byactualmisrepresenta-tions,orbyconduct,orevenbysilence,towardstheassignee,estophimselffromsettingthemup;andhemayreleasethem.12§75.BonaFidePurchasers,andtheirEquities,—Whereapersonownsavalidsubsistinginterestinproperty,his"righttheretoshouldbesuperiortoanother'swhosubsequentlyacquirespossessionofthesameproperty,(1)with-outacquiringthelegaltitlethereto,or(2)withoutpayinganyvaluablecon-siderationtherefor,or(3)withnoticeoftheprioradverseinterest,or(4)withoutgoodfaith.Ontheotherhand,whereaperson'sinterests,thoughvalid,arenotsoevidencedastogivenoticethereof,hisrighttheretoshouldbeinferiortoanother'swhoacquirespossessionofthesameproperty(1)withaconveyanceofthelegaltitle,(2)payingthereforavaluableconsideration,(3)withoutanynoticeoftheprioradverseinterest,and(4)ingoodfaith.Thisdefenceofinnocentpurchaser1isfoundedonthemaxim,"Wheretheequitiesareequal,thelawwillprevail;"andthedefendanthavingboththepossessionandthelegaltitle,whilethecomplainanthasonlyanequitabletitle,itismanifestlyjusttopreferthedefendant,hisequitiesbeingfullyequaltocomplainant's,andhehavinginadditionboththepossessionandthelegaltitle.Wheretheequitiesareequal,superioristheconditionofthedefendant.2Besides,thecomplainantwasguiltyofnegligenceinnothavinghisinterestssoevidencedastogivepurchasersnoticeofhisrights;andhiscaseconse-quentlyfallsunderthebanofthemaxim,''Whenalossmustfallononeoftwopersons,itshouldbebornebyhimwhoseactornegligencecausedit."Werethelawotherwise,nomanwouldeverbesafeinmakingapurchase.Inorder,then,thatthedefenceofbonafidepurchasermaybeeffectual,allofthefollowingessentialsmustappear:1,Theremusthavebeenapurchase;2,Theremusthavebeenavaluableconsiderationpaid;3,Theconveyancemusthavebeentakenandtheconsiderationpaidbeforenoticeoftheprioradverseequity;and4,thewholetransactionmusthavebeencharacterizedbygoodfaith.3Theseessentialswillbeconsideredseparately.1.ThereMustHaveBeenaPurchase.Theverycorner-stoneofthisdefenceisthefactofapurchase.Thepurchasemusthavebeenfullyconsummatedbeforenotice,sofullyconsummatedthatnothingwaslefttobedoneinordertoeffect-uateit.Ifthepurchasehadnotbeencompletedbeforenotice,thedefendanthadtherighttoabandontheproposedpurchase,ortoobtainindemnityagainsttheallegedequity;andifhedidneither,itwashisownnegligenceorwilful-ness,andhehasnorighttocomplainofany,losscausedbytheallegedequity,ofwhichhehadnotice.4Thefactthattheconsiderationwasvaluable,and
122Pom.Eq.Jur.,§704;Mooreu.Weir,3Sneed,47.1SeePleaofInnocentPurchaser,post,§332.Therationaleofthisdefenceis,thattheequitiesofthepartiesbeingequal,aCourtofConsciencewillnotinterposetoaidthecomplainant,therebeingnoreasoninconscienceforpreferringhimtothedefendant.2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§738.InsuchacasetheCourtwillwithholditshand,andremitthepar-tiestotheCourtsoflaw,wherelegalrightsan.administeredwithouttherestraintsimposedbycon-science.Where,however,aCourtofChanceryhas,also,commonlawjurisdiction,andcanenforcelegalrights,thequestionariseswhetheritwillapplythemaxim,Wheretheequitiesareequalthelawmustprevail;anddenythedefenceofinnocentpurchaser.PomerovseemstohavereachedtheconclusionthatthisdefencecannotbeinterposedtoaneiectmentbillinaChancervCourt,suchasours,havingcom-monlawiurisdiction.2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§739-743.But,seeLenoirv.MiningCo.,4Pick.,168.SnellconcurswithPomeroy,Snell'sPr.Eq.,26-28.2Ina-qualijuremeliorestconditiopossidentis.
(Whererightsareequalthepersoninpossessionwillprevail.)3Andthepleamustaverthatthevendorwasseizedinfee,orpretendedtobesoseized.Thevendormustbeinpossessionandthevendeemustbelievethathewasacquiringthefee.Craigv.Lei-per,2Yerg.,196;Rheav.Allison,3Head,177;Jarmanv.Farley,7Lea,141.4Pomeroythusqualifiestherulelaiddowninthetext:Wheretheestatesubsequentlypurchasedisthelegalestate,anotice,inordertobebinding,mustbereceivedbeforethepurchaserpaystheprice,orpartswithothervaluableconsideration.Inotherwords,ifhehasactuallypaidthevaluableconsider-ationwithoutanynotice,anoticeafterwardsgivendoesnotprecludehimfromcompletingthetransac-tionbyobtainingaconveyance,ofthelegaltitle,andtherebysecuringtheprecedenceduetoabonatidepurchaserforavaluableconsiderationandwith-outnotice.2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§691;755.See,also,1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§64c;Womackv.Smith,11Hum.,483;Livingstonv.Noe,1Lea,66.

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77 PRIORITIES,ANDBONAFIDEPURCHASERS.§75thatitwasactuallypaid,willnotavailifthepurchaserhadnoticebeforethedeedwasdelivered,orthepurchaseotherwiseabsolutelyconsummated.52.ThereMustHaveBeenaValuableConsiderationPaid.Avaluableconsider-ationmeans,andnecessarilyrequires,undereveryformandkindofpurchase,somethingofactualvalue,capable,intheestimationofthelaw,ofpecuniarymeasurement,suchaspartingwithmoneyormoney'sworth,oranactualchangeofthepurchaser'slegalpositionfortheworse.Theamountofthepurchaseprice,ifotherwisethereisgoodfaith,isnotgenerallymaterial.Asexamplesofwhatclearlyamounttoavaluableconsiderationarethefollowing
:
(1)Acontemporaneousadvanceorloanofmoney,(2)orasale,transfer,orexchangeofproperty,madeatthetimeofthepurchase,orexecutionoftheinstrument;(3)orthesurrenderorrelinquishmentofanexistinglegalright,ortheassumptionofanewlegalobligationwhichisinitsnatureirrevocable.Anantecedentdebtisnotdeemedavaluableconsideration,becausethepur-chaserpartswithnothing,andwilllosenothingifthesaletohimissetaside
:
hecanbeputinstatuquo.6Notonlymusttherebeavaluableconsiderationinfact,butitmustbepaidbeforenoticeofthepriorclaim.Noticeaftertheagreementforthepurchaseismade,butbeforeanypayment,willdestroythecharacterofbonafidepurchaser.7Whereapartonlyofthepriceorconsiderationhasbeenpaidbeforenotice,eitherthedefendantshouldbeentitledtothepositionandprotectionofabonafidepurchaserprotanto;orthecomplainantshouldbepermittedtoenforcehisclaimtothewholelandonlyuponconditionofhisdoingequity,byre-tundingtothedefendanttheamountalreadypaidbeforereceivingthenotice.8Thepaymentmusthavebeenactuallymade,orwhat,inlaw,istantamounttoactualpayment,musthavebeendone,beforeanynotice.Paymentmaycon-sistof(1)atransferofmoney,property,orthingsinaction,or(2)anabsolutechangeofthepurchaser'slegalpositionfortheworse,or(3)theassumptionbyhimofsomenewirrevocablelegalobligation.Itfollows,therefore,thathisownpromise,contract,bond,covenant,bondandmortgage,orothernon-nego-tiablesecurityfortheprice,willnotrenderthepartyabonafidepurchaser,norentitlehimtoprotection;foruponfailureoftheconsiderationhecanberelievedfromsuchobligationsinEquity,evenifnotatlaw.Paymentofactualcashisnotindispensable.Theabsolutetransferofnotes,bonds,orothersecuritiesmadebyathirdperson,will,however,constituteagoodconsideration.93.ThereMustHaveBeennoNoticeofPriorEquities.Thepurchasermusthavecompletedhispurchaseandpaidtheconsiderationwithoutanykindofnotice,actualorconstructive,ofprioradverserightsinortothesubject-matterofhispurchase.Therulesofnotice,andtheirunderlyingprinciples,haveal-readybeenfullyconsideredelsewhere,10andneednotberepeated;andonlythetimeandeffectofnoticewillbestatedinthissection.Theruleisuniversalthatifapurchaserreceivenoticeofprioradverserightsinandtothesubjectmatterofhispurchase,beforehehascompletelyperfectedhispurchase,orpaidthepurchaseprice,heisnotabonafidepurchaser.11If,however,asecondpurchaserforvalueandwithoutnoticepurchasesfromafirstpurchaserwhoischargedwithnotice,hetherebybecomesabonafide
5Pillowv.Shannon,3Yerg.,508;Pinsonv.Ivey,1Yerg.,302;Aikenv.Smith,1Sneed,305;1Sto.Eq.PL,§§805-807;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,753.Itwouldseemthatthedoctrineofinnocentpurchaserwithoutnotice,doesnotapplybetweenequities;andthatthepurchaserofachoseinaction,orofanyequitabletitle,mustalwaysabidebythecaseofthepersonfromwhomhebuys;andthat,insuchcases,theruleis,Hewhoisfirstintimeisbestinright.Pinsonv.Ivey,1Yerg.,302;Craigv.Eeiper,2Yerg.,193,andcasescitedintheheadlines.62Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§747-749;Andersonv.Taylor,
1Tenn.Ch.,442;Finneganv.Finnegan,3Tenn.Ch.,515;O'Nealv.Smith,10Eea,340.7Merrilv.Johnston,1Yerg.,73;Highv.Jiatte,10Yerg.,335;Smithealv.Gray,1Hum.,491;Tar-manv.Farley,7Lea,141;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§750.82Pom.Eq.Jur.,'§750.92Pom.Eq.Jur.,§751.10SeeNotice,ante,%65.11Pillowv.Shannon,3Yerg.,508;Aikenv.Smith,1Sneed,305;Otisv.Payne,2Pick.,663;2Pom.Eq.Jur.;§753.

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§76PRIORITIES,ANDBONAFIDEPURCHASERS.78purchaser,andisentitledtoprotectionassuch.Or,ifasecondpurchaserwithnoticeacquirestitlefromafirstpurchaserwhowaswithoutnotice,andbonafide,hesucceedstoalltherightsofhisimmediategrantor.Butifapersonhold-ingatitleaffectedwithnotice,conveystoabonafidepurchaserandafterwardstakesareconveyancetohimself,hewillholdthelandsubjecttoalltheequi-tiesagainstitatthetimeheconveyedit.124.ThereMustHaveBeenGoodFaithintheWholeTransaction.Asthisde-tenseisbasedlargelyontheallegedgoodfaithofthepurchaser,andashespeciallyaversthisgoodfaithinhisplea,itnecessarilyresultsthatifanyactofbadfaithappear,thedefenseofinnocentpurchaserwillnotavail.Thisbadfaithmayconsistin:(1)acompletionofthepurchaseafternotice;(2)fraudu-lentconducttowardsthevendorinthetransaction;(3)participationinanin-tendedfraudonthecreditorsofthevendor;(4)oranyothermattershowingthatinthepurchasethepurchaserhasnotkepthishandsabsolutelyclean.13§76.EquitiesofPurchasers,HowAffectedbyNoticeofPriorClaims.—Thelawofnoticeanditseffectshasbeenheretoforeconsideredsomewhatgen-erally,1butafurtherconsiderationwithspecialreferencetotheeffectofnoticeuponpurchasersisappropriatehere.Noticeiseitheractualorconstructive:1.Actualnoticeispositivepersonalinformationofafactdirectlycommunicatedtotheparty,ordirectlyacquiredbyhim;2.Constructivenoticeisthesortthelawpresumesthepartytohaveacquired.1.WhatConstructiveNoticeIncludes.Constructivenoticeincludesallkindsofnoticenotshowntohavebeenactuallygiven:itassumesthatnoinformationconcerningthepriorfact,claim,orright,hasbeendirectlyandpersonallycom-municatedtotheparty;oratleast,thatthecommunicationofsuchinformationisnotshownbyevidence,butisonlyinferredbyoperationoflegalpresumption.Itembracesallthoseinstances,widelydifferingintheirexternalfeatures,inwhicheitherfromcertainextraneousfacts,orfromcertainactsoromissionsofthepartyhimself,disclosedbytheevidence,theinformationisconclusivelypresumedtohavebeengiventoorreceivedbyhim,orisinferredbyaprimafaciepresumptionofthelawintheabsenceofcontraryproof.22.WhatisMeantbyBeingPutUponInquiry.Apurchaser,orpersonobtain-inganyrightinspecificproperty,isnotaffectedbyvaguerumors,hearsaystatements,andthelike,concerningpriorandconflictingclaimsuponthesameproperty,becausehetherebyacquiresnopositiveinformation,andobtainsnotangibleclue,bymeanswhereofhemaycommenceandsuccessfullyprosecuteaninquiryintothetruth.Ontheotherhand,ifthepartyobtainedknowledgeorinformationoffactswhichtendtoshowtheexistenceofapriorrightinconflictwiththeinterestwhichheisseekingtoobtain,andwhicharesufficienttoputareasonablyprudentmanuponinquiry,thenitmaybealegitimate,andperhapsevennecessary,inferencethatheacquiredthefurtherinformationwhichconstitutesactualnotice.Thisinferencemaybedefeatedbyproperevidence.Ifthepartyshowsthathemadetheinquiry,andprosecuteditwithreasonablediligence,butstillfailedtodiscovertheconflictingclaim,hetherebyovercomesanddestroystheinference.If,however,itappearsthatthepartyobtainedknowledgeorinformationoffacts,whichweresufficienttoputaprudentmanuponinquiry,andwhichwereofsuchanaturethattheinquiry,ifprosecutedwithreasonablediligence,wouldcertainlyhaveledtoadiscoveryoftheconflictingclaim,thentheinferencethatheacquiredtheinformationconstitutingactualnoticeisnecessaryandabsolute;forthisisonlyanothermodeofstatingthatthepartywasputuponinquiry,thathemadetheinquiry
1=2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§754.132Pom.Eq.Jur.,§762.Wheretheproofshowsthatthepurchaserdesignedlyabstainedfrommakinginquiryfortheverypurposeofavoidingnotice,he
willbeheldtobenotaninnocentpurchaser.Snell'sPr.Eq.,34.'1Seeante,§65.22Pom.Eq.Jur.,§604;2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§400-400a.

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79 PRIORITIES,ANDBONAFIDEPURCHASERS.§76andarrivedatthetruth.Finally,ifitappearsthatthepartyhasknowledgeorinformationoffactssufficienttoputaprudentmanuponinquiry,andthathewhollyneglectstomakeanyinquiry,«rhavingbegunit,failstoprosecuteitinareasonablemanner,then,also,theinferenceofactualnoticeisnecessaryandabsolute.2513.WhatFactswillPutOneonInquiry.Apurchasermaybeputoninquirybyvisibleobjects,structures,oreasementsupon,orconnectedwith,thelandwithwhichheisdealing.So,apurchaserorincumbrancerofanestate,whoknows,orisproperlyinformed,thatitisinthepossessionofapersonotherthanthevendorormortgagorwithwhomheisdealing,istherebychargedwithaconstructivenoticeofalltheinterest,rightsandequitieswhichsuchpossessormayhaveintheland.But,inorderthatpossessionmayputapur-chaseroninquiryandoperateasnotice,itmustexistatthetimeofthetrans-actionbywhichhisrightsandinterestsarecreated.Possessionbyalesseeisconstructivenoticetoapurchaser,notonlyofthetenant'srightsandinterestsdirectlygrowingoutof,orconnectedwith,theleaseitself,butalsoofallrightsandinterestswhichhemayhaveacquiredbyotherandcollateralagreements,as,forexample,acontracttoconveytheland,ortorenewthelease,andthelike.34.NoticebyRecitalsinDeeds.Wheneverapurchaserholdsunderaconvey-ance,andisobligedtomakeouthistitlethroughthatdeed,orthroughaseriesofpriordeeds,thegeneralruleisfirmlyestablishedthathehascon-structivenoticeofeverymatterconnectedwithoraffectingtheestate,whichappears,eitherbydescriptionofparties,byrecital,byreference,orotherwise,onthefaceofanydeedwhichformsanessentiallinkinthechainofinstru-mentsthroughwhichhemustderivehistitle.4 »Anydescriptionoftheparties,asmarriedwomen,trustees,executors,ad-ministratorsorthelike,anyrecitaloffact,orreferencetootherdocuments,putsthepurchaseruponinquiry;andheisboundtofollowupthisinquirystepbystep,fromonediscoverytoanother,fromoneinstrumenttoanother,untilthewholeseriesoftitle-deedsisexhausted,andacompleteknowledgeofallthemattersreferredtointheirprovisionsandaffectingtheestate,isobtained.55.EffectofNoticeofaDeed,orOtherInstrument.Ifapurchaserorencum-brancer,dealingconcerningpropertyofwhichtherecordtitleappearstobecompleteandperfect,hasinformationofextraneousfactsormattersinpais,sufficienttoputhimoninquiryrespectingsomeunrecordedconveyance,mort-gage,orencumbrance,orrespectingsomeoutstandinginterest,claim,orrightwhichisnotthesubjectofrecord,andheomitstomakeaproperinquiry,hewillbechargedwithconstructivenoticeofallthefactswhichhemighthavelearnedbymeansofadueandreasonableinquiry.Whereapurchaserhasnoticeofatitle-deed,heispresumedtoknowallitscontentsandisboundthereby;andifanyconveyance,ofwhichhehasnotice,shouldcontainarecitalof,orreferenceto,anotherdeedotherwisecollateralandnotapartofthedirectseries,hewouldbymeansofsuchrecitalorrefer-ence,havenoticeofthiscollateralinstrument,ofallitscontentsandofallthefactsindicatedbyitwhichmightbeascertainedthroughaninquirypros-ecutedwithreasonablediligence.Thisruleappliestobothregisteredandun-registeredinstruments.76.NoticebyRegistration.Ourstatutesauthorizetheregistrationofcertaininstruments,relatingtothesale,incumbrance,leaseanddeviseofrealandpersonalproperty;andtheymakesuchinstrumentswhendulyprobatedandnotedforregistration,noticetoalltheworldoftheirexistenceandcontents.2a2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§597;Gagev.Epperson,2Head,669.32Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§611-625.41Sto.Eq.Jur.,§400;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§626.Verbarelatainessevidentur.(Wordsreferredto
inaninstrumentareconsideredasincorporatedinit.)52Pom.Eq.Jur.,§626.(iIbid,§613.7Ibid,§628.

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§76 PRIORITIES,ANDBONAFIDEPURCHASERS.80Thestatutesgiveprioritytotheseinstrumentsintheorderoftheirnotation8forregistration;andtheydeclarethatanyregistrableinstrumentnotproperlyprobatedorregisteredornotedforregistration,shallbenullandvoidastoexistingorsubsequentcreditorsof,orbonafidepurchasersfrom,themakerswithoutnotice.Theobjectsofourregistrationlawsare:(1)topreservethemunimentsoftitle;(2)toperpetuatetheevidenceoftheirvalidexecution;(3)togivethecommunitynoticeofthechangesintheownershipofproperty;and(4)topreventfraudsbothuponthebargainoranduponhiscreditors.10Inorder,therefore,thataregisteredinstrumentmaybenoticetotheworlditmustbe:(1)aninstrumentauthorizedtoberegistered;(2)itmustbeprop-erlyproven,oracknowledgedandcertified;(3)itmustberegistered,ornoted,forregistration;and(4)thisregistrationmustbeinthepropercounty.Therecordoperatesasaconstructivenoticeonlywhentheinstrumentitselfisonewhichthestatuteauthorizedtoberegistered.Thevoluntaryrecording,therefore,ofaninstrument,whennotauthorizedbythestatute,wouldbeamerenullity,andwouldnotchargesubsequentpurchaserswithanynoticeofitscontents,orofanyrightsarisingunderit.Forthesamereason,theoperationofarecordasconstructivenoticeislimitedterritorially.Arecordisnotanoticewithrespecttoanytractoflandsituatedinadifferentcountyfromthatinwhichtheregistrationismade.Thestatuterequirestheinstrumenttoberegisteredinthesamecountyinwhichtheland,orapartoftheland,issituated;arecordinadifferentcountyis,therefore,inoperativeasaconstructivenotice.Arecordisaconstructivenoticeonlywhen,andsofaras,itisatruecopy,substantially,oftheinstrumentwhichpurportstoberegistered,andofallitsprovisions.Anymaterialomissionoralterationwillcertainlypreventtherecordfrombeingaconstructivenoticeofthepartomittedoraltered,althoughtheinstrumentmayappear,ontheregistrybooks,tobeperfectandoperativeinallitsparts.Norwilltherecordbeanoticeunlessit,andtheoriginalin-strumentofwhichitisacopy,correctlyandsufficientlydescribethepremiseswhicharetobeaffected."Whenalltheforegoingrequisitestoavalidregistrationhavebeencompliedwith;whenaninstrumentis(1)oneentitledtoberegisteredand(2)hasbeendulyexecutedandacknowledgedorprovedandcertified,and(3)hasbeenregisteredornotedforregistrationinthepropermanner,and(4)inthepropercounty,thensuchrecordbecomesaconstructivenotice,notonlyofthefactthattheinstrumentexists,butofitscontents,andofalltheestates,rights,titlesandinterests,legalandequitable,createdorconferredbyit,orarisingfromitsprovisions.11
8Flowersv.Wilkes,1Swan,400. I 112Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§651-655;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§.9Code,§§2030-2075.403-404;Code,§§2072-2075.See"Registration,'*10Tatev.Lawrence,11Heisk.,511. IinourDigests.

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81 PROCEEDINGSPRELIMINARYTOASUIT.77
PARTII.PROCEEDINGSINASUITINCHANCERY,FROMITSPRE-LIMINARIESTOTHEAPPEARANCEOFTHEDEFENDANT.CHAPTERVI.PROCEEDINGSPRELIMINARYTOASUIT.§79.MatterstobeConsideredinReferencetotheBill.§77.TheFirstPreliminarytoaSuitChancery.§78.InWhatCourttoBringSuit.§77.TheFirstPreliminarytoaSuitinChancery.—ThefirststeptakenbyaSolicitor,preliminarytofilingabillintheChanceryCourt,istoobtaintheprobablefactsofthecasefromhisclient.Thisissometimesnoeasymatter.Clients,whentheyseektobringasuit,areoftensostronglyprejudiced,andsoindignant,astobedownrightincapableofgivingatrustworthyhistoryoftheircase.Avigorouscross-examinationisoftennecessarytouncoverim-portantfactsinthecontroversy.Youshouldknownotonlyyourclient'ssideoftheproposedsuit,but,also,thedefencesthattheothersidewill,inallproba-bility,interpose.1Itisneversafetoinstituteasuit,withoutknowingthefactsyourclientwillbeabletoprove,accordingtothelawsofevidence.Asarule,however,com-plainantsareintheright.ApersondoesnotordinarilyseekaSolicitortohaveasuitbrought,unlesshefeelsthatagreatwronghasbeendonehim;andthatanappealtotheCourtsishisonlymethodofobtainingwhatisjustlyhisdue.Forthisreason,whentimepresses,andthesuitmustbebroughtatonce,orgreatriskberun,aSolicitorwill,asarule,besafeinbringingthesuitonaprimafaciecasebeingmadeoutbyhisclient.Injunctionandattach-mentbillsmustoftenbedrawnwiththegreatestpossibledispatch,thesuccessofyourclient,intheraceofdiligence,oftendependingonaquestion61afewminutes.Insuchease,consumenotimeinsiftingthefacts,butbegintodrawthebillassoonasyoudiscoverthatanattachment,orinjunction,isessentialtoyourclient'ssuccess.Insuchacase,however,investigatethefactsfullyatyourearliestopportunityafterthebillisfiled,sothat,ifyoudiscoverthatyouhaveomittedanymatterofimportance,youmaymakeanamendmentbeforethedefendantanswers,whichamendmentyoumaythenmakewithoutleaveoftheCourt,orChancellor,andwithoutpayinganycosts,exceptforthecopyoftheamendment,andforservingthesameonthedefendants.2§78.InWhatCourttoBringtheSuit.—Havingobtainedpossessionofallthefactsofthecasefromyourclient,thenextquestionforyoutodetermineis:InwhatCourttobringthesuit.TheChanceryCourthasexclusivejuris-dictionofallcasesofanequitablenature,andifthesuitbeofsuchanature,theonlyquestionwill-be:InwhatparticularChanceryCourttobringthissuit.Insolvingthisproblemyoumustconsiderthelawinreferencetothelocal1Oneofthebestwaystoascertainwhatdefencewillbemadetoasuit,istoaskyourclientwhatpleaorpretextthedefendantsetsup,inexcuseofbisconduct.ClientsaresoanxioustoappearrightintheeyesoftheirSolicitorthattheywillcon-cealimportantfactsfavorabletotheotherside,andsearchingquestionswillsometimesfailtodiscover
thematterssoconcealed.Butifyouaskhimwhatplea,pretext,orexcuse,thedefendantsetsup,hewillalmostinvariablyatoncedisclosethewholeoftheprobable_defence;andyouwillthenbeabletotestitsvalidity.2Code,§§4332-4333.

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§79 PROCEEDINGSPRELIMINARYTOASUIT.82jurisdictionoftheChanceryCourt,bothasitrespectsthecountywherethedefendantmaybefound,andasitrespectsthelocalityoftheproperty,wherepropertyissoughttobeattached,orwhererealtyissoughttobereached,oraffected.3Ifthesuitislegalinitsnature,youwillthenbecalledontodeterminewhetheritisbettertobringitinChancery,orintheCircuitCourt.Ifthesuitbeforaninjurytoperson,property,orcharacter,involvingunliquidateddamages,youareboundtobringthesuitintheCircuitCourt;but,ifthesuitbeforanyotherlegalmatter,youmaysueineitherCourt.IndecidingwhichCourttoinstituteproceedingsin,thefollowingconsiderationsareimportant:1.Ifyourcaseisplain,andyourclientiscontentwithexactjustice,unmixedanduncorruptedwithlocalprejudice,sueinChancery.If,ontheotherhand,yourcauseisdoubtful,andyouneedtheaidoftheartificesanddevicesincidenttoajurytrial,ifyousueatall,gointotheCircuitCourt.2.Ifyourcaseisjust,butyoursuccessdependsonyourcrushingorparalyz-ingadishonestandhostilewitness,whomyouwishtocross-examineinpres-enceofajury,andwhosereputationyouwishtoattack,itmaybebettertosueintheCircuitCourt,althoughajurytrialmaybehadinChancery,also.3.Ifyoursuitinvolvesanaccount,ordependsupontheconstructionoreffectofwritings,theChanceryCourtisthebetterforum.4.Ifyourtitletolanddependsupontheforceandeffectofyourtitlepapers,sueinChancery;butifthesuitisaboutthelocationofaline,orinvolvesthequestionofadversepossession,thensueintheCircuitCourt,unlessyouwish,also,torecoverrentsandthevalueofwastecommitted.5.Wherethewitnessesarenumerous,andthequestionispurelyoneoffact,andtheproofisconflicting,theCircuitCourtispreferable.6.Wherethewholematter,includingitsincidents,cannotbeendedintheCircuitCourtbyonesuit,aswhenyourclientisentitled(1)tolandanditsrentsandprofits,andvalueoftimbercut;or(2)topersonalpropertyanditshire;or(3)toadebtthatisalienonpropertywhichyoucanhavesoldinsatisfactionthereof;or(4)toapartitionandadjustmentofequitiesbetweenthetenantsincommon;insuchcasesitisbettertofileabillinChanceryandhaveallthevariousmattersconnectedwiththecontroversyadjudicatedinonesuit.Asarule,ifyourcauseisjust,youaremorecertainofsuccessinChancerythanintheCircuitCourt.Yourunmuchlessriskofwitnessesfailingtoattendorbeingtamperedwith,orsuddenlyforgettingtheessentialfacts,orbeingin-extricablyconfusedbycrossexamination;andyourunnorisksofunaccounta-bleverdicts,orofunexpectedorcontrovertibleevidencebeingsprungonyou.Allinall,theChanceryCourtisthesaferCourt,muchthecheaperandequallyasspeedy,inthedispositionofsuitsofalegalnature,wherethejurisdictionisconcurrent.Besides,ifyouwininChancerythereisfarlessdangerofre-versalbytheSupremeCourt,manyCircuitCourtsuitsbeingreversedbecauseoferrorscommittedbytheJudgeinchargingthejury,orinadmittingorrejectingevidenceonthetrial,incaseswheretheverdictwouldhavebeenthesameifnosucherrorhadbeencommitted.§79.MatterstobeConsideredinReferencetotheBill.—Thefirstquestiontobeconsideredinobtainingfactsforframingthebillis:Whoarenecessary,andwhoproper,partiestothesuit.Thisisoftenamatterofnolittleper-plexity,andinthenextchapteristreatedofatlength.Wherethereisdoubt,whetheraparticularpersoncanbeproperlymadeacomplainant,makehimadefendant,andpraythathisrightsmaybedeclaredandenforcedalongwiththoseofthecomplainants,ifheisdeemedthereuntoentitled.Ifitisdoubtfulwhetherapersonshouldbemadeadefendant,itisbettertoincludehimin3ThelocaljurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtwillbehereafterfullyconsidered.See,post,177.

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83 PROCEEDINGSPRELIMINARYTOASUIT.§79thebill,andlettheCourtdeterminethedoubt:theadditionalcostisinsignifi-cant.Havingascertainedwhoaretheproperparties,thenextquestiontobeascer-tainedis,whetherthepartiestothesuithaveanyrelations,4suchashusbandandwife;parentandchild;guardianandward;personalrepresentativeandcreditor,distributeeorlegatee;principalandagent;landlordandtenant
;
bargainorandbargainee;creditoranddebtor;trusteeandbeneficiary,andthelike;andifso,therightsanddutiesofthepartiesincidenttothatrelation,andwhereinthoserightshavebeenviolated,andthosedutiesnotdischarged.Theascertainmentofthesematterswillenableyoutoframeyourbillinalogicalandorderlyway,bystating:(1)therelationoftheparties,andthedates,andfacts;(2)theobligationsthedefendantsincurredtocomplainantbyreasonofthoserelations;(3)wherein,whenandhow,thoseobligationshavebeenviolated,includinganycircumstancesofatrocity,orspecialiniquity;and(4)byprayersforprocessandappropriaterelief.Thesubjectofbillsisfullytreatedinasubsequentchapter.Ifyouascertainthattherearenorelationsbetweentheparties,yourbillwillordinarilybeginbystatingfullytherightandtitleofthecomplainant,andwhen,andwherein,andunderwhatcircumstances,thatrighthasbeenviolated,andthattitleinvadedorendangered.Bykeepingthedoctrineofrelationsinmindwhileobtainingthefactsofhiscasefromyourclient,youwillfinditmucheasiertoelicittheessentialmatters;andyoucanbeginthedrawingofthebillatonce,givingitspartsintheorderabovestated.Whenthebillhasbeendrawn,ifaverificationisnecessary,haveyourclientmaketheoath.Thisiswellfortworeasons:first,itishisduty,andnotyours,toverifyhisbill;andsecond,itisevidenceofyourretainer.Haveyourclientsigntheprosecutionbond,forlikereasons.ItisnopartofaSolicitor'sdutiestosweartohisclient'sbill,ortosecurethecostsofhisclient'ssuit;and,asarule,Solicitorsshoulddothesethingsonlyinexceptionalcases.Anditwill'bewellforthecomplainant'sSolicitortokeepinmindthesegeneralrules
:
1.ThecasemustbewithinthejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourt
;
2.Itmustbeadequatelysetforthinaproperbill
;
3.Itmustbesubstantiatedbypertinentlegalevidence
;
4.Itmustbeestablishedbyanappropriatedecree;and,5.Itmustbeenforcedbyadequatefinalprocess.4ThedoctrineofrelationsisfullyexplainedintheChapteronBills,post,§§165-169;408.

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85 WHOMAYSUEINCHANCERY.§81§81.SuitsbyAlienEnemies,andForeignAdministratorsandExecutors.—AlienenemiesarethecitizensofanationwithwhomtheUnitedStatesareatwar..Suchenemies,whileresidingoutoftheUnitedStates,canneithersuenorbesuedinanyCourtwithintheUnitedStates;butiftheyresidehere,andarenotforbiddenbytheGeneralorStategovernmentstoremain,theyareundernodisabilitytosueorbesued,andhavethesamerightsinCourtasalienfriends.5AnexecutororadministratorappointedinanotherStatecanneithersuenorbesuedinthisState,6assuch;butifhebringsassetsintothisStatehemaybeheldliablethereforasaconstructivetrustee.7§82.HowMinorsandPersonsofUnsoundMindMustSue.—Minorsandpersonsofunsoundmind,inconsequenceoftheirmentalincapacitytoattendtotheirbusinessaffairs,aswellastheirinabilitytobindthemselvesforthecostsofthesuit,ortomakeanycontractrelativethereto,arenotallowedtoinstituteasuitdirectlyintheirownnames,andontheirownmotion.ButasthesepersonsfrequentlyneedtheactiveinterpositionoftheCourttoprotecttheirinterests,theCourtallowstheirguardianstoinstitutesuitsintheirbehalf,toasserttheirrights,ortovindicatetheirwrongs.Andiftheyhavenoguardian,oriftheguardianhimselfneglectshisduties,oristhepersontobesued,theCourtwillpermitanypersonwhoissuijuristobringsuitintheirbehalf:thispersonisstyledthenextfriend,orprocheinami,oftheinfantorpersonofunsoundmindinwhosebehalfhesues.8Apersonofunsoundmindmaysuebynextfriend,eitherbeforeorafteraninquisitionoflunacy,9butifhehaveaguardianhemustsuebytheguardian,unlessthelatterhasvio-latedhistrust,inwhichcasethenoncomposmaysuebynextfriend,makinghisguardianadefendant.Abillmayevenbefiledonbehalfofaninfantunborn,(inventresamere,)byitsnextfriend,whenitsinterestsdemand;10andinsuchacase,aninjunc-tionwillbegrantedtostaywasteonlandsthatwillbelongtotheinfantatitsbirth.Aguardianappointedforaminor,ornoncompos,inanotherState,can-notinstrictpracticesuehereassuch.11Shouldhesueassuch,however,theCourtwillnotrepelhim,butwillrecognizehimasthenextfriend,andallowthesuittoproceedtofinaldecree;andthentaketheproperstepstosecuretotheinfanttherecovery,ifanybedecreedit.12Apersonofunsoundmindmayfileabillandprosecuteasuitinhisownname,ifthedefendantfailtoobjecttheretoattherighttime,andintherightmanner.TheCourtwillnotdismissasuitbroughtbyapersonofunsoundmind,atanystage,ifacompetentpersonwillassumetheofficeofnextfriendforhim.13§83.HowMarriedWomenMustSue.—Onhermarriage,manyofamarriedwoman'srightsbecomevestedinherhusband,andastomanyofherinterestshebecomesassortofguardian,ornextfriend.14Hence,inallordinarycases,whereitbecomesnecessarytobringsuitfortheprotectionofthewife'srights,shesuesalongwithherhusband.Besides,beingunabletobindherselfforthecostsofthesuit,itisnecessarytohavesomeonejoinedwithherascomplain-ant,whocanbeheldresponsibleforthecosts.Wheneverthereisnoconflictbetweentheinterestsofthewifeandthoseofthehusband,shemust,ordinarily,suejointlywithherhusband;butwheneverthereisaconflict,wheneverthehusbandisasserting,orhasasserted,claimsinconsistentwithhiswife'srights,orhas,byhisownact,orneglect,debarredhimselffromprotectingherrights
;
5Sto.Eq.PI.,§§51-54;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,49;Rod-gersv.Dibrell,6Lea,69;Walkerv.Day,Griswold&Co.,8Bax.,77.6Sto.Eq.PI.,§179;Youngv.O'Neil,3Sneed,55;2Meigs'Dig.,§682;Campbellv.Hubbard,11Lea,6.7Beelerv.Dunn,3Head,88.8Sto.Eq.PL,§§57-66.9Parsonsv.Kinzer,3Lea,342.Or,hemaysueinhisownname,andanextfriendappointedafter-ward.Rankinv.Warner,2Lea,302.
10Maclinv.Haywood,6Pick.,201.SeeArticleonNextFriends,post,§§103-105.11Sto.Eq.PL,§59,note2;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,67.12McClellandv.McClelland,7Bax.,210;Hick-manv.Dudley,2Lea,375;Simpsonv.Alexander,6Cold.,630.13Rankinv.Warner,2Lea,302;Davisv.Nor-vell,3Pick.,36.nSeeArticleonNextFriends,post,§§103-105.

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§84 WHOMAYSUEINCHANCERY.86inallsuchcaseshestandsinthepositionofaguardianwhohasviolatedhistrustduties;andhiswifemayfileabillbyanextfriend,makingherhusband,andallotherswhohavewrongedher,partiesdefendant.So,wheneverthewifesuesinreferencetoherseparateproperty,sheshouldsuebynextfriend,andherhusbandshouldbemadeadefendant.15"Whenthejointrightofactionofhusbandandwifetorecoverlandbelongingtothewifeisbarred,shemaysuebynextfriend,andrecover,makingherhusbandadefendant.16Butnopersoncanactasnextfriendforamarriedwomanwithoutherconsent,17unlessshebeaminor,also.18§84.WhenaMarriedWomanMaySue,orBeSued,Alone.—ThelawofTennesseeisliberaltomarriedwomen,andhasemancipatedthemfromsomeburdensomebondsofservitude.Bythecommonlaw,onhermarriage,allherlegalrightsbecamevestedinherhusband,andshecoulddonothingwithouthisconsentandguidance.19TheCourtofChanceryfirstextendedahelpinghandtomarriedwomen,byallowingthemtosuebynextfriend;andnow,bytheaidofthestatute,whereahusbandhasdesertedhisfamily,hiswifemayprosecute,ordefendinhisname,anyaction,whichhemighthaveprosecutedordefended;andshemayalsosue,orbesued,inherownname,foranycauseofactionaccruingsubsequenttosuchdesertion.20Shemay,also,sueandbesuedalone,whenherhusbandhasbeendeclaredinsanebytheverdictofajury;21andwhenitbecomesnecessaryforhertofileabillofdivorce,shemaydosoinherownproperperson,andwithoutanynextfriend.22Shemay,also,sueorbesuedalone,ifherhusbandhaspermanentlylefttheState;or,iseon-finedinthepenitentiary,orisotherwisecivillydead.23Ifamarriedwomanisengagedinthemercantileormanufacturingbusinessinherownname,orbyagent,oraspartner,shemaybesuedasafemesolefordebtsincurredinsuchbusiness,andcannotpleadhercovertureinsuchcases.24Itwouldse^mfromageneralsurveyofourdecisionsandstatutes,thatitmaybelaiddownasageneralruleinTennessee,that,wheneverthewifeislivingseparatefromherhusbandwithoutherfault,shemaysueandbesuedasasinglewoman.25Butifamarriedwoman,whocouldotherwisesueorbesuedalone,isaminor,orofunsoundmind,shemustsuebyguardianornextfriend,andmustdefendbyguardian,orguardianadlitem,likeanyotherminor,ornoncompos.§85.SuitsbyPersonsunderaQuasiDisability.—Deafanddumbpersons,ifalsoveryignorantandincapableofbeingfullycommunicatedwithastotheirpropertyrights,maybeallowedtosuebynextfriend.Somaypersonsintheirdotage,orimbecileadults,oranypersonnotstrictlyanoncomposandyetnotabletomanagehisbusinessaffairs.20Ifapersonhasreligiousscruplesagainstbeingapartytoasuit,hemaysuebynextfriend.27
15Seecasesin3Meigs'Dig.,§1617;Sto.Eq.PI.,§§61-63.16McCallumv.Pettigrew,10Heisk.,394;Moorev.Walker,3Lea,656.17Sto.Eq.PL,§61.Insuchasuitshecannotactundertheadviceorprotectionofherhusband,and,therefore,sheisallowedtoseektheprotectionofsomeotherperson,whoactsashernextfriend;andthebillisaccordinglyexhibitedinhernamebysuchnextfriend.Butinthisrespectsheisdiffer-entlyplacedfromaninfant;fornopersoncanexhibitabillashernextfriend,withouthercon-sent;whereas,aninfant'sconsenttoabillfiledinhisnameisnotnecessary.Whereasuitisbroughtbythehusbandinhisownnameandinthatofhiswife,itisconsideredashissuitonly,and,accord-ingly,itwillnotbeabsolutelybindingonher.Inlikemanner,thehusbandmaysuethewifeinEquity,forthepurposeofenforcinghisownmar-italrightsagainstherproperty,whethersuchrightsresultfromherante-nuptialagreement,orfromthegeneralprinciplesofLaworEquity;orwhen-everheseeksreliefuponsomeclaimadversetoorinoppositiontohiswife;for(ithasbeenwellsaid)itisconstantexperience,thatthehusbandmaysuethe
wife,orthewifethehusband,inEquity,notwith-standing,atlaw,neitherofthemcansuetheother.Sto.Eq.PI.,§§61-62.18Phillipsv.Hassell,10Hum.,198.101Dan.Ch.Pr.,87.20Code,§2805.Butnotaccruingbeforedeser-tion.Smithv.Smith,14Pick.,101.21Code,§2486.22Code,§2451.23Bottomsv.Corley,5Heisk.,12.=4Actsof1897,Ch.82.Sheisliablefortherentofthestore-houseinwhichshecarriesonherbus-iness.Persicav.Maydwell,18Pick.,207.Andwhenherinterestsrequireshemaysueherhusbandandthepartiesinpossessiontorecoverherlands.Keyv.Snow,6Pick.,663.25Code,§§2485;2486;2451;2805;Cooperv.Maddox,2Sneed,136;Bottomsv.Corley,5Heisk.,12;Yeatmanv.Bellmain,1Tenn.Ch.,589;andsamecasein6Lea,488.201Dan.Ch.Pr.,86;Parsonsv.Kinzer,3Lea,342,and,seeFentressv.Fentress,7Heisk.,428;Code,§3683.27Malinv.Malin,2John.Ch.,(N.Y.),238;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,86.

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87 WHOMAYBESUEDINCHANCERY.§86
ARTICLEII.WHOMAYBESUEDINCHANCERY.86.GeneralRuleastoPartiesDefendant.87.SuitsagainstInfantsandLunatics.88.SuitsagainstMarriedWomen.§89.SuitsagainstCounties,CitiesandOtherCorporations.
§86.GeneralRuleastoPartiesDefendant.—Ingeneral,itmaybestatedthateveryperson,whomaysueintheChanceryCourt,mayalsobesued;xand,inaddition,allpersonswhomayormustsue,byguardianornextfriend,maybesued,fortheycannotpleadtheirdisabilityintheirdefense.2Theonlypersons,naturalorartificial,whocannotbesued,are(1)theStateofTen-nessee,3(2)alienenemiesresidingoutoftheStateintimeofwar,(3)foreignexecutorsandforeignadministrators,4and(4)publiccorporationscreatedbyandinanotherStateforgovernmentalpurposes.5Itissometimessaidthatbankruptscannotsue,orbesued.Thereasonofthisis,theirestate,byoperationoflaw,hasbecomevestedintheirassignees,andthey,therefore,cannotlegallysue,orbesued,becausetheyhavenoin-terestinthesubject-matterofthesuit,andnodecreecan,consequently,bepronouncedagainstthem.Whatismeantbybankruptsnotbeingabletosue,andnotbeingsubjecttobesuedis,thatiftheysuenodecreecanberenderedintheirfavor;andiftheyaresued,nodecreecanberenderedagainstthem,8ifthefactoftheirassignmentordischargedulyappear.Butifadefendantfailtopleadthebankruptcyofthecomplainant,orfailtopleadhisowndis-chargeinbankruptcy,thesuitwillproceedasthoughnobankruptcyexisted.§87.SuitsagainstInfantsandLunatics.—Minors,marriedwomen,andpersonsofunsoundmind,maybesued;but,astheyareincapableofdefendingasuitbythemselves,theymustmaketheirdefensethroughothersnotunderanydisability.Minorsandpersonsofunsoundminddefendasuitbytheirregularguardians,iftheyhavesuch;butiftheyhavenoguardian,oriftheguardianisacomplainant,orisadverselyinterested,theydefendbyaguardianadlitem,appointedbytheChancellor,ortheMaster,forthatpurpose.7"Whereaminoris,also,amarriedwoman,itisneverthelessnecessarythatsheshoulddefendbyaguardianadlitem,thepracticebeingtoappointherhusbandtobeherguardianadlitem,whenheisaco-defendant,andthereisnoconflictofinterest.8Perhaps,however,afailuretohaveaguardianadlitemappointedforamar-riedwoman,whowasaminor,butwhojoinedwithherhusbandinansweringthebill,wouldnotmaketheproceedingsvoidastoher,ifitappearedthatshehadfulldefensemadeforher,andwas,innoway,prejudicedbynothavingaguardianadlitem.Insuchacaseherhusbandwould,nodoubt,bedeemedadefactoguardianadlitem.9§88.SuitsagainstMarriedWomen.—Inregardtomarriedwomen,ordi-narilytheirhusbandsmustbejoinedwiththemasdefendantsinthesuit,
1Sto.Eq.PL,§67.2Sto.Eq.PL,§68.3Statev.Bank,3Bax.,395.See,ArticleonHowtheStateSuesandisSued,post,§§128;815-816.4SeeAnte,%121.Butforeignexecutorsandforeignadministratorsmaybesuedhereastrusteesforeffectsintheirhands.BeelerV.Dunn,3Head,
5BoardofDirectorsv.BodkinBros.,24Pick.,700.Andthejurisdictioninsuchcasescannotbewaived,beingtothesubject-matter.Ibid.61Dan.Ch.Pr.,58;157.7Sto.Eq.PL,§70.f1Dan.Ch.Pr.,163.9SeeKindellv.Titus,9Heisk.,743.

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§89 WHOMAYBESUEDINCHANCERY.88andtheiranswermustalsobejoint.Thereareexceptions,however,totherule,inbothofitsrequirements.Amarriedwomanmaybemadeadefendant,andanswerasasinglewoman;as,forexample,wheneverherhusbandiscom-plainantinthesuit,andsuesherasdefendant;for,insuchacase,heelectstotreatherasasinglewomanforthepurposesofthesuit.But,generally,amarriedwomancannotanswerseparately,whenherhusbandisjoined,oroughttobejoined,asadefendantinthesuit,withoutanorderofCourtforthatpurpose,foundeduponspecialcircumstances.Thus,whereamarriedwomanissuedinrespecttoherseparateestate,orwheresheelaimsasade-fendant,inoppositiontoherhusband,orlivesseparatefromhim,ordisap-provesofthedefensewhichhewisheshertomake,shemayobtainanorderoftheCourtforlibertytoansweranddefendthesuitseparately;andinsuchaeaseheranswermaybereadagainsther.Ifamarriedwomanobstinatelyrefusestojoininadefensewithherhusband,thelattermayobtainanordertocompelhertomakeaseparatedefense.Ifthehusbandhas,uponleave,answeredseparately,thewifemay,uponorder,afterwardsfileherseparateanswer.Ifthehusbandbeabroad,andnotanswerabletothejurisdiction,thecomplainantinthesuitmayobtainanorder,thatsheshallanswerseparately.Exceptundercircumstancesofthisandasimilarnature,amarriedwomancandefendasuitonlyjointlywithherhusband,10unlesssheislivingseparatefromhiminsomeofthecasesstatedinaprecedingsection.11Butifsheisengagedinthemercantileormanufacturingbusinessinherownname,orbyanagent,oraspartner,shemaybesuedasafemesoleforthedebtsincurredinthecon-ductofsuchbusiness,andnopleaofcoverturewillavailinsucheases.12Wherethemarriedwomanis,also,aminor,shemustdefendbyguardianadlitem,asbeforestated.13Butifamarriedwomanissuedasasinglewoman,andfailstopleadhercoverture,ajudgmentordecreeagainstherwillbevalid,andmaybeenforcedagainsthergeneralproperty,butnotagainstherseparateestate.14§89.SuitsagainstCounties,CitiesandotherCorporations.—Namesstandforthethingsnamed,andweknowthingsbytheirnames.Thelawrecognizesthis,andallowsallpersons,naturalandartificial,tobesuedbythosenameswherebytheyareknown.15Countiesaresuedbytheirstatutorynames,as"'Shelbycounty,""Davidsoncounty,""Knoxcounty,"andthelike.Citiesandincorporatedtownsaregenerallysuedbytheircorporatenames,beingthenamegiventhemintheActorcharterofincorporation;but,asthecomplainantmaynotknowtheexactcorporatenameofacityortown,hemaysueitbythenameitisgenerallyknownby.Thus,ifitspropernameis"TheMayorandCityCouncilofNashville,''thecitymayneverthelessbesuedas''TheCityofNashville.''Privatecorporationsmaybesuedbytheircorporatenames,orbythenamesbywhichtheyaregenerallyknowninthecommunitywheretheydobusiness.10Theofficersofacorporationmaybemadedefendantsalongwiththeircorporation,andrequiredtoanswerunderoath,whenadiscoveryissought.17ioSto.Eq.PI.,§71;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,178-185.11Ante,§84.12Actsof1897,Ch.82.13Ante,§84.14Woodfolkv.Lyon,HPick.,269:Embryv.Hoge,3Shan.Cas.,101;Jacksonv.Everett,Ibid,811;Flanaganv.GroceryCo.,14Pick.,599.15Whenanameismentioned,ifweknowtheper-son,orthing,hisoritsimage,characteristicsandpersonality,atonceriseupbeforeourmentalvision.Thus,namesarethesymbolsofthings.Nominasuntsymbolarerum;and,asissaidinCoke,Nominasinescisperitcognitiorerum—(Ifyouknownotthenamesofthings,theknowledgeofthemislost.)Thelawdealswiththingsandpersonsbythenamestheyareknownby.16Corporations,likeotherpersons,aresupposedtoknowtheirbaptismalnames,butthirdpersonsarenot;andso,thirdpersonsmaysueacorporation,aswellasanaturalperson,bythenamebywhichit,or
he,isgenerallyknowninthecommunity,Railroadv.Reidmond,11Lea,205;Youngv.S.TredegarIronCo.,1Pick.,189;E.T.,V.&G.RailroadCo.v.Evans,6Heisk.,607.ItissometimessaidinourreportsthatamisnomermaybetakenadvantageofbypleainabatementintheChanceryCourt.Node-cisiontothateffectcanbefoundbytheauthorofthiswork.NeitherDaniel,Story,Maddock,Beames,norBarbourreferinanywaytosuchaplea,intheChanceryCourt;ontheotherhand,bothDanielandBarbourgiveformsoftitlesofanswersincaseofthemisnomerofthedefendant,2Barb.Ch.Pr.,412;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,681;731;3Dan.Ch.Pr.,2109-Theformisasfollows:ThejointandseveralanswerofJ.D.,inthebillcalledW.D„andofC.F.,inthebillcalledG.F.,defendants,tothebillofcomplaintofA.B.complainant.17Smithv.St.LouisMutualLifeIns.Co.,3Tenn.Ch.,599-

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89 GENERALRULESASTOPARTIES.§90
ARTICLEIII.GENERALRULESASTOPARTIES.
§93.WhoareProper,andwhoNecessaryParties.§94.WhoareNotProperParties.§95.SummaryoftheRulesastoParties.
§90.PrinciplesAppliedinDeterminingtheProperParties.§91.GeneralRulesastoWhoShouldbeParties.§92.ExceptionstotheGeneralRulesastoParties.§90.PrinciplesAppliedinDeterminingtheProperParties.—CourtsofEquityadopttwoleadingprinciplesfordeterminingtheproperpartiestoasuit.1.Oneofthemisthattherightsofnomanshallbefinallydecidedunlesshehimselfispresent,oratleasthashadafullopportunitytoappearandvindicatehisrights.2.Theotheris,that,ifthedecisionofanypartofthesubject-matterofthesuitwillaffectthepresentorcontingentrightsorinterestsofanypersonorpersons,or,ifacompletedecreecannotbemadeuponallthemattersinvolved,withouthavingcertainpersons,ortheinterestsofcertainpersons,beforetheCourt,thenallsuchpersonsmustbemadeparties,ortheirinterestsotherwisedulyrepresented.ItistheconstantaimofCourtsofEquitytodocompletejustice,bydecidinguponandsettlingtherightsofallpersonsinterestedinthesubject-matterofthesuit,sothattheperformanceofthedecreeoftheCourtmaybeperfectlysafetothosewhoarecompelledtoobeyit;andalso,thatfuturelitigationmaybeprevented.Hencethemaxim,thatCourtsofEquitydelighttodocompletejustice,andnotbyhalves.Andhence,also,itisageneralruleinEquity,(sub-jecttocertainexceptions,whichwillhereafterbenoticed,)thatallpersonsmateriallyinterested,eitherlegallyorbeneficially,inthesubject-matterofasuit,mustbemadepartiestoit,eitherascomplainantsorasdefendants,how-evernumeroustheymaybe.BythismeanstheCourtisenabledtomakeacompletedecreebetweentheparties,andtopreventfuturelitigationbytakingawaythenecessityofamultiplicityofsuits.WhenallthepartiesarebeforetheCourt,thewholecasemaybeseen;andfullandcompletejusticedonetoallandineveryparticular,howevervariousandconflictingtheirinterestsmaybe.1§91.GeneralRulesastoWhoshouldbeParties.—Itmay,therefore,bestatedasageneralrule,thatallpersonswhohaveanyinterestinthesubject-matterofthesuit,orwhoareliabletobeaffectedbythedecreeprayedfor,areproperpartiestothesuit.Itmattersnothowsmalltheinterest,orwhetherthatinterestbelegalorequitable,directorremote,2sothatitisanactualexist-inginterest;amerepossibilityorprobabilityofafutureinterestwillnotbesufficient.3Itmustbeborneinmind,however,thatpartiesarenecessarilymadeaccordingtothechargesinthebill,andnotaccordingtotheresultofthedecree.4Ifthebillshowthepartiestobeproper,thatissufficient.Allpersonsareproperpartieswhohaveanyinterest,legalorequitable,intherecoverysought,orwhoareinanywayliabletobecalledontosatisfythedemandsofthosewhocomplain.Personswhohavethelegaltitletoprop-
1Sto.Eq.PL,§72;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,19;Allenv.Baugus,1Swan,404;Browderv.Jackson,3Lea,156-.
2Sto.Eq.PI.,§§138;510;1Dan.Ch.Pr„317;Dechardv.Edwards,2Sneed,99.3Dan.Ch.Pr.,316-4Cockev.Evans,9Yerg.,294.

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§92 GENERALRULESASTOPARTIES.90ortyinlitigation,eventhoughtheyhavenobeneficialinteresttherein,mustbemadeparties;5andsomustallpersonswithoutwhomacompletedecree,dis-posingofallthevariouspartsofthecontroversy,couldnotbemade.Equitydelightstodojusticeinfullandnotbyhalves,andactingonthismaxim,theCourtrequiresthecomplainantstobringbeforeiteverypersonnecessarytoenableittosocompletelydeterminethemattersindisputethatnofurtherliti-gationwillbenecessary.Thisrequirementisthepriceoftherelieftobegranted.Wheneveraperson,ifliving,wouldhavebeenaproperparty,hispriviesinestatemustbemadeparties;ifhispersonalestateisinvolved,hispersonalrepresentativesmustbemadeparties.So,ifapersonwouldhavebeenaproperpartyhadhisinterestscontinuedinhim,hisprivyinestatemustbemadeapartyinhisplace,whethersuchprivybeanassignee,orapurchaseratanexe-cution,orother,sale.Wheneveratrustestateisliabletobeaffectedbythedecree,boththebene-ficiariesandtrusteeshouldbemadeparties;andwhenevertherightsofawifeareinvolvedinthelitigation,sheandherhusbandmustbothbemadeparties,unlessthehusbandhaswrongfullyabandonedthewife,inwhichcaseshemaysueorbesuedalone.Inasmuchasthewifehasaninterestinthehomestead,whichshemayassertinCourt,bothagainstherhusbandandhisbargaineesandcreditors,itisalwaysprudenttomakeheradefendant,alongwithherhusband,inallsuitsbroughttorecoverpossessionofthehomestead,ortodivestthetitlethereofoutofhim,ortosellthesame,ortoenforceanylien,claimorrightthereto.Ifsheisnotmadeaparty,nodecreeagainstherhusbandwillbindher,andshemayrelitigatethequestionofhomestead,oranyotherrightin,ortotheland,afterfinaldecreeagainstherhusband.7Abilltoaffectanequityinlandorpersonaltymustmaketheholderofthelegaltitleaparty;and,ontheotherhand,abilltoaffectthelegaltitlemustmaketheowneroftheequitabletitleaparty,ifanytherebe.8§92.ExceptionstotheGeneralRulesastoParties.—Inthefirstplace,itmustbealwaysrememberedthatCourtsofEquityobservegeneralrules,onlyinsofarastheycontributetotheattainmentofjustice;andtheystruggleagainsttechnicalruleswhichimpedeitspowertodojustice.9Itismani-festthatageneralrule,establishedforaproperadministrationofjustice,oughtnottobeadheredtoincaseswhereitwoulddefeatjustice,forthenitwoulddestroytheverypurposeforwhichitwasestablished.10Therefore,thegeneralrulethatallpersonsinterestedmustbemadeparties,isnotadheredto
:
1.WherethePartiesareUnknown,andcannotbeascertainedupondiligentinquiry;11inwhichcasetheymustbemadedefendantsbydescription,ashere-aftershown.2.WherethePartiesareNumerous,butthegeneralrightsofthoseentitledtoreliefarethesame,inwhichcaseoneormoreofthemrnavsueonthebehalfofall.133.WherethePartiesareVeryNumerous,SOthatitWouldbeimpracticabletomakethemallparties,withouttherebycausingalmostinterminabledelays,12byreasonofdeaths,marriagesandtransferofinterests;butinsuchcasepro-visionismadetosecuretherightsofthosenotactuallymadeparties.51Dan.Ch.Pr.,192;Willinghamr.Leake,7Bax.,455.o1Dan.Ch.Pr.,192.7HawesonParties,§§26;27;66;69;110-See,also,Williamsv.Williams,7Bax.,116;Mashv.Russell.1Lea,543.8Jacksonv.Coffman,2Cates,271-9Birdsongv.Birdsong,2Head,301;1Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§59-60;Sto.Fn.PI.,§§76c-77.ioSto.Eq.PL,§96-liCode,§§4352;4358;Sto.Eq.PL,§92;Mc-Calebv.Crichfield5Heisk.,291.
12Sto.Eq.PL§94;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,272;Loweryv.Francis,2Yerg.,534;McCalebv.Crichfield,5Heisk.,291-Butinsuchcasesthebillmustallegethatthesuitisbroughtagainsttheparticularde-fendants,asrepresentativesofthenumerousclasstowhichtheybelong.Ifthebillproceedsagainstthedefendantssued,asindividuals,andnotasrep-resentativesofaclass,thentheproceedingsinthecausewillnotbindthosenotmadeparties.Brownv.Brown,2Pick.,277-13Sto.Eq.PL§99;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,237-245;Code,§4288-Nancev.Busby,7Pick.,315-

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91 GENERALRULESASTOPARTIES.§93
4.WherePartiesnotinBeingareLiabletobeAffected.Itsometimeshappensthatpersonsnotinbeing,(notinesse,)areinterestedinpropertywhichtheinterestofpartiesinbeingrequiretobebroughtbeforetheCourt.Insuchacasethebillmaybefiledbyoragainsttheinterestedpersonsinbeing,(inesse,)andthedecreewillbebindingonthosenotinbeing.14Alltheinterestedper-sonsinbeingmustbemadeparties,bothlife-tenantsandremainder-men:ifnoremainder-manbeinbeingthenthelife-tenantmustbemadeaparty,inwhichcasetheremainder-menwillbeboundbythedecree,theybeingrepre-sentedbythelife-tenant.Thusadecreeofpartitionamongtenantsforlife,withremaindertounbornsons,willbebindingonthesonswhenborn.Inallsuchcases,however,allthepartiesinterestedwhoareinbeingmustbebeforetheCourt.15Butinalltheseexceptionalcases,sosolicitousistheCourttoattainthepurposesofsubstantialjustice,thatitwillgenerallyrequirethebilltobefiled,notonlyinbehalfoftheplaintiff,butalsoinbehalfofallotherpersonsinter-ested,whoarenotdirectlymadeparties,sothattheymaycomeinunderthedecree,andtakethebenefitofit,orshowittobeerroneous,orentitlethem-selvestoarehearing.TheCourtwillgofurther,andinsuchcases:itwillen-tertainabill,orpetition,whichshallbringtherightsandinterestsoftheabsentpartiesmoredistinctlybeforetheCourt,ifthereisanycertainty,orevendanger,ofinjuryorinjusticetothem.18Inalltheforegoingcases,thebillshouldshowastateoffactsbringingthesuitwithinoneoftheexceptionstothegeneralrule.17Itmayhereberemarked,thatthegeneralrulerequiringallpersonsinter-estedtobemadeparties,isnotsomucharightofthepartiesbroughtbeforetheCourt,asaruleprescribedbyCourtsofEquity,themselves,foundedontheirnotionsofpublicpolicy,ontheiranxietytodojusticetoallpersonsinter-estedinthesubject-matterofthelitigation,andonadesiretopreventfuturecontroversies.18§93.WhoareProper,andwhoNecessaryParties.—Adistinctionexistsbetweenproperparties,andnecessaryparties:properpartiesarethosewhoseinterestsinthemattersinvolvedinthelitigationaresuchthatadecreemaybeproperlypronouncedwithouttheirbeingbeforetheCourt;whereas,necessarypartiesarethosewithoutwhomnocompletedecreecanbemade.191.NecessaryPartiesare:1,Thosewhoareentitledtoshareinthebenefits"ofthereliefsought;2,Thosewhoareindebtedtothecomplainants,orwhoarewithholdingfromthemtheirlegalorequitablerights,orproperty;3,Thosewhoaredoing,orattemptingtodo,complainantssomeinjury;4,Thosewhohavelegalorequitabletitlesorclaimsadversetothosesetupbythecom-plainants;5,Thosewhoholdtitlesorinterestswhich,ifnotboundbythedecree,mightcloudthetitleofthecomplainants,orthatofthepurchaserattheMaster'ssale;and6,Thosehavinganyinterestinthesubject-matterofthelitigation,presentorcontingent.202.ProperPartiesare:1,Thoseagainstwhomsomeofthedefendants,ifheldliabletocomplainants,wouldbeentitledtojudgmentover;212,Thosewhoserightsinthesubject-matterofthecontroversyhaveterminated,butnoproperevidencethereofhasbeengiven,andthecomplainant'sdesiretocon-cludethoserightsbythedecree;223,Thosewho,whilenotliabletocom-plainantsortotheirco-defendants,haveclaims,admittedtobeinferiorto14Parkerv.Peters,2Shan.Cas.,636.15Sto.Eq.PL,§§144-146;Grayv.Barnard,1Term.Ch.,198.SeeWilsonv.Schaefer,23Pick.,300.10Sto.Eq.PI.,§96-itSto.Eq.PI.,§95-18Birdsongv.Birdsong,2Head,291.19Highv.Battle,10Yerg.,186;189,Cooper'sNote;Rowanv.Mercer,10Hum.,359;Browderv.Jackson,3Lea,158;Aikenv.Tuttle,4Lea,103;Mullinixv.Perkins,2Cold.,87-
20Katzenbergerv.Weaver,2Cates,620;Craigv.McKnight,24Pick.,690.21Sto.Eq.PI.,§§153;169;175;176;Code,§§3620-3635-22As(1)whereamortgagedebthasbeenpaid,butthemortgageappearsofrecordtobeunsatisfied;and(2)whereatenantincommonhasconveyedhissharetoacomplainant,butthedeedhasnotbeenregistered.

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§94 GENERALRULESASTOPARTIES.92thoseofcomplainants,whichshouldbeboundbythedecreetoclearupthetitle,oradjustallequities.23Indeterminingwhetheraparticularpersonisanecessarypartyornot,itmustbeconsidered:1,Whether,ifheshouldbeomitted,thecomplainantcouldobtainallthereliefheseeks;2,Whether,ifheshouldbeomitted,hecouldre-litigateanyofthemattersthebillseekstohaveadjudicated;and,3,Whether,ifheshouldbeomitted,andthepropertyindisputeissold,hecould,eitheratlaw,orinEquity,disturbthetitleofthepurchaser.Ifeitheroftheseques-tionsbeansweredintheaffirmative,suchpersonisanecessaryparty;other-wiseheisnot.24Wherethereisdoubtwhetheracertainpersonisanecessaryparty,thesaferruleistomakehimadefendant,andthusleavethequestiontohimandtheCourttodetermine.§94.WhoareNotProperParties.—Asarule,apersonwhohasnointerestwhatever,legalorequitable,inthesubject-matterofthecontroversy,andfororagainstwhomnodecreeinreferencetheretocanbepronounced,isnotaproperparty.Toconstituteapersonaproperparty,hemustbesoconnectedwiththematterindisputeas:(1)tobeentitledtohavesomethingbeneficialdecreedhim,somereliefgrantedhim;or,(2)tobeundersomeobligationtothecomplainantcapableofbeingenforced;or,(3)tohavesomeestateinhim,legalorequitable,realorapparent,liabletobedivestedoutofhimforthecomplainant'sbenefit;or,(4)tobedoingsomeacttocomplainant'sinjurysub-jecttoinjunction;or,(5)tohavesomerightinvolvedinthecontroversyneces-saryforhimtoprotectorenforce,ornecessarytobedetermined.Personsagainstwhomnoreliefisprayedarenotproperparties;noraremereservants,agents,auctioneers,attorneys,arbitrators,sheriffs,clerks,con-stables,orotherofficers25issuingorexecutingprocess,properparties,unlesstheyhavedone,oraredoing,actsentitlingthecomplainanttoaffirmativereliefagainstthem.26Itsometimes,however,becomesnecessarytomakesuchper-sonspartiesinordertogivethemauthoritativenoticeofaninjunctionrestrain-ingthem.Tenantsclaimingunderapartytothesuit,27andmortgagorswhohaveconveyedalltheirlegalandequitableinterestsintheestate,28arenot,ordinarily,properparties.Butthereisaclassofpersonswhohaveaninterestinthepropertybefore
.theCourt,andyetwhoareneithernecessarynorproperpartiestothesuit.Thisclassincludespersonswhohaveaninterestinthesubject-matterofthesuit,butwhosetitleisparamounttothatofthecomplainant,andagainstwhom,orwhosetitle,thecomplainantisentitledtonoreliefandseeksnodecree;suchas(1)priormortgageesinaforeclosuresuit;29(2)ownersofthefeeinasuitforpossessionbetweentenantsandsub-tenants;30and(3)theremainder-maninasuitbetweenthetenantsforliferelativetotheirrights.31Thepersonshavingtheseparamounttitlesareneithernecessarynorproprparties.Subse-quentmortgageesareproperparties,butnotnecessaryparties;32nevertheless,itiswelltomakethempartiesinordertoconcludetheirrightsandextinguishtheirclaimsbythedecree.33§95.SummaryoftheRulesastoParties.—Thefollowingisasummaryofthegeneralrulesastopartiesinequitablesuits
:
1.Allpersonsmaysueandbesued;butpersonsunderdisabilitymustsue23Suchassubsequentencumbrancers,andtenantsofthedefendants.24Sto.Eq.PI.,§76a.25Sto.Eq.PI.§231.But,seepost,§815.26Ifanofficerhasmadealevyonpersonaltyheisanecessarypartywhenthepersonaltyleviedonisinquestion.Bucknerv.Abrahams,3Tenn.,Ch.,348.Moneyinaclerk'sorotherofficer'shandsmaybegarnished,butinsuchacasetheownerorclaim-antofthefundmustbemadeaparty.See,post,§881.271Dan.Ch.Pr.,263.
281Dan.Ch.Pr.,261.Nevertheless,whenthereisanyquestionastothetenancy,orastothetrans-ferbythemortgagor,itisprudenttomakepartiesofthetenant,ormortgagor,asthecasemaybe,inordertobindthembythedecree.29Sto.Eq.PI.,§§193;230;Rowanv.Mercer,10Hum.,359.30Code,§3354.311Dan.Ch.Pr.,209.32Rowanv.Mercer,10Hum.,359;1Meigs'Dig.,§560,sub-sec,13.33Sto.Eq.PI.,§193.

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§96WHOSHOULDBECOMPLAINANTS.94
ARTICLEIV.WHOSHOULDBECOMPLAINANTS.
96.GeneralRulesastoPartiesComplain-.ant.97.WhoshouldbeComplainantswhenthePartiesareVeryNumerous.
§98.AllPartieshavingConcurrentInterestsshouldbeCo-complainants.§99.HowHusbandandWifeSueandareSued.
§96.GeneralRulesastoPartiesComplainant.—Allpersonswhohaveabeneficialinterestintherelieftobesoughtmayjoinascomplainants.Itisnotnecessarythattheinterestofthecomplainantsshouldineveryinstancebeidentical;acommunityofinterestis,generally,allthatisrequisite.1Theremust,however,benoincongruityintheirclaims,forajoinderofcomplainantswithdistinct,inconsistentandhostileclaimsandgroundsofrelief,wouldleadtomuchinconvenienceandconfusion,andwillnotbeallowedbytheCourt.2Neithercancomplainantsjoininasuitonthegroundthatifsomeofthemarenotentitledtorecover,theothersareentitled;sbutthebillmustshowonitsfacethateachandallofthecomplainantsareinterestedinthereliefsought,andhavearighttothesame,althoughtheirproportionsoftherecoverymaybedifferent.Ameresparkofrightinaparty,withoutanybeneficialinterestwhatever,willjustifymakinghimaco-complainantwhenthelittlerighthehasisconsistentwiththerightsoftheothercomplainants.4Allpersonshavingthesameinterest,orseekingthesamerelief,mayjoinascomplainantsinthesamebill;5indeed,theyshouldjoin,iftheconsentofallcanbeobtained,unlesstheirnumberistoogreat,andthen,aselsewhereshown,oneormoremaysueinbehalfofall.Wheneverapersonwhomay,orshouldbe,acomplainantrefusestojoininthesuit,orisoutofreachsothathecannotbeconsulted,hemustbemadeadefendant.7Therulethatpersonsclaimingunderdifferenttitlescannotbejoinedascom-plainantsinthesamesuitdoesnotapplytocaseswheretheirtitles,thoughdis-tinct,arenotinconsistentwitheachother.Thus,allthecreditorsofadecedentmayjoinasco-complainantstohavehisassetsproperlyadministered,althoughtheyclaimunderdistincttitles.8So,twoormorepersonsmayunitetoenjoinanuisanceinjurioustoall.9§97.WhoShouldbeComplainantswhenthePartiesareveryNumerous.—Asalreadyshown,theCourtdoesnotrequireallofthepersonsinterestedinasuittobemadeparties,whenitisimpracticable.10IfthepersonsinterestedaretoonumeroustobeallbroughtbeforetheCourt,theCourtwillnotinsistontheirbeingmadeparties,11butwillallowoneormoretosueinbehalfoftheirentireclass.Casesofthischaractermaybedividedintothreeclasses
:
iTillmanv.Seaicy,5Hum.,487.2Ibid.3Sto.Eq.PI.,§510.4Hendersonv.Peck.,3Hum.,247.51Dan.Ch.Pr.,191.6Post,§97.71Dan.Ch.Pr.,190,notes.81Dan.Ch.Pr.235.9Madisonv.CopperCo.,5Cates,331.10Ante,§92.11Sto.Eq.PL,§§94;135a.Thequestionmayarise:Whatnumberwouldbetoonumeroustomakethemallparties?Nodoubttheanswertothisques-tionwouldbegovernedsomewhatbythemagnitude
oftheindividualinterests.Ifthevariousinterestsbeverysmall,itissuggestedthattenormorewouldbetoonumerous,astenisamultitudeinlaw,Bou-vier'sL,.Die.,"Multitude."InMcCalebv.Crichfield,5Heisk.,289-,thirty-ninelegateeswereheldtobetoonumerous.InanEnglishcase,twentycreditors,interestedinrealestate,wereheldnottobetoonu-merous,1Dan.Ch.Pr.,237;see,also,Sto.Eq.PI.,§131a-Finneyv.Garner,2Cates,67-Thecom-plainantwhoundertakestorepresentaclassmusthaveagoodgroundofsuit,orthesuitmaybedis-missed.Nancev.Busby,7Pick.,315;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,244-

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95 WHOSHOULDBECOMPLAINANTS.§98
1.WheretheQuestionisoneofCommonorGeneralInterest.Insuchacaseone,ormore,interestedinthereliefsought,maysueforthebenefitofall.Thisclassincludescreditorsofadecedent,12creditorsofafraudulentvendor.13creditorswhoarepartiestoadeedoftrust,14legateesunderawill,15distribu-teesoftheestateofadecedent,16andcreditorsofaninsolventpartnership,orofaninsolventcorporation,andindeed,allpersonsinterestedinthedistribu-tionofanyfund,especiallyatrustfund.2.WherethePersonsInterestedareMembersofaVoluntaryAssociation.Thisassociationmaybeforeitherpublicorprivatepurposes.Incasesofthissort,afewmaysueforthebenefitofthemselvesandalltheothers,carebeingtakentohaveaduerepresentationofallsubstantialinterestsbeforetheCourt.17Thisclassincludesliteraryandsocialclubs,unincorporatedinsurance,labor,..po-litical,charitable,andreligiousassociations;andallsortsofvoluntarysocietiesforDleasureorimprovement;partakingsomewhatofthecharacterofapartner-ship.Incasesunderthissub-division,suitsmaybebroughtagainstafewofverymanymembersofsuchsocieties,clubsandassociations,carebeingtakentomakedefendantsofthosewhofairlyrepresenttheinterestofall.Insuchcaseitwouldbewelltomakedefendants,(1)ofthemanagers,executivecom-mittee,orotherdirectoryofthesociety,ifanyexist;or,(2)ofthecommitteewhoincurredtheliabilitysoughttobeenforced.Thebillshouldchargethatthemembersofthesocietyarenumerous,andmanyunknown,andshouldgivethereasonforsuingthedefendantsinparticular.183.WherethePartiesareNumerous,buthaveCommonEightsorInterests.Inthis-classthereisusuallyaprivityofinterestbetweentheparties;butsuchprivityisnotessential.Theremust,however,beacommoninterest,oracom-monright,whichthebillseekstoestablish,andenforce,orageneralclaim,orprivilege,whichitseekstoestablish,ortonarrow,ortotakeaway.Insuchcases,afewmaysueinbehalfofthemselves,andallothersstandinginthesamepredicament,theCourttakingcarethatsufficientpersonsarebeforeittofairlyandfullyascertainanddeterminethegeneralrightincontest.19§98.AllPartiesHavingConcurrentInterestsShouldBeCo-complainants.Allpersonswhohavearighttopartakeofageneralrecoveryshouldjoinascomplainantsinprosecutingasuittoobtainsuchrecovery.20Thereareseveralreasonsforthisrule:1,Itsimplifiestheexaminationandcross-examina-tionofwitnessestohavethepartiesallproperlymarshalled,thosehavingthesameinterestsallstandingononeside;2,Itmakestheargumentandthehear-ingmoreorderly;3,Itenablesadecreetobedrawnmorelogicallyandwithlessverbiage;4,Ithastheeffecttobetterapportiontheburdensofthelitiga-tion,andtolessenthecosts;and,5,Itenablesbothsidestopreparetheircaseswithmoreaccuracy,speed,andgeneralsatisfaction.Insuitstorecoverpersonalproperty,allofthejointownersmustjoinascomplainants,21andinsuitstoenforceanyjointright,jointobligation,orjointclaim,allthejointownersmustjoinascomplainantsorgivesomegoodreasonfornotsodoing,inwhichlattercasethejointownernotsuingmustbemadeadefendant.22Allthejointownersofafundshouldjoininasuitforitsre-covery;allpartners,jointtrustees,jointexecutors,andjointadministratorsmustjoininabillfiledtoasserttheirclaimsassuch.23§99.HowHusbandandWifeSueandareSued.—Husbandandwife,althoughoneinlaw,24aretwoinEquity,especiallywhentheseparatepropertyofthewifeisconcerned.Inlawthehusbandmaysuealone,andinhisown12Sto.Eq.PI.,§99;Code,§2368;Dullesv.Read,6Yerg.,53-13Code,§4288.14Sto.Eq.PL,§102-15Sto.Eq.PL,§104;McCalebv.Cric'ifield,5Heisk.,288-16Sto.Eq.PL,§105-•TSto.Eq.PI.,§107.18Sto.Eq.'PI.,§116
19Sto.Eq.PI.,§120;Hunterv.Justices,7Cold.,49;Loweryv.Francis,2Yerg.,534.201Dan.Ch.Pr.,190,note5.21Barrowv.Nave,2Yerg.,228;Collierv.Year-wood,5Bax.,581.22Sto.Eq.PI.,§159.23Sto.Eq.PI.,§210;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,221-227-241Dan.Ch.Pr.,87.

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§99WHOSHOULDBECOMPLAINANTS.96name,forallpersonalpropertyorcontractrightsaccruingtothewife,ortothehusbandandwifejointly,duringmarriage;butinCourtsofEquity,inallcasesinwhichthehusbandseekstorecoverthepropertyofhiswife,heshouldjoinherwithhimasco-complainant,whethertherighttothepropertyaccruedbeforeorduringmarriage.ThereasonofthisruleistheparentalcareCourtsofEquityexerciseoverpersonsunderdisability,andthenecessityofguardingthewife'sequitytoasettlement.25Butwhenitisnecessaryforhertosuealone,asstatedelsewhere,26shemustsue,ordinarily,bynextfriend,makingherhusbandadefendant.Wheneverthereisanyantagonismofinterestbetweenherandherhusband,wheneverherhusband,byhisactsornegligence,isestoppedorbarredofhisrighttosuealongwithhiswifefortheassertionofherrights,shemaysuebynextfriend,makingthehusbandadefendant.27Whenthehusbandhasdesertedhiswife,orhasbeenadjudgedanoncompos,shemay"bothsueandbesuedasasinglewoman.28Wheneverthewifeissued,herhusbandmustordinarilybemadeadefendantalongwithher,29evenifsheissuedasanexecutrix,30unlesshehasdesertedher,orisadjudgedanoncompos,orsheissuedonadebtincurredbyherinamercantileormanufacturingbusiness,31whenshemaybesuedasafemesole.AndasawifecansueherhusbandintheChanceryCourtwheneverhersepa-rateinterestsrequire,soahusbandmaysuehiswifeinthesameCourtwhenhis,separateinterestssorequire.32
251Dan.Ch.Pr.,89-92.26Ante,§§83-84.27Ante,§84;see,also,casescitedin3Meigs'Dig.,§§1617-1619;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,109-28Ante,§§84;88-
291Dan.Ch.Pr.,178.30iDan.Ch.Pr.,253-31Actsof1897,Ch.82-32iDan.Ch.Pr.,109;179.

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97 WHOSHOULDBEDEFENDANTS.§100
ARTICLEV.WHOSHOULDBEDEFENDANTS.100.GeneralRuleastoPartiesDefendant.101.WhenPartiesunderDisabilityshouldbemadeDefendants.
§102.SuggestionsastoWhomtomakeDe-fendants.
§100.GeneralRuleastoPartiesDefendant.—Allpersonsagainstwhomreliefissought,orwhoareinterestedinresistingthereliefsought,mustnec-essarilybemadedefendants;asmust,also,allotherswhoseinterestsinthesubject-matterofthesuitareadverseto,orinconsistentwith,theinterestsofthecomplainants.Allpersonsclaiminganytitle,legalorequitable,tothepropertyincontroversy,mustbemadedefendants,ifsuchtitleisinconflictwiththetitlesetupbythecomplainants.Allpersonswhoserightsarecon-currentwiththoseofthecomplainants,butwhohavenotconsentedtobecomecomplainants,mustbemadedefendants.1And,ingeneral,allpersonsinter-ested,inthesubject-matterofthesuit,orliabletobeaffectedinanywaybythedecreesought,whethertheirinterestorliabilitybelegalorequitable,whodonotjoinascomplainantsinfilingthebill,shouldbemadedefendants.2§101.WhenPartiesunderDisabilitiesshouldbemadeDefendants.—Al-thoughlunaticsmayappearbyattorneywhensuingorbeingsued,3neverthe-less,whenthereisachoiceofpositioninsuitsaffectingtheirinterests,theyshouldbemadedefendants,andshoulddefendbyguardianadlitemwhentheyhavenoregularguardian.Thesameruleappliestominors,with,perhaps,evengreaterforce.Thereasonofthisruleis,theCourtcanbetterguardtheinterestsofminorswhendefendantsthanwhencomplainants;and,besides,theattitudeofadefendantinasuitinEquityis,invariousrespects,moreadvan-tageousandsafeforinfantsthanthatofacomplainant.4Nevertheless,itisnotreversibleerrortojoinanoncomposoraminorascomplainantinasuitnecesarytoasserttheirrights,they,ofcourse,suingbyguardian,iftheyhaveone,otherwisebynextfriend.Alunaticmaysue,orbesued,inperson,andmayappearordefendbyaSolicitoroftheCourt,likeapersonsuijuris?butthemoreprudentcourseistohavethemsuebynextfriendwhentheyarecom-plainants,anddefendbyguardianadlitemwhendefendants.§102.SuggestionsastoWhomtomakeDefendants.—IndeterminingwhoshouldbemadecomplainantsandwhodefendantstoasuitinChancery,thedraftsmanofthebillshouldascertain:1,Whoarethepersonstobebene-fitedbythereliefsought;2,Whoarethepersonsagainstwhomthereliefissought,and3,Whoarethepersons,ifany,havingrights,legalorequitable,withoutbeneficialinterests,liabletobeaffectedbythedecree.1.TheFirstClassincludesallwhohavearighttobebenefitedbythedecreeprayedfor;andiftherebenoconflictsintheirrespectiveinterests,theymayallbejoinedascomplainants,andshouldbesojoined,iftheirconsentcanbeobtained.Ifsuchconsentcannotbehad,theymustbemadedefendants.2.TheSecondClassincludesallpersonsagainstwhomreliefissought;all
1Cookv.Hadley,Cooke,465-2Adams'Eq.,312-3McDowellv.Morrell,5Lea,286;Rankinv.Warner,2Lea,302. ,„iDavidsonv.Bowden,5Sneed,130;McGavockv.Bell,3Cold.,521;Thompsonv.Mebane,4Heisk.,379.Ifaninfantismadeaco-complainantwith
othersinabill,anditappearsthatitwillbemoreforhisbenefitthatheshouldbemadeadefendant,anordertotstrikehisnameoutasacomplainant,andmakehimadefendant,maybeobtaineduponmotion.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,72.55Lea,286;2Lea,302,citedabove.

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§102 WHOSHOULDBEDEFENDANTS.98personsliabletothecomplainants'demands,primarilyorsecondarily;allpersonschargedwithdoingcomplainantssomewrong,orwithholdingsomeright.Thisentireclassmustbemadedefendants,unlesstherebesomespecialreasonfornotsuingthem,suchastheirdeath,insolvency,orabsencefromtheState,whichreasonshouldbestatedinthebill.Iftherebeanyremainder-mennotinbeing,oranyotherpersonnotinbeing,havingacontingentinterest,thelife-tenantmustbemadeadefendanttorepresentthem.3.TheThirdClassincludesallthosehavingdrytitles,legalorequitable,withoutanybeneficialinterest,tothepropertyinlitigation;suchasholdersofthenakedlegaltitle;dryornakedtrustees,absoluteassignorsofanon-negotiablething;mortgagors,whohaveinformallyassignedtheirentireequityofredemption;mortgageesunderanabsolutedeedwhosedebthasbeenfullypaid,orwhollytransferred;and,inshort,allpersonswho,whileinnoparticu-lardefault,areneverthelesssoconnectedwiththesubject-matterofthelitiga-tionthattheyshouldbeboundbythedecree,eithertowhollydetermineallthevariousbranchesofthecontroversy,ortoperfectthetitletothepropertybeforetheCourt.Allpersonsbelongingtothisthirdclassmaybemadede-fendants;if,however,therebenoconflictbetweentherightsandinterestsofthefirstandthirdclassesthepersonsinthelattermaybejoinedasco-com-plainants;but,asarule,thebettercourseistomakeallpersonsinthethirdclasspartiesdefendant.Ifthepersonsseekingbenefitsunderthedecreesoughthaveadverseorconflictinginterestsinthesubject-matterofthesuit,orinthereliefsought,theycannotjoinasco-complainants;andonesetortheotherofthosehavingcon-flictinginterestsmustbemadedefendants;for,inalaw-suit,asinabattle,assailantscannotengageinaconflictbetweenthemselves,andmakeasuccess-fulassaultontheiradversaries,atthesametime.Theremustbeacommunity,or,perhapsmorecorrectlyspeaking,acongruityofinterestsamongthecom-plainants;andtheircauseofaction,orrightofrecovery,mustbesubstantiallythesame,althoughtheirproportionsoftherecovery,ortheirintereststherein,maybeunequal.And,asarule,theremustbeacommonsourceoftitleorinterest,oratleastsomebondofunion,betweenthevariouscomplainants,suchasexistsbetweenjointheirs;betweenpartners;betweentenantsincom-mon;betweenjointtrustees;betweenjointexecutors,orjointadministrators;betweenthecreditorsofthesameestate;betweenthewardsofthesameguardian;betweenthebeneficiariesunderthesametrust;betweenthelegateesordeviseesunderthesamewill;betweenthesuretiesonthesameinstrument;betweenthepayorsorpayeesofthesameobligations;betweenthepartiestothesamecontract,bond,ordeed;betweenmembersofthesameassociation,orcorporation,and,generally,betweenthepersonssubjecttothesamegeneralburden,orentitledtoshareinthesamegeneralbenefit.Ontheotherhand,thereneedbenocommunityorcongruityofinterestsamongthedefendants;theymay,andoftenare,adverselyconcernedamongthemselves,orliableindifferentamounts,indifferentdegrees,andondifferentaccounts;indeed,someofthedefendantsmayhavethesamerightsofrecoveryandgeneralreliefassomeofthecomplainants,ormayhaveotheraffirmativerightsagainstsomeoftheirco-defendants,andmaybeentitledtoadecreeagainstsomeofthem,eitherinthefirstplace,asthoughtheyweresuingascomplainantsor,inthesecondplace,becausetheyareonlyliabletocom-plainantsincaseofdefaultbytheirco-defendants.Toillustratethis:Oneofseveralwards,whohashadseveralguardians,maysueallofhisguardians,andalloftheirsureties,inonesuit,andmaymaketheotherwardsdefendants:insuchacase,theCourtmaydecreeinfavorofthedefendantwards,aswellasthecomplainant;andmay,also,decreetheprimaryliabilityoftheobligeesonsomeofthebonds,anddecreeagainsttheminfavoroftheobligeesonlysecondarilyliable,thepleadingssopermitting.

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§103NEXTFRIENDSANDGUARDIANSADLITEM.100
ARTICLEVI.NEXTFRIENDSANDGUARDIANSADLITEM.
103.NextFriends,GenerallyConsidered.104.NextFriendsofMarriedWomen.105.NextFriendsofMinorsandLunatics.106.GuardiansadLitemgenerallyConsid-ered.
§107.Powers,DutiesandLiabilitiesofGuardiansadLitem.§108.SomePracticalSuggestionstoGuard-iansadLitem.
§103.NextFriends,GenerallyConsidered.—Anextfriend,or,asheisfrequentlytermed,aprocheinami,isasortofself-appointedguardianwhoassumesthedutyandresponsibilityofbringingasuitinbehalfofapersonundersomedisability,legalornatural.1Thepersonthusunderdisability,isgenerally(1)amarriedwoman,or(2)aminor,or(3)apersonofunsoundmind.Thesepersonsnotbeingabletobindthemselvesbycontractforcostsofsuit,and,incaseofminorsandpersonsofunsoundmind,notbeingofsufficientmentalcapacityandbusinessexperiencetocomprehendtheirrightsandhowtoprotectthem,itbecomesnecessaryforsomefriendtointerveneintheirbehalf,whenevertheirinterestsrequiretheinterpositionofaCourt.2Thisfriendiscalledthenextfriend,becauseformerlyhewasthenearest(ornext)kinsmanofthepersonunderdisability.But,now,anypersonmayactasnextfriend,providedheisactingingoodfaith,3andsecuresthecosts.4Theobjectoftherulerequiringanextfriendintheprosecutionofsuitsforthebenefitofpersonsunderdisability,istohavesomeoneresponsibleforcostsandliabletojudgmenttherefor;andtohavesomeoneuponandagainstwhomtheCourtmaymakeandenforceitsorders,andwhowillbesubjecttopunish-mentforcontemptincaseofdisobedienceto,orviolationof,themandatesoftheCourt;andforthemoreespecialpurposeofhavingsomeonebeforetheCourtcapableoflookingafterandcaringfortheinterestsofthoseincapableofunderstandinganddefendingtheirownrights.5Itisthedutyofanextfriendseduouslytowatchandprotecttheinterestsofhisward6involvedinthelitigation.Heis,intheconductofthesuit,subjecttothecontroloftheCourt;andifhefailtodohisduty,orifanyothersuffi-cientgroundbebroughttotheknowledgeoftheCourt,as,ifhehaveaninterestinthelitigationantagonistictotheinterestsofhisward,theCourtnotonlyhasthepower,butitisitsduty,toremovehim,andappointanother,whomaybemorefaithful,ornotsubjecttoasimilartemptation.7Weretheruleotherwise,theendsofjusticemightbedefeated,andiniquitiesperpetratedbyaparty,whoseinterestsareantagonistictothoseofhisward,assumingtheofficeofnextfriend,andbringinghiswardbeforetheCourt,inorder,throughtheformsoflaw,torobitofitsjustrightsandatthesametimeaccomplishhisownavariciouspurposes.8ThenextfriendisdeemedanofficeroftheCourt,andtheminorawardoftheCourt.9Iftwosuitsarebroughtbydifferentpersons,actingasnextfriends,theCourtwillallowthatoneofthem
1Kirkman,exparte,3Head,519.2Rankinv.Warner,2Lea,302;Leftwickv.Ham-ilton,9Heisk.,313-3Sto.Eq.PI.,§57-iMilesv.Kaigler,10Yerg.,17.5Rankinv.Warner,2Lea,302;Leftwickv.Ham-ilton,9Heisk.,313.6Thepersoninwhosebehalfa'nextfriendsues
isnot,technically,his"ward,"butthiswordex-pressestheirrelationbetter,perhaps,thananyother.^Simpsonv.Alexander,6Cold.,630;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,75-*Ibid.:Sto.Eq.PI.,559-»Sto.Eq.PI.,§57.Stewartv.Sims,4Cates,29ff.

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101NEXTFRIENDSANDGUARDIANSADMyy§io4eVal#^ben/fit,andtobeproceededinwhich,oninquiry,appearsmosttowillstayproceedingsintheother.10Iftheward'sdisabilityshouldterminateduringthepetfd'ejattjfij^Fihesuit,hemayelectwhetherhewillcontinueit,orabandonit;but^tl-ie-atiandonsithewillbetaxedwiththecosts,unlesstheCourtshould,beofopinionthatthebillwasimproperlyfiled,inwhichcasethecostswillbeadjudgedagainstthenextfriend.11Thenextfriendofaminorcannotreceivethemoneyonajudgmentherecoversforhisward,norcanheconfesssatisfactionthereof.12Anextfriendcannotelectforapersonunderdisability,andtheCourtwillnot,unlesstherecordenablesittomakeanintelligentandeffectualelection;13norcananextfriendcompromiseasuit,orreceiveorreceiptfortheamountduehisward,orcollectorcompoundthedebtrecoveredbysuit,14orsubmitacase,pendinginCourt,toarbitration.15Thenextfriendgenerallysignsandswearstothebill,unlesshiswardbetterknowsthefacts,andthenthelattermaysignandsweartoit.16Ifanextfrienddiesorbecomesincapacitatedtoact,pendingasuit,anewnextfriendmay,onmotion,besubstitutedinhissteadwiththeconsentandapprovaloftheCourt.§104.-NextFriendsofMarriedWomen.—Thegeneralreasonsalreadygivenforrequiringamarriedwomantosuebynextfriend,andthereasonsstatedinthebooks,showthattheprincipal,ifnotthesole,objectistosecurethepaymentofthecoststhatmaybeadjudgedagainsther.17Anextfriendofaninfantmaysuewithoutobtainingthelatter'sconsent,butthenextfriendofanadultmarriedwomancannot.18Themarriedwomanmaychangehernextfriend,ongivingbondtoindemnifyhimagainstthecostshehasin-curred,19providedshebeofageandtheCourtconsent.Inviewofthisstateofthelaw,andofourstatutesinbehalfofmarriedwo-men,andconsideringthefactthatthenextfriendofanadultmarriedwomanisgenerallyappointedbythewife,andisoftenamerenominalpartyexceptastocosts,itissuggestedthatanadultmarriedwoman,whogivessecurityforcosts,mayprosecuteasuitinherownname,whenitisnecessarytodosotoprotectherseparateinterestsagainstherhusband.20CourtsofChanceryregardsub-stance,notform.§105.NextFriendsofMinorsandLunatics.—Althoughthepracticeofallowinginfantsandpersonsofunsoundmindtosuebytheirguardian,describ-inghimassuch,prevailsinthisState,stillheisinallrespectsanextfriend;andischargedwithallthedutiesandliabilities,issubjecttothesamere-straints,andbearsthesamerelationtotheinfant,ornoncompos,andtothesuit,asthoughhehadbeendescribedashisnextfriend.21Thedistinction,however,ismoreformalthanmaterial:ifitbetotheinterestofthewardtohavetheguardianconsideredasanextfriend,hewillbesodeemed.TheChanceryCourtofthisStatehasfullandoriginaljurisdictionofthepersonsandestatesofminorsandpersonsofunsoundmind,andmayappoint,orremove,guardianswhenevertheinterestsoftheminor,ornoncompos,requiresuchaction.2210Sto.Eq.PI.§60.Ifthenextfriendofanin-fantdoesnotdohisduty,orifanyothersufficientfroundbemadeout,theCourtwillremovehim.hus,whenthenextfriendwillnotproceedwiththecause,theCourtwillchangehim.Andalthoughanextfriendmaynothavebeenactuallyguiltyofanyimproprietyormisconduct,yetifheisconnectedwiththedefendantsinthecauseinsuchamannerastorenderitprobablethattheinterestofthecomplainantwillnotbeproperlysupported,theCourtwillremovesuchnextfriendandappointanotherinhisplace.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,75.illDan.Ch.Pr.,78-12Codyv.RoanIronCo.,21Pick.,515-Butanextfriendmayappealhisward'scasetotheSu-premeCourt.Loftisv.Loftis,10Pick.,232.13Parsonsv.Kinzer,3Lea,347.
14Milesv.Kaigler,10Yerg.,10.15Tuckerv.Dabbs,12Heisk.,18.162Barb.Ch.Pr.,361.171Dan.Ch.Pr.,HI.181Dan.Ch.Pr.,110;Sto.Eq.PI.,§61-101Dan.Ch.Pr.,112;Leftwickv.Hamilton,9Heisk.,313;andseePhillipsv.Hassell,10Hum.,198;Murphyv.Green,2Bax.,403;Cheathamv.Huff,2Tenn.Ch.616.20UndertheoldEnglishpractice,awifecouldsuealone,andwithoutnextfriend,onmakingaffida-vitthatshecouldnotgetapersontoactashernextfriend,whowasgoodforthecosts.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,39;111;andseeRankinc.Warner,2Lea,305.21Simpsonv.Alexander,6Cold.,630.22Code,§§4298-4299;Lakev.McDavitt,13Lea,26.

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§106nextFriendsandguardiansadlitem.102Whileitiscertainthataminormustsuebyguardian,ornextfriend,therulethatthesamenecessityexistsincaseofapersonofunsoundmindisnotsoinflexible.Thereasonseemstobe,thedifficultythatsometimesexiststodeter-minewhetheraparticularpersonisofsoundorunsoundmind.23Ifnoobjectionisinterposed,anoncomposmaymaintainasuitinhisownname,andwithoutguardian,ornextfriend;andiftheobjectionshouldbemade,andnoonewillassumetheroleofguardian,ornextfriend,theCourtwouldhesitatelongbeforedismissingameritoriousbillforwantofanextfriend,24especiallyifthecostsweresecured,andaSolicitoroftheCourtwasactingascounselforthenoncomposcomplainant.Whereabillhasbeenfiledinthenameofaninfant,hiscomingofageisnoabatementofthesuit;buthemayelectwhetherhewillproceedwithit,ornot.Ifhegoesonwiththecause,allfutureproceedingsmaybecarriedoninhisownname,andthebillneednotbeamendedoraltered.Hewillalsobeliabletoallthecostsofthesuit,inthesamemannerthathewouldhavebeenhadhebeenofagewhenthebillwasoriginallyfiled.Ifhechoosestoabandonit,hemaymovetodismissitonpaymentofcostsbyhimself;buthecannotcom-pelthenextfriendtopaythecosts,unlessitbeestablishedthatthebillwasimproperlyfiled.Thus,whenaninfant,onattainingtheageoftwenty-oneyears,movedtodismissabillfiledonhisbehalf,withcoststobepaidbythenextfriend,theCourtrefusedtomaketheorder,butdirectedthebilltobedismissedonthelateinfant,plaintiffgivinganundertakingtopaythecostsofthenextfriend.26Nodoubt,thesamerulewouldapplyincaseofabillbyanextfriendofanyotherpersonunderdisability,incasesuchperson'sdisabilityshouldtermi-natewhilethesuitwaspending.§106.GuardiansadLitemGenerallyConsidered.—Defendantswhoareminors,orofunsoundmind,arethewardsoftheCourt,whichmustrepresentthemintheprocurementofcounsel;andindischargingthisdutytheCourtshouldselectmenlearnedinthelaw,andcapableoftakingcareoftheinterestsoftheirwards;26andthepersonsochosenshould,ofcourse,havenointerestsantagonistictothoseofhisward.27Iftheminor,ornoncompos,hasaregularguardian,hemustappearanddefendbysuchguardian.28Nostepcanbetakenagainstaminor,ornoncompos,untilaftertheappoint-mentofaguardianadlitem;theappointmentmustnotonlybemade,butitmustbeaccepted.Thecomplainantisnotaproperpartytonominateaguar-dianadlitem;buthemaymovetheChancellor,orMaster,tomakeanappoint-ment.29Noappointmentcanbemadeuntilaftertheminor,ornoncompos,hasbeendulybroughtintoCourtbyserviceofprocess,orbypublication;30andheisnotinCourtuntilthereturnday.ItisnotnecessaryfortheminortoactuallyappearinCourt,inperson,whensued,unlessthebillisfiledbyhisguardiantosellhisproperty,andheisoverfourteenyearsofage.31If,attheappearanceterm,orattheappearanceruleday,nofriendoftheminormovestohaveaguardianadlitemappointedforhim,suchguardianmaybeappointedbytheChancellor,orMaster,onapplica-tionofthecomplainant,supportedbyanaffidavitthattheminorhasnogeneralguardian.32Whereamarriedwomanisaminorshemustdefendbyaguardian
23McDowellv.Morrell,5Lea,286-24Rankinv.Warner,2Lea,305.251Dan.Ch.Pr.,78.26Kerbaughv.Vance,5Lea,114.27Elrodv.Lancaster,2Head,572.28Britainv.Cowen,5Hum.,315;Code,§4420.291Dan.Ch.Pr.,162.30Taylorv.Walker,1Heisk.,739;WheatleyV.Harvey,1Swan,485.31Insuchcasetheminormustanswerthebillinperson.Code,§3325;seeChapteronSuitstoSellPropertyofPersonsunderDisability;post,§§972-979-
32Code,§4420;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,162.Ifthebillallegesthereisnogeneralguardian,anditisswornto,nofurtheraffidavitisnecessary.Theguardianadlitemordinarilyputsinageneralanswer,submittingtherightsoftheinfanttotheprotectionoftheCourt;butitishisdutytoascertainwhattheserightsare,andifaspecialanswerisnecessaryoradvisableforthepurposeofbringingsuchrightsbeforetheCourt,heshouldputinsuchananswer.1Barb.Ch.Pr.,148;andmayapplyforleavesotodoafterhavingfiledaformalanswer.

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103NEXTFRIENDSANDGUARDIANSADLITEM.§107adlitem,likeanyotherminor,butinsuchcaseherhusbandmaybeappointedwhenheisanadultandaco-defendant.38§107.Powers,Duties,andLiabilitiesofGuardiansadLitem.—Thepowers,anddutiesofaguardianadlitemarelimited,andstrictlyconfinedtothedefenseoftheparticularsuitinwhichheisappointed.HeistodefendthesuitintheCourtfromwhichhederiveshisauthority,accordingtotherulesandprinciplesoflawapplicabletothecase,asadminsteredinthattribunal,andinconformitywiththeordinarymodeoftrialandpracticeoftheCourtinsimilarcases.Itisnotwithinthescopeofhisauthority,orduty,toconsenttochangethetri-bunalforthetrial,orthatthedecisionshallbeuponprinciplesotherthanthoseapplicabletolikecases,intheforuminwhichthesuitispending.Hehasnopowertosubmitthecasetoanarbitration,buthemayexerciseasounddiscretioninreferencetomerematterspreliminarytoatrial,andwhichcannot,ordinarily,affectorprejudicethemeritsofthecase,ortheinterestoftheminors,suchaswaivingnoticeofcopyofbill,andagreeingtoarevivor.34Hecannot,however,waiveserviceofprocessonhiswards,normakethempartiestothesuit,35becausetherecanreallybenolawfulappointmentofaguardianadlitemuntilthereturndayafterserviceofprocessontheminor,ornoncompos.86Aguardianadlitemisnotexpectedtoassumeanyaffirmativeresponsibilities.Hisdutyistoguardtheinterestsandrightsofhisward.TheCourtinappoint-inghimgiveshimashield,butnosword;andifintheprogressofthesuithethinksacrossbillshouldbefiled,orotheraffirmativesteptaken,heshouldbyaffidavit,petition,or,ifthefactsarealreadyofrecord,bymotion,takecounseloftheCourtinthematter,andgettheCourt'sleavebeforeheactsfurther.Onfilingacrossbilltheguardianadlitem,prohacvice,beeomesnextfriendoftheinfant.Hecannotbindhiswardbyadmissions,37butmayconsenttoanyhearingatChambers,andmaywaiveformalities.38Hemayconsenttotakeevidencewithouttheusualnotice,andmayconsenttoothermattersrelatingtotheconductofthecause.Butheshouldbecautiousaboutsuchconsents,andshouldsubmittotheCourteveryquestioninvolvingtherightsofhisward.Hemustmakeasvigorousadefenseasthelaw,andfacts,andhisward'sinterestswilljustify;andshouldnotdelaythecausebyfailingtoputinhispleading,ornisproof,ortotakeotherpropersteps.Courtsexpectofguardiansadlitemafaithfulanddiligentcompliancewiththeirduties,andforanygrossfailurethereintheymaybeheldliabletotheirwardsforalldamagessustained,andmaybetaxedwithcosts.39§108.SomePracticalSuggestionstoGuardiansadLitem.—Thefirstthingaguardianadlitemshoulddo,afterhisappointment,istoexaminethesubpoenaorpublicationnotice,toseewhetherhiswardisproperlyinCourt;because,ifthewardisnotproperlybeforetheCourt,theappointmentoftheguardianadlitemisanullity,andalltheproceedingsinthecause,sofarasthewardisconcerned,areabsolutelyvoid.Theguardianadlitemowesthisduty:(1)totheCourt,whosetrustedofficerheis:(2)tohisward,whoseinterestsheisboundtoguard;and(3)tohimself,asanevidenceofproperdiligenceonhispart,andasaprecautionagainstthehumiliationthatwouldresulttohim>fromproceedinginthecausewhenhiswardisnotbeforetheCourt.Theseconddutyoftheguardianadlitemistothoroughlypossesshimselfofthefactsofthecase,sothathemayknowwhataretherights,whattheduties,andwhattheinterestsofhisward.Thisdutyisnotperformedbymerelyreadingthebill,andmakingsomegeneralinquiriesofthecomplainant's331Dan.Ch.Pr.,163-34Hannumv.Wallace,9Hum.,129.35Frazierv.Pankey,1Swan,78;Robertsonv.Robertson,2Swan,199;Ruckerv.Moore,1Heisk.,279;Taylorv.Walker,Ibid.738-38Taylorv.Walker,1Heisk.,739;Hannum«.Wallace,9Hum.,134-135;Frazierv.Pankey,1
Swan,75;Brucev.Bruce,11Heisk.,765;Kelleyv.Kelley,15Lea,199.37Lewis&Lenoirv.Outlaw,1Tenn.,(Overt.)141.38Actsof1903,Ch.248,sec.1.30iDan.Ch.Pr.,160-163.

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§108NEXTFRIENDSANDGUARDIANSADLITEM.104Solicitor;heshouldconsultpersonswhoarefriendlytotheward,andwhoknowthefactsofthecase.Ifthewardisoldenoughtounderstandthemattersinlitigation,andisaccessible,andhisinterests,rightsanddutiesarepropermatterstobesubmittedtohimconsideringhisageandjudgment,theguardianadlitemmayconsulthim,especiallyifheisnearhismajority.Havingascertainedthefacts,theguardianadlitemwillthentakesuchstepsaswillbestpromotehisward'swelfare.Iftheobjectofthebillispromotiveofthatwelfare,heshouldnotputanyobstaclesinthewayofthereliefsought
;
butshouldratherco-operatewiththeSolicitorofthecomplainantinexpeditingthecauseandmakingthecostsaslightaspossible,especiallyifthewardmaybeliableforanypartofsuchcosts.If,ontheotherhand,thereliefsoughtisdetrimentaltotherightsandinterestsoftheward,theguardianadlitemshouldvigorouslyresistthatrelief,andineveryproperwayasserttherightsandprotecttheinterestsofhisward,usingforthatpurposeeveryavailabledefense,admissibleinEquity;andshouldrallytohisaidtherelativesandfriendsofhisward,andshouldtakeeveryotherstepthatisincumbentonafaithful,diligent,skilfulandzealousSolicitorandguardian.

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105MIS-JOINDERANDNON-JOINDEROFPARTIES§109
ARTICLEVII.MIS-JOINDERANDNON-JOINDEROFPARTIES.§109.WhoarePartiestoaSuitinChancery.I§111.EffectoftheNon-joinderofParties.§110.GeneralRulesastoDefectofParties.|§112.EffectoftheMis-joinderofParties.§109.WhoarePartiestoaSuitinChancery.—Thegeneralruleisthatnopersonsareconsideredpartiestoasuitexceptthecomplainantsandthepersonsagainstwhomtheprocessisprayed.1Themerenamingapersonasadefend-antdoesnot,however,makehimaparty:hemustalsobeservedwithaprocess,2unlessheputsinavoluntaryappearance.3Indrawingbills,thenamesoftheparties,andtheirpositionascomplainantsanddefendantsshouldbeclearlystated.Insomebillsitisdifficulttoascertainwhoareintendedtobemadeparties.TheCodeformofgivingthenamesshouldbeadheredto:itisbetterthananyyetdevisedbyinexperienceddraftsmen.4§110.GeneralRulesastoDefectofParties.—ItismanifestlyimpossibleforaCourttodofulljusticeinagivencase,unlesstheproperpartiesarebeforetheCourtinthatparticularcase.TheCourtmustbothhavejurisdictionandmusthear,beforeitcandetermine;andhowcanithearordeterminewhenthepersonentitledtospeakhasneverbeenbroughtbeforetheCourt?Thisde-ficiencyofproperpartiesistermednon-joinder.Ontheotherhand,thecomplainantsmaybesettingupajointrightofre-coveryagainstthedefendantswhennotentitledtoajointrecovery.Someofthecomplainantsmayhavearightofrecoveryinthegivencase,buttheothersmayhavenorightwhatevertoshareinthatrecoveryasjointownersthereofalongwiththeirco-complainants.Or,someofthecomplainantsmayhavearighttorecoverononeaccount,andothercomplainantsmayhavetherighttorecoveronanotherandwhollydifferentaccount,neithersetofcom-plainantshavinganyinterestintheother'scauseofaction,andnoprivityorcommunityofinterestexistingbetweenthem.Thisfailureofallthecomplain-antstohaveacommunityorcongruityofinterestentitlingthemtoshareintherecovery,orthereliefsought,istermedmis-joinderofpartiescomplainant.Again,personsmaybejoinedasdefendantsfororagainstwhomnoreliefcanbegranted,theybeingneithernecessarynorproperparties,havingnointerestofanysortandbeinginnowaychargeable.Insuchcasethereisamis-joinderofpartiesdefendant.Therules,therefore,are
:
1.Thatnopersonshouldbemadeacomplainant,whohasnocommunityorcongruityofinterestwiththeothercomplainantsinthegeneralreliefsought.2.Thatnopersonshouldbeomittedasaparty,whennocompletedecreeadjudicatingallthemattersincontroversycanbemadewithouthim,eitherascomplainantordefendant.3.Thatpartiesrepresentinginterestswhollyinconsistentcannotjoinascom-plainants:co-complainantsmusthavesomegeneralcommunityofinterestinthesubject-matterofthesuit;and4.Thatnopersoncanbeproperlyjoinedasadefendant,fororagainstwhomnoreliefcanbegranted,nordecreerendered.
11Dan.Ch.Pr.,286;Sto.Eq.PL,§44;MajorsI 3Pugsleyv.Freedman,2Tenn.Ch.,138.v.McNeilly,7Heisk.,300. 4Code,§4313.21Dan.Ch.Pr.,237;390. I

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§111MIS-JOINDERANDNON-JOINDEROFPARTIES.106Mis-joinderofpartiesisamattercloselyalliedtomultifariousness,andwillbefurtherconsideredunderthathead.5§111.EffectoftheNon-joinderofParties.—Ifalltheparties,whoshouldbebe-foretheCourt,arenotmadeparties,uponthequestionbeingraisedby-demurrer,plea-oranswer,theCourtwillallowthebilltobeamended;ormaypronounceadecreesavingtherightsofthepartiesnotbeforetheCourt;6anditwouldbereversibleerrorfortheCourtnottopermitanamendment,soastobringinthenecessaryparties,evenafterallowingaplea,ordemurrer,forwantofparties.7Whensuchplea,ordemurrer,issustained,thecomplainanthastheright,asamatterofcourse,tosoamendhisbillastocurethedefectinit.If,atthehearing,itappearsthatpersonsinterestedhavenotbeenmadeparties,theCourt,asalreadyshown,mayallowthebilltobeamended,ormayrenderadecree,savingtherightsofpersonsnotmadeparties.8Thegeneralrule,requiringallpersonsininteresttobemadepartiestothesuit,is,inmostcases,notarightofthepartiesbroughtbeforetheCourt,butratheraruleprescribedbyCourtsofEquityfortheirowngovernment,arulefoundedintheiranxietytodojusticeamongallpartieshavinganinterestinthesubject-matter,orintheobjectofthesuit,andtherebytopreventfuturecontroversyandlitigation.9CourtsofChancerystruggleagainsttechnicalruleswhichimpedetheattainmentofsubstantialjustice;andwillallownewpartiestobemadeatalmostanystageofthesuit.10Nevertheless,theChancellorshouldbeexceedinglyslowtopronounceadecree,withouthavingallthenecessarypartiesbeforehim,andshouldrequirethenecessaryamendmentstobemadetobringintoCourtallthepartiesomitted,totheendthatacompletedecreemaybepronounced,settlingallthevariouslegalandequitablerightsinvolvedinthelitigation.11§112.EffectoftheMis-joinderofParties.—Whenadefendantismis-joinedasaparty,thenatureofthecontroversybeingsuchthatnoreliefcanbegrantedfororagainsthim,hecanhavethesuitastohimselfdismissed,onmotionorondemurrer;butnootherpartycanobject.12Ifthereisamis-joinderofcomplainants,however,anyorallofthede-fendantsmaydemur;andthebill,undertheoldruleofpractice,would,there-upon,havebeendismissed.13Butthisruleisnowgreatlymodified,andundertheliberalizedpracticeandrulesofpleadingofthepresentday,itrequiresaveryflagrantcaseofmultifariousnessormis-joinderofpartiestodefeat,ondemurrer,aclearequity;14andthebetterpracticeinadoubtfulcaseofmis-joinderofcomplainantsnowis,toretainthecauseinCourtuntilthehearing,andthendismissitastothosecomplainantsonlynotentitledtoshareintherecovery;15'or,theCourtmay,inapropercase,authorizeamendments,orevendirectseparatebillstobefiled,withoutnewprocessastothepartiesbeforetheCourt.16Itisnowharshness,almostarbitrariness,foraChancellortodismissabillonademurrerformis-joinderofpartieswhenaclearequity,orlegalcauseofaction,appearsonthefaceofthebill,17infavorofsomeofthecomplainants.5Post,§149.6Code,§§4337-4338.7Grayv.Hays,7Hum.,588;Franklin7/.Frank-lin,2Swan,522.SeeCode,§2798-8Code,§4337-9Birdsongv.Birdsong,2Head,291-10Ibid.;BritainV.Cowen,5Hum.,315.11Bonijudicisestlitesdirimerenelisexliteori-atur;etinterestreipublicwutsintfineslitium.
12Paynev.Berry,3Tenn.,Ch.,154.13Sto.Eq.PI.,§509;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,302,note4;TillmanV.Searcy,5Hum.,487-14Dechardv.Edwards,2Sneed,99.15Henderson)'.Peck,3Hum.,248-ioCode,§§4325-4327;4338;Jefferson);.Gaines,7Bax.,368-1'Post.§283-

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]07DEATH,MARRIAGE,ORASSIGNMENT,OEPARTIES.§113
ARTICLEVIII.EFFECTOFDEATHORMARRIAGEOFPARTIES,ORASSIGNMENTOFTHEIRINTERESTS.113.EffectoftheDeathofaParty.114.EffectoftheMarriageofaFemaleParty.
§115.GeneralRuleApplicabletoAssign-mentsofPropertyinLitigation.§116.EffectofVoluntaryAlienationofPropertyPendingaLitigation.§113.EffectoftheDeathofaParty.—Inasmuchassomeconfusionsome-timesarisesinthemindofjuniorcounsel,byreasonofthedeath,ormarriageofparties,oratransferoftheirinterests,eitherbeforeorafterthebringingofasuit,itmaybewelltoconsidertheeffectofsuchoccurrences.Onthedeathofaperson,who,hadhelived,wouldhavebeenaproperparty,thosewhosucceedtowhatwouldhavebeenhisrightsorduties,mustbesubstitutedforhim.1Ifhispersonalestatewouldhavebeenbenefitedorinjuredbythelitiga-tion,therepresentativeofhispersonalestate,(hisexecutororadministrator,)mustbemadeaparty.Ifhisrealestatewouldhavebeenlessenedorincreasedbythelitigation,therepresentativesofhisrealestate(hisheirs)mustbemadeparties;orifheleftawilldevisingtoanyonetheparticularrealestateinvolvedinthelitigation,suchdeviseemustbemadeapartyinsteadoftheheirs;iftherealestatebedevisedforanypurposetotheexecutorhemustbemadeaparty;iftherealestateisdevisedintrust,boththetrustee(executor,orotherperson,)specifiedinthewill,andthebeneficiariesmustbemadeparties.Inshort,ifthesuitistorecoveradebt,orpersonalpropertyonly,fororfromthedecedent,thenhispersonalrepresentative,(administratororex-ecutor)mustbesubstitutedforhim;2ifthesuitistorecover,orclearuptitleto,landonly,claimedbythedecedent,thenhisrealrepresentative,(heir,de-visee,ortrusteeandbeneficiaries)mustbemadepartiesinhisplace.Ofcourse,ifthesuitinvolvesboththepersonalandtherealestate,asitoftendoes,thenboththepersonalandtherealrepresentativesmustbemadeparties.Thus,theheirsarenecessarypartiesinasuittorecovertheland,'andtheadministratoris,also,anecessarypartyifthesamesuitseekstorecoverrentsaccruedinthedecedent'slife.Thesesamerulesapplywhenapartydiespendingthesuit,inwhicheasethesuitmustberevivedagainstthesamepersons(succes-sorsininterestandestate)aswouldnecessarilyhavebeenmadedefendantshadthedeathoccurredbeforethebringingofthesuit.Whenpersonalorrealrepresentativesaremadedefendantsinplaceofadecedent,theymustallbemadethedefendants,aslessthanalldonotrepre-senthim.3Ifapartydies,whosepersonalestateisinvolved,andnoonewilladministeronhisestate,hisheirsmayreviveifhewascomplainant,orthesuitmayberevivedagainsthisheirsifhewasadefendant:whenasuitissorevivedalltheheirsmustbemadeparties.4But,aselsewhereshown,5aforeignadministratororforeignexecutorcanneithersuenorbesued,assuch,inthisState.Whererealestatebelongstoapartnership,onthedeathofoneofthe1Suchpersonsarefrequentlycalledhisprivies,'orthosewhostandinhisshoes.Astowhoareprivies,seepost,§165.21Dan.Ch.Pr.,249;255.31Dan.Ch.Pr.,252;Campbellv.Hubbard,11Lea,6;Code.§§2849-2859.
4Code,§2849;Campbellv.Hubbard,11Lea,6;ortheCourtmayappointanadministratoradlitem.Actsof1889,ch.137.5Ante,§81.

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§114DEATH,MARRIAGE,ORASSIGNMENT,OFPARTIES.108partnersthetitlevestsinthesurvivors,anddoesnotgototheheirs,thelawregardingthepartnershipasapersonthatlivesaslongasanymemberlives."Hence,inasuitaffectingpartnershiprealty,thedeathofapartnerdoesnotaffectthelitigation,butitproceedswithoutthenecessityofanyrevivor.7§114.EffectoftheMarriageofaFemaleParty.—Uponthemarriageofafemaleparty,herhusband,byoperationoflaw,8becomestheownerofherpersonalty,andsucceedstoallherrightsthereto.Hence,hemustbebroughtbeforetheCourt,inordertoenablehimtoassertordefendthoserights.Ifthemarriagetakeplacebeforethesuitisbrought,itisnotnecessarytomakethewifeaparty,unlessthepropertyinvolvedindisputeisofsuchacharacterthatitwillsurvivetothewifeincaseofthehusband'sdeath.Butastothewife'srealestatethelawisquitedifferent.Marriagealonegivesthehusbandnolegalorequitableinterestinherrealty,unlessalivechildisbornofthemarriage,andthenthehusbandacquiresalifeestateinhiswife'srealty,knownasatenancybythecourtesy.Whileatcommonlawthehusbandwas,ineffect,theabsoluteownerofhiswife'srealtyduringhislife,theCourtsofChanceryandthestatuteshavesostrippedhimofhiscommonlawrights,that,whilehiswifelives,heisbutlittlemorethanheragent,oroverseer.Inallsuitsaffectingherrealestate,whetheritbelegalorequitable,thewifemustbeaparty,andifherhusbandhasnotabandonedher,he,also,mustbeaparty.If,however,aselsewhereshown,thehusbandhasestopped,himselfbyhisownacts,orisdebarredbylapseoftime,fromaidinghiswifeinrecoveringherrealty,shemaysuealone,bynextfriend,makingherhusbandadefendant.Onthedeathofthehusband,intestate,hiswidowbecomesreinvestedwithallthosesinactionbelongingtoheratmarriage,andnotreducedtopossessionbythehusband;andtheybelongtoherabsolutely,anddonotgotohisadminis-trator:butifhedie,testate,andspecificallybequeathsthem,theygotothelegatee.Hence,insuitsaffectingchoscsinactionnotreducedtopossessionorbequeathedbythehusband,thewidowmustbeaparty.So,onthedeathofthehusband,thewidowbecomesascompletelytheownerandcontrollerofherrealtyasthoughshehadneverbeenmarried,andherrightsanddutiesinreferencetheretoarethoseofasinglewoman.9§115.GeneralRuleApplicabletoAssignmentsofPropertyinLitigation.—Whoeversucceedstoanother'srightsorproperty,whetherbycontractorbyoperationoflaw,ordinarilyholdssuchrightsorpropertysubjecttoalltheliabilitiesandburdensattachingtosuchrightsorpropertywhilebelongingtotheformerowner.10Theassigneestandsintheshoesoftheassignor.Whenawomanmarries,thelawassignsherpersonaltytoherhusband;whenamandiesintestatethelawassignshispersonaltytohisadministrator,andhisrealtytohisheirs;whenhediestestate,hiswillpointsoutthepersonstowhomhehasassignedhisestate.Ifapersonisdeclaredabankrupt,underaBankruptcyStatute,thelawassignshisestatetotheassigneeinbankruptcy,andsuchassigneeisaloneentitledtosueandbesuedastosuchestate,ortocontinueasuitbegunbyabankrupt.11So,ifaperson,priortosuitbrought,transferhisinterestintheproperty,ordebtindispute,heceasestohaveanyfurtherinterestinit,andhistransfereemustsueorbesuedinhisplace.Hence,thegeneralrule,beforestated,which,whenwellconsidered,renders
6Code,§2011;SalomonV.Fitzgerald,7Heisk.,552.7Hammondv.St.John,4Yerg.,107.SeeChap-teronAbatementandBillsofRevivor,post,§§698-722.8Whilethelawgivesthehusbandallofhiswife'spersonalty,nevertheless,whenherpersonalestategetsintoChancerybeforeitpassesintotheposses-sionofherhusband,theCourtwill,onapplicationofanextfriend,vestitinherasaseparateestate.Phillipsv.Hassell,10Hum.,197;Cheathamv.Huff.2Tenn.Ch.,619;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,90-109.
SeeChapteronAbatementandBillsofRevivor,Post,§§699-700.10Quisentitcommodumsentiredebetetonus.(Hewhotakesthebenefitoughttotaketheburden.)Qviinjusdominiumvealtenussucceditjureejusutidebet.(Hewhobecomesownerofanother'srightor'propertytakesitsubjecttohisliabilities.)11MoffitV.Cruise,7Cold.,137;Northmanv.In-suranceCos.,1Tenn.Ch.,312;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,256-256.

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109DEATH,MARRIAGE,ORASSIGNMENT,OEPARTIES.§116allotherrulesonthesubjectmerecorollaries,readilyascertainedandappliedbyreason.12§116.EffectofVoluntaryAlienationofPropertyPendingaLitigation.—Thevoluntaryalienationofproperty,pendingasuit,byanypartytoit,isnotpermittedtoaffecttherightsoftheotherparties,ifthesuitproceedswithoutadisclosureofthefacts,exceptsofarasthealienationmaydisablethepartyfromperformingthedecreeoftheCourt.Thus,ifpendingasuitbyamort-gageetoforeclosetheequityofredemption,themortgagormakesasecondmortgage,orassignstheequityofredemption,anabsolutedecreeofforeclosureagainstthemortgagorwillbindthesecondmortgagee,orassigneeoftheequityofredemption,whocanonlyhavethebenefitofatitlesogained,byinterveningorfilingabillforthatpurpose.Generally,incasesofalienation,pendentelite,thealieneeisboundbytheproceedingsinthesuitafterthealienation,andbeforethealieneebecomesapartytoit;anddepositionsofwitnesses,takenafterthealienation,butbeforetheAlieneebecameapartytothesuit,maybeusedbytheotherpartiesagainstthealienee,astheymighthavebeenusedagainsttheparty,underwhomheclaims.13Thesameruleprevailswhereavendeefilesabillforaspecificperformanceofacontractforthepurchaseoflandagainstthevendor,andpendingthesuithe(thevendee)shouldselltooneormoresub-purchasers.Insuchacase,thesub-purchasersneednotbemadeparties;andtheywouldbeboundbythedecreeinthesuit.1*Generallyspeaking,anassignee,pendentelite,neednotbemadeapartytoabill,orbroughtbeforetheCourt;foreveryperson,purchasingpendentelite,istreatedasapurchaserwithnotice,andissubjecttoalltheequitiesofthepersonsunderwhomheclaimsinprivity.15Anditwillmakenodifferencewhethertheassignee,pendentelite,betheclaimantofalegalorofanequitableinterest,orwhetherhebetheassigneeofthecomplainantsorofthedefend-ants.16Still,however,itisoftenimportanttobringsuchassigneesbeforetheCourt,asparties,byasupplementalbill,inordertotakeawayacloudhangingoverthetitle,ortocompeltheassigneetodosomeactortojoininsomecon-veyance,ortodivestthetitleoutofhim,ortoenjoinhimfromassertingsuchtitle.Sothatsuchassignee,althoughnotanecessaryparty,may,atthesametime,beaproperpartyattheelectionofthecomplainant.Andanassigneeafterthebillwasfiled,butbeforethesubpoenawasserved,hasbeenheldtobeanecessaryparty.17So,iftheinterestofadefendantisnotdetermined,andonlybecomesvestedinanotherbyaneventsubsequenttotheinstitutionofasuit,asinthecaseofalienationbydeedordevise,orbybankruptcy,thedefectinthesuitmaybesuppliedbyasupplementalbill,orabillinthenatureofasupplementalIbill,whetherthesuithasbecomedefectivemerely,orisabated18aswellasbecomedefective.For,inthesecases,thenewpartycomesbeforetheCourtexactlyinthesameplightandconditionastheformerparty,isboundbyhisacts,andmaybesubjecttoallthecostsoftheproceedings,fromthebeginningofthesuit.Butincaseofavoluntaryalienationbyadefendant,pendentelite,thecomplainanthastherighttoignorethetransfer,andcontinuetheprosecutionofthesuitasthoughnochangeinthedefendant'sinteresthadoccurred.Ifthetransferismadebyacomplainant,andtakesplaceafterthebillwasfiled,thetransfereemayeithercontinuethesuitinthenameoftheoriginalcomplainantforhisbenefit,orhemayprovethetransferandhavethesuitrevivedinhisname.Ifthetransferismadebvadefendantafterthebillwas
12SeeCode,§§2845-2862,whichareallaffirma-toryofthisgeneralrule.13Sto.Eq.PI.,§351-14Sto.Eq.PI.,§351a.15Dillard&CoffinCo.v.Smith,21Pick.,372-
16Fitzgeraldv.Cummings,1Lea,239.17Sto.Eq.PI.,§156-ISThetermabated^inChancerypleading,meanssuspended.Inlaw,itmeansdead.Sto.Eq.PI.,§20,note;§354.

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§116DEATH,MARRIAGE,ORASSIGNMENT,OFPARTIES.110filed,andaftersubpoenatoanswerwasservedonhim,thecomplainantneedpaynoattentiontoit,thedoctrineoflispendensapplying,asshownelsewhere.19Butwhileapersoncan,eitherbeforeoraftersuit,transferaright,andthusrelievehimselffromallobligationtoprotectorenforceitanylonger,never-thelesshecannotassignadutyorliability,soastoescaperesponsibilitythere-tor.Hecantransferaright,becausethatbelongstohim,andishisproperty
;
buthecannottransferadutyoraliability,fortheybelongtoanother,towhomhemustrenderthem.20Hemaybeindemnifiedagainstsuchliability,buttheindemnifiercannotbemadeaparty,onthataccountalone.Apersonwhoacquiresanentirelynewrightorinterestinthesubject-matterofthesuit,bypurchaseduringthelitigation,maybringsuchrightorinterestbeforetheCourtbysupplementalbill,ororiginalbillinthenatureofasupplementalbill;21andunlesshedoessohewillnotbeallowedtotakeanybenefitfromthesuitwithouttheconsentofthepartiesthereto.22"Whenasolecomplainant,suinginhisownright,losesallhisrightsinthelitigationbyaneventaftersuitbrought,byalienation,orotherwise,hisas-signeemayfileanoriginalbillinthenatureofasupplementalbillinordertoassertandprotecthisrights.2319See,ante,§66.20Rightsarewhatothersoweus;dutiesarewhatweoweothers.21TrabueV.Bankhead,2Term.Ch.,412.
222Dan.Ch.Pr.,1516,note.232Dan.Ch.Pr.,1518.OnthesubjectofLisPendens,see,ante,§66-

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Ill PARTIESINPARTICULARSUITS.§117
ARTICLEIX.PARTIESINPARTICULARSUITS.117.118.119.120.
121.122.
PartiestoSuitsinCasesofTrust.WhenAdministrators,ExecutorsandGuardians,ShouldbeParties.PartiestoSuitsonOfficialBonds.PartiesinSuitsconcerningMortgages,TrustDeedsandotherLiensonLand.PartiesinCaseofAssignments.Parties,toSuitsonWrittenEvidencesofDebt.
§123.PartieswhereSeveralareLiablefortheSameDebt.§124.PartiestoSuitstoCollectDebtswhereOtherCreditorshaveConcurrentRights.S125.PartiestoSuitstoRecoverLand.§126.PartiestoSuitstoPartitionorSellLands.§127.PartiestoSuitsAffectingEquitableProperty.
§117.PartiestoSuitsinCasesofTrust.—Thereareordinarilyfourcon-stituentsinatrust:1,adutytobeperformed;2,apersonexpresslyorimpliedlychargedwiththatduty,calledatrustee;3,apersonforwhosebenefitthedutyistobeperformed,calledthebeneficiary;and4,someprop-erty,thelegaltitletowhichisvestedinthetrustee,toenablehimtoeffectuallydischargethedutyimposedonhim.Andinallsuitsaffectingthetrust,orthetrustproperty,orthetrustee'srightsorduties,orthebeneficiary'sinterests,boththetrusteeandthebeneficiarymustbemadeparties.Thetrusteemustbemadeaparty,first,becausethelegaltitletothepropertyisinhim;andsecond,becauseitishisdutybothtodefendhistitleandtoprotectthetrustandthebeneficiary:andthebeneficiarymustbemadeapartybecause,intheeyeofaCourtofEquity,heistherealowneroftheproperty,andisthepersonmostinterestedindefendingboththepropertyandthetrust.Insuitsbyoragainstexecutorsandadministrators,(whoareexpresstrustees,)relativetothepersonalpropertyvestedinthem,andinwhichthelegatees,distributees,andcreditorsarebeneficiallyinterested,itisnotordinarilynecessarytomakesuchlegatees,distributeesorcreditors,asthecasemaybe,parties,ifthesuitrelatesexclusivelytothepersonalestate,becausethepersonalrepresentativeisauthorizedtosueorbesuedalone-,1butifthesuitrelatestorealestate,inwhichthedeviseesorheirshaveaninterest,legalorequitable,thentheheirsordeviseesinterestedmustbemadeparties.Insuitstosetupandenforceanimpliedtrust,iftheimpliedtrusteehasacquiredtheabsolutelegal.titlehisvendorneednotbemadeaparty,butifthevendorhasretainedeitherthelegaltitleoralien,tosecurethepurchasemoney,orforanyotherpurpose,thenthevendormustbemadeadefendantalongwiththeimpliedtrustee.Insuitsbyoragainstexecutors,administrators,orotherexpresstrustees,allshouldbejoined,exceptsuchasmayhavedeclinedtoqualify,orhavedied,orlefttheState.§118.WhenAdministrators,Executors,andGuardiansShouldbeParties.—Thegeneralrulesastowhenadministrators,executors,heirs,devisees,andiegateesshouldbemadeparties,havebeenalreadygiven.Somespecialruleswillnowbegiven,applicabletoadministrators,executors,andguardians
:
1.AdministratorsaretheProperPersonstoSue:(1)foralldebtsduetheirin-testates^ofeverycharacter'whatever;(2)torecoverallthepersonalpropertybelongingtotheirintestates,attheirdeath,andnotexemptbylaw;(3)to
lThepersonalrepresentativenotonlyrepresentstheestateofthedecedent,buthe,also,representsallwhoareinterestedinthepersonalassetsoftheestate;Sto.Eq.PI.,§141.

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§119 PARTIESINPARTICULARSUITS.112enforceallmortgages,trustdeeds,orotherlienstosecuredebtstotheirintes-tates.2.AdministratorsaretheProperPersonstobeSued:(1)whenacreditorseekstorecoveranydebtduefromtheintestate;(2)whenthereisadisputeastotheownershipofanypersonalpropertyclaimedbytheintestate;(3)whenacreditorseekstohavethelandofadecedentsoldtopaydebts;(4)whendamagesareclaimedforsomebreachofcontractbythedecedent;(5)whenitisclaimedthattheyhavewastedtheassetsofthedecedent,ornotac-countedforalltheassets,orhavefailedtopaythecreditorsanddistributeestheamountduethem,orinotherrespectshavefailedtodotheirduty,inwhichcasesthesureties,ontheirofficialbond,may,also,bejoinedasdefendants,andchargedassuch.3.ExecutorsaretheProperPersonstoSueandbeSued:(1)incaseswhere,iftherehadbeennowill,theadministratorofthesameestatewouldhavebeenaproperpersontosueorbesued;and(2)inallcasesaffectinglanddevisedtobesoldwhere,iftherehadbeennowill,theheirswouldhavebeentheproperpersonstosueorbesued.(3)Iftheexecutorfailstoaccountforalltheestatethatcameandshouldhavecomeintohishands,failstopaythelegatees,distributeesandcreditors,havingsufficientassetssotodo,orinanyotherwayviolateshistrust,he,andthesuretiesonhisbond,areliabletothepartyorpartiesinjured,andtheymayallbesuedbysuchpartyorparties.4.GuardiansareNecessaryPartiestoAllSuitsaffectingtherealorpersonalestateoftheirwards,whethersuchwardsbeminors,orpersonsofunsoundmind.Theguardianistheproperpersontobringanddefendallsuitstowhichhiswardisaparty.Ifthesuitaffectsonlymoneyofthewardwhichtheguardianhasloaned,theguardianmaysueforitwithoutjoininghiswardasa,eo-complainant;andifthesuitbeagainstaguardianfordebtsbyhimcon-tracted,orfornecessariesfurnishedtheward,theguardianshouldbesuedalone,describinghimasguardian.2Ifthesuitbetorecoveranyspecificpersonalproperty,oranyrealty,belongingtotheward,thesuitshouldbeinthenameofthewardbyhisguardian,whoinsuchsuitsisanextfriend.Andifthesuitbebroughttorecoverpersonalty,orrealty,claimedbytheward,heandhisguardianshouldbothbeparties,whetherthesuitbebythem,or'againstthem.Sometimesoneguardianiscompelledtosuehispredecessor:insuchcasehecansuealone,describinghimselfasguardian,andneednotjoinhiswardsasco-complainants:insuchsuitshemaysuehispredecessororpre-decessors,andthesuretiesonhisortheirbond,orbonds,inthesamesuit.Butfrequentlyguardiansviolatetheirtrustbyfailingtocollectalloftheirward'sestate,orbyfailingproperlytocareforit,orfailingtoproperlyaccountforit.Inallsuchcases,ifthewardisaminor,hemustsuebynextfriend,orbyanewguardian,makingthedefaultingguardianandhissuretiesdefendants,asshowninthenextsection.Iftheguardianhasgivenmorethanonebond,thesuretiesonallthebondsmaybemadeco-defendants.Ifthewardhasattainedmajority,hecan,ofcourse,suehisguardianandsureties.inhisownname.§119.PartiestoSuitsonOfficialBonds.—Foranybreachofanofficialbondofanyofficer,executor,administrator,guardian,trustee,orotherperson,requiredtobegivenbylawforthesecurityofthepublicgenerally,orofpar-ticularindividuals,thepartyaggrievedmay,bystatute,withoutassignmentbringsuitthereonforhisuse,givingsecurityforcosts,andbeingliablethere-forasifthesuithadbeenbroughtinhisownname.6Theeffectofthisstatuteisequivalenttoanassignmentofthebondtothepersonaggrievedtotheextentofhisdamage,notexceeding,ofcourse,thepenaltyofthebond.Bybothstatuteandjudicialinterpretation,thepersonforwhoseusethe=Insuchcases,however,thedescriptionwouldbe| 5Code,§2797-See,also,Code,§2231.ameredescriptiopersonw,and,therefore,notes-Isential. !

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113 PARTIESINPARTICULARSUITS.120suitisbroughtistherealcomplainantofrecord,and,inChancery,istherealcomplainantinfact.WhiletechnicallyasuitonanyoftheabovementionedbondsshouldbeinthenameoftheStatefortheuseofthepartyaggrieved,7neverthelessthepracticeofsuingdirectlyinthenameoftherealcomplainant,andnotinthenameoftheState,haslongprevailed,andbeendirectlysanc-tionedbytheSupremeCourtoftheState.8"When,therefore,award,oraguardianornextfriendforhim,suesforthebreachofhisguardian'sbond,oradistributee,legatee,orcreditorsuesforabreachofanexecutor'soradministrator'sbond,oranypartyaggrievedsueslorabreachofanyofficialbond,thepartysosuingwillnamehimselfascom-plainant,andmakethepartyindefaultandthesuretiesonhisbonddefendants.Ifanyofthesuretiesaredead,removedfromtheState,orinsolvent,theymaybeleftoutofthebill,thebillsoexplaining,andthepersonalrepresentativeofadeceasedsuretymaybemadeadefendantinhisdecedent'splace.Whereadefaultingofficer,executor,administrator,guardian,trustee,orotherpersonrequiredbylawtogivebondforthesecurityofthepublicgen-erally,orofparticularindividuals,givesmorethanonebond,hecanincaseofhisdefault,besuedonallofhisbonds,thebilldescribingtheseveralbondsanddatesthereof,andnamingtheseveralsuretiesoneach,andmakingthemdefendants,sotheCourtmaydeterminetherelativeliability,ifany,ofsuchsureties.§120.PartiesinSuitsConcerningMortgages,TrustDeeds,andotherLiensonLand.—Allpersonshavinganyinterest,legalorequitable,intheland,orintheencumbrancethereon,arenecessaryparties,unlesstheobjectofthebillisaspecialforeclosure,inwhichcasethecomplainantsmayomitbothpriorandsubsequentencumbrancers.Theholdersofencumbrancesareproperpersonstosue:(1)wheneveritisnecessarytoenforcetheirliens,inwhichcasethemortgagor,vendor,orothergiver-ofthelien,ifliving,andhisheirsifheisdead,mustbemadedefendants;and(2)whenevernecessarytoprotecttheirliensagainstadverseclaimants,inwhichcasethesamepersonsmustbemadedefendants,andalsotheadverseclaimants.Wheneveramortgageeoftheabsolutefeedies,hisheirisanecessarypartytoasuittoenforcethemort-gagedebt,andhisadministratorisaproperparty:ifthemortgagordies,hisheirsarenecessarypartiesdefendanttoabilltoforeclose,buthisadmin-istratorisnot.9Onabilltoforecloseamortgageorenforceatrustdeed,neitherpriornorsubsequentencumbrancersarenecessaryparties,butsubse-quentencumbrancersareproperparties;andifthepriorencumbranceisover-due,itsholdersareproperparties.Ifthepriorencumbrancersarenotmadeparties,theirrightswillremainunaffected.10Asarule,itisthebettercoursetomakepartiesofallencumbrancers,prioraswellassubsequent,totheendthatthemortgagedpremisesmaybesoldwithacleartitle,andtheproceedsdividedaccordingtopriorityofinterests.Ifpriorencumbrancersobject,(whichtheywillseldomdo,)thebillcanbedismissedastothem,ontheirmotionordemurrer,iftheCourtsoadjudge.Itisoftennecessarytomake6Code,§2795;Wolfev.Tyler,1Heisk.,313;Enlyv.Nowlin,1Bax.,164;Kylev.Ewing,5.Lea,580;583-7Brannonv.Wright,5Cates,692.Forformofcommencementofsuchabill,see,post,§§156,sub-sec.10;971-Seeotherbills,§§927;957.8Johnsonv.Molsbee,5Lea,444,447;Brandonv.Mason,1Lea,615,628;Brannonv.Wright,5Cates,692-CourtsofChanceryhaveregardtothesubstanceofabill,andnottotechnicalforms;andtheuseofthenameoftheStateinsuchabillisamereemptyformality,makestheavermentsofthebillawkwardinexpression,andsavorsbfthetech-nicalityoftheoldcommonlawpleading.Forformsofbills,see,post,§§927;957;971-9Aikenv.Suttle,4Lea,127;Harrisv.Vaughn,2Tenn.Ch.,484;Slo.Eq.PI.,§§196-200-Itwouldseem,ongeneralprinciples,that,inasmuchasthemortgagedebt,onthedeathofthemortgagee,goes
totheadministrator,hewouldbetheproperpersontoforeclosethemortgage,makingthemortgagor,andtheheirsofthemortgageedefendants,ormak-ingtheheirsofthemortgageeco-complainants.InAtchison».Surguine,1Yerg.,400,itwasexpresslydecidedthattheheirofthemortgageeorhisas-signee,mayalone,withoutjoiningthepersonalrep-resentative,bringabilltoforecloseamortgage;andthatiftheheirofthemortgageereceivethemoney,heholdsitastrusteeforthepersonalrepresentative,whomayrecoveritbysuit.Thepersonalrepresen-tativecertainlyhasaninterestinthesuit,andbe-sides,byjoininghiminthesuit,asecondsuitisob-viated.See2JonesonMortgs.,§1388-ACourtofEquity,inallcases,delightstodocompletejustice,andnotbyhalves.Seeante,§§38;36-10Sto.Eq.PI.,§§182-201;Rowanv.Mercer,10Hum.,359;Mimsv.Mims,1Hum.,425.

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§121PARTIESINPARTICULARSUITS.114priorencumbrancersparties,inordertotestthebonafidesoftheirlien,andtoascertainwhetherall,oranypartoftheirdebt,remainunpaid.Itmustbeborneinmindthatwhileasuittoenforcealienonrealestateisasuitthatdealswithparticularproperty,itisnotaproceedinginrem,butinpersonam;and,therefore,nopersonisboundbytheproceedingunlessapartythereto,complainantordefendant.11Inasuittoforecloseachattelmortgage,afterthedeathofanypartytothetransaction,hisadministratorwill,ofcourse,standinhisshoes,whetherasdebtororcreditor.Whenavendor'slienisinissue,boththepartyorpartiesclaimingthelien,andthepartyorpartiesclaimingtheland,mustbemadeparties,theformer,orsomeofthem,beingmadecomplainantswhentheobjectofthesuitistoenforcethelien.Ifthevendorbedead,hisheirsarenecessarypartieswherethevendorretainedthelegaltitle;otherwise,theyareneithernecessarynorproperparties.Ifthevendeebedead,hisheirsi2andwidow13arenecessarypartiesinanyevent,buthisadministratorisnot.14Theadministratoristheproperpersontoenforcealienonthedeathofthevendor,butifthelegaltitlewasinthelatterathisdeath,hisheirsmustalsobemadeparties;15ifotherwise,theyarenotproperparties.Arecurrencetogeneralprincipleswillsettlealldoubtsastowhoareproperpartiesincaseofliens,butthefollowinggeneralruleswillaid:(1)thepersonsentitledtotheproceedsofthedebtsecuredbythelienarenecessaryparties,andshouldordinarilybecomplainants:(2)thepersonsentitledtotheresidueoftheproceedsofthesaleofthepropertyaftertheliendebthasbeensatisfiedtherefrom,arenecessaryparties;and(3)anypersonsinterestedindisputingtherightofanyofthecomplainantstothedebt,ortherightofanyofthepartiestohavethelandsold,arenecessaryparties.Insuitstoenforcemortgages,trust-deeds-,andotherliens,itmaybestatedgenerally:(1)allofthepersonsinanywayinterested,eitherkitheparticularliensoughttobeenforced,orinthepropertychargedwiththelien,mustbemadeparties;(2)thoseentitledtothebenefitofthelien,iftheirinterestsareharmonious,shouldjoinascomplainants,makingallothersinteresteddefend-ants;(3)ifanywhoshouldbecomplainantsdonotgivetheirconsenttothesuit,theymustbemadedefendants;(4)allpersonshavingalegalorequitabletitletothepropertyortheproceedsofthepropertychargedwiththelien,shouldbemadeparties,sothatwhenthepropertyissoldthepurchasermaygetaperfecttitle,andtheproceedsofthesalebeproperlydistributedamongthosethereuntoentitled,accordingtotheirrespectiverights.Butinallsuitstoenforcemortgages,trustdeeds,vendors'orotherliensagainstrealestate,wheneveritisnecessarytomaketheirheirsofthedebtorsparties,hiswidow,ifliving,must,also,bemadeaparty,becauseshehasaninterestinthesurplusforherdower,16andalsoforherhomestead.Ifthelienisonatractoflandtowhichhomesteadrightsmayexist,thewifeshouldalwaysbemadeaco-defendantalongwithherhusband,sothatshemaybeboundbythedecree,andthusbeprecludedfromrelitigatingherhomesteadrights.17§121.PartiesinCaseofAssignments.—Therearetwosortsofassignmentstobeconsideredinthissection:1,assignmentsofchosesinaction;and2,assignmentsforthebenefitofcreditors;andforconvenienceandclearnessofstatementtheywillbeconsideredseparately.1.PartiesinCaseofAssignmentsofChosesinAction.—Thegeneralrulepre-vailshere,asinallothercases,thateverypartyhavinganinterestinthe
112JonesonMortg.,§1396.12McCoyv.Broderick,3Sneed,203-13Edwardsv.Edwards,5Heisk.,123.14Ibid.15Alexanderv.Perry,4Hum.,391.
16Edwardsv.Edwards,5Heisk.,123.17HawesonParties,%%26;27;66;69;110;Wil-liamsv.Williams,7Bax.,116;Mashv.Russell,1Lea,543.

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115 PARTIESINPARTICULARSUITS.§122assigneddebtwhenrecovered,andeverypersonliabletopaythedebt,isanecessary,orproperparty.Ifthedebtbeassignablebystatute,orthelawmerchant,theassigneemaysueinhisownname,andhisassignorisnotaproperparty,unlessitissoughttosetasidetheassignment,ortoholdhimex-presslyliableforthedebt,inwhichcasehemustbemadeadefendant.If,how-*ever,thedebtisnotsoassignable,theassignormustbemadeaparty,becausethelegaltitleisinhim;18andhemaybejoinedasacomplainant.19If,how-ever,theassignmentisabsolute,leavingnointerestortitleintheassignor,heneednotbemadeaparty.20Billsofexchange,promissorynotes,bondsandbankchecks,areallnegotia-ble;21andbondswithcollateralconditions,billsornoteforspecificarticles,orfortheperformanceofanyduty,areassignablebystatute:theassigneesofalltheseinstrumentsmaysuethereonintheirownnames.222.PartiesinCaseofAssignmentsfortheBenefitofCreditors.—Whereanas-signmentismadebyadebtorforthebenefitofhiscreditors,ifanycreditorseekstoenforcethetrusts,hecannotsuealone;buthemustmakealltheothercreditors,providedforintheassignment,parties,eitherbyname,orbybring-ingthesuitonbehalfofhimselfandalltheothercreditorswhomaychoosetocomeinandtakethebenefitofthedecree.Buttheassigneesthemselvesmayfileabillrelativetothetrustestate,andtoenforceitsobjects,withoutmakingthecreditorsparties;fortheassignees,insuchacase,aretheproperrepresen-tativesofthem.23§122.PartiestoSuitsonWrittenEvidencesofDebt.—Inanordinaryac-tionofdebt,broughtbyabillinChancery,whethersuchdebtbebasedonanexpress,oranimplied,contract;andwhetherthecontractbeverbal,orwritten
;
andwhetherthedebtbeoriginal,orobtainedbyassignmentfromanother,thepersonorpersonsentitledtorecoverthemoneymustsueascomplainants,andthepersonorpersonsliabletopaythemoney,whetherprincipals,endorsers,guarantors,orsureties,mustbemadedefendants.Ifthedebtisevidencedbyanegotiableinstrument,suchasapromissorynote,duebill,billofexchange,orbyaninstrumentassignablebystatute,suchasabondwithcollateralconditions,orabillornoteforspecificarticles,orfortheperformanceofanyduty,24anassigneemaysuethereoninhisownname
;
butifadebtnotsoevidencedisassigned,theassigneemustjointheassignorasaco-complainant,ifheconsent;otherwisehemustbemadeadefendant,forthelegaltitletothedebtisintheassignor.If,however,therebeseveralas-signmentsofanon-negotiabledebt,onlytheoriginalassignorneedbemadea.party,unlessthesuitisbroughttoholdanintermediateassignorliableonsomeindependentguarantyorcontracttopay,inwhichcasesuchintermediateassignormustbemadeadefendant.Thepayeeofanorderonanotherformoney,maysuethereon,inhisownname,eitherthepersonwhodrewtheorder,orthepersononwhomitisdrawn.Buthecannotsuethelatterontheorderunlessheacceptsit,andhecannotsuethedraweroftheorder,assuch,withoutdemand,protestandno-tice.25Hemay,however,suethedraweroftheorderontheoriginalliability.28
181Dan.Ch.Pr.,199:201;Sto.Eq.PL,§153-19WilsonV.Davidson,3Tenn.Ch.,546-If,theassignmentisquestioned,isirregular,orinsufficient,itmaybeprudenttojointheassignorasaco-com-plainant,statingthequestionmadeontheassign-ment.20Ibid.Thetrueprinciplewouldseemtobe,that,inallcaseswheretheassignmentisabsoluteandunconditional,leavingnoequitableinterestwhateverintheassignor,andtheextentand_validityoftheassignmentisnotdoubtedordenied,andthereisnoremainingliabilityintheassignortobeaffectedbythedecree,itisnotnecessarytomakethelatteraparty.Atmost,heisamerenominalorformalpartymsuchacase.Itisaverydiffer-entquestion,whetherhemaynotproperlybemadeaparty,asthelegalowner,althoughnodecreeis
soughtagainsthim;for,inmanycases,apersonmaybemadeaparty,althoughheisnotanindis-pensableparty.But,wheretheassignmentisnotabsoluteandunconditional,ortheextentorvalidityoftheassignmentisdisputedordenied,orthereareremainingrightsorliabilitiesoftheassignor,whichmaybeaffectedbythedecree,thereheisnotonlvaproper,butanecessaryparty.Sto.Eq.PI.,§153.21Lawrencev.Dougherty,5Yerg.,436.22Code,§§1956-1967;2787-2790.Eooneyv.Pink-ston,1Tenn.,(Overt.,)385;SuggV.Powell,1Head,221;Perkinsv.Perkins,1Tenn.Ch.,540;SmithV.Hubbard,Pick.,312.23Sto.Eq.PI.,§157-24Code§§1956-1967;2787-2790-25Code,§§1959-1961.20Harwellv.McCullock,2Tenn.,(Overt.,)275-

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§124PARTIESINPARTICULARSUITS.116Insuitsonpromissorynotes,duebills,checksandbillsofexchange,alloranyofthemakers,includingbothprincipalsandsureties,andalloranyoftheendorsers,maybesuedbytheholderoftheinstrument.27Andinsuitsforbreachesofcontract,anyorallofthepartiesindefaultmaybesuedinthesamesuit;butallthepersonsinjuredbysuchbreachmustbeparties,thosenotconsentingtojoinascomplainantsbeingmadedefendants.Whentheobligationistopayasumofmoneytomorepersonsthanone,jointly,allofthepayeesmustjoininthesuitascomplainants,orifsomerefusesotojoin,theymustbemadedefendants;for,whiletheobligationisseveralastothemakers,itisjointastothepayees.However,insuitsonobligationsexecutedtoonepersonforthebenefitofothers,suchassuitsonofficialbondsexecutedtotheState,byofficers,executors,administratorsorguardians,andthelike,anypersonbelongingtotheclassintendedtobesecuredbysuchanobligation,maysuethereoninthenameofthepayee,forhisownuseandbenefit.2SInsuitsonbondspayabletotheState,anypersonentitledtosuethereonmaysueinhisownname.29§123.PartieswhereSeveralareLiablefortheSameDebt.—Whenseveralpersons,eitherasprincipalsorassureties,orasbothprincipalsandsureties,areboundforthesamedebt,orduty,eventhoughboundbydifferentbondsorotherinstruments,theymayallbesued,oranypartofthemmaybesued,inthesamesuit;andallpersons,oranyofthem,entitledtosaiddebtorduty,ortoanypartthereof,mayjoinascomplainantsinsuchsuit;andifapartonlyofthoseentitledtosue,theymay,(andifanaccount30isnecessary,orifanytrustisinvolved,should)maketheremainderofthoseentitleddefendants.Hence,insuitsagainsttrustees,executors,administrators,guardians,publicofficersandotherswhohavegivenbondsandsecurityfortheproperdischargeoftheirdutiesorcontracts,alloranypartofthesureties,onalloranyofthebonds,onadefaultbytheprincipal,maybemadejointdefendantstothesamebill;31andanyorallofthepartiessecuredbysuchbondsmaybejointcom-plainantsinthesamebill;butifapartonlyofthoseentitledtosuebyreasonoftheparticulardefaultjoininthebill,theremainderofthoseentitledshouldbemadedefendants.Ifanyoftheobligorsonsaidbondsaredeadorinsolvent)they,ortheirpersonalrepresentativesneednotbesued,butthefactofdeathorinsolvencyshouldbestatedinthebillasareasonfornotsuingthem,ortheirpersonalrepresentatives.§124.PartiestoSuitstoCollectDebts,whereOtherCreditorshaveCon-currentRights.—Insuitstocollectadebtfromafundinwhichothercreditorshaveconcurrentrights,thepartieswhosuemustfiletheirbillinbehalfofthem-selvesandofallothersentitledtoshareinthefund.Thisisoneofthefewex-ceptionstothegeneralrule,requiringallpersonshavinganinterestinthesubject-matterorobjectofthesuittobemadeparties.Thereasonsforthisexceptionare:(1)thedifficulty,andoftentheimpossibility,ofascertainingallwhoareinterested;(2)theincreasedcoststhatwouldresultfromallowingeachcreditortoinstituteaseparatesuit;and(3)inasmuchasthebillisfiledinbehalfofallthecreditors,thosenotnamedassuchcanhavethemselvesmade-partiesonpetitionatanytimebeforethefundisdistributed,and,asacon-sequence,arenotinjuredbytheproceeding.Accordingly,whenbillsarefiledbyacreditororcreditors(1)tosellthelandsofdecedenttopaydebts,or(2)todistributeatrustfund,or(3)towindupaninsolventestate,aninsolventpartnershiporaninsolventcorporation,or(4)tosetasideafraudulentconveyanceofpropertymadebyadecedent;32or(5)tohaveanadministratorappointed,inanyandallsuchcases,thebill27Code,§§1958;2787.28Code,§2797.20Johnsonv.Molsbee,5Lea,444.30iDan.Ch.Pr.,216-31Johnsonv.Molsbee,5Lea,444.Inasuitforcontribution,theinsolventprincipalandinsolvent
suretiesarenotnecessaryparties;GrossV.Davis,itPick.,230.32Abillmaybefiledonbehalfofcomplainantandothercreditorstosetasideafraudulentcon-veyancebyalivingdebtor.Code,§4288-

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117 PARTIESINPARTICULARSUITS.§125mustbefiledonbehalfofallothercreditorsentitledtobepaidoutofthepro-ceedsofthefund,orproperty,soughttobethusadministeredintheChanceryCourt.Allpersonshavingthelegaltitletothesaidfundorpropertymustbemadedefendants.1,Ifthesuitisbroughttosellthelandsofadecedenttopaydebts,hisheirsandadministratorsshouldbemadedefendants;andifthebill,also,seekstosetasideafraudulentconveyancebythedecedent,thefraudulentvendeemustbemadeadefendant.2,Ifthesuitbebroughttowindupaninsolventpartnershiporinsolventcorporation,incaseofapartnershipallofthepartners,andinthecaseofacorporation,alloftheofficersanddirectors,mustbemadedefendants.3,Ifthesuitisbroughttodistributeafundinthehandsofatrustee,heshouldbemadeadefendant,andifhisofficialsuretiesaresoughttobecharged,they,also,mustbejoinedasdefendants.Itmustberemembered,however,thatwheneveronepersonsuesonbehalfofhimselfandothers,caremustbetakenthatthispersonhasaclearrightinhimself;for,ifheisnotreallyentitledtosue,thesuitcannotproceed,andmustbedismissed.Insuitsofthisnature,inasmuchasthecomplainantactsonhisownmotion,andathisownexpense,hehastheabsolutecontrolofthesuit,andcandismissitathispleasure,33atanytimebeforeareferencetothemaster,orbeforetherightsofothersinthesuithavevestedinconsequenceofsomeaffirmativeactontheirpartapprovingthesuit,joininginit,oracceptingitsbenefits.Asuitbyoneinbehalfofhimselfandothersinthesameright,willbedismissedastoallifdismissedastotheoneinwhosenameitisbrought;34unlesssomeoneinthesameright,whohasbecomeapartybypetitiontotakeadvantageofthebill,offerstocontinuetheprosecutionofthesuit,andtendersaproperprosecutionbondtocoverallcostsaccruedandtoaccrue.35§125.PartiestoSuitstoRecoverLand,andtoRemoveClouds.—TheChan-ceryCourtnowhavingjurisdictiontodeterminethelegaltitletoland,inasuitconcerningthelegaltitleonly,theruleastopartiesinsimilarsuitsatlawwill,nodoubtapplyinChancery.Hence,insuitstorecoverlandintheChanceryCourt,onthestrengthofthecomplainant'slegaltitlealone,nopartyhavinganequitableinterestisanecessaryparty.Forthisreason,atrustee,hehavingthelegaltitle,maysuealonetorecoverthelandconveyedtohimintrust,andthebeneficiariesareunnecessaryparties.If,however,heshouldrefusetosueinapropercase,theequitableownersmaysue,usinghisnameascomplainant.36Soamortgageemaysueeitherthemortgagororastrangerinordertorecoverthelandmortgaged;butintheformercase,hewouldprobablybemetbythemortgagor'sequities.Insuitstorecoverrealestate,allwhoclaimthepropertyunderthesametitleshouldjoinascomplainants,andthoseinadversepossessionandallotherswhoclaimadverselytothecomplainants,shouldbemadedefendants.Ordi-narily,amereclaimantnotinpossessionneednotbesuedwhennotexercisinganyactsofownership,btitifhisclaimconstitutesacloudonthetitleofthecomplainant,hemaybesued,eventhoughnotinpossession,andnotactuallyexercisinganyvisibleactsofownership.So,aremainder-manmaymaintainabilltoremoveacloudfromhistitle.37Nonebuttenantsincommon,andtheirpriviesinestate,canjoininbringinganejectmentbill.Personsclaimingunderconflictingtitlescannotjoininsuchasuit.38InaCourtoflaw,acom-plainant,inordertoavoidthequestionofchamperty,mayjoinhisgrantor,orhisgrantor'sgrantor,orboth,oranyotherprivyinestate,asco-plaintiff,
331Dan.Ch.Pr.,244-Thecomplainantisdomi-nuslitis(masterofthesuit.)1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§648a.Butseepost,§§523-524.34Stambackv.Junk,14Pick.,306.35Fallsv.B.&L.Association,21Pick.,26.
361PerryonTrusts,§§17;328;520.37Code,§3231;Langfordv.Love,3Sneed,308;Wileyv.Bird,24Pick.,168.38Slatteryv.Lea,11Lea,9.

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§126PARTIESINPARTICULARSUITS.118withtheirconsent,39butthiscannotbedoneinChancery,asitwouldmakethebillchampertousonitsface.40Inanejectmentbill,thecomplainantswillnotallsufferdefeat,ifitappearatthehearingthatsomeofthemhavenotitle,orarebarred,orestopped.41Insuchcase,thebillwillbedismissedonlyastothosewhofail,andadecreewillberenderedinfavorofthosewhomakeouttheircase.42Thissortofsuitisbothjointandseveral,andalltheowners,ifmorethanone,maysue,oranyoneormoreofthemmaysue;andwherelessthanallsue,itisnotnecessarytomaketheothertenantsincommondefendants.Butifthebillseeksbothtorecoverthepossessionandclearupthetitle,andalsotohavethelandsuedforpartitioned,thenallthetenantsincommonmustjoininthesuitascom-plainants,or,thosenotjoiningascomplainantsmustbemadedefendants,43thebillsettingforththerightsofthelatter,andprayingthesamereliefforthemasisprayedforthecomplainant.44Thisisthebetterpractice,asitremovesallgroundsforanyfuturelitigation,anddeterminesallmattersofcontroversyinoneandthesamesuit.45Insuitstorecoverland,thetenantsofthedefendantarenotnecessarypar-ties,buttheyareproperparties;46and,iftheyareinactualpossessionandthelandlordisnot,theyarenecessaryparties.Ifthereisanydangerofatenantresistingtheenforcementofadecreeagainsthislandlord,orifthereisanydoubtabouthisbeingreallyatenant,heshouldalwaysbemadeaco-defendantwiththelandlord.InasmuchasthewifehasaninterestinthehomesteadthatCourtswillen-force,andespeciallyCourtsofEquity,itisoftenprudenttojointhewifeasco-defendantwithherhusband,inanysuitbroughttorecoverlandthatwouldbeahomesteadifthetitle,legalorequitable,wereinthehusband.So,insuitstoenforceallliens,exceptven'dors'liens,itisthebetterpracticetojointhewifeasdefendantwithherhusband,ifanyhomesteadrightsareinvolved.47§126.PartiestoSuitstoPartitionorSellLands.—Insuitsforthepartitionofland,orforitssalebecauseincapableofadvantageouspartition,allthetenantsincommonmustbemadeparties.48Ifanyofthemaremarriedwomen,theirhusbands,also,mustbemadeparties;andifanyareminorsorofunsoundmind,theirguardians,iftheyhaveany,must,also,beparties.Inabillforpartition,orforsaleforpartition,personswhohaveliens,encumbrances,lifeestates,remainderinterests,dowerorhomesteadrights,orotherclaimsontheproperty,mustbemadeparties:49theyoranyofthemmayjoinascomplain-ants,butiftheydonotconsentsotodo,theymustbemadedefendants.TheobjectthelawandtheCourthaveinrequiringallpersonstobemadepartieswhohavelegalorequitableinterestsinlandstobesold,istogiveagoodtitletothepurchaser,andtherebynotonlyrealizethelargestpossiblepricefortheproperty,butalsopreventanyfurtherlitigationoverthetitle.Theholderofthelegaltitleinacaseoftrust,andthecontingentremainder-men,ifany,mustbemadeparties.50Salesforpartition,however,maybemadewithoutreferencetotheencumbrancesandsubjectthereto,inwhichcasetherightsoftheencumbrancersarenotaffectedinanywaybythesale.51Thosedesiringtohavethelandpartitioned,orsoldforpartition,shouldalljoinascomplainants,makingalltheotherpartiesinterested,defendants.Ordi-narily,minorsandpersonsofunsoundmindshouldbemadedefendants."When
39Code,§3236;Augustav.Vertrees,4Lea,75.40Lenoirv.MiningCo.,4Pick.,168.Butsee,Keyv.Snow,6Pick.,663.41Wadev.Johnson,5Hum.,117.42Code,§3246.43Code,§3270.44Burksv.Burks,7Bax.,359.45Levertonv.Waters,7Cold.,20;Carterv.Tay-lor,3Head,30.461Dan.Ch.Pr.,262-263;Sto.Eq.PI.§151.
47HawesonParties,§§26;27;66;69;110;Wil-liamsV.Williams,7Bax.,116;Mashv.Russell,1Lea,543.48Code,§§3270-3271.Thestatuteisonlyde-claratoryofthegeneralruleofChancerypractice.49Code,§3309.SeeChapteronSuitsforPar-tition,post.50GlasscockV.Tate,23Pick.,486.51Code,§3314.

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119 PARTIESINPARTICULARSUITS.§127amarriedwomanisnoncompos,shemustbemadeadefendant.52Minors,how-ever,maybecomplainants.53Abilltoselltherealorpersonalestateofaminorormarriedwomanfortheireducationormaintenance,orforreinvestment,andnotforpartition,mustbefiledbythehusbandofthemarriedwoman,andbytheguardianoftheminor,thewifeandthewardbeing,respectively,madedefendants.Insuchcasetheinfant,ifoverfourteenyears,andthemarriedwoman,mustanswerthebillinperson:themarriedwomanmustberepresentedbynextfriend,andtheminorbyaguardianadlitem,bothtobeappointedbytheCourt.TheCourtwillalsoappointcounselforthem,iftheyhavenone.54§127.PartiestoSuitsAffectingEquitableProperty.—Inequitableprop-ertythelegaltitleisgenerallyinonepersoncalledatrustee,andtheequitabletitle,orbeneficialinterest,inanotherpersoncalledthebeneficiary;and,inallsuitsinChancerytoreachsuchproperty,boththetrustee,(orlegalowner,)andthebeneficiary(orequitableowner,)mustbemadeparties.'Thetrusteecansuealone,generally,whenitisnecessarytoprotectthelegaltitle;butinanysuitaffectingtheequitabletitle,orthebeneficialinterest,hemustjointhebeneficiarywithhimselfasaco-complainant,ormustmakehimadefendant.So,ontheotherhand,thebeneficiarymustalwaysmakethetrusteeapartyinanysuithemaybringaffectingsuchproperty.55Acreditorwhoseekstoreachanequitableinterest,orestate,ortoenforcealienorequitableinterestofhisown,mustmaketheownerofthelegaltitleaparty,aswellastheowneroftheequitableinterest.5652Stephensv.Porter,11Heisk.,341.53Burksv.Burks,7Bax.,353.Itisfarbetterpractice,however,tomakethemdefendants,astheCourtcanbetterguardtheirinterestswhentheyareaskingitsprotection.See,ante,§101.54See,Code,§§3324-3330;andChapteronSuitsRelatingtoPersonsunderDisability,post,§§972-
984.TheCode,§3324,saysthewifemustberep-resentedby"nextfriend,"meaning,ofcourse,byguardianadlitem.55See,ante,§91.56See,generally,astothissection.JacksonV.Coffman,2Cates,271;Railroadv.Todd,11Heisk.,556;8A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,1116-1128;ante,§91.

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§128PARTIESINPARTICULARSUITS.120
ARTICLEX.PARTIESINSUITSBYANDAGAINSTTHESTATE,COUNTIES,CITIESANDCORPORATIONS.128.PartiesinSuitsbyandagainsttheState.129.PartiesinSuitsbyandagainstCoun-ties.
§130.PartiesinSuitsbyandagainstMu-nicipalCorporations.§131.PartiesinSuitsbyandagainstPrivateCorporations.§128.PartiesinSuitsbyandagainsttheState.—NocourtoftheStatehasanyjurisdictionofanysuitagainsttheState,oragainstanyofficeroftheState,actingbyauthorityoftheState,withaviewtoreachtheState,itstreasury,fundsorproperty;andifanysuchsuitshouldbebroughtitshallbedismissedastotheStateorsuchofficers,onmotion,pleaordemurrerofthelawofficeroftheState,orcounselemployedfortheState.1SuitsbytheStateareinstitutedinhername,byherAttorneyGeneral,orbyherDistrictAttor-ney,asoccasionmayrequire,withoutsecurityforcosts.IfasuitisbroughtbytheStateintheinterestofanypersonthebillsostates,suchpersonbeingnamedasrelator.2WhereanypersonhasbeenaggrievedbythebreachofanybondexecutedtotheStatetosecuretheperformanceofofficialduty,hemaysuethereonforhisuseinthenameoftheState,ongivingsecurityforthecosts.3TheStateisnotresponsibleforanyofthewrongsordefaultsofherofficersoragents.4ButofficersoftheStatemaybesuedwhenherpropertyisnotsoughttobereached;5andacountytrusteemaybeenjoinedfromcollectingaStatetaxunderavoidprocess.6§129.PartiesinSuitsbyandagainstCounties.—Everycountyisacorpora-tion,andthejusticesintheCountyCourtassembledaretherepresentativesofthecounty,andauthorizedtoactforit.7Acountysuesinitsownnameasdoesanyothercorporation,anddoesnotsueinthenameofitsjustices.8Suitsmaybemaintainedagainstacountyforanyjustclaim,asagainstothercorporations,9andprocessisservedonthepresidingofficeroftheCountyCourt,whoisauthorizedtoemploycounseltodefendsuchsuits.10Butacountyisnotliablefortheneglectsofdutyofitsofficers.11Suitsfortheuseandbenefitofacountyagainstadelinquentofficer,orhissureties,arebroughtinthenameoftheStatefortheuseofthecounty.12Ifthesuitagainstacountyseekstopreventacountywarrantbeingissuedorpaid,thecountytrusteeshouldbemadeadefendantalongwiththechair-manorcountyjtidge.§130.PartiesinSuitsbyandagainstMunicipalCorporations.—Corpora-tionsareoftwokindsunderourlaws:1,Municipal;and,2,Private.BothkindsarecreaturesoftheLegislature,directlyorindirectly,andneithersort1Actof1873,ch.13;WatsonV.Bank,3Bax.,398and5Bax.,1;LynnV.Polk,8Lea,121.2See,post,§156,note.Therelatormustsecurethecosts.3Code,§2797.See,also,Code,§§2231-2234.Ante,§119.4Statev.E.&K.Railroad,6Lea,362;Statev.Ward,9Heisk.,120;Memphisv,Kimbrough,1?Heisk.,136.'5InsuranceCo.v.Craig,22Pick.,621.6Alexanderv.Henderson,21Pick.,431.7Code,§402.ThejusticesaretotheCountywhatthedirectorsaretoaprivatecorporation.
8Butifasuitshouldbeinstitutedinthenamesofthejustices,itwouldberegardedasthesuitofthecounty,thenamesofthejusticesbeingregardedassurplusage.Ezzellv.JusticesofGilescounty,3Head,586.Code,§403.CanacountybesuedinaCourtofanothercounty?SeeNashvillev.Webb,6Cates,432.ii>Code,§520.11WoodV.Tipton,7Bax.,112.12Code,§461(M.&V.)Actsof1875,ch.27.

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121 PARTIESINPARTICULARSUITS.§131hasanypowerswhichtheLegislaturehasnot,directlyorindirectlyconferred,and,incaseofmunicipalcorporations,maynottakeaway.13Municipalcorporationsincludeallthecities,townsandtaxingdistrictschar-teredunderthelawsoftheState.Theysue,andaresued,intheircorporatename;14andtheirpowertosue,andtheirliabilitytobesued,arefunda-mental.15Theirpowertosueiscoextensivewiththeirrights,andtheirlia-bilitytobesuediscoextensivewiththeirduties.Whensued,thesubpoenaisservedontheMayor,orotherheadofthecorporation;16andtheycannotbesuedoutofthecountyinwhichtheyaresituated.103,§131.PartiestoSuitsbyandagainstPrivateCorporations.—Aprivatecor-porationisapersoninlaw,17andissometimescalledanartificialpersontodis-tinguishitfromanaturalperson.Itscharterandthegenerallawscircumscribeanddefineitsrights,powers,dutiesandliabilities.Aprivatecorporationhasalegalname,andsuesandissuedbysuchname';18but,likeanaturalperson,itmayhaveanothernamebywhichitisknown,andifsuedbysuchothernametheproceedingisvalid.19Aprivatecorporation,likeanaturalperson,maysueanyoneindebtedtoit,orhavingitspropertyinpossession,orinter-feringwithitsproperty,rightsorduties;andmaybesuedbyanyonetowhomitisliableexcontractuorexdelicto,inthesamemanneranaturalpersonissued,andthesubpcenaisservedordinarilyuponitschiefofficer,ifheiswithinthejurisdiction,andifnotthestatutemakesotherprovisionforserviceofprocess,ashereafterfullyshown.2013Governorv.McEwen,5Hum.,279;McCalliev.Chattanooga,3Head,320;Memphisv.WaterCo.,5Heisk.,522;O'Connorv.Memphis,6Lea,731.14Seeante,§§89;131.15Mayorv.McKee,2Yerg.,167.16See,post,§193.loaNashvillev.Webb,6Cates,432.itCode,§50.
18MaryvilleCollegeV.Bartlett,8Bax.,232.19E.T.&Va.R.R.v.Evans,6Heisk.,609.Thedefendantmayinhisanswercallattentiontothemisnomer.See,post,§385,sub-sec.3.SeeTrus-teesv.Reman,2Swan,99;Bankv.Burke,1Cold.625;Railroadv.Johnson,8Bax.,333.20See,post,§193.

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§132ORIGINALBILLSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.122
CHAPTERVIII.ORIGINALBILLSINCHANCERY.ArticleI.OriginalBillsGenerallyConsidered.ArticleII.FrameofanOriginalBill.ArticleIII.FormofanOriginalBill.ArticleIV.PracticalSuggestionsastotheDrawingofBills.
ARTICLEI.ORIGINALBILLSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.132.SuitsinChanceryContrastedwithSuitsatLaw.133.HowaSuitinChanceryisCom-menced.134.NecessityandObjectofPleadings.
§135.GeneralNatureofaBill.S136.DifferentKindsofBills.§137.OriginalBills.§138.BillsnotOriginal.
§132.SuitsinChanceryContrastedwithActionsatLaw.—AlitigationintheChanceryCourtisproperlytermeda"suit,'7whileacontestinaCourtoflawisproperlydenominatedan"action."1Thepartywhoinstitutesapro-ceedinginaCourtoflawisordinarilycalled''plaintiff,''whilehewhobeginsasuitinaCourtofChanceryisgenerallycalled"complainant."Thepersonsuediscalled''defendant,''ineachCourt,unlessherespondstoadiscoveryinChancery,inwhichcaseheissometimesdenominated"respondent."InaCourtoflawanactionisbegunbyfilingabondforcostsandsuingoutasum-mons,butinaCourtofChancfiryasuitiscommencedbyfilingabill,thecostbondnotbeingessentialtothebeginningofasuit,asitisintheCircuitCourt.InaCourtoflaw,thefirstpleadingisadeclarationfiledatthereturnterm,couchedinformalandtechnicalphraseology,fullofbombasticverbosity,andteemingwithblood-curdlingdescriptionsofimaginarybarbaritiesinflictedbythewickeddefendant,upontheinnocentandoutragedplaintiff;whileinChancery,thebillisfiledbeforethesubpoenaissues,andisordinarilyaplainstatement,inordinarylanguage,ofcomplainant'srightsinthepremises,andoftheirretention,orviolation,orthreatenedviolation,bythedefendant.In-deed,abillwouldbecorrectlyphrasedwhichdescribedthegroundsofsuitinthemannerandlanguagewhichoneunprofessionalpersonwoulduseinwritingaboutthemtoanother;andsuchwasthecharacterandframeofbillsintheearlyhistoryoftheCourt.2Inanactionatlaw,theevidenceismainlygivenbywitnessesexaminedorallyinopenCourt;whereas,inaChancerysuit,theevidenceismainlycon-tainedindepositionstakeninvacation.InanactionatlawtheissuesoffactraisedbythepleadingsareordinarilydecidedbyajuryunderinstructionsbytheJudge,whileinChancerytheissuesoffactareordinarilyheardandde-terminedbytheChancellor.ACourtoflawregardsforms,rules,andprece-
1Rap.&Law.L.Die,"Suit."SeeCodetitlestochaptersprecedin"§2746;andCode,§§2754;4312.2InTennessee,andmanyotherStates,thedeclar-ationisnowrequiredtobeinplainlanguage.SeeformsinCode,§2939.TheseformsareasdifferentfromthoseinChittyaslaconismisfrompleonasm.
Thedeclarationinanactionatcommonkwdealsincategoricalstatementsandtechnicalplatitudes,thebillinasuitinChancerydetailsthecircum-stancesofthecaseinnarrative^style._Thedeclara-tionisagravenimage,thebillisalivingbeing.

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123ORIGINALBILLSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§133dents,whileaCourtofChanceryregardsthecircumstancesofthecase,ignoresiorms,andprefersgoodreasonandgoodconsciencetorulesandprecedents.Inanactionatlaw,thedecision,istermeda"judgment,"ariditeitherawardsasumofmoneyorthepossessionofpropertytotheplaintiff,ortaxestheplain-tiffwiththecostsofthesuit;whilethedecisioninaChancerysuitiscalleda''decree,''2aanditmaynotonlyawardmoneyorpropertytooneormoreofthecomplainants,butmayatthesametimeawardmoneyorpropertytooneormoreofthedefendants,ormayrequireapartytodosomeparticularact,ormayprohibithimfromdoingsomeparticularact,andmaytaxanyofthepartieswiththecosts,ormaydividethecostsamongtheparties.Inanactionatlaw,allpropertytosatisfyajudgmentissoldbytheSheriffunderanexecution,andhereceivesandpaysoverthemoney;butinaChancerysuit,thesalesofproperty,andespeciallyrealproperty,areusuallymadebytheClerkandMaster,andconfirmedbytheChancellor,andtheproceedsofthesalearepaidoutbytheClerkandMaster.Inanactionatlaw,anequitableinterestinpropertyisnotcognizable,andanequitycannotbeleviedonorsold
:
whereas,inChancery,equitableinterestsaredealtwith,andmaybesold,ortransferred,orconvertedintoalegalestate.AndthereliefsthetwoCourtsgrantareverydissimilar.Courtsoflawhaveadistinctformofactiontoredresseachwrongandasserteachright;whereas,inChanceryseveralwrpngsmayberedressedandseveralrightsas-sertedinoneandthesamesuit.Thus,inthesamesuittheChanceryCourtmay:1,staywaste;2,impoundtheproceedsofthewaste;3,awarddamagesforthewastecommitted;4,adjudgethelandtothecomplainant;5,givehimadecreeforbackrents,and6,puthiminpossessionoftheproperty;whereas,alawCourtwouldrequirefourdifferentactions,andaninjunctioninChancerybesides,toaccomplishthesameresults.Inanactionatlawtheplaintiffmustsueforeitherpropertyormoney;inasuitinChancerythecomplainantmaysueforboththepropertyanditsmoneyvalue,inthealternative,andifhe-failtogetthepropertytheCourtwillinapropercase,awardamoneyequivalent.Inanactionatlawyougetwhatthelawallows,inasuitinChanceryyougetwhatisjustandright,accordingtoEquityandgoodconscience.Thelawmayberight,Equityisrightitself.3§133.HowaSuitinChanceryisCommenced.—AsuitinChanceryiscom-menced,1,bybillorpetition,addressedtotheChancelloroftheDivisioninwhichitistobefiled,andspecifyingtheparticularCourtinwhichitistobefiled;or2,bymotioninopencourt,wherethatmodeofprocedureisallowedbylaw.3a1.ByBill,orPetition.Abillisacomplaint,inwriting,addressedtotheChancellor,containingthenamesofthepartiescomplainingandcomplainedof,andtheirrespectiveplacesofresidence,andsettingforthaclearandorderlystatementofthecomplainant'srights,andhowandwhereinthoserightshavebeendenied,interferedwithorviolated,bythepartycomplainedof,andcon-cludingwithaprayerforprocesstobringthelatterpartybeforetheCourttoanswerthecomplaintmade,andaprayerforappropriaterelief.4Abillissometimescalledapetition,especiallywhenfiledtoobtain;1,adivorce;2,dower;3,apartitionofland;4,asaleoflandsforpartition;5,asaleoflandstopayadecedent'sdebts;6,theremovalofatrustee;7,aman-damus;8,ahabeascorpus;and9,aninquisitionoflunacy.Apetition,however,isordinarily,awrittenstatementmadetotheChancellorduringtheprogress2aTheword"judgment,"(theactofaJudge,)isaharshword,andimpliesforce,andhasthesignifi-canceofdoom;whereas,theword"decree"simplymeansdiscernment,aseparationofthetruefromthefalse,accordingtoreasonandconscience,andade-cisioninaccordancetherewith.3Mquitaslucetipsaperse.(Equityshinesbyherownlight.)3aCode,§4312.
4Bouvier'sLawDie,"Bill;"Sto.Eg.PI.,§7;Code,§4314.ThisbillmustbeintheEnglishlan-guage.BillsinChanceryhavealwaysbeenintheEnglishlanguage.WhenthelanguageofthelawCourtsinEnglandwasinNormanFrenchandafter-wardsinEatin,thelanguageoftheChanceryCourtwasEnglish.Sto.Eq.PI.,§7.ThisgrewoutofthefactthattheChanceryCourtbeganastheCourtofthecommonpeople,whoselanguagewasEnglish.

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$134ORIGINALBIHSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.124ofasuit,inordertobringbeforetheCourt,ortheChancellor,somemattercon-nectedwiththesuitaffectingthepetitioner'srights,andnototherwisesuffi-cientlyappearing,ortoobtainsomereliefinthecausenototherwiseobtain-able.6Whenasuitiscommencedbypetition,thepetitionmustcontainthenamesandresidencesoftheparties,andasufficientstatementofthefactstoshowthatthepetitionerisentitledtorelief;andmustprayforprocess,6andforrelief.2.ByMotion.SuitscommencedbymotionintheChanceryCourtarecon-ductedinasummaryway,withoutformalpleadings,themotionbeingenteredontheminutesoftheCourt.Thisentryisinthenatureofapleading,andshouldcontainsufficientfactstogivetheCourtjurisdiction,andtoauthorizethejudgment.As,however,allordinaryoriginalsuitsinChanceryarecommencedbybill,thenature,substanceandformsofbills,andthepracticeandpleadingsconse-quentonthefilingofabill,willfirstbeconsidered;andsuitscommencedbypetitionandbymotionwillbetreatedofhereafter.Thepartywhoinstitutesthesuitisgenerallytermedthecomplainant,becausehecomplainsofsomewrongdonehim;thepartyagainstwhomthesuitisin-stitutediscalledthedefendant,becausehedefendsagainstthecomplaintmade.7
§134.NecessityandObjectofPleadings.—Ineverysystemofjurispru-dence,someformsofproceedingmustbeestablishedtobringthemattersincontroversybetweenpartiesbeforethetribunalbywhichtheyaretobeadju-dicated.8Theseformsofproceedingaredevisedinorderthatthelitigantsmayhaveafairopportunityofpresentingtheirrespectivesidesofthecontroversy,andtoenabletheCourttodeterminethequestionsinissuewithaccuracyanddispatch.Thewrittencomplaintsmadebythecomplainant,andthewrittendefencesmade"theretobythedefendant,aretermedpleadings,9andtoexhibitthepresentsystemofEquityPleadinginTennesseeisoneofthemainpurposesofthepresenttreatise.10Suchportionsoftheoldsystemofpleadingasareob-soletewill'bewhollyomitted,andmuchofthatwhichisunnecessaryorunim-portantmainlydisregarded.§135.GeneralNatureofaBill.—Abillisawrittenstatementofsuchmat-tersasthe.complainantsdesirestobringtotheattentionoftheCourt.ThesemattersmustbesuchasarewithinthejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourt.Thatjurisdictiongenerallyextendstothefinaldecisionofthesubject-matterofthesuit;butsometimesitisonlyancillarytothedecisionofasuitpendinginthesameCourt,orofasuitbrought,ortobebrought,inanotherCourt;sometimesitismerelyofaprecautionaryorpreventivenature,to^vertamedi-tatedorthreatenedwrong;and,sometimes,itismerelytorequirethatthepar-
5Winchesterv.Winchester,1Head,490.6Majorsv.McNeilly,7Heisk.,294.7Theterm"complainant"isusedinthisbooktodesignatethepartywhoinstitutesasuit;andtheterm"defendant,"todesignatethepartyagainstwhomasuitisbrought.IntheCode,theterm,"complainant,"isgenerallyused:Code,§§4285;4289-4292;4313;4323;4332-4334;4360-4361;4366:4372-4374;4380;4382;4387;4391-4393;4400;4403:4405-4409;,4426;4430;4439;4447;4453:4457;4464;4489.Theterm,"complainant,"isuniformlyusedintheChanceryRules.Thismaybedeemedauthoritative.Theterm"plaintiff"is,however,usedinthefollowingsectionsoftheCode,inlieuofcom-plainant,§§4292;4317;4324;4328:4338;4369:4393;4401;4432;4444;4492;4494.Thepartywhoissued,isuniformlytermed"defendant,"intheCode,theterm,"respondent,"notbeingused.8Sto.Eq.PI.,§1.9Equitypleadingisacontroversialscience,basedonlawandlogic,anddesignedtosoformulatethecontentionsoflitigantsastobestdeveloptheissuesoflawandfactinvolvedinthecontroversy,totheendthattheCourtmaybetherebyadequatelyena-bledtoapplytheprinciplesofEquitytotheirde-termination.
10Pleadingmaybedennedtobetheformalstate-ment,inwriting,ofthemattersonwhichalitigantreliestoobtain,ortodefeat,thereliefsought:thesemattersmaybemattersoffact,tobeestablishedbyproof;ormattersoflaw,tobesustainedbystatuteorprecedent;Sto.Eq.PI.,§4,andnote.ThepleadingsinEquitywereprobablyborrowedfromthecivillaw,orfromthecanonlaw,(whichisaderivativefromthecivillaw,)orfromboth._TheearlyChancellorswere,forthemostpart,ifnotaltogether,ecclesiastics,andmanyofthemwerebredupinthejurisprudenceofthecivilandcanonlaw;anditwasnaturalforthem,intheadministrationoftheirjudicialfunctionsintheCourtofChancery,totransferintothatCourtthemodesofproceedingwithwhichtheyweremostfamiliar.Hence,atalmosteverystep,wemaynowtracecoincidencesbetweenthepleadingsandpracticeinChancery,andthepleadingsandpracticeina.Romansuit,andinanecclesiasticalsuit;Sto.Eq.PI.,§§13-14.Story'sEquityPleadings,Daniel'sChanceryPlead-ingsandPractice,andBarbour'sChanceryPractice,beingrecognizedasstandardauthoritiesinTennes-see,havebeenlargelyfollowedinthisworkwhenconsistentwithourstatutes,andoursystemofplead-ingandpractice.

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125ORIGINALBILLSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§136tiesreallyinterestedinacontroversyshouldbecompelledtolitigatetheirrights,withoutperilorexpensetoamerestakeholderhavingnointeresttherein.Thebillmayeithercomplainofsomeinjury,whichtheparty,exhibit-ingit,suffers,andprayreliefaccordingtotheinjury;or,withoutprayingrelief,itmayseekadiscoveryofmatternecessarytosupportordefendanothersuit;oritmayseektopreserveorperpetuatetestimony;oritmaycomplainofathreatenedwrongorimpendingmischief,and,statingaprobablegroundofpossibleinjury,itmaypraytheassistanceoftheCourttoenablethepartyex-hibitingthebilltoprotectordefendhimselffromsuchwrongormischiefwhenever,itshallbeattemptedorcommitted.OritmayrelatetosomedefectinapendingsuitinthesameCourt,ormayseektointroducesomeneworadditionalmatterintoapendingsuit,ortoobtainthebenefitof,orchange,orreversetheproceedingsin,apendingsuit.11§136.DifferentKindsofBills.—BillsinChanceryareoftwogeneralkinds
:
1,Originalbills;and2,Billsnotoriginal.OriginalbillsarethosewhichrelatetosomematternotbeforelitigatedinthesameCourt,bythesamepersons,standinginthesameinterestandmakingthesameallegations.Billsnotorigi-nalarethosewhichrelatetosomematteralreadylitigatedinthesameCourtbythesameparties,ortheirprivies,butwhichseektomakesomeadditionto,ortoobtainsomebenefitfrom,theoriginalbill,ortosupplysomedefectinit.Thereisanotherclassofbills,whichisofamixednature,andpartakesofthecharacterofbothoftheothers.Thus,forexample,bills,broughtforthepur-poseofcrosslitigation,or.ofcontroverting,orsuspending,orreversingsomedecreeororderoftheCourt,orofobtainingthebenefitofaformerdecree,orofcarryingitintoexecution,arenotconsideredasstrictlyacontinuanceoftheformerbills,butinthenatureoforiginalbills.And,ifthesebillsrequirenewfactstobestated,ornewpartiestobebroughtbeforetheCourt,theyare,sofar,strictlyofthenatureofsupplementalbills.Foralltheobjectsofthepres-entwork,thislastclassmaybetreatedasincludedinthatofbillsnotoriginal.12§137.OriginalBills.—Originalbillsaredividedintothosewhichprayre-lief,andthosewhichdonotprayrelief.Originalbillsprayingreliefaresub-dividedintotwokinds:1,BillsprayingthedecreeororderoftheCourt,touchingsomerightclaimedbythepartyexhibitingthebill,inoppositiontosomeright,realorsupposed,claimedbythepartyagainstwhomthebillisexhibited,ortouchingsomewrongdoneinviolationofthecomplainant'sright.Thisisthemostcommonkindofbill.2,Billsofinterpleader,wheretheper-sonexhibitingthebillclaimsnorightinoppositiontotherightsclaimedbythepersons,againstwhomthebillisexhibited,butpraysthedecreeoftheCourt,touchingtherightsofthosepersons,forthesafetyofthepersonexhibitingthebill.13Originalbills,notprayingrelief,arealsooftwokinds:(1)Billstoperpetu-atethetestimonyofwitnesses,ortoexaminewitnessesdebeneesse;and(2)Billsofdiscovery,technicallysocalled;thatistosay,billsfordiscoveryoffacts,restingwithintheknowledgeofthepartyagainstwhomtheyareexhib-ited,orforthediscoveryofdeeds,writings,orothei?things,inhiscustodyorpower;14andprayingnoreliefonthemerits.§138.BillsnotOriginal.—Billsnotoriginalareeitheranadditionto,oracontinuanceof,anoriginalbill;ortheyareforthepurposeofcrosslitigation,orofcontroverting,orsuspending,orreversingsomedecreeororderoftheCourt,orofcarryingitintoexecution.Theformerkindincludes:1,Asupple-mentalbill,whichismerelyanadditiontotheoriginalbill,tosupplysomede-fectinitsframeorstructure.2,Abillofrevivor,whichisacontinuanceoftheoriginalbill,tobringsomenewpartybeforetheCourt,when,bydeath,oruSto.Eq.PI.,§§9;20. I l3Sto.Eq.PI.,§18,1Dan.Ch.Pr.,306.12Sto.Eq.PL,§16. I i*Sto.Eq.PI.,§19.

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§138ORIGINALBILLSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.126otherwise,theoriginalpartyhasbecomeincapableofprosecutingordefendingthesuit,andthesuitis,asitisinEquitytechnicallycalled,abated,thatis,sus-pendedinitsprogress.3,Abillbothofrevivorandsupplement,whichcon-tinuesasuituponanabatement,andsuppliesdefectswhichhavearisenfromsomeeventsubsequenttotheinstitutionofthesuit.15Bills,notoriginal,forthepurposeofcross-litigation,orofcontroverting,sus-pendingorreversingsomedecreeororderoftheCourt,orcarryingitintoexe-cution,are:1,Acrossbillexhibitedbythedefendantintheoriginalsuitagainstthecomplainantinthatsuit,touchingsomematterinlitigationinthefirstbill
;
2,Abillofreviewwhichisbroughttoexamineandreverseadecreemadeuponaformerbill,ataformertermoftheCourt,and,forthatreason,notsubjecttoachangeonarehearing;3,Abilltoimpeachadecreeuponthegroundoffraud;4,Abilltosuspendtheoperationofadecreeinspecialcircumstances,ortoavoiditonthegroundofmatterwhichhasarisensubsequenttoit;5,Abilltocarryadecree,madeinaformersuit,intoexecution;6,Andlastly,abill,partakingofthequalitiesofsomeoneormoreofthesebills,suchasabillinthenatureofabillofrevivor,orinthenatureofasupplementalbill,orinthenatureofabillofreview,andothersofalikecharacter.1815Sto.Eq.PL,§20. | 10Sto.Eq.PL,§21.

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127 FRAMEOFANORIGINALBILL 139
ARTICLEII.
FRAMEOFANORIGINALBILL.
§139.§140.§141.§142.
§143.
§144.§145.
§146.
AnOriginalBillgenerallyConsidered.WhatFactsMustbeAllegedinaBill.HowFactsMustbeAllegedinaBill.NecessityforFulnessandParticu-larityinAllegingtheFacts.ComplainantsMustShowanInterestintheSubject-matteroftheSuit.BillMustShowaGroundofSuit.BillMustShowaCasewithintheJu-risdictionoftheCourt.BillMustbeBroughtfortheWholeMatter.
§147.BillMustSetupMattersinAvoid-ance,When.§148.BillinCaseofaTenderbytheCom-plainant.§149.BillMustNotbeMultifarious,orRe-pugnant.§ISO.BillMustbeFreefromScandalandImpertinence.§151.PrayersforaDiscovery,andforPro-cess.§152.PrayerforRelief.
§139.AnOriginalBillgenerallyConsidered.—AnoriginalbillisawrittenstatementaddressedtotheChancelloroftheCourtinwhichitistobefiled,set-tingforthfactsandcircumstances,which,iftrue,showthatthecomplainantisentitledtotheassistanceoftheCourtinobtainingthereliefheseeksagainstthedefendant,ordefendants,andprayingforsuchassistanceandrelief.17Thebillsetsoutthecomplainant'srights,showswhereinthoserightshavebeenin-jured,deniedorwithheld,bythedefendants,makesoutacasewithinthejurisdictionoftheCourt,andinvokestheCourttoexercisethatjurisdic-tionbyrequiringthepersonscomplainedoftodowhatinEquityandgoodconsciencetheyoughttodotowardsthecomplainant.Everybillmustshowclearly,onitsface,1,thatthecomplainanthasarighttotheparticularreliefheseeks,ortosomeotherrelief;2,thathehasthisrightasagainstthedefendants;and3,thattheCourthasjurisdictiontoenforcethisright.Ifthebillisdefectiveineitherofthesethreeessentials,thedefendantsmayhaveitdismissed.18Everybillshouldclearlysetforthastateoffactsshowing,notonlythatthecomplainanthasarighttothereliefheseeks,butthateverydefendanthas(1)aclaim,interest,ortitle,inortothesubject-matterofthesuit,or(2)isinsomewayillegallyinterferingwith,orwithholding,complainant'srightsorproperty,or(3)owesthecomplainantadebtordutycognizableinaCourtofChancery.19§140.WhatFactsMustBeAllegedinaBill.—Everybillmustcontainastatementoffactsshowingthatcomplainantisentitled(1)toequitableorlegalrelief,(2)intheCourtinwhichthebillisfiled,and(3)againstthedefendantcharged.InthelanguageoftheCode,''Thebillshouldcontainaclearandor-derlystatementofthefactsonwhichthesuitisfounded,withoutprolixityor
17Sto.Eq-PL,§23.181Dan.Ch.Pr.,314.191Dan.Ch.Pr.,325;Sto.Eq.PL,§262.Noth-ingisproperlybeforetheCourtforitsdeterminationexceptwhatissubmittedtoitinthepleadings;and,toentitleacomplainanttoadecree(1)hisbillmustpresentsuchastateoffacts,as,iftrue,willgivehimarighttothereliefsought;and(2)themate-rialfactsallegedmustbeproved,unlessadmitted.See,post,§142.Abillsettingoutthefacts,andprayingforthe
reliefcomplainantisentitledtoonsuchfacts,issuf-ficient,althoughcomplainant'stheoryofthecaseisfaulty.Petersonv.Turney,2Ch.Apps.519;Doddv.Benthal,4Heisk.,601.Andalthoughhegiveshisbillthewrongname.See§§43;269;431,note;681;719;63,sub-sec,4.TheCourtwilladjudicateaccordingtotheallegations,andwillregardthemisnomerasimmaterial,andmeresurplusage.Seesectionsandcasesabovecited,andMurphyV.John-son,23Pick.,552.

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§141FRAMEOFANORIGINALBIU,.128repetition,andconcludewithaprayerfortherequiredprocessandappropriaterelief."20Thisstatementoffactsshouldcontaineverythingnecessarytoen-titlethecomplainanttothereliefheseeks,andshouldomiteverythingthatisimmaterialorirrelevant.Nothingshouldbeaverredexceptwhatisnecessarytobeproved,andnothingshouldbeomittedwhichisessentialtosustainthecase.Thetestofthesufficiencyoftheavermentsinabillis:"Wouldcomplain-antbeentitledtothespecialreliefheprays,ifalltheavermentsshouldbeestablishedbyproof1Andatestofthematerialityofaparticularavermentis
:
Canthebillbefullysustainedastothespecialreliefsoughtiftheavermentisnotproved?Where,however,thereisanydoubtwhetheraparticularavermentisneces-sary,thepleadershouldinsertit;21anditmustalwaysberemembered,indrawingabill,thateverythingwhichisintendedtobeprovedmustbealleged,andthatnothingcanbeprovedwhichisnotalleged.Nofactsareproperlyputinissuebythecomplainantunlesschargedinthebill;and,asaconse-quence,noproofcanbeofferedbythecomplainantastoanyfact,howeverma-terialitmaybetohiscase,unlesssuchfactbestatedinthebill,orunlessthedefendantsetsitupintheanswer.TheCourtcannotnoticematter,howeverclearlyproved,astowhichthereisnoallegationorissueinthepleadings.Afact,neitherallegedinthebillnorstatedintheanswer,is,therefore,notinissue,andcannotbeconsideredbytheCourt,althoughessentialtocomplain-ant'ssuccessandfullyproved.22Courtscannoticeneitherallegationsofmat-tersnotproven,norproofofmattersnotalleged.23Itisageneralrule,thatwhateverisessentialtotherightsofthecomplainant,andisnecessarilywithinhisknowledge,oughttobeallegedpositivelyandwithprecision.Ontheotherhand,theclaimsofthedefendantmaybestatedingeneralterms.And,ifamatter,essentialtothedeterminationoftheclaimsofthecomplainant,ischargedtorestintheknowledgeofthedefendant,ormustofnecessitybewithinhisknowledge,andisconsequentlythesubjectofapartofthediscoverysoughtbythebill,apreciseallegationthereofisnotre-quired.24If,however,sufficientfactsappearonthefaceofthebilltoentitlethecomplainanttosomerelief,reliefwill.begrantedappropriatetothefacts,eventhoughthebillbeinartificial,thetermsuseduntechnical,andthereliefprayednotspecific.25§141.HowFactsMustbeAllegedinaBill.—Thebillshouldstatethecom-plainant'scauseofactionwithaccuracyandclearness,specifyingtherightsofthecomplainant,theinjury,orgrievance,ofwhichhecomplains,andthereliefwhichheasksoftheCourt.Theremustbesuchcertaintyintheavermentsofthefactsuponwhichthebillisfounded,thatthedefendantmaybedistinctlyinformedofthenatureofthecasewhichheiscalledupontomeet.Themate-rialfactsoughttobeplainly,yetconciselyalleged,andwithalltheessentialcircumstancesoftime,placemanner,andotherincidents.Iftitledeedsorotherinstrumentsarereferredto,theyshouldnotbesetoutinfull;butonlythesub-stanceofsuchportionsasarenecessarytoarightunderstandingoftherealmattersofthebill.Itisnotasufficientallegationofafactinabilltosaythatoneofthedefendantsalleges,andthecomplainantbelievesthestatementtobetrue;forthedefendantmayallegethatwhichisquitefalse,andthecomplain-antmaybelieveittobetrue;butthefactshouldbepositivelyalleged.20ItissometimessaidthatabillinChanceryshouldbeascertainandpreciseasadeclarationatlaw,butthepropositionisnotstrictlycorrect,thesamede-20Code,§4314.21Surplusagedoesnotvitiate;or,asthemaximstatesit,Utileperinutilenonvitiatur.22But,insuchacase,onmotionofcomplainantandthepaymentofsuchcostsastheCourtmayim-pose,thebillmaybesoamendedastoaverthees-sentialmattersomitted,orasupplementalbillmaybefiled.
23Turleyv.Turley,1Pick.,260;Duluth,N.B.,v.KnoxvilleF.I.Co.,1Pick.,87;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,326.24Sto.Eq.PI.,§255;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,321.25Doddv.Benthal,4Heisk.,601.20Sto.Eq.PI..§241.

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129 frame;ofanoriginalbill.142eisiveandcategoricalcertaintynotbeingrequiredinabill.27Nevertheless,abillshouldsetforthadistinctandclearcauseofactionentitlingthecomplain-anttothereliefheprays.28Allallegationsshouldbepositive,andthosemadeoninformationandbeliefshouldbesostated.Anallegationthat"complain-antisinformed"soandso,orthat"complainantbelieves"soandso,orthat"complainantisinformedandbelieves"soandso,isnotsufficient;complain-antmustgofurtherandallegethefacts,directly,saying''thatcomplainantisinformedandbelieves,andsocharges,that"thefactissoandso.29Butalthoughageneralchargeisinsufficient,yetitdoesnotfollowthatthecomplainantinhisbillisboundtosetforthalltheminutefacts.Onthecon-trary,thegeneralstatementofaprecisefactisoftensufficient;andthecircum-stanceswhichgotoconfirmorestablishit,neednotbeminutelycharged;fortheymoreproperlyconstitutemattersofevidencethanmattersofallegation.Whereabill,however,chargesfraud,accidentormistake,orattacksastatedorsettledaccount,orseeksthereformation,rescission,orre-executionofacon-tract,orattacksajudgmentordecree,orpraysaninjunctionorareceiver,itshouldsetforththecircumstancesandparticularfactsonwhichthereliefissought,andgeneralchargesoferrororwrong-doing,ortheuseofgeneralaver-ment,isnotsufficient,aswillmorefullyappearinthenextsection.30§142.NecessityforFulnessandParticularityinAllegingtheFacts.—Everyfactessentialtothecomplainant'stitletomaintainthebill,andobtaintherelief,mustbestatedinthebill,otherwisethedefectwillbefatal.Fornofactsareproperlyinissueunlesschargedinthebill;andofcoursenoproofscangenerallybeofferedoffactsnotinthebill;norcanreliefbegrantedformattersnotcharged,althoughtheymaybeapparentfromevidence;fortheCourtpronouncesitsdecreessecundumallegataetprobata.Thereasonofthisis,thatthedefendantmaybeapprisedbythebillwhatthechargesandallega-tionsareagainstwhichheistopreparehisdefense.31Iftherulewereother-wise,thedefendantwouldnotonlynotknowwhatchargeshewouldbere-quiredtomeet,butthecomplainant,bythusfailingtoinformthedefendant,wouldbetakingadvantageofhisownwrong.Besides,theCourthasnojuris-dictionofanymatternotcontainedinthepleadings;andiftheChancellorshouldassumetomakeanadjudicationnotjustifiedbythepleadings,hisdecreewouldbecoramnonjudice,andvoidonthefaceoftheproceedings;andthiswouldbeso,eventhoughthefactsprovedwouldhaveabundantlysupportedthedecreehadtherebeenpleadingsjustifyingtheproof.Indrawingbills,itmustbekeptinmindthatthereisadifferenceinthede-greesofparticularityrequired,between(1)billsprayingordinaryreliefob-tainableundertheconcurrentjurisdictionoftheCourt,andprayingforordi-naryprocess,and(2)billsprayingforextraordinaryprocess,orchargingfraud,orassailingpresumptions.1.WhereReliefObtainableatLawisPrayed.Ineasesofconcurrentjviris-dictiontheallegationsofthebillwillresemblethoseinadeclarationintheCir-cuitCourt;andallthatisrequiredisadirectavermentofthemainfactscon-stitutingthecauseofaction,withoutanydetailofcircumstancesorallegationsofparticulars.3iaSuchbillsneednoverification.2.WhereanInjunctionoraReceiverisPrayedPor.Aninjunctionandre-ceiverareextraordinaryprocessesthatissuebeforethesuitistriedonitsmerits,andoftenbeforethedefendantisheard;and,therefore,theCourtre-27Ibid,notes;Cunningham-o.Wood,4Hum.,417;Walkerv.Cottrell,6Bax.,271.28MerrimanV.Lacefield,4Heisk,217.29Weretheruleotherwise,adenialofthebillwouldbeonlyadenialthatcomplainantwasso"in-formed,"orso"believed"or"wassoinformedandbelieved."Neither"information,"nor"belief,"norbotharesufficientgroundsforcomingintoChancery;theremustbepositiveavermenttoputthemachin-eryoftheCourtinmotion.Fosterv.Bradford,1
Tenn.Ch.,400;Quinnv.Leake,1Tenn.Ch.,71'Sto.Eq.PI.,§241-242;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,361,notes!30Solicitorsinframingbillsshouldkeepinmindthat"Equityproceedsuponcircumstances,'5andthatwhenequitablereliefissoughtthecircumstancesshouldbesetforthinthebill.31Sto.Eq.PI.,§257;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,327;Mer-rimanv.Lacefield,4Heisk.,217.3iaSeepost,§§170;1073,note1.

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§142FRAMEOPANORIGINALBlhh. 130quiresextraordinaryparticularityandfulnessintheavermentsofthebill.Generalallegationsofwrong-doing,andformalchargesofinequitableconduct,arewhollyinsufficient.Theparticularsandcircumstancesmustbesetout,sotheChancellormayseeforhimselfthatthedoingscomplainedofarewrong,andtheconductchargedisinequitable,forwhatmayappearwrongorinequit-abletothecomplainant,maynotsoappeartotheChancellor;besidestheChan-cellorprefersthefactsandcircumstancesofthecasetotheopinionorconclu-sionsofthecomplainant.Counselindrawingsuchbillsshouldkeepinmindthatsuchabillisnotonlyapleading,butaspecialaffidavit;32asapleading,formalavermentswouldbesufficient,noverificationwouldbenecessary,onlyacostbondrequiredandonlyasubpoenatoanswerwouldissue.Itisonthespecialaffidavitincorporatedinthebillthattheextraordinaryprocessissues,ifissuedatall.Sothebill,initstwo-foldnatureshouldbefull,precise,definite,directandcircumstantialinitsaverments,andgiveadetailedstatementofthemainfactsonwhichtheinjunctionorreceiverisprayed;anditsallegationsshouldbeontheactualknowledgeofthecomplainant,orifoninformationandbelief,shouldbeverifiedbytheinformant.33Thebillmustaverthatitisthefirstap-plicationfortheparticularextraordinaryprocessprayedfor.343.WhereFraudisCharged.Whatissaidintheprecedingparagraphaboutparticularityinavermentappliesfullytobillschargingfraud.Fraudisgen-erallyestablishedbyproofofcircumstances,andthesecircumstancesaregen-erallyknowntothecomplainant;sotheCourtrequiresthecomplainanttosetoutthesecircumstancesinhisbillnotonlythattheCourtmayknowonwhatgroundsthechargeoffraudisbased,but,also,thatthedefendantmayknowtheprecisefactshewillhavetomeetinframinghisanswer,andmakinghisproof.Ageneralchargeoffraudisnugatory,35forfraudisnotsomuchafactasaconclusiondeducedfromfacts;andabillchargingfraudingeneraltermsasthegroundofreliefandsettingforthnoparticularsshowingthefraud,willbedismissedondemurrer.364.WhereaPresumptionisAssailed.Whenapresumptionisattacked,theprooftoovercomethepresumptionmustbeexceptionallystrong.So,abillassailingapresumptionmustbeexceptionallystronginitsaverments,andpre-ciseinitsparticulars.Ageneralchargeoferrorinadeed,mortgage,note,orotherwritteninstrument,orinastatedorsettledaccount,orinajudgmentordecree,iswhollynugatory,andabillbasedonsuchageneralcharge,asagroundofequitablerelief,isdemurrable.Thebillshouldfollowupthegeneralchargebysettingoutindetailthefactsandcircumstancesconstitutingtheerror,37andifanyfraudulentorinequitableconductinconnectiontherewithischargeduponthedefendant,thecircumstancesthereofmustbefullyspeci-fied,asshownintheprecedingparagraph.And,ingeneral,abillseekingtoundowhathasbeendone,becauseoferrororfraud,mustspecifytheparticu-larsoftheerrororfraudcomplainedof.Extraordinaryprocessincludespreliminaryinjunctions,ncexeats,attach-ments,receivers,publicationnotices,andappointmentsofguardiansadlitemforpersonsallegedtobeunderdisability.Inthesecasesthebillisbothaplead-ingandanaffidavit;itisapleadingastotheordinaryprocessandordinaryreliefprayedfor;itisanaffidavitastotheextraordinaryprocessprayed;and,inasmuchasthisprocessissoughtexparte,andbeforeanysortofhearing,somuchofthebillaspurportstogivethegroundsforthisextraordinaryaction
32See,post,§§838;841;1073,note1;FurnaceCo.v.Railroad,5Cates,711.33See,post,§§160-163;788-789;838;841;Fur-naceCo.v.Railroad,5Cates,711.Thecomplainantmaygetaninjunctionwithoutconformingtotherequirementsofthe'txet,butifsohewillbemoreluckythandeserving.See,FurnaceCo.V.Railroad,5Cates,711;HighonInjunc,§§34-35.34Code,§4435.35Gerntv.Cusack,22Pick.,141;FortV.Orn-
doff,7I-Ieisk.,167;Neilv.Smith,1Lea,373;Eahtr.MiningCo.,5tea,18;ReedF.Co.v.Thomas,13Pick.,478,483.3GBorches&Co.v.ArbuckleBros.,3Cates,498.37Sto.Eq.PL,§§251-252;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,324;Eahtv.MiningCo.,5Lea,22;Neilv.Smith,1Lea,373.Orthefactsandcircumstanceshavingbeenfullysetout,thegeneralchargeoffraud,accident,ormistake,maythenbemade.

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131 Frameofanoriginalbill.§143shouldbefull,precise,definite,direct,andparticular,initsstatementsofthefacts,andshouldbebasedonactualknowledge,oronreliableinformation;andshould,also,explicitlyconformtoallstatutoryrequirements.Allsuchbillsmustbeswornto.§143.ComplainantsMustShowanInterestintheSubject-matteroftheSuit.—Thecomplainantsmustshowthattheyhaveaninterestinthematterssoughttobelitigated;andthisinterestmustbeapresent,subsistinginterest.Itisimmaterialhowsmalltheinterestofanyofthemmaybeinthesubject-matterofthesuit,38iftheinterestbesuchthatitsadjudicationwillenabletheCourtmorecompletelytosettleallthemattersincontroversy,soastoleavenorootsoutofwhichfuturelitigationmightspring.TheobjectofasuitinChan-ceryisnotmerelytoshowthatthedefendanthasbeenguiltyofillegalorin-equitableconduct,buttoshow,also,thatthecomplainanthasbeeninjuredthereby.Thecomplainantmust,therefore,inhisbill,showthathehassuchaninterestinthesubject-matterofthesuitastoentitlehimtotheaidoftheCourtintheprotectionorenforcementofthatinterest.39Andiftherearemorethanonecomplainant,theymustallshowthemselvesinsomewayinterestedinthesubject-matterofthesuit.Itisperfectlyimmaterial,however,howmin-utethisinterestmaybe,orhowdistantthepossibilityofthepossessionofthatminuteinterest,ifitisapresentinterest.Amerepossibility,orevenproba-bility,ofafuturetitleorinterestwillnotbesufficienttosustainabill:thetitleorinterestmustbepresent,actualandexisting.40§144^BillMustShowaGroundofSuit.—Courtsaredevisedforthereliefofpersons(1)whoselegalrightshavebeenwithheldorinterferedwith,or(2)whohavesufferedactionablewrongs,or(3)whoareseriouslythreatenedwithirreparableinjury.Theywerenotinstituted(1)toenablelitigiouspeopletoharasstheirneighborswithtrivialsuits;nor(2)aretheyproperplacesfortheairingofsupposedgrievances,nor(3)theventilationofsupposedwrongs,nor(4)evenrealmisdoingwhenthecomplainanthasnothimselfsuffered,orisnotmenacedwithsuffering,byreasonofsuchwrongsormisdoing,orishimselfinthewrong.AccordingtoourConstitution,Courtsareopenedtoremedyinju-riesdonetoone'slands,goods,personorreputation,41andCourts'ofEquitysittoadministerjusticeinmattersofgraveinteresttotheparties,andnottogratifytheirpassionsortheircuriosity,ortheirspiritofvexatiouslitigation.42NomanhasarighttosetinmotionthemachineryoftheCourtsofJusticeunlesshehasagoodcauseofaction;andthiscausehemustsosetforthinhisbill,thattheCourtmayseeit.Itisinvainthatacomplainanthasagoodgroundforrelief,unlessheproperlysetsitforthinhisbill,andsubstantiatesitbyproperproof.Itmattersnothowgrossafraudhasbeenperpetrated,orwhatrelationsoftrustandconfidencehavebeenviolated,orwhatthedisabilityofwards,lega-tees,distributees,orotherpersons,orwhatiniquitouswrongshavebeendonebythedefendant,orwhatviolationsofrightandjusticehavebeencommitted,theCourtwillnotsustainabillsettingthemforthunlessitappeartherefromthatthecomplainantisentitledtosomereliefagainstthewrong-doerwhoismadeadefendant;fortheCourtwillnotgothroughtheformofasuitmerelytoenablethecomplainanttoshowforththewrongsdonebythedefendant,andthedisabilitiesandinjuriesofthecomplainant,unlessitappears,fromthefactsstatedinthebill,thatthecomplainantwillbeentitledtosomereliefagainstthedefendantbyreasonofthosefactsbeingprovedtobetrue.Thecomplainantmustnotonlyshowthathehassomeinterestinthesubject-38HendersonV.Peck,3Hum.,250;Wilsonv.DavidsonCounty,3Tenn.Ch.,536;Dechardv.Ed-ward,2Sneed,94.39Nopartyisauthorizedtoaskthe_aidofaCourtofChancery,actively,withoutshowinganinterestinthematterlitigated;Catron,Ch.J.,inThompsonv.Hill,5Yerg.,419.
to1Dan.Ch.Pr.,314-317.41Const.Tenn.Art1,§17.Thewords"lands,goods,personandreputation"includeallproperty,andallrightstheretoorderivedtherefrom.Fordefi-nitionofproperty,seeante,§56.42St.Eq.PI.,§500.

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§145FRAMEOPANORIGINALBII,!,.132matterofthelitigation,butthathehassuchatitletoitasagainstthedefend-antasgiveshimtherighttosuethelatter.Thus,adistributeehasaninterestinthepersonalityleftbyhisintestate,yethecannotsueforitsrecovery,norcompeladebtorofhisintestatetopaythedebttohim,becausethereisnosuchprivitybetweenthedistributeeandtheintestateaswillauthorizetheformertosueadebtorofthelatter.Thepersonalrepresentativeistheonlypersonwhocanbringsuchsuits,heonlybeingtheprivyoftheintestate,andentitledtosueforhispersonality,orforthedebtsduehim.43So,apersonnamedasexecutorhasaninterestinallthepersonalpropertyofhistestator;butuntilhehasprobatedthewill,hehasnorighttosueforsuchproperty;44for,untilheproperlyqualifiesasexecutor,thereisnoprivitybetweenhimandhistestator.§145.BillMustShowaCaseWithintheJurisdictionoftheCourt.—Notonlymustthecomplainantbeinterestedinthesubject-matterofthelitigation,andbeclothedwithsuchacharacterasentitleshimtobringthesuit,andthedefendantbeliabletothereliefsoughtagainsthim,orbeinsomewayinter-estedinthesuit,butitmustalsoappearthatthecasestatedinthebilliswithinthejurisdictionoftheCourt.PriortotheActof1877,increasingthejurisdic-tionoftheChanceryCourt,itwasoftenaquestionofmuchnicetyandper-plexitywhetherthecasepresentedbythebillwasoneofequitableorlegalcognizance;butnowitisgenerallynotdifficulttodeterminewhethertheChan-ceryCourthasjurisdictionofagivencase.Ifthedebtisoflessvaluethanfiftydollars,45orisforaninjurytoperson,property,orcharacter,involvingunliquidateddamages,46theCourthasnojurisdiction;butofallothersuitsithasjurisdiction,47providedtheyarebroughtinthepropercounty.ThelocaljurisdictionoftheCourtwillbehereafterfullyconsidered.§146.BillMustbeBroughtfortheWholeMatter.—AbillmustnotonlybeforasubjectwithinthejurisdictionoftheCourt,butitmustalsobebroughtforthewholesubject.TheCourtwillnotpermitabilltobebroughtforpartofamatteronly,soastoexposeadefendanttobeharassedbyrepeatedlitiga-tionsconcerningthesamething.It,therefore,requiresthateverybillshallbesoframedastoaffordgroundforsuchadecisionuponthewhole,matter,atoneandthesametime,asmay,asfaraspossible,preventanyfuturelitigationcon-cerningit.ItisuponthisprinciplethattheCourtacts,inrequiringineverycasethepresence,eitherascomplainantsordefendants,ofallpartiesinterestedintheobjectofthesuit.Anduponthesameprincipleitwillnotallowacom-plainantwhohastwoclaimsuponthesamedefendantgrowingoutofthesametransaction,tobringseparatebillsforeachparticularclaim.48CourtsofEquitydiscouragethepromotionofunreasonablelitigation;and,forthepur-poseofpreventingamultiplicityofsuits,theywillnotpermitabilltobebroughtforapartofamatteronly,wherethewholeisthepropersubjectofonesuit.Thus,forexample,theywillnotpermitapartytobringabillforapartofoneentireaccount;butwillcompelhimtounitethewholeinonesuit
;
for,otherwise,hemightsplititupintovarioussuits,andpromotethemostoppressivelitigation.49When,however,itislaiddownasarulethattheCourtwillnotentertainasuitforapartofamatter,itmustbeunderstoodassubjecttothislimitation,thatthewholematteriscapableofbeingimmediatelydisposedof;for,ifthesituationofthematterindisputeissuchthatnoimmediatedecisionuponthewholemattercanbecometo,theCourtwillfrequentlylenditsassistancetotheextentwhichtheactualstateofthecase,asitexistsatthetimeofthefilingofthebill,willwarrant.ItisuponthissameprinciplethattheCourtproceeds,in
431Dan.Ch.Pr.,323.441Dan.Ch.Pr.,318.45Code,§4281.46Actsof1877,ch.97.47AstocaseswheretheCourthasjurisdictionof
matterslessthanfiftydollarsinvalue,see,ante,.§26.481Dan.Ch.Pr.,330.40Sto.Eq.PI.,§287.

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133 FRAMEOFANORIGINALBILL.§147allthatclassofcasesinwhichitactsasancillarytothejurisdictionofotherCourts,bypermittingsuitsforthepreservationofpropertypendingalitigationinthecommonlawCourts,orbyremovingtheimpedimentstoafairlitigationbeforetribunalsofordinaryjurisdiction.Inallthesecases,itisnogroundofobjectiontoabillthatitembracesonlypartofthematter,andthattheresidueis,ormaybe,thesubjectoflitigationelsewhere.Thepreservationoftheproperty,ortheremovaloftheimpediments,isallthataCourtofEquitycaneffect.Thebill,therefore,inseekingthatdescriptionofrelief,seeksthewholereliefwhich,insuchcases,aCourtofEquitycangive;butifabill,prayingonlythisdescriptionofrelief,shoulddiscloseacaseinwhichaCourtofEquityiscapableoftakinguponitselfthewholedecisionofthequestion,insuchacasethebillwouldbedefectiveinnotseekingtherelieftowhichthecomplain-antisentitled.50§147.BillMustSetupMattersinAvoidanceWhen.—UnderourformermethodofpleadinginChancery,ifthedefendantpleadedthestatuteoflimita-tions,thestatuteoffrauds,payment,accordandsatisfaction,anaward,aformerjudgmentordecree,anaccountstated,arelease,anovationoranyothermatterinbar,thecomplainantcould,inhisreplication,setupmattersinavoid-anceofsuchdefense.Ifthefactsinavoidanceofsuchdefencearenotsetforth,theCodehavingabolishedreplicationstoanswers,51thecomplainanthasnownowayofavoidingsuchdefenseexceptbyhisbill.He,therefore,mustdis-closeinhisbillthesemattersofdefense,andthensetforthhisfactsinavoid-anceofsuchdefense.Ifthefactsinavoidanceofsuchdefensearenotsetforthbycomplainantinhisbill,hewillnotbeallowedtoprovethem,or,ifproved,theCourtcannotconsiderthem,becausetheyarenotallegedinthebill.52Thus,forinstance,ifacomplainantwouldavoidapleaofthestatuteoflimita-tions,hemustinhisbillgivethedatesandfactswhichdisclosethebar,andthenallegethefactwhichavoidsthebar,suchasdisabilityofthecomplainant,non-residenceofthedefendant,fraudulentconcealmentofthecauseofaction,oranewpromisewithinthestatute,orsuchfactinavoidance,thoughproved,willnotbeconsideredbytheCourtforthereasonalreadygiven,andthebillwillbedismissed.53Mattersthussetupbythecomplainantinavoidanceofsomebarmustbeprovedbyhimasalleged.54§148.BillinCaseofaTenderbytheComplainant.—When,onabilltore-deem,oronabillinanyothercasewhereatenderisnecessary,itisallegedthatatenderwasmade,theallegationsshouldspecifythedateandamountofthetender,andtowhomandonwhataccountmade,andshouldaverawillingnessandreadinessoncomplainant'sparttohavepaidwhatwastenderedatanytimeaftersuchtender,downtothefilingofthebill;andheshouldcontinueandrepeatsuchtenderinhisbill;andthemoney,orthing,sotendered,shouldbefiledinCourtalongwiththebill,orasufficientexcusegivenfornotsodoing.Butifthedefendantfailtodemurtothebill,ortootherwisetakeproperexception,becausethemoney,orthing,sotendered,hasnotbeendulyfiled,hewouldbedeemedtohavewaivedsuchfiling.55Onabilltoredeem,atenderisnotnecessarywhentherightofcomplainanttoredeemisabsolutelydeniedbythedefendant.56§149.BillMustNotbeMultifarious,orRepugnant.—Inendeavoringtoavoidtheerrorofmakingabillnotsufficientlyparticulartoanswerthepurposeofcompletejustice,caremustbetakennottorunintotheoppositedefectof
501Dan.Ch.Pr.,331.51Code,§§4322;4328;4432.52Nothingcanbeprovedthatisnotalleged.Jen-kinsv.DeWar,4Cates,684.See,post,§455.Butifcomplainantfailtoallegehismatterinavoidanceinhisbill,hemaydosoinanamendedbill,byleaveoftheCourt.Barton'sSuitinEq.,129.53Jenkinsv.DeWar,4Cates,684;Sullyv.Chil-
dress,22Pick.,109,citing§336,[now§331]ofthisbook.54Grossv.Disney,11Pick.,592;Sullyv.Chil-dress,22Pick.,109;'Jenkinsv.DeWar,4Cates,684.Thepartythatallegesamaterialfactmustproveit.See,post,§444.55Rogersv.Tindell,15Pick.,356.56Ibid.

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§150 FRAMEOFANORIGINALBILL.134attemptingtoembraceinittoomanyobjects.Theoffenceagainstthisruleistermedmultifariousness.1.Multifariousnessistheimproperlyjoininginonebillseveralmattersofadistinctandindependentnatureagainstseveraldefendants.57Suchaproceed-ingwouldbeoppressive,becauseitwouldtendtoloadeachdefendantwithanunnecessaryburdenofcosts,byswellingthecasewiththestatementandproofoftheseveralclaimsoftheotherdefendantswithwhichhehasnoconnection.Besides,theproofsapplicabletoeachwouldbeapttobeconfoundedwitheachother,andgreatdelayswouldbeoccasionedbywaitingfortheproofsofoneoftheparties,whentheothersmightbefullyreadyforhearing.58Abillisnottobetreatedasmultifarious,however,becauseitjoinstwogoodcausesofcomplaint,growingoutofthesametransaction,whereallthedefend-antsareinterestedinthesameclaimofright,andwherethereliefaskedforinrelationtoeachisofthesamegeneralcharacter.NeitherwillabillbedeemedmultifariouswhereitstatesarighttoanaccountfromA,andB,againstwhomithasoneremedywhichitseekstoenforce,andalsoclaimsalienagainstA,forwhatisdue,andseeksthatseparateremedyagainsthim,fortheplaintiffmaywellinsuchabillentitlehimselftoeach.Indeedtheobjectionofmulti-fariousness,andthecircumstancesunderwhichitwillbeallowedtoprevail,ornot,is,inmanycases,amatterofdiscretion,andnogeneralrulecanbelaiddownonthesubject.59Itisnotthenumberoftheparties,northeintricacyoftheclaimsontheonesideortheother,thatrendersabillmultifarious;itistheirdisconnectionorin-consistency,orthepracticalinconvenienceofconsideringthemtogetherinonesuit.Wheneveraseriesoftransactionshaveacommonrootororigin,andaresoconnectedthatitisimpossibletotell,inadvanceofthehearing,whatbear-ingoneofthesetransactionsmayhaveuponanother,orhowtherespectivepar-tiesmaybechargedinreferencetoeachother,embracingthemallinonebillwouldnotmakeitmultifarious.60Iftheinterestandliabilityofthedefend-ants,thoughseparate,flowfromthesamefountain,orradiatefromthesamecenter,orhaveacommonconnectinglink,thejoinderofsuchdefendantsandmattersinthesamesuitisadmissible.61Theunitinginonebillofseveralmat-tersofequitydistinctandunconnected,againstasoledefendant,isnotmulti-fariousness.62Billsarenotobjectedtoonthegroundofmultifariousnessasmuchasformerly,because,ifademurrerformultifariousnessissustained,theCourtmayauthorizeamendmentsbydirectingseparatebillstobefiled,withoutnewprocessastothepartiesbeforetheCourt.632.Repugnancyconsistsinsettingoutinthebilltwoormorecausesofaction,ortwoormoregroundsformaintainingthesamesuit,whichareinconsistentorcontradictory,andtendtonullifyeachother.64Alternativegroundsofreliefmaybesetup,andalternativereliefprayed,butsuchgroundsorreliefmustnotbeantagonisticorcontradictory.§150.BillMustbeFreefromScandalandImpertinence.—Caremustbetakennottooverloadbillsbysuperfluousallegations,andredundantandun-necessarystatements,orbyscandalousandimpertinentmatter;for,ifanybillbefoundsuch,uponduereferenceto,andreportof,aMaster,thecomplainant57Swepsonv.Bank,9Lea,713.58Sto.Eq.PL,§271.Forthetestsofmultifari-ousness,seeChapteronDemurrers,post,§284.59Sto.Eq.PI.§284;1Dan.Ch.Pr.334,note;Barteev.Tompkins,4Sneed,636.Chancellorsdreadacomplicatedlitigation.Theyyearntohaveallsuitspresentclear-cut,well-definedissues;andtheyabhortheconfusionandcomplexitythatresultfromtheattempttojoindisconnectedmattersinonesuit.Thissameabhorrenceofduplicityexistsatthecommonlaw.AllCourtsseektohaveasfewis-suesoffactinalawsuitaspossible.Thegreaterthenumberofissues,thegreaterthedifficultyinreachingsatisfactoryconclusions,andindoingexactjustice.IfaChancellorisofopinionthatthemat-tersallegedinthebillaresodisconnectedthathe
willbegreatlyburdenedbytheconsequentvolumeofproof,andgreatlyperplexedbytheconfusionin-cidenttothecomplicationsarisingfromtheincon-gruousaggregation,hewilladjudgethebintobemultifarious:ifheiswillingtowrestlewiththecomplexproblemspresented,hewillsustainthebill.Hence,thequestion,whetherabillismultifariousornot,oftendependsonthewillingnessoftheChancellortodeterminethevariousmattersofcon-troversyinonesuit.60BarteevTompkins,4Sneed,636.61TohnsonV.Brown,2Hum.,327.62Code,§4327;Dohertyv.Stevenson,1Tenn.Ch.,518.63Code,§4326.64Bynumv.Ewart,6Pick.,655.

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135 FRAM£OPANORIGINALBILL.§150andhiscounsel05willbeliabletopaycosts.Impertinenceistheintroductionofanymattersintoabill,answer,orotherpleadingorproceedinginasuit,whicharenotproperlybeforetheCourtfordecisionatanyparticularstageofthesuit.OneoftheOrdinancesoftheCourtofChancery,constitutingafunda-mentalruleoftheCourt,isaimedagainstthistransgressionofthegoodsense,aswellasthegoodtaste,ofEquitypleadings.Itdeclares,"Thatcounselaretotakecarethatbills,answers,andotherpleadings,benotstuffedwithrepeti-tionsofdeeds,writings,orrecords,inhereverba;butthattheeffectandsub-stanceofsomuchofthemonlyasispertinentandmaterial,besetdown,andthatinbriefterms,withoutlongandneedlesstraversesofpoints,nottraversa-ble,tautologies,multiplicationofwords,orotherimpertinences,occasioningneedlessprolixity;totheendthattheancientbrevityandsuccinctnessinbillsandotherpleadingsmayberestoredandobserved.Muchlessmayanycounselinsertthereinmattermerelycriminousorscandalous,underthepenaltyofgoodcoststobelaidonsuchcounsel."66Scandalconsistsintheallegationofanything,eitherinabill,answer,oranyotherpleading,whichisunbecomingthedignityoftheCourttohear,oriscon-trarytogoodmanners,orwhichchargessomepersonwithacrimenotneces-sarytobeshowninthecause;towhichmaybeaddedthatanyunnecessaryalle-gationbearingcruellyuponthemoralcharacterofanindividualisalsoscan-dalous.Therearemanycases,however,inwhich,thoughthewordsintherec-ordareveryscandalous,andhighlyreflectupontheparty,yetiftheyarematerialtothematterindispute,theywillnotbeconsideredasscandalous;foramanmaybestatedontherecordtobeguiltyofaverynotoriousfraud,oraA'eryscandalousaction,andyet,perhaps,withouthavingananswertothisverymatter,thepartymaylosehisright.TheCourt,therefore,alwaysjudgeswhether,thoughmatterbeprimafaciescandalous,itisorisnotofabsolutene-cessitytostateit;and,ifitmateriallytendstothepointinquestion,andisanecessarypartofthecause,andmaterialtothecaseofeitherparty,theCourtneverlooksuponthistobescandalous.Wereitotherwise,itwouldbelayingdownarulethatallchargesoffraudarescandalous.67However,incasesofmereimpertinence,theCourtwillnot,becausetherearehereandthereafewunnecessarywords,treatthemasimpertinent;fortheruleisdesignedtopreventoppression,andisnottobesoconstruedastobecomeitselfoppressive.NorwilltheCourtincasesofallegedimpertinence,orderthematterallegedtobeimpertinenttobestruckout,unlessincaseswheretheim-pertinenceisveryfullyandclearlymadeout;for,ifitiserroneouslystruckout,theerrorisirremediable;butifitisnotstruckout,theCourtmaysetthematterrightinpointofcosts.68Itwastopreventtheseglaringfaultsofscandalandimpertinence,alikemis-chievousandoppressive,(whichmightmaketherecordsoftheCourtsthevehi-clesofslander,)thattheCourtsofEquity,ataveryearlyperiod,requiredallbillstohavethesignatureofcounselaffixedtothem;andifnosuchsignature,appears,orthesignatureisnotgenuine,thebillwillbedismissed,ororderedtobetakenoffthefilesoftheCourt.Ifeitherscandalorimpertinenceexistinabill,itmaybeobjectedtobythedefendantinthefirststagesofthecause,uponamotiontoreferittotheMaster,toinquireintothefoundationoftheobjec-tion.Butnothingwhichispositivelyrelevanttothemeritsofthecause,how-everharshorgrossthechargemaybe,canbecorrectlytreatedasscandalous.Thus,forexample,inbillstosetasidedeeds,orotherinstruments,forfraud,
65Thecounselwhodrew,orsigned,thebill,shouldpaysuchcosts;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,347;Sto.Eq.PL,§47;Littonv.Armstead,9Bax.,514.06Sto.Eq.PI.,§266.Astoscandalandimperti-nenceinbills,answersandotherpleadings,seeJohnsonv.Tucker,2Tenn.Ch.,244;Jonesv.Spencer,2Tenn.Ch.,776.071Dan.Ch.Pr.,347-348.Nothingthatisperti
nenttothecausecanbescandalous,andthemajusorminusoftherelevancyisnotmaterial;Gleavesv.Morrow,2Tenn.Ch.,596.68Sto.Eq.PL,§267;GleavesV.Morrow,2Tenn.Ch.,595.Thebesttestofimpertinenceis,whetherthematterallegedtobeimpertinentwouldbepropertobeprovedasevidence;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,340,note;Mrzenav.Brucker,3Tenn.,Ch.,161.

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§151FRAMEOFANORIGINALBILL.136thereareoftentobefoundgrosschargesinrelationtothematteroftheas-sertedfraud.Butthesechargesarenot,byanyruleoftheCourt,tobedeemedscandalous.Andindeed,suchaproceedingmightbedangeroustothecauseitself,andpreventadueinvestigationofitsmerits.Henceitis,thatnothingpertinenttothecauseiseverdeemedscandalous,andthedegreeoftherele-vancyisnotdeemedmaterial.69Itisobviousthatabillmaycontainmatterwhichisimpertinent,withoutthematterbeingscandalous;butif,inatechnicalsense,itisscandalous,itmustbeimpertinent.AccordingtotheordinarypracticeoftheCourt,abillcannotbereferredforimpertinenceafterthedefendanthasanswered,orhassubmittedtoanswer.Butitmaybereferredforscandalatanytime;and,even,byleaveoftheCourt,upontheapplicationofastrangertothesuit.Thereasonofthedifferenceseemstobe,thatmereimpertinenceisnotinitselfprejudicialtoanyone;itisbutanakedsuperfluity.Butscandaliscalculatedtodogreatandpermanentinjurytoallpersonswhomitaffects,bymakingtherecordsoftheCourtthemeansofperpetuatinglibellousandmalignantslanders;andtheCourt,inaidofthepublicmorals,isboundtointerferetosuppresssuchinde-cencies,whichmaystainthereputationandwoundthefeelingsoftheparties,theirfriendsandrelatives.70ACourtofChanceryisnotaregisterfordetrac-tion.71§151.PrayersforaDiscovery,andforProcess.—Formerly,theinterroga-torypartofabillwasoneofitsmainandmostdistinguishingfeatures,72butnowthatallpartiesarecompetentwitnesses,andtheCodeallowsthecomplain-anttowaivethedefendant'sanswerunderoath,adiscoveryisveryseldomsought.1.PrayerforDiscovery.Inthepartofthebill,usuallycalledtheinterroga-torypart,thecomplainantcallsonthedefendanttomakefull,true,directandperfectanswer,uponhiscorporaloath,tothebestofhisknowledge,remem-brance,information,andbelief,toallandsingularthemattersandchargessetforthinthebill,asfullyasthoughparticularlyinterrogatedinreferencethere-unto.Thebill,also,whenseekingadiscovery,speciallycallsonthedefendanttoanswercertainspecificmatters,and,sometimes,appendsto,orincorporatesin,thebillsearchinginterrogatoriestoprobetheknowledge,exhaustthemem-ory,andsifttheconscienceofthedefendant,totheuttermost.Inthispartofthebillthedefendantisalsocalledontofileaccounts,statements,deeds,books,writings,andotherdocuments,tobeusedasevidencebythecomplainant.Adefendant,however,cannotbecompelledtodiscoverwhenhisoathtohisansweriswaived;norcanhebecompelledtoansweraninterrogatorywhichisnotbasedonsomeantecedentmatterstatedorchargedinthebill;norisheboundtocriminatehimself,orviolateprofessionalconfidence,inhisanswer.73Defendantsnow,however,beingcompetentwitnessesinCourt,andtheiroathtotheiranswersbeingnowgenerallywaived,discoveriesareseldomcalledforinbills,itbeingmoresatisfactorytotakethedepositionofthedefendants,ortoobtaintheirevidencebycross-examination.
69Sto.Eq.PI.,§269.70Sto.Eq.PL,§270;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,351.71Campbellv.Taul,3Yerg.,564.Inthiscase,ChiefJusticeCatron,indeliveringtheopinionoftheCourt,said;"IftheCourtsofChancerysofarforgettheirduty,orshrinkfromit,astopermiteveryirrelevantslander,ortruth,ifyouplease,tobeproved,andharrowupeverymisdeedofaman'slifewhocomes,orisbroughtinto,theCourts,notpermittingthedeadtoescape,orthewife,thepas-sionsofpartiesseekinggratificationwillsoonmakethemthesinksofregisteredinfamy,andtheirrec-ordsablack-bookandanuisance.Fromsuchtri-bunals,everyman,andespeciallyeverywoman,whohaserred,andfewhavenot,willshrinkwithhorror,andmostjustly.Justiceherself_willbedrivenoutofthem,andnoneapplyforreliefbutsuchasareaboveandbeneathdetraction.Itmustnothe.The
pruninghandoftheMastermustbesettoworkinthisCourt,orintheCourtbelow.Belowitshouldbedone,andtheauthorityoftheCourtexercisedtosuppresssuchlibelousmatter,sothatitmightnotgodowntofutureages,wantonlytodisgracethepartyandhisdescendants.Furthermore,ourrecordspre-sentpilesofimpertinentmatter,takingupmuchofthetimeoftheCourtinthemerereading,andwhenread,soconfusedandoverwhelming,thatgenerallynottheleastdifficultyistofindwhatispertinent,andgreatlyobscuringitwhenfound."ScandalinoralevidenceinaCourtoflaw,likeacircleinthewater,spreadsintoultimatenothingness;butscandalinpleadingsanddepositionsareperpetualmemorials.Voxemissavolat,literascriptamanet.See,also,Johnsonv.Tucker,2Tenn.Ch.,247.7=Sto.Eq.PI.,§§35-38;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,374.73SeeChapteronBillsofDiscovery,post,§1116.

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137 FRAMEOFANORIGINALBIL,L.§152Theotherprayersofabillareforprocessandrelief.Intheoldform,theprayerforprocesscamelast,butinTennesseeitprecedestheprayerforrelief.742.PrayerforProcess.TheCodesaysthebillshould''concludewithaprayerfortherequiredprocess,andappropriaterelief."Itisprobablethatwherethedefendantsarenamedassuchinthecommencementofthebill,andthecharac-teroftheprocessismanifestfromtheavermentsofthebill,''aprayerfortherequiredprocess''wouldnotbeindispensable,especiallyiftherebeaprayerforreliefandthatthey''bemadepartiesbyproperprocess,''orevenaprayerthatthey"bemadeparties,"or"berequiredtoanswer."75Nevertheless,norisksofthissortshouldeverbeincurred,andthebillshouldalwaysprayforsubpoe-naastotheresidentdefendants,andpublicationastonon-residentdefend-ants.76Ifanyextraordinaryprocessissought,suchasaninjunction,oranattach-ment,itmustbespeciallyprayedfor,otherwiseitcannotbehad;77andinsuchcasethebillmuststatethatitisthefirstapplicationforsuchprocess.Ifare-ceiverisdesiredbeforeanswer,th,ereshouldbeaspecificprayertothateffectinthebill;however,suchaprayerisnotindispensable,asareceivermaybeappointed,onmotion,atanytimeduringtheprogressofacause,onapropercasemadeout.78§152.PrayerforRelief.—Theprayerforreliefisgenerallytwo-fold,firstforparticularrelief,andsecondforgeneralrelief.Thecomplainantshouldiirstprayspeciallyforthatparticularreliefappropriatetohiscase,andthenshouldprayforgeneralrelief.Butaprayerforsomesortofrelief,specialorgeneral,seemsessential,exceptinattachmentbills,79andinbillstoobtainevi-dence.80TheCodeseemstocontemplatethat"appropriaterelief"shouldbeprayed,81fromwhichitmightbeinferredthataprayerforgeneralreliefwasnotsufficient:theCodeprovision,however,israthercommendatorythancorn-mandatory.Complainantshouldprayfortheprecisereliefhedesiresconsistentwiththefactsallegedinhisbill;and,ashecannotforeseetheresultofhissuit,hemayprayspecificallyinthealternative,always,however,conforminghisprayerstothecasemadeoutbyhiminthebill.82Butwhenhisprayerisinthealterna-tive,itspartsmustnotbeantagonistic.83Oftentimesabillhasadoubleas-pect;insuchcasesanalternativeprayeradaptedtoeachaspect"becomesnec-essary.84Abillmayprayalternatelyfordamagesifitsprimaryprayerforequitablereliefbenotgranted,incaseswheredamagesareallowable,asinsuitsforrescission,specificperformanceandinjunction.85Nopartofabillissodifficulttodrawastheprayerforrelief.Ordinarily,theprayeristhenec-essarylegaldeductionfromthefactsalleged,anditrequiresacomprehensiveintellectualgraspofthewholecasetoproperlyformulatethespecificreliefstowhichthecomplainantmaybeentitled.Itshould,however,bekeptinmind,thatundertheprayerforgeneralrelief,acomplainantcannotobtainaspecificreliefinconsistentwiththatparticularlyprayedfor.86But,whileprayingforspecificrelief,thedetailsoftheparticularreliefsoughtneednotbeenumerated.Theprayerforgeneralreliefshouldneverbeomitted,87asunderitacom-74SeeCode,§4314.751Barb.Ch.Pr.,37-38.SeeCode,§4339.Noprayerforprocessisnecessaryifthepartiesinin-terestactuallyappearandmakedefence.MajorsV.McNeilly,7Heisk.,294,300.Nosetformofwordsisnecessaryinaprayerforprocess.Theformsofbillshereaftergivenwillshowtheappropriatephrase-ology.76Sto.Eq.PI.,§44,1Dan.Ch.Pr.,390.77Sto.Eq.PL,§§41;43;1Dart.Ch.Pr.,388.78Henshawv.Wells,9Hum.,562;seeChapterouReceivers,**?.??,§904.7flSto.Eq.PL,§40;Eatonv.Breathett,8Hum.,534.SOSuchas(1)billstoperpetuatetestimony,(2)billstoexaminewitnesses,debeneesse,and(3)billstoobtainadiscovery.
81Code,§4314.82CollinsV.Knight,3Tenn.Ch.,183.83Sto.Eq.PL,§42,note.841Dan.Ch.Pr.,384-385.Tenn.IceCo.v.Paine,23Pick.,151,citing§183[now§152]ofthisbook.85HillV.Harriman,11Pick.,300.86Jamesv.Kennedy,10Heisk.,607._Thereasonforthisruleisthat,if_itwereotherwise,itwouldenableacomplainanttotakeadefendantbysurprise.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,378;Allumv.Stockbridge,8Bax.,356.87IthasbeenacurrentsayingattheChancerybar,for150years,thattheprayerforgeneralreliefwasthenextbesttotheLord'sPrayer.Sto.Eq.PI.,§41,note.Aprayerfor"furtherandotherre-lief"orfor"furtherrelief,"iswhatismeantbya

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§152frame;ofanoriginal,bill.138plainantisentitledtoanyreliefnotspecificallyprayedfor,appropriatetothepleadingsandproof,andnotinconsistentwiththespecialprayer.88Itissaidthatiftherebenoprayerforgeneralrelief,andcomplainantisnotentitledtotheparticularreliefprayed,hissuitmustfail,unlessanamendmentofhisprayerisallowed;86but,wherethecasemadeoutwilljustifyanamendment,itwillgenerallybeallowed,onterms.But,underaprayerforgeneralrelief,adivorcewillnotbegranted;90apar-tition,orsaleforpartition,willnotbedecreed,thebillbeingforneither;91norwilllandbesoldinbarofredemption.92prayerfor"generalrelief."Aprayerfor"generalrelief"wouldbedeemedequivalenttoaprayerfor"furtherandotherrelief,"andthisshortformisoftenused.Theomissiontoprayforspecificreliefisamatterofform,anddefendantmay,onleave,amendhisprayeratthehearing.QuinnV.Leake,1Tenn.Ch.,67.Orthespecificreliefmaybeprayedorallyatthehearing.
881pan.Ch.Pr.,377-383,notes;Arnoldu.Moy-ers,1Lea,315.891Dan.Ch.Pr.,378,note.90Pillowv.Pillow,5Yerg.,421.91Rossv.Ramsay,3Head,16.92Thrustonv.Belote,12Heisk.,249;Merrillv.Elam,4Bax.,235.

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139 FORMOFANORIGINALBILL.§153
159.FormsofthePrayersforRelief.160.SigningofaBill.161.VerificationofaBill.162.MannerofVerifyingBills.163.BeforeWhomBillsMustbeVerified.164.FormalPartsofBills.
ARTICLEIII.FORMOFANORIGINALBILL.§153.OldFormofanOriginalBill.§154.PresentFormofanOriginalBill.§155.FormoftheAddressofaBill.§156.FormoftheCommencementofaBill.§157.FormofthePremises,orStatementoftheFacts.§158.FormsofthePrayersforProcess.§153.OldFormofanOriginalBill.—Whatshouldenterintothesubstanceofabillhasalreadybeenconsidered,anditsframehas.alsobeengenerallyde-scribed.1Theparticularsenteringintotheformofabillremaintobecon-sidered.BillsinChancerywereformerlylongerandmoretechnicalthanatpresent;andcontainednineformalparts:1,Thedirectionoraddress,indicatingtheCourtinwhichitwastobefiled;2,Theintroduction,containingthenames,de-scriptionandresidenceofthecomplainants,andthecharacterinwhichtheysued;3,Thepremisesorstatingpart,whichdetailedthefactsandcircumstancesofthecomplainant'scase,statingthewrongscomplainedof,andbywhomdone;4,Theconfederatingpart,whichallegedacombinationbetweenthede-fendantsandothersunknown,againstthecomplainantsinordertoinjureandoppressthem;5,Thechargingpart,whichsetupthedefendants'excusesandthecomplainants'answertothem;6,Thejurisdictionclause,beingageneralavermentthattheactsofthedefendantswerecontrarytoEquity,andthatcomplainantshavenoadequateremedyatlaw;7,Theinterrogatorypart,whichcalledonthedefendantstoanswernotonlytheallegationsofthebill,butvari-ousinterrogatories,also,accordingtothebestoftheirknowledge,remem-brance,informationandbelief;8,Theprayerforrelief,ordinarilybothspecialandgeneral;and9,Theprayerforprocesstocompelthedefendantstoappear,andanswerthebill,andabidetheCourt'sdecree.2Anexaminationofoneoftheseoldbillswillshowavastamountofmatterwhollyunnecessary,andaneedlessprolixityinthestatementofwhatwasnec-essary.Originally,however,billsinChancerywereplain,untechnicalstate-mentsofthematterscomplainedof,3suchasanordinarymanofbusinesswouldnowwritetohislawyer.Themoderntendencyistowardaplain,clear,andorderly,statementofthefacts,omittingeverythingnotmaterial,andavoidingprolixity,anduselessformalities.*ThefollowingisanOLDFORMOFANORIGINALBILLINCHANCERY.[1.TheDirection,orAddress.]TotheHonorableSethJ.W.Luckey,Chancellor,&c,holdingtheChanceryCourtatRogers-ville,fortheDistrictcomposedoftheCountiesofHawkins,Hancock,Claiborne,&c.[2.TheIntroduction.]HumblycomplainingshowuntoyourHonoryourorator,JohnDoe,andyouroratrix,JaneDoe,bothresidentsofHawkinsCounty,
—
[3.ThePremises,orStatingPart.]Thattheirfather,HenryDoe,formerlyaresidentofHawkinscounty,diedintestateinsaidcountyonJuly15,1840,andRichardRoeandRobertRoeweredulyappointedandlAnte,S§139-152. I 3Bart.SuitinEq.,39.2Sto.Eq.PI.,§§26-45. ! 4Code,§4314.

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§153FORM03?ANORIGINALBILL. 140qualifiedashisadministrators,andatonceentereduponthedischargeoftheirdutiesassuch.ThesaidRichardRoeresidesinHancockcounty,andthesaidRobertRoeinHawkinscounty.[ThebillsetsoutthattheestateofHenryDoe,deceased,wasmorethansufficienttopayallofhisliabilities,thattheoratorandoratrixaretheonlydistributees,andthatthreeyearshaveelapsedsincethegrantofadministration,buttherespondentshavemadenoset-tlementwiththeClerkoftheCountyCourt.]AndyouroratorandoratrixfurthershowuntoyourHonorthattheyhavecalleduponthesaidRichardRoeandRobertRoetomakesettlementandpayovertothemtheirrespec-tivesharesoftheirsaidfather'spersonalestate,butsoitis,mayitpleaseyourHonor,thesaidRichardRoeandRobertRoehavefailedtomakeanysettlement,ortorendertoyouroratorandoratrixanystatementoraccountoftheiractingsanddoingsasadministratorsaforesaid,totheverygreatdamage,injuryandlossofyouroratorandoratrix.AndyouroratorandoratrixfurthershowandchargethatsaidRichardRoeandRobertRoe,have,orshouldhave,intheirhandsasadministratorsaforesaid,thesumof,atleast,threethousanddollarsfordistributiontoyouroratorandoratrixasdistributeesoftheirsaidfather'sestate;andyouroratorandoratrixwellhopedthatthesaidRichardRoeandRobertRoewouldhavepaidthesameovertothemasinconscienceandequitytheyoughttohavedone. [4.TheConfederatingPart.]Butnowsoitis,mayitpleaseyourHonor,thatthesaidRichardRoeandRobertRoe,administratorsasaforesaid^combiningandconfederatingtogethertoandwithdiversotherpersonsatpresentuntoyouroratorandoratrixunknown,whosenameswhendiscoveredyouroratorandoratrixpraymaybehereininserted,andtheymadepartiesrespondenthereto,withproperandaptwordstochargethem,andcontrivinghowtoinjureandoppressyouroratorandoratrixinthepremises,thesaidconfederatessometimespretendthatsaidRichardRoeandRobertRoeneverwereadministratorsofthefatherofyouroratorandoratrix,atothertimestheypretendthatthefatherofyouroratorandoratrixdidnotdieintestate,butleftawill,andatstillothertimespretendandclaimthathispersonalestatewasverysmall,,andthatallofithaslongagobeenappliedandconsumedinpayinglawfulclaimsagainstsaidestate;andatthesametimesaidconfederatesdorespectivelyrefusetosetforthanddiscoverwhatsaidpersonalestateconsistedof,ortheitemsandparticularsandvaluethereof,andhowmuchthereoftheyhavesoapplied,andtowhomandforwhatpaid,andwhathasbecomethereofparticularly.[5.TheChargingPart.]Whereas,youroratorandoratrixexpresslychargethetruthtobethatsaidHenryDoediedpossessedofpersonalestateofvaluesufficienttopayallhisjustdebtsandfuneralexpenses,andleaveatleastthreethousanddollarsfordistributiontoyouroratorandoratrixasafore-said,andthatsaidRichardRoeandRobertRoeweredulyappointedandqualifiedashisadministratorsandtookchargeofhispersonalestateasaforesaid,andthatheleftnowill,allofwhichthesaidconfederatesatothertimesconfessandadmit.Allofwhichactingsanddoings,neglectsandpretences,andotherconductonthepartofsaidRichardRoeandRobertRoeandtheirsaidconfederates,arecontrarytoequityandgoodconscience,andtendtothemanifestwrong,injuryandoppressionofyouroratorandoratrixinthepremises.[6.TheJurisdictionClause.]Intenderconsiderationwhereof,andforasmuchasyouroratorandoratrixareremedilessinthepremisesatandbythedirectandstrictrulesofthecommonla\v,andcannothaveadequatereliefsaveonlyinaCourtofEquitywheremattersofthisandasimilarnatureareproperlycognizableandrelievable.[7.TheInterrogatingPart.]Totheend,therefore,thatthesaidRichardRoeandRobertRoe,andtheirsaidconfed-erateswhendiscovered,mayupontheirseveralandrespectivecorporaloaths,full,true,directandperfectanswersmaketothebestoftheirrespectiveknowledge,informationandbelief,toallandsingularthemattersandthingshereinbeforestatedandcharged,asfullyandparticularlyineveryrespectasifthesamewerehereagainrepeated,andthey'thereuntoparticularlyanddistinctlyinterrogated;andthatnotonlytothebestoftheirrespectiveknowledgeandremembrance,butalsotothebestoftheirseveralandrespectiveinfor-mation,hearsayandbelief,answerandsetforthafull,true,fairandaccurateaccountofeachandeveryitemofproperty,includinggoodsandchattels,money,accounts,notesofhand,billssingle,billsofexchange,mortgages,orotherevidencesofdebt,bythem,oreitherofthemreceivedasadministratorsasaforesaid;andfurtherthattheysetforthanddiscoverontheirseveralandrespectiveoathsasaforesaid,andtothebestoftheirrespectiveknow-ledge,information,remembrance,hearsayandbelief,anaccount,itembyitem,anddatebydate,ofeachandeverypaymentanddisbursementmadebythemoreitherofthem,andtowhom,andforwhat,onaccountofsaidadministratorship.Andyouroratorandoratrixfurthershow,setforthandcharge,thatsaidRichardRoeandRobertRoehavependingabillinyourHonor'sCourtagainstoneJohnDewtofore-closeamortgagebysaidJohnDew,executedtothefatherofyouroratorandoratrix,for

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141 FORMOFANORIGINALBILL.§154onethousanddollars,andthatsaidRichardRoeandRobertRoe,haveremovedalloftheirvisiblewealthtotheStateofKentucky,andareintendingspeedilytoremovethither,andthatshouldtheybepermittedtoleavetheState,especiallyaftercollectingsaidmortgagedebt,theirowndebtagainstthembyreasonofthepremiseswouldbegreatlyendangered,ifnotwhollylost. [8.ThePrayerforRelief.]AndthatthesaidRichardRoeandRobertRoemaysetfortheach,everyandalloftheaccountsanditemswhereuntotheyandeachofthemhavehereinbeforebeenspeciallyinter-rogated;AndthatyourHonororderanaccounttobetakenandstated,showingwhatpropertyandmoneysthesaidRichardRoeandRobertRoe,oreitherofthem,received,andshouldbyduediligencehavereceived,asadministratorsasaforesaid,andthattheyberequiredtopayyouroratorandoratrixsuchbalanceasyourHonormaydeemthemliableforbyreasonofthepremises.Andthatyouroratorandoratrixmayhavesuchfurther,orsuchotherreliefasthenatureoftheircaseshallrequire,andasshallbeagreeabletoequity.[9.PrayersforProcess.]MayitpleaseyourHonortograntuntoyouroratorandoratrixtheState'swritofneexeatrepublica,stayingthesaidRichardRoeandRobertRoe,andeachofthem,fromde-partingintopartsbeyondthisState,andoutofthejurisdictionofthisCourt,withoutleavefirsthadfromyourHonor.Mayit,also,pleaseyourHonortograntuntoyouroratorandoratrixtheState'swritofinjunctiontobedirectedtosaidRichardRoeandRobertRoe,theirattorneys,Solicitorsandagents,thereinandtherebyrestrainingthem,andeachandeveryofthemfrompro-ceedingfurtherinsaidsuitagainstJohnDew,andfrom-collectingsaidmortgagedebt,oranypartthereof,oranyotherdebtdueardowingtosaidintestate'sestate,withoutleavefirsthad.Andthatareceiverbeappointedtocollectsaidmortgagedebtandallotherdebtsandpropertydueorbelongingtosaidintestate'sestate.Andmayit,also,pleaseyourHonortograntuntoyouroratorandoratrixtheState'swritofsubpcenatobedirectedtothesaidRichardRoeandRobertRoe,thereinandtherebycommandingthemandeachofthemonacertaindayandunderacertainpenaltythereintobeinserted,tobeandappearbeforeyourHonor,insaidCourtofChancery,thenandtheretoanswerthepremises,andtostandtoabidebyandperformsuchorderanddecreetherein,astoyourHonorshallseemmeetandproper,andasshallbeagreeabletoequityandgoodconscience.Andasindutyboundyouroratorandoratrixshalleverpray[foryou.]WalterR.Evans,Solicitor.[Affidavit,andjurat,asinthenextform.]§154.PresentFormofanOriginalBill.—Butnow,bytheCode,theconfed-eratingpart,thechargingpart,thejurisdictionclause,andothermereformaimatter,arerequiredtobeomitted,5anditismadethedutyoftheCourttodis-countenanceprolixity,andunnecessaryandfalseallegations,inallChancerypleadings.6Theresultofthestatuteis,thatinourpractice,billsarebecominglessandlessprolix,andcontainlessandlessunnecessarymatter.Neverthe-lessthereyetremainsinthemtoomuchoftheoldleavenofsurplusageandtautology.Thefollowingistheproperformofanoriginalbill,underourpresentpractice
:
PORMOFANORIGINALBILL.?[1.TheAddress.s]TotheHonorableJohnP.Smith,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatDandridge:[2.TheCommencement,orCaption,orStyle.']JohnDoe,aresidentofJeffersoncounty,complainant,1vs. |
RichardRoe,aresidentofKnoxcounty,\HenryJohnson,aresidentofJeffersoncounty,and
'
JohnJones,anon-residentoftheState,defendants.JThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:
5Code,§4314.6Code,§4316.7Thisbillisamerepleading,andwouldnotneedtobesworntohaditnotallegedthenon-resi-denceandinfancyofJones,andthese_factsmighthavebeensworntoinaseparateaffidavit.*8Sometimes,also,calledtheDirection;butintheCodecalledtheAddress.Code,§4313.
9Ordinarily,calledtheIntroduction;butinthemarginoftheCode,termedtheCommencementCode,§4313,margin.InourReports,itisfrequentlyreferredtoastheCaption;Grubbsv.Colter.7Bax.,432,seesyllabus;Robertson,v.Winchester1Pick.,178;Swanv.Newman,3Head,290;Majorsv.McNeilly,7Heisk.,297;Walkerv.Cottrell,6Bax.,270;Brownv.Brown,2Pick.,314.

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§155FORMOFANORIGINALBILL.[3.ThePremises,orStatementoftheFacts.io]142
ThatheandthedefendantsaretheownersinfeeofalotinthetownofDandridge,inJeffersoncounty,situatedonMainStreet,adjoiningthelotofGeorgeWilliamsonthenorth,andthelotofSamuelBrownonthesouth,frontingonehundredfeetonMainStreet,andrun-ningbackbetweenparallellinestwohundredfeettoanalley,beinglotNo.eightinthereg-isteredplanofsaidtown. II.Saidlothasnoencumbrancesonit,andnoonehasanyinteresttherein,exceptcomplain-antanddefendants,whoeachownaone-fourthundividedpartthereof.Thedeedtocom-plainantanddefendants,forsaidlot,madebyJohnBrown,hasneverbeenregistered:itisinpossessionofdefendantJohnson,whorefusesInhaveitregistered.
Thesaidlothasalargeandvaluablemansion-houseuponit,andallnecessaryoutbuildings,makingitverydesirablepropertyasonelot.Itwouldbemanifestlytotheadvantageofthepartiestohaveitsoldfordivision,asapartitioncannotbemadewithoutgreatinjurytoallconcerned.[4.ThePrayerforProcess."]rv.Complainant,thereforeprays
:
1st,Thatsubpoenatoanswerissueagainstthesaidresidentdefendants,andpublicationbemadeastoJohnJones,whoisaninfantandanon-residentofthisState,andthattheyberequiredtoanswerthisbillfully[butnotonoath.][5.ThePrayerforBelief.]2d,Thatthedefendant,Johnson,berequiredtofilesaidunregistereddeedwithhisanswer,thatitmaybeusedasevidence,andthenberegistered.3d,Thataguardianadlitembeappointedforthedefendant,JohnJones,whohasnogen-eralguardianinthisState,todefendforhim.4th,Thatsaidlotbesold,andthattheproceedsbedividedbetweenthepartiestothissuit,shareandsharealike,andthatcomplainantmayhavesuchfurtherandotherreliefasthenatureofhiscasemayrequire. W.R.Turner,Solicitor.12EugeneHoltsinger,Counsel.[6.TheVerification.]StateofTennessee,)
CountyofJefferson.)JohnDoemakesoaththatthestatementsinhisforegoingbillaretrue,tothebestofhisknowledge,informationandbelief. JohnDoe.[7.TheJurat.]Sworntoandsubscribedbeforeme,thisDec.26,1895.G.W.Holtsinger,C.&M.Itwillthusbeseenthatanordinaryoriginalbillconsists,usually,offiveparts:1,TheaddresstotheChancellor;2,Thecommencement,containingthenames,character,andcountyresidence,ofthecomplainantsandthedefend-ants;3,Thestatementofthefactsonwhichthesuitisfounded;4,Theprayerforprocess;and,5,Theprayerforrelief.Ifthebillseeksadiscovery,whichisnotusual,itmightbetermeda6thpartofthebill;butadiscoveryisgenerallyincludedintheprayerforrelief.13Eachofthesepartswillbemorefullycon-sidered.§155.FormoftheAddressofaBill.—Everybillandpetitionmustbead-dressedtotheChancellorofthedivisioninwhichthebillorpetitionistobefiled,andshoulddesignatehimbyhisname,andgivehisofficialcharacter,andspecifytheparticularCourtinwhichthebillorpetitionisfiled,ortobefiledItwould,however,benotimpropertoomithisname,andaddressthebilltohimasanofficer,givinghisofficialdesignation,(Chancellor,notJudge,)andthestyleofhisCourt.Thefollowingisthestatutoryformofaddress:1410Thispartis,generally,styledthepremises,orstatingpart;theCode,however,termsitthestate-mentofthefacts.Code§4314.11AccordingtotheEnglishpractice,the_prayerforProcesscamelast;but,underourpractice,theprayerforReliefcomeslast;Code,§4314.Therel-ativeorderoftheseprayers,however,iswhollyamatterofform,and,hence,absolutelyimmaterial.
12A_billmustalwaysbesignedeitherbythepartyhimself,orbyaSolicitoroftheCourt.Code,§3979;Sto.Eq.PL,§47.13Seepost,%159.14Code,§§4312-4313.IftheaddressfailtoshowtheparticularCourtinwhichthebillistobefiled,theChancellorwouldnotknow,whenaninjunctionorattachmentbillwassenttohimbymailforafiat,

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143 FORMOFANORIGINALBILL.§156THEADDRESSOFABILL.TotheHon.JohnP.Smith,Chancellorofthe1stChanceryDivision,holdingtheChanceryCourtatDandridge.Butanaddressinthefollowingformwouldnotbeimproper,especiallyasitmaysometimeshappenthattheexactnameofaChancellorinadistantpartoftheState,orthenumberofhisdivision,maynotbeknown,ortheremaybeavacancyintheoffice.TotheHonorableChancellorholding'theChanceryCourtatTiptonville.Thenameofapublicofficeris,insuchacase,immaterial.Thebillisnotad-dressedtotheman,buttotheofficer.Thetwoforegoingformsaresimple,andshouldbesubstantiallyadheredtoindrawingbothbillsandpetitions.§156.FormoftheCommencementofaBill.—Aftertheaddress,itwouldseemproperthatthenamesofthepartiesmakingtheaddressshouldfirstbegiven,sothattheChancellormightknowwhothepartiesaddressinghimare,andinwhatcharactertheysue.Heshould,also,knowwhothepartiesareagainstwhomcomplaintismade,andwhethertheyaresuedintheirownright,orotherwise.Itisthepractice,therefore,tosetoutthenames,character,andcountyresidenceofallthecomplainants,andofallthedefendants,nextaftertheaddresstotheChancellor.Thisisnotonlyanoldpractice,butitis,also,thestatutorypractice;15andnodepartureshouldeitherbemadefromitbyapleader,orbeallowedbytheCourt;foritisnotonlythestatutorypractice,butitisthebestpossiblepractice,andeverydeparturefromitisaconfusinginnovation,alikeannoyingtotheCourt,tothedefendants,andespeciallytotheClerk.Oftentimes,whenthenamesandresidencesofthepartiesarenotgivennextaftertheaddress,itisreallydifficulttofishthemoutofthebodyofthebill;andtheClerkissometimesgreatlyperplexedtoknowwhothepartiesare,andinwhatcountiestheyreside.16Thenames,character,andcountyresi-denceofthepartiesshouldbegiventhus
:
COMMENCEMENT,OBCAPTION,OFABILL.JohnSmith,guardianofHenryJones,aminor,bothresidents17ofKnoxcounty;SarahBrown,aminor,whosuesbyherhusband,GeorgeBrown,bothresidentsofAndersoncounty;ElizaJones,aminor,whosuesbyhernextfriend,HenryWilliams,bothresi-dentsofKnoxcounty;andCharlesJonesandJamesJones,residentsofKentuckycom-plainants.
JonathanWatson,administratorofSamuelJones,deceased,andIsaacJonesandThomasJones,residentsofKnoxcounty,andRichardJones,anon-residentoftheState,de-fendants.ThecomplainantsrespectfullyshowtotheCourt:18Careshouldalwaysbetakentoshowinthecommencementofthebillinwhatcharacterthepartiessue,oraresued;and,althoughthisisnotabsolutelyre-quiredtobedoneinthispartofthebill,itis,nevertheless,averyconvenientpractice.Butthenameandcountyofeachpartyshould,invariably,befullysetoutinthispartofthebill,forthereasonsabovegiven.ThefollowingareadditionalformsoftheinwhichoneofhisvariousCourtsthebillwasin-tendedtobefiled;and,asaconsequence,wouldnotknowtowhatparticularClerkandMastertoaddresshisfiat.Abilladdressed:"To.Hon.JohnP.Smith,Chancellor,"isdefectivelyaddressed,becauseitfailstospecifytheparticularCourtinwhichitistobefiled.Code,§4312.15Code,§4313;Grubbsv.Colter,7Bax.,432.10Occasionally,abillissodrawnthatitwouldseemthedraftsmanhimselfdidnotreallyknowwhoshouldbemadeparties,andhadpurposelyleftittotheClerkandMastertousehisbestjudgmentinthematter.Anyextracostsoccasionedbythepleader'snegligenceinthismattershouldbeinvaria-blytaxedagainstthecomplainant.17TheCodeform(§4313)usestheterm,"cit-izen,*1but-thesectioncontainingthecaption.(§4313)says:"Theaddressshouldbefollowedby
thenamesandresidencesoftheparties,"andsuchistheuniformpractice.18Thecommencement,"Humblycomplaining,showuntoyourHonor,youroratorsandoratrixes,"andallsimilarones,areforeigntoourrepublicaninstitutions,andsavoroftheservilityofroyalcourts,where"thecandiedtonguelicksabsurdpomp,andcrookthepregnanthingesoftheknee,wherethriftmayfollowfawning."Howmuchsimpler,andmoresuitabletoourtimesandinstitutions,istheformgiveninourCode:"ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt."IntheoldEnglishpractice,theword"Humbly"wasomittedwhenapeerwasthecomplainant.2Smith'sCh.Pr.,553;Lube'sEq.PL,268.InTennessee,allmenarepeers:hence,evenbythestrictEnglishpractice,"humbly"shouldnotbeusedinourState.

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§156FORMOEANORIGINALBILL. 144COMMENCEMENTSOPBILLS.1.BillbyanInfant,Lunatic,orMarriedWoman,SuingbyNextPriend.SarahBrown,aninfant[orlunaticormarriedwoman,]whosuesbyJohnBrown,hernextfriend,bothresidentsofScottcounty,complainant,vs.CharlesBrown,theguardian[orhusband]ofsaidSarahBrown,aresidentofOvertoncounty,defendant;andtheheirs,distributees,andassigneesofWilliamBrown,deceased,whosenamesandresidencesareunknown,andcannotbeascertainedondiligentinquiry.Thecomplainant,SarahBrown,aninfant[orlunatic,ormarriedwoman,]whosuesbyJohnBrown,hernextfriend,respectfullyshowstotheCourt:2.BillbyaHusbandandWife.CharlesBrownandSarahBrown,hiswife,bothresidentsofOvertoncounty,complainants,vs.JohnBrown,generalguardianofsaidSarahBrown,andHenryJonesandColumbusJones,hissuretiesassuchguardian,allresidentsofScottcounty,defendants.3.'BillbyaGuardian,Administrator,orExecutor.CharlesBrown,generalguardian[oradministratororexecutor]ofSarahBrown[orofSarahBrown,deceased,]residentsofOvertoncounty,complainant,vs.JohnBrownandHenryBrown,bothresidentsofClaycounty,defendants.4.BillbyaCreditoronBehalfofHimselfandallOtherCreditors.JohnDoe,aresidentofKnoxcounty,complainant,whosuesonbehalfofhimselfandofalltheothercreditorsofJohnSmith,deceased.vs.SamuelSmith,administratorofsaidJohnSmith,[andalltheheirsofsaidJohnSmith,namingthem,}defendants.Thecomplainant,JohnDoe,whosuesinbehalfofhimselfandofallothercreditorsofJohnSmith,deceased,respectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
5.BillbyaCounty,City,orCorporation.i»TheCountyofRoane,complainant,vs.TheCountyofLoudonandJ.J.Duff,TrusteeandresidentofLoudoncounty,defendants.TheMayorandCityCouncilofNashville-
vs.TheMayorandAldermenofEdgefield.TheEastTennesseeCoalCompany,acorporationunderthelawsofTennessee[or,acorpora-tionorganizedunderthelawsofMissouri,andregisteredinAndersoncountyunderthelawsofTennessee,]andwhoseprincipalofficeiskeptatCoalCreek,inAndersoncounty,complainant,vs.TheKnoxvilleandOhioRailroadCompany,acorporationwhoseprincipalofficeiskeptinKnoxcounty,defendant.6.BillbytheStateofTennessee,onrelation.20TheStateofTennessee,whichsuesbyGeorgeW.Pickle,herAttorneyGeneral[or,byThomasA.R.Nelson,herDistrictAttorney,ontherelationofJohnDoe,aresidentofKnoxcounty,]complainant,vs.TheMudvilleTurnpikeCompany,anallegedcorporationwhosechiefofficeiskeptinClaycounty,andJohnDoe,aresidentofClayCounty,defendants.TheStateofTennessee,whichsuesbyGeorgeW.Pickle,herAttorneyGeneralontherelationofJohnDoe,respectfullyrepresents
:
7.BillbyPartners.JohnSmith,JamesBrown,andHenryJones,partnersintradeunderthenameofJohnSmith&Co.,residentsofShelbycounty,complainant,JohnDoeandDavidDoe,residentsofLakecounty,doingbusinessunderthenameofDoe&Bro.,defendants.10Citiesandincorporatedtownsgenerallysueandaresuedbytheirmayorandaldermen,unlesstheirchartersotherwiseprescribe.Atownmay,however,besuedbythenameitisknownby.Thus,asuitmaybebroughtagainst"TheTownofWartraceDepot."TownofWartraceV.W.andB.G.Turn-pikeCo.,2Cold.,518.See,ante,§130.20TheStatemaysuealone,inherownname;ormaysuejointlywithothers;ormaysueonthere-
lationofsomeoneormorepersons.Thesuitisbroughtontherelationofaperson,whensuchper-sonistherealcomplainant,thesuitbeingforhisbenefit,asinsuitstoforfeitacharter,oroustausurper,underCode,§§3409-3426.ThereasonarelatorisrequiredinsuchcasesisthattheremaybesomeonebeforetheCourtagainstwhomcostsmaybeadjudged.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,11;Sto.Eq.PL§49.

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145 FORMOFANORIGINALBILL.§1578.BillbyaTaxpayeronBehalfofHimselfandotherTaxpayers.21JohnDoe,aresidentofKnoxcounty,complainant,whosuesinbehalfofhimselfandallothertaxpayersofsaidcounty,vs.TheCountyofKnox,andRichardRoe,thecountytrustee,andaresidentofsaidcounty,defendants.Thecomplainant,whosuesinbehalfofhimselfandallothertaxpayersofKnoxcounty,respectfullyshowstotheCourt:9.BillbyaLegateeonBehalfofHimselfandallOtherLegatees.JohnDoe,aresidentofUnioncounty,complainant,whosuesinbehalfofhimselfandofalltheotherlegateesofJamesDoe,deceased,vs.RichardRoe,theexecutor,MaryDoe,thewidow,andRolandRoe,theheiranddistributee,ofRolandRoe,senior,deceased,allresidentsofUnioncounty,defendants.10.BillbytheStatefortheUseofaCitizen.22TheStateofTennessee,whichsuesfortheuseofJohnDoe,aresidentofLakecounty,com-plainant, vs.RichardRoe,guardianofsaidJohnDoe,andRolandRoeandRobertRoe,suretiesofsaidRichardRoe,onhisbondassuchguardian,allresidentsofLakecounty,defendants.Thecomplainant,theStateofTennessee,whichsuesfortheuseofJohnDoe,respectfullyrepresents
:
SomeSolicitorspreferthefollowingformforthecaption,orcommencement,andaddressofabill,and,asitissubstantiallytheformprescribedbytheCode,therecanbenolegalobjectiontoit
:
ANOTHERFORMOFCAPTIONANDADDRESS.TheBillofComplaintofHenryWilsonandJohnSmith,bothresidentsofHamiltoncounty,andCharlesJohnson,aresidentoftheStateofGeorgia,filedintheChanceryCourtofBradleycounty,againstGeorgeJonesandSarahJones,hiswife,residentsofBradleycounty,andWilliamSmith,aresidentofMcMinncounty.TotheHon.S.A.Key,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatCleveland
:
ComplainantsrespectfullyshowtotheCourt
:
§157.FormofthePremises,23orStatementoftheFacts.—Thispartconsti-tuting,intruth,therealsubstanceofthebilluponwhichtheCourtiscalledtoact,requiresgreatskillandjudgmenttoframeitaright;andifithasnottheproperlegalcertainty,thedefect,unlessremoved,maybefatal.Therules,astothepropermodeofstatingthefactsinthispartofthebill,havealreadybeenfullyconsidered.Itmustberemembered,however,thateverymaterialfact,astowhichthecomplainantmeanstoofferevidence,oughttobedistinctlystated;forotherwisehewillnotbepermittedtooffer,orrequire,anyevidenceofsuchfact.Ageneralcharge,orstatement,however,ofthematteroffactisordinarilysufficient;anditisnotnecessarytochargeminutelyallthecir-cumstanceswhichmayconducetoprovethegeneralcharge;24forthesecir-cumstancesareproperlymattersofevidence,whichneednotbechargedinordertolettheminasproofs.25Nothing,however,canbeprovedthathasnotbeenalleged,andnothingcanbedecreedthathasnotbeenalleged.Neitherproofnorprayersareofanyavailintheabsenceofallegations.Nothingcanbeprayed,proved,ordecreed,thatdoesnotrestonallegations.Allegationsare,atonce,(1)thefoundationoftheCourt'sjurisdictionofthecase,(2)thenoti-ficationtothedefendantofwhatistobelitigated,(3)thetestofthematerialityandpertinencyoftheevidence,(4)thelimitationoftheboundsofthecontro-versy,and(5)thejustificationofthereliefgranted.ginningoftheprayer,"Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays."21HunterV.Justices,7Cold.,49. 24Thus,forinstance,itisgenerallysufficientto22Thepartyaggrievedbythebreachofanofficialsaythatcomplainantownsinfeeacertaintractofbondcansuetheobligorsdirectly,andinhisownland,withoutspecifyingthefactsonwhichhistitlename.See,ante,§119. isbased.23Thesearethe"premises"referredtoatthebe-25Sto.Eq.PI.,§§27-28.

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§158 FORMOFANORIGINALBILL. 146TheCoderequiresthatthebillshouldcontainaclearandorderlystatementofthefactsonwhichthesuitisfounded,withoutprolixityorrepetition,with-outaverringanyformalcombinationorconfederacybythedefendants,orothers,theinsufficiencyoftheremedyatlaw,orothermereformalmatter.26Thebodyofthebillshouldbedividedintoparagraphsconsecutivelynum-bered,eachparagraphcontainingaseparatefactanditsspecialcircumstances.Suchadivisionnotonlygenerallymakesabillmorelogical,butgreatlyfacili-tatesreferencetoitsparts,andbetterenablesthedefendanttoframehisanswer.§158.FormsofPrayersforProcess.—Asthereisnosetformoftheprem-isesofabillsotherecanbenosetformoftheprayer,fortheprayervarieswiththepremises,butthefollowingformswillindicatethegeneralcharacterofthephraseologyusedinprayersforprocess
:
PRAYERSFORPROCESS.1.PrayerforSubpoenaandPublication.Complainantpraysthatsubpcenatoanswerissueastotheresidentdefendants,andthatpublicationbemadeastothenon-residentde-fendants,requiringthemtoappear,andanswerthebill,[buttheiransweronoathiswaived.!2.PrayerforanAttachment.Thatanattachmentissue[byorderofyourHonor]andbeleviedonalltheabovedescribedpropertyofthedefendant,andalltheotherproperty•ofthedefendant,oronenoughthereoftosatisfycomplainant'ssaiddebt,andcostsofthissuit.3.PrayerforanInjunction.ThataninjunctionbeorderedbyyourHonortoissue,toinhibitandrestrainthedefendant,hisagentsandservants,fromcommittinganyfurthervaste,ordestroyinganytimber,orinanywaytrespassinguponthetractoflandhereinabovedescribed;[or,fromtransferring,assigning,encumbering,orremovingsaidproperty;or,fromdoingtheparticularactoractscomplainedof,orthreatened,specifyingsuchactsbriefly.]4.PrayerforanInjunctionAgainstaSuitatLaw.Thatthedefendant,RichardRoe,hiscounsellors,attorneysandagents,berestrainedbyinjunctionfromproceedingfurtherinsaidsuit,[orexecution;]andalsofrominstitutinganyneworothersuitforalikepurposeinsaidCourt,orinanyotherCourt[orfromsuingoutanyotherexecutionorpro-cessonsaidjudgment,]withoutleaveofyourHonor.5.PrayerforaReceiver.Thatareceiverbeappointedtotakepossessionofthesaidgoods,chattels,chosesinaction[orhouses,lands,orotherpropertyinlitigation,orim-poundedandattached,specifyingsuchproperty,]andthathebeauthorizedanddirectedtosoilthesaidpersonalproperty,[orrentandcollecttherentsofthesaidhousesandlands]andcollectthesaidchosesinaction,andthatawritofpossessionissuetoputhiminposses-sionthereof,ifnecessary.§159.FormsofPrayersforRelief.—Theformsoftheprayersforrelieiiareasvariousastheformsofbills,anddependentirelyonthematerialallega-tionsofthebills,butacarefulconsiderationofwhathasbeenalreadysaidaboutprayersforrelief,andofthefollowingformswillgreatlyaidthepleaderinformulatinghisprayers
:
PRAYERSFORRELIEF.1.PrayerforGeneralRelief.Thatcomplainantmayhavesuchfurtherandother
'leliefashemaybeentitledto.2.PrayerforaGuardianadLitem.Thataguardianadlitembeappointedtodefendthissuit,forthesaidRobertRoe,whoisaninfantwithoutregularguardian.3.PrayerforanAdministrator.ThatanadministratorbeappointedtoadministertheestateofsaidRichmondRoe,deceased,inthisCourt;andthatallnecessaryordersbemade,andaccountstaken,forthatpurpose.4.PrayerforDiscovery.27Thatallthedefendants,[or,thedefendant,HenryJones,]berequiredontheirseveralandrespectiveoathstomakefull,true,directandperfectan-swertoallandsingularthemattersaforesaid,accordingtothebestoftheirknowledge,remembrance,informationandbelief;andthattheyspeciallyanswer,andsetforth,whether—[Hereinserttheparticularinterrogatoriestobeanswered.Theseinterrogatoriesmaybe_intheformusuallyHiedinordertotakethedepositionofanabsenttvitness,omitting,ofcourse,anycaption.]
I 27Forfullerprayersfordiscovery,see,post,§§20Code,§4314. 1018;1023;1121.

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147 . FORMOPANORIGINALBIU,.§1595.PrayerfortheProductionofDeedsandPapers.Thatthedefendant,RichardRoe,berequiredtofilewiththeClerkandMasterofthisCourt,thesaiddeed[orotherwritingorbook,]hereinabovereferredto,totheendthatcomplainant,andyourHonor,mayhavedueopportunitytoinspectthesame.6.PrayerforanAccount.Thatthedefendant,RichardRoe,setforthinhisanswer,afull,trueandparticularaccountofallmoneysbyhim,orhisagents,orservants,received,collected,orinanywayobtainedfromthebusinessandtransactionsreferredto,[or,re-ceivedbyhimasguardian,administrator,partner,agentortrustee;]andalltherentsandprofitsreceived,orthatmight,byduediligence,havebeenreceived,byhimfromthetractofland,[orhouseandlot,orbusiness,]hereinabovedescribed;andallthetimber,trees;[notes,accounts,goods,waresandmerchandise]orotherproperty,hemayhavesold,re-moved,givenaway,orallowedtoberemoved,fromsaidpremises;andthattheMasterbeor-deredtotakeandstateanaccountofallthedealingsbetweencomplainantandthedefendant,soastoshowthefullandtrueamountduecomplainant,byreasonofthepremises.7.PrayersforaMoneyRecovery,Thatthecomplainantmayhaveandrecoverofthedefendantthesaidsumof[sixhundred]dollars,andinterestthereonsincethedaysaiddebtmatured;[or,recoverofthedefendantthevalueofthesaidworkandlabordone,andofthesaidservicesrenderedbycomplainantasaforesaid;orrecoverofthedefendanttheamountdueonsaidnote,principalandinterest;andalsotheamountdueonsaidaccount,andinterestthereon;]andallthecostsofthiscause.8.PrayersforDamages.Thatthecomplainantrecoverofthedefendantthedamagesbehassufferedbyreasonofthefailureofthedefendanttocomplywithhissaidcontract;[or,tomakegoodhissaidcovenantsandwarranty;or,toperformhissaidagreement;or,thatcomplainantrecoverthedamageshehassustainedbyreasonofthesaidbreachesofcontractofthedefendant;or,byreasonofthequalityandquantityofsaidgoodsnotbeingasrepresented;or,byreasonofsaiddeficienciesinquantity,quality,andvalue;]and,also,allthecostsofthecause.9.PrayerforSaleofLand.asThatsaidtractoflandbesoldtosatisfythedemand[ordebt]ofcomplainant[orsuchdecreeasyourHonormaypronounceincomplainant'sfavorbyreasonofthepremises;]andthatsaidsalebemadebytheClerkandMastertothehighestaridbestbidderonacreditofnotlessthansixnormorethantwenty-fourmonths,andinbarofallrightofredemption,[or,thatsaidsalebemadeforcash.]10.PrayerforanAccountofMoneyorPropertyHadandReceived.Andthatsaiddefendant[ordefendants]setforthinhis[ortheir]answer[oranswers]anaccountofeachandeverysumofmoneyorpieceofpropertyreceivedbyhim,[orthem,oreitherofthem]orbyanyotherpersonorpersons,byhis[ortheir]order[ortheorderofeitherofthem,]orforhis[ortheir]use,[orfortheuseofeitherofthem]for,oronaccountof,orbyreasonof,orin.relationto,saidagency[partnershiporotherbusinessormatter]andwhenandfromwhomreceived;andforwhat,oronwhataccount,eachandeveryofsaidsumsofmoneyorpiecesofproperty,wererespectivelyreceived,andhowallandeveryofsaidsumsofmoney,orpiecesofproperty,havebeenrespectivelyappliedordisposedof.11.PrayerforanAccountofRentsandProfits.Andthatthesaiddefendantssetforthintheiransweroranswers,afull,true,justandparticularaccountofeachandeverysumofmoneyreceivedbythem,oreitherofthem,orbyanyotherpersonorpersons,bytheirorder,ortheorderofeitherofthem,asrents,profitsorissuesofsaidland[orhouseandlot,orpartnershipbusiness,orotherbusiness]oranypartthereof.12.PrayerforanAccountofPersonalEstate.Andthatthesaiddefendant[ordefendants]discoverandsetforthintheiranswer[oranswers]afull,true,justandpar-ticularaccountof-allandsingularthepersonalestateandeffectsofsaidtestator,[orintes-tate,]andofeveryitemandpartthereofwhichhascomeintohis[ortheir]hands,posses-sionorcontrol,orintothehands,possessionorcontrolofanyotherpersonorpersons,byhis[ortheir]orderorpermission,orforhisortheiruse;andthathe[orthey]givethenature,quantitiesandhighestvaluesofeachoftheitemssosetforthormentioned,andhowthesamehavebeenappliedanddisposedof,andwhetherany,andwhatitemshavenotbeenappliedanddisposedof,andwhynot;andthatthedefendant[ordefendants]setforthanaccountofthedebtsofsaidtestator[orintestate]andofhisfuneralexpenses,andwhetheranyandwhichofsuchdebtsandexpenseshavenotbeenpaid,andwhy.13.PrayerfortheProductionofDeedsandPapers.Andthatthesaiddefendant[ordefendants]setforthinhis[ortheir]answer[oranswers]alistorScheduleordescrip-tionofeachandeverydeed,contract,book,account,letter,paper,orotherwritingrelating,inwholeorinpart,tothemattersaforesaid,ortoanyofthem,inhis,[ortheir]possessionorcontrol,andthathe[orthey]depositthesameintheofficeoftheClerkandMasterofyourHonor'sCourtforinspectionandcopy;andthathe[orthey]accountforsuchofthe
28See,post,§§989;1066;973;873;1039;1016,forvariousprayerstosellland.

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§160 FORMOFANORIGINALBILL., 148deeds[&c,statingthem}referredtoinparagraphIII[statewhichparagraphorparagraphs}ofthebill,asarenotinhis[ortheir]possession.§160.TheSigningofaBill.—Everybill,orpetition,filedintheChanceryCourtmustbesignedbythecomplainant,orpetitioner,inperson,orbyhisSolicitor.AsigningonthebackofthebillbytheSolicitorhasbeenheldsuffi-cient.Thegreatobjectofthisruleistosecureregularity,relevancy,anddecencyintheallegationsofthebill,andtheresponsibilityandguarantyofcounselthat,upontheinstructionsgiventothem,andthecaselaidbeforethembytheirclient,thereisgoodgroundforthesuitinthemannerinwhichitisframed.Henceitisthatcounselareheldresponsibleforthecontentsofthebill;andifitcontainsmatterwhichisirrelevant,impertinent,orscandalous,suchmattermaybeexpunged;andthecounselmaybeorderedtopaycoststothepartyaggrieved,andthisdutyhasoftenbeenenforcedbytheCourtsofChancery.So,whereabillhasbeenfiledwithoutauthorityofthecomplainant,orofaco-complainant,theSolicitorwill,ondueproceedingsforthatpurpose,bead-judgedtopayaccruedcostsinconsequenceofhisunauthorizedaction.29Itisnotessentialtothevalidityofabill,orpetition,thatthecomplainantsshouldsignit;itissufficientiftheirnamesappearinthecaption.30Neverthe-less,itismuchthebetterpracticetorequireapetitiontobesignedandsworntobythepartiesthemselves,andnotbytheiragents,orSolicitors.31§161.VerificationofaBill.—Nobillneedbeswornto,unless:1,Itpraysforprocessofinjunction,32orattachment,orneexeat;or2,Unlessitseekstheimmediateappointmentofareceiver,anadministratororaguardianadlitem;or3,Unlessitisabilltosellthepropertyofapersonunderdisability;33or4,Toadministeraninsolventestate;34or5,Tosetuplostinstruments;35or6,Tohaveaninquisitionoflunacy;36or7,Toobtainadivorce;37or8,Foraman-damus,38orhabeascorpus;39or9,AbillinthenameoftheStateagainstcorpora-tionsandusurpersofoffice;40or10,Abillofinterpleader,41or11,Abillofreviewfornewlydiscoveredevidence;42or12,Abilltoperpetuatetestimony,ortotaketestimonydebeneesse;4sor13,AbillorReplevin.44Itmaybestatedasageneralrule,that,wheneverabillorpetitionseekssomeimmediateorderorinterpositionoftheCourt,suchasaninjunction,oranat-tachment,oraneexeat,theappointmentofareceiver,administrator,guardianadlitem,orpublicationastonon-residentorunknowndefendants,itmustbeswornto.Butthefactsnecessaryfortheappointmentofaguardianadlitem,orforprocessbypublication,maybesufficientlymadetoappearbyaseparateaffidavit,inwhichcasethebillneednotbeswornto,unlessitsverificationisotherwiserequired.Wherethereisanyreasonabledoubtwhetherabillshouldbesworntoornot,itissafertoverifyit.Butabillthatseeksnoprocessexceptsubpoena,seeksnoorderorreliefuntilfinaldecree,seeksnointerferencewithpartiesorpro-ceedingsinanyotherforum,andseeksinnowaytointerferewiththeacts,possession,orpropertyofthedefendantpendingthesuit,neednotbeswornto,asarule.Petitionsshouldalwaysbeswornto,whentheyarefiledpendingalitigationcommencedbybill.Petitionswhicharefiledinlieuofabill,suchaspetitions2»Sto.Eq.PI.,§47,Litton!'.Armstead,9Bax.,514;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,308,310,347.30Swanr.Newman,3Head,289..'IIJohnsonv.Murray,12tea,109.SeeStadlerV.Hertz,13Lea,315.321Dan.Ch.Pr.,394,note;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,43-44.33Code,§3329.34TheCodedoesnotexpresslyrequirethisbilltobeswornto,buttheextraordinaryresultsofitsbeingfiled,suchaspublicationandinjunction,showthataverificationofthebillisnecessary.Code,§§2365;2367;2370-2372;2381-2383.3S!5(r,FnT,,rRR7•TnrlpS3QD1
30Code,§3691.37Code,§2453.38Code,§3567.30Code,§3722.40Code,§3417.Itisprobablethatanaffidavittothebillwouldonlybenecessaryincaseimmediateextraordinaryprocessisprayed.41Sto.Eq.PI.,§297.42See,post,§1247.43See,post.§§1128;1134.44Code,§3376.TheverificationofbillsisfullvconsideredintheArticleonAffidavits,post,§§788-789.

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149 FORMOEANORIGINALBIIJ,.§162fordivorce,inquisitionoflunacy,mandamus,andhabeascorpus,mustalsobeswornto;butapetitionforpartition,orforhomestead,orfordower,neednotbeswornto.§162.MannerofVerifyingBills.—Thereissometimesagreatlooseness,andsenseofirresponsibility,connectedwiththeverificationofpleadings.Ver-ificationisnotamatterofform,butofsubstance.Itbreathesintobills,other-wiseinert,thebreathoflifeandthesouloftruth,andgivesthemimmediateandsometimesfar-reachingefficacy.Theverificationofthebillremovesitfromthecategoryofapocryphaldocuments,andforpreliminarypurposesimpressesitwiththesealofverity.Wehavenostatute,orauthorizedruleofpractice,specifyingthemannerandformofverifyingpleadings,butthefollowingformissogenerallyrecognizedthatitmaybedeemedadequate,inordinarycases:45AFFIDAVITSTOBILLS.StateofTennessee,CountyofMorgan.JohnSmithmakesoaththatthestatementsbyhimintheforegoingbillaretruetothebestofhisknowledge,information,andbelief. JohnSmith.SworntoandsubscribedbeforemeJune1,1890.W.D.Wright,C.&M.Afullerandbetterformofaffidavitisasfollows:46StateofTennessee,CountyofMorgan.JohnSmithmakesoaththatthestatementsinhisforegoingbill,madeasofhisownknow-ledge,aretrue,andthosemadeasoninformationandbelief,hebelievestobetrue.JohnSmith.SworntoandsubscribedbeforemeJune1,1890.W.D.Weight,C.&M."Whenabillissworntoaccordingtothelatterform,andespeciallywhenitshowsonitsfaceclearlywhatstatementsaremadeonthecomplainant'sownknowledge,andwhatontheinformationofothers,itwillhavemoreweightonthehearingofapreliminarymatter,suchasamotiontodissolveaninjunc-tion,47ortoappointareceiver,thanabilllesscorrectlydrawn,andsworntoonknowledge,informationandbeliefinanindefinitemanner.SometimesabillisverifiedbyaSolicitor,oragent.Thisshouldneverbedonebutincaseofextremenecessity,especiallybyaSolicitor.Whensoveri-fied,theSolicitororagentshouldmakeoathtohisagencyandpersonalknow-ledgeofthemattersstatedinthebill,exceptthosestatedtobeontheinforma-tionandbeliefofthecomplainant,andastothosemattersheshouldmakeoaththathebelievesthemtobetrue.48Thisformissuggested
:
AFFIDAVITTOABILLBYTHESOLICITOR.StateofTennessee,CountyofMorgan.E.E.YoungmakesoaththatheistheSolicitorofJohnSmith,thecomplainantintheforegoingbill,andthathepersonallyknowsthatthestatementsinsaidbillaretrue,exceptthosemadeasontheinformationandbeliefofthecomplainant,andthosehebelievestobetrue. E.E.Young.SworntoandsubscribedbeforemeJune1,1890.W.D.Wright,C.&M.-BeforeWhomBillsMustbeVerified.—Billsrequiredtobeunder§163.-45Code,§2453;Caruthers'Lawsuit,§§599;664.Forsomeimportantmattersrelatingtotheverifica-tionofbills,seeArticleonAffidavits,post,§789.46Thisformshouldalwaysbeusedincaseofbillsforinjunctionsorreceivers.
47SeeChapteronInjunctions,post,§§838-843.481Barb.Ch.Fr.,45;seeArticleonAffidavits,post,§789.

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§164FORMOFANORIGINALBIIX. 150oath,maybeswornto,intheState,beforeanyJudge,ClerkofaCourt,JusticeofthePeace,orNotaryPublic,whoseattestationshallbedeemedevidenceofthefact.49Theymaybeswornto,outoftheState,beforeaNotaryPublic,oraCommis-sionerforthisState,whoseattestationshallbeaccompaniedbyhissealofoffice;orbeforeaJudge,orJusticeofthePeace,oftheState,whoseofficialcharactershallbeattestedbytheClerkoftheCourtinwhichtheJudgepre-sides,orbytheClerkoftheCountyCourtinthecaseofaJusticeofthePeace.50§164.FormalPartsofBills.—Toeconomizespaceandavoidrepetition,theformalpartsofbillsinmanyoftheformsinthisbookareomitted.Fortheconvenienceofthedraftsmanthosepartsareheregiven,andthisskeletonbillwillbereferredtoforguidance.TheAddress.siTotheHonorable[givingthenameoftheChancellor,]holdingtheChanceryCourtat[stat-ingthenameofthecountytownwhereheholdstheCourt.]TheCommencement,orCaption.52JohnDoe,aresidentof county[statingthecounty.Givethenamesandcountyofresidenceofeachofthecomplainants;andifanysuebyguardians,ornextfriends,sostate,andgivetheirnames,andcountyofresidence.Forformsofcom-mencements,seeante,§156.].complainant,RichardRoeandHenryRoe,residentsof county,[statingthenameofcounty.Givethenameandcountyofresidenceofeachofthedefendants;andifanyofthemareminors,orofunsoundmind,withoutgeneralguardians,sostate;iftheyhaveguar-dians,givetheirnamesandresidences,]defendants.ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
ThePremises,orStatementofFacts.53
1.That[thispartcontainsthegroundsofcomplaint,givingthefactsonwhichcomplainantbaseshisrighttoadecreeagainstthedefendant.]11.That[thispartsetsforthanygroundforattachment,injunctionorotherextraordinaryreliefcomplainantmaywish.]in.ThePrayerforProcess,&*Complainantthereforeprays
:
1st,Thatsubpcenatoanswerissueagainstthesaiddefendantsrequiringthem,andeachofthem,toanswerthisbill.[//theiroathiswaived,add:]buttheiroathtotheiransweriswaived.2d,Thataguardianadlitembeappointedfortheminorandnoncomposdefendants.[Sec§§106-108.Omitthis,ofcourse,iftherebenominorornoncomposdefendants.]3d,Thatanattachmentissueagainstthepropertyofthedefendants,[namingtheparticu-lardefendantsliable.See§§869-873.]andespeciallyagainstthepropertyabovementioned,[ifanybespecifiedinthebill.]4th,Thataninjunctionissueagainstthedefendants,[namingthem]enjoiningthemfrom[doingtheactsreferredtointhebill;specifythem.See§§800-823.]ThePrayerforSpecialRelief.soSth,That[herestatethespecialreliefdesired,consistentwiththebill.]ThePrayerforGeneralBelief.566th,Thecomplainantpraysalsoforsuchfurtherandotherreliefasthenatureofhiscasemayrequire.[//anyextraordinaryprocessisprayed,add:]Thisisthefirstapplicationforanattachment[oraninjunction]inthiscase.JosephStory,SignatureofCounsel.JamesKent,"7OfCounsel. Solicitor.40Code,§4330;Actsof1866-7,ch.46;E.W.M.V.J.C.M.,2Ch.Apps.,463.Notaries,however,mustaffixtheirsealstotheircertificatesorjurats.50Code,§4331;Cheathamv.Pearce,5Pick.,668.51See,ante,§155.52Forvariousformsofcaptions,see,ante,§156.GeneralNote.—Thewordsinitalicsinthevari-ousformsinthisbookaremerelywordsofinstruc-tiontothedraughtsman,andarenopartofthe
formsthemselves,andmustbeomrttedindrawingpleadings,decrees,&c.53See,ante,§157.Thepremisesaresometimescalledthebodyofthebill.54See,ante,§158.55See,ante,§159.56See,ante,%%152;159.57See,ante,§160.

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151 PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSASTOBILLS.§165AffidavittotheBill.saStateofTennessee,Countyof[Hereinsertnameofcountywhereinbillisswornto.]JohnDoe,thecomplainantintheforegoingbill,makesoath,[oraffirms]thatthestate-mentsinhisforegoingbillmadeasofhisownknowledgearetrue,andthosemadeasoninformationandbelief,hebelievestobetrue. JohnDoe.JurattoAffidavit.Swornto[oraffirmed]andsubscribedbeforeme,August24,1905.JamesC.Scruggs,C.&M.
ARTICLEIV.PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSASTOTHEDRAWINGOFBILLS.§169.
§170.§171.§172.§173.
GeneralFormofaBillWhereNoRe-lationsExist.CharacteroftheAllegationsinaBill.HowPartiesShouldbeDescribed.HowLandsShouldbeDescribed.SomeMiscellaneousSuggestions.
§165.RelationsofthePartiestoaSuit.§166.TheGeneralRuleofLawApplicabletotheCase.§167.ApplicationoftheLawofRelationsinDrawingaBill.§168.GeneralFormofaBillWhereRela-tionsExist.§165.—TheRelationsofthePartiestoaSuit.—"Whenevertwoormoreper-sonshaverelationsto,orwith,eachother,variouslegalandequitablerightsanddutiesarisefromtherelationj1andfortheprotectionoftheserights,andtheenforcementoftheseduties,Courtsareestablished.Theserelationsarethoseoffamily,neighborhood,society,'business,commerceandgovernment
;
andmaybedividedinto:1,Primaryororiginalrelations,beingthosethatexistbetweentheoriginalpartiestothetransaction;2,Secondaryorderivativerelations,beingthosethatexistbetweenanoriginalpartyandtheprivyoftheotheroriginalparty,and3,Collateralrelations,beingthosethatexistbetweenthepriviesoftheoriginalparties.Theprincipalprimary,ororiginal,relationsarethoseofparentandchild,husbandandwife,guardianandward,masterandservant,attorneyandclient,adviserandadvised,vendorandvendee,mort-gagorandmortgagee,landlordandtenant,trusteeandbeneficiary,personalrepresentativeanddistributeeorlegatee,principalandagent,bailorandbailee,partnerandpartner,tenantsincommon,principalandsurety,debtorandcred-itor,assignorandassignee,creditorandsurety,bargainorandbargainee,andcitizenandState.Theprincipalsecondaryorderivativerelationsarethoseexistingbetweenoneoftheoriginalpartiestothetransactionandthevendee,assignee,executor,administrator,heir,devisee,widow,orotherprivy,oftheotheroriginalparty.Thelegalandequitablerightsandduties,arisingfromtherelationsoftheparties,ordinarilybecomemorecomplicatedinproportiontothedistancethepartiesareremovedfromtheoriginalparties;but,asarule,aprivy'srightsanddutiesarethesameasthoseofthepersoninwhoseshoeshestands,ortowhoserightshesucceeds,theprincipalexceptiontotherulebeinginfavorofinnocentpurchasersforvalue,withoutnotice.§166.—TheGeneralRuleofLawApplicabletotheCase.—Noonecandrawalogicalandconcisebill,withoutfirstconsideringtherelationsoftheparties58See,ante.§§161-163;and,post,J§788-789.lHartv.Czapski,11Lea,154.The#applicationofthedoctrineofrelationstothefrainingofbillsseemstohavebeenfirstmadeinLube'sEquityPleadings.

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§167PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSASTOBILLS.152tothecontroversyandthegeneralruleoflaw2applicabletothecase,andthenallegingthefactsnecessarytobringthecomplainant'scasewithinthisrule.Thisgeneralruleoflawisoftentermed,inourReports,''thetheoryofthebill.''3Theclearerthisgeneralrule,ortheory,appearstothemindofthepleader,themorelogicalandconcisewillbetheallegationsofhisbill.4Indeed,theob-scurityandconfusionandindefinitenessofabill,almostinvariably,resultfromtheobscurityandindefinitenessofthepleader'sconceptionofthegeneralruleoflaw,applicabletothefactsofhiscase.Thelawofrelationsenablesapleaderreadilytograspthesegeneralrulesoflaw,andtherebymakehisbillslogicalandconcise,thetwoprincipalcharacteristicsofgoodpleading.Toeverygeneralruleoflawtherearevariousexceptions;buttheseexcep-tionsareordinarilymatterstobebroughtforwardbythedefendant.Indraw-ingabill,allmatterswhicharewithinexceptionstothegeneralrule,andallmattersinavoidance,shouldgenerallybeleftforthedefendanttoallegeamiprove.Thegeneralruleoflawarises:(1)outoftherelationsoftheparties,(2)outoftherightsanddutiesresultingfromthoserelations,and(3)outoftheactsofthedefendantinviolationofthoserightsandduties;and(4)itdefinesthemannerandmeasureofredresstowhichthecomplainantisentitled.Hence,apleader,beforebeginningtodrawabill,shouldconsiderthegeneralruleoflawapplicabletohisclient'scase,andsoframehisbillastomakeoutacasewithintherule,andatthesametimenotwithinanyoftheexceptionstotherule.Themosteasyandlogicalwaytodothis,isbykeepinginmindtherelationsoftheparties,andtheactsofthedefendantinviolationofthedutiesarisingfromthoserelations.§167.ApplicationoftheLawofRelationsinDrawingaBill.—Outoftherelationoftheparties,certainlegalorequitabledutiesariseononeside,andcertainlegalorequitablerightsontheother.5Theserightsanddutiesarecor-related,thedutiesowingbyonepartybeingtherightsownedbytheother.6Aviolationofthedutiesviolatesthecorrelatedright,andacauseofactionarisesinfavoroftheowneroftheviolatedright,andagainsttheowneroftheviolatedduty.Thesecorrelatedrightsanddutiesare,ormaybe,formulatedintogeneralrulesoflaw,theknowledgeofwhichisessentialtoanadequatecomprehensionoftheease.When,therefore,aSolicitoriscalledontostatethelawapplicabletoagivencase,heshouldconsider,(1)therelationsoftheparties,(2)thedutiesarisingfromthoserelations,(3)whichofthosedutieshavebeenviolatedbythedefendant,(4)whatremedythegeneralruleoflaw,applicabletothecase,providesforsuchviolation,and(5)inwhatCourtthatremedycanbestbeenforced.Thegeneraltheoryofeveryproperlydrawnbill,is(1)thatthedefendanthasdone,isdoing,orisattempting,orthreateningtodo,somewrongto,ortowith-holdsomerightfrom,thecomplainant;and(2)thattheCourtinwhichthebill2Thisgeneralruleoflawisthemajorpremiseofthelegalsyllogism;thefactsofthecasearetheminorpremise,andthespecialreliefprayedforistheconclusionofthesyllogism.NoSolicitorcanbe-comeagoodpleaderwithoutthoroughlymasteringthelogicalprinciplessetforthinthisandsubsequentsections;and,whiletheseprinciplesmay,atfirst,appearmetaphysicalandabstruse,andtheirstudyuninviting,oncloserattentiontheirimportancewillbecomemanifest,andtheiracquisitionwillbefoundataskbynomeansdifficult,ordisagreeable.Plead-ingistheapplicationoflogictolegaldisputation.3Merrimanv.Korman,9Heisk.,270;Day,Gris-wold&Co.,v.Walker,7Lea,714;Taylorv.Lin-cumfelter,1Lea,86;Norvillev.Coble,Ibid.,467;Wilcoxv.Morrison,9Lea,709;Whitev.Fulghum,3Pick.,283;Walshv.Crook,7Pick,390;PetersonV.Turney,2Ch.Apps.,519;Comfortv.McTeer,7Lea,659.InBarteeV.Tompkins,4Sneed,638,itiscalledthe"ideaofthebill."4Nocasecanbeproperlyconducted,eitherinpre-paringthepleadings,orintakingtheproof,orinmakingtheargumentatthehearing,unlesstheSo-
caseinadvanceofeverysteptaken,andthattheoryconsistentwiththefactsandthelaw.Heshouldformthistheorybeforehedrawsthebill;andcon-formhispleadingstothattheory.Theproofmustcorrespondtothetheoryofhisbill;hisargumentatthehearingmustbeinaffirmanceofthistheoryasshownbybothpleadingsandproof;andthereliefheseeksbydecreemustbesuchasthetheoryrequiresandallows.5Hartv.Czapski,11Lea,154.GRightsarewhatisduethecomplainant;dutiesarewhatisowingbythedefendant.Everyrightinonepartyhasacorrespondingdutyowingbytheotherparty.Whenthisdutyisdischarged,thecor-respondingrightceases,thepartyentitledhashisown,justiceisdoneandthelawissatisfied.Justitiaconstansetperpetuavoluntasjussuumcuiquetrt-buendi.(Justiceisanunvaryingandunceasingdis-positiontoaccordtoeveryonewhatishisdue.)EverydutycognizableintheCourts,andeveryrightenforceableintheCourts,arisesfromsomelaw,orsomecontract,expressorimplied.See,ante,§58,note77.

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153 PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSASTOBILLS.§168isfiledhasjurisdictiontoremedyorpreventthatwrong,ortoenforcethatright.Thewrong-complainedofmay(1)growoutofsomeactoromissionofthedefendant,inviolationofhisdutiestocomplainant,arisingfromsomerelationbetweentheparties,or(2)maygrowoutofsomeactoromissionofthede-fendant,inviolationofsomerightofcomplainant,existingindependentlyofanyrelations.§168.GeneralFormofBillWhereRelationsExist.—Therefore,indrawinghbillbasedonrelations,thefirstmattertobeconsideredis,whethertheallegedwrongarisesfromanyrelation,ornot;andthesecondmattertobeconsideredis,whatisthegeneralruleoflaworEquityapplicabletothefactsofthecase.Havingsettledthegeneralrule,andascertainedthatthecasedoesnotcomewithinanyoftheexceptionsthereto,youwill,indraftingthebill,(1)beginbyshowingtherelationsoftheparties,andhowtheyaroseorwerecreated,whetherbycontractexpressedorimplied,orbyoperationoflaw;(2)thenshowhowandwhereinthedutiesarisingfromthoserelationshavebeenviolatedbythedefendants,andtheextentoftheinjuryresultingtothecomplainantfromsuchviolation;(3)ifthereareotherparties,secondarilyliabletocomplainantbyreasonoftheotherdefendant'sprimaryliability,7showhowandwherein
;
(4)ifanyspecificpropertyissoughttobeattached,impounded,recovered,orsecuredfromremovaloralienation,sostate,specifyingthepropertysoasfullytoidentifyit,andgiving,withparticularityandprecision,thegroundsforthisprocedure;(5)ifthedefendantisdoing,orthreatening,anyactlikelytoresultinirreparableinjurytocomplainant,oranyactcontrarytoequityandgoodconscience,detailsuchacts,andshowhoworwhereintheywillworkirrepara-bleinjury,orgrossiniquity;(6)ifthereisanymatterconnectedwith,orgrow-ingoutof,theforegoingmatters,necessarytobebroughtbeforetheCourttoenableittomakeacompletedecreeanddeterminethewholecontroversy,herebringforwardsuchsubordinatematters,andshowtheirconnectionwiththeprincipalmattersindispute;(7)ifanypreliminaryreliefisneeded,anyinjunc-tion,attachment,orreceiver,sospeciallypray;(8)thenprayforspecificandgeneralrelief;(9)averthatthisisthefirstapplicationfortheextraordinaryprocessprayed;andthen(10)signthebill,andhaveyourclientmakeproperaffidavittoit,ifnecessary.Allofthiswill,perhaps,bebetterunderstoodbyreferencetothefollowingGENERALFORMOFBILLWHERERELATIONSEXIST.s[Foraddressandcaption,seeante,§§1SS;164.]ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:I.That,[atatimestated,certainspecifiedfactsexisted,wherebyarosebetweenthecomplain-antandthedefendantcertainrelations,statingtherelations.]II.That,[asaresultoftheaforesaidrelations,certainspecifieddutiesordebtswereimposedon,orincurredorassumedby,thedefendant;andcertainspecifiedrightsaccruedtothecomplainant,settingforththeseduties,ordebts,andtherightsclaimed,withdefiniteness.|in.That,[thedefendanthasviolatedhisaforesaiddutiestocomplainant,andhaswithheldfromthecomplainanthisjustduesorrightsinthepremises,showingwherein,withclearnessandparticularity.]That,[asaconsequenceoftheprecedingfacts,the'complainantisentitledtorelief,andhetherefore.prays(1)forproperprocesstobringthedefendantbeforetheCourt,(2)fortheparticularreliefhedeemshimselfentitledto,and(3)forgeneralrelief.]§169.GeneralFormofaBillWhereNoRelationsExist.—Billsofthiskindaregenerallyfiledtoassertrightsto,ortosecureprotectionfor,specificprop-erty,realorpersonal,9asinabill(1)toasserttitleto,orinterestin,landor7_Assurety,endorser,guarantor,purchaserwithnotice,voluntaryvendee,orotherprivy.8Thecommencementandcaptionareomitted.See,ante,§164.9-Thephrase,"property,real,orpersonal,"isin-
tendedtoincludeeveryspeciesofproperty,tangibleandintangible,capableofownership,andcognizableintheCourts.Fordefinitionofproperty,see,ante.§56.

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§170PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSASTOBILLS.154personalty,(2)toprotectorpreservelandorpersonalty,(3)toremovecloudsontitle,(4)tostaywaste,preventtrespasses,andinhibitirreparableinjury,(5)toenjoinorabatenuisances,andthelike.Thesebillsalsolieinmanyothercaseswhereinjunctionsareneeded,asin(1)billsquiatimet,(2)billsofpeace,(3)billstopreventamultiplicityofsuits,andindeedinallothercaseswherethesuitdoesnotspringoutofsomecontract,expressorimplied,orofsomerelationbetweentheparties,butis1basedonsomerightofpropertyinthecom-plainant,andsomeactualorthreatenedviolationofthatrightbythedefendant.Thefollowinggeneralformwillaidthedraftsmanofsuchbills:GENERALFORMOEBILLWHERENORELATIONS.[Foraddressandcaption,seeante,§§155;164.]ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
I.[Hereallegecomplainant'stitletotheproperty,orotherparticularright,whichheseekstoassertorprotect;describingtheproperty,orright,soasfullytoidentifyit,andifitbeland,givetheboundariesandlocationofthetract.]II.[Ifsaidtitle,orrights,areevidencedbyanywritingorothermuniment,sostate,givingitsdate,andotherwisedescribingit,andmakingitanexhibittothebill.]ni.[Showwhen,wherein,andbywhichofthedefendants,thecomplainant'srightshavebeeninterferedwith,ordenied,orhissaidrightsorpropertyinjured,orthreatened,orhispos-sessionorusethereofinterferedwith,ordenied,statingclearlythetime,andmainfactscon-stitutingthewrongcomplainedof,andnecessitatingtheapplicationtotheCourtforrelief.]IV.[Ifanyofthedefendants,especiallydefendantsunderdisability,haverightsorinterestssimilartothoseofcomplainant,andareentitledtosimilarrelief,state,inageneralway,thesefacts.] v.[Ifnecessarytosetupanyspecialequity,ortorelateanyspecialatrocities,orgrossmis-conduct,orotheriniquitousconductofthedefendants,inordertoemphasizethecomplain-ant'swrongs,heresetoutsuchmatterswithreasonablecertaintyoftime,place,andcircum-stance;and,iftherebeanygroundsforaninjunction,attachment,orreceiver,herestatethemfully.10] VI.[HereprayforthenecessaryprocesstobringthedefendantsintoCourt,andifanyinjunc-tion,attachment,orreceiverisnecessary,orguardianadlitem,oradministrator,praythereforwithparticularity.]VII.[Herespecifytheparticularreliefdesired,conformingyourprayertothefactsalleged,prayinginthealternativewhennecessaryandproper;andpraying,also,forgeneralrelief.]VIII.[Showthatthisisthefirstapplicationfortheparticularextraordinaryprocessprayed;and,ifnotthefirst,explain,andshowwhysuchprocessshouldnowbegranted.]IX.[Thebillmustbesignedbycounsel,orbythecomplainantinperson;andifanyextraor-dinaryprocess,oranyinterlocutoryorder,notofcourse,isappliedfor,thebillmustbeswornto,11andaproperjuratattached.]§170.CharacteroftheAllegationsinaBill.—Indrawingbills,rememberthatthemoreextraordinarythereliefsought,themorespecificmustbetheallegations.Inabilltocollectanordinarydebt,withoutextraordinaryprocess,generalallegationsshowingthatthedefendantisindebtedtothecomplainantmaysuffice;and,inanordinaryejectmentbill,generalallegationsofownershipbythecomplainant,andofwrongfulpossessionbythedefendant,maysustainasuit;butgeneralallegationswillnotbesufficientwhenthebillseeks(1)toattachproperty,or(2)tohaveareceiverappointed,or(3)toobtainaninjunc-
10Keepinmindthatabillforaninjunction,at-tachment,orreceiver,isbothapleadingandanaffi-davit,andmustpossessallthecharacteristicsofaspecialaffidavit,aselsewherefullyshown.See,ante,§142.
11Ifpublicationfornon-residents,oraguardianadlitemforminors,orlunatics,isprayed_for,thebillmustbeswornto,oraseparateaffidavitofthenon-residence,ordisability,ofthedefendantsfiled,beforesuchprayerscanbegranted.

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155 PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSASTOBILLS.§171tion,or(4)tosetasideaconveyance,asettlementoracontract,or(5)tore-formawritteninstrument,or(6)tosell,reinvest,orexpend,thepropertyofminors,or(7)tosetuparesultingorconstructivetrust,or(8)tohaveaspecificperformanceofacontract,or(9)toobtainadivorce,or(10)toobtainanewtrialatlaw,or(11)areviewofaformerdecreeinEquity,or(12)whereinanycasefraudischarged,oratrustissetup.Insuchandallsimilarcases,thefactsmustbesetforthwithsuchdistinctness,precisionandparticularity,thattheCourtmayclearlyseetheequitiescomplainantisseekingtoraiseandhaveenforced.12TheChancellorshouldnotberequiredtogropehiswaythroughamistyindefinitenessofstatement,orbeleftinalabyrinthofincon-clusiveaverments,orbeforcedtodrawdeductionsfromunstableanduncer-tainpremises.Thefactsonwhichtheallegedequityisfoundedshouldbesetforthwithsuchorderlyandspecificparticularity,andwithsuchawelldefinedclearnessofstatementandcertaintyofaverment,thattheequityal-legedwillstandforthinthelightofthefactswithstatue-likedistinctnesstotheeyeofthejudicialmind,andnotbeameremistymentalexhalationfloatingindistinctlyamidtheshadowsanddarknessofindefinite,inconclusiveandconfusedgeneralavermentsandsemi-averments,whosemeaningandbearingareinexplicable.ApartyshouldnotundertaketodragadefendantintoaCourtofConscience,unlesshe(1)hasagoodcauseofactioninfact,and(2)hasthatcauseclearlyandsufficientlysetforthinhisbill.Neither"information"alone,normere"informationandbelief,"willsufficetosustainaprayerforrelief;thecom-plainantmustmakepositiveanddirectaverments,allegations,andcharges,thatthefactsaresoandso,andthatthedefendanthasdonesoandso,usinghis''information''merelyasthegroundofhischargeoraverment,andtoshowthatthefactallegedisnotbasedonthedirectpersonalknowledgeofthecom-plainant.§171.HowPartiesShouldbeDescribed.—Parties,bothcomplainantanddefendant,shouldbedescribedbytheirpropernames,ifknown,alwaysgivingtheirfirstnameinfull,andneverusingtheinitialoftheirfirstname,unlesstheirfirstgivennameisunknown,andcannotbereadilyascertained.13If,however,adefendantissueduponawritteninstrument,hemaybesuedinthenameanddescriptionusedintheinstrument.14Ifthenameofthedefendantisunknownandcannotbeascertainedupondil-igentinquiry,thebillshouldsoallege,15usingthestatutoryform,andsettingforthinthebillclearlythecharacterinwhichheissued,andhistitleorinter-estinthesubject-matterofthelitigation.16Ifthenameofanypartyisacommononeintheneighborhood,sothattheSheriffmaynotknowwhichoneoftwoormorewiththesamenameisintended,thebillshouldusesomemethodofdesignatinghim,adoptingtheparticulardesignation,ifany,usedbyhisneighbors.17Thismaybeofgreatimportance,
12Sto.Eq.PI.,§§241-251;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,361,notes.See,ante,§142.13ThelawknowsbutoneChristianname;andtheomission,orincorrectinsertionofamiddlename,orinitial,isimmaterial.ThefullChristiannameofapartyshouldalwaysbegiveninaplead-ing,orsomesufficientexcuseallegedfornotsodo-ing.Theuseofaninitialisnotsufficient,exceptincaseofsuitsonwritteninstrumentsinwhichinitialsorcontractionsoftheChristiannameareused.HawesonParties,§3.14Code,§2788.Insuchacase,however,ifhesignsbyinitials,orsignsanunusualname,itwouldbewelltodescribehimbyhisusualname,also;thus,"G.W.Smith,otherwisecalledGeorgeW.Smith[orWash.Smith]."15Code,§4352,sub-sec.4.16Code,§4358.The"character"_inwhichanunknowndefendantisgenerallysuedisthatofhus-band,child,grand-child,heir,devisee,legatee,vendee
orotherprivy,orrepresentative,ofsomeparticularpersonnamedanddescribedinthebill,who,ifliv-ing,hasaninterestinthesubject-matterofthelit-igation,andwho,ifdead,haspossiblyalivingspouseandchildren,orotherpriviesinestate.Thebillwilldescribesuchpersonsasfollows:"ThesaidSusanJones,who,ifliving,isentitledtoanundividedone-seventhofsaidtractofland,wenttoArizonatwentyyearsago,andhasnotbeenheardfromforseventeenyears.Whereshenowresides,ifliving;and,ifdead,whethershediedtes^tateorintestate,andwhethersheleftanyhusband,children,heirsordevisees,andifso,wherttheyreside,andwhattheiragesandnames,areallunknowntocomplainants,andcannotbeascertainedupondiligentinquiry."17Thus:"DavidBeaty,(Tinker);""JohnSmith,sometimescalledClub-footJohn;""HenryJones,sonofThomasJones;"and"JamesBrown,otherwisecalledRedJimBrown."

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8172S PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSASTOBILLS.156andmaypreventtroublenotonlyinservingthesubpoena,but,also,inenforcingthedecree,andindivestingandvestingtitle.§172.HowLandsshouldbeDescribed.—Everybillthatseeksthesale,par-titionorrecovery,ofland,ortoclearthetitletoland,ortoredeemland,ortospecificallyenforceacontractinreferencetoland,orthat,inanyotherway,seekstoeffectthetitleorpossessionofland,oranyinterestthereinorencum-brancethereon,shoulddescribethelandbylocation,corners,coursesanddis-tances,18orotherappropriatedescriptionsufficientfullytoidentifyit.Aref-erenceinthebilltoexhibits,whilesufficientinlaw,isalooseanddangerouspractice,especiallyiftheexhibithasnotbeenregistered.Exhibitsareliabletobelostormislaid,andaresometimeswithdrawnbyleaveoftheCourt,inwhichcasethedescriptionmaybelost.Unlessthelandisadequatelydescribedinthebillandinthedecree,19thepurchasermaybegreatlyembarrassedinas-sertinghistitletodefiniteboundaries,andthereputationoftheSolicitor,ClerkandChancellor,foraccuracyandbusinesscapacity,maybegreatlyimpaired.§173.SomeMiscellaneousSuggestions.—Indrawingabillwherethepar-tiesarenumerous,alwaysleaveinthecaptiontwoorthreeblanklines,fortheinsertionofadditionalcomplainantsanddefendants;because,whiledrawingthebill,youwilloftenfinditnecessarytomakeadditionalparties,ortomakeotherchangesintheparties,andtheseblanklineswillproveserviceable,andobviatethenecessityofinartificial,andoftentimesillegible,interlineations.Itmustbekeptinmindthat,wheneverabillsetsforthfactsonthestrengthofwhich(1)processbypublication,(2)aninjunction,(3)anattachment,(4)areceiver,(5)theappointmentofaguardianadlitem,or(6)anyotherextra-ordinary,preliminary,orexparteprocess,ororder,isprayedorsought,itisbothapleadingandanaffidavit,andmust,therefore,beverifiedbytheoathofthecomplainant,orofsomeoneelseacquaintedwiththefacts.20Ifyouhavenoneedfortheevidenceofthedefendant,orhavenotfullcon-fidenceinhisveracity,donotfailtowaivehisoathtohisanswer,indrawingyourbill.If,however,therearematerialfactsexclusivelyinthepersonalknowledgeofthedefendant,orifhehavematerialpapersinhispossession,orunderhiscontrol,necessarytoyourclient'ssuccess,youmayrequireanansweronoath,andmayincorporateinyourbillsearchinginterrogatoriestoberespondedtobythedefendantinhisanswer.21Butremember,thatyoucannotforceadefendanttodiscover,ifyouwaivehisoathtohisanswer.Avoidallscandal,allimpertinence,allliteraryallusions,allpoeticdisplays,allindelicatestatements—inshort,allunnecessaryallegations.Afterthebillhasbeendrawn,addahalfsheet,(2pages),ofblankpaperasabacktothebill;itwillbefoundconvenienttowriteafiaton,oranorderappointingareceiver,andwillgivetheClerkroomenoughtomakehisendorse-ments.2218Thus:Saidtractoflandissituatedinthe4thcivildistrictofCampbellcounty,adioiningthelandsofJonathanS.Lindsay,WilliamAllen,J.M.Bibeeandothers,andbeginsonapoplartreemthePow-ellsValleyroad,northofjacksboro,acornerofsaidLindsay'shomefarm,runningthencesouthsixtypolestoalargepersimmontree,[andsoon~\tothebeginning,containingsixtyacresmoreorless.19Thebillandexhibitsmaybelost,ormislaid,buttheminute-bookisapermanentrecord.20Butwherethebillallegesafactnecessitatingapublicationastoadefendant,ortheappointmentofaguardianadlitem,thesefactsmaybeshownbyanaffidavitfiledwiththebill.
21See,post,§§1018;1023;1121.22SomeSolicitorsareveryniggardwiththeirpa-per.Theywritebelowthebottomlinessothatthesheetscannotbefastenedtogetherwithoutcoveringthewriting;andtheydonotleaveenoughblankpaperfortheChancellortowriteafiaton,orfortheClerktoputhisendorsementson.Suchapparentpenuriousnessshouldbeavoided.SomeSolicitorshavestrongjacketsfortheirpleadings,andtheprac-ticeisaverycommendableone.Solicitorsshouldmakethemechanicalexecutionoftheirpleadingsamatterofprideandsolicitude.Forsomeminorde-fectsinpleadings,see,post,§410.

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157 EXTRAORDINARYPROCESS.§174
CHAPTERIX.PROCEEDINGSPRELIMINARYTOPROCESS.ArticleI.ProceedingsPreliminarytoExtraordinaryProcess.ArticleII.PilingoftheBill.ArticleIII.ProceedingsinReferencetoCosts.
ARTICLEI.PROCEEDINGSPRELIMINARYTOEXTRAORDINARYPROCESS.174.ProceedingsWhenanInjunctionisSought.175.ProceedingsWhenanAttachmentofPropertyisSought.
§176.ProceedingsWhenaReceiverisSoughtbeforeAnswer.
§174.ProceedingsWhenanInjunctionisSought.—Thebillofcomplaintprayinganinjunction,havingbeenpreparedanddulyswornto,ashereafterfullyshown,1thenextstepistopresentittosomeChancellor,ortosomeJudgeofaCircuit,CriminalorSpecialCourt,andapplyfora,fiatforaninjunction.TheChancellor,orJudge,afterreadingthebill,willendorseonithisfiat,oriiisrefusal,andtransmitit,inasealedenvelope,totheClerkandMasteroftheCourtinwhichthebillistobefiled.Thefiatisordinarilyasfollows
:
FIATFOEANINJUNCTION.TotheClerkandMasteroftheChanceryCourtat[namingthetownwheretheCourtisheldinwhichthebillistobeMed.]Issueawritofinjunctionasprayedintheforegoingbill,oncomplainantgivingbondthereforinthepenaltyof[namingthesum.2]Dec.4,1890. S.A.Key,Chancellor.Complainantmustgivebond,ortakethepauperoathifthefiatsoauthorize,beforetheClerkandMastercanissuethewritofinjunction.Theformsoffiats,bonds,andoath,willbefoundintheChapteronInjunctions.§175.ProceedingsWhenanAttachmentofPropertyisSought.3—Ifthebillseekstohavethedefendant'spropertyattached,itmustcontaintheproperallegationsandbedulyswornto.IfthegroundofattachmentallegedinthebillisoneofthegroundsforwhichanattachmentwouldlieintheCircuitCourt,theClerkandMastermayissuethewritofattachmentwithoutafiat
;
butifthegroundfortheattachmentisofadifferentcharacter,thecomplainantmustapplytoaChancellor,ortoaCircuit,CriminalorSpecialJudge,forafiat.Thisapplicationismadeinthesamewayaswhenaninjunctionissought,andthepracticeingrantingorrefusingafiat,andintransmittingthebilltotheClerkandMaster,isthesameasinthecaseofinjunctionbills.Indeed,thesamebilloftenpraysforbothaninjunctionandanattachment.IftheattachmentbegrantedbytheClerkandMaster,orbyaChancellor,orJudge,thebondrequiredbythestatute,orthepauperoathinlieu,mustbefiledwiththeClerkbeforethewritcanissue.Theformsoffiats,bonds,andoaths,foranattachmentwillbefoundintheChapteronAttachments.
1Forthepracticeininjunctionsuits,seeChapteronInjunctions,past,§§800-863.2Ifnosumisnamed,thestatutefixesthepenaltyatfivehundreddollars.Code,§4440.
3SeeChapteronAttachmentSuits,post,§§869-890. ,

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§176EXTRAORDINARYPROCESS.158§176.ProceedingsWhenaReceiverisSoughtbeforeAnswer.4—Itsome-timeshappensthattheimmediateappointmentofareceiverisdesiredbythecomplainant.Insuchacase,hisbill,oranaccompanyingaffidavit,mustfullyandparticularlysetouttheurgencyofthenecessity;thebillmustbeswornto,andmustbepresentedtosomeChancellor,ortosomeCircuit,CriminalorSpecialJudge,who,ifthecaseforaninstanterappointmentbemadeout,andgoodcauseshownwhynoticeoftheapplicationshouldnotbegiven,willen-dorseohthebill,oronapaperattachedthereto,anorderappointingasuitablepersonreceiverasprayed,andspecifyingthebondhemustgive,andthedutieshemustperform.Insuchacase,theChancellor,orJudge,mayrequirethecomplainanttogiveabondconditionedforthefaithfuldischargeofthedutiesofthereceiver;Binwhichcasethisbondmustbegivenbeforethereceivercanact.TheChancellor,orJudge,mayawardawritofpossession,toputthereceiverinpossessionofthepropertyspecifiedintheorderappointingthereceiver.Onmakingtheseorders,theChancellor,orJudge,willtransmitthepapersinasealedenvelopetotheClerkandMasteroftheCourtwherethebillistobefiled.Theformsofsuchorders,andofthebond,willbefoundintheChapteronReceivers.
ARTICLEII.FILINGOFTHEBILL.§177.WhenandWheretheBillMaybeFiled. §178.FilingoftheBill.§179.WhenaPleadingisConsideredFiled.
§177.—WhenandWheretheBillmaybeFiled.—SuitsarecommencedintheChanceryCourtbybill;andbillsmaybefiledintheofficeoftheClerkandMasteroftheChanceryCourtatanytime,1whethertheCourtbeinsessionornot;theymaybefiledatanyhourofthedayornight,providedtheClerkandMaster,orhisdeputy,canbefoundtoreceivethem;2andaprosecutionbond,orpauperoathinlieu,isnotaconditionprecedent.Thebillmust,ofcourse,befiledintheparticularChanceryCourtthathasjurisdictionofthepersonofthedefendant,orofthesubject-matterofthesuit;for,ifthebillbefiledinaChanceryCourtthathasnojurisdiction,thedefend-antcandefeatthesuitbypleainabatement,motiontodismiss,ordemurrer.Indeterminingthepropercountyinwhichtofilethebill,thefollowingrulesmustbeconsidered:1.BillstoDivest,orCleartheTitleto,Land;2.BillstoEnforcetheSpecificExecutionofContractsRelatingtoRealty;3.BillstoForecloseaMortgage,orDeedofTrust,byasaleofpersonalprop-ertyorrealty,mustbefiledinthecountyinwhichthelandtobeaffectedbythesuit,oramaterialpartofit,lies;or,incasethetrustdeedormortgageis
4SeeChapteronReceivers,post,§§892-917.5Code,§§3948;4453.lCode,§4329.InasmuchasasuitcanbebegunintheCircuitCourt,orbeforeaJusticeofthePeace,onSunday,(Code,§2824,)itwouldseemthatabillmightbefiledinChanceryonthatday,onthecomplainantmakingaffidavitthatthedefendantisremoving,orabouttoremove,himself,orprop-erty,beyondthejurisdictionoftheCourt.Thefactthatourfacilitiesfortravelandtransportationare
sogreatonSunday,oftenrendersitimportanttohavetherighttofilebillsofinjunctionandattach,ment,andobtainfiats,andprocess,onthatday.See2HighonInjunc,§1584.2TheClerkandMaster,orhisDeputy,mayre-ceiveabillathisownhouse,oronthestreet,oranywhereelseinhiscounty.IncontemplationoflawtheCourtsarealwaysopen.Const.,Art.,1,§17.

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159 WHERETHEBILLMAYBEFILED.§177forpersonalty,thebillmustbefiledinthecountyinwhichsuchdeedormort-gage3isregistered.4So,4.Billstorecoverland,whetherinthenatureofejectmentordetainersuits,5and5.BillstoSelltheLandsofaDecedenttoPayDebts,mustbefiledinthecoun-tywherethelandoraportionofitlies.66.BillsforthePartitionofLand,orasaleoflandforpartition,mustbefiledinthecountyinwhichtheland,oranypartofit,lies,orinwhichthedefendantresides;or,ifalltheclaimantsjoininthepetition,itmaybefiledinanycounty.77.BillsforDowerorHomestead,mustbefiledinthecountywheretheland,oraportionofit,lies;orinthecountywherethehusbandlastresidedbeforehisdeath.88.BillsfortheSaleofthePropertyofPersonsUnderDisability,mustbefiledinthecountywherethepropertyis,orwherethepersonunderdisabilityresides.99.BillsbyOneNon-residentAgainstAnotherNon-residenttosubjecttherealorpersonalpropertyofthedefendanttothesatisfactionofaforeignjudgmentmustbefiledinthecountywherethepropertyissituated.1010.BillstoRecoverPossessionofPersonalProperty,inthenatureofreplevinordetinuesuits,mustbefiledinthecountyinwhichthegoodsandchattels,oramaterialpartofthem,are,orinwhicheitherofthedefendantsmaybefound.1111.BillstoEnforceLiensofMechanics,1!3-LiensonBoats,nbLiensofEmployesofrailroads,corporations,partnerships,andmerchants,110liensofcontractorsonrailroads,lldorotherliensonproperty,mustbefiledinthecountywheretheproperty,orsomematerialpartofit,soughttobeattached,issituatedifrealty,orisfoundifpersonalty.11*5
12.BillsAgainstCitiesandCounties,whetherlocalortransitoryintheirna-ture,mustbefiled,(1)incaseofacity,inthecountywhereinthecityissitu-ated;and(2)incaseofacounty,intheCourtofthecountysued.llf13.BillsfortheAppointmentofAdministratorsmustbefiledinthecountyinwhichthedeceasedresidedatthetimeofhisdeath,orinwhichhisestate,goodsandchattels,oreffects,wereatthetimeofhisdeath.1214.BillsfortheTransferoftheAdministrationofanInsolventEstate,fromtheCountyCourttotheChanceryCourt,mustbefiledinthecountywhereinthewillwasproved,orlettersofadministrationgranted,orwherethepersonalrepresentativesreside,orareservedwithprocess.1315.BillsAgainstJointMakersofNegotiablePapermustbefiledinacountywhereajointmakercanbeservedwithsubpoenatoanswer.1416.IftheComplainantandDefendantBothBesideintheSameCounty,thebillmustbefiledinthatcounty,15unlessthestatuterequir-esthebilltobefiledin3Thelanguageofthestatuteis"deedofmort-gage,"but"of"isevidentlyatypographicalerror,lhestatutedoesnotexpresslyconfinethedeed,ormortgage,topersonalty,butsuchis,beyonddoubt,themeaningofthestatute.'4Actsof1877,ch.107.TheCode,§4311,sub-sec.2,reads"maybefiled;"theActof1877reads"shallbefiled;"andthe2dsec.oftheActrepealsallthelawsinconflictwithit.Thestatuteseems,therefore,tobemandatory;andforthatreasonisgivenprecedenceinthelistofrulesdenningthelocaljurisdictionoftheCourt.SeeReid,exparte.3Sneed,275.5Code,§§2810;2902,sub-sec.3;CampbellV.Hampton,11Lea,440.6Code;§§2267-2270.§§3268-3269;Toddv.Cannon,8Hum.,7Code,512.8Code,9Code,566.10Code,§4297;Taylorv.Badoux,8Pick.,249BankV.Motherwell,11Pick.,172.11Code,§2810;3375.
§2411;2810.§3326;Williamsv.Williams,10Heisk.,
llaCode,§3543;Actsof1873,ch.19.libCode,§3550.lieActsof1883,ch.18,sec.2;Actsof1897,ch.78.lidActsof1883,ch.220,sec.2.HeActsof1877,ch.107;Code,§4311,sub-sec.5.Theattachment,incasethesubpoenaisserved,be-comesauxiliaryinallofthesecasestoenforcestat-utoryliens.llfNashvillev.Webb,6Cates,432.Ifadecreeberenderedagainstacityoutsideofthecountyinwhichthecityissituated,itisabsolutelyvoidforwantofjurisdictiontomakeit.Ibid.'Localsuitsmustbebroughtinthecountywherethestatutere-quires,andcannotbebroughtelsewhere.Ibid.SuitsagainstcountiesmustbebroughtintheCourtsofthecountysued.Ibid.12Code,§2209.13Code,§2362a;Code(M.&V.)§3207.14Code,§§2823;2902,sub-sec,5.15Code,§§2809;2902,sub-sec.4.Thesesectionsreferexclusivelytotransitoryactions.§2808referstotransitoryactions,and§2809refersto"suchac-tions,"andnottoactionsgenerally.SeeCode,§§

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8177 where;thebiu,maybeeilEd.160someothercounty.10Thisruleappliestotransitorysuits,andissubjectto\heprecedingrules.1717.TheBillmaybeFiledinanyCountywheretheDefendant,oranyMaterialDe-fendant,isFound,unlessotherwiseprescribedbylaw.TheChanceryCourtactsordinarilyinpersonam.Unless,therefore,therebesomestatuteexpresslyre-quiringthebilltobefiledelsewhere,itmaybefiledinanycountyinwhichasubpoenacanbeservedonthedefendants,oronanymaterialdefendant.18ThisisthefundamentalrulegoverningthepersonaljurisdictionoftheCourt,andtheexceptionstoitarehereinabovestated.18.TheBillmayheFiledinanyCountyinwhichtheDefendant,oraMaterial^De-fendant,Resides,unlessotherwiseprescribedbylaw;and,if,uponinquiryathisresidence,heisnottobefoundbytheofficerhavingthesubpoena,hemaybeproceededagainstbypublicationorjudicialattachment.20Theexceptionstothisrulearethesameasthosetotheprecedingrule.19.BillsAgainstNon-residents,orpersonswhosenamesorresidenceareun-known,maybefiledinthecountyinwhichthecauseofactionarose,ortheactonwhichthesuitispredicatedwastobeperformed,orinwhichthesubjectofthesuit,oranymaterialpartthereof,is.2120.BillstoAttachPropertymaybefiledinanycountyinwhichtheproperty,oranymaterialpartthereofsoughttobeattached,isfoundatthecommence-mentofthesuit.2221.BillshyDistributees,orLegatees,toenforcethepaymentoftheirdistrib-utiveshares,orlegacies,maybefiledinthecountyinwhichtheestatewasad-ministered.2322.BillstoEnjoinProceedingsatLawmaybefiledinthecountyinwhichthesuitispending,ortowhichexecutionisissued.2423.BillsforDivorcemaybefiledinthecountyinwhichthedefendantresidesorisfound,orinwhichthepartiesresidedatthetimeoftheirseparation;butifthedefendantisanon-resident,oraconvict,thenthebillmaybefiledinthecountywherethecomplainantresides.2524.BillsbytheStateAgainstCorporations,UsurpersandTrustees,maybefiledin2810;2902,sub-sec.3.ThesesectionsoftheCode,(2809;2902,sub-sec.4,)arenowconsideredasappli-cabletotheChanceryCourt;but,whenoriginallyenacted,theyappliedexclusivelytosuitsin"theCourtsofLaw."Actsof1849-50,ch.60§2.ThestatuteslocalizingtheChanceryjurisdiction,speakof"districts,"andnot"counties,"Code,§§4308
;
4311;2209;2267;2451;3649;4236;3412;4297.In-deed,thestatutewasinapplicable,whenoriginallypassed,toallChancerydistricts,includingmorethanonecounty;andtherewerethenmanysuchdistricts.WhenseparateChanceryCourtswerefirstestahlishedinTennesseetheStatewasdividedintotwoChanceryDivisions,(ante,§§'12and13,)andthevariouscountiesineachDivisionweregroupedinChancerydistricts,theCourtbeingheldinsomeonetownineachdistrict.AstheStateincreasedinpopulationandwealththenumberofChanceryDi-visionswasincreasedandthesizeoftheChancerydistrictsdecreased,untilatlasteachcountybecameaChancerydistrict,sothatinChancerynomencla-ture,countyand"district"becamesynonymous.Incodifyingthestatutes,thesubstitutionoftheword"county"for"Chancerydistrict"wasnotalwaysmade,andsomeconfusionhasresultedtherefrom,See.Code,§§2209;2267;2451;3412;3649;4236;4297;4308:4311;and,see,alsoArmstrongv.State,1Cold.,337;State,exrel.,v.Lindsay,19Pick.,625;641.16Thatis,ifallthecomplainants,andallthedefendants,jiveinthesamecounty,thenthebillmustbefiledintliatcounty;unlessthestatutelo-calizesthesuitbyrequiringittobebroughtinsomespecifiedcounty,andthenitmustbebroughtinthecountyspecified.Allsuitsaffectinglandmustbefiledinthecountywherethelandislocated;suchsuitsaretermedlocalsuits.17Tomakethismoreplain,supposethecom-plainant,andthedefendant,bothresideinDavidson
county,thebillcouldnotbefiledinShelbycountymerelybecausethedefendanthappenedtobefoundthere:insuchacase,thebillmustbefiledinDa-vidsoncounty,unlesstherebegroundofimperativelocaljurisdictioninShelby(asincaseofabilltorecoveratractoflandsituatedinShelby,);thenthebillmustbefiledinShelbycounty,notwithstandingbothcomplainantanddefendantresideinDavidson.IfalocalsuitbebroughtinthewrongcountytheCourtwillhavenojurisdiction,evenbyconsent.Nashvillev.Webb,6Cates,432;MillsV.Haley,Nashville,1906.18Code,§4305;Parkesv.Parkes,3Tenn.Ch.,647.Ifthedefendant,oramaterialdefendant,canbefoundeventemporarilyinacounty,thebillmaybefiledinsuchcounty,providedprocesscanbethereservedonhim,andprovided,further,thereisnostatuteexpresslyrequiringthebilltobefiledelsewhere.Roperv.Roper,3Tenn.Ch.,53.10Amaterialdefendantisonewhohasaninter-estinthematterincontroversy,orarightwhichUtobeaffectedbythedecree,orisinpossessionoftheproperty,claimingsomeinterestinit.Simontonv.Porter,1Bax.,213.JacksonV.Tiernan,10Yerg.,175.Atrusteeisamaterialdefendant.HelmV.Barnes,1Lea,388.20Code,§4311,sub-sec.1.TheobjectofthisprovisionwastogivetheCourtjurisdictionofthedefendantinthecountyofhisresidence,whenhecannot,foranyreason,bepersonallyservedwithprocess.Parkesu.Parkes,3Tenn.Ch.,647.Astothejudicialattachment,seeCode,§3466.21Code,§4311,sub-sec.4.22Code,§4311,sub-sec.5.3Lea,129.2SCode,§2312;Parkesv.647.24Code,§4311,sub-sec.3.25Code,§§2451-2451a.
Morrowv.Fossick,Parkes,3Tenn.Ch.,

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161 WHERETHEBILEMAYBEElLED.§178thecountywheretheofficeisusurpedorheld,orthecorporationholdsitsmeet-ings,orhasitsprincipalplaceofbusiness,orwherethetrusteesresideorarefound.2625.BillsforaMandamusmustbefiledinthecountywherethelandlies,whenlandisthesubjectofcontroversy;inallothercases,inthecountywherethedefendantresides,unlessheisapublicofficerorcorporation,andtheninthecountyinwhichtheofficeiskept,orthecorporationdoesbusiness.27Indeterminingthevenue,thecomplainantshouldconsider
:
1.Whetherthesuitinanywayaffectsthetitleorpossessionofrealty,oranyinterestinorlienonrealty;ifso,thebillmustbefiledinthecountywheresuchrealty,oramaterialpartofit,lies,28unlessthestatuteexpresslyallowsthebilltobefiledinsomeothercounty.2.Ifrealtyisinnowayaffectedbythesuit,andtheactionistransitory,29thenthebillmaybefiledinanycountywherethedefendant,oramaterialde-fendantresides,ormaybeservedwithsubpoena,unlessthestatuteexpresslyrequiresthebilltobefiledinsomeothercounty.3.Iftherebemorethanonecountyinwhichhisbillmaybefiled,hemayfileitineitherasmaysuithisconvenience.30§178.FilingoftheBill.—Afterthebillhasbeendulysigned,and,ifneces-sary,verified,itmustthenbepresentedtotheClerkoftheCourtspecifiedintheaddress,andaskedtobefiled.Ifthebillhasnotalreadybeenendorsed,theClerkshould,thereupon,endorseitasfollows
:
ENDORSEMENTSONTHEBILL.•
No.284.31JohnJones,etal.,S2vs.WilliamRichardson,etal.
OriginalBill.Filed,June1,1890.33CoramAcuff,C.&M.A.L.Evans,SolicitorforComplainant.Ifthebillhasalreadybeenproperlyendorsed,theClerkwillmerelyaddtotheendorsementthedate,andinattachmentbills,thehourandminuteofthefiling.BillsinChancerymaybefiledatanytime,intermorinvacation.34OnthebillbeingreceivedbytheClerk,thesuitiscommenced.35Acauseisknownbyitsstyle,asamanisknownbyhisname;andanychangeinthestyleofacauseissuretocreateconfusion,andmaycauseloss.Apaperorordermis-styledmaybestrickenfromthefilesonmotion;and.thoughcopiedintoatranscript,maybeignoredintheSupremeCourt.NeitherSo-licitorsnorClerksaresufficientlycarefulaboutgiv-ingeverycauseitstrueandduestyle.Sogreathasbeentheevilresulting,thatLegislativeactionhasbeentaken,prohibitingtheClerksfromchang-ingthestyleofanycause,orpapersinthesame,withoutpermissionoftheChancellor.M.&V.'sCode,§3664.Besides,achangeofstyleoftenre-sultsinthesamecausebeingindexedundertwoormoredifferentstyles,inconsequenceofwhichitisdifficulttofindalltheentriesinaca(ise;andim-portantmattersarethusleftoutofatranscript,therebycausingdelay,confusionandloss.33Onanattachmentbill,thehourandminute,aswellastheday,ofthefilingshouldbeendorsed.Whenapaperisdulyentitledandfiled,andthefilingverifiedbytheClerk'ssignature,itissaidtohaveon"theweddinggarment."34Code,§4329.35IntheCircuitCourtasuitiscommencedbytheissuanceofthesummons.Code,§2813;andnosummonscanissueuntilthecostsaresecuredorpaupered,Code,§§3187;3192.ButintheChanceryCourtasuitiscommencedbyfilingthebill.Code,
26Code,§3411.27Code,§3568.28Allsuitsrelatingtoland,orinjuriestolandorliensorincumbrancesonland,arelocal;andthereasontheyareordinarilyrequiredtobebroughtinthecountywherethelandliesistherecordsaf-fectingthetitleare,ordinarily,insuchcounty,andshouldremainthere.29Allsuitsrelatingtotheperson,whetherexcon-tractuorexdelictonotaffectingrealty,aretransi-tory.Intransitorysuitsthevenuefollowstheper-sonofthedefendant..Debitumetcontractussuntnulliusloci,(Debtandcontractareofnoplace.)Actorsequiturforumrei.(TheplaintiffmustsueintheCourtwherethedefendantlives.)30Theutmostcautionshouldbeexercisedinchoosingthevenue,asmanysuitsareultimatelylostinconsequenceofthebillshavingbeenfiledinthewrongcounty.SeeMillsV.Haley.Mss..Nashville,1906;NashvilleV.Webb,6Cates,432.Alocalsuitbroughtinthewrongcountycanonlyresultinavoiddecree.Ibid.Butatransitorysuitbroughtinthewrongcountymaybeprosecutedtoavaliddecreeunlessabatedbypleaofthedefendant.Code,§2812.31ThisshouldbetheRuleDocketnumber.32Thisabbreviationofthecaptionofthebillistermedthetitleorstyleofthecause,andallthepa-persfiledinthecauseshouldbearthissametitle

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§179PROCEEDINGSINREFERENCETOCOSTS.162§179.WhenaPleadingisConsideredFiled.—Apleadingisdeemedtobefiledwhenitisdeliveredtotheproperofficer,andbyhimreceivedtobekeptonfile.36TheClerkisrequiredtonoteuponthepleadingsthedateofthefil-ing;36abutthisisnotanabsoluteprerequisite,3''noristhedateconclusive-upontheparties:itmaybeshownbyparolproofthatthepleadingwasfiledatsomeothertime.38Whenthedateoffilingdoesnotappearonthebill,itmaybeinferredfromthedateofthebondandoftheissuanceofthewrit.39Iftheoppo-sitepartydoesnot,induetime,takeadvantageofthefactthatapleadingisnotmarkedfiled,hewillbedeemedtohavewaivedsuchirregularity,andwillnotbeallowedtotakeadvantageofit,afterhavingtakensomestepwhichrec-ognizesthepleadingasdulyfiled.40Ingeneral,apleadingisdeemedfiledwhenhandedtotheClerk,ortoaper-sonintheClerk'sofficeauthorizedtoreceiveit,41andthefailureoftheClerk,ordeputy,toproperlymarkitfiledshouldinnowayprejudicethepartyfilingit.42
ARTICLEIII.PROCEEDINGSINREFERENCETOCOSTS.§180.SecuringtheCostsoftheSuit.§181.FormoftheBondforCosts.§182.TakingthePauperOath.§183.FormsofPauperOaths.§180.SecuringtheCostsoftheSuit,—Afterthebillhasbeendulysigned,andifnecessary,verified,itmustbepresentedtotheClerkoftheCourtspeci-fiedintheaddress,witharequestthatitbefiled.Thisrequestshouldbeac-companiedwithsecurity1forthecostsofthesuit,orapauperoath;butthebondoroathmaybefiledafterthebillhasbeenfiled.2Thesecuritymustundertaketopayallcoststhatmay,atanytime,bead-judgedagainsthisprincipal,intheeventitisnotpaidbysaidprincipal;andnoomission,orneglect,toinsertthisundertakinginthebondwillpreventthesecuritybeingheldliableasstated.3Allpersonswhofilebillsorpetitions,requiringasubpoenatoanswer,mustgivethissecurityforcosts,ortakethepauper'soath,excepttheState:4coun-tiesandmunicipalcorporationsarenotexcepted.5
§4312;orbyhandingittotheClerkoranyoneinhisofficeauthorizedtoreceiveit.Montgomery7'.Buck,6Hum.,416;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,399;Collinsv.N.B.&M.InsuranceCo.,7Pick.,432;andthecauseispendingfromsuchfiling,eventhoughpro-cessisnotissuedpromptly,Ibid.;andnocostbondgivenuntillongafterwards.Cowan,McClung&Co.,v.Donaldson,11Pick.,322.SeeCooper&StockellV.Stockard,16tea,143.See,ante,§132,wheresuitsatlawandsuitsinChanceryarecon-trasted.36Fanning-v.Fly,2Cold.,486.Seenote35,supra.30aChan.Rule,I,§3;Code,§4339.'37FanningV.Fly,2Cold.,486.38Montgomeryv.Buck,6Hum.,416.Inthiscase,theClerkbeingabsent,thebillwasdelivered,inJune,toapersonoccupyingthesameofficeastheClerk,andauthorized,bytheClerk,toactforhim,duringhisabsence.TheClerk,onhisreturn,markedthebillfiledinSeptember.Thedefendants,relyingonthestatuteoflimitations,whichbarredthesuitifthebillwasfiledinSeptember,theSu-premeCourt,onthesefacts,heldthatthebillwasfiledinJune,andthatthiscouldbeshownbyparol
evidence.Thedefendant'splea,ofthestatuteoElimitations,wasaccordinglyoverruled.See,also,Rush».Rush,13Pick.,279.3,9Carterv.Wolfe,1Heisk.,694.40Fanningv.Fly,2Cold.,486;Masone.Spur-lock,4Bax.,560;SeeWaiver,ante,§71.41Rushv.Rush,13Pick.,279.42Montgomeryv.Buck,6Hum.,416.1Code,§§4339;3187.2Thebondmaybetakenonthestreet.Hansardv.Bank,5Hum.,53;andmaybegivenafterthebillhasbeenfiled.Cowan,McClung&Co..v.Don-aldson,11Pick.,322.Seeante,§179.»Code,§§3196o-3196c;4493;Oggv.Leinart,1Heisk.,43;Bursonv.Mahoney,6Bax.,304;Dentonv.Woods,11Lea,508.iCode,§2806.5Memphisv.Fisher,9Bax.,239.ThesuretiesonallbondstakenintheChanceryCourtshouldberesidents,andhavepropertyenoughwithintheStatesubjecttoexecutiontosatisfythebond.Boththepersonsandthepropertyofallsuretiesshouldbewithin>hejurisdictionoftheCourt,totheendthattheCourtmayenforceanyorders,inreferencetoeither,necessaryintheprogressofthecause.

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163 PROCEEDINGSINREFERENCE;TOCOSTS.§181§181.FormoftheBondforCosts.—Theoldformofprosecutionbondsisnotinconformitywiththepresentstatutes;butinasmuchasthestatute,byitsownoperation,writestheproperconditionsinallprosecutionbonds,anyomission,orneglect,toinserttheseconditionsdoesnotimpairtheirvalidity.6Theformofthebondis,therefore,immaterial,ifthereisenoughofittoshowthatitwasintendedforaprosecutionbondintheparticularsuit.7Toadapttheoldformstothepresentlaw,thefollowingwouldbetheFORMOFAPROSECUTIONBOND.Whereas,JohnJoneshasthisdayfiledabill,intheChanceryCourtatWartburg,againstWilliamRichardson[andothers,]nowwe,thesaidJohnJones,asprincipal,andRichardRoe,assurety,acknowledgeourselvesindebtedtothesaidWilliamRichardson[andhisco-defend-ants,]inthesumoftwohundredandfiftydollars;butthisobligationtobevoidifwepayallcoststhatmaybeatanytimeadjudgedagainstsaidJohnJonesinsaidsuit.ThisJune1,1890. JohnJones,RichardRoe.Thefollowingformofbondwouldmorenearlycomplywiththestatute,8andismorebrief
:
ANOTHERFORMOFPROSECUTIONBOND.JohnJones i
vs. \IntheChanceryCourtatWartburg.WilliamRichardson,etal.JWe,JohnJonesandRichardRoe,undertakeinthepenalsumoftwohundredandfiftydollars,topayallcoststhatmayatanytimebeadjudgedagainstthecomplainantinsaidcause,intheeventthesamearenotpaidbyhim.ThisJune1,1890. JohnJones,RichardRoe.Or,thefollowingobligation,writtenbelowthebill,willconstituteasuffi-cientbond,andisoftenadopted,especiallywheretheSolicitorhimselfsecuresthecosts
:
SHORTFORMOFAPROSECUTIONBOND.Weherebyacknowledgeourselvessecurityforallcostsadjudgedagainstthecomplainant,intheforegoingcause.June1,1890. JohnBrown,RichardRoe.Itis,however,besttohavethecomplainanthimselfsignthecostbond,es-peciallywhenhedoesnotsignthebillinperson.Suchsigningisproofofthe•retainer.Whereasuitisbyafirmthebondmaybesignedbyamemberinthefirmname.9IftheClerkandMasterhasanydoubtsastothesufficiencyofthesuretiestenderedonanybond,heshouldrequirethemtojustify,onoath,inwriting.10Thisjustificationmaybewrittenon,orbeneaththebond,asfollows
:
AFFIDAVITOFJUSTIFICATIONBYSURETIES.StateofTennessee,}CountyofKnox.JJohnBrownandRichardRoe,thesuretiesontheforegoingbond,beingseverallysworn,JohnBrownsaysthatheownspropertysubjecttoexecution,worthonethousanddollars,overandaboveallexemptionsandjustdebts;andRichardRoesaysthatheownsproperty,subjecttoexecution,worththreethousanddollars,overandaboveallexemptionsandjustdebts. JohnBrown,[Jurat,asintheformbelow:] RichardRoe.§182.TakingthePauperOath.—Anyperson,withtheexceptionsstatedbelow,mayfileabill,withoutgivingsecurityforcosts,bytakingandsub-scribingthefollowingoathr11 havepropertyintheStatesubjecttoexecution,worththepenaltyabovetheirdebts.11Code,§3192.TheActof1879,cli.94,exclud-ingallpersonsfromthebenefitofthepauperoathexceptresidentcitizensoftheState,doesnotapplytosuitsintheChanceryCourt.HillardV.Stark,14Lea,9.
6Code,§§3196o-3196c.Seeprecedingsection.7BroylesV.Blair,7Yerg.,279.Forformofaninjunctionbond,seeChapteronInjunctions,post:andforattachmentbonds,seeChapteronAttach-ments,post.8Code,§3196a.9Brooks&Bro.V.Hartman,1Heisk.,39.10StateV.Wilson,3Pick.,693.Suretiesshould

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§182PROCEEDINGSINREFERENCETOCOSTS.PAUPEROATH. 164
StateofTennessee,\CountyofJefferson,jI,JohnJones,dosolemnlyswearthatIamaresidentofsaidState,andthatowingtomypoverty,IamnotabletobeartheexpensesofthesuitIamabouttocommence,intheChanceryCourtofJeffersoncounty,againstWilliamRichardsonandHenryJohnson,andthatIamjustlyentitledtotheredresssought,13tothebestofmybelief.JohnJones.Sworntoandsubscribed,beforeme,June1,1890.D.H.Meek,C.&M.
.
Wheretherearemorethanonecomplainanttheymustalltaketheoath,ex-ceptincaseofhusbandandwife;andthentheoathofthehusband,alone,issufficientforbothhimselfandwife.14TheoathmaybetakenbeforetheClerkandMaster,orbeforetheClerkofanyCourtinthisState,15orbeforeaJusticeofthePeace;16butnotbeforeanotarypublicofanotherState.17TheClerkandMasterisboundtoacceptthepauperoath,iftenderedinlieuofabond:hehasnodiscretioninthematter.181.ThePauperOathCannotbeTakenbytheFollowingPersons:1.Non-residentsoftheState.19Ifaresidentaftercommencinghissuitonthepauperoathbecomesanon-residenthemayberequiredtosecurethesub-sequentcosts.202.Personssuingforfalseimprisonment,maliciousprosecutionorslan-derouswords.213.Personssuingforanabsolutedivorcefromthebondsofmatrimony.224.PersonsinstitutingintheChanceryCourtsuitscognizableintheCourtsofAdmiraltyoftheUnitedStates.235.Informersbringingquitarnsuits.246.Personsfilingareplevinbill.26Theymaytakethepauperoathastothecosts,butmust,notwithstanding,givebondindoublethevalueoftheprop-erty.262.ThePauperOathCanbeTakenbytheFollowingPersons,onComplyingwiththeStatutoryRequirements.1.NextFriendsofMarriedWomeninthisState,onthenextfriendtakingandsubscribingtoanoaththatthemarriedWomaninwhosebehalftheactionisbegun[sic]isnotable,andhasnotsufficientproperty,tobeartheexpenseofanactionabouttobecommenced;andthatsuchmarriedwomanisjustlyentitledtothereliefsoughttothebestofhisbelief.272.NextFriendsofInfantsinthisState,onthenextfriendtakingandsub-scribingtoanoaththattheinfantinwhosebehalftheactionisbegun[sic]isnotable,andhasnotsufficientpropertytobeartheexpensesoftheactionabouttobecommenced;andthatsuchinfantisjustlyentitledtothereliefsought,tothebestofhis[affiant's]belief.28
12Thepauperoathmaybeamended.Adamsonl\Hurt,3Shan.Cas.,424.13Thisstatementisessential,andcannotbeomit-ted.McKienavyv.Pickard,3Shan.Cas.,411.14Grillsv.Hill,2Sneed,711;McPhatridgev.Gregg,4Cold.,324.15KnoxvilleIronCo.v.Smith,2Pick.,45.10PhippsV.Burnett,12Pick.,175,overrulingGrahamv.Caldwell,8Baxter,70.17FawcettV.RailwayCo.,5Cates,246.18MorrisV.Smith,11Hum.,134;Snyder«.Sum-mers,1Lea,483.19Actof1903,ch.197;Actsof1901,ch.126.20SouthernRy.Co.v.Thompson,1Cates,343.21NosuchsuitscanbebroughtintheChanceryCourt.22Actsof1903,ch.197.TheprovisointhisActallowingamarriedwomansuingforanabsolutedi-vorcetodepositsixdollarsincashinlieuofabondandsecurityforcostsisprobablyunconstitutional.SeeConst.Art.XI.,sec.8.23Actsof1897,ch.100;Actsof1901,ch.126.Admiraltysuitsincludeallcausesofactionoriginat-
ingon,orgrowingoutofthebuilding,repair,sup-ply,equipmentornavigationof,boatsoperatedforcommercialpurposesonourrivers,andallcontracts,expressorimplied,betweentheownersoroperatorsofsuchboats,ortheiragents,ononeside,andtheiremployes,passengers,consignors,consignees,_mate-rialmen,andallotherpersons,ontheotherside,inreferencetoemployment,wages,material,freight,fares,transportation,risks,duties,liabilitiesandallothermattersrelatingtosuchboats,ortheirequip-ment,manning,freightage,navigationoroperation.SeeBouvier'sI,awDie."Admiralty."TheActof1897,ch.100,isconstitutional.Klingv.PacketCo.,17Pick.,99.CourtsofAdmiraltyhavejurisdictionoverthewatersofallnavigablerivers.Ibid.24Johnsonv.Hunter,9Bax.,684.25Creamerv.Ford,1Heisk.,308;HortonV.Vow-ell,4Heisk.,623;Stonev.Hopkins,11Heisk.,192;Kincaidv.Bradshaw,6Bax.103.20HortonV.Vowell,4Heisk.,623.27Actof1903,ch.581.28Actsof1889,ch.105.Thelanguageofthestatuteisfollowedinthetext.

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165 PROCEEDINGSINREFERENCETOCOSTS.§1833.GuardiansofIdiots,LunaticsandPersonsofUnsoundMind,appointedbyanyCourtofthisState,ontheguardiantakingandsubscribinganoaththathehasnopropertyofsuchidiot,lunaticorpersonofunsoundmindoutofwhichtobeartheexpensesofthesuitheisabouttocommence,andthatheverilybelievesthatsuchidiot,lunaticorpersonofunsoundmindisjustlyentitledtotheredresssought.29Buthecannotbringasuitforfalseimpris-onment,maliciousprosecutionorslanderouswords,onthepauperoath.304.PersonalRepresentativesofEstatesofDeceasedPersonsinthisState,ontherepresentativetakingandsubscribinganoaththathe,assuchpersonalrepresentative,hasnopropertybelongingtotheestateofthedeceased,outofwhichtobeartheexpensesofthesuit,andthatheverilybelievesthattheestate,forthebenefitofwhichtheactionisbrought,isjustlyentitledtotheredresssought.ThepersonalrepresentativeincursnopersonalliabilityonaccountofsuchsuitunlesstheCourttryingthesameshouldbeofopinionandadjudgethatthesuitwasfrivolousormalicious.315.ANon-ResidentwhoQualifiesasExecutororAdministrator,inthisState,ofapersondyinginthisState,andleavingassetshere.326.PersonsSuingforDivorcefromBedandBoard,ontakingtheordinarypauperoath.333.RequirementsastoTakingthePauperOathWhenthepauperoathistaken(1)bynextfriendsofmarriedwomenorofinfants,or(2)byguardiansofidiots,lunaticsorpersonsofunsoundmind,or(3)bypersonalrepresenta-tives,careshouldbetakentocomplywiththerespectivestatutoryrequire-ments,forapauperoaththatmateriallyvariesfromtherequirementsintheparticularcasewouldbeanullity,34unlessamendedbyleaveoftheCourt.35Thepauperoathmaybetaken,notonlyinlieuofthe.ordinaryprosecutionbond,butitmaybetakeninlieuofanattachmentbond,36oraninjunctionbond.37Itcannot,however,betakenbythecomplainantinareplevinbill,butmaybeinadetinuebill.38Adefendanttoaninquisitionoflunacymayappealonthepauperoath.39§183.FormsofPauperOaths.—Inadditiontotheformofapauperoathintheprecedingsection,thefollowingformsaregiven:PAUPEROATHBYNEXTERIEND.StateofTennessee,}Countyof SI,JohnDoe,asnextfriendofMaryDen,amarriedwoman[orinfant]dosolemnlyswearthatwearebothresidentsofsaidState,andthatsaidMaryDenisnotable,andhasnotsufficientpropertytobeartheexpenseofthesuitbegun40thisday[orabouttobecommenced]bymeashernextfriend,intheChanceryCourtofsaidcounty,againstRichardRoe,andthatsheisjustlyentitledtothereliefsoughttothebestofmybelief.JohnDoe.Sworntoandsubscribedbeforemethisdayof ,190.O.K.,C.&M.PAUPEROATHBYAGUARDIANOPANONCOMPOS.StateofTennessee,\Countyof JI,JohnDoe,byappointmentoftheCountyCourtofsaidcounty,guardianofHenryDoe,anidiot,[lunatic,orpersonofunsoundmind,]dosolemnlyswearthatwearebothresidentsofsaidState,andIhavenopropertyofsaidHenryDoeoutofwhichtobeartheexpensesof29Actsof1871,ch.111.SuchguardianincursnopersonalliabilityforsuchsuitunlesssodecidedbytheCourtinwhichthesuitisbroughtordecided.Ibid.30Ibid.31Actsof1897,ch.133.Anadministratorwiththewillannexedshouldnotbepermittedtopros-ecuteanappealonthepauperoathwhentheestatehasassets.Crockerv.Balch,20Pick.,6.Anon-residentadministratorcannotsueunderthepauperoath.Fawcettv.RailwayCo.,5Cates,246.32Railroadv.Maxwell,5Cates,464;Actsof1903,ch.501.33Actsof1903,ch.197.
34McKienavyv.Pickard,3Shan.Cas.,411.35Adamsonv.Hurt,3Shan.Cas.,424.36BarberV.Denning,4Sneed,267.37Bridgesv.Robinson,3Tenn.Ch.,352.Buttoentitleacomplainanttotakethepauperoathinlieuofaninjunctionbond,theChancellormustsodirect.SeeChapteronInjunctions,post,§83138Stonev.Hopkins,11Heisk.,190.Butsee,in-fra.39DavisV.Norvell,3Pick.,36.40IntheChanceryCourt,thesuitisbegunwhenthebillisfiled,andbeforethepauperoathorpros-ecutionbondisfiled.See,ante,§§179-180.

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167 ORIGINALPROCESSINCHANCERY.§184
CHAPTERX.ORIGINALPROCESSINCHANCERY.ArticleI.OriginalProcessesgenerallyConsidered.ArticleII.SubpoenatoAnswer.ArticleIII.ProcessbyPublication.ArticleIV.AttachmentstoCompelanAnswer.ARTICLEI.ORIGINALPROCESSESGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§184.ProcessDefined.§185.OriginalProcessesgenerallyConsid-ered.
§186.WhenOriginalProcessMaybeIs-sued,andExecuted,onSunday.
§184.ProcessDenned.—ProcessisthemeanswherebyaCourtcompelsadefendanttoappearbeforeit,orcomplywithitscommands,andisofthreekinds:1,Original;2,Mesne,orIntermediate;and3,Pinal.11.OriginalProcessincludes:(1)thesubpoenatoanswertheoriginalbill;(2)anattachmentoftheperson,oroftheproperty,ofthedefendanttobringhimintoCourt;(3)noticebypublicationtothedefendanttoanswertheoriginalbill;and(4)analternativemandamus.2.Mesne,orIntermediate,Processincludes:(1)subpoenastoanswersupple-mentalandamendedbills,andbillsofrevivor;(2)subpoenasforwitnesses,(3)injunctions,(4)attachmentsforviolationsofinjunctionsorforothercon-tempts;(5)ancillaryattachmentsofproperty;(6)writsofscirefacias,and(7)otherwritsoccasionedbyinterlocutoryorders.3.PinalProcessincludes:(1)writsoffierifacias,orexecutionsformoney,(2)writsofpossessioninenforcementofafinaldecree,(3)attachmentsagainsttheperson,orproperty,ofapartyinenforcementofafinaldecree;2(4)man-datoryinjunctions;(5)writsofdistringas,3(6)writsofsequestration;4(7)writsofperemptorymandamus;and(8)writsofrestitution.§185.OriginalProcessesgenerallyConsidered.—OriginalprocessesintheChanceryCourtarethefollowing:1.Subpoena.ThisistheordinaryprocesswherebyadefendantisbroughtbeforetheCourttoanswerabill.Itissometimescalledasubpoenatoanswer5inordertodistinguishitfromasubpoenatotestify.ThiswritisserveduponthepersonofthedefendantbytheSheriffreadingittohim.2.AttachmentofProperty.Sometimesthedefendantcannotwellbeperson-allyservedwithprocess,andyethaspropertywithinthejurisdictionoftheCourt.Insuchcases,hispropertyisseizedbytheSheriffinobediencetoawrit,andthisfact,coupledwithanoticetohimtoappear,ispublishedinsomenewspaper,andthisiscalledprocessbyattachmentofpropertyandpub-lication.63.Publication.Whenthepersonofthedefendantcannotbereachedforany
1Bouv.LawDie,"Process;"Code,§§4348-4349.SeeWhitev.TheState,3Heisk.,338;McGavockv.Young,3Tenn.Ch.,53}...2Code,§§4478-4488.3Code,§3000.
4Code,§4487.5Code,§§4339-4349.6Forproceedingsinsuitsbegunbyattachmentofproperty,seeChapteronSuitsbyAttachment,post,§§869-890.

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§186ORIGINALPROCESSINCHANCERY.168reason,andheHasnopropertythatcanbeattached,hemaybebroughtbeforetheCourtbyanotificationtoappear,publishedinanewspaper.Thissortofprocessiscalledprocessbypublication.74.AttachmentofthePerson.Whenadefendantviolatessomeprocess,order,orrule,ofCourt,heisincontempt.Insuchcases,anorderisissuedtobringhimbeforetheCourtunderarrest.Thisistermedprocessofcontempt,orattachmentoftheperson.6Whenadefendant,uponwhomasubpoenahasbeenserved,failstoanswer,thecomplainantmayhavehispersonattached,andheldincustody,untilheanswers.Thiswritisnotstrictlyoriginal,butratherancillarytotheoriginalwrit;but,inasmuchasitcompelsthedefendanttoanswertheoriginalbill,itishereconsidered.Nopersoncanbeboundoraffectedbyanyjudicialproceedings,unlessactually,orconstructively,notifiedthereof,previoustosuchproceeding.9Actualnoticeconsistsoftheserviceofprocessuponhiminperson.Construc-tivenoticemayconsistof(1)indirectserviceofprocess,byleavingacopyathisusualresidence,whenheevadesservice;or(2)ofseizinghisproperty,andbypublicationofthefactandofthesuitinanewspaper;or(3)bypubli-cationofthesuitwithoutseizureofhisproperty.Whereastatuteauthorizesjudgmenttobetakensummarily,onmotionwithoutnotice,thedefendant,whoenteredintotheobligationonwhichthejudgmentistaken,ispresumedtohavewaivednotice,andconsentedinadvancetosuchjudgment,whenhesignedtheobligation,hebeingpresumedtoknowthatthelawallowedjudg-mentinsuchacase,withoutnoticetohim.5.AlternativeMandamus.Thiswritwillbeconsideredhereafterinconnec-tionwithsuitsforaperemptorymandamus,ofwhichtheChanceryCourtnowhasjurisdiction.10§186.WhenOriginalProcessmaybeIssued,andExecuted,onSunday.—Civilprocess,includingsubpoenatoanswer,maybeissuedonanyday,andatanyhouroftheday;butitcannotbeissuedonSunday,unlessthepartyapplyingtherefor,orhisagent,orattorney,makeoath,oraffirmation,thatthedefendantisremoving,orabouttoremove,himselforpropertybeyondthejurisdictionoftheCourtinwhichthebillisfiled.Thisaffidavitshouldbeendorsedonthebackoftheprocess;andtheClerkandMastershouldstateundertheaffidavit,thattheprocesswasobtainedontheaffidavit.11Thisaffidavitandstatementmaybeasfollows
:
AFFIDAVITFOBPROCESSONSUNDAY.JohnDoe]
vs.!RichardRoe.JInthiscause,JohnDoe[orFrankDiligent,agent,orattorney,ofJohnDoe,]makesoath[oraffirms']thatttiedefendant,RichardRoe,isremoving,orabouttoremovehimself[orproperty]beyondthejurisdictionoftheCourt;andheprays'thatasubpoenatoanswer[oranattachment,orinjunction,orneexeat,12]mayissueandbeservedinstanter.JohnDoe.Sworntoand'subscribedbeforeme,AprilS,1891.N.H.Greer,C.&M._
Thiswritwasobtainedontheprecedingoath,andtheSheriffwillexecuteittodav.AprilS,1891. N.H.Greer,C.&M.Uponreceiptofsuchawrit,itisthedutyoftheofficertowhomitisad-
7Publicationisoriginalprocess.McGavockv.Young,3Tenn.Ch.,531.3Code,§§4360-4361.ThelawdelightsingivingtoeverymanadayinCourttomakehisdefense.Peck,J.,inRoberts&PhillipsV.Stewart,1Yerg.,392.Notice,of_somekind,actualorconstructive,isnecessarytovitalizethejurisdictionoftheCourtoverthedefendant;and,iftherebenonotice,thereisnojurisdiction,
andtheproceedingsarecoramnonjudice,andab-solutelyvoid.Seemaxim,ante,§60.10See,post,ArticleonSuitsofMandamus,§§1084-1087.iiCode,§§2824-2825.12TheCodedoesnotexpresslyauthorizetheissu-ance,andservice,ofattachments,injunctions,orneexeats,onSunday;buttheterm,process,includesthem,andtheyarewithinboththeletterandthereasonofthelaw.

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169 SUBPCENATOANSWER.§is;dressedtoexecuteitonSunday,andheshouldusegreatdiligenceinsodoing.13TheSheriffcannot,however,executecivilprocessonSundayinanyothercase,unlessitshallappeartohissatisfactionthatthedefendantisabouttoleavethecountry,orState.14
ARTICLEII.SUBPCENATOANSWER.§192.ServiceofSubpoenas.§193.ServiceofSubpoenasonCorporations.§194.ProcessagainstOtherDefendants.§195.AliasProcess:
§187.FormoftheSubpoena.§188.CounterpartSubpoenas.§189.RequisitesofaSubpoena.§190.ReturnDayofSubpoenas.§191.IssuanceofSubpoenas.§187.FormoftheSubpoena.—Asubpoenaimpliesapenalty,andformerlytherewasapecuniarypenaltyprescribedinthewritforfailuretoobeyit;butthepresentformofthesubpoenacontainsnopenalty.Indeed,asubpcenaisnowmerelyasummons.15ThefollowingistheSTATUTORYFORMOFASUBPOENATOANSWER."StateofTennessee,)BlountCounty.j TotheSheriffofBlountCounty
:
SummonRichardRoeandPeterPoetoappear,onorbeforethe19thdayofAprilnext,beforetheChanceryCourtatMaryville,toanswerthebillofJohnDoe;andhaveyouthenandtherethiswrit.This2nddayofMarch,1891. W.C.ChumlBa,C.&M.ThisformisverysimilartotheformofthesummonsusedintheCourtsoflaw.17Theformindicatesthatthewritshouldbearthedateofitsissuance.Thepracticestillexists,however,oftestingthesubpoenaofthefirstdayoftheprecedingregularterm;andthisusageissogeneralandancientastohavetheforceoflaw.18Thebetterpractice,nevertheless,istheonecontemplatedbythestatute.Anydefectinthisparticular,however,iscuredbythestatutoryrequirement,andconsequentpractice,ofendorsingonthewritthedateofitsissuance.19§188.CounterpartSubpoenas.—Whentherearedefendantsinanotherorothercountiesfromthatinwhichthebillisfiled,thecomplainantmaycausecounterpartsubpoenastobeissuedtoanycountyorcountieswhereanyofthedefendantsaremostlikelytobefound.20Butwherethesuitisbroughton13Code,§§2826;4093,sub-sec.7.14Code,2827;Actsof1885,ch.53.15Heisk.Dig.,p.562,note.IntheCode,§4306,itiscalledasummons.16Thefollowingformsareoftenused:StateofTennessee,1CountyofBlount,J.TotheSheriffofBlountCounty:Summon[or,youareherebycommandedtosum-mon,]RichardRoe,RolandRoe,RobertRoe,andPeterPoe,toappear,onorbeforethethirdMondayofAprilnext,beforetheChanceryCourtatMary-ville,[or,toappearatthenexttermoftheChan-cery-Court,tobeheldforsaidcounty,attheCourtHouse,inMaryville,onthethirdMondayinApriinext,thenandthere,]toanswerthebillofcom-plaintfiledagainstthem,andothers,byJohnDoe;andhaveyouthenandtherethiswrit.Aswitnessmyhand,atofficeinMaryville,thethirdMondayinOctober,1890.W.C.ChumuSa,C.&M.Endorsed,"Issued,Mar.2,1891."
IftherebearuleofCourt,makingtheruledaysreturndays,fororiginalprocess,thenthedefendantmaybecommanded"toappear,onorbeforethefirstMondayinAprilnext,attheofficeoftheClerkandMasteroftheChanceryCourt,inMaryville,toan-swerthebillofJohnDoe,filedagainsthim,insaidCourt;andhaveyouthenandtherethiswrit."irCode,§2815.18Communiserrorfacitjus.18Code,§2819.TheCode,§2828,requiresthatallprocess,issuedfromanyof^theCircuitCourts,andreturnablethereto,shallbe*testedofthetermnextprecedingtheissuance,butthereisnosuchre-quirementastosubpcenasinChancery.ThismethodoftestingCircuitCourtwritsisthatexistingatcommonlaw,andourChanceryClerkshaveborrowedtheircustomfromtheCircuitClerks.20Code,§§2821;4306.Butwhereasuitislocal,andmustbebroughtinaparticularcounty,apartycannotbyacounterpartsubpoenabesuedinanyothercounty.Nashvillev.Webb,6Cates,432.

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8189 SUBPCENATOANSWER.170negotiablepaper,serviceofacounterpartwritonajointdrawerormakerwillnotbesufficienttoholdhimtoanswerthebill,unlesstheoriginalwrithasbeenexecutedonajointdrawerormaker.21Whenacounterpartsubpoenaissues,theClerkandMasterwillendorse22onitthefollowing:"Thisisacounterpartofanoriginalsubpoenatoanswer,issuedinBlountcounty,forRichardRoe."W.C.Chumlea,C.&M."Andhewill,atthesametime,endorseontheoriginalsubpoenathefollowing:"AcounterpartofthissubpoenatoanswerissuedtoRoanecounty,forPeterPoe.W.C.Chumlea,C.&M."Theonlydifferencesbetweenacounterpartandanoriginalsubpcenaare:(1)theyareaddressedtotheSheriffsofdifferentcounties;(2)theycontainthenamesofdifferentdefendants,23and(3)theirendorsementsshowthatoneistheoriginalandtheotheracounterpart.§189.RequisitesofaSubpcena.—Theessentialsofasubpcenaareasfol-lows:1,ItmustbeginwiththenameoftheStateandthecounty:TheCon-stitutionsaysallwritsandotherprocessshallruninthenameoftheState.242,ItmustbeaddressedtotheSheriffofthecountywhereinitistobeserved,or,ifheisincompetent,totheCoroner.3,Itmustnamethedefendantstobesummoned,orotherwisesodescribethemthattheofficermayknowthem.254,Itmustspecifywhen,andtheparticularCourt,Chancellor,orClerk,beforewhomthedefendantmustappear.5,Itmuststatethepurposeforwhichhemustappear,andgivethenameofthepersonfilingthebill.6,Itmustbedated,oratleastmusthavethedateofitsissuanceendorsedonit.7,ItmustbesignedbytheClerkandMaster,orhisdeputy.26Iftheserequirementsaresubstantiallycompliedwith,thesubpoenawillbesufficient,immaterialerrorsofformorsubstancebeingdisregarded.27§190.ReturnDayofSubpoenas.—Thesubpcenamustshowonitsfacewhenandwherethedefendantmustappear.Ifthesubpoenabetoansweranoriginalbill,itmayrequirethedefendanttoappearbeforetheCourtonorbeforethefirstdayofthenextregularterm,oritmayrequirehimtoappearataruleday,fixedbyaruleoftheCourt;28butsubpoenastoanswersupple-mentalandamendedbills,andbillsofrevivor,andallothermesnesubpoenas,shallrequirethedefendanttoappearataruleday.29Whenthesubpoenaisreturnabletoaruleday,itmayrequirethedefendanttoappearattheofficeoftheClerkandMasteroftheChanceryCourt.TheCourtisheldintheCourtroom,anditwouldbemisleadingtosummonthedefendanttoappearbeforetheCourtonaruleday,whenthereisnoCourtonthatday,exceptsuchasisheldbytheMasterinhisoffice.Thedefendant,however,isexpectedtoknowthattheproperplaceforhisappearanceistheMaster'soffice.30§191.IssuanceofSubpoenas.—Uponthebillbeingfiledandtherequiredsecuritygiven,theClerk,afterendorsinguponthebillthedateofthefiling,andenteringthecauseonhisrule-docket,shallforthwithissueasubpoenato
21Code,§§2823;2902,sub-sec.5.Ifthislawisviolated,apleainabatementwilllietothebill.SeeChapteronPleasinAbatement.22Code,§2821.23Bothsubpoenasmay,however,beforthesamedefendantsinpart,soastogetserviceonthemineithercounty.Indeed,thephraseologyofthestat-utewouldseemtoindicatethatcounterpartwritsmightissuesimultaneouslytoasmanycountiesastherearedefendantslikelytobefoundinthem.Code,§4306.Ofcourse,amaterialdefendantmustbeservedwiththeoriginal,unlesstherebeothergroundsofjurisdictioninthecountywherethebillisfiled.CompareCode,§§2821;4306;4343.Pub-licationandattachmentastopartiesnotsubpoenaedareinthenatureofcounterpartprocess.Code,§§4307,4352.24Constitution,Art.VI.,812.AsinEnglandtheKingwasthe"fountainofjustice,"{ante,^§§2;3;)so,inTennessee,thepeople,asorganizedinthecorporateformofaState,arethefountainofjus-tice;andtheyhavedeputized,sotospeak,theCourts
tp"administerrightandjustice"inthecountieswhereintheyareheld.Constitution,Art.I.,§17.Hence,allCourtwritsruninthenameoftheState.ItisnottheCourt,northeClerk,thatissuesthewrit,incontemplationoflaw,buttheState;theCourtandtheClerkbeingmerelytheagentsoftheState.NoonebuttheState,andthosewhomshehasauthorizedtoactandspeakinhername,havetheauthoritytocommandapersontoappearany-where,'oratanytime,orhastherightfulpowertocalluponanyonetogiveanaccountofhisconduct25Itwouldbesufficienttosay,"theinfantchildofJohnandJaneDoe,underoneyearold."20Code,§4040,Constitution,Art.VI,-§12.AwritnotsignedbytheClerkisanullity,andincapa-bleofamendment.Wileyv.Bennett,9Bax.,581.27Code,§§4340;2863-2866.28Code,§4348.20Code,§4349.30Forafullerstatementofthelawandpracticeofreturndays,seeProceedingsintheMaster'sOf-fice,post,§§1155-1157;andCh.RuleXI,§1200.

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171 .SUBPCENATOANSWER.§192answer,andcopyofthebillforthedefendant,andallotherprocessordered,31suchascounterpartsubpoenas,writsofattachment,injunctionorreplevin,is-suingsuchwritstothepropercountiesasshownbythebill.32TheClerkissuesonlyonesubpoenatoeachcounty,embracingthereinallthedefendantsinsuchcounty.Thesubpoenatothecountyinwhichthebillisfiled,shallbeaccompaniedbyonecopyofthebill,tobedeliveredtoanyoneofthedefendantsnamedinthesubpoena.33Thecounterpartsubpoenatoanyothercounty,shallbeaccompaniedbyacopyofthebill,tobedeliveredtosomeoneofthedefendantswhenthesub-poenaisserved,anditshallbethedutyoftheSherifftoreadsaidcopytoeachoneofthedefendants,atthetimeheservesthesubpoena.34TheClerkshallissue,upondemand,toanyoneofthedefendants,hisagentsorattorneys,towhomnocopyofthebillappearsbytheSheriff'sreturntohavebeendelivered,acertifiedcopyofthebill,tobechargedinthebillofcosts.35Attachments,injunctions,andallotherprocessissuedtoonecounty,shallembracethenamesofallthedefendantsrequiredtobeservedtherewithresid-inginsuchcounty.36Upontheproperaffidavitbeingmade,asshowninaprecedingsection,asubpoenatoanswer,injunctionorattachment,maybeissuedandexecutedonSunday.37§192.ServiceoftheSubpoena.—TheSheriffshall,withallreasonablespeed,obeythecommandofthesubpoena,byservingitonthepersonsnamed,andreturningitonorbeforethedaynamedtherefor;3Sandinexecutingthesub-poenaheisboundtouseadegreeofdiligenceexceedingthatwhichaprudentmanemploysinhisownaffairs.39Subpoenastoanswerareservedbyreadingthemtoeachdefendantspecifiedtherein;andifthedefendantevade,orattempttoevade,theserviceofsuchprocess,theSheriffshallleaveacopyofthesubpoenaattheusualresidenceofthedefendant,whichwillbeasufficientservice.40ThefollowingareformsofreturnsshowinghowtheSheriffhasexecutedthesubpoena:SHERIFF'SRETURNSONSUBPOENAS.Cametohandthesamedayissued[or,April2,1891.]ExecutedinfullascommandedbyreadingthewithinwrittobothRichardRoeandPeterPoe,andbyleavingacopyofthebillwithPeterPoe,[andacopyofthesubpcenawitheachofdefendants,41]thisApril3,1891.J.M.Armstrong,Sheriff.Cametohandthesamedayissued.Thedefendant,RichardRoe,notfoundinmycounty.PeterPoewasfound,butevadedtheserviceofthewritbyhidinginhishouse.I,therefore,leftacopyofthiswrit,andacopyofthebill,athisusualresidence,withhisdaughter,JanePoe,andreturnthiswritexecutedastohim.RichardRoelivesinMorgancounty.April3,1891. J.M.Armstrong,Sheriff.CametohandApril2,1893.Searchmade,andthedefendant,RolandRoe,nottobefoundinmycounty.42June2,1893. Thos.C.Holloway,Sheriff.Allofthedefendantsmustbeservedwithprocess,whethernaturalpersons
31Code,§4339.32Code,§§4306-4307.33Code,§§4341-4342.34Code,§4343,asamendedbyActsof1877,ch.45.See,also,Code,§4306.35Code,§4344,asamendedbyActsof1877,ch.45.36Code,§4345.3TAnte,§186.38Code,§4347.39Code,§4093,40Code,§4346.sub-sec.7.TheSheriff'sreturnshouldshowhowheexecutedthesubpcena,whetherbyreadingittothedefendantwhensoserved,orbyleavingacopy_athisusualplaceofresidencewhenheevadesservice.
41InsomeoftheChanceryDivisions,thereisaRuleofCourtrequiringtheClerkandMastertois-sueacopyofthesubpcenatobeleftwitheachadultdefendant:itisagoodrule.42TheSheriffshouldgotothedefendant'splaceofresidence,andmakediligentsearchandinquiryforhim.Sendinghimnoticeofthewrit,orevenwritingtohimisnoservice.TheSheriffisforbid-dentoreturnthatthedefendant"isnottobefoundinmycounty,"unlessheshallactuallyhavebeenathisplaceofabode.Code,§365.Ifheascertainsthatthedefendantisaninhabitantofanothercountyhewillstatethecounty.Code,§366.Thereisaverymaterialdifferencebetweenareturnthatthedefend-antis"notfound"andareturnthatthedefendantisnottobefound."See,post,%870,sub-sec.9.

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§193 SUBPCENATOANSWER.172orcorporations,maleorfemale,infants43oradults,marriedorsingle,sickorwell,saneorinsane.44TheSheriffhasabsolutelynodiscretioninexecutingprocess,butmustimplicitlyandfullyobeyitscommand.443,§193.ServiceofSubpoenaonCorporations,andCompanies.—Ifthebillisfiledinthecountyinwhichthecorporationsuedkeepsitschiefoffice,thesubpoenamustbeserved(1)onthepresidentorotherheadofthecorporation;or,inhisabsence,(2)onthecashier;or,inhisabsence,(3)onthetreasurer-or,inhisabsence,(4)onthesecretary;or,inhisabsence,(5)onanydirectorofsuchcorporation;but,ifneitherthepresident,cashier,treasurer,orsecre-taryresideswithintheState,then(6)thesubpoenamaybeservedonthechiefagentofthecorporationresidinginthecountywherethebillisfiled.45Ifacorporation,company,orindividual,hasanoffice,oragency,orresidentdirector,inanycountyotherthanthatinwhichthechiefofficerorprincipalresides,serviceofprocessmaybemadeonanyagentorclerkemployedtherein,inallsuitsbroughtinsuchcountyagainstsaidcorporation,eompany,orindi-vidual,growingoutof,orconnectedwith,thebusinessofthecorporation,com-pany,orprincipal.46Ifacountyissued,thesubpoenamaybeservedontheCountyJudge,orChairmanoftheCountyCourt.47Ifanincorporatedtownissued,thesubpoenawillbeservedontheMayororotherheadofthecorporation.481.ForeignCorporationsDoingBusinessinthisStatearesubjecttosuithereastoanytransactionhad,inwholeorinpart,withinthisState;orastoanycauseofactionarisinghere,butnototherwise,andareservedwithprocessinthesamemannerasdomesticcorporations,providedtheyhaveanoffice,agencyorresidentdirectorinthecountywherethesuitisbrought.49Butaforeigncor-porationhavingnoofficeoragentinthisState,canonlybebroughtintoCourtbyserviceofsubpoenauponsomeagentorrepresentative,andbynoticemailedtoitbytheClerkandMaster,andbyserviceofnoticeandcopyoftheprocessandreturnthereonbythecomplainant,orgoodexcuseshownfornotmakingsuchservice.5043Ithasbeendecidedthatserviceofprocessonthegeneralguardianofaninfantwillbringthein-fantitselfintoCourt,andauthorizetheCourttobinditbydecree.Britainv.Cowan,5Hum.,315;Cowanv.Anderson,7Cold.,284;Massonv.Swan,6Heisk.,450;Scottv.Porter,2Lea,224.Thesedecisions,however,gototheutmostvergeofthelaw,anditistheuniversalpracticeofSolicitorstohavethesubpcenaserveduponallminors,howeveryoung,andwhethertheyhavegeneralguardiansornot.Thewritshouldbereadtotheday-oldbabeaswellastothestalwartadult,forthebabe'srightsarethesameastheman's,andevenmorejealouslyguarded;andthelawdoesnotvesttheSheriffwithanydiscretionastohowoldaninfantmustbebeforeitshallbeservablewithprocess,nordoesthelawallowtheSherifftodecidewhetherserviceonababewillbeofanyvalueornot.Thelawsays"summonthebabe;"andtheSheriffisrequiredtoobey,andheisliableonhisbondforalldamagesarisingtoanyonebyhisfailuretoobey.See,astotheap-pointmentofguardiansadlitem,ante,§§106-108.44Anidiot,lunatic,ordeaf,ordumbperson,mustbeservedequallyasthoughfreefromtheseinfirmi-ties.Rodgersv.Ellison,Meigs,90.When,however,serviceofsubpcenatoansweruponalunaticwouldbedangeroustohishealth,uponthisfactbeingmadeclearlytoappeartotheCourt,anorderwillbemadeallowingsubstitutedserviceUDontHephysicianinchargeofhim.IDan.Ch.Pr.,177;SpeakV.Metcalf,2Tenn.Ch.,214.Thebetterpractice,perhaps,wouldbetodeputizethephysiciantoservethewrit.44aAstoserviceofsubpcenaindivorcesuits,see,post,§1090.4-5Code,§§2831-2833.46Code,§§2834-2834b.Thisstatutegivesthecomplainanttherighttosueacorporation,company,orindividual,inanycountywhereit,orhe,hasanoffice,agency,orresidentdirector;and,thesuitneednotbeconfinedtomattersconnectedwithsuchoffice,agency,orresidentdirector,butmaybe
aboutanymatter,orinanycase.ToppinsV.Rail-road,5Lea,600.Process,however,cannotbeservedonameretravelingagent,ordrummer.RailroadCo.v.Walker,9Lea,475;LumberCo.v.Lieberman,22Pick.,153.Thisisasalutaryconstruction,for,otherwise,merchantsmightbesuedinanycountywheretheirdrummersmightbeservedwithprocess,inasmuchasthestatuteincludescompanies,andindi-viduals,aswellascorporations.Serviceonofficersholdingoverissufficient.Parkerv.HotelCo.,12Pick.,252.47Code,§§402-403.Wilsonv.Davidsoncounty,3Tenn.Ch.,536.48TownofWartracev.W.&B.G.TurnpikeCo.,2Cold.,515.49TelephoneCo.v.Turner,4Pick.,265;Petersv.Neely,16Lea,275.50ForeigncorporationsdoingbusinessinthisState,buthavingnolocalofficeoragencyhere,aresubjecttosuithereastoanytransactionhad,inwhole,orinpart,withinthisState,orastoanycauseofactionarisinghere,butnototherwise.TobringsuchacorporationbeforetheCourtprocessmaybeserveduponanyagentofsuchcorporationfoundwithinthecounty,wherethesuitisbrought;and,intheabsenceofsuchanagent,processmaybeserveduponanypersonfoundwithinthecountywherethesuitisbrought,whorepresentedsuchcor-porationatthetimethetransaction,outofwhichtlifcsuitarises,tookplace;or,iftheagency,throughwhichthetransactionwashad,beitselfacorpora-tion,thentheprocessmaybeserveduponanyagentofthatcorporation,uponwhomprocessmiejhtbeserved,ifitwerethedefendant.But,nojudgmentcanbetakenonsuchservice,unless:(1)theClerkandMastermailsbyregisteredletter,tothehomeofficeofthecorporation,acopyoftheprocess;and,unless(2)thecomplainantlodgesatthehomeofficeofthecompany,withsomepersonfoundtheretawrittennotice,signedbyhim,orhisattorney,statingthatsuchasuithasbeenbrought,accompaniedbyacopyoftheprocess,andthereturnoftheofficer

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173 SUBPCENATOANSWER.§194TheSheriffneednotshowinhisreturn,thatthepersonservedisthepresi-dent,orotherheadofthecorporation,orthecashier,treasurer,secretary,di-rector,agentorclerk;norneedheshowtheabsenceoftheofficersprecedingtheoneactuallyserved.512.ForeignInsuranceCorporationsandcompanies,includingfire,lifeandacci-dent,orcasualty,andall.foreignfraternalbeneficiaryassociations,arebroughtintoCourtbyserviceofsubpcenaupontheStateInsuranceCommissioner,whoistheirattorneyforthatpurpose,servicebeingmadeontheCommissionerbytheSheriffofthecountywheretheCommissionerhashisoffice.52ButforeigninsurancecompaniesdoingbusinessinthisStatethroughbrokersarebroughtintoCourtbyserviceofsubpcenauponanattorneydesignatedbythedefendantcorporationinthecountywherethecomplainantresides;butifthedefendantcorporationfailtodesignatesuchattorneywithintendaysafterreceptionofaregisteredletternotifyingitoftheloss,itmaybebroughtintoCourtbypubli-cation.53§194.ProcessagainstOtherDefendants.—Serviceofprocessuponanon-residentwhohasqualifiedasexecutororadministratorinthisState,incasetheSheriffcannotfindhim,maybemadeontheCountyCourtClerkofthecountywhereinhequalified.ThestatutemakesitthedutyoftheClerktonotifythedefendantbymail.54Serviceofprocessagainsttheownerorownersofasteamboatmaybemadeonanycaptainorclerkoftheownerorowners,whethercaptainorclerkoftheboatinquestionornot.55§195.AliasProcess.—Ifasubpoenatoanswerisreturnednotexecutedthecomplainantmayhaveanaliasorpluriessubpcena.Ifthesubpoenaisreturned''Nottobefoundinmycounty,"astoanydefendantwhoisaresidentofthecounty,thecomplainantmayhaveeitheranaliasorapluriessubpoenaforsuchdefendant;ormay,athiselection,haveajudicialattachmentagainsttheestateofsuchdefendant.56Or,thecomplainantmayhavepublicationmadetobringthedefendantbeforetheCourt.57Or,thecomplainantmayamendhisbill,ifthefactswarrantit,andallegeanyofthestatutorygroundsfordis-pensingwithpersonalserviceofthesubpcena,andhavenoticegiventhedefendantbypublication;or,insteadofamendinghisbillhemayfileaseparateaffidavitstatingthenecessaryfacts.58Aliassubpoenas,takenoutatanytimeafterthereturnoftheoriginal,maybereturnabletoanyMondayoftheterm,asshownelsewhere.59Aliasandpluriessubpoenasdifferinformfromoriginalsubpoenasonlyintheopeningwordsofthecommand.thereon;thesefactsbeingprovedbytheaffidavitofthepersonlodgingthesame,statingthe^facts,andwithwhomthenoticewaslodged.If,however,thecomplainant,orhisattorney,makeaffidavitthathewaspreventedfromservingthenoticebycircum-stanceswhichreasonablyexcusesuchservice,whichcircumstancesshallbeparticularlystatedintheaffi-davit,theCourtmayallowjudgmenttobetakenwithoutaffidavitofserviceofnotice,andofthecopyoftheprocess,ifsatisfiedthattheexcusefor,notmakingsuchserviceissufficient.Actsof1887,ch.226.ThisActdoesnotrepealCode,§§2831-2834,whichapplyequallytodomesticandforeigncorpora-tionshavinganofficeoragencyinthecountywherethesuitisbrought.Theactappliesexclusivelytoforeigncorporations,doingbusinesshere,buthavingnolocaloffice,orresidentagent,intheState.Tele-phoneCo.v.Turner,4Pick.,265.See,I<ifeIns.Co.V.Spratley,15Pick.,322.Serviceonanagentofaforeigncorporationissufficient.Ibid.StateV.InsuranceCo.,22Pick.,288.51TownofWartracev.WartraceTurnpikeCo.,2Cold.,515.Inthiscase,itwasbyHawkins,J.,inhisopinion,thatifasubpcenacommandstheSherifftosummon''thetownofWartrace,"areturn"Executed29thNovember,1858,"wouldbegoodprimafacie,thepresumptionoflawbeingthatthe
Sheriffhadservedthewrituponsuchofficeroragentofthecorporationaswasnecessarytothesufficientexecutionoftheprocess.Nevertheless,itisbetterinsuchcasesforthereturntonamethepersononwhomthesubpcenawasserved.Thisreturnhasbeenheld_sufficient,primafacie:"Cametohandsamedayissued,andexecutedbysummoningJamesA.Whiteside,vice-presidentofthedefendant,andactingpresident,the20thdayofDecember,1858,and,also,summonedRobertM.Hook,agentofde-fendant,atChattanooga,the14thof.February,1859."N.&C.RailroadCo.v.Eakin,6Cold.,582.52D'Arcy1).MutualLifeIns.Co.,24Pick.,567;Actsof1895,.ch.160,sec.9;Actsof1897,ch.127,sec.5;Actsof1901,ch.113,sec.6.Thecomplain-ant,incaseofasuitagainstaforeignfraternalben-eficiaryassociation,mustpaytheInsuranceCom-missioner,atthetimeprocessisservedonhim,threedollars,tobetaxedascosts.53Actsof1895,ch.160,sec.47.54Actsof1903,ch.501.55Actsof1881,ch.66.56See,fast,§§870,sub-sec.9;883,wherethelawandpracticearefullytreated.57See,post,§196.58See,post,§197.59See,post,§§225-226.

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196 PROCESSBYPUBLICATION.174
ARTICLEIII.PROCESSBYPUBLICATION.
§196.WhenProcessbyPublicationisAl-lowed.§197.ProceedingsPreliminarytoPublica-tion.
§198.Form,Manner,andTime,ofPublica-tion.§199.EvidenceofPublication.§200.EffectofPublication.§196.WhenProcessbyPublicationisAllowed.—AsCourtsofEquityordi-narilyactinpersonam,theyrequireprocesstobeservedonthepersonofthedefendant,unlessotherwiseprescribedbylaw.1But,aspersonalserviceofprocesscannotalwaysbehad,thestatutedispenseswithpersonalserviceofprocessonthedefendantintheChanceryCourt,inthefollowingcases
:
1.Whenthedefendantisanon-residentoftheState.22.Whenuponinquiryathisusualplaceofabode,hecannotbefoundsoastobeservedwithprocess,andthereisjustgroundtobelievehehasgonebe-yondthelimitsoftheState.3.WhentheSheriffshallmakereturnuponanyleadingprocessthatheisnottobefound.3
•4.Whenthenameofthedefendantisunknown,andcannotbeascertainedupondiligentinquiry.45.Whentheresidenceofthedefendantisunknown,andcannotbeascer-tainedupondiligentinquiry.6.Whenjudicialandotherattachmentswilllie,undertheprovisionsoftheCode,againstthepropertyofthedefendant.5§197.ProceedingsPreliminarytoPublication.—Todispensewithpersonalserviceofprocessinanyofthecasesspecifiedintbeprecedingsection,thefacts,onwhichsuchdispensationisbased,mustbestatedunderoathinthebill,orbyseparateaffidavit,orappearbythereturnoftheSheriffupontheprocess.6Andinoriginalattachmentsuits,toauthorizepublication,theremustbenotonlyagroundofattachmentallegedinthebill,butalsoalevyuponthepropertyofthedefendant.7Ifthebillallegingastatutorygroundofpublica-
1Code,§4305.2Code,§4352.ApersonmaybeacitizenoftheStateand,atthesametime,anon-residentoftheStatewithinthemeaningoftheattachmentlaw,aswhen,thoughhisfamilylivesinTennessee,hisbusi-nesskeepshiminanotherStatemostofhistime.Cainv.Jennings,3Tenn.Ch.131.Acitizenshouldbedeemedanon-residentenoughtowarrantapub-lication,whenhewillprobablybeabsentuntilafterthenexttermoftheCourtafterthefilingofthebill.3Themeaningofthissub-sectionis,thatifthebillisfiledinthepropercountyunderthelawgov-erningthelocaljurisdictionoftheCourt,andasub-poenahasproperlyissuedtothecountywherethedefendantinquestionresides,then,ontheSheriffofthatcountyreturningthat"heisnottobefound,"publicationmaybemade.Thelawcontem-platesthatthesubpoenashallissuetothecounLywherethedefendantresides,because,ifhisresidenceisunknownandcannotbeascertainedupondiligentinquiry,apublicationcanbemadeinthefirstin-stance.Thelawdoesnotmeanthatasubpeenamayissuetoanycounty,andonbeingreturned"nottobefound"thatpublicationmaythenbemade.Ifitdid,grossfraudsmightbepracticedunderit,bothontheCourtandonthedefendants,byissuingsub-
poenastocountieswherethedefendantdoesnotre-side,expresslytohaveareturnof"nottobefound,"andthenpublication,andthenaprocon-fessesandfinaldecree.SeeScovelv.Abston,1Tenn.Ch.73.4Bleidornv.PilotMt.C.&M.Co.,5Pick.,166.5Code,§4352.Forprocessbyattachmentofpropertyandpublication,seeChapteronSuitsbyAttachment.OriginallytheCourtofChanceryactedonlyinPersonam;anditwasnecessarythatprocessshouldbeexecutedontheperson.Gracev.Hunt,Cooke341.Butthefacilitiesfortravelaresogreat,ourpeoplearesomigratory,andsomanynon-residentshavebusinessdealingsinourState,thatjusticetoourcitizensimperativelyrequiredthestatutorymeth-odofbringingpartiesbeforeourCourtsbypublica-tioninanewspaper,inthecaseswherepersonalser-viceofprocesscannotbehad.Nevertheless,asnat-uraljusticerequiresthatapersonshouldbeheardbeforeheiscondemned,theCourtsstrictlycon-struethestatutesallowingpublicationinlieuofpersonalservice.Grewarv.Henderson,1Tenn.Ch.,76.See.ante,maxim,§60.6Code,§4353.7Code,§3518;seeChapteronAttachmentSuits.

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175 PROCESSBYPUBLICATION.§198tionisnotswornto,aseparateaffidavitmaybefiled,informsubstantiallyasfollows
:
AFFIDAVITFORPUBLICATION.JohnDoe,vs. \No.618.RichardRoe,etal.JohnDoe,[or,JacobS.Graves,SolicitorofJohnDoe,]makesoaththatCharlesRoe,oneofthedefendantsinthiscause,isanon-residentoftheState[or,thattheresidenceofCharlesRoe,oneofthedefendantsinthiscause,isunknown,andcannotbeascertainedupondiligentinquiry;]andthatthenamesandresidencesofthepartiessuedastheheirsandotherrepresentativesofGeorgeRoe,deceased,areunknown,andcannotbeascertainedupondiligentinquiry.He,therefore,praysthatpublicationbemadetobringsaiddefendantsbeforetheCourt. JohnDoe.Sworntoandsubscribedbeforeme,thisApril12,1891.CoramAcuff,C.&M.TherequirementsoftheCode,inreferencetotheprocedurenecessarytojustifyapublication,donotlimitthepoweroftheCourttoorderpublicationinanyofthespecifiedcases,whensatisfiedthatthegroundthereforexists
;
and,onreviewofsuchactionintheSupremeCourt,itwillbepresumedthatthefactsauthorizingsuchorderdulyappeared,intheabsenceofrebuttingproof.Ifthedefendant,whenpersonalserviceofprocessisdispensedwith,doesnotcausehisappearancetobeentered,theClerk,assoonasthenecessaryaffidavitorreturnismade,shallenterupontheruledocketanorder,requiringthedefendanttoappearatacertaindaythereinnamed,beingaruleday,anddefend,orotherwisethebillwillbetakenforconfessed.8TheCodedoesnotstatewherethedefendantistoappear,butasheistoappearonaruleday,andasnoCourtwillordinarilybetheninsession,itismanifestthathemustappearattheMaster'soffice.§198.Form,MannerandTime,ofthePublication.—Acopyoftheorder,enteredontheruledocket,mentionedintheprecedingsection,ispublishedbytheClerkforfourconsecutiveweeksinthenewspapermentionedintheorder,ordesignatedbythegeneralrulesoftheCourt.Thisorder9shouldcontain:(1)thenameofthedefendanttobenotified;(2)theorderrequiringhimtoappear;(3)thestyleoftheCourtbeforewhich,orbeforetheClerkofwhich,hemustappear;(4)thetime10when,andtheplacewhere,hemustap-pear;(5)thepurposeforwhichhemustappear,specifyingthenameofthepersonfilingthebill,orthestyleofthesuitagainstwhichhemustdefend;11(6)thefactthatthebillwillbetakenforconfessedifhefailstoappearanddefend;(7)thedateonwhichtheorderwasmade;(8)thenameoftheClerkandMaster,orhisdeputy,makingtheorder,12and(9)whenthesuitisagainstanunknowndefendant,theorderofpublicationshouldalsodescribesuchunknownpartyasnearasmaybe,bothbythecharacterinwhichheissued,andbyreferencetohistitleorinterestinthesubject-matterofthelitigation.1'*
Itisnotnecessarythattheforegoingconstituentsoftheorderofpublicationshouldbestatedintheorderofsuccessiongivenabove.Asubstantialobserv-
8Code,§4354.9Thisorderneednotcontainalltherequirementsofanorderofpublicationinsuitsbegunbyanoriginalattachment,evenincaseswhereanattach-menthasissuedtofixalien.Kylev.Phillips,6Bax.,43;Guthriev.Brown,10Heisk.,380;Allenv.Gilliland,6Lea,532.SeeChapteronAttachmentSuits.10Thetimemustbearuleday.Code,§4354;Fellowsv.Cook,10Heisk.,81.11Apublicationforanon-residentmustshowwhoisthesubstantialcomplainant.DonaldsonV.Nealis,24Pick.,638.12Code,§§4354;4357.Whenthejurisdictionof
theCourtdoesnotdependonanoriginalattachment,,theorderofpublicationneednotcontainthere-quirementsofCode,§§3521-3522.Kylev.Phillips,6Bax.,43;Guthriev.Brown,10Heisk.,380.13Code,§4358.Thefollowingdescriptionwillserveasanillustration:"TheunknownheirsofJohnDay,whoonceclaimedaninterestinlotNo.40,intheTownofRockwood,Tenn."Ferrissv.I,ewis,2Tenn.Ch.,291.Toauthorizesuchapub-lication,thebill,oraseparateaffidavit,shouldshowthatthenameofthedefendantisunknown,and!cannotbeascertainedupondiligentinquiry.Code.§4352,sub-sec.4;Bleidornv.PilotMt.C.&M.Co.,5Pick.,166.

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§199 PROCESSBYpublication.176anceoftherequirementswillbesufficient.ThefollowingistheusualformofanORDEROFPUBLICATION."ToPeterPoe.JohnDoe]IntheChanceryCourtatClinton,Tenn.vs.RichardRoeandI'eterPoe.Inthiscause,itappearingfromthebillwhichisswornto,[or,itappearingbyaffidavit,orbytheSheriff'sreturn,]thatPeterPoe,oneofthedefendants,isanon-residentoftheState,15heis,therefore,herebyrequiredtoappear,onorbeforethe1stMondayofJune16next,beforetheClerkandMasterofsaidCourt,athisofficeinClinton,andmakedefencetothebillfiledagainsthiminsaidCourt,byJohnDoe,orotherwisethebillwillbetakenforconfessed.ItisfurtherorderedthatthisnoticebepublishedforfourconsecutiveweeksintheClintonGazette.This7thdayofMay,171890. J.C.Scruggs,C.&M.Theorderforpublicationinlieuofpersonalservicemaybemadeatanytimeafterthefilingofthebill;18but,asitisinthenatureofprocess,itshouldordinarilybemadeassoonasthenecessaryaffidavitorreturnismade,19andpublishedforthwith.20Theordermustbepublishedforfourconsecutiveweeks,butthestatutedoesnotsayhowlongthelastpublicationmustbebeforethereturnday.Inasmuch,however,asittakesallfourpublicationstoconsti-tuteoneservice,itwouldseemthatthedefendantshouldhaveatleastfivedaysafterthefourthpublicationinwhichtoappearanddefend,andthatunlessfivedaysintervenebetweenthelastpublicationandthereturnruleday,thedefendantwouldnotbeboundtoappearanddefend,untiltheruledaynextaftertheonenamedintheorder.21§199.EvidenceofPublication.—OrdinarilythefactthatpublicationwasdulymadepursuanttotheorderoftheCourt,orClerkandMaster,isprovedbytheaffidavitoftheprinter,ortheactualproductioninCourtofthecopiesofthenewspapercontainingthepublishednotices;22butanyothercompetentevidenceisadmissible.23Ifthedecreerecitesthatpublicationwasdulymade,thatisprimafaciesufficient,intheabsenceofclearprooftothecontraryonadirectattack.24§200.EffectofPublication.—"Whenpublicationhasbeendulymadeinpursuanceofanorderdulymade,andthedayofappearancehasarrived,thedefendantisinCourt;andisasmuchliabletointerlocutoryordersasthoughactuallyservedwithsubpoena;andtheCourtmaybindhimbyitsordersinrelationtotakingproof,fixingadayforthehearing,appointingreceivers,andbyaproconfessoforwantofananswer.14Insteadofusingthisheading,orthemorecom-monheading,"Non-residentNotice,"inmakingthepublication,itshouldbeomittedentirely,andthenoticeheadedthus:ToPeterPoe.Thisheadingwillattracttheattentionofthedefendant,prhisacquaintances,whiletheothertwoheadingswillnot.TheobjectofthepublicationistonotifyPeterPoe;andgoodfaithandfairdealingrequirethatthepublicationbesoheadedasmosteffectuallytoan-swerthispurpose.Theformof_theordinaryno-ticesalmostseemstohavebeenoriginallydevisedtoconcealthenameofthepersontobenotifiedasef-fectuallyaspossible.See,post,§877.15Theordershouldshow,onitsface,astatutorygroundforpublication;andshouldstatethatgroundasnearlyaspossible,intheverylanguageofthestatute.TheCourtsrequireastrictcompliancewiththeprovisionsofthelaw.FerrissV.Lewis,2Tenn.Ch.,291.
16Thedefendantmayberequiredtoappearataruleday.Code,§4354;FellowsV.Cook,10Heisk.,61.17Thispublicationwouldhavebeenintime,ifactuallybegunonMay7th.ThefirstpublicationwouldthenhavebeenonMay7th;thesecond,onMay14th;the.third,onMay21st;thefourth,onMay28th,andtherewerefivedaysfromMay28thtoJune2d,1890,itbeingthefirstMondayofthemonth.SeeLowenstineV.Gillespie,6Lea,641.18Code,§4356.10Code,§4354.20Code,§§4355;4339.21CompareCode,§§4354,4344,4350,4351,4369,sub-sec.2.Wessellsv.Wessells,1Tenn.Ch.,66;McGavockv.Young,3Tenn.Ch.,529.22Code,§4359.23Claybrookv.Wade,7Cold.,559.24Allenv.Gilliland,6Lea,521.

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177ATTACHMENTTOCOMPELANANSWER.§201
ARTICLEIV.ATTACHMENTTOCOMPELANANSWER.§201.WhenanAttachmentMaybeHad.§202.FormofanAttachment.§203.ProceedingsuponanAttachment.§204.EffectofaContempt.§201.WhenanAttachmentMaybeHad.—Whenthecomplainantcallsuponthedefendanttomakeadiscoveryunderoathastothematterschargedinthebill,hehasarighttosuchadiscovery;andthedefendant,ifservedwithsubpoena,cannotlawfullydeprivehimofthatright,byrefusingtoanswer.Ordinarily,insuchcases,thecomplainantiscontenttohavehisbilltakenforconfessed,butoccasionallyhecannotgetfullreliefwithoutadiscovery.Insuchacase,hemayproceedagainstthedefendantbyprocessofcontempt,tocompelananswer.1Thisprocessofcontemptisanattachmentforthebodyofthedefendant,andmaybehadeitheruponorderoftheChancellor,attheinstanceofthecom-plainant,2orfromtheMasterdirect,whenthetimeforansweringhasexpired.3Beforeanattachmentcanbehad,however,itmustappearbythereturn,oraffidavit,oftheproperofficer,thatthesubpoenatoanswerwasdulyservedonthedefendant.4Ifamarriedwomanbeincontempt,herhusbandmust,also,beincludedintheattachment,unlessshehasobtainedleavetoansweralone,oritappearsbyaffidavitthatherhusbandcannotcontrolher,orisoutoftheState.5Butthehusband,ifintheState,mustobtainleavetoanswerseparately,orhewillbeheldliabletobeattachedalongwithhiswife.Andso,thewifeisnotboundtoacquiesceinherhusband'sanswer,andmayobtainanordertoanswersepa-rately.6§202.FormofanAttachment.—Anattachmentisinthenatureofacapiasorwarrantofarrest;andrequirestheSherifftotakethebodyofthedefendantintohiscustody,andbringhimbeforetheCourt.ThefollowingistheordinaryFORMOFANATTACHMENTFORCONTEMPT.CounffofKnIxnneSSee'} TotheSheriffofKnoxCounty:
YouareherebycommandedtoattachRichardRoe,soastohavehimbeforeourChanceryCourt,atKnoxville,onthe4thMondayofMay7next,thenandtheretoanswertouchingacontempt,whichhe,asisalleged,hascommittedagainsttheState,innotansweringthebillofJohnDoe,8andalsotouchingsuchothermattersasshallthenandtherebelaidtohis
lCode,§4360.InasmuchasthesubpoenaissuesinthenameoftheState,andtheState,throughherofficers,commandsthedefendanttoappear,andanswer,hiswilfulrefusalsotodoisinthenatureofarebelliousandcontemptuousdisregardofthesovereigntyoftheState,andthemajestyoftheLaw;andisvisitedwithpenaltiesandpainsade-quatetoenforceobediencetothecommandofthewrit,andvindicatetheauthorityoftheState.For-merly,whenadefendantfailedtoanswerabill,andwasnotarrestedontheattachment,hewas(1
)
warnedtoappearbypublicproclamation,madebytheSheriff;ifhefailedtoappear,hewas(2)de-clared,"arebelandacontemnerofthelaw,"andacommissionofrebellionwasappointed,consistingoftwo,three,orfour,commissioners,toseethathewasarrested;ifthesecommissioners,withtheaidottheSheriff,andotherpeaceofficers,failedtoar-restthedefendant,then(3)processofsequestrationissued,directedtofoursequestrators,totakepos-
sessionofallthedefendant'sgoodsandchattels,landsandtenements,andholdthesamesubjecttothe.orderoftheCourt,untilthedefendantappearedandpurgedhiscontempt.1Barb.Ch.Pr.,62-74;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,(originaledition,)572-651.In1801,ourLegislatureenactedthat"thereshouldbenootherprocessofcontemptthanattachment,butwith-outproclamation."1Scott'sRev.,687.2Code,§4361;Ch.Rule,VII,§2,doesnotapplytoattachmentsforfailingtoanswerbills.3ChanceryRule,VII,§5;post.§1196,sub-sec.5.4Code,§4361.51Barb.Ch.Pr.,54.61Dan.Ch.Pr.,499-500.7Theattachmentmaybemadereturnabletoanydayoftheterm,ortoanyruledayinvacation.Code,§4362.8Theparticularmatterofcontemptneednotbestatedinthewrit;butitiswelltodoso,asourlawsdonotfavorgeneralwarrants.Const,ofTenn.,

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§203ATTACHMENTTOCOMPELANANSWER..178charge,andtoperformandabidesuchorderassaidCourtshallmakeinthisbehalf.Hereinfailnot,andhaveyouthenandtherethiswrit. W.L.Trent,C&MThis9thdayofApril,1890.Theremaybealiasandplurieswritsofattachment,asincaseofotherwrits.TheClerkandMastershouldendorseonthewrit,thepenaltyofthebailbondtobetakenbytheSheriff.9Ifthedefendantforfeitshisbondbyfailingtoappear,analiasattachmentwillbeissued,uponwhichnobailbondcanbetaken;andthepenaltyofthebondalreadygivenmaybedecreedtobefor-feited,andcollectedbyexecution.10§203.ProceedingsuponanAttachment.—Theattachmentmaybereturna-bletoaruledayinvacation,ortosomedayintermtime;anduponitsservice,bailmaybetakenfortheappearanceofthedefendantatthetimefixedthere-in.11IftheChancellor,orMaster,donotspecifythepenaltyofthebond,thelawfixesitattwohundredandfiftydollars.12ThefollowingisTHEFOBmOFABAILBOND.TheStateofTennessee,1CountyofKnox.JWe,RichardRoe,HenryRoe,andRobertRoe,agreetopaytheStateofTennesseetwohundredandfiftydollars,unlessthesaidRichardRoeappearsonthe4thMondayofMaynext,beforetheChanceryCourtofsaidcounty,toanswerachargeofcontempt,inthecaseofJohnDoevs.RichardRoe,insaidCourt,anddoesnotdepartwithoutleaveoftheCourt.ThisMay1,1890.Witness, RichardRoe,J.K.Lones, HenryRoe,Sheriff. RobertRoe.Ifthedefendantfailstoappear,incompliancewiththetermsofhisbail,asecondattachmentissues,uponwhichnobailcanbetaken;13andthepenaltyofthebailbondmaybedecreedforfeited,andcollectedbyexecution.Ifthedefendantappearsinpursuanceofhisbond,butrefusestoanswerfully,heshallbecommittedtojail,theretoremainuntilhepurgeshimselfofthecon-tempt,andcomplieswiththerequirementsofthelawbyfilingafullandcom-pleteanswer.14Afterthedefendanthasbeenarrestedifhefailt&givebond,onhispetition,oronmotionofthecomplainant,awritofhabeascorpuswillbeorderedbytheCourttoissuetotheSherifforderinghimtobringthedefendantbeforetheCourttoanswerforhissaidcontempt.Suchwritmaybeasfollows
:
WHITOFHABEASCORPUS.TheStateofTennessee,
)
CountyofKnox.fTotheSheriffofsaidCounty:YouareherebycommandedtohavethebodyofRichardRoe,nowinyourcustody,beforeourCourtofChancery,atKnoxville,onthe21stdayofNovember,1895[orforthwith]toanswerforcertaincontemptswherewithheischarged,tobedealtwithassaidCourtshallorder.Andhaveyouthenandtherethiswritwithyourreturnthereon.This20thdayofNovember,1895. H.B.Lindsay,Chancellor.IfthewritisissuedintermitwillbesignedbytheClerkandMaster.15Ifthedefendantiscommittedforcontempt,thecomplainantmayproceedwithhisactionasifthebillhadbeentakenforconfessed,theallegationsbeingtakenasinallrespectstrue.Butinthatcase,allfurtherproceedingsforthe
Art.1,§7.Intheoldformofattachment,therewasendorsedonthewritthegroundofcontempt,thus:"AttachmentagainstRichardRoe,fornotan-sweringthebillofJohnDoe."1Barb.Ch.Pr.,366.9Iftherebenoorderfixingthispenalty,theamountistwohundredandfiftydollars.Code,§4111.Theendorsementmaybeasfollows:"Inthiscase,theSheriffwilltakeabailbond,inthepenaltyoftwohundredandfiftydollars.W.L.Trent,C.&M."
toCode,§4363.11Code,§4362.12Code,§§4110-4111.13TheClerkandMastershouldendorseonthesecondattachment,thatnobailbondwillbetakenbytheSheriff.14Code,§§4363-4364.15Code,§3728.

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179ATTACHMENTTOCOMPELANANSWER.§204contemptshallcease,andtheCourt,ortheJudgethereof,maydischargethedefendantfromcustody.16Afteranattachmentforcontempt,nopleaordemurrershallbereceivedun-lessbyorderoftheCourtuponmotion.17TheCourt,ortheClerkandMaster,may,however,atanytimeafterattachmentproceedingshavebeeninstituted,andevenaftercommitment,ongoodcauseshown,grantthedefendantfurthertimeinwhichtofileananswer.18Wherethedefendanthasbeenattachedforfailingtoanswerthebill,thefollowingordermaybemade:ORDERFORDEFENDANTTOANSWER.JohnDoevs.RichardRoe.Thedefendant,RichardRoe,havingbeenattached,andbeingnowinCourtunderbond,lieisorderedtofileasufficientanswertothebill,andpayallthecostsoftheattachment,withinforty-eighthours,[orsuchothertimeastheCourtmayorder,]orthecomplainantmayapplytotheCourtforsuchfurtherorderasmaybejust.Ifthedefendantcontinueincontempt,theCourtmay,onapplicationofthecomplainant,makethefollowingfurtherorder:ORDERCOMMITTINGTHEDEFENDANTFORNOTANSWERING.JohnDoevs.RichardRoe.Thedefendant,RichardRoe,havingfailedtoputinahanswer[or,asufficientanswer,]tothebillasheretoforeordered,uponapplicationofthecomplainant,itisorderedthatthedefendant,RichardRoe,forsuchhiscontempt,becommittedtothecommonjailofthecountyofKnox,theretoremainuntilheshallhaveputinasufficientanswertothebillofcomplaintinthiscause,unlesstheCourtsoonerordershisdischarge,andtheClerkandMasterwillissueacertifiedcopyofthisordertotheSheriffofKnoxcounty,suchcopytooperateasamittimus.§204.EffectofaContempt.—Itisageneralrule,thatapartyincontemptisnevertobeheard,astoanymatterconnectedwiththemeritsofthesuit:heisnotallowedtomakeanymotion,exceptforleavetoclearhiscontempt.19HisfirstdutyistoshowtotheCourtthathehasnotwilfullydisobeyeditsprocess,or,ifhehas,thathesincerelyrepents.Ineithercase,hemustfileortenderafullanswer,20andoffertopaythecostsoftheattachment,beforehewillbeheard.Butwhileadefendantwillnotbeheardonhisownmotion,withtheexcep-tionstated,hewillnotbedeniedtherighttobeheardinoppositiontoanymotionbytheotherside,inreferencetothelitigation.21ieCode,§§4366-4367.17Code,§4365.18'Code,§4368.Goodcausemust,however,beshownbeforetheClerkandMasterwouldbejusti-fiedingrantingthedefendantfurthertimeinwhichtofileananswer.Such"goodcause"mustbeshownbyaffidavit.InGantv.Gant,10Hum.,464,itwasheldthattheMasterhadnoauthoritytoreceiveananswerfromadefendantincontempt;butsincethen,hehasbeengivensuchauthority.Theeffectofgivingfurthertimewouldbetosuspendallpro-
ceedingsbyattachment.Astoshowingcause,see,ante,§62,sub-sec.8.10Gantv.Gant,10Hum.,464;1Smith'sCh.Pr.62;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,504.Hemay,however,makemotionsinanothercause.Hemaybeincontemptinonecause,andbeingoodstandinginanothercause.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,505.20Code,§4364.211Dan.Ch.Pr.,506;2Barb.Ch.Pr.,281.Forthepracticeincontemptcases,generally,seeChapteronContempts,post,§§918-923.

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§205PROCONFESSOS,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.180
CHAPTERXLPROCEEDINGSBETWEENPROCESSANDAPPEARANCE.ArticleI.ProConfesses,andProceedingsThereon.ArticleII.MotionsbytheComplainant.ARTICLEI.PROCONFESSOS,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.205.WhenandHowaBillMaybeTakenforConfessed.206.EffectofaJudgmentProConfesso.207.WhenaJudgmentProConfessoMaybeSetAside.208.HowaJudgmentProConfessoMaybeSetAside.209.WhenaFinalDecreeMaybeTakenonaProConfesso.
§210.WhenaProConfessowillnotAuthor-izeaFinalDecree.§211.EffectofaFinalDecreeBasedonaProConfesso.§212.WhenandHowaDecreeBasedonaProConfessoMaybeSetAside.§213.FormsofPetitionandDecreetoSetAsideaDecreeBasedonaProCon-fesso.§205.WhenandHowaBillmaybeTakenforConfessed.—Adefendantisrequiredbythesubpoena,orthepublicationnotice,asthecasemaybe,toanswer,ormakedefenceto,thebill;andheisgivenreasonabletimesotodo.Ifhefailstodosointhetimeprescribedbylaw,1andthecomplainantdesiresthatheshallanswerunderoath,andmakethediscoverycalledforinthebill,thedefendant,ifservedwithprocess,maybeattachedandcompelledtoanswer,asalreadyshown;2but,ifnosuchdiscoveryissought,thecomplainantmayhaveanordertakinghisbillforconfessed,thefailureofthedefendanttomakeanydefencebeingdeemedprimafacieevidencethathehasnodefencetomake,but,onthecontrary,admitsthematerialallegationsofthebilltobetrue.3So,ifthedefendantputsinademurrer,plea,oranswer,whichhavebeenadjudgedinsufficient,andthereafterfailstofileasufficientanswerinthetimeallowed,hewillbedeemedtohaveabandonedallfurtherdefence,andtoconfessthetruthofthebill;andthebillmayaccordinglybetakenforconfessedbyorderoftheCourt.4Suchanorderisgenerallycalledajudgmentproconfesso.Abillmay,undertheCode,betakenforconfessedinthefollowingcases:
1.When,beingdulyservedwithprocess,asalreadystated,thedefendantfailstoplead,answer,ordemur,bythetimefixedbylaw.2.When,anorderforhisappearancehavingbeendulymadeandpublishedasprescribedbylaw,thedefendantfailstocausehisappearancetobethere-uponentered,andtoplead,answer,ordemur,ortoobtaintimetoanswer.3.When,processofcontempthavingbeenreturnedexecuted,orthedefend-anthavingbeenbroughtintoCourtuponsuchprocess,herefusestoanswerthecomplainant'sbill,orputsinaninsufficientanswer,soadjudgedbytheCourt.4.When,apleaordemurrerhavingbeenoverruled,andthedefendantor-deredtoanswerthebill,hefailstodosointhetimefixedintheorder,or,ifnotimebesofixed,onthenextruleday.51Astowhenadefendantmustmakede-fence,seepost,§§225-227.2Ante,§§201-204.3Everyoneispresumedtoknowthelaw;andthedefendantispresumedtoknowthathisfailuretomakedefenseisequivalenttoanadmission,onhispart,thatthefactssetforthinthebillaretrue.Actingonthesepresumptions,theCourt,accordingly,treats
thehillasconfessed,anddecreestherelieftheconfessionwarrants.Quitacet,cumloquidetet,consentirevidetur.4Rosei>.Meek,19Pick.,666.6Ibid.Whenademurrerisoverruled,andnoanswerfiledortimeaskedtomakedefense,aproconfessoandfinaldecreemaybeatonceentered.Cowan,McClung&Co.v.Donaldson.11Pick.,322.

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181PROCONPESSOS,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.§2065."When,exceptionstoananswerhavingbeenallowedbytheClerkandMaster,andthedefendantorhisSolicitornotifiedthereof,andorderedtoanswer,thedefendantfailstofileasufficientanswerwithinthirtydays,ortoappealfromtheorderoftheMaster.Iftheprocessbeasubpoena,orascirefacias,theproofofitsservicemustappearfromthereturnoftheofficerservingit;ifpublicationhasbeenmade,thefactmaybeshownbytheaffidavitoftheprinter,theactualproductionofthenewspaperinCourt,orbyanyothercompetentevidence.7-Serviceofsub-poenawithoutcopyofthebillwillsustainaproconfesso.8Thefollowingistheformofanorderproconfessowheresubpoenahasbeenservedononedefendant,andpublicationhasbeenmadeastoanother:ORDERPROCONFESSO.JohnDoe,!
vs. \No.618.RichardRoe,etal.J ,
Inthiscause,onmotionofcomplainant,anditdulyappearingtotheCourtthatthedefend-ant,RobertRoe,hasbeenregularlyservedwithsubpoenatoanswerthecomplainant'sbill,andthatthedefendant,GeorgeStokes,hasbeenregularlybroughtbeforetheCourtandmadeapartytocomplainant'sbill,bypublicationdulymade,andthatbothsaidRobertRoeandGeorgeStokeshavefailedtoappearandmakedefensetosaidbill,withinthetimere-quiredbylaw;itisorderedthat,astothem,complainant'sbillbetakenasconfessed,andthe.causesetforhearingexparte.Ifafinaldecreeispronouncedatthesametimetheorderproconfessoisgranted,thefollowingadditionwillbemadetotheforegoingorder:Andthereupon,thiscausecomingontobefurtherandfinallyhearduponthebill,thejudgmentproconfesso,heretoforetakenandenteredagainstthedefendants,RobertRoeandGeorgeStokes,[andupontheanswersoftheotherdefendantsandtheproofinthecause,]fromallofwhichitdulyappearingtotheCourtthat[andsoon,asincaseofanordinarydecree.']Afailuretotakeaproconfessoagainstaproperbutnotanecessaryparty,willbetreatedintheSupremeCourtasaninformaldismissalofthebillastohim;andwhenadefendantisliabletoaproconfesso,butthecomplainanttakesafinaldecreewithoutfirsttakingaproconfesso,noreversibleerroriscom-mitted.sa§206.EffectofaJudgmentProConfesso.—Ashasbeensaid,thefailureofadefendanttoanswerisinthenatureofaconfessionthatthebillistrue,9andthathehasnodefencetomake;neverthelessthisruleshouldmanifestlybesomodifiedasnottoapply,1,topersonsunderage,orofunsoundmind,be-causetheyareunabletotakecareofthemselves;102,toexecutorsoradminis-trators,becausetheyoftenrepresentminorsandothersnotpartiestothesuit
;
[\,todefendantsindivorcesuits,becausepublicpolicyforbidsdivorcesbycon-sentofparties;and4,tonon-residentsandpersonswhosenamesandresidencesareunknown,whentheirpropertyhasnotbeenattached,11becausetheyhave
6Code,§4369.Astosub-section5,seeCode,§4407.Itwouldseemthatthecomplain-antmayelecttotakethewholebillforcon-fessed,or,onlysuchpartsasarecoveredbyhisexceptions.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,523-524;Leav.Vanbibber,6Hum.,18;Smithv.St.LouisIns.Co.,2Tenn.Ch.,605.7Code,§4359;Claybrookv.Wade,7Cold.,555.8Averyv.Warren,12Heisk.,559.TheChan-cellor,beforeallowing;abilltobetakenasconfessed,shouldsatisfyhimselfthatthede-faultactuallyexists,and,tothatend,shouldrequiretheproperevidencesofsuchdefault.saSeeBurnettv.CampbellCo.,1Ch.Apps.,18;Sewellv.Tuthill&Pattison,4Cates,271.9Adecreeproconfessoisanadmissionofallthefactsandallegationsstatedinthebill,andhasalltheforceandeffectofananswerad-mitting-thecomplainant'srightsasstatedinthebill.Stonee.Duncan,1Head,103;never-theless,a.proconfessocanneitheraidnorsup-
plementdefectiveaverments,nordoesitad-mitthelegalconclusionscharged:itadmitsfactswhicharewellpleaded—nomore.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,531-532;Cowanv.Wells,5Lea,682.Andwhentheallegationsoftheconfessedbillarenotdefiniteastothesumdue,proofmustbetakentoestablishtheamount.Sewellv.Tut-hill,4Cates,271.Whenaproconfessooperatesasanadmissionoftheallegationsofthebill,nofurther,orotherproofofsuchallegationsarenecessary,orproper.Confessiofactainpidicioomniprooationemajorest;or,asanothermaximputsit,Habemusoptimumtestemconflten-temreum.10Serviceofsubpoenauponaguardianandnotonhiswards,willnotjustifyaproconfessoagainstthewards.Rutherfordv.Richardson,1Sneed,612.nTheeffectofanattachmentistonotifythosehavingtheattachedpropertyincharge,generallytheowner'sagents,thatasuithasbeenbrought;andnoticetoanagentisnotice

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§207PROCONFESSOS,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.182badnoactualnotice12ofthesuit,and,therefore,cannotbedeemedtohaveconfessedthetruthofthebill.Ithasaccordinglybeenenactedthat,wheneveranorderproconfessoislawfullyhad,theallegationsinthebillarenottobetakenasadmittedifthedefendantis:(1)aninfant,or(2)apersonofunsoundmind,or(3)anexecutor,oradministrator,or(4)apersonsuedfordivorceor(5)anon-residentwhosepropertyhasnotbeenattached,or(6)apersonwhosenameorresidenceisunknown.Intheexceptedcasesofinfantsandper-sonsofunsoundmind,thedefendantshallappearbyguardian,orcommittee,beforethecomplainantcanproceedwithhiscause.Intheotherexceptedcases,thecomplainantmayproceedasiftheallegationsofthebillhadbeenputinissuebyanswernotswornto,withtherighttosetthecauseforhearingforthwith.13Ontheissuethusmade,thecomplainantmaytakehisproofbyfilinginterrogatories,orgivingnotice,ashereaftershown.14Aproconfessoeddefendantisinquasicontempt,andhasnorighttobeheardas.toanymatterarisingoutoftheallegationsofthebill:hecan,ordinarily,beheardforonepurposeonly,andthatisonamotiontohavetheproconfesso,andproceedingsbasedthereon,setaside.15Buthecancontestanyprooftakenaftertheproconfesso.§207.WhenaJudgmentProConfessomaybeSetAside.—ThefailureofndefendanttomakeanydefencetothebillisinthenatureofacontemptofCourt,aswellasanimpliedconfessionthattheallegationsofthebillaretrue.Forthesereasons,thelawgivesthecomplainantarighttoajudgmentproconfesso,assoonasthedefendant'sdefaultoccurs,andtheCourthasnorighttodenysuchajudgment;16andafterthejudgmenthasbeentaken,neithertheChancellornortheMasterhasanyrighttodeprivethecomplainantoftheben-efitthereofexceptwithinthetime,inthemanner,andonthegrounds,specifiedinthelaw.17Thelawmakesthedifficultyofsettingasidea.proconfessosomewhatpro-portionatetothenegligenceofthedefendant.18Thus,adefendantwhohasbeenservedwithprocess,mayatanytimebeforefinaldecree,ongoodcauseshown,obtainfromtheChancellor,orClerkandMaster,anordersettingasidethedecreeproconfesso,uponfilingafullandsufficientanswer,andthepaymentofcosts;andadefendantastowhompublicationhasbeenmadebecause,(1)uponinquiryathisusualplaceofabode,hecouldnotbefoundsoastobeservedwithprocess,andtherewasjustgroundtobelievethathehadgonebe-yondtheState;orbecause(2)theSheriffmadereturnuponaleadingprocessthathewasnottobefound,or(3)becauseajudicialororiginalattachmenthadbeenlawfullyleviedonhispropertyasaleadingprocess,—inallsuchcasesthedefendantshallshowmeritsinordertoentitlehimtoappearanddefendafterjudgmentbydefault.Ontheotherhand,anon-residentdefend-ant,oronewhosenameorplaceofresidenceisunknown,andwhoisnotservedtotheprincipal.Hence,thelawdeemstheseizureofaman'sproperty,andapublicationnotice,asequivalenttopersonalserviceofprocess;and,forthisreason,heisboundbyanorderproconfesso,andsubjecttoaflnaldecreethereonwithoutfurtherproof.12If,however,adefendant,astowhompub-licationhasbeenmadewithoutattachmentofproperty,isinanywaynotifiedofthependen-cyofthesuitbeforeaproconfessohasbeentakenagainsthim,hewillbeboundbysuchproconfesso,asthoughoriginallyservedwithprocess.And,so,ifafteraproconfesso,hehasnoticethereof,andtakesnostepsinareason-abletimetohaveitsetaside,hewillbeequallybound.Inallsuchcases,actualnoticeistheessentialthing,andthemannerorformofthenoticeisnonessential.CourtsofEquityregardsubstance,andnotceremony.SeePhil-lipsv.Hollister,2Cold.,269.Thereisnodif-ference,ineffect,betweenanorderproconfessotakenonattachmentandpublication,andonetakenonserviceofsubpoena.Claybrookev.Wade.7Cold.,560.13Code,§§4371-4373;Grubb-u.Browder,11
Heisk.,302;Scovelv.Absten,1Tenn.,Ch.,73.Ajudgmentproconfessoagainstamarriedwo-manadmitstheallegationsofthebilltobetrue,ascharged,exceptindivorcecases.Hillv.Hillman,6Lea,715;Dohertyv.Choate,16Lea,192.nSeeChapteronDepositions,post.Code,§§3856;4374.15HecannotexcepttotheMaster'sreport,astoafactallegedinthebill.Bankr.An-drews,3Shan.Cas.,460.Seenote41,infra.ioAnonymous,1Tenn.Ch.,2.TheSupremeCourtwillnotinterferewiththediscretionoftheChancellorinsettingasideaproconfesso;Buchananv.McManus,3Hum.,449;or,inre-fusingtodoso.Chandlerv.Jobe,5Lea,593,exceptinextraordinarycasesofgreatandpal-pableinjustice,Ibid.itPost,§§208-213;238;888-890;Cookv.Dews,2Tenn.Ch.,496.18Thedefendanthasnorighttocomplainofthesedifficulties.Everyoneisboundtotakecareofhisownrights,andtovindicatethemindueseason,andinproperorder.Her-manonEstoppel,§265.Seeante,§71.

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183PROCONEESSOS,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.§208withprocess,mayappearanddefendatanytimebeforefinaldecree,asofcourse,19henotbeingdeemedguiltyofanynegligenceinfailingtoanswerbythetimefixedbylaw.Andthus,when(1)subpoenawasserved,tohaveapro-confessosetaside,meritsmustbeshownandcostspaid;(2)whenasubpoenawasissuedbutnotserved,orwhennosubpoenawasissued,butanattachmentwaslevied,theproconfessowillbesetasideonmeritsbeingshownandwithoutcosts;and(3)whennosubpoenawasissued,ornoattachmentlevied,thejudg-mentproconfessowillbesetaside,asofcourse,atanytimebeforefinaldecree,onananswerbeingfiled,withoutmeritsbeingshown,orcostspaid.20§208.HowaJudgmentProConfessomaybeSetAside.—Asageneralrule,ajudgmentproconfessomaybesetasideatanytimebeforefinaldecree
;
andevenafterfinaldecree,providedthetermhasnotended,orthirtydayselapsed.21Therightsandliabilitiesofdefendants,inreferencetojudgmentsproconfesso,arewidelydifferent,asalreadyshown,andtheconsiderationofthoserightswillbesimplifiedbydividingalldefendantsintothreeclasses
:
1.Alldefendantswhohavebeenservedwithprocess,mustshowgoodcause,fileafullandsufficientanswer,andpayalltheaccruedcostsofthecause,beforetheyareentitledtoanordersettingasidethedecreeproconfesso.222.Non-residentdefendants,orthosewhosenamesorplacesofresidenceareunknown,andwhoarenotservedwithprocess,mayappearanddefendatanytimebeforefinaldecree,asofcourse,23thatis,onmeremotionandthetendering,ofsuchananswerasthebillcallsfor.Insuchcase,noaffidavitac-countingfor-thedelayisrequired,andthemeritsoftheanswerarenotcon-sidered.When,however,theproconfessohasbeenfollowedbyafinaldecree,againstsuchadefendant,theCourtmayrequirebothasufficientexcuseforthedelay,andameritoriousanswerunderoath,beforesettingasideboththefinaldecreeandtheproconfesso,andmayalsoadjudgeallthecostsaccruedinthecauseagainstthedefendant,especiallywheretherehasbeennegligence.3.Allotherdefendants,astowhompersonalserviceisdispensedwithundertheCode,§4352,mustshowmerits,inordertoentitlethemtoappearanddefend,afterjudgmentbydefault.24By"merits"ismeant,(1)aswornanswer,showingameritoriousdefence,and(2)asufficientexcuseforthedelay,shownbyaffidavit.25Insuchacase,nocostswillbeimposed.If,how-ever,therehasbeenafinaldecree,theCourtmayimposecosts.TheMastermay,onaruleday,setasideaproconfesso,andallowananswertobefiled:26buthehasnottheenlargeddiscretionoftheChancellorinsuchcases.27BeforetheMastercansetasidetheproconfesso,andtherebydeprivethecomplainantofhisstatutoryrighttoaproconfesso,thedefendant"mustnotonlyshowgoodcauseforhisneglect,butmusttenderasufficientanswer:28thisgoodcausecanonlybeshownbyaffidavit.AnappealliestotheChancellorfromtheactionoftheMasterinsettingaside,orinrefusingtosetaside,ajudgmentproconfesso.29Beforeaproconfessoissetaside,incaseswhere19Code,§§4375-4377.Aproconfessomaybesetaside,evenafterfinaldecree,providedthedecreeisstillunderthecontroloftheCourt.20ThelawdelightsingivingtoeverymanadayinCourttomakehisdefense.Roberts&Phillipsv.Stewart,1Yerg.,392.Seemaxim,ante,§60.21Railroadv.Johnson,16Lea,387.TheCourthasnopoweroveradecreeafterthelapseofthirtydays.22Code,§4375;Thorpev.Dunlap,4Heisk.,674.Inthiscaseitwasheldtobeerrornottorequirethepaymentofcostsonsettingasideaproconfesso.undersection4375oftheCode.SeeBashawv.Temple,7Cates,596.23Code,§4376.24Code,§4377.25Crossaffidavits,toresistthesettingasideofaproconfesso,areofdoubtfulanddangeroustendency,andshouldnotbeallowed.Buchan-anv.McManus,3Hum.,449;Brownv.Brown,
2Pick.,304.Anallegationthatthedefendanthasagoodandvaliddefense,withoutsettingitoutsothattheCourtcanjudgeofitsmer-its,isvoxetprwtereanihil.Itcannotbeno-ticedatall.Montgomeryv.Olwell,1Tenn.Ch.,172.Bashawv.Temple,7Cates,596.26Code,§4420,sub-sec.3.2TNevertheless,theygenerallyexerciseamuchlargerdiscretion,ahabittheChancellorsshouldsternlydiscountenance.28Cookv.Dews,2Tenn.Ch.,496;Tottenv.Nance,3Tenn.Ch.,264.20Code,§4416.If,onappeal,bythecom-plainantfromtheactionoftheMaster,inset-tingasidea.proconfesso,nosufficientaffidavitappearstohavebeenmade,or,nosufficientswornanswerfiled,theChancellorwillreversetheactionoftheMaster,andreinstatetheproconfesso.Cookv.Dews,2Tenn.Ch.,496.Inthiscase,JudgeCooperheldthata"press.ofotherbusiness."onthena.rtofnnnnaoitoco

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§208PROCONFESSOS/ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.184meritsmustbeshown,theChancellororMastershouldnotonlyrequireofthedefendantanaffidavit,sufficientlyexcusinghisseemingdefault,butshould,also,invariablyrequirehimtopresenthisproposedanswer,inorderthatajudgmentmaybeformedastothemeritsofthedefencetobemade,andnotsubjectthecomplainanttotheannoyanceanddelaythatmayresultfromanyanswer,howeverinsufficient,thedefendantmaythinkpropertofile.30Theanswerthuspresentedshouldalwaysbeverifiedbytheoathofthedefendant,evenincaseswherethebillwaivesthedefendant'soath,suchverificationnotbeingforthepurposeofsubstitutingaswornpleadingforonenotrequiredtobesworn,butexclusivelyasanevidenceofthegoodfaithofthedefendantinclaimingtohaveameritorious.defence.ItisfortheChancellor,andnotthedefendant,todeterminewhetheradefenceismeritorious;andhowcanhedeterminethatexcepttheanswerberead,andthatanswerproperlyverified?Andwhensuchananswerispresentedbyacorporation,itshould,inlikemanner,andforlikereason,beverifiedbytheoathoftheofficer,oragent,ofthecorporationbestacquaintedwiththetruthofthecontents.31OnedefendantcannotobjecttotheactionoftheChancellorinsettingasideaproconfessoagainstaco-defendant.32ThefollowingformwillindicateboththeformandthesubstanceofanAFFIDAVITTOSETASIDEAPROCONFESSO.JohnDoe,1vs. \No.618.RichardRoe,etal.JTheabovenameddefendant,RichardRoe,deposesandsaysthat[heresetoutfullyandparticularlywhytheanswerwasnotfiledinduetime,givingthefactsonwhichthedefendantreliestoshowthathewasguiltyofnonegligence,andthathismotiontosetasidetheproconfessoismadeatthefirstopportunitypossible,underthecircumstances.]Affiantfurthersaysthatheisadvisedthathehasameritoriousdefencetothebillfiledagainsthiminthecause,whichdefencewillfullyandatlargeappearbyreferencetotheanswerhedesiresleavetofiletosaidbill,whichansweristruetoaffiant'spersonalknowledge,andisdulyswornto,andismadeapartofthisaffidavit,andmarkedA.Affiant,therefore,praysthattheorderproconfessoheretoforeenteredagainsthiminthiscause[andthefinaldecreebasedthereon]besetaside,andfornoughtheld;andthathemaybeallowedtofilesaidanswer,andtohaveduetimethereaftertotakehisproof.Affiantofferstodoequitybypayingsuchcosts,andsubmittingtosuchorders,astheCourtmaydeemitequitabletoimpose. RichardRoe.[Annexjurat.]Counteraffidavitswillnotbehearduponamotiontosetasideaproconfesso,^butifthedefendant'saffidavitcallsinquestiontheconductoftheMaster,thelattermaybeallowedtomakeacounter-statementtotheCourt.Thefollowingistheformofanordersettingasideanorderproconfesso,uponanaffidavitexplainingthedefault,andthetenderofaswornanswershowingameritoriousdefence.ORDERSETTINGASIDEAPROCONFESSO.No.618.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etal.Inthiscausethedefendant,RobertRoe,havingbyaffidavitshownagoodexcuseforhisfailuretoanswerthebill,andhavingtenderedaswornanswershowingmerits,onhismotion,thejudgmentproconfessoheretoforerenderedandenteredagainsthimissetaside,andheisallowedtofilesaidanswer,uponthepaymentofthecostsofthecause.Said31Injudiciononcrediturnisijuratis.(Inmak-ingadecision,Courtsbelievenothingunlessitisswornto,)or,isaprovedwriting;or,isarecord;or,isotherwisejudiciallyknown.Seepost,§787.32Bankv.Bradley,15Lea,279.33Buchananv.McManus,3Hum.,449;butseeWilsonv.Waters,7Cold.,323.
notgoodcausefornotfilingananswerinduetime,andthattheaffidavitmustbemadebythedefendantinperson,unlessthefactsarepeculiarlywithintheknowledgeofthepersonswearingtotheaffidavit.See,also,Tottenr.Nance,3Tenn.Ch.,264.Asto"goodcause"seeante,§62,sub-sec,8.301Dan.Ch.Pr.,525;Wilsonv.Waters.7Cold.,323;Lewisv.Simonton,8Hum.,1S5.SeeBashawv.Temple,7Cates,596.

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185PROCONFESSOS.ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.§209answerwas,thereupon,filedaccordingly.AnexecutionwillissueagainstsaidRobertRoeforsaidcosts.34Or,thefollowingshorterformmayheused:Inthiscause,onthedefendantRobertRoe'smotion,supportedbyaffidavitandaswornanswer,thejudgmentproconfessoheretoforetakenagainsthimissetaside,onthepaymentofthecostsofthecause,andsaidanswerallowedtobefiled.Theanswerwas,thereupon,filedaccordingly.Executionisawardedforsaidcosts.Or,ifthedefendantisanon-resident,oronewhosenameorresidenceisunknown,andwasbroughtintoCourtbypublicationalone,theordermaybeasfollows:Inthiscause,SamuelStokes,whoisanon-resident[or,whosenameorresidenceisun-known]andwhowasbroughtbeforetheCourtbypublicationonly,comes,andbySolicitor[or,inperson,]entershisappearance;and,onhismotion,thejudgmentproconfessohereto-foreenteredagainsthim,wassetaside,andhewasallowedtofilehisanswer,whichanswerwasfiledaccordingly.§209.WhenaFinalDecreeMaybeTakenonaProConfesso.—Whenajudgmentproconfessoisagainstadefendantnotbelongingtooneofthefore-goingexceptedclasses,35solongasitcontinuesinforce,itisequivalenttoasolemnadmissioninopenCourtthatthematerialallegationsoffactcontainedinthebillaretrue;and,forthisreason,notonlyisnofurtherproofofsuchallegationsnecessary,38butsuchproofwouldbeimmaterial,theconfessionofrecordbeingplenaryproofofeveryfactalleged.37If,therefore,thebillallegesenoughfactstojustifyafinaldecree,takingthefactsforadmitted,thecomplainantmay,inacasenotexcepted,38takeafinaldecreeonhisproconfessowhenthecauseisreachedonthedocketforhearing.39Nofinaldecreecanbetakenataspecialterm,inanexceptedcase,onaproconfessotakenattheMaster'srulessincetheregularterm:complainantmustwaituntilthenextregularterm.Afinaldecreemay,however,betakenataspecialtermonaproconfessotakenduring,orpriorto,theprecedingregularterm.40If,however,thebilldoesnotaversufficientfacts,takingthemastrue,tosupportafinaldecree,aswhen(1)anaccountingissought,orisnecessary,toascertaintheamountduefromthedefendant,orwhere(2)theallegationsofthebillareindefinite,orinconclusive,oralternative,inallsuchcasesthecomplainantcannot,evenafterajudgmentproconfesso,haveafinaldecree,unlessheestablishhisdemandbysatisfactoryevidence.41If,therefore,afinaldecreebebasedonaconfessedbill,whichdoesnotaverenoughfactstosupportsuchdecree,itwillbereversibleonabillofreviewforerrorsapparent,oronappeal,oronawritoferror.42Therearethreecases,however,whereinafinaldecreecannotbehaduntilthenexttermafterthebillistakenforconfessed:1,When,processofcon-tempthavingbeenreturnedexecuted,orthedefendanthavingbeenbrought34Interlocutorycostsdonotincludethetaxonlitigation.35Fortheseexceptedclasses,see,ante,§206.30Stonev.Duncan,1Head,103.37Aproconfesso,however,isanadmissiononlyofthefactswhicharewellpleaded,anddoesnotaiddefectiveavermentsoffacts,noradmitaver-mentsoflaw,orlegalconclusions.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,531,note.38Theexceptedcasesare(1)thosestated,ante,§206;and(2)thosestatedinCode,§4370.39Blake'sCh.Pr.,162;Rosev.Woodruff,4Johns.Ch.,547.Butsee,infra,note44.40Claybrookv.Wade,7Cold.,555.Instrictness,itwouldseemthatthefinaldecreeontheprocon-fessocouldnotbetaken,untilthecausewasregu-larlyreachedonthedocketfortrial.Suchadecreeisabsolutelyfinalaftertheexpirationoftheterm,oi_afterthelapseofthirtydays;andcannotbesetaside,exceptuponsomerevisoryproceeding.John-sonv.Tomlinson,13Lea,604.411Dan.Ch.Pr.,525,note.Andthedefendantwillbeallowedtocontrovertanyevidenceproducedbythecomplainantinaidofhisdeficientaverments,thedefendantnotbeingboundbytheproconfesso
anyfurther,orotherwise,thanastothedistinctanddefiniteavermentsoffactsetoutinthebill.Ibid.Sewellv.Tuthill&Pattison,4Cates,271.42Theproportionofreversibledecrees,basedonJudgmentsproconfesso,isverylargewhencom-paredwithdecreesresultingfromacontestedlitiga-tion.Thedemurrers,pleas,answersandothercrit-icismsofthedefendant,often.occasionamendmentstobillsthatwouldnot,onaproconfesso,haveen-titledthecomplainanttoanyreliefwhatever.Solicitorsarenotalwaysproofagainstthetempta-tionoftakingmoreintheirdecreesproconfessothantheallegationsoftheirbillswouldstrictlywar-rant;andChancellorsarenotalwaysproofagainstthetemptationtoentrustthedecreesinsuchcaseswhollytothecomplainants'Solicitors.ButinEquity,adecreeonaproconfessocanrightfullybeonlysuchaswouldbeauthorizedbythestateofthepleadings,iftherehadbeennodefault.Nodecreecanrightfullybegrantedbeyondwhattheallegationsofthebillwillwarrant,andifthebilldoesnotenti-tlethecomplainanttoanyrelief,thefacthehasaproconfessowillnotenlargehisrights,orincreasehisremedies.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,526;LancasterMillsv.MerchantsCo.,5Pick.,32.

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§210PROCONEESSOS,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.186intoCourtuponsuchprocess,herefusestoanswerthecomplainant'sbill,orputsinaninsufficientanswer,soadjudgedbytheCourt;2,When,apleaordemurrerhavingbeenoverruled,andthedefendantorderedtoanswerthebill,hefailssotodouponarulegiven;43and3,When,exceptionstoananswerhavingbeenallowedbytheClerkandMaster,andthedefendantorhisSolicitornotifiedthereof,andorderedtoanswer,thedefendantfailstofileasufficientanswerwithinthirtydays,ortoappealfromtheorderoftheMaster.44Inallothercases,whereaprocon]cssoadmitsthetruthofthebill,afinaldecreemaybepronouncedatthereturntermoftheprocess.§210.WhenaProConfessowillNotAuthorizeaFinalDecree.—Whileajudgmentproconfesso,basedonserviceofsubpoena,oronattachmentofprop-ertyandpublication,issuchanadmissionofthetruthofthebillasrendersfurtherproofunnecessary,exceptinthosecaseswhereaproconfessoonly-makesanissue;4Bnevertheless,ifproofbemadebyaco-defendant,thattheallegationsconfessedarereallyfalse,theCourtwilldismissthebillastobothdefendants,inallcaseswheresuchdefendantshaveacommonorjointinterestinthesubject-matterofthesuit.40Thus,(1)whereabillisfiledagainsttwopartners,andoneanswersanddisprovesthecomplainant'swholecase,whileajudgmentproconfessoistakenagainsttheother,theCourtwilldis-missthebillastobothdefendants,47and(2)whereabeneficiaryisprocon-fessocd,andthetrusteemakesdefence;48and(3)whereavendeeisprocon-fessoed,andhisvendoranswers;49and(4)whereonepersonalrepresentativedefends,andtheothersuffersajudgmentbydefault;50inallsuchcases,thedefencebythedefendantwhoanswersavailsthedefendantwhodoesnotanswer,and,ifsufficient,overcomestheeffectofthejudgmentproconfessoagainsthim.Thisdoctrine,however,isnotappliedtoananswerbyade-fendantwhohasdistinctrightsorliabilities,andnojointorcommoninterestorliabilitywiththepartywhofailstoanswer.51Norwillajudgmentproconfessoauthorizeadecreeinfavorofthecomplain-ant,unlessthebillshowsagroundforreliefagainstthedefendant.Ifthecomplainantinhisbillfailstoshowsuchastateoffactsasentitleshimtoadecree,aproconfessowillavailhimnothing,andhisbillmustbedismissed.52Thisisespeciallythecasewhere,onaproconfesso,thecomplainantasksadecreeagainstapublicofficer,privateagent,orothermerelynominalparty,asagainstwhomnorightofrecoveryexists.53§211.EffectofaFinalDecreeBasedonaProConfesso.—Thereisnodifferencebetweenthevalidity,force,orefficacy,ofafinaldecreebasedonaproconfessosofarasthirdpersonsareconcerned,andthevalidity,force,orefficacy,ofafinaldecreebasedonabill,answerandproof;andadecreebased
43Butseethefollowingnote.44Code,§§4369-4370.Thereasonaproconfessoeddefendantisallowedanindulgenceinthesethreein-stances,seemstobethatinthe1stinstance,thepressureoftheCourt'shandisstillendeavoringtocompeladiscoveryfromthedefendant;andthatinthe2dand3dinstanceshehasmadesomeshow,atleast,ofobeyingthemandateinthesubpoena.Thesereasonsarehardlysufficienttowarranttheindul-gence;anditishopedtherearebetterones,notanpaienttotheauthor:for.iftherebenobetterones,thestatuteshouldberepealed.Where,however,inanyofthesecases,thede-fendantfailstotenderasufficientanswer,andtcfullyexcusehisconductbyaffidavit,theChancellorshouldrigidlyrefusetosetasidetheproconfesso.Equityfavorsthediligent,andnotthosewhoslum-berontheirrights.SincetheabovewaswrittentheSupremeCourthasdecidedthatwhenademurrerisoverruledatthereturntermaproconfessoandfinaldecreecanthenbeentered,ifthedefendantfailstoanswernextdayortoobtainfurthertime.RoseV.Meek,9Pick.,666;andifthesuitisonanoteo')therevidenceofdebtbothdecreesmaybeenteredsimulta-
neously.Cowan,McClung&Co.v.Donaldson,11Pick.,322.ThisistheruleintheCircuitCourt.Code,§2954;butinChancery,seeCode,§4370.45See,ante,§206.40Petty)'.Hannum,2Hum.,102;CaldwellC.McFarland,11Lea,463;Dunscombv.Wallace,21Pick.,385.47Andwhereonepartnerdeniesthecauseofaction,anditisnotproved,aproconfessoagainsttheotherpartner,willnotsupportadecreeagainsthim.Butlerv.Kinzie,6Pick.,31;Allen&Hill,exrs.V.Shanks,6Pick.,359.48Cherryv.Clements,10Hum.,552.40HennesseeV.Ford,8Hum.,499.60Brienv.Patterson,3Head,499:acaseatlaw.51Phillipsv.Hollister,2Cold.,269;Simpsont'.
Moore,5Lea,3'76.52McGavockv.Elliott,3Yerg.,373;Rossv.Ram-sey,3Head,15;Chandlerv.Jobe,5Lea,591;Chad-wellv.McCall,1Tenn.Ch.,640;Sewellv.Tuthill&Pattison,4Cates,271;LancasterMills0.Mer-chants'Co.,5Pick,32;Winhame.Crutcher,3Tenn.,Ch.666.53McGavockV.Elliot,3Yerg.,373;BucknerI).
Abrahams,3Tenn.Ch.,346.

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187PROCONFESSOSjANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.§212onaproconfesso,ifexecutedbeforeitissetasideunderanyoftheforegoingprovisions,willbeaprotectiontoallpersonsactinguponitsvalidity,andwillconferagoodtitletoallpropertysoldunderit.54Itisnoobjectiontotheexecutionofadecreerenderedagainstadefendant,thatitwasfoundedonabilltakenforconfessed,withoutpersonalservice;buttheCourtmay,andgenerallyoughtto,requirethecomplainanttogivesuffi-cientsecurity,insuchsumastheCourtdeemsproper,toabidebyandperformsuchorder,touchingtherestitutionofproperty,orrepaymentofmoney,astheCourtmaymake,uponthedefendantsubsequentlysettingasidethedecree,andsuccessfullyresistingthecomplainant'ssuit.55Andasbetweenthecomplainantandthedefendant,thefinaldecreeagainstthelatter,basedonthejudgmentproconfesso,isasvalidasthoughpronounceduponanswerandproof,untilsetaside,orreversed,inthemannerprescribedbylaw;50andevenwhenthedefendantisbroughtbeforetheCourtbypubli-cationalone,apersonaljudgmentforthedebtsuedonmayberenderedagainsthim,inthesamemanner,andtothesameextent,asthoughhehadbeenbroughtbeforetheCourtbyserviceofsubpoena.57§212.WhenandHowaDecreebasedonaProConfessomaybeSetAside.Afinaldecreebasedonajudgmentproconfesso,againstadefendantservedwithsubpoena,maybesetasideduringthetermatwhichitwasrendered,pro-vidednotmorethanthirtydayshaveelapsedsinceitsrendition.Aftertheexpirationoftheterm,orofsaidlimitofthirtydays,thedecreecannotbesetaside,exceptuponproperproceedingsinstitutedforthatpurpose,asincaseofdecreesbasedonbill,answerandproof.58Theseproceedingsinsuitsbroughtbyoriginalorjudicialattachmentorproperty,willbefoundfullycon-sideredundertheheadofAttachment.59Inallotherthanattachmentcases,adecreewithoutpersonalserviceofprocessagainstadefendantwhodoesnotappeartodefend,isnotabsoluteuntilthreeyearsfromthedecree,unlessacopyofthedecreeisserveduponthedefendant,inwhichcaseitbecomesabso-luteifthedefendantfailstocomeforwardandmakedefencewithinsixmonthsafterservice.60Thedeathofthedefendantproceededagainstwithoutpersonalservice,whetherthedeathoccurbeforeorafterthefilingofthebill,doesnotrendertheproceedingsvoid,buthisheirsorrepresentatives,asthecasemaybe,havetheright,withinthreeyearsfromtherenditionofthefinaldecree,tomakethemselvespartiesbypetition,verifiedbyaffidavit,showingmerits,andcon-testingthecomplainant'sbill.01•
Theoriginaldefendant,hisheir,representative,orassigneeclaimingunderhimbyvirtueofanyactdonebeforethecommencementofthesuit,may,withinsixmonthsafterserviceofacopyofthedecree,orwithinthreeyearsafterthedecreewhennotservedwithsuchcopy,beadmittedtoanswerthebill,uponpetitionshowingmerits,andgivingsecurityforthepaymentsofcosts;andwitnessesonbothsidesmaybeexamined,andsuchotherproceedingsmaybehadthereon,asifthecausewerethennewlybegun.82
54Code,§4383.55Code,§4382;ScovelV.Absten,1Term.Ch.,73;SextonV.Alberti,10Lea,457.Thisbondshouldbeinvariablyexactedwhenthecomplainanttakesthepauper'soath.50JohnsonV.Tomlinson,13Lea,604.57Taylorv.Rountree,16Lea,725.Butsee,post,§887,note.58JohnsonV.Tomlinson,13Lea,604;PryorV,Coleman,2Shan.Cas.,257.59SeeChapteronSuitsbyAttachment,post;Code,§§4378:3529-3534.60Code,§4379.Thethreeyears,withinwhichtheapplicationtosetasidethedecreemustbemade,begintorunfromthedateofthedecreeintheSupremeCourt,incasethesuitiscarriedtothatCourtbyappeal.Brownv.Brown,2Pick.,277.
01Code,§4380.02Code,§§4379-4381.Thesesectionsdonotrefertodecreesbaseduponproconfessosinattachmentcases.Code,§4378.ThepetitionshouldbefiledintheChanceryCourtinwhichthedecreewasren-dered,evenwherethecausehadbeenfinallydeter-minedintheSupremeCourtonappeal.BrownV.Brown,2Pick.,277.TheopinioninthiscasebySpecialJudgeM.M.Neil,oftheTrentonbar,isaveryexhaustiveandableone,onthequestionsofpracticearisingontheforegoingsectionsoftheCode.SeeMetcalfv.Landers,3Bax.,35,forthepracticeinsettingasidefinaldecrees.Thepetitionmaybefiledinvacation.BledsoeV.Wright,2Bax.,471.

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§213PROCONEESSOS,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.188Ifthepetitionshowmeritsonitsface,andisnotfatallycontradictedbytherecord,itissufficient,andneednotbeaccompaniedbyananswer.63'Theproperwaytotestthesufficiencyofthepetitionisbyamotiontodismiss,andindecidingonthemotion,theCourtwilllookalonetothepetitionandtotherecord,andnoanswertothepetitionwillbeallowed.Ifthemotiontodismissisoverruled,thedecreecomplainedofwillbesetaside,andthedefendantallowedtomakealldefencesoflawandfacttothebill,asifthebillhadjustbeenfiledandprocessserved.64§213.FormsofPetitionandDecreetoSetAsideaDecreeBasedonaProConfesso.—Thefollowingformsofapetitionandadecreewillillustratewhathasbeensaidintheprecedingsection
:
PETITIONTOSETASIDEADECREEBASEDONAPROCONFESSO.ssJohnDoe,vs. \No.618.RichardRoe,etal.TotheHonorableAndrewAllison,Chancellor
:
Yourpetitioner,theabovenameddefendant,RichardRoe,respectfullyshowstotheCourt.I.Thatonthe dayof[givingdate,]theabovenamedJohnDoefiledhisbillinsaidcauseagainstpetitionerinthisCourt,allegingamongotherthingsthatpetitionerwasanon-resident,andprayingpublicationagainstpetitioner.AjudgmentproconfessowasattheMayterm,1890,ofthisCourt,pronouncedagainstpetitioner,basedonanallegedpub-licationastopetitionerandasupposeddefaultbyhim;andatthesametermafinaldecreewasmadeinthecausebasedonthesaidbill,thedepositionofthecomplainant,andsaidjudgmentproconfesso,bywhichdecreethesaidcomplainantwasgivenarecoveryoffourhundreddollars,andallthecostsofthecause,againstpetitioner,andexecutionawarded.Saidexecutionwason[givingdate]leviedonthefollowingtractofland,thepropertyofpetitioner:[Heredescribeitaccordingtothelevy;and,also,byafullerdescription,ifnecessary.]Saidlandwassold,undersaidexecution,tothecomplainant,forthesumoffourhundredandtwentydollars;andtheSheriffmadehimadeedthereforaccordingly,whichdeedhasbeenregistered,andthecomplainantisnowholdingandclaimingsaidlandbyvirtueofsaiddeed,andthepreviousproceedingsinsaidcause.Forafulleraccountofallthesaidproceedings,referenceismadetotherecordinsaidcausenowinthisCourt.ii.Yourpetitionerpositivelyandsolemnlyaversanddeclaresthat,whensaidbillwasfiled,andalltheproceedingsthereunderhad,ashereinabovestated,hewasanon-residentoftheStateofTennessee,andaresidentoftheStateofIndiana,thathehadnoknowledge,what-ever,ofsaidproceedings,orofanyofthem,butwasabsolutelyandwhollyignorantofthefilingofthebill,andofalloftheorders,decrees,andotherproceedingsinsaidcause,untilthethirddayofthepresentmonth,[January,1891,]whenhecametothiscountyonotherbusiness,and,greatlytohisastonishment,learnedofsaidsuit,andofthesaleofhissaidtractoflandthereunder.in.Yourpetitionerpositivelyandsolemnlyaversthatthecauseofactionsetforthbysaidcomplainantinhissaidbillis,andwasatthefilingofsaidbill,whollyfalse,andwithoutanyfoundationwhateverinfact,orinlaw.Yourpetitionerdidnotowesaidcomplainant.anysumonanyaccountwhateveratthefilingofsaidbill,oratthetimeofsaiddecree;anddidnotowehimtheaccountexhibitedtosaidbill,oranypartthereof.[Setforthspecificdenialsofthecauseofactionallegedinthebill,andgiveanyandallexplanations,acquittances,re-leases,receipts,&c,thepetitionermayhave,makinghisdefencesasfull,clearandstrongaspossible,accordingtothefacts.Gointodetails;andrememberthatthispetitionisinthenatureofanaffidavit,andshouldbepositiveandspecific,andadequatetotheendinview.]IV.Yourpetitionerherewithexhibitshisanswer66tosaidbill,dulyverifiedbyhisoath,andhemakessaidanswerapartofthispetition,andsaysthatsaidansweristrueonhisownpersonalknowledge,andhepraysthatnotice67ofthefilingofthispetitionbeservedonsaidcomplainant,returnableinstanter;andthat,onthehearingofthispetition,saidfinaldecree,andsaidjudgmentproconfesso,andsaidSheriff'sdeed,besetaside,andfornought
is.".See,post,§§888-890,forsimilarproceedingsinattachmentsuits.66Itisgoodpracticetotenderananswer,butnoanswerisrequireduntiltherighttoanswerhasbeendetermined.MetcalfV.Landers,3Bax.,3a;Brownv.Brown,2Pick.,277.67Noticemaybeservedonthecomplainantbeforethepetitionispresented,statingthedaywhenitwillbepresented,andthemotionmadetosetasidethedecree.
63Metcalfv.Landers,3Bax.,35.Thereisnoneedforananswer,untiltheCourthasdeterminedthatthedefendanthastherighttoanswer.Butaswornanswerdisclosingmeritswillstrengthenthedefendant'sapplication,andmayturnthescaleinhisfavor.1Barb.Ch.Pr.,367.04Brownv.Brown,2Pick.,277.Theeffectofallowingthepetitiontobefiledunconditionallyistoannulthedecreesinthecause,andtorestorethe,defendanttothestatusofadefendantwhosetimetoanswerhasnotexpired.Ibid.

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189PROCONEESSOS,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.§213held;andthathebeallowedtofilesaidanswer,andtotakeallproperproof.He,also,praysforawritofrestitutiontorestoretohimthesaidtractofland;68orelse,thatare-ceiverbeappointedtotakeitinchargeuntilfinaldecreeinthecause.Petitioner,also,praysforsuchotherandgeneralreliefashemaybeentitledto. RichardRoe.[Affidavitandjuratasin§162,ante.]89DECREESETTINGASIDEADECREEAGAINSTANON-RESIDENT.JohnDoe,1
vs. \No.618.RichardRoe,etal.JOnthis17thdayofJanuary,1891,camethedefendant,RichardRoe,andpresentedhispetition,prayingthereinthattheorderproconfessoandthefinaldecreeandotherproceed-ingsinthiscausebesetaside,andthathebeallowedtoanswerthebill,tenderingwithhissaidpetitionananswer,dulyswornto.Andnoticeofthepresentationandfilingofsaidpetitionhavingbeenheretoforegiventhecomplainant,andhebeingpresentbyhisSolicitor,andthesaidpetitionandanswer,andtheoriginalrecordinthecause,havingbeenread,andargumentofcounselheard,theCourtisofopinionthatthepetitionerisentitledtohaveboththeordertakingthebillforconfessed,andthefinaldecreeinthiscause,setaside,va-cated,andfornaughtheld.Itis,therefore,orderedanddecreedbytheCourt,thatsaidorderproconfessoandsaidfinaldecreebebothsetasideandvacated,andthedefendantisallowedtofiletheanswerexhibitedtohissaidpetition,whichanswerisfiledaccordingly,andsaidpetitionalso.AnditbeingadmittedinopenCourtbythecomplainant,throughhisSolicitor,thatthecomplain-antisbyhistenantinpossessionofthetractoflandsoldinthiscause,itisorderedbytheCourt,onmotionofthedefendant,thatawritofrestitutionissuetorestoretothedefendantthepossessionofsaidtract;70butthetenantinpossessionwillnotbeousteduntiltheendofthepresentyear,providedhewillattorntothedefendant.71Thecauseisremandedtotherulesforproofgenerally,andthedefendantisgrantedleavetocross-examinethecomplainant,whosedepositionhasheretoforebeentaken.Afterthedecreehasbeensetaside,andtheanswerfiled,witnessesonbothsidesmaybeexamined,andsuchotherprocedingsmaybehadandtakeninthecauseasiftheissuehadbeendulymadeupbyfilingtheanswerattheappear-anceterm.Theeffectoftheorder,allowingtheanswertobefiled,is'toanni-hilatetheintervalbetweenpublicationandthepresentationofthe-petitiontosetasidethedecree;andtogivethedefendanteveryrighthewouldhavehad,ifhisanswerhadbeenfiledattheappearanceterm,andifthetermatwhichitisfiledwastheappearanceterm.72Whenanon-residentdefendantispermittedtomakedefenceafterfinaldecree,hemustdosobyananswer,andnotbyademurrer.73GSIfthepropertyhasbeensoldtoastranger,thedefendant,onhavingthedecreesetaside,willnot.beentitledtorecoverbacktheproperty.Sextonv.Alberti,10Lea,458.69Thepetitionshouldbesworntobyallthepe-titioners.AnaffidavittothepetitionbytheirSolic-itorsisnotsufficient.Cookv.Dews,2TennCh.,496;Tottenv.Nance,3Tenn.Ch.,264;1Barb.Cli.
Pr.367.ButanyfactsspeciallyintheknowledgeoftheSolicitormaybesworntobyhim.70Sextonv.Alberti,10Lea,452.71Thetenantmayberegardedasapersonactingonthevalidityofthedecree.Code,§4383.72Code,§4381;Brownv.Brown,2Pick.,277.73LedgerwoodV.Miller,2Shan.Cas.,66.

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§214 MOTIONSBYCOMPLAINANT.190
ARTICLEII.MOTIONSBYCOMPLAINANT.
§218.MotionsforAlias,orMesneProcess.§219.MotionsforAttachmentsfornotAn-swering.§220.MotionsbyComplainantsinPerson.§221.SuitsbyMotioninChancery.
§214.MotionsandAffidavitsgenerallyCon-sidered.§215.MotionsforLeavetoAmendtheBill.§216.MotionsinReferencetoDefendantsUnderDisability.§217.MotionsforOrdersProConfesso.§214.MotionsandAffidavitsgenerallyConsidered.—AmotionisanoralapplicationtotheCourtintermtime,ortotheChancellororMasterinvaca-tion,forsomeorderinrelationtothesuitinwhichtheapplicationismade.Anaffidavitisastatementoffactsreducedto.writing,andsworntobeforesomepersonauthorizedtoadministertheoath.Affidavitsareordinarilymadeinsupportofmotions,inordertobringbeforetheCourtsomefactnototherwiseappearing.ThesubjectofmotionsandaffidavitswillbehereafterfullyconsideredinArticlesdevotedthereto;buttheprincipalmotionsandaffidavitsmadeinCourt,orbeforetheChancellor,orMaster,afterserviceofprocess,andbeforethedefendanthasfiledanypleading,willbeconsideredhere.§215.MotionforLeavetoAmendtheBill.—AlthoughthecomplainantmayamendhisbillbeforedefencemadewithoutapplicationtotheCourt,neverthe-less,ifCourtbeinsessionwhenthenecessityforanamendmentappears,itispropertomovetheCourtforleavetoamend.Suchamotionmaybeinthefollowingform
:
MOTIONANDORDERTOAMENDTHEBILL.JohnDoe,vs. \No.618.RichardRoe,etal.JInthiscause,thecomplainantmovedtheCourtforleavetosoamendhisbillastoallegethatJohnBrownclaimstoownaninterestinthetractoflandsoughttobesoldforpartitioninthiscause,butthattheextentofsuchinterest,ifany,isunknown;andsoastomakesaidJohnBrownadefendant,andrequirehimtodiscoverthenatureandextentofhisinterest,ifany,andhowevidenced,whichmotionwasbytheCourtallowed,andsaidamend-mentwasmadeaccordinglyonthefaceofthebill.Asubpcena,andacopyofthebillasamended,willissue,andbeservedonsaidJohnBrown.Whenamotiontoamendthebillismadeafteranswerfiled,itmustordinarilybesupportedbyaffidavit,showing(1)whytheamendmentwasnotmadebefore,(2)specifyingthesubstanceoftheproposedamendment,and(3)aver-ringthatthematteroftheproposedamendmentistrue.ThesubjectofamendingbillsandofsupplementalbillswillbehereafterfullytreatedinaseparateChapter.§216.MotionsinReferencetoDefendantsunderDisability.—Ifhisbillisfiledagainstadefendantwhoisaminor,orapersonofunsoundmind,withoutageneralguardian,itisthedutyofthecomplainant,attheappearanceterm,oronoraftertheappearanceruleday,tohaveaguardianadlitemappointedforsuchminor,ornoncompos.TheChancellor,orMaster,may,onmotion,maketheappointmentinvacation;or,iftheCourtbeinsession,theappointment

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rNo.618.
191 MOTIONSBYCOMPLAINANT.§217maybemadebytheCourt.Themotionandorder,ifmadeinCourt,1maybeasfollows
:
'ORDERAPPOINTINGAGUARDIANADLITEM.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etal.Inthiscause,thecomplainantmovedtheCourttoappointaguardianadlitemforCharlesJones,oneofthedefendants,anditappearingtotheCourtthatsaidCharlesJonesisaminor[or,personofunsoundmind,]dulyinCourtbyserviceofprocess,[or,bypublication,]andthathehasnogeneralguardian,theCourtappointedJohnW.Green,Esq.,aSolicitoroftheCourt,guardianadlitemofsaidCharlesJones,todefendthissuitforhim;andthesaidJohnW.GreeninopenCourtacceptedsaidappointment,[andfiledhisanswerassuchguardian.]Aguardianadlitemcannotberegularlyappointeduntilthedaythepersonunderdisabilityisrequiredtoappear;andtheappointmentcannotbemadeatall,unlesssuchpersonhasbeenactuallybroughtbeforetheCourt,byserviceofsubpoena,orbypublication.Incontemplationoflaw,theinfant,orlunatic,mustbeinCourtinobediencetoitsprocess,beforetheCourthassuchjurisdic-tionofhispersonastoauthorizeittoappointaguardianadlitemforhim.2§217.MotionsforOrdersProConfesso.—Onanyruledayafterthetimeallowedformakingdefencehasexpired,thecomplainantmaymovetheCourt,orMaster,foranordertotakethebillasconfessed.Invacation,thedefendanthasalloftheappearanceruledayinwhichtofilehisdefence,andsoaproconfessocannotbeenteredagainsthimuntilthenextruleday.Ifthefirstdayoftheterm,oranyMondayoftheterm,isappearanceday,thedefendantmustmakehisdefenceonappearanceday,oronthefirsttwodaysthereafter;oron,orafter,thefourthday,hewillbeliabletoaproconfesso.IfthemotionismadeinCourt,itmaybeasfollows
:
ORDERPROCONFESSO.JohnDoe,1
vs. \No.618.RichardRoe,etal.JInthiscausethecomplainantmovedtheCourtforajudgmentproconfessoagainstthedefendantDanielRoe;anditappearingtotheCourtthatsaidDanielRoeisdulyinCourt,byserviceofsubpeena[or,bypublication,]requiring*himtoappearanddefendonthefirstMondayinFebruary,1891,andthathehasfailedtomakeanydefencetocomplainant'sbillasrequiredbytherulesofthisCourt,itisorderedbytheCourt,,thatsaidbillbetakenasconfessed,astosaidDanielRoe,andthecausesetforhearingexparte,astohim.Thetakingofproconfessoshas,heretofore,beenfullyconsidered,andthereaderisreferredtotheArticleonthatsubject.3§218.MotionforAlias,orMesne,Process.—IftheSheriffhasfailedtofindadefendant,-orthepublicationisdefective,thecomplainantshouldmovetheCourtattheappearancetermforaliasprocess,tobringthedefendantintoCourt;or,inapropercase,hemayhaveajudicialattachmentagainstthedefendant'sproperty,andanorderforpublication.IftheCourtwillcontinuesufficientlylong,suchalias,ormesne,processmaybemadereturnabletoanyMondayoftheterm.4Theorderforaliasprocessmaybeasfollows
:
ORDEREORALIASPROCESS.JohnDoe,I
vs. \No.618.RichardRoe,etal.JInthiscause,onmotionofthecomplainant,aliassubpeenatoanswerisawardedagainstthedefendant,GeorgeSmith,returnabletothe4thMondayofthepresentterm,beingthe.24thdayofthepresentmonth.the_daysetforhisappearancemusthavecome;untilthen,heisnotinCourt,incontemplationotlaw.See,ante,§106;post,§227.3Ante,§§205-213.iCh.Rule,XI.§4;post,§1200,sub-sec.4.
1Theformofthemotion,andorder,whenmadeintheMaster'soffice,issubstantiallythesameaswhenmadeinCourt.2Notthatthepersonunderdisabilitymustbeac-tuallyandbodilyinCourt,butthat_thesubpeenamusthavebeenserved,orthepublicationmade,and

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§219MOTIONSBYCOMPLAINANT.192Allaliasprocessrunslikeoriginalprocess,exceptthatitcommandstheofficer,"ashehasheretoforebeencommanded,"todosoandso.Thefollowingistheformof ANALIASSUBPOENA.StateofTennessee,\BlountCounty.j TotheSheriffofsaidCounty
:
Youareherebycommanded,asyouhaveheretoforebeen,tosummonPeterPoetoappear[&c,asin§187,ante.]Ifadefendanthasdied,ormarried,sinceservedwithprocess,suchfactmaybeprovedinopenCourt,andascirefaciasorderedbytheCourt,onmotion,againstthehusbandofthemarrieddefendant,ortheheirsorpersonalrepre-sentativesofthedeceaseddefendant.5ThefollowingistheformofanORDERFORASCIREFACIAS.JohnDoe,j
vs. \No.618RichardRoe,etal.JInthiscause,thedeathofJamesJoneswassuggestedandprovedinopenCourt.AnditbeingsuggestedthatHenryJonesishisadministrator,[or,thatWilliamJonesandGeorgeJonesarehisheirsatlaw,]itisorderedbytheCourt,onmotionofthecomplainant,thatascirefaciasissuetonotifysaidHenryJones[or,saidWilliamJonesandGeorgeJones,]toappearon[someMondayoftheterm,oratsomeruleday,specifyingtheday,]andshowcause,ifanyhehas[or,theyhave,]whythissuitshouldnotberevivedagainsthim,[orthem.]§219.MotionsforAttachmentsfornotAnswering.—Ifthedefendantfailstoanswerabillseekingadiscovery,withinthetimerequiredbylaw,thecom-plainantmayeithertakeanorderproconfessoagainsthim,ormaymovetheCourt,orMaster,foranattachmentagainstthebodyofthedefendanttocom-pelhimtoanswer.6Insuchacase,themotionmaybeinthefollowingform:MOTIONFORANATTACHMENT.JohnDoe,|
vs. yNo.618.RichardRoe,etal.JInthiscause,thecomplainantmovedtheCourtforanattachmentagainstthedefendant,GeorgeSmith,tocompelhimtoanswerthebill;anditappearingtotheCourt,thatthesub-poenatoanswerthebillwasdulyservedonthedefendant,GeorgeSmith,onthe10thdayofFebruary,1891,thathehasfailedtoanswer,ormakeotherdefencetosaidbillwithinthetimerequiredbylaw,andthatsaidbillcallsforadiscoveryfromsaiddefendantunderoath,itisorderedbytheCourtthatanattachmentissueagainstsaidGeorgeSmithfornotan-sweringsaidbill,saidattachmenttobereturnabletoThursdayofthepresentweek.TheSheriffmaytakeabail-bondinthepenaltyoffivehundreddollars.§220.MotionsbyComplainantsinPerson.—Therearesomemotionsbestmadebyacomplainantinperson,ormadebyaSolicitorinhispresence.Whereaperson'snameisusedassolecomplainant,orasco-complainant,withoutau-thority,hemusttakestepstorepudiatethesuitassoonashehasnoticeofitsexistence.Ifthesuitbepending,heshouldpresentanaffidavitthatthebillwasfiledwithoutauthority,andmovetheCourttoorderthebilltakenfromthefilesordismissedastohim,andthattheSolicitorfilingthesamebetaxedwithallthecostsofthecause.UponsuchmotiontheCourtwillheartheevi-dence,theburdenofproofbeingontheSolicitortoshowauthority.7Wherethesuithasendedbeforethecomplainantlearnsofitsexistence,andhehassufferedanylossbysuchsuit,heshouldfileanoriginalbillinthenatureofbothabilltoimpeachadecreeforfraudandabillofreview,settingforththefacts,andmakingtheSolicitorandallofthepartiestotheoriginalsuit
5Forthepracticeinrevivingsuits,seeChapteronAbatementandRevivor,post.6Theproceedingsinsuchacasehavealreadybeenfullydetailed;see,ante,§§201-204.
71Dan.Ch.Pr.,308-310;Courtneyv.Dyer,2Shan.Cas.,360;post,%1174.

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j}222APPEARANCEBYTHEDEFENDANT.194
PARTIII.PROCEEDINGSINASUITINCHANCERY,FROMTHEAPPEARANCEOFTHEDEFENDANTTOTHECLOSEOFTHEPLEADINGS.CHAPTERXII.APPEARANCEANDDEFENCE.ArticleI.AppearancebytheDefendant.Article;II.DefencesgenerallyConsidered.ArticleIII.PreliminaryMotionsbytheDefendant.
§222.WhatisanAppearance.§223.WhatConstitutesanAppearance,§224.EffectofanAppearance.§225.WhenaDefendantServedwithSub-poenaisBoundtoAppear.
ARTICLEI.APPEARANCEBYTHEDEFENDANT.§226.WhenaDefendantBroughtintoCourtbyPublicationisBoundtoAppear.§227.WhenandHowDefendantsunderDisabilityAppear.§228.WhereaDefendant,orOtherPersonSummoned,isBoundtoAppear.§222.WhatisanAppearance.—Thesubpoenaandthenoticebypublicationrequirethedefendanttoappear,onorbeforeadaynamed,beforetheChanceryCourt,toanswerthecomplainant'sbill.WhatismeantbyappearingisnotcomingbodilyintotheCourtHouse,whenandwheretheCourtisinsession,butmakingsomemotion,ordoingsomeactofrecord,inacause,orfilingwiththeClerkandMastersomewrittendefencetocomplainant'ssuit.1Thismo-tion,actofrecord,orwrittendefencethedefendantordinarilymakesthroughhisSolicitor,2buthemaymakeitinperson.3Unlessadefenceismade,inthemannerandtimerequiredbythepracticeoftheCourt,ajudgmentproconfessowillbeenteredagainstthedefendant.Anappearanceis,then,anyactwherebyadefendantrecognizesthejurisdic-tionoftheCourt,intheparticularcausewhereinheisadefendant.Thisap-pearance,orrecognitionoftheCourt'sjurisdiction,maybe:(1)alimited,orspecial,appearance;or(2)anunlimited,orgeneral,appearance.Alimited,orspecial,appearanceisordinarilymadefortheexpresspurposeofdisputingthejurisdictionoftheCourt;4andtheappearancemustaffirmatively,orneces-sarily,appeartobeforsuchlimited,orspecialpurpose,as,forinstance,topleadinabatement,5oritwillbedeemedtobeanunlimited,orgeneralappear-ance.Ageneralappearanceisonethatisnotexpressly,ornecessarily,limitedtotheparticularmatter,motion,orpleadingconstitutingtheappearance.Allappearancesaredeemedtobegeneral,orunlimited,unlessexpresslydeclaredtobespecialandlimited,orunlessitsspcialorlimitedcharacterisnecessarilyimpliedfromthenatureofthemotion,orpleading,constitutingtheparticularappearanceinquestion.Adefendantmayappearvoluntarilyassoonasthebillisfiled,andwithout"waitingforthesubpoenatobeservedonhim.6Thisissometimescalledappear-inggratis,andisgenerallyresortedto,whenadefendantwishestomake1Intheeyeofthelaw,adefendantisonlyseentobepresentbywhatappearsupontherecordsoftheCourt.StraussV.Weil,5Cold.,124.AndsotheCoderequiresthedefendantnotonlytoappear,but,also,todefend.Code,§4360.2See,post,%1174.
3Code,§3979.4Sometimescalledaconditionalappearance.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,512;536.5FriedlanderV.pollock,5Cold.,490;Sherry«.Divine,11Heisk,725;Boonv.Rahl,1Heisk.,12.uStraussit.Weil,5Cold.,124.

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195 APPEARANCEBYTHEDEFENDANT.§223someimmediateapplicationtotheCourtinthecause,7ortoresistsomeappli-cationbythecomplainant.8Adefendant,whosoappears,haseveryrighthewouldhavehadifsubpoenahadbeenservedonhim,returnableonthedayhevoluntarilyappeared.9Thus,anappearancetohaveproconfessosetasideisnotsuchanappearanceaswilldebaradefendantfrompleadinginabatementtothebill.10§223.WhatConstitutesAppearance.—Inpractice,theserviceofasubpoenaonthedefendantisequivalenttohisappearanceatthetimeandplacespecifiedinthewritj11anditisonlywhentherehasbeennopersonalserviceofsubpoena,thatanactualappearancebythedefendantbecomesimportant.AdefendantmaybebroughtbeforetheCourtbyattachmentofhispropertyandpublicationinanewspaper;or,insomecases,bypublicationwithoutanyattachment;butsuchdevicesareonlysubstitutesforactualnotice,andareallowedonlybecauseotherwisetherewouldoftenbeafailureofjustice.12Inallsuchcases,Courtsproceedwithuneasinessandmisgivings,theyrealizingthatitisthemanifestrightofeveryonewhoissuedtohaveareasonablenoticeofthesuit,andafairopportunitytomakedefence.Forthisreason,CourtsyearnforsomeevidencethatadefendantbroughtbeforetheCourtbypublicationhasactualknowledgeofthelitigation,andtheyseize,withsomeeagerness,uponanyactofthedefendantrecognizingthejurisdictionoftheCourtoverhim,intheparticularcase.Hence,thefilingofanypleading,13themakingorresistingofanymotion,14thefilingofexceptionstoaMaster'sreport,thetakingofdepositionstobereadinthecause,themakingofanyagreementWiththecomplainant,orhisSolic-itor,relativetoanyproceedinginthecause,15oranyotheractinthecause,betweenthefilingofthebillandtherenditionofthefinaldecree,wherebythependencyofthesuitisrecognizedexpressly,orbynecessaryimplication,will,ifthereberecordevidenceofthefact,constituteageneralandunlimitedappearance,16unlesslimitedbyexpressdeclaration,ornecessaryimplication,inwhichcasetheappearancewillbelimited.Inallcasesofvoluntaryappearances,wherenopleadingisfiledormotionmadebythedefendant,inordertoavoiddisputesormisconstruction,itispropertohavesomeentryofrecordinreferencetothedefendant'sappearance.Suchentry,however,isnotindispensable,fortheCourtswillnotpermitaparty,whoappearstohavehadactualknowledgeofthependencyofasuitagainsthim,tocomplainbecausehewasnotformallynotified.17CourtsofEquityregardsubstance,notceremony,andactualnoticeisthesubstantialthing,andnottheceremonyofnotification.§224.EffectofanAppearance.—Astheobjectofprocess,whetherbysub-poena,orbyattachmentofpropertyandpublication,orbypublicationalone,istonotifythedefendantofthependencyofasuitagainsthiminaparticularCourt,itfollowsthattheactualappearanceofthedefendantcuresanydefect,
71DaniCh.Pr.,539;JonesV.Fulghmn,3Tenn.Ch.,193.8Aswhenhedesirestohaveaninjunctionmodi-fied,ordissolved;or,wishestoresisttheappointmentofareceiver.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,539,note.9Squibbv.McFarland,11Heisk..567.10-LumberCo.V.Lieberman,22Pick.,153.11TheCodesaysthatserviceofthesubpoenaonthedefendantshallbind'himtoappear.Code,§§4350-4351.12Thepurposeofalloriginalprocessistobindthedefendanttoappear.See,ante,60,13Pugsley'v.Freedman'sCo.,2Tenn.Ch.,138.Butwherea-demurrerisfiledby"thedefendants,"itwillnotbepresumedtobethepleadingofade-fendantnotservedwithprocess.DoughertyV.Shown,1Heisk.,302.14McBeev.McBee,1Heisk.,558.15Proudfitv.Picket,7Cold.,563;PugsleyV.Freedman'sCo.,2Tenn.Ch.,138.
16Straussv.Weil,5Cold.,124.JudgeCoopersaysthat,doubtless,withusanentryoftheSolicit-or'sname,eitherbyhimself,orbytheClerkathisinstance,ontheruleortrialdocket,wouldbeasufficiententryoftheappearanceofthepartiesheclaimedtorepresent.Pugsleyv.Freedman'sCo.,2Ttnn.Ch.,138.LivingstonV.Gibbons,4Johns.Ch.,ON.Y.),r95.itBut,onappealtotheSupremeCourt,hisap-pearancewouldbeshownintherecordonlybythereturnonthewrit,orbysomeorderprocon-fesso,orbysomepleading,orotherpaper,filedbyhiminthecause,orbysomeentryontheminutes,showingthefactofhisappearance.Forthisreason,itisall-importanttohavesomerecordevidenceofadefendant'sappearance;otherwise,thejurisdictionoftheCourtoverthepersonofthedefendantwouldappeartobewanting.

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§225APPEARANCEBYTHEDEPENDANT.196omission,orimperfection,intheprocess,orinitsexecution.17*1Indeed,ifthedefendantactuallyappears,itmattersnotwhetheranyprocessinfacteverissuedatall.Andwhenadefendantdoesanyact,indicatingunmistakablythatherecog-nizeshimselfasapartytotheparticularsuit,heisconclusivelydeemedtohaveknowledgeofthecontentsofthepleadings,andofthewholerecordinthecause,includingallthathasbeendoneinit;andheconclusivelywaivesanyir-regularityorinformalityintheprocesswherebyhewasnotifiedofthesuit;andindeedwaivestheprocessitself.AppearanceinanattachmentsuitgivestheCourtjurisdictionofthepersonofthedefendantbutnotofthepropertysoughttobeattached:thelatterde-pendsonthevalidityoftheattachmentproceedings.18Aregularguardiancanwaiveprocessforhisward,andsocanahusbandforhiswife,whentheyarelivingtogether,andherseparateestateisnotinvolvedinthelitigation.Apartnercan,whilethepartnershipexists,entertheappear-anceofhisfirm;butnotafteritsdissolution.Infantsandlunaticscanneitherenteranappearance,norwaiveprocess;andallproceedingsagainstthemnotbasedonproperprocess,properlyexecuted,arevoid.Therecanbenoguardianadlitemappointedforthem,untilaftersuchserviceofprocess,anduntilthereturndaythereof;and,therefore,aguardianadlitemcannotentertheirap-pearance,orwaiveprocessforthem.19ButwheretheCourthasnojurisdictionofthesubject-matter,anappearancebythedefendantdoesnotgivetheCourttherighttoproceedandpronounceadecree.20If,however,theobjectiontothejurisdictionismerelylocalorper-sonal,suchobjectioniswaivedby"appearance,anddefencetothemerits,exceptinsuitsrelatingtoland.§225.WhenaDefendantServedwithSubpoenaisBoundtoAppear.—
A
defendantisboundtoappearatthetimeandplace21specifiedinthesubpoena,orpublicationnotice.ThistimeisnotuniformthroughouttheState,becausebystatute,originalprocessmay,byruleofCourtapplicabletotheCourtwheremade,bereturnabletotheruledays,andallothersexceptfinalprocessmaybesoreturnable.22Inpursuanceofthisstatute,inmanyofthecounties,thereisaChanceryruleprovidingthatallprocess,exceptfinalprocess,shallbemadereturnabletotheruledays.WherethereisnosuchruleofCourt,alloriginalprocssisreturnabletothefirstdayoftheregularterm,andserviceoftheoriginalsubpoenaonthedefendantfivedaysbeforethereturnday,bindshimtoappearwithinthefirstthreedaysoftheterm,iftheCourtholdsolong,otherwiseonthefirstdayoftheterm.23But,ifthesubpcenabeserveduponthedefendant,withinfivedaysbeforethefirstdayoftheterm,heisnotboundtoappearbeforethefirstdayofthesecondtermafterthe-service,24unlessthetermlastlongerthanoneweekandthesubpcenaismadereturnabletosomesubsequentdayoftheterm,inwhichcasehemustmakehisdefencewithinthefirstthreedaysofsuchreturnday,orbeliabletoaproconfcsso;andifthesubpcenaismadereturnabletoasubsequentday,asstated,butexecuted17a1Barb.Ch.Pr.,78.18Stewartv.Smith,3Shan.Cas.,686.19Taylorv.Walker,1Heisk.,734.20Ageev.Dement,1Hum.,332;Ferrisv.Fort,2Tenn.Ch.,150.21Theplacewill,usually,betheofficeoftheClerkandMaster,ifhedesirestofileapleading;or,ifhedesirestomakehisactualappearancebymo-tion,theplaceforhimtomakesuchanappearancewillbebeforetheMaster,inhisoffice,orintheopenCourt,whiletheChancellorissitting.22Code,§4348.23Serviceoftheoriginalsubpcenaonthedefend-antfivedaysbeforethereturndayshallbindhimtoappearwithinthefirstthreedaysoftheterm,iftheCourtholdsolong;otherwiseonthefirstdayoftheterm;Provided,however,ifthetermofCourtbeformorethanthreedays,andthebusinessoftheCourthasbeenfinishedwithinthreedays,and
theCourtisabouttoadjourn,proconfessomaybetakeninanycaseinwhichdefensehasnotbeenmade.Actsof1905,ch.472.Theoriginalact(Code,§4350)wasintendedforCourtsheldfortwoorthreedaysincertainsmallcounties,theChancellorholdingCourtinonecountyflomMondaytoWednesday,andinthenextcountyfromThursdaytoSaturday.Underthissectionasamended,aproconfessocanbetakenonthesecondmorningoftheterm;but,iftheCourtshouldcon-tinueuntilThursday,itwouldbepropertoretaketheproconfesso;unlessthedefendanthad.inthemeantime,madeadefense,whichhemightlawfullydo,andhavetheproconfesso,enteredontheseconddnvoftheterm,setasideonmotion,as,ofcourse,withoutaffidavitandwithoutcosts.24Code,§§4351;2830;Wessellsv.Wessells,I
Tenn.Ch.,60.

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197 APPEARANCEBYTHEDEFENDANT.§226withinthefivedaysbeforethereturnday,thentheMondaysucceedingsuchreturndaybecomesthereturnday,andthedefendantisallowedthethreesucceedingdaysthereaftertomakedefense.25Undertheserules,ifthesubpoenaisservedonthedefendantontheWednes-daynextbeforethereturnday,suchservicewouldbeintimetorequirethedefendanttoappearonsuchday,orontheTuesdayortheWednesdaynextfollowing;andifhefailedsotoappear,ajudgmentproconfessocouldbeen-teredagainsthim,inopenCourt,onThursdaymorning.26Thedefendantinsuchcasehasallthefirstthree27daysinwhichtoappear,andmakehisde-fence,ortoobtainfurthertimeforthatpurpose.28ButiftheCourtholdlessthanthreedays,thedefendantisboundtoappearandmakehisdefenseonthefirstdayoftheterm,andifthebusinessoftheCourthasbeenfinishedwithinthreedaysandtheCourtisabouttoadjournonthesecondorthirddayoftheterm,aproconfessomaybetakenagainsthimifhehasmadenodefense.Insuchacasetheordermaybeinthefollowingform,omittingthetitleofthecause
:
ORDERPROCONFESSOON2NDDAYOFTERM.Inthiscause,onmotionofcomplainant'sSolicitor,anditdulyappearingtotheCourtthatthedefendant,RichardRoe,isdulyinCourtbyserviceofsubpoena,[or,bypublication,]andthathehasfailedtoappearandmakedefensetocomplainant'sbillwithinthetimere-quiredbylaw,andtheCourtbeingabouttoadjourn,itisorderedthatcomplainant'sbillbetakenasconfessedbyhim,thesaidRichardRoe,andthecausesetforhearingexparte.[Andinapropercase,afinaldecreemaybetakenandenteredatthesametime.Seeante§20S.]Whenthesubpoenaisreturnabletoaruleday,byaruleoftheCourt,thedefendantha'sallofthereturnruledayinwhichtofilehispleading;29and,asnoproconfessocanbeenteredagainsthimuntilthenextsucceedingruleday,hehasalltheintermediatetimeinwhichtofilehispleading.Itmustberemem-bered,however,thateachdayoftheterm,aswellasthefirstMondayofeverymonthinvacation,isaruleday,and,aruledayforallruledaybusiness;andifatermofCourtcomesbetweenthereturnruledayandthefirstMondayofthenextmonth,ajudgmentproconfessomay,forwantofadefence,beenteredonanydayofsuchterm.ThereturndaysofallmesneprocessintheChanceryCourt,suchassubpoenastoanswersupplemental,andamendedbills,andbillsofrevivor,shallbetheruledaysoftheCourt;30and,insuchcases,thedefendantmustfilehiswrittendefencewiththeClerkandMasterbeforetheruledaynextafterthereturnruleday,oraproconfessomaybeenteredagainsthimonsuchnextruleday.But,ifatermofCourtshouMbeginbeforesuchnextruleday,theproconfessomaybeenteredonanydayoftheterm,inasmuchaseverydayofatermisaruleday.31But,aliasormesneprocesstakenoutatanytimemaybereturnabletoanyMondayoftheterm,andifexecutedfivedaysbeforethereturndaythedefend-anthasthefirstthreedaysoftheterm,iftheCourtholdsolong,otherwisethefirstdayofthetermtomakedefense,orobtaintimetherefor;andaftersaidthreedays,oroneday,asthecasemaybe,thecausestandstobeproceededinforallpurposes.IfsuchaliasormesneprocessbeexecutedwithinthefivedaysbeforethereturndaythesucceedingMondaybecomesthereturnday,andthecausestandstobeproceededinatthatterm.32§226.WhenaDefendantbroughtintoCourtbyPublicationisBoundtoAppear.—WhenthedefendantisbroughtintoCourtbyattachmentofproperty25Ch.RuleXI,§§1-3.20Dickinsonv.Lee,2Cold.,615.27Theallowanceofthreedays,(calleddaysofgrace,)inwhichtoperformadutythatshouldhavebeendoneonthefirstday,isaveryancientcustom,andgrewoutofthefactthat"oursturdyancestorshelditbeneaththeconditionoffreementoappear,ortodoanyotheract,attheprecisetimeap-pointed."3Blackstone'sCom.,278,citingTacitus,toshowitwasGermanlaw,beforetheChristianera.
28Forthepracticewherethedefendantisre-quiredtoappearataruleday,andwhenprocon-frssosmaybetakenatrules,seeProceedingsintheMaster'sOffice,post,§1157.29Wessellsv.Wessells,1Tenn.Ch.,60,67.30Code,§4349.31Code,§4421.32Cr.RuleXI,§§4-5;§1200,post.

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S227APPEARANCEBYTHEDEFENDANT.198andpublication,thelastpublicationmustbeatleastoneweekbeforethetimefixedinthepublishedorderforthedefendant'sappearance.33If,thereforethetimesofixedbethefirstdayoftheterm,andtherebelessthanoneweekbetweenthelastpublicationandthefirstdayoftheterm,itwouldseemthatthedefendantisnotboundtoappearuntilthefirstthreedaysofthesecondtermoftheCourtaftersuchpublication,34but,iftheappearancedayisaruleday,thenthedefendantneednotappearuntiltheruledaycomingatleastoneweekafterthelastpublication;andhehasallofsuchruledayinwhichtomakehisdefence."WhenthedefendantisbroughtbeforetheCourtbypublication,withoutanyattachmentofproperty,thefourthpublicationisequivalenttotheserviceofthesubpoenaonthedayofsuchfourthpublication;andiffiveormoredayselapsebetweenthedayofsuchlastpublicationandtheruledayspecifiedinthepublishedorderforthedefendant'sappearance,thensuchruledayishisdayforappearance,35butiflessthanfivedayselapse,thenthenextsucceedingruledayishisappearanceday.Inallsuchcases,thedefendanthasalloftheappearancedayinwhichtomakehisdefence,andnoproconfessocanbeenteredagainsthimuntiltheruledaynextsucceedingtheappearanceday.If,inanycase,thedefendanthasademurrer,plea,oranswer,properlyfiled,noproconfessocanbeenteredagainsthim,eventhoughhemayhavebeenindefaultwhensuchpleadingwasfiled.And,ifinanycase,atermofCourtcomeswhileadefendantisindefault,aproconfessocanbeenteredagainsthimonanydayofsuchterm,unlesshefiledaproperpleadingbeforethemotionforsuchajudgmentwasmade.§227.WhenandHowDefendantsunderDisabilityAppear.—Asalreadyshown,minorsandpersonsofunsoundmindmustbebroughtintoCourtinthesamewayasdefendantsnotunderanydisability;butasminors,idiotsandlunaticscannotbindthemselvesbyanycontract,and,asaconsequence,cannotretaincounsel,andastheyareincapableofmakingtheirowndefence,thelawoftheCourtrequiresthattheyshouldappearbyregularguardian,whentheyhavesuch;and,iftheyhavenone,itbecomesthedutyoftheCourt,oroftheMaster,iftheCourtbenotinsession,toappointaguardianforthem,forthepurposeoftheparticularlitigation.Thisguardianiscalledaguardianadlitem.86NeithertheChancellornortheMastercanrightfullyappointaguardianadlitemunless:(1)theinfant,idiotorlunaticismadeadefendanttothebill;and(2)isdulyinCourtbyserviceofsubpoena,orpublicationfullymade.TheCourtmusthaveactuallyacquiredjurisdictionofthepersonoftheinfant,idiotorlunaticbeforeaguardianadlitemcanbeappointed,andthisjurisdictioncanbeacquiredonlybyproperserviceofproperprocess;37andnotthen,untilthereturndayofsuchprocess;ssfor,untilthereturnday,theprocessis,incontemplationoflaw,intheSheriff'shands,andtheCourtcannotknowwhetherithasbeendulyservedornot;andbesides,thepartyservedisnotrequiredtoappearuntilthereturndayoftheprocess.39Hence,anyappoint-mentbeforethereturndaywouldbepremature.40Aninfantwithoutageneralguardiandoesnotbecomeadefendanttoabillunless(1)thebillnameshim
33Code,§3523.34Code,§§4351;3524-3526.35Wessellsv.Wessells,1Tenn.Ch.,60.Thiscaseholdsthatthefourpublicationsareequivalenttoseiviceofprocessonthedayofthefourthandlastpublication,andthatthislastpublicationmustbefivedaysormorebeforethedaythedefendantisboundtoappear.McGavockv.Young,3Tenn.Ch.,529.30TheMastershouldbeverycarefultoappointasguardianadlitemaSolicitorofgoodrepute,andv-hollydisinterested,unlessinterestedonbehalfoftheward;andthisguardianshoulddeemitapoint
ofthehighesthonor,tozealouslyandjealouslyguardalltheinterestsofhisward.Astotherights,powers,andduties,ofguardiansadlitem,see,ante,§§106-108.37FrazerV.Pankey,1Swan,75;Taylorv.Walker,1Heisk.,738.3SSee,ante,§227.30Theinfant,ornancompos,mayhavearegularguardianappointedforhim,beforethereturnday,andthusobviatethenecessityforaguardianadlitem.40Code,§4369,sub-sees.1and2;§4372.See,ante,%227,note.

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199 DEFENCESGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§228assuch,(2)processhasbeenexecutedastohim,and(3)ananswerfiledforhimbyaguardianadlitemdulyappointed.41Ifamarriedfemaledefendantisaminor,orofunsoundmind,shemustap-pearbyaregularguardian,ifshehasone;andifnone,aguardianadlitemmustbeappointedforher.Insuchacase,however,herhusbandisgenerallyeppointedherguardian,whensheisaco-defendant,unlesstheyarelivingapart,orherinterestsareantagonistictohis.Ifamarriedfemaledefendantisofage,andofsoundmind,she,ordinarily,appearswithandbyherhusband,whomustseetoitthatheranswerisputinjointlywithhis.If,however,theirinterestsorfeelingsareantagonistic,shemay,ifshe-orhechoose,appearandanswerseparately.42§228.WhereaDefendant,orOtherPersonSummoned,isBoundtoAppear."Whenadefendant,witness,orotherperson,issubpoenaed,orinanywaynoti-fiedbyserviceofprocess,orbypublication,orbyanorderofrecord,"toappearbeforetheCourt,"theplaceforhimsotoappearisintheofficeoftheClerkandMasteroftheCourt,whoisauthorizedbylawandthepracticeoftheCourttorepresenttheCourt,prohacvice;andwhowill,ondueinquiry,in-formthepersonsoappearingwhatisrequiredofhim,sothathemayorderhismovementsadvisedly.43Apersondoesnot,ordinarily,appearbeforetheChan-ceryCourtinpropriapersona,unlesshedoesso(1)tomanagehisowncase,44orassisthisSolicitortherein,or(2)isunderarrest,orontrial,or(3)isawitnessexaminedinopenCourt,or(4)ispresentinreferencetotheexecutionofsomebondorotherinstrument,orthesolvencyofthesuretiesofsomeparty.ApartyappearsbeforetheCourt,asarule,inthepersonofhisSolicitor,andwhateverpaperhewishestopresentorfile,andwhatevermotionorargu-menthewishestomake,andwhateverprotestorrequesthedesirestosubmit,andwhateverotheractionhefeelscalledontotake,inreferencetoanymatterbeforetheCourt,is,usually,donebyorthroughhisSolicitor,eitherintheofficeoftheClerkandMaster,orinopenCourt,astheexigencymayrequir?orconveniencesuggest.
ARTICLEII.DEFENCESGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§229.ProceedingsPreliminarytoMakingDefence.§230.DefencesgenerallyConsidered.§231.VariousModesofDefence.§232.OrderinwhichDefencesMustbeMade.§229.ProceedingsPreliminarytoMakingDefence.—Whenadefendantisnotifiedbyserviceofsubpoena,orbypublication,thatabillhasbeenfiledagainsthim,hisfirstdutyistoemployaSolicitoroftheCourt,inwhichthebillisfiled,torepresenthim,unlessheintendstodefendinperson.Hemustbecarefultomakedefencewithinthetimerequiredbylaw,orajudgmentproconfessowillbeenteredagainsthim.Ifhehasnotbeenservedwithacopyofthebill,heisentitledtoacopyondemand;1heis,also,entitledtoseetheorig-inalbill,andtheexhibtsthereto,ifany;buthehasnorighttotakethemoutoftheofficeoftheClerkandMaster.TheemploymentofaSolicitorbythedefendantisordinarilyverbal;but,41MillerV.Taylor,2Shan.Cas.,462;Lewis&Lenoirv.Outlaw,1Tenn.(Overt.,)141.TheoldEquitypracticerequiredtheSherifftobringtheinfantintoCourt.Ibid.
42See,ante,§§88;99.43See,post,§§1156-1159.44Code,|3979.1Code,§4344.

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§230DEFENCESGENERALLYCONSIDERED.200wherethedefendantdoesnotsign,orswearto,hisanswer,thebetterpracticeisfortheSolicitortoobtainfromthedefendantawrittenauthoritytoappearforhiminthecause.Howeveremployed,theSolicitorhasalltherightshisclientwouldhave;andmayhaveacopyofthebill,andaninspectionoftheoriginalbill,andtheexhibits;buthehasnorighttotakeanyofthemoutoftheoffice,withouttheexpresspermissionoftheCourt,ortheClerkandMaster.Havingreadthebill,orobtainedacopy,thedefendant,orhisSolicitor,will,withalldiligence,possesshimselfof.therealfactsinthecase;and,es-pecially,ofthemattersreliedonasadefence.1.IftherebeanygroundfordisputingthejurisdictionoftheCourt,apleainabatementmustbefiledbeforeanyotherdefenceismade,orofferedtobemade,orevenbeforeanymotionismadeinthecase.2.If,oninspectingthebill,itshowsamanifestwantofEquityonitsface
;
or,ifanyprerequisiteof'thewritbewanting,hemayenteramotiontodismissthebill,providedthedefendantissubpoenaedtoappearonthefirstdayof*heterm.If,however,heissubpoenaedtoappearataruledayoutofterm,thismotionisnotavailable,asitcannotbemadeexceptinopenCourt.3.Ifthebillbedemurrable,thedemurrermustbedrawnandfiled,takingcarenottoapplyittothewholebill,unlesssointended.4.Ifnoneofthesedefencescanbemade,butthebillisliabletobedefeatedbyapleainbar,suchapleaisthenextdefenceinorder.5.Ifsuchapleaisnotavailable,orifavailableisnotadvisable,thenthedefendantmustanswerthebill,ordisclaim;andifananswerwillbeinsuffi-cienttoenablehimtomakecompletedefence,ortoobtainalltherightsheisentitledtoarisingoutofthecontroversy,orthesubject-matterthereof,hemay,6.Pilehisanswerasacross-bill;or,ifitisnecessarytobringnewpartiesbeforetheCourt,hemustfileaseparatecross-bill.7.Ifthebillismadeupofseveraldistinctmatters,andademurrerwilllietoapartofit,apleainbartoanotherpart,andananswercanbemadetotheremainder,thedefendantmayjoinallofthesedefences;andmay,inaddi-tion,fileacross-billifheneedsanyaffirmativereliefgrowingoutofthesubject-matterofthelitigation.Thefactthatalloftheforegoingmattersareinvolvedineverydefence,andthatthevariousdefencesmustbemadeintheorderstated,andthatthemakingofanyofthedefencesisawaiverofallthedefencesthatprecedeit,showhowimportantitisforadefendanttobediligentinemployingacompe-tentSolicitor;andhowdiligentandcautioustheSolicitormustbeafterhisemployment.Iftherebeanypaperreferredtointhebillasanexhibitandnotfiled,thede-fendantmayhaveanorder,bytheMaster,enteredontheruledocket,requir-ingsuchexhibittobefiled,andextendingthetimeforansweringuntilarea-sonableperiodafterthedefendantisnotifiedofthefiling.§230.DefencesgenerallyConsidered.—Thebillandthesubpoenarequirethedefendanttoanswerthebill.If,however,therearesufficientreasons,eitherinsideoroutsideofthebill,whyheshouldnotanswerit,hemayavailhimselfofthesereasons.Thesereasons,ifoutsideofthebill,arebroughtfor-wardbyplea,orbyamotiontodismiss,whichis,insuchacase,inthenatureofaplea.Ifthereasons,however,areinsideofthebill,or,inotherwords,apparentonitsface,theyarebroughtforwardbydemurrer,orbyamotiontodismiss,whichis,insuchcase,inthenatureofademurrer.2IfthedefencethusmadeissustainedbytheCourt,thebillisdismissed,unlessthedefectinthebillcanbecuredbyamendment,inwhichcaseitmaybeamendedonproperapplication.Someofthedefencesthussetupdonotreachthemeritsofthecontroversy,andthoughtheymaycausethebilltobedismissed,suchdismissal
2Code,§§4384-4388.

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201 DEFENCESGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§231willnotpreventanotherbillbeingfiledonthesamegrounds.Butothersofthesedefencesdogotothemerits,and,ifsustained,notonlycausethedis-missalofthebill,butalsoforeverterminatethemattersincontroversy.Thedefenceswhichmerelydismissthesuit,withouttouchingthemerits,arecalleddilatorydefences,becausetheyonlydelayadecisiononthemerits;thedefences,whichresultinthedecisionofthecontroversyonitsmerits,arecalledperemptory,orpermanentdefences,becausetheyresultinapermanentdetermina-tionofthecontroversy.31.DilatoryDefencesarethosewhichinsist:(1)thattherearesuchirregu-laritiesinbringingthesuit,orinselectingthevenue,orinissuing,orexecutingtheprocess,thatthedefendanthastherighttohavethesuitabated;and(2)thattheCourthasnojurisdictiontodeterminethematterssetforthinthebill.2..PeremptoryDefencesarethosewhichinsist:first,thatthecomplainantneverhadanyrighttoinstitutethesuit;orsecond,thatifanysuchrighteverexisted,itisextinguishedorended.Thedefencethatnorighttosueeverexistedincludesthefollowing:(1)thatthecomplainant'srightsarenotsu-periortothoseofthedefendant;(2)thatthedefendanthasnointerestinthecontroversy;and(3)thatthereisnoprivitybetweenthecomplainantandthedefendant,oranyotherrightincomplainanttomaintainthesuitagainstthedefendant.Thedefencethatifthecomplainanteverhadanyrighttosuethedefendantsuchrightisextinguished,orended,isbasedontheground;(1)thattherighttosuehasbeenextinguishedbytheactofthepartiesthemselves
;
or(2)thatithasbeenendedbyoperationofsomelaw.4§231.VariousModesofDefence.—Themodeandorderinwhichthesemattersofdefencemaybemadeare:51.ByDisclaimer,'aspeciesofanswerwherebythedefendantdisclaimsallinterestinthesubject-matterofthesuit,andpraystobedismissed.2.ByPleainAbatement,apleadingwhich(1)reliesonsomesinglefactout-sideofthebillitself,andalsooutsideofthemeritsofthecontroversy,toabatethesuit;or(2)deniessomejurisdictionalallegation.3.ByMotiontoDismiss,whichisaninformalandsummarymethodofend-ingthelitigation,andisbasedonthefact(1)thatthebillisunknowntotheformsoftheCourt;or(2)thatthereisnoEquityonthefaceofthebill;or(3)thattheCourthasnojurisdictionofthedefendantorthesubject-matter
;
or(4)thatsomeoneormoreoftheprerequisitesofthewritarewanting;or(5)thatthereisamis-joinderornon-joinderofparties;or(6)thatthebillismultifarious;or(7)thatthereissomeotherstatutorygroundofdismissal.64.ByDemurrer,apleadingwhichinsiststhat,asamatteroflaw,thestate-mentsinthebilldonotentitlethecomplainanttothereliefprayedbyhimagainstthedemurrant.5.ByPleainBar,apleadingwhichraisesanissueonsomesinglematteroffacttouchingthemerits,whichissueifdecidedinthedefendant'sfavorwillendthesuit;or,atleast,endsomuchofthebillasthepleacovers.6.ByAnswer,apleadingwhicheitherdeniesthematerialallegationsinthebill,oradmitsthem,andsetsupnewmatterswhichavoidthem.7.ByCrossBill,apleadingwhichbringssuchadditionalmatters,orparties,orboth,beforetheCourtasarenecessaryforthedefendant'sfullprotectionanddefence,orforafulladjudicationofallthemattersincontroversy.8.ByaJoinderofanytwoormoreoftheforegoingdefences,whenthebillcontainsdistinctmatterssubjecttodistinctdefences.§232.OrderinWhichDefencesMustbeMade.—Itisimportantforthepleadertokeepinmindtheorderinwhichthevariouskindsofdefencesmustbereliedon,inasmuchasamistake,inthismatter,mayprecludehimfromavailinghimselfoftheonlysuccessfulgroundofdefenceopentohim.The3Sto.Eq.PI.,§434. | 5Code,§4384.4Sto.Eq.PI.,§§434-435. I 6Code,§4386.

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§233S PRELIMINARYMOTIONSBYTHEDEFENDANT.202orderofdefenceisstrictlylogical,beginningwiththemosttechnical,andleastmeritorious,kindofdefence,andproceeding,byregularstages,totheleasttechnicalandmostmeritorious.Theorderofdefenceisprescribedbystatute,7andisinstrictaccordwiththetruelogicofpleading.Itisasfollows
:
1.PleasinAbatement,including,underthisterm,allpleaswhichseektodisputethejurisdictionoftheCourtoverthepersonofthedefendant,oroverthesubject-matterofthesuit.a.MotionstoDismiss,includingallthevariousgroundswhereonthedefend-antseekstohavethebillsummarilydismissed,withoutfilinganywrittenplead-ing.3.Demurrers,whethertothewholebill,oronlytoapartthereof.4.PleasinBar,comprisingallpleaswhichdonotdisputethejurisdictionoftheCourt.5.Answers,whichalso,includeDisclaimers,8whetherthedisclaimercoversthewhole,oronlypart,ofthesubject-matterofthelitigation.6.CrossBills,whetherjoinedtotheanswer,orfiledasaseparatepleading.Theadoptionofanyoneoftheforegoingdefencesisawaiveroftherighttosetupanydefencethatprecedesit;9but,wherestrongreasonscanbeshown,especiallywherethedefendantisapersonunderdisability,theCourtwillallowtheanswertobewithdrawn,andademurrerfiled;orademurrertobewithdrawn,andapleainabatementfiled.10Eachofthesedefenceswillbefullyconsideredinsubsequentsections.
AETICLEIII.PRELIMINARYMOTIONSBYTHEDEFENDANT.§237.MotionsforFurtherTimetoMakeDefence.$238.MotionstoSetAsideOrdersProCon-fesso.§239.MotionsforRulesonComplainanttoTakeSteps.
§233.MotionforComplainant'sSolicitortoShowhisAuthority.§234.MotionsinReferencetoSecurityforCosts.§235.MotionsinReferencetotheFilingofExhibits.§236.MotionsbyHusband,orWife,toAnswerSeparately.§233.MotionforComplainant'sSolicitortoShowhisAuthority.—Ifthedefendanthasanygoodreasontobelievethatcomplainant'sSolicitorhasnoauthoritytoinstitutethesuit,1hemaymovetheCourttomakearuleontheSolicitor,toproducehisauthority.2Thismotionmustbebasedonanaffidavit,becausetheCourtpresumestheSolicitorhasdueauthority.3Theaffidavitmaybeasfollows:AFFIDAVITOPWAUTOPAUTHORITY.JohnDoe,j
vs. \No.618.RichardRoe,etal.JInthiscause,thedefendant,RichardRoe,makesoaththathehasgoodreasontobelieve,grantedonthepaymentofallthecostsofthecause,accruingsubsequenttothefilingofthean*swer,unlessthedefendantwasmisledbythecon-ductofthecomplainant,asinMerchantV.Preston,1Lea,280.1See,ante,§220;and,post,§1174.2LynnV.Glidwell,8Yerg.,1;Cagev.Foster,JYerg.,261;Wrightv.McLemore,10Yerg.,235;Gillespie,exParte,3Yerg.,325;Jonesv.Stockton,6Lea,133. „,.„.3RogersV.Park,4Hum.,480;Jonesv.William-son,5Cold.,379.Thefirststeptobetakenbyapartywhoproposes
7Code,§4384.8DisclaimersarenotincludedintheCodelistofmodesofdefenseotherwisethanasincludedinanswers.Seifredv.People'sBank,2Tenn.Ch.,20;CookeV.Richards,11Heisk.,711.Butsee,post,§§260-261.10Cookev.Richards,11Heisk.,711;MerchantV.Pieston,1Lea,280;Chestnutv.Frazier,6Bax.,217;Lowev.Morris,4Sneed,69.Thesecasesshowthatevenafteranswerfiled,theCourtmay,in^propercase,allowtheanswertobewithdrawnand3.demurrertothejurisdictionoftheCourttobefiled.Insuchcases,however,theleaveshouldonlybe

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203PRELIMINARYMOTIONSBYTHEDEFENDANT.§234anddoesbelieve,[or,hasbeenreliablyinformedandbelieves,]andcharges,thatHenryJones,whosignedthebillofcomplainantasSolicitor,andwhobroughtthissuitandisnowprose-cutingit,didnotthenhave,anddoesnotnow.have,authoritysotodo;andthatheisactingascomplainant'sSolicitorinthiscause,withoutanylawfulwarrantorauthoritysotoact.Wherefore,affiantpraystheCourttorequiresaidHenryJonestoproduceandexhibithisauthoritytoactascomplainant'sSolicitorinthiscause.[Withproperjurat.] RichardRoe.Onsuchaffidavitbeingpresented,andsaidmotionentered,theCourtwillenteraruleontheSolicitortoproducehisauthority.ThefollowingisaformofaMOTIONANDRULEONASOLICITORTOPRODUCEAUTHORITY.JohnDoe,j
vs. \No.618.RichardRoe,etal.JInthiscause,thedefendantmovedtheCourttomakearuleonHenryJones,Esq.,aSolic-itorofthisCourt,toshowhisauthority,ifanyhehave,forbringingandprosecutingthissuit;andtheaffidavitofthedefendanthavingbeenreadinsupportofsaidmotion,oncon-siderationthereof,itisorderedbytheCourtthatsaidmotionbeallowed,andthesaidHenryJones,Esq.,isruledtoproducehisauthorityforprosecutingthissuitwithinfivedays[orsuchothertimeastheCourtmayallow,takingintoconsiderationthedistancetotheplacewherethecomplainantlives,ormaybefound,']orthesuitwillbedismissedathispersonalcost.Afterthelapseofatermafterthefilingofthebill,therulewillnotbemade,unlessthedelayissatisfactorilyaccountedfor.4Theauthorityneednotbeinwriting,and,ifinwriting,neednotbeaformalpowerofattorney,andneednotbeformallyprobated.Satisfactoryevidenceofauthorityisallthatisrequired.5IftheauthorityoftheprincipalSolicitorisundisputed,hisassistant'sauthoritycannotbequestioned.6Ahusbandcanemploycounselforhiswife,7andoneofseveraljointcontractorsmayemploycounselforall.8§234.MotionsinReferencetoSecurityforCosts.—Ifthecomplainanthasfailedtogiveabondforthecosts,ortotakeandfilethepauperoathinlieu,orthebond,ortheoath,onfileisfatallydefectiveinsubstance,amotionwilllietodismissthesuitonthataccount;andtheCourtwillsustainthemotion,unlessthedeficiencyissuppliedbeforethemotionisfinallyruledon.9TheCourtwillallowthecomplainantareasonabletime,withinwhichtofilethe
toinstituteasuitinChancery,istoauthorizeaSo-licitorpracticingintheCourttocommenceandconductitonhisbehalf.Itisnotnecessarythatsuchauthorityshouldbeinwriting,althoughitwould,perhaps,bebetterthatSolicitors,beforetheycommencesuits,shouldbeinpossessionofsomewrittenauthorityforthatpurpose;but,ineithercase,inordertowarrantaSolicitorinfilingabill,theau-thority,beitinwritingorbyparol,,oughttobespe-cial;andithasbeenheldthatageneralauthoritytoactasSolicitorforapartywillnotbesufficienttowarranthiscommencingasuitonhisbehalf,al-though,underageneralauthority,aSolicitormaydefendasuitforhisclient.TherulewhichrequiresaSolicitortobespeciallyauthorizedtocommenceasuitonbehalfofhisclient,appliesaswelltocaseswherethepartyistosueasaco-complainant,astocaseswhereheistosuealone;andeventocaseswherehisnameismerelymadeuseofproforma.IfaSolicitorfilesabillinthenameofhisclient,withouthavingaproperauthorityfromhimforsodoing,thecoursefortheclienttopursue,ifhewishestogetridofthesuit,istomovethatthebillmaybedismissedwithcosts,tobepaidnotbythecomplainant,butbvtheSolicitorfilingthebill:Ifabillbeexhibitedinthenameofamarriedwomanagainstherhusband,itmay,uponaffidavitthatsheknewnothingofit,orhadnotconsentedtoit,bedismissed.Amotiontodismissabill,ashavingbeenfiledwithouttheprivityorconsentofthecom-plainant,mustbeaccompaniedbyanaffidavitofthecomplainanthimself,thatthebillhadbeenfiledwith-outanyauthorityfromhim;andtoavoidtheeffectofsuchanapplication,theSolicitoragainstwhomitismademustshowdistinctly,uponaffidavit,thathehadaspecialauthorityfromthepartytoinsti-
tutethesuit;anditwillnotbesufficienttoassert,generally,inoppositiontothecomplainant'saffidavit,thatauthorityhadbeengiven.Counselmusthavespecialauthoritytofileabill.Generalauthoritytoactascounselisnotsufficienttoauthorizethebring-ingofasuit.Ifthenameofapersonismadeuseofinabillasco-complainantwithothers,withouthisconsent,suchpersonmaymovethathisnamemaybestruckout,andthattheSolicitorwhofiledthebillmaybeorderedtopaythecosts;suchamotion,however,shouldbemadeattheearliestpossibleopportunityafterthefactHascometothecomplainant'sknow-ledge;andiftherehasbeenacquiescenceorlachesonthepartofthecomplainantmakingtheapplica-tion,itwillnotbegranted.Theusualcourse,however,insuchacase,isforthedefendanttomovethatthebillmaybetakenoffthefile,andthatthecostsmaybepaidbythecomplainant.Uponsuchamotion,ifanydoubtarisesastowhetherthebillhasbeensignedbycounselornot,theCourtwillreferittotheMastertcinquireintothefact;andifhecertifiesthatitwasnotsignedbycounsel,thebillwillbeorderedtobetakenoffthefileandsuppressed,andthecom-plainantdirectedtopaythecosts.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,3C6-312.4Wilsonv.Turk,10Yerg.,247.5Rogersv.Park,4Hum.,480.6Chambersv.TheState,3Hum.,237.7Kindellv.Titus,9Heisk.,743.8Wrightv.Mclvemore,10Yerg.,235.«Amotiontodismissforwantofacostbondiswaivedbyfilingademurrerbasedinpartonthewantofthebond.Cowan,McClung&Co.v.Don-aldson,11Pick.,322.

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§235PRELIMINARYMOTIONSBYTHEDEFENDANT.204bond,ortakethepauperoath;suchtime,however,nottoextendbeyondtheterm.Ifthebond,oroath,istenderedatanytimeduringtheterm,itwillbereceived,andanyorderdismissingthesuitwillbesetaside,andthesuitre-instated.10Ifthebondhasbeengiven,andthesuretiestosuchbondarewhollyinsuffi-cient,thedefendantmaymakeaffidavitofsuchinsufficiency;and,onsuchaffi-davit,makeamotionforaruleonthecomplainanttogivesufficientbond,orjustifyhissureties.Suchaffidavitandmotionmaybeasfollows
:
AFFIDAVITOFINSUFFICIENCYOFSURETIES,JohnDoe,1vs. \No.618.RichardRoe,etal.JInthiscause,thedefendant,RichardRoe,makesoaththatJohnSmithandGeorgeBrown,thesuretiesonthecomplainant'sprosecutionbond,arewhollyinsufficient,[Jurat.] RichardRoe.MOTIONFORBETTERCOSTBOND.JohnDoe,vs. \ No.618.RichardRoe,etal.JInthiscause,onmotionofthedefendantsandforsufficientcauseshown,itisorderedbytheCourtthatthecomplainantgiveasufficientcostbond,orjustifythesuretiesonhispresentbond,onorbeforethelastdayofthepresentterm,[or,onorbeforetheseconddayofthenextterm,or,onorbeforesomeotherfixedday,]orhissuitwillbedismissed.Ifthesuitisbroughtonthepauper'soaththesuitmaybedismissedonthatground,orthecomplainantrequiredtosecurethecosts,ifitbeshownbydis-interestedpersonsthattheallegationofpovertyisprobablyuntrue,orthecauseofactionfrivolousormalicious.11Themotionisusuallymadetorequirethecomplainanttosecurethecosts,suchmotionbeingbasedonanaffidavitthatheisablesotodo;andtheCourthearstheevidenceorallyanddecidessummarily.12§235.MotionsinReferencetotheFilingofExhibits.—Itisthedutyofthecomplainanttofileallpapersanddocumentsreferredtoinhisbill;13andifhefailssotodo,thedefendantmayobtainfromtheMaster,ortheCourt,anorderrequiringsuchpapersanddocumentstobefiled,andextendingthetimeforansweringuntilsuchorderhasbeencompliedwith.ORDERTOFILEEXHIBITS.JohnDoe,vs. \No.618.RichardRoe,etal.Inthiscause,onmotionofthedefendants,itisorderedbyjtheCourtthatthecomplainantfiletheexhibitstohisbillwithintwodays,[orwithinsomeotherspecifiedtintedandthedefendantsaregivenuntiltendaysafterthefilingofsaidexhibitsinwhichtofiletheiranswer.Ifthecomplainantshouldfailtocomplywiththisorder,thedefendantsmayhavearuleonhimtofiletheexhibitsbyagivenday,and,onfailuresotodo,mayhavethesuitdismissed.14§236.MotionsbyHusbandorWifetoAnswerSeparately.—Itisageneralrulethat,inasuitagainsthusbandandwife,thehusbandmustfilethejointan-swerofhimselfandwife,orthebillmaybetakenasconfessedbyboth.If,therefore,eitherpartywishestoanswerseparately,anordermustfirstbeobtainedallowingit.Thecasesinwhichsuchanorderwillbemadehave
10Sharpv.Miller,3Sneed,42;Irvinsv.Mathis,11Hum.,603;Bettisv.Mansfield,11Hum.,604.11Code,§3194.12SeeMoyersv.Moyers,11Heisk.,495;Heath-erlyv.Hill,8Bax.,170.TheobjectofthelawallowingpauperstosueonoathofpovertyistoplacetheweakonalevelwiththestrongintheCourts.
Barberv.Denning,4Sneed,267,269.So,dis-?auperingshouldbecautiouslydone.Brumleyv.Tayworth,3Yerg.,423.TheEnglishlawismoreliberaltopauperlitigantsthanours.SeeDan.Ch.Pr.,37-44;111.13Ch.Rule,I,§2;post,§1190.14Code,§§4389-4390.

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205PRELIMINARYMOTIONSBYTHEDEFENDANT.§237alreadybeenfullystated.15Ifthefactsonwhichthemotionisbaseddonotappearintherecord,theymustbemadetoappearbyaffidavit.ORDERALLOWINGAHUSBANDOK,WIFETOANSWERSEPARATELY.JohnDoe,j
vs. \No.618. tRichardRoe,etal.JInthiscause,onmotionofthedefendant,RichardRoe,[RachelRoe]supportedbyhis[her]affidavit,he[she]isallowedtoanswerseparatelyfromhiswife[herhusband.]Suchanordermaybemadewithoutaffidavitwhennotcontestedbytheotherspouse.§237.MotionsforFurtherTimetoMakeDefence.—If,foranygoodcauseshown,thedefendantisunabletoanswerthebillwithinthetimerequired,hemayobtainfromtheCourt,Chancellor,orMaster,16furthertimewithinwhichtofileananswer.Suchgoodcauseshouldordinarilybeshownbyaffidavit.Itisfarmoreeasytogetanextensionoftimewithinwhichtoanswer,thantohaveanorderproconfessosetaside.IftheMastergrantsanextension,heshouldenteritonhisruledocket.Theextension,ifgrantedbytheCourt,willbeenteredontheminutes;and,ifgrantedatChambers,willbeendorsedbytheChancelloronthewrittenapplication,andtransmittedtotheMaster.ORDEREXTENDINGTHETIMEFORANSWERING.JohnDoe,!
vs. \No.618.RichardRoe,etal.JForgoodcauseshownbyaffidavit,thedefendantsareallowedthefurthertimeoftendays,[or,untilthedayof,next]inwhichtofiletheiranswer.§238.MotionstoSetAsideOrdersProConfesso.—Ifthebillhasbeentakenasconfessedbythedefendant,hisfirstandmosturgentdutyandtaskaretohavetheorderproconfessosetaside.Whenandhowthismustbedonehasalreadybeenfullystated;17butthedefendantcannotbetoostronglyim-pressedwiththefollowingfacts:1.Theapplicationshouldbemadeattheearliestpossiblemoment,andanydelaymustbedulyexplainedbyaffidavit.2.Thefailuretofileananswer,ortomakeotherdefence,mustbesatisfac-torilyaccountedforbyaffidavit.3.Ananswermustaccompanytheapplicationtosetasidetheorderproconfesso;andthisanswermustnotonlyshowameritoriousdefence,butmust,also,beswornto,eventhoughthebillwaivethedefendant'soath,orthoughtheanswerbebyacorporation.18§239.MotionsforRulesonComplainanttoTakeSteps.—Ifacomplainantfailtotakeanystepnecessarytotheprogressofthecause,thedefendantmayhavearulemadebytheMaster,ortheCourt,requiringsuchsteptobetaken,orthecausedismissed.Thegroundsforsucharuleareordinarily:1,failuretobringallthedefendantsbeforetheCourt;2,failuretoreviveasuitwheresomenecessarypartyhasdied;3,failuretoamendabillwhenleavehasbeenobtained,andtheamendmentisessential;4,failuretorevivewhenasinglewomanwhoisapartymarries;5,failuretocomplywithanordertofiletheexhibitstohisbill;6,failuretofileapropercostbond,oraproperpauperoath,inlieu;and(7)failuretosupplylostpapers.ORDINARYRULETOTAKESTEPS.TohnDoe,I
vs. \No.618.RichardRoe,etal.JInthiscause,onmotionofthedefendant,RichardRoe,thecomplainantisrequiredto15Ante,§§88;99;and,see,Answers,post,§§236;38316Code,§4368.17Ante,§§205-213;post,888-890.18Insuchacase,theanswerisswornto,notas
apleading,butasanaffidavit,evidencingthegoodfaithoftheapplicant,andthemeritoriouscharacterofthedefense.NoCourtwillsetasideaprocon-fesso,inordertoletthedefendantfileananswerdisclosingnodefense.Butsee,ante,§207.

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207 PLEASIKABATEMENT.§240
CHAPTERXIII.PLEASINABATEMENT.ArticleI.ArticleII.ArticleIII.ArticleIV.ArticleV.ArticleVI.
PleasinAbatementGenerallyConsidered.PleasinAbatementtotheProcess.PleasinAbatementtotheBill.FrameandFormofPleasinAbatement.PleasinAbatementinAttachmentSuits.ProceedingsuponaPleainAbatement.AETICLEI.PLEASINABATEMENTGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§242.RationaleofthePracticeinPleasinAbatement.*PleasinAbatement.HowDividedin
?240.PleasinAbatementDefined.§241.PleasinAbatementandinBarDis-tinguishedAccordingtoTennesseePractice. §243.OurPractice.§240.PleasinAbatementDenned.—Apleainabatement,inourpractice,either(1)allegessomematter,nototherwiseappearingintherecord,which,iftrue,willabatethesuit;or(2)deniessomematter,appearingintherecord,which,iffalse,willabatethesuit;ifthepleaissuccessful,theCourtisoustedofjurisdictiontoproceedanyfurtherinthesuit;andis,therefore,boundtodismissthebill.1Ifafact,whichifnotallegedwouldbeagroundforapleainabatement,beallegedinthebillitwillbeagroundofdemurrer.2ThereareonlytwopleadingsbywhichthejurisdictionoftheCourtcanbedisputed:1,pleasinabatement,and2,demurrers.Apleainabatementdis-putesthejurisdiction(1)bydenyingsomejurisdictionalallegationintherecord,or(2)byallegingsomefactnotintherecord.Ademurrerdisputesthejurisdictionbytakingadvantageofsomeoneormorematerialallegationssetoutinthebill.But,inasmuchasademurrerpolitelyadmitsthebilltobetrue,prohacvice,anddisputesthejurisdictionbyargumentonly,whileapleainabatementperemptorilydisputesthejurisdictionoftheCourttotrythesuitonthemerits,theCourtrequiresapleainabatementtobefiledbeforeademurrer.§241.PleasinAbatementandinBar,DistinguishedAccordingtoTen-nesseePractice.—AllpleasinourChanceryCourtsaredividedbyourstatutesinto:1st,PleasinAbatement;and2d,PleasinBar.3AllpleasthatdisputethejurisdictionoftheCourttotrythecase,andseektohavethebilldismissedwithoutanyinvestigationofthemeritsofthecontroversy,arepleasinabate-ment.4Allotherpleasarepleasinbar.Thedefencesthatcanbesetupinapleainbarmay,also,besetupinananswer,andaregenerallysosetup,butmattersproperforapleainabatementcannotbesetupinananswer.5gzesshasbeenobstructedbythedeath,marriage,or1Theword"abatement,"intheEnglishChanceryCourtpractice,means"suspension"or"obstruction;'"whereas,in'alawcourt,itmeans"destruction."Thefailuretonotethisdistinction,hasproducednolittleconfusioninthetext-booksandreports.InTennesseeChancerypractice,thewordabatementhas,generally,thesamemeaningasinthelawcourts;andapleainabatementdoesnotseektosuspend,orobstruct,thesuit,buttodestroyit;toterminateit,forthetimebeing.Whentheterm"abatement"isusedinreferencetosuits,whosepro-
bankruptcy,ofaparty,itthenhas,inTennessee,theEnglish-meaning,andisequivalentto"suspension."Bouvier'sLawDie,"Abatement;"Sto.Eq.PI.,§354.2Parkerv.Porter,4Yerg.,81;Code,§4386;.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,605.3Code,§4384.iCode,§§4309,4318.5Code,§4318.Theclassification,ofpleas,inourChancerypractice,isquiteunlikethatfoundinStory,,

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§242 PEEASINABATEMENT.208§242.RationaleofthePracticeinPleasinAbatement.—Goodreasonsug-geststhatifadefendantdesirestodisputethejurisdictionoftheCourtheshoulddothisbeforehemakesanydefenseagainstthemeritsofthecasestatedinthebill;for(1)itwouldbeagreatwasteoftimeandofmoneytocontestaeaseonthemerits,byputtinginananswer,andtakingthedepositionsofwit-nesses,andotherproof,andgoingthroughtheformsofahearing,ifthepartydidnotintendtosubmittothedecisionoftheCourtwhenmade;and(2)itwouldbemeretriflingwiththeCourtandtheoppositeparty,ifnotanactofbadfaith,tomakesuchacontest,whenthedefendantreservedtherighttodisputethejurisdictionoftheCourtincasethedecision,ortheprob-abilities,wereagainsthim.TheuniformruleofallCourtshas,therefore,requiredadefendantwhoin-tendedtodisputethejurisdictionoftheCourt,todosoattheoutset,andbe-forehemadeanydefensetothechargesagainsthimonthemeritsofthecon-troversy;for,ifhecouldshowthattheCourthadnorighttotryhimonthecasemadebythecomplainant,thengoodreasonandgoodfaithrequiredhimtoshowitintheverybeginning,inlimineasthebookssay,andthussavetime,troubleandexpense,andpreservegoodfaithtotheCourt.§243.PleasinAbatement,HowDividedinOurPractice.—Pleasinabate-ment,inourpractice,maybedividedinto(1)PleasinAbatementtothePro-cess,and(2)PleasinAbatementtotheBill.1.PleasinAbatementtotheProcessattacktheprocessbyshowing(1)thatitwrongfullyissued,or(2)waswrongfullyexecuted.2.PleasinAbatementtotheBillattackthebillbyshowing(1)thattheCourthasnojurisdictionofthepersonofthedefendant,or(2)nojurisdictionofthesubject-matterofthesuit,or(3)thatthebillisprematurelyfiled,or(4)thatthecomplainantsarenotpartnersastheyallege,8or(5)thatbyreasonofsomeothermatterthebillshouldbeabated.
ARTICLEII.PLEASINABATEMENTTOTHEPROCESS.244.PleasinAbatementtotheProcessgenerallyConsidered.§245.PleasinAbatementtotheSubpoena.§246.PleasinAbatementtotheAttachment.§244.PleasinAbatementtotheProcessGenerallyConsidered.—PleasinabatementtotheprocessareunknowntogeneralEquitypleading,allsuchpleasbeingtothebill;7butourChancerysystemofpleasislargelystatutory,andourpleasinabatementintheChanceryCourtareanalogoustosuchpleasintheCircuitCourt.Daniel,Barbour,andotherwriters,whogivetheEnglishChancerypractice.Thedivisiongiveninthetextistheonlyoneconsistentwiththelogicofourstatutes,andtheonlyonethatwillrescueourChan-cerypractice,inreferencetopleas,fromitspresentdishearteningconfusion.Itisafundamentalmaximinpleading,thatamatterinabatementcannotbeincorporatedinanan-swer,butthatamatterinbarmay.OurCodeal-lowsallmatterstobeincorporatedinananswer,ex-ceptobjectionstothejurisdiction.Hence,itfollows,asaninevitabledeductionoflogic,thatallobjectionstothejurisdictionaremattersinabatement,andthatallotherdefensesareinbar,andmaybemadeintheanswer.SeeNailerv.Young,7I,ea,738.Thelineofdivision,betweenpleasinabatementandpleasinbar,intheCircuitCourt,isdifferent;andthisfacthastendedtoincreasetheconfusionastotheclassi-ficationofpleasintheChanceryCourt.
Code,§3779a;Actsof185°-'60,ch.104.Seeformofplea,post,§254.ThisunderourpracticewouldnotbeapleainabatementifourLegislaturehadnotsonamedit.Legitimeimperantiparerens-cesseest.7UndergeneralEquitypleading,pleasinabate-mentare:1,tothejurisdiction;2,tothepersonofthecomplainant,ordefendant;and3,tothebill.1.PleastothejurisdictionassertthatsomeptherCourt,ordinarilysomeotherCourtwithequitablejurisdiction,hasjurisdictionofthematterinques-tion.2.Pleastothepersonofthecomplainantorde-fendantaredescribedbelow.See§252.3.Pleastothebillare(1)forwantofproperparties,ormisjoinderofparties,(2)formultiplicityofsuitsand(3)formultifariousness.SeeSto.Eq-Fl.,§§705-735.

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209 PLEASINABATEMENT.§245Pleasinabatementtotheprocessmay,inordertoavoidconfusion,bedi-videdinto:1,Pleasinabatementtothesubpoena;and2,Pleasinabatementtotheattachment;andwillbeconsideredseparately.§245.PleasinAbatementtotheSubpoena.8—Pleasinabatementtothesubpoenaarethosethatseektoterminate,orabate,thesuitbyreasonofsomefatalirregularityintheissuanceorserviceofthesubpoena.9Theyincludethefollowing:1.Thattheprocess,wherebythedefendantwasbroughtbeforetheCourt,wasissuedorservedonSunday,inacasewhereinsuchissuanceorserviceisnotauthorizedbylaw.102.Thattheprocesswasservedonthedefendantwhileattendinghisdutyatamusterofmilitia,oratanelection,orasawitness,11orjuror.3.Thatthedefendantisajointdrawerofnegotiablepaperwithothers,andtheoriginalwritwasnotserveduponanyoneofthejointdrawers.12PLEATOTHESUBPOENA."IntheChanceryCourtatSmithville.JamesMartin,vs,RichardRamsey.Thedefendant,RichardRamsey,forpleainabatementtothesuitbroughtagainsthiminthiscause,says,ThatthesubpoenatoanswerinthecausewasexecutedonhimbytheSheriffofDeKalbcountywhilehe,thedefendantwasinattendanceattheCircuitCourtofsaidDeKalbcounty,sittingatSmithville,thedefendantbeingthenandthereinattendanceasaforesaid,undersummonsasawitnessinasuitpendinginsaidCircuitCourtbetweenJohnMartin,plaintiff,andR.R.Stephens,defendant;andthisthedefendantisreadytoverify.Therefore,hepraysthejudgmentoftheCourt,whetherheshallbecompelledtomakeanyothejranswertothebill;andpraystobedismissed.RichardRamsey.StateofTennessee,\CountyofDeKalb.jRichardRamseymakesoaththattheabovepleaistrueinsubstanceandinfact.RichardRamsey.Sworntoandsubscribedbeforeme,\Sept.10,1846.CharlesSmith,C.&M.j§246.PleasinAbatementtotheAttachment.—Theobjectofanoriginalattachmentofpropertyistocompeltheappearanceofthedefendant,andiftheattachmentisfatallydefective,either(1)forwantofalegalground,or(2)forwantoftheprerequisites,or(3)becausenotleviedonthedefendant'sproperty,thedefendantmaypleadsuchfactsinabatementtothewrit;forwhenacomplainantundertakestoobtainadecreeagainstamanwithoutserv-ingadirectnoticeuponhim,heshouldberequiredtotakeeverypreliminarystepprescribedbythelawasasubstituteforsuchdirectnotice.14Thefollow-ingarethegroundsofapleainabatementtotheattachment
:
4.Thatthegrounds,onwhichtheoriginalattachmentwritissued,werefalse,ordidnotexist.155.Thattheattachmentwasissuedwithoutaffidavitandbond.166.Thattheproperty,onwhichtheattachmentwaslevied,didnotbelongtothedefendant.17
8Seenote80to§264,post.9Code,§2902.10Wouldpublicationfora_non-resident,madeinanewspaperpublishedexclusivelyonSunday,beagroundofabatement?11Martinv.Ramsey,7Hum.,260.Inthiscase,theplea,thatthedefendantwassubpoenaedtoan-swerthebillwhileattendingtheCircuitCourtasawitness,wasallowed,andthebilldismissed.Thisdecision,insofarasitholdsthatsuchaplea,iftiue,operatestodismissthebillisquestionableongroundsofgoodpractice,goodreasonandcommonjustice.See,post,264,note80.12Code,§§2803;2902.13Thisformhasbeenadjudicatedtobegood.
Martinv.Ramsey,7Hum.,260;Bakerv.Compton,2Head,471.14Noreasonoccurswhyapleainabatementwouldnotlieforwantofalegalpublicationnotice,forittakesboththelevyoftheattachmentandthenoticebypublicationtoconstitutefullserviceofprocessbyattachment.Code,§3524;Rileyv.Nich-ols,1Heisk.,19;Bainsv.Perry,1Lea,37.15Fosterv.Hall,4Hum.,346;Isaacsv.Edwards,7Hum.,465;Norrisv.Ellis,6Hum.,467;Kendrickv.Davis,3Cold.,527;Klepperv.Powell,6Heisk..503.ieCode,§3476.17Harrisv.Taylor,3Sneed,536;RobbV.Parker.4Heisk.,70.

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§247PLEASINABATEMENTTOTHEBII.lv.210
ARTICLEIII.PLEASINABATEMENTTOTHEBILL.
§247.PleasinAbatementtotheBillgen-erallyConsidered.§248.PleasinAbatementBecauseofPre-maturityoftheSuit.§249.PleasinAbatementtothegeneralJu-risdictionoftheCourtovertheSub-ject-Matter.
§2S0.PleasinAbatementtotheLocalJuris-dictionoftheCourtovertheSubject-Matter.§251.PleasinAbatementtotheLocalJu-risdictionoftheCourtoverthePer-sonoftheDefendant.§252.PleasinAbatementtothePersonun-dertheoldPractice.§247.PleasiinAbatementtotheBillGenerallyConsidered.—TheobjectofthesepleasistodefeatthejurisdictionoftheCourt:1,bydenyingsomejuris-dictionalallegationofthebill;or2,byallegingsomematternotstatedinthebill,which,iftrue,willdefeatthejurisdiction.Theprincipalpleasinabate-menttothebill,underoursystemofChancerypleading,arethefollowing
:
§248.PleasinAbatement,BecauseofthePrematurityoftheSuit.—Ifasuitisbroughtbeforethecauseofactionismatured,thedefendantmaypleadsuchprematurityinbaroftheaction,ormaysetupthedefenceinhisanswer,18butifthesuitisbroughtbeforethedefendantisliabletosuit,byreasonofsomestatuteexemptinghimfromsuit,foraseason,hemaypleadthatfactinabatementofthesuit.Thus,ifanexecutororadministratorissuedwithinsixmonthsafterhisqualification,unlessthesuitbebyasuretyofthedeceased,thedefendantisrequiredbythestatutetopleadtheprematurityofthesuitinabatement.19PLEAINABATEMENTBECAUSEOEPREMATURITYOFSUIT.IntheChanceryCourtatLoudon.JohnDoe,vs.JohnSmith,Admr.,&c.Thedefendant,JohnSmith,AdministratorofRichardSmith,deceased,forpleainabate-menttothebillinthiscause,says,Thathewasappointedandqualifiedassuchadministrator,bytheCountyCourtofLoudoncounty,onthefirstMondayinJanuary,1891,andwithinsixmonthsbeforethissuitwasbrought.Wherefore,hepraysthatthissuitmaybeabatedanddismissed. JohnSmith,Admr.,&c.[Tobeswornto,asshownin§254,post.]§249.PleasinAbatementtotheGeneralJurisdictionoftheCourtovertheSubjectMatter.—ThejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtovermoneyde-mands,wherethesuitisnotinaidofajudgmentcreditor,islimitedtodebtsordemandsofnotlessvaluethanfiftydollars.20If,therefore,itappearsonthefaceofthebillthatthedebtordemandisoflessvaluethanfiftydollars,thedefendantmayhavethebilldismissed,onmotionordemurrer,unlessthesuitisinaidofajudgmentcreditor,ortorecoverland,orspecificpersonalproperty.Ifthedebtordemandbeallegedtoexceedfiftydollars,whenitisinfactoflessvaluethanfiftydollars,thedefendantmaypleadthatfactinabatementofthebill.2118Bellv.Bullion,2Yerg.,479;RobinsonV.Grubb,8Bax.,19;Piguev.Young,1Pick.,263,ManufacturingCo.v.Weatherly,17Pick.,318,cit-ingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§268.19Code,§§2274-2275;Treecev.Treece,5Lea,223.Itisprobablethatthisdefensemaybesetupinananswer,also,asitdoesnotdisputethejuris-dictionoftheCourt.20See§26,ante.21Itisafundamentalmaximinpleading,thatanymatter,which,ifalleged,wouldmakethebillde-murrable,may,ifnotalleged,besetupbyplea.OurSupremeCourthasintimatedthatapleawould
liewhenthevalueofthedebtordemandisreallylessthanfiftydollars,althoughallegedinthebilltobeoverfiftydollars.Spurlockv.Fulks,1Swan,289;Wagstaffv.Braden,1Bax.,304.Seealso,Smetsv.Williams,4Paige,(N.Y.),364;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,558,note.ItwasheldinBirmingham«J.Tapscott,4Heisk.,382,thatthisdefensecouldnotbemadeinananswer.Suchseems,also",tohavebeentheholdinginWagstaffv.Braden,1Bax.,304.Thepleamust,therefore,beapleatothejurisdic-tion,andis,consequently,inourpractice,apleainabatement.

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211 pleasinabatementtothebile.§250Thedefendantmay,also,,pleadinabatementanyotherfactthatwillshowthesubject-matterofthesuittobewithoutthegeneraljurisdictionoftheCourt.PLEAINABATEMENTTOTHEGENERALJURISDICTIONOFTHECOURT.Thedefendant,JohnSmith,forpleainabatementtothebill,says,Thattheamountlieowesthecomplainant,inthiscause,islessthanfiftydollars;and,therefore,beneaththedig-nityofthisCourt;andhepraysthejudgmentoftheCourt,whetherheshallanswerfurther.[Tobeproperlyswornto.Seepost,§254.] JohnSmith.§250.PleasinAbatementtotheLocalJurisdictionoftheCourtovertheSubject-Matter.—Therearevariousprovisionsofthestatutesrequiringthatsuits,relatingtocertainspecifiedmatters,shallbebroughtincertainspecifiedcounties;andifabill,dealingwiththesespecifiedmatters,isfiledinacountyotherthanthatspecifiedinthestatute,thedefendants,eventhoughpersonallyservedwithprocess,mayfileapleainabatementtothelocaljurisdictionoftheCourtoverthesubject-matterofthesuit.Thevariousrequirementsofthestatutes,astothelocaljurisdictionoftheCourtoverthesubject-matterofthesuit,havealreadybeenfullystated,22andneednotberepeated.Inageneralway,thesestatutesmaybesummarizedasfollows
:
1.Allbillstorecover,ortodivest,orclear,thetitletoland,ortoforeclosemortgagesortrustdeedsrelatingtoland,ortospecificallyexecutecontractsrelatingtoland,ortosellthelandsofdecedentstopaydebts,mustbefiledinthecountywheretheland,ormaterialpartofit,issituated.2.Allbillstoforeclosemortgages,ortrustdeeds,onpersonalty,mustbefiledinthecountywheresuchmortgageisregistered.3.Allbillstosellthelandsofpersonsunderdisability,ortopartition,orsellforpartition,landsheldincommon,mustbefiledinthecountywheretheland,orsomepartofit,lies,orwherethedefendantresides.4.AllbillstotransfertheadministrationofaninsolventestatefromtheCountyCourt,mustbefiledinthecountywhereinthewillwasproved,orlet-tersofadministrationweregranted,orwherethepersonalrepresentativesresideorareservedwithprocess.5.Allbillsfortheappointmentofadministrators,mustbefiledinthecountywherethedeceasedresidedatthetimeofhisdeath,orwherehisestate,goodsandchattels,oreffects,wereatthetimeofhisdeath.6.Allbillsagainstcitiesandcountiesmustbefiled(1)incaseofcities,inthecountycontainingthecity,and(2)incaseofcounties,inthecountysued.Ifsuitsinreferencetoanyofthesemattersarenotbroughtinthecountyrequiredbythestatute,'thedefendantmaypleadthatfactinabatementofthesuit.ThefollowingistheformofapleainabatementtothelocaljurisdictionoftheCourtoverthesubject-matter
:
PLEAINABATEMENTTOTHELOCALJURISDICTIONOPTHESUBJECT-MATTERJohnDoe,j
vs. \ IntheChanceryCourtatKnoxville.JohnSmith.JThedefendant,JohnSmith,forpleainabatementtothebill,says,Thatthetractoflandsoughttoberecoveredinthiscause,[.or,thetitletowhichissoughttobedivestedorclearedupinthiscause,or,thecontractastowhichissoughttobespecificallyexecutedinthiscause,]liesinthecountyofAnderson,andnopartofitliesinthecountyofKnox.Where-fore,thisdefendantsays,thatthisCourtoughtnottotakefurtherjurisdictionofthiscause.[Tobeswornto,asshownin§254,post.] JohnSmith.22See,ante,§177.Ifasuitbelocal,andimpera-tivelyrequiredbystatutetobebroughtinapar-ticularcounty,itcanbebroughtinnoothercounty,andifbroughtinanothercountythewholeproceed-ingisvoid,whetherthejurisdictionbeobjectedtoornot.Nashvillev.Webb,6Cates,432.Norcan
thisrequirementbeevadedornullifiedbymeansofacounterpartsubpoena.Ibid.See,ante!§177,notes17;30.Butatransitorysuitbroughtmthewrongcounty,maybesuccessfullyprosecutedunlessabatedbypleaofthedefendant.Code,§2812.

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§251PEEASINABATEMENT
1
TOTHEBILE.212§251.PleasinAbatementtotheLocalJurisdictionoftheCourtoverthePersonoftheDefendant.—WhiletheCourtofChanceryactsordinarilyinper-sonam,and,therefore,suitsmaygenerallybeinstitutedinanycountywherethedefendant,oranymaterialdefendant,maybefound;23nevertheless,therearesomeimportantstatutoryexceptionstothisrule;and,ifanyoneoftheseexceptionsisviolated,thedefendantsmayshowthefactbypleainabatement,andthusdefeatthesuit.Theexceptionshavebeenalreadysetforthwithparticularity,inconsideringthelocaljurisdictionoftheCourt,24andneednotberepeatedhere,indetail.ThefollowingaretheprincipalgroundsforpleasinabatementtothelocaljurisdictionoftheCourtoverthepersonofthedefendant
:
1.Thatthecomplainantandthedefendantresided,atthetimethesuitwasbrought,inthesamecounty,andthebillisfiledinanothercounty,23andthe.
Court,wherethesuitisbrought,hasnolocaljurisdictionoverthesubject-matterofthesuit.2.Thatneitherthedefendantpleadinginabatement,noranyothermaterialdefendant,wasservedwithprocessinthecountywhereinthesuitwasbrought;26nordotheyreside27insuchcounty;andthejurisdictionofthesubject-matterofthesuitisnotinsuchcounty.Thecountyinwhichabillmustbefiledhasalreadybeenfullyshown.28Thefollowingwillserveasaguideindrawingpleas,underthissection
:
PLEAINABATEMENTTOTHELOCALJURISDICTIONOVERTHEDEFENDANTSJohnDoe,I
vs. j- IntheChanceryCourtatKnoxville.JohnSmith.JThedefendant,JohnSmith,forpleainabatementtothebill,says:Thissuitisbroughttorecoveranallegeddebt,andthecomplainantandthedefendantbothresidedinAndersoncountywhenthebillwasfiled,andthedefendantwasnotthenandisnotnow,residinginKnoxcounty.Wherefore,hepraysthejudgmentoftheCourtwhetherheshallanswerfurther.[Tobeswornto,asshownin§254,post.] JohnSmith.§252.PleasinAbatementtothePersonundertheOldPractice.—UndertheoldEquitypracticepleastothepersonwereinabatement.Thesepleasineluded,1.PleastothePersonoftheComplainant,thatheisaninfant,idiotorluna-tic,orabankrupt,orthatsheisamarriedwoman,orthatthecomplainantisnotthepersonheclaimstobe,ordoesnotsustainthecharacterinwhichhesues;and,2.PleastothePersonoftheDefendant,thathedoesnotpossessthechar-acterinwhichheissued,asforinstancethatthedefendantisnotanunmar-riedwoman,orisnotanexecutor,administrator,guardianorheir,orthatheisabankrupt.30UndertheTennesseepracticeallofthesedefencescanbesetupinthean-swer,astheydonotdisputethejurisdictionoftheCourt,andare,therefore,notmattersforapleainabatement.ButtheLegislaturehavingenactedthat,whenevertwoormorepersonssueaspartnersuponanaccount,billofexchange,bondornote,itshallnotbenecessaryforthemtoprovetheirpartnership,unlessthedefendantfilesapleainabatementdenyingthepartnershiponoath,31ofcoursesuchapleabythisipsedixitbecomesapleainabatement,anddue
23Code,§4305.Thissectionappliestoactionsofatransitorynature,andnottoactionsreferredtointheprecedingsection.24See,ante,§177.25Code,§2902,sub-sec.4;2809;2812.28Code,§4305.SeeRogersv.O'Mary,11Pick.,514.27Code,§4311,sub-sec.1.28See,ante,§177.IfalocalsuitbebroughtinthewrongcountytheCourthasnojurisdiction,and
alltheproceedingsarevoid.NashvilleV.Webb,6Cates,432.Butifatransitorysuitbebroughtinthewrongcountyitmaybeprosecutedtoatermina-tionunlessabatedbypleaofthedefendant.Code.§2812.See,ante,§177,notes,28-30.29Foranotherform,see§254,post.30SeeSto.Eq.PL,§§722-732.31Actsof1859-1860,ch.104.Ifthisdefenseismadeinanansweritmustbeswornto,orsomuchoftheanswersworntoasdeniesthepartnership.

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213FRAMEANDFORMOFPLEASINABATEMENT.§253courtesytoaco-ordinatedepartmentoftheStaterequiresthatitshallwearthatcognomen.32ThefollowingisaformofPLEADENYINGCOMPLAINANTSABEPARTNERS.JohnDoeandHenryDoe,partners1vnderthenameofDoe&Bro.,I
vs. [InRichardRoe. J
Thedefendant,RichardRoe,forpleainabatementtothebill,saysthatthecomplainantsarenotpartnersasbythemallegedintheirbill. RichardRoe.[Tobeswornto.Seepost,§254.]
ChanceryatHuntsville.
ARTICLEIV.FRAMEANDFORMOFPLEASINABATEMENT.§2S3.RequisitesofaPleainAbatement,I§254.FrameandFormofPleasinAbate-underGeneralEquityPractice.ment.§253.RequisitesofaPleainAbatementunderGeneralEquityPractice.Apleainabatementmustpossessalloftherequisitesofapleainbar,statedinsubsequentsections;33except,1.Thegroundofapleainabatementmustbesufficienttomerelydismissthesuit,andnottobarit.2.Apleainabatementmustnottouchuponanymattersaffectingthemeritsofthecontroversy.3*Therequisitesofanaffirmativepleainabatement,underthegeneralEquitypractice,are:1,itmustbebasedonmatteroutsideofthebill;2,suchmattermustreducethedecisionofthecausetoasinglepoint,onwhichissuecanbetaken;3,thispointmustbeonethat,ifdecidedforthedefendant,willdismissthebill,andnotbarit;4,thepleamustbedirectandpositive,andnotargumentative,orinferential;5,itmustbeverifiedbythedirectandposi-tiveoathofthedefendant,unlessitisprovedbyaCourtrecord,andthenitisverifiedbytherecord;35and(6)itmustbefiledanddetermined,beforeanyothermodeofdefenceisresortedto.Anegativepleainabatementmerelydeniesthejurisdictionalallegationsofthebill.If,afterapleainabatementhasbeenfiled,andwhileitispending,anyotherdefenceismade,suchasademur-rer,motiontodismiss,pleainbar,oranswer,thepleainabatementwillbedeemedtobewaived,andwillbetreatedasabandoned,underthegeneralprac-tice,butnotinthisState.PleasinabatementarenotfavoredbytheCourts,becausetheydonotgotothemeritsofthecase;andnolatitudeinpracticeisextendedtothem.Theymustalwaysbefiledintherighttime,intherightform,andwiththerightverification;36theyarestrictlyconstruedandstrictlydealtwith,andintend-mentsintheirfavorarenotallowedtosupplydefects.37Aparty,whoreliesonatechnicalitytodefeatanequity,mustnotpresentanuntechnicaltechni-32Italexscriptaest.33Post,§§335-340.34If,however,thepleaintendedtobeinabate-ment,wasreallyinbar,theCourtwouldnotdismissitonthataccount,ifitpresentedasufficientgroundofdefenseonthemerits.TheCourtwillproperlynameanypleading,thathasenoughsubstanceinittomeritconsideration,andwillgiveitfullforceandeffectregardlessofitsname.See,ante,§43.35Code,§2901;Grovev.Campbell,9Yerg.,7.Thisistheleadingcase.See,also,Wrompelmeirv.
Moses,3Bax.,467.Inthelattercase,theverifica-tionon"knowledge,information,andbelief,"washeldinsufficient,butanamendedverificationthatthepleawas"trueinsubstanceandinfact,"wassus-tained_bytheSupremeCourt.SeeDigests,underPleasinAbatement,formanycasesastoverification.36Grovev.Campbell,9Yerg.,7.TheChanceryCourt,however,willnotregardtheform,ifthesubstanceofthepleaisgood.3TFriedlanderV.Pollock,5Cold.,490.

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§254FRAMEANDFORMOFPLEASINABATEMENT.214cality,foraCourtofJusticewillnotaidorfavorhiminhiseffortstodefeatjustice.Nevertheless,theCourtwillgivehimthefullbenefitofthelaw,andwillnotviolateitsownruleofregardingsubstanceratherthanform.If,there-fore,apleainabatementisgoodinsubstance,theCourtwillnotoverruleitmerelybecauseitisbadinform,38butwillallowtheformtobeamended.39§254.FrameandFormofPleasinAbatement.—Anaffirmativepleainabatementmustcontainasuccinctstatementofthefacts40reliedontoabatethesuit;andtheformsgivenintheCode,41beingmodelsofbrevityandcer-tainty,canbesafelyfollowedinChancerypleading.42Anegativepleainabate-mentmerelydeniesthejurisdictionalallegationsofthebill.Theformsofthecommencementandconclusionofpleasinabatementandinbararesubstan-tiallythesame.43AFFIRMATIVEPLEAINABATEMENT.JohnDoe,|
vs. Y InChanceryatSevierville.RichardRoe.JThedefendant,RichardRoe,forpleainabatementtothebillinsaidcause,says,Thatheandthecomplainantbothresidedinthesamecounty,to-wit,inthecountyofBlount,whenthebillinthiscasewasfiled,andthatthesaidbillisfiledinthecountyofSevier.Where-fore,hepraystobedismissedwithhiscosts. RichardRoe.StateofTennessee,{CountyofSevier.5RichardRoemakesoaththathisforegoingpleaistrueinsubstanceandinfact.RichardRoe.Sworntoandsubscribedbeforeme,July1,1890.A.T.Marshall,C.&M.Anegativepleainabatementmerelydeniestheallegation,orallegations,inthebillonwhich-thejurisdictionoftheCourtovertheperson,orpropertyofthedefendantdepends,aswillbeseenbythefollowingform,andbyotherformsinthisbook
:
NEGATIVEPLEAINABATEMENT.JohnDoe,j
vs. > InChanceryatSevierville.RichardRoe.JThedefendant,RichardRoe,forpleainabatementtothebillinsaidcause,says,Thatthetractoflandsoughttoberecoveredbythebilldoesnotlie,nordoesanypartofitlie,inthecountyofSevier. RichardRoe.[Tobesignedandsworntoasabove.]ThestatuteprovidesthatnopleainabatementshallbereceivedinanyCourt,unlessitstruthisverifiedbytheoathoftheparty,orotherwise,44andiftheproperverificationiswanting,thepleamaybestruckoutofthefiles,onmotion.4538FriedlanderV.Pollock,5Cold.,495.39Thestatutesallowingamendments,applytopleasinabatementwithasmuchforceastoanvotherpleading.Code,§§2863-2871.SeeWrompel-meirv.Moses,3Bax.,467.NoreasonoccurswhyapleainabatementshouldbedisfavoredbyCourts.Surely,aCourtdoesnotwanttoexerciseanunlawfuljurisdiction,andallapleainabatementundertakestodoistoshowtheCourtthatithasnolawfuljurisdictioninthecase;andthisshowingadefendanthastherighttomake,andwhenmadetheCourtshouldimpartiallycon-siderit.ThepleaisnoimpeachmentoftheintegrityoftheChancellor,butthemereassertionofalegalright,onethatitisthedutyofaSolicitortoassertwhenthefactsjustify.TheActof1897,ch.121,givesthispleaastandinginCourtequaltoanyotherdefense.40Code,§2906.41Code,§2940.42Code,§2894.Thefactwhetherapleaisinbarorabatement,isascertainedbythesubject-matter.Code,§2908;andnotbyitsform,norbytheformofitsconclusion.Friedlanderv.Pollock,5Cold.,495.Ifapartyhasarighttofileaplea,
suchpleashouldbejudgedbytherulesofreason,andintheliberalspiritofourstatutorysystemofpleading;Stewartv.Magness,2Cold.,312;notbytheharshrulesofanarbitrarysystem,nowobsolete.SeeBattellev.YoungstownR.M.Co.,16Lea,358;365.Apleathatisgoodinformatlaw,oughtcer-tainlytobegoodinforminEquity.43Whatissaidinthisbookabouttheformsofpleasinbarisfullyapplicabletopleasinabatement,Post.SS335-340.44Code,§2901.Itmustbeverifiedbyoath,ifpioofoutsideofarecordisnecessarytosustainit;butwhenthepleaisverifiedbyarecord,nooathisnecessary.Crovel\Campbell,9Yerg.,7.45Friedlanderv.Pollock,.5Cold.,490.Theoathmusthepositive,andnotoninformationandbelief.Seifreidv.People'sBank,2Tenn.Ch„17;Wrotn-pelmeirv.Moses,3Bax.,467.Thepleamaybeverifiedbyoneoftwopartners,orbytheirSolicitor,ifhisaffidavitshowsthatheisacquaintedwiththefactssetoutintheplea.CheathamV.Pearce,5Pick.,668.Astoverificationofpleadings,see,post.§§788-789.Averificationthatthepleais"true"isgood,withoutadding"insubstanceandinfact."ArmstrongV.State,17Pick.,389.

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J15PLEASINABATEMENTINATTACHMENTSUITS.§255
ARTICLEV.PLEASINABATEMENTINATTACHMENTSUITS.§258.PleasinAbatementinAttachmentSuitsnotOverruledbyDefencesontheMerits.§259.FormsofPleasinAbatementinAt-tachmentSuits.
§255.WhenaPleainAbatementShouldbeSupportedbyanAnswer.§256.PleasinAbatementinAttachmentSuitsgenerallyConsidered.§257.ObjectsofPleasinAbatementinAt-tachmentSuits.§255.WhenaPleainAbatementShouldbeSupportedbyanAnswer.Whenanattachmentbillchargesafraudulenttransferofproperty,bothasagroundofequitablereliefandasagroundforanattachmentofproperty,andallegesparticularsofthefraudcharged,apleainabatementdenyingtheal-legedfraudulenttransfershouldbesupportedbyanswerdenyingthespecifi-cationsoffraudulentconduct,whenthedefendantiscalledontoansweruntothemonoath;becausecomplainantisentitledtothediscoveryheseeksinaidofhischargeoffraud.46Thebillinsuchacasecombines(1)apleadingallegingindebtedness,(2)anaffidavitoffraudulenttransferand(3)acalluponthedefendantforadiscovery.Butwhenanattachmentbillchargesasinglefraudulentdispositionofprop-erty,bothasagroundofattachmentandasagroundofequitablerelief,with-outaverringanymattersofevidenceinsupportofthechargeoffraud,andthedefendantbypleainabatementdeniesthefraudulenttransfer,noanswerinsupportofsuchpleaisnecessary:1st,becausethereisnodiscoverytobemadeintheanswer;and2d,becausealltheanswercoulddowouldbetodenythefraudulenttransfer,andthathadalreadybeendonebythepleainabatement.Hence,ananswerunderthesecircumstanceswouldoverruletheplea,undertheoldpractice;47butnotunderthepresentpractice.48Apleainabatementneednotbesupportedbyananswerwhenthedefend-ant'soathtohisansweriswaived,forthatisawaiverofanydiscovery.49§256.PleasinAbatementinAttachmentSuitsGenerallyConsidered.—Pro-ceedingsinCourtbyattachmentofpropertyarepurelystatutory.Attach-mentsareoftwokinds,originalandancillary;but,whilebothareobtainedandexecutedinthesameway,andbothalikeimpoundthedefendant'sestate,theirobjectsaredifferent.TheprimaryobjectoftheoriginalwritistoaidincompellingthedefendanttoappearinCourtanddefendthesuitwhereinthewritissued;andthesecondaryobjectisimpoundenoughofhispropertytosecurethedebtsuedfor;whiletheonlyobjectoftheancillarywritistheseiz-ureofthedefendant'spropertyassecurityforthecomplainant'sdemand,thedefendantbeingbroughtintoCourtbyserviceofsubpoena.Allattachmentsuits,therefore,haveatwo-foldobject,(1)adecreeforthedebtofdemandclaimed,and(2)theseizure,atthebeginningofthesuit,ofenoughofthedefendant'spropertytosatisfythedecreewhenobtained.5046SeifredV.People'sBank,1Bax.,200;PiqueV.Young,1Pick.,263.Ananswerinsupportofapleaisnopartofthedefense.Thedefenseiscon-tainedintheplea;theansweristhediscoverythecomplainanthascalledfor.1Barb.Ch.Pr.,129;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,624.Theanswerinsuchacase,mustexpresslyshowthatitisinsupportoftheplea.Iftheoathtotheansweriswaived,thepleaneednotbesupportedbyananswer.CheathamV.Pearce,5Pick.,668.
SeeArticleonPleassupportedbyananswer,post,§§341-349,whereformsaregiven,whicharegoodforpleasinabatement.47CheathamV.Pearce&Ryan,5Pick.,668.48Actsof1897,ch.121;see,post,§§260-261.49Cheathamv.Pearce&Ryan,5Pick.,668.50Anoriginalattachmentsuithasathirdobject:tocompeltheappearanceofdefendantbytheseizureofhisproperty.

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§257PLEASINABATEMENTINATTACHMENTSUITS.216So,anattachmentbillhasatwofoldnature:itis(1)apleadingsettingforthacauseofaction,and(2)anaffidavitofsomestatutorygroundorgroundsforthepreliminaryseizureofthedefendant'spropertytosatisfytheanticipatedrecovery.Asaresultofthistwofoldattackuponhimthedefendanthasatwofoldde-fence:hehasadefencetomaketothebillasapleading,andanotherdefencetothebillasanaffidavit.Hisdefencetothebillasapleadingismadebyde-murrer,pleainbar,oranswer;andhisdefencetothebillasanaffidavitismadebyapleainabatement;or,insomecases,byamotiontodismiss.§257.ObjectsofPleasinAbatementinAttachmentSuits.—Theobjectsofthebillinallattachmentsuitsare:(1)toobtainingadecreeforthedemandsuedon,and(2)toimpoundenoughpropertytosatisfyit;andincaseofanoriginalattachmentsuit,(3)tocompeltheappearanceofthedefendant.Theobjectofapleainabatementtotheattachmentwhetheroriginalorancillary,istoabatethewrit,anddischargethelevymadeunderit,therebyrestoringthepossessionandtitleofthepropertytothedefendant.And,incaseofanoriginalattachment,theabatementofthewritalsoabatesthesuit,forthesuitbeingbottomedonthewritfallswiththewrit.51Andwhentheattachmentisabated,andthelevythereunderdischarged,anytransferof,orlienon,theattachedpropertyobstructedbythelevybe-comesoperativeasthoughsuchlevyhadneverbeenmade.§258.PleasinAbatementNotOverruledbyDefencesontheMerits.—Pleasinabatementinattachmentsuitsdiffersomateriallyfromsuchpleasinordi-naryEquitypleadingthatconsiderablediscriminationisnecessarytoavoidconfusionanderror.InordinaryEquitypleadingthedefendantisbroughtbeforetheCourtbysubpoena,serveduponhisperson;butinanoriginalattachmentsuitheisbroughtbeforetheCourtbyaseizureofhisprop-erty,andnoticeofthatfact,andofthesuit,givenhimbypublication.So,inanattachmentsuitthedefendantmayhavetwoverydifferentdefenses,onetothemeritsofthesuit,andanothertothemeritsoftheattachment;andmaywishtosetthembothupbypleadinginabatementtotheat-tachment,andbydemurring,pleadinginbar,oranswering,tothebill.ButinasmuchasunderthegeneralrulesofEquitypleading,ademurrer,plea,oranswer,overrulesapleainabatementtothebill,itwasoncethoughtthattheywould,also,overruleapleainabatementtothewritofattachment,whethersuchwritwasoriginalorancillary,52notconsideringthegreatdifferencebe-tweenpleasinabatementtothebillinordinaryEquitypleadingandpleasinabatementtotheattachmentunderourCodepleading.Itis,however,nowsettled,aftermuchcontroversyandcontrarietyofde-cisions,thatadefendantmay,atthesametime,pleadinabatementtotheattachment,whetheroriginalorancillary,anddemur,pleadinbar,oranswertothebill,andthatthereisnoinconsistencyinthetwosimultaneousde-fenses;53andtheLegislaturehasrecentlyconfirmedthisadjudicationbyenact-ingthatadefendantcanpleadinabatement,andpleadoranswertothemeritsatthesametime,andthathispleainbaroranswerisnowaiverofhispleainabatement.54Incaseofeitheranoriginaloranancillaryattachment,thedefensetotheattachmentmayfail,andthedefencetothebillmaysucceed,orviceversa._Thedefendantisoftenbenefittedbydefeatingtheattachmentevenwhenhefailstodefeatthebillonthemerits,because,whentheattachmentisdefeated,thelien
51Sublatofundamentocaditopus.(Whenthefoundationisremovedwhatisbuiltuponittumblesdown.)52Anoriginalattachmentbecomesancillarywhen-everasubpoenaisservedonthedefendant.Temple-tonv.Mason,23Pick.,625;orwheneverthede-fendantentershisappearance.
53Bankv.Foster,6Pick.,735.Whenadefend-antinanoriginalattachmentbothpleadsinabate-mentandanswers,theattachmenttherebybecomesancillary.Templetonv.Mason,23Pick.,625.54Actsof1877,Ch.121.

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217PROCEEDINGSUPONAPLEAINABATEMENT.§259
isdischargedabinitio,andanyinterveningsaleorlienbecomesoperativeandvalid.§259.FormsofPleasinAbatementinAttachmentSuits.—Thereisnotechnicaldifficultyindrawingpleasinabatementinattachmentsuits.Theattachmentwritisgroundedonthecausesofattachmentallegedinthebill,andthepleainabatementmerelydenieseachandallofthecausesalleged.PLEAINABATEMENTINATTACHMENTSlUITS.ssInChanceryatTrenton.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe.Thedefendantforpleainabatementtothewritofattachmentinthiscause,says,ThathedidnotresideoutoftheStateatthetimethebillinthiscausewasfiled,andhasnotsinceresidedoutoftheState;andsays,thathehadnotremovedhimselforproperty,oranypartthereof,outoftheStatewhenthebillinthiscausewasfiled,norhashesincere-movedhimselforproperty,oranypartthereof,outoftheState;andsaysthathehadnotfraudulentlydisposedof,norwasheabouttofraudulentlydisposeof,hispropertyoranypartthereof,whenthebillinthiscausewasfiled,assaidbillalleges.Wherefore,hepraysthattheattachmentbeabated,[7/itisanoriginalattachment,add:]andthebilldismissed.[Tobesworntoasin§254.] RichardRoe.PLEAINABATEMENTTOORIGINALANDANCILLARYATTACHMENTS.^InChanceryatKnoxville.MaryRahl,vs.WilliamBoon.Thedefendant,WilliamBoon,forthepleainabatementtotheoriginalandancillarywrits_ofattachmentinthiscausesays,Thathehadnotfraudulentlydisposedofhisproperty,orofanypartthereof,norwasheaboutfraudulentlytodisposeofhispropertyoranypartthereof,atthetimeoftheissuanceofsuchwritsoreitherofthem,oratanyothertimebeforeorsincethattime,asinandbythebillofcomplaintismostfalselyanderroneouslyalleged.[Tobesworntoasin§254.] WilliamBoon.
ARTICLEVI.PROCEEDINGSUPONAPLEAINABATEMENT."
260.WhenaPleainAbatementMustbeFiledunderGeneralEquityPractice.261.WhenaPleainAbatementMaybeFiledandHeardundertheTennes-seePractice.
§262.SettingaPleaDownforArgument.§263.TakingIssueuponaPlea.§264.EffectoftheDecisionofaPleainAbatement.§265.EffectoftheTrialofaPleainAbate-mentinAttachmentSuits.§260.WhenaPleainAbatementmustbeFiledunderGeneralEquityPractice.—InasmuchasapleainabatementundertakestodisputetherightoftheCourt,totakeanystepinthesuit,theCourtrequiresthepleatobefiledbeforeanystepistaken.IfadefendantintendstodisputethejurisdictionoftheCourt,onanyground,commonreasonrequiresthatheshoulddoso,atthethresholdofthelitigation;andthepracticeoftheCourtaccordinglyis,thathemustfilehispleainabatementbeforemakinganyothersortofdefencewhat-soever.58Andnotonlymusthefilehispleainabatement,beforeeithermovingtodismiss,ordemurring,orpleadinginbar,oranswering,buthemusthavehispleafinallydisposedof,beforemakinganyothersortofdefence;forif,after
55Thispleaisonthehypothesisoftheseveralcausesofattachmenthavingbeenallegedinthebill.56ThispleawasheldgoodinBoonv.Rahl,JHeisk.,12.57Theproceedingsuponapleainabatementare
substantiallythesameasproceedingsuponapleainbar;and,tosaverepetition,referenceismadetotheArticleonthatsubjectintheChapteronPleasinBar,post.58Cookev.Richards,11Heisk.,711.

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§261PROCEEDINGSUPONAPLEAINABATEMENT.218filingapleainabatement,hemovestodismiss,ordemurs,orpleadsinbar,oranswers,suchastepisdeemedanabandonmentofhispleainabatement,andliewillnotbeallowedtoreturntoit.TheCourtwillnot,ordinarily,allowapleainabatementtobefiled,afteraproconfessohasbeensetaside.59ThepartywhoconteststherightoftheCourttotakejurisdiction,becauseofsomefatalirregularityintheissuanceorserviceofprocess,orbecauseofthelocalityofhisresidence,orofthesubject-matter,mustdonoactthatrecog-nizesoracquiescesinthatjurisdiction.Hemustdisputethejurisdiction,(1)intherightway,(2)attherighttime,and(3)intherightform.(1)Therightwayis,byapleainabatement.(2)Therighttimeis,attheappearanceterm,andbeforeanyotherdefenceismade,oranyleaveisaskedorobtainedinreferencetoanyotherdefence.(3)Therightformisapleacontainingtherequisitesubstance,andasufficientverification.ButundertheActof1897,apleainabatementandapleainbar,orananswer,maybefiledatthesametime;andthefilingofapleainbarorananswerwillnotoverruleapleainabatement.§261.WhenaPleainAbatementMaybeFiledandHeardUndertheTen-nesseePractice.—DowntothepassageoftheActof1897,60therewasgreatcon-tentionatthebar,andnolittledifferenceofopiniononthebench,61(1)astowhenapleainabatementmightbefiled,(2)astotheeffectoffilingapleainbaroranansweronapleainabatement,and(3),astotheeffectofadecisionagainstapleainabatementuponanissueoffact;andthesecontentionsbe-tweenSolicitorsanddifferingopinionsamongChancellorsweregreatlyin-creasedandaggravatedbytheimpossibleendeavorstoreconcilepleasinabatementinattachmentcaseswithpleasinabatementinordinaryEquitypleading,complicatedastheformerpleaswerebypleasinabatementtothesubpoena,apleautterlyunknowntoEquitypleading,andinjectedintoourChancerypleadingbytheill-consideredactoftheCourtsmakingthestatutesinreferencetogroundsforpleasinabatementintheCircuitCourtsapplicabletotheChanceryCourts.TheActof1877changesallthis,andnotonlymakesapleainabatementequalinfavorwithapleainbarorananswer,butinsomerespectsmakesitthemostfavored,therebyreversingallformerrulesofpleading,fortheActnotonlyallowsapleainabatementtobefiledalongwithananswer,thithertothemostfavoredofallpleadingsbyadefendant,butprovidesthatifatthetrialthepleainabatementisfoundtruetheCourtisboundtosustainitanddismissthebill,eventhoughtheanswerfailtosetupagooddefence,or,settingupagooddefence,isprovedtobefalseandthebillprovedtobetrue;theresultbeingthatapleainabatement,iffoundtobetrue,overrulestheanswer.62BytheActof1897,thedefendantmaypleadovertothemeritsofthebillafterjudgmentagainsthispleainabatementrenderedeitheruponmotiontostrikeout,oruponargumentastoitssufficiency,orupondemurrer,oruponanissueoffact,astoitsmerits.63Inotherwords,noactofthedefendantinunsuccessfullyfilingorrelyinguponapleainabatement,andnoadverseac-tionoftheCourtinreference,tothesufficiencyortruthfulnessofsuchplea,willdebarhimfrommakinganydefencetothemeritshecouldhavemadeifnopleainabatementhadeverbeenfiledbyhim.Butthestatutegoesfurther,andauthorizesthedefendanttopleadinabate-ment,and,atthesametime,topleadinbartothemeritsortoanswerto
soSeeLumberCo.V.Lieberman,22Pick.,153.00Actsof1897,ch.121.GlSee,notably,Eattelle&Co.V.YoungstownR.M.Co.,16Lea,355;andSimpsonV.RailwayCo.,5Pick.,304.02Query:supposetheanswerconfessesthedebt,
undertheActof1897wouldthedefendantbeen-titledtohavethebilldismissedifhispleainabate-mentshouldbefoundtrueontrial?63Thachv.AccidentAssociation,6Cates,271:Sewellv.Tuthill&Pattison,4Cates,271;Railroadv.McCollum,21Pick.,623.

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219PROCEEDINGS,UPONAPLEAINABATEMENT.§262merits;and,insuchpleainbaroranswer,torelyonanydefenseshemighthavemadehadnopleainabatementbeeninterposed.64Theactofthedefendantinfilingapleainbar,orananswer,afterpleadinginabatement,isnottobedeemedawaiverofhispleainabatement,butbothdefensesshallstand,andtheissuesoffactraisedbybothshallbeheardatthesametime,05andifthepleainabatementisfoundtobetrue,thesuitwillbeabatedandthebilldismissed,eventhoughcomplainantmaybeentitledtoadecreeonthemerits;66butif,atthehearing,thepleainabatementisfoundtobefalse,theCourtwillthenadjudicatethecaseuponthemeritsinfavorofthecomplainantordefendantasEquitymayrequire.67"Whereadefendantunsuccessfullyreliesuponapleainabatement,theissueoffactbeingfoundagainsthim,andhefailstopleadover,orapplyforleavetopleaover,aproconfessocanbeenteredagainsthim,andthenafinaldecreaontheproconfesso.68Incaseofeitheranoriginaloranancillaryattachment,thedefendant,with-outtheaidofthestatute,maypleadinabatementtoit,andatthesametimeanswerthebillonthemerits.69§262.SettingaPleaDownforArgument.—Thefirstquestionforthecom-plainanttoconsiderwhenapleaisfiled,whetheritbeapleainabatementorinbar,isitssufficiency.Ifhedeemthepleainsufficient,eitherinformorsub-stance,hemustsetitdownwiththeClerkto.beargued.70HemaydothisbyanentryupontheminutesoftheCourt,ifinsession;orupontheruledocket,orbyfilingwiththeClerkapapercontainingthesubstanceofsuchentry,ifCourtbenotinsession.Thefollowingisaform:ofsettingdownapleafobargument.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe.Thecomplainantsaysthedefendant'spleainabatementisinsufficient.1st.Becauseitisnotproperlyverified.712d.Because,iftrue,itpresentsnogroundforabatingthesuit.Whereforehesetssaidpleadownforargument.EdwardT.Sanford,Solicitor.Thepleamustbesetforargumentatthefirsttermafteritisfiled;72and,ifonargument,itisjudgedtobesufficient,thecomplainantmusttakeissueuponit,instanter;if,however,thepleaisoverruled,thedefendantmustanswerthebillbythenextruleday,73whichwillbethenextdayifthetermcontinues
;
hemay,however,obtainfurthertime74fromtheCourt,onapplication.§263.TakingIssueuponaPlea.—Issueistakenuponaplea,75whetheritbeapleainabatementorinbar,byfilingthestatutoryreplicationthereto,asfollows
:
64Actsof1897,ch.121.§2;Sewellv.Tuthill&Pattison,4Cates,271.65Butbyconsentthehearingoftheissuesraisedbytheanswermaybecontinueduntilthepleainabatementisdisposedof.06ItwouldseemthatiftheActof1897isgivenfulleffectadefendantmightbypleainabatementdenythejurisdictionandatthesametimebyan-sweradmitthedebt,andifsuccessfulon_his_pleathecomplainant'sbill'wouldhavetobedismissed.ButtheCourtmightallowthecomplainanttotakeanymoneytenderedbythedefendant.RailroadV.McCollum,21Pick.,623.67Ibid.68Sewellv.Tuthill&Pattison,4Cates,271.Inthiscaseafinaldecreewasrenderedwithoutanyproconfesso;theSupremeCourtheldthiswasnot_areversibleerror,butastheallegationsofthebilldidnotmakecleartheamountoftheclaimsued
for,thecasewasremandedforproofonthatpoint.69Bankli.Foster,6Pick.,735.70Code,§4393.71Ifnotproperlyverified,thepleamaybestrickenfromthefiles,onmotion.SeifreidV.People'sBank,1Bax.,'200.72Code,§4394.73Code,§4395.74Thisfurthertimeshouldnotextendbeyondtheadjournmentoftheterm.Ifadefendantdelaysasuit,byaninsufficientdilatorypleading,heshouldnotreaptherewardofadelay,whichisoftenallheexpects;heshouldberequiredtoanswernextday,orifgivenmoretime,heshouldbegivenitonlyonpaymentofthecostsofthecause.ThisrulingiswithinthespiritofCode,§2938,authorizingthecostsofthecausetobeadjudged,forfilingafrivo-lousdemurrer.75Code,§4393;CheathamV.Pearce,5Pick.,668.

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220§264PROCEEDINGSUPONAPLEAINABATEMENT.EXPLICATIONOFAPLEA.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe.Thecomplainantjoinsissueonthepleafiledinthiscause.78Edward.T.Sanford,Solicitor.Thisreplicationmaybewrittenimmediatelyundertheplea,onthesamepaper;butwhethersowritten,orputinonaseparatesheetofpaper,itshouldbedulyfiledbytheClerk.Anegativepleamakesanissuewithoutareplication,77andthepracticeistotreatanaffirmativepleaasatissuewithoutareplicationaftercomplainantliashadtwentydays'noticeofitsfiling,andhastakennoactionthereon.78Ifthecomplainanthasgroundforaspecialreplication,hemayfilethesame,inadditiontohisgeneralreplication,onobtainingleaveoftheCourt.79Areplicationtoapleashouldbefiled,orthepleasetdownforargumentastoitssufficiency,beforethelapseoftwentydaysafterthefilingoftheplea.§264.—EffectoftheDecisionofaPleainAbatement.—Ifapleainabate-mentisgood,bothinformandsubstance,thecomplainantmustdismisshisbill,ortakeissueupontheplea,andhavetheissuetriedupontheevidence.If,onthetrialofthisissueoffact,thepleabefoundtrue,theCourtwillorderthebilltobedismissed.80Suchdismissal,however,cannotbepleadedinbarofasecondsuitonthesamecauseofaction.Ifthepleainabatementisover-ruleduponargument,81theorderoftheCourtis,thatthedefendantpaythestatutorycosts82andanswerthebill.83ThefollowingistheformofanORDERRULINGONAPLEAINABATEMENT.JohnDoe,]yj. j- No.314.RichardRoe.JThepleainabatementfiledbythedefendant,havingbeensetdownbythecomplainanttobeargued,andhavingbeenread,andargumentastoitssufficiencyhavingbeenheard,theCourtisoftheopinionthatthepleaissufficient.Itis,therefore,orderedbytheCourtthatthecomplainantreplytosaidpleawithintendays[Ifthepleabefoundinsufficient,omitailaftertheword"opinion,"andadd,inlieu:]thatthepleaisinsufficientinlaw.Itis,there-fore,orderedbytheCourtthatsaidpleabeoverruledanddisallowed,andthatthedefendantanswerthebillwithintwodays,84andthathepaythestatutorycosts,forwhichanexecutionWillissue.Ifthedefendantwishedtorelyonhispleainabatementtothejurisdiction,intheSupremeCourt,undertheoldpracticehehadtodeclinetoanswerthebillandmakenofurtherdefense,foranyfurtherdefensewasdeemedan
76Code,§2390.ThisistheformusedintheCircuitCourt,butitisequallygoodintheChan-ceryCourt.77Bankv.Foster,6Pick.,735.78SeeSeifreidv.People'sBank,2Tenn.Ch.,20;1Bax.,200;Wilsonv.Eifler,7Cold.,31.79Code,§§2931-2932.soThisruleisnottobeunderstoodasapplyingtopleastoancillary^attachments;butitappliestopleastoallotherwrits.Itiseasilyseen,how,onprinciple,thesustainingofapleainabatementwillresultinthedismissalofasuitatlaw;becauseasuitatlawiscommencedbysummons,Code,§2813;andifthesummonsbecomesnullforanyreason,thesuitgroundedonitmustbecomenullalso;for,sublatofundamentocaditopus.ButasuitinChanceryisbegunbythefilingofthebill,Code,§4312,andnotbytheissuanceofthesubpoena;anditishardtoseehowabatingthesub-poenawillabatethebill,inthosecaseswherethepleaisfoundedonanillegalissuanceorserviceofprocess,tosaynothingoftheinjusticeofpunishingthecomplainantforawrongdonebyaClerk,orSheriff,himselfanofficerofthelaw.Nevertheless,ithasbeenadjudgedthatsuchistheeffect.MartinV.Ramsey,7Hum.,260.TheCode,treatingofpleasinabatementtotheprocess,evidentlyrefeis
tosuitsatlaw,usingtheterm,"actions;"Code,§2102;whilethepleasinabatementundertheheadofChancerypracticearepleastothelocalandpeisonaljurisdictionoftheCourt;Code,§§4309;4384-4385;andnotpleastotheprocess.Parkerv.Porter,4Yerg.,81.Pleasinabatementtothepro-cessareunknowninEquitypleading,andtheprac-ticeofabatingsuitsinEquity,bypleainabatementtotheprocess,isananomaly;butitmaybelaw.Bakerv.Compton,2Head,471.But,seeGrovel\Campbell,9Yerg.,7;Wilsonv.Scruggs,7Lea,639:Battellev.YoungstownR.M.Co.,16Lea,364;Rogersv.O'Mary,11Pick.,514.SIWhittakerv.Whittaker,10Lea,97;Parmleev.Railroad,13Lea,602;Code,§4395.82Code,§3203.Thissectionmaynotbeobliga-toryontheChancellor;butitisagoodguide,andoughttobefollowed,exceptwhenitsoperationwouldbeinequitable.S3Code,§4395;WhittakerV.Whittaker,10Lea,98;Simpsonv.RailwayCo.,5Pick.,308.84Thenextruleday,orsuchfurthertimeastheCourtmayprescribe,isallowedthedefendantinwhichtoanswerthebill.Code,§4395.IfCourtbeinsessionthenextday,thatdaywouldbethenextruleday.

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221PROCEEDINGSUPONAPLEAINABATEMENT.§264abandonmentofhisplea;85butunderthepresentpracticehehastherighttodefendonthemeritsafterhispleahasbeenfounduntrueonthefacts.86"Where,however,theissuetenderedbyapleainabatement,istriedonitsmerits,uponanissueoffact,ifthepleabefoundfalse,thecomplainant,priortotheActof1897,wasentitledtoanordertakinghisbillforconfessed,andafinaldecreethereon;STbutnowthedefendanthastherighttopleadovertothemerits,oranswer.88TheentryontheminutesoftheCourt,incaseofatrialonanissueoffact,maybeasfollows
:
DECREEONTHEHEARINGOPAPLEAINABATEMENT.JohnDoe,1vs. \ No.314.RichardRoe.JThiscausecameontobeheard,this18thdayofApril,1891,beforetheChancellor[or,beforethejuryheretoforedemandedinthecause,to-wit:WilliamBrownand
—
namingthemall—whoweredulyswornwellandtrulytotryanddeterminetheissuemade]onthepleainabatement,andtheproofhavingbeenread[or,heard,iftriedbyajuryandargumentofcounselheard,theChancellor[orjury]findstheissueinfavorofthedefendant.Itis,therefore,decreedbytheCourtthatthebillbedismissed,andthatcomplainantandFrankFriend,hisprosecutionsurety,payallthecostsofthecause,forwhichletexecutionissue.[Iftheissuebefoundinfavorofthecomplainant,insertafterthewords,"infavorof,"intheaboveform,thefollowing:]thecomplainant.Andthedefendantnotapplyingforleavetopleadoveroranswer,89itis,therefore,decreedbytheCourtthatthebillofcomplaintbetakenforconfessed.And,thereupon,thiscausecomingontobefurtherandfinallyhearduponthebill,theorderproconfesso,andthewholerecord,uponconsiderationthereof,theCourtordersanddecrees[thengivethedecreecomplainantisentitledto,onaproconfesso.]Ifthedefendanthaspleadedinabatementandansweredatthesametime,ashehastherighttodoundertheActof1897,andthecauseisheardatthesametimeupontheissuesmadebythebillandpiea,andbythebillandanswer,thenthisdecreewillbemodified,asfollows
:
[Iftheissueonthepleabefoundinfavorofthecomplainant,insertafterthewords"infavorof"inthefirstparagraphofthisdecreethefollowing:]thecomplainant.Andthereupon,thiscausecomingontobefurther[andfinally,ifitbeafinaldecree,]hearduponthebillandtheanswerofthedefendantthereto,andtheevidence,andwholerecordinthecause,andargumentofcounsel,theCourtisofopinionthatcomplainantisentitledtothereliefbyhimspeciallyprayedinhisbill.Itis,therefore,decreedbytheCourtthatcomplainanthaveandrecoverofthedefendantthesumofseventhousand,sixhundredandfifty-fourdollarsandthirty-twocents($7,654.32)andallthecostsofthecause,forwhichanexecutionwillissue.[Ifanypropertyhasbeenattached,omitallofthedecreeafterthewords"costsinthecause,"andrecite'thatpropertyhasbeenattached,andorderitssaleasshownin§887,post,ifcomplainanthasalienuponanyproperty,letthedecreesoreciteanddeclarethelien,andthenorderthepropertytobesoldasshownin§567,post.]TheActof1897providesthatapleainabatementandananswermaybefiledatthesametime,andwhensofiledshallbeheardatthesametime,inwhichcasethedecreemaybeasfollows
:
85Wilsonv.Scruggs,7Lea,635;UnionCountyV.KnoxCounty,6Pick.,541.S6ActsOf1897,ch.121,§1.Whilethedefend-anthastherighttodefendonthemeritsafterhispleainabatementhasbeenoverruled,heis_notobligedtotakeadvantageoftheright.SeeWaiver,ante,§71.Seealso,Sewellv.Tuthill&Pattison,4Cates271871Barb.'Ch.Pr.,125.TheCode,§4393,saysthatifapleabefoundfalse,thecomplainantshallhavethesameadvantagesasifithadbeensofoundbyverdictatcommonlaw;andatlaw,thisadvan-tageisequivalenttoajudgmentbydefault.BaconvParker,2Tenn.,(Overt.)55;Wilsonv.Scruggs,7Lea,635;Simpsonv.RailwayCo.,5Pick.,304.
ThislastcaseexpresslyoverrulesBattelleV.Youngs-townR.M.Co.,16Lea,355.88Actsof1897,ch.121.Thephraseologyofthisstatutewouldindicatethatitsframerhadsuitsatlawexclusivelyinmind.soThedefendantcanwaivethebenefitoftheActof1897;and,ifhefailtopleadoveroransweratonce,ortoapplyforleavesotodo,whenhispleainabatementisoverruledonanissuedffact,hewillbedeemedtohavewaivedsuchbenefit,andapreconfessotandfinaldecreecanatoncebepro-nouncedagainsthim,aswasthepracticepriortotheActof1897.Sewellv.Tuthill&Pattison,4Cates,271.SeeWaiver,ante,§71.

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§265PROCEEDINGSUPONAPLEAINABATEMENT.222DECREEONBILL,PLEAINABATEMENT,ANSWERANDPROOF.JohnDoe,etal.,")
vs. > InChanceryCourtatDandridge.RichardRoe.JThiscausecomingonthisdaytobehearduponthebill,thepleainabatementandtheanswer,andtheproofhavingbeenreadastoalltheissuesandargumentofcounselheard-theCourtfindstheissueonthepleainabatementinfavorofthedefendant.Itis,there-fore,decreedthatthebillbedismissed,andthatcomplainantandFrankFriend,hisprose-cutionsurety,payallthecostsofthecause,forwhichanexecutionisawarded.Iftheissueonthepleainabatementisfoundagainstthedefendant,thenomitallintheabovedecreeafterthewords"infavorof"andinsert,inlieu,thefollowing:thecomplainant.AndtheCourtbeingofopinionthatthecomplainantisentitledtothereliefbyhimprayed,itis,therefore,ordered,adjudgedanddecreed,that[Forformsofdecrees,seepost,§§566-568.]§265.EffectoftheTrialofaPleainAbatementinAttachmentSuits.—IfthepleainabatementistoanoriginalattachmentandthedefendantisnotbeforetheCourtbyserviceofsubpoena,orbyvoluntaryappearanceoutsideofhispleadings,andtheissueonthepleabefoundinhisfavor,thebillwillbedismissed,asshownintheprecedingdecree;butifthedefendantisbeforetheCourt,andhasansweredaswellaspleadedinabatement,ifhispleabefoundinhisfavor,andtheissuesonbillandanswerbefoundinfavorofthecomplain-ant,thentheattachmentwillbedischarged,adecreerenderedincomplainant'sfavoronthebillandanswer,andanexecutionawardedfortheamountofthedecree.Insuchcase,intheprecedingdecreeomitallafterthewords,''infavorofthedefendant,''aninsert,inlieu,thefollowing
:
Itis,therefore,decreedthatthewritofattachmentbequashedandthelevythereunderreleasedanddischarged,andthecostsincidenttotheattachmentwillbepaidbythecom-plainant.TheCourt,also,findstheissuesraisedbythebillandanswerinfavorofthecomplainant;anditis,therefore,ordered,adjudgedanddecreedthat[Forformsofdecrees,seepost,§§566-568.]Iftheissuesonthepleainabatementtotheoriginalattachmentbefoundinfavorofthecomplainant,andtheissuesonthebillandanswerbe,also,foundinfavorofthecomplainant,thenomitallafterthewords"infavorof"intheforegoingdecree,andinsert,inlieu,thefollowing
:
thecomplainant.Itis,.therefore,decreedbytheCourtthatthepleainabatementbeoverruledanddisal-lowed.AndtheCourt,beingofopinionthatthecomplainantisentitledtothereliefbyhimprayed,itis,therefore,orderedanddecreedthat[Hereinsertdecreeasprayed,andordertheprop-ertlyattachedtobesold.Forforms,seepost,§887.]IftheCourtonthehearingshoulddecideagainstboththepleainabatementandthebill,thenthebillwill,ofcourse,bedismissed,andthecostsofthesuitapportionedaccordingly,adjudgingthecostsincidenttothepleaagainstthedefendant,andthebalanceofthecostsagainstthecomplainant,unlessEquityotherwiserequire.

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223 MOTIONSTODISMISSBIU,S.§266
CHAPTERXIV.MOTIONSTODISMISSBILLS.
266.TheOfficeofaMotiontoDismiss.267.TheGroundsofMotionstoDismiss.268.Motion-toDismissforWantofEquityontheFaceoftheBill.269.MotiontoDismissBecausetheFormoftheBillisUnknown.
§270.MotiontoDismissforWantofJuris-dictionoftheDefendant.§271.MotiontoDismissforWantofaPre-requisiteoftheWrit.§272.MotiontoDismissonOtherGrounds.§273.WhenaMotiontoDismissMustbeMade.§266.OfficeofaMotiontoDismiss.—Ifthereappearintherecord,somefatalirregularityinthebringingorprosecutionofthesuit,or,ifsomefataldefectbemanifestonthefaceofthebill,theCodeprovidesthatthebillmaybedismissedonmotionofthedefendant,becauseofsuchirregularity,orde-fect.Theobjectofthemotionistosummarilyendthesuit;and,asaconse-quence,thegroundofthemotionmustbebothmanifestandconclusive.If,byamendment,theirregularitycanberemedied,or,ifthedefectoromissioncanbesupplied,itisthedutyoftheCourttoallowittobedone-,1forCourtsareinstitutedtoenablecomplainantstohaveahearingonthemerits.If,how-ever,itismanifestfromthepositiveavermentsofthebill,orfromothermat-tersaffirmativelyappearing,thatthedefectisfatal,andcannotberemedied,thebillwillbedismissed.Thestatuteprovidesthissummarymethodbymo-tionbecause,insuchacase,thecomplainanthavingnostandingintheCourt,thesoonerthesuitisendedthesmallerthecostshewillbeobligedtopay.§267.GroundsofMotionstoDismiss.—Abillmaybedismissedonmotionofthedefendant
:
1.Forwantofequityonitsface.2.BecauseunknowntotheformsoftheCourt.3.Ifitappearonthefaceofthebill,thattheCourthasnojurisdictionofthepersonofthedefendant.4.ForwantofanyoftheprerequisitestotheissuanceoftheWrit.5.Formis-joinderornon-joinderofparties,wherethefactappearsonthefaceofthebill.6.Formultifariousness.7.ForsuchothergroundsasmaybespeciallydeclaredsufficientbytheCode.2Someoftheseothergroundsare:(1)champerty;3(2)theomissionoftheallegation,inaninsolventestatebill,thattheestateamountstoonethousanddollarsinvalue;4and(3)afailuretospeedacauseaccordingtoarule.5Allofthesegroundswillbemorefullyconsideredinthefollowingsec-tions.The1st,3d,5th,and6thcausesofdismissal,areinthenatureofdemur-rersoretenus,andmayberaisedbydemurrer;6butthedemurrersforsuchcausesmustbespecialenough,nottofallunderthebanagainstgeneralde-murrers.Abillcannotbesummarilydismissedonmotion,exceptforthecausesaboveenumerated.7
1Code,§§4387;2863-2869.2Code,§4386.3Code,§1783.4Code,§2365;see,astoamounts,Code,§2362;andSteelv.Maness,ISLea,143.5Code,§4390.
BytheCode,§4388,the1st,Sthand6thcausesofdismissal,mayalsoberaisedbydemurrer,andby§§4309,4319,itisenactedthatthejurisdictionoftheCourtmay,also,beresistedbydemurrer.TFordv.Bartlett,3Bax.,22.

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§268MOTIONSTODISMISSBILIvS.224§268.MotiontoDismissforWantofEquityonthePaceoftheBill."Whenever(1)thesupposedruleoflaworEquity,onwhichthebillisfoundedmanifestlydoesnotexist;or(2)ifexisting,wheneverthefactsallegedmani-festlyfailtobringthecasewithinsuchrule;or(3)ifwithintherule,when-everthefactsallegedclearlyshowthatthecasefallswithinsomemanifestexceptiontotherule;ineachofthesethreecases,thereisawantofequityonthefaceofthebill,andamotiontodismissthebillforthatcausewillbesus-tained.TheCourtwillnot,however,sustainthemotion,unlessthecausethereofbenotonlygood,butmanifestlygood;bywhichismeant,thattheCourtwillnot,onsuchasummarymotion,searchthebillforfataldefects,norweighindeli-catebalancesanynicepointsoflawurgedagainstthebill.Suchmattersmustbebroughtforwardbydemurrer.Iftherebeanygroundforreasonablede-bate,astowhetherthereisawantofEquity,themotiontodismisswillbeover-ruled.Indeed,itmaybesaidgenerally,thatthewantofEquity,tojustifyamotiontodismissonthatground,mustbesomanifestandsocomplete,thattheChancellorwouldnotbereversed,ifheshoulddismissthebillonhisownmotion.8IftherebeanyEquity,atall,onthefaceofthebill,evenifitbedefectivelystated,themotiontodismisscannotprevail;9and,onsuchamotion,everyrea-sonablepresumptionistobemadeinfavorof,ratherthanagainst,thebill.10§269.MotiontoDismiss,BecausetheFormoftheBillisUnknown.—WhiletheChanceryCourtlookstosubstanceandnottoform,yetformisnecessarytosubstance.Iftheessentialformalitiesofabillwerenotadheredto,itwouldwidenintosuchalooseindefinitenessofstyleandstatement,andintosuchanutterabandonmentofmethodandmeaning,thatitwouldbeimpossibleoften-timestodefineitssubstanceamidthechaoticconglomerationofitsmultiforminformalities.Pleadingsmusthavesomeformj11andnopartyhasarighttosubstitutehisownformofabill,fortheformsanctionedbytheCourt.InChancery,noformisrequirednotnecessarytoaclear,orderly,andrespectfulpresentationofcomplainant'sgroundsofsuit;andcommonpolitenessandgoodmannersbothrequirethatthisnecessaryandsimpleformbesubstantiallyad-heredto.ThedignityoftheCourt,andthedue,decent,orderlyandaccurateadministrationofjustice,requirethattheordinaryformofabillshouldnotbesubstantiallydepartedfrom.Abillwill,therefore,bedismissedifitbeunknowntotheformsoftheCourt.12Ifabill(1)shouldbeaddressednottotheChancellorbuttotheClerk,orshouldhavenoaddress;or(2)ifitshouldcontainnoprayer;or(3)ifitshouldbeinrhyme;or(4)ifitshouldfailtonamethepartiesdefendant
;
or(5)ifitshouldbeinaforeignlanguage,orsobadlywrittenastobeillegi-ble;or(6)ifitshouldbeunintelligible;or(7)ifitfailedtogivethenamesandresidencesoftheparties;inanyandallsuchcases,thebillwouldprobablybedeemedunknowntotheformsoftheCourt,andwouldbedismissedonmotion.8Quinn».Leake,1Tenn.Ch.,70;Hendersonv.Mathews,1Lea,34;Earlesv.Earles,3Head,367;Maysev.Biggs,3Head,36;Thompsonv.Paul,8Hum.,117;Merrimanv.Norman,9fleisk.,269;Knightv.Atkinson,2Tenn.Ch.,384;AndersonV.Mullenix,5Lea,287.8Andersonv.Mullenix,5Lea,287;RandallV.Payne,1Tenn.Ch.,137;Colvillev.Colville,9Hum.,524;Thompsonv.Paul,8Hum.,114;Hen-dersonv.Mathews,1Lea,34.10Kerr«.Kerr,3Lea,227;AndersonV.Mulle-nix,5Lea,287.Utresmagisvaleatquampereat.Thismaximappliestobillswhenquestionedbyamotiontodismiss,orbyademurrer.See§§63;317,note4.11Formadatesse.ThewantofformconstitutesajustobjectiontotheproceedingsineveryCourtofJustice;fortorejectallformwouldbedestructivetothelawasascience,andwouldintroducegreat
uncertaintyandperplexityintheadministrationotjustice.Everyirregularityofthissortisfraughtwithinconvenience,andgenerallytendstodelaysanddoubts.Andithasbeenwellremarked,thatinfinitemischiefhasbeenproducedbythefacilityofCourtsofJusticeinoverlookingerrorsinform.Itencouragescarelessness;andplacesignorancetoomuchonafootingwithknowledge.Towhichitmaybeadded,thatitoftenexposesthepartiesthem-selvestonosmallhardships,byembarrassingthemateverystepintheprogressofthecause;andin-volvingthemeritsofthecauseinsuperfluousdetailsandinartificialallegations,atonceloose,obscure,andmisleading.Sto.Eq.PI.,§454.ThedisregardofformisagloryinaCourt,butashameinalitigant.Formisthescabbardoftheswordofjusticethatkeepsitbrightandkeen.12Code,§4386.

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225 MOTIONSTODISMISSBILLS.§270But,ifabillcontainsallegationssufficient,iftrue,toentitlethecomplainanttosomerelief,thefactthatthebillisinartificiallydrawn,orismisnamedbythedraftsman,willnotjustifyamotiontodismiss.Insuchacase,theCourtjudgesthebill,notbyitsname,orwantoftechnicalprecisioninitsframeandaverments,butbyitssubstance,13andthemattersofEquityitsetsforth.Whilethepropernameofthebillwillnotatonefordefectsofsubstance,yetpropersubstancewillatoneforadefectinthename.Thenameofabillismerematterofform,andisabsolutelyimmaterial;and,whateverbeitsname,theCourtwilllookatitsallegationsandprayers,andjudgethebillthereby,andnotbytheparticularnameitmayhappentobear.TherightsofthepartieswillbedeterminedexclusivelybythemattersofEquityalleged,andnotbytheappellationgiventhebillbythecomplainant'ssolicitor.14Thisisespeciallytrueofbillsnotstrictlyoriginal,someofwhichhavehighlytechnicalnames,andothershavevariousobjectsandoffices.Allsuchbillsarejudgedbytheiraverments,andprayersforrelief,andnotbytheirnames.15Whatismeantbythemaxim,thatEquityregardsthesubstanceandnottheformsofthings,isthatiftherebesufficientsubstanceinthepleading,theCourtwillnotdisregardthatsubstancemerelybecauseofthewantofsometechnicalformality.16§270.MotiontoDismiss,forWantofJurisdictionoftheDefendant.—IthasalreadybeenshownthattheCourtwillnotentertainabill,whenithasnojurisdictionofthepersonofthedefendant,providedobjectionisproperlymadeonthatground.Thiswantofjurisdiction,whennotapparentonthefaceofthebill,mustbemadetoappearbypleainabatement;but,whenapparent,amotiontodismiss,17orademurrer,18willlietothebill.Thelocaljurisdictionofthepersonofthedefendantisamatteroftentimesofgreatimportancetohim;andwhenthatjurisdictioniswanting,whenthebillisnotfiledinthepropercounty,thedefendantmayobjecttothejurisdictionoverhim.Thisob-jectionfrequentlyappearsonthefaceofthebill,becausetheCoderequiresthecountyresidenceofthepartiestobestatedinthebill;19andwhentheobjectiondoessoappear,thedefendantmaymovethatthebillastohimbedismissed.§271.MotiontoDismiss,forWantofaPrerequisitetotheWrit.—Beforeasubpoenacanissue,orpublicationbemade,thecomplainantmustgivethe13Ifthecoinbegoldawrongnamewillnotmakeitbrass.Thenameisameretag.Nominamutabilia,resautemimmobiles.(Namesaremutablebutthingsareimmutable.)Nobaptismalnameisrequiredforabill,andnopleaofmisnomerwilllietoit.MajorsV.McNeilly,7Heisk.,295.14Amongthemanyauthoritiessupportingthetex*.see:Doddv.Benthal,4Heisk.,601;Majorsv.Mc-Neilly,7Heisk.,294;Cheekv.Anderson,2Lea,194;NorthmanV.LiverpoolIns.Co.,1Tenn.Ch.,312;Maddoxv.Apperson,14Lea,599.Seemaxim,Equitylookstotheintentratherthantotheform,ante,§43.TheMolochofFormalityerectedbytheLaw,andonwhoseironaltarsjusticehasbeensooftensacri-ficed,hasneverprofanedtheTemplesofEquity.Technicalitiesshouldnotbeusedasswordstoper-petratewrong,butasshieldstoprotecttheright.ButlerV.Kenzie,6Pick.,34.ThereisnomagicinformsornamesinaCourtof'Equity.Northman/'.InsuranceCo.,1Tenn.Ch.,312.See§§43;431,note4;681;719;64,sub-sec.4;139,note19.Nihilfaciterrornominiscumdecorporeconstat.(Anerrorofnameamountstonothingwhenthereiscertaintyastothethingitself.)Prxsentiacorporistolliterror-emnominis.(Thepresenceofthebodydoesawaywiththemistakeinthename.)Thebillbeinginthehandsofth£Chancellor,itspraenomeniswhollyimmaterial,hewilljudgeitfromitsallegations.TheCodedoesnotrequireabilltohaveanyChristianname.Code,§§4312;4314.15Arnoldv.Myers,1Lea,308;Northmanv.Liv-erpoolIns.Co.,1Tenn.Ch.,312;318;Maddoxv.Apperson,14Lea,599;Murphyv.Johnson,23Pick.,552.16FormsaretotheCourtswhattheleveesareto
theMississippi:theykeepthecourseofjusticeinitsproperchannel.17Code,§4386.18Code,§§4309;4319.19ItwouldseemfromCode,§4309,thatamotiontodismisswould,also,liewhenitappearsfromthefaceofthebill,thattheCourthasnolocaljurisdic-tionofthesubject-matter.ChancellorCooperheld,inShawv.Patterson,2Tenn.Ch.,171,thatforawantofgeneraljurisdictionofthesubject-matterabillcouldbedismissedonmotion,underCode,§4386,inasmuchasageneralwantofjurisdiction'orthesubject-matteris,ordinarily,allthatismeantbywantofequityonthefaceofthebill;andhecitesinsupportofhisholding,Code,§4309;GreenevStarnes,1Heisk.,582;and.Bennettv.Wilkins,5^-°Id-.?40.Itmustbeconsidered,however,that§4309isinanarticledealingexclusivelywiththelersonalandLocalJurisdictionoftheCourtsasshownbyitscontentsanditstitle.InThompson&MegersCode,section4309issaidtohavebeendrawnfromtheActof1801,ch.6,§16,modified-andtheoriginalsectioninthatactreadsasfollows-Afteranswerfiled,andnopleainabatementtothelocaljurisdictionoftheCourt,noexceptionforwantofjurisdictionshalleverafterwardsbemade,"mean-ing,ofcourse,noexceptionforwantoflocaljuris-diction.InconsideringasectionoftheCoder&gardmustbehadtotheoriginalstatute,andtothetitleoftheArticleandChapteroftheCodeandtheconnectioninwhichitisfound.Itseems1rea-sonablyplain,fromvarioussectionsoftheCodeth?tthegeneraljurisdictionoftheCourtoverthesubiect-matterinanycivilcasewherethecomplain-antisentitledtoanyrelief,legal,orequitable,canonlyberesistedbydemurrer.Post§§289-295-

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§272 MOTIONSTODISMISSBILLS.226requiredcostbond,orfiletherequiredpauperoathinlieuthereof.Suchbondoroathisaprerequisitetothewrit,andforthewantofsuchaprerequisitethebillwillbedismissedonmotion.20So,inanoriginalattachmentsuit,aswornbillcontainingagoodgroundforanattachment,andanattachmentbond,orapauperoathinlieuthereof,areprerequisitestotheissuanceofthewritofattachment,andforthewantofeitherofsuchprerequisites,amotiontodismissthebillwilllie.21Themotiontodismissmay,also,bemadeinacaseofafataldefectinanyofsaidprerequisites.Thedefectsintheformofattachmentbondsandaffidavitsmay,however,beamended;andwherenoattachmentbond,atall,hasbeengiven,oronefatallydefective,asufficientbondmaybegiven,evenafteramo-tiontodismissforwantofasufficientbond.22AbillfiledonSunday,withouttheprerequisiteaffidavit,maybedismissedonmotion.23§272.MotiontoDismiss,onOtherGrounds.—Abillmay,also,bedis-missed:(1)formis-joinderornon-joinderofparties,wherethefactappearsonthefaceofthebill;(2)formultifariousness;24(3)forwantoftheallegation,inabilltoadministeraninsolventestate,thatthevalueoftheestateequalsonethousanddollars;25(4)forwantofaprosecutionbond,whenthecom-plainant'soathofpovertyisshowntobeuntrue,orhiscauseofactionfrivo-lousormalicious,orisonethatcannotbepaupered;26(5)forfailureofcom-plainanttocomplywitharuletospeedthecause;27(6)forfailureofanon-residentcomplainanttoanswerinterrogatories,byagivenday,onaperemp-toryordersotodo;28(7)forchampertyormaintenance;29(8)foruncleannessofcomplainant'shands;and(9)forwantofjurisdictionoverthesubject-matterofthesuit.30Thelastsixgroundsofdismissalmaybereliedonatanytimebeforefinaldecree,31theotherthreegroundsmustbetakenadvantageofindueseason,ortheywillbewaived.AbillinChancerycannotbeordinarilydismissed,onmotionofthedefend-ant,exceptforthecausesenumeratedinthestatutes.32Thisdoesnot,however,preventabillbeingdismissedbythecomplainanthimself,eitherorally,inopenCourt,orinwritingduringvacation.33§273.WhenaMotiontoDismissmustbeMade.—Thedifferentmodesofdefencehavebeenheretoforestated,andtheorderinwhichtheymustbereliedon.33aItistoolatetomakeamotiontodismissbecauseofsomedefectappa-rentonthefaceofthebillafterdemurrer,orpleainbar,oranswerhasbeenfiled.Theadoptionofanyoneofthesedefences,isawaiveroftherighttomakeamotiontodismiss.34Theonlymodeofdefence,thatprecedesamotiontodismiss,isapleainabatement,adefencewhichseekstoendthesuitbyreasonofsomeobjectionoutsideofthemeritsofthecontroversy,andoutsidewhereas,itslocaljurisdictionmayberesistedbypleainabatement,demurrer,ormotiontodismiss.Code,§4309;post,§292.Thisconstructionhar-monizesallthesectionsoftheCodeonthesubject,andharmonizesthevastmajorityofthedecisionsofourSupremeCourtinreferencetodemurrerstothejurisdiction.Onedistinguishingfeatureofourpracticeis,thatwhenapartyobjectstoanymatterinCourt,hemustspeciallydesignatethegroundofhisobjection,andputhisfingeronit,bywayofidentification.Ithasbeenheldthatademurrerforwantofequity,admitsthejurisdiction.ChesneyV.Rodgers,1Heisk.,241;post,§292;andsoitcannotwellbeseenhowamotiontodismissforwantofequitycandenythejurisdiction,unlessthematterbeabsolutelybeyondeitherlegalorequitablecogni-zance.20Code,§4386.Butdefectsinprosecutionbonds,andinpauperoaths,maybesuppliedbyamendment,orbynewbonds,oroaths.Morrisv.Smith,1
1
Hum.,133;AndrewsV.Page,2Heisk.,641;Wilsonv.Corry,1Lea,391;Snyderv.Summers,1Lea,481;AdamsonV.Hurt,3Shan.Cas.,424.See,ante,§182,note.21Bankv.Fitzpatrick,4Hum..311.
22Code,§3477;Alexander«.Lisby,2Swan,107;BrooksV.flartman,1Heisk.,36.Butonlydefectsintheformoftheattachmentaffidavitareamenda-ble.LillardV.Carter,7Heisk.,604.23Alawfullyfiledbillisoneoftheprerequisitesofawrit.24Code,§4386.See,also,§§4325-4327JohnsonV.Brown,2Hum.,327.25Code,§2365.20Code,§3194.27Code,§4390.Therule,however,mustprecedethedismissal.Kainv.Ross,1Lea,76.28Code,§4464.29Code,§1783.30ThebillmaybedismissedatanytimewhenitappearsthattheCourthasnojurisdictionofthesubject-matter.TraversV.Abbey,20Pick.,665.See,post,§§290;525.31Webbv.Armstrong,5Hum.,379;DowellV.Dowell,3Head,502;Markhamv.Townsend,2Tenn.Ch.,713.32Fordv.Bartlett,3Bax.,22.33Code,§3199.Butsee,post,§§523-524.33aAnte,§§231;232.34Cookev.Richards,11Heisk..711.

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227 MOTIONSTODISMISSBILIyS.§274ofthebodyofthebill.Allofthegroundsofamotiontodismiss,excepttheoneforwantofEquity,alsoseektoendthesuitwithoutcontestingthemerits.ItisaruleofCourts,that,afteradefendanthastakenissuewiththecomplainantonanyofthemeritsofthecontroversy,hewillnotbeallowedtosetupanydefencethatisbasedonsomematteroutsideofthemerits.Amotiontodismiss,therefore,mustbemadebeforedemurrer,pleainbar,oranswer,oritwillnotbe'entertained,exceptinthecaseshereinbeforereferredto.85§274.HowaMotiontoDismissMaybeDefeated,orAvoided.—Therearetwowaystomeetmotionstodismiss:1st,toshowthatthemotionisnotsus-tainableonthefaceoftherecord;and,ifsustainable,2d,toavoidthemotionbysupplyingthedefect.Ifnoleavetosupplythedefectbenecessaryitshouldbesupplied,ifpossible,beforethemotiontodismissisargued;butifleavebenecessarysuchleaveshouldbeappliedforbeforeorduringtheargumentofthemotiontodismiss.Thecomplainantmayamendhisbill,orsupplytheprerequisitesofthewrit,afteramotiontodismisshasbeenmade;andevenaftersuchamotionhasbeensustained.38Inthelattercase,however,theamendmentmustbemade,ortheprerequisiteofthewritsupplied,duringthetermatwhichthemotiontodis-misswassustained;oratleast,leavetoamend,ortosupply,mustbeobtainedduringsuchterm,orwithinthirtydaysaftertheentryofdismissal,ifthetermislongerthanthirtydays.MOTIONTODISMISSBILLALLOWED,ANDDISMISSALSETASIDE.JohnDoe,|
vs. [No.618.BichardRoe,etal.JInthiscausethedefendantsmovedtheCourttodismissthebillforwantofaprosecutionbondorpauperoathinlieu,and,itappearingthatnobondoroathhasbeenfiled,saidmotionisallowed,andthebilldismissed,atcomplainant'scost,andanexecutionwillissueaccord-ingly.Thereupon,complainanttenderedandfiledaprosecutionbond,andmovedtheCourttosetasideandvacatetheorderdismissinghisbill,whichmotionisallowed,andsaidorderofdismissalisvacatedandannulled,andthecausereinstatedonthedockettobeproceededin."35See,ante,§272.36Code,§§4387;4335.TheCourtsareaslib-eral,inallowingtheprerequisitesofthewrittobeamendedorsupplied,asinallowingthebilltobeamended.SharpV.Miller,3Sneed,42;IrvinsV.Mathis,11Hum.,603.37Aprosecutionbondmaybefiledafterthemo-tionismade.See,ante,§179.

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229 DEMURRERSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§277truthofthebill,forthepurposeoftestingitssufficiencyinlaw,byapleadingcalledademurrer.3Ademurrer,therefore,isapleadingwhichraisesquestionsoflawonly,andonlysuchquestionsasariseonthefaceofthebill,takingthebillastrue;andthequestionsordinarilyraisedonthefaceofthebillbyademurrer,are,thatsupposingthefactstobeasallegedinthebill,(1)thegeneralruleoflaworofEquity,presupposedbythebill,doesnotinfactactuallyexist,oratleastnottotheextentandwiththeeffectsupposed;(2)but,ifso,thatthefactssetforthinthebillarenotsuchastherulecontemplatesandprovidesaremedyfor;(3)but,ifso,thatthebillshowsotherfactswhichdrawthecasewithinsomeex-ceptiontotheruleoflaworEquitysupposed;(4)but,ifnotso,theCourtinwhichthebillisfiled,iswithoutjurisdictiontoenforcetherule;(5)butifnotso,thatthecomplainantisnotentitledtobringthesuit;(6)but,ifso,thatthedefendantisnotliabletotheparticularreliefprayed.4Andthesevariousgroundsofdemurrermaybefurthersummarizedasfollows:1.Complainantmistakesthegeneralruleoflaw;or,2.Hemistakestheforceofthefacts;or,3.Hemistakestheexceptionstothegeneralruleoflaw;or,4.Hemistakestheforum;or,5.Hemistakeshisrightsunderthelawandfacts;or,6.Hemistakesthedefendant'sliability.§277.GroundsofaDemurrerAnalyzed.—Takingintoconsiderationtherulesheretoforegiven,astothevariousrelationsbetweentheparties,andthedutiesarisingfromthoserelations,andconsideringdemurrersinconnectionwiththoserules,5ademurrerto.abillshouldpresentoneormoreofthefollow-ingobjections:1.Thesupposedlawoftherelationdoesnot,infact,exist;or,atleast,doesnotexistforthepurpose,ortotheextent,assiimedbythebill.62.Thefactsallegedinthebilldonotshowtherelationcontemplatedbythesupposedlaw.73.Thefactsallegeddonotshowanyviolationofthesupposedlaw.84.Thereliefprayedisnotofthecharacterorextentallowedbythesup-posedlaw.95.Thecomplainantshowsinhisbillsomefactthatputshiscasewithinanexceptiontothesupposedlaw.106.Thedefendantisnotliabletothespecificreliefprayed.117.TheCourtaddressedhasnojurisdictiontoenforcethesupposedlawinfavorofthecomplainantandagainstthedefendant,onthefactsalleged,andtotheextentprayed.12Allofthesesevengroundsmaybecondensedintoone:Thecomplainant
3Theworddemurrercomes,soLordCokehassaid,fromtheLatinword,demorari,toabide;and,therefore,hewhodemursinlaw,issaidtoabideinlaw;moratur,ordemoraturinlege,andwillgonofurther,untiltheCourthasdecidedwhethertheotherpartyhasshownsufficientmatter,inpointoflaw,tomaintainhissuit.Sto.Eq.PL,§441.4Abillmustnotonly,show,thatthecomplainantisentitledto,orinterestedin,thesubject-matterofthelitigation,andisclothedwithsuchacharacterasentitleshimtomaintainthesuit,andthatthedefendantisalsoliabletothereliefsoughtagainsthim,oris,insomemanner,interestedinthedis-pute,andthatthereissuchaprivitybetweenhimandthecomplainantasgivesthecomplainantatitletosuehim,butitmust,also,praytheCourttogranttheproperreliefsuitedtothecase,asmadebythebill;andif,foranyreason,foundedonthesubstanceofthecase,asstatedinthebill,thecom-plainantisnotentitledtothereliefheprays,eitherinthewhole,orinpart,thedefendantmaydemur.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,325-326.5Ante,§§165-167.
6Aswhenabillisfiledtoenforceaverbalcon-tractmadebyamarriedwoman,togivealienonlandtosecuremoneyborrowedtopayfortheland.DurantV.Davis,10Heisk.,522.7Aswhenabillfordivorcefrombedandboard,andforalimony,isfiledbyawomanwhoshowsinherbillthatatthetimeshemarriedthedefendantshehadalivinghusband.8Aswhenacreditorfilesabilltocollectadebtshownnottobedue.CarterV.Turner,2Head,52.oAswhenajudgmentcreditor,uponanullabondreturn,filesabilltoreachmoneyinthedebtor'spocket,andtohavehimcompelled,byattachment,topaythejudgmentoutofsuchmoney.WebbV.Jones,13Lea,200.10Aswhenthebillshowsthatthesuitisbarred,orthattherehasbeenaformerrecovery,oranyotherdefenseinavoidance.11Aswhenavendeeseekstohaveaspecificper-formanceofasaleofrealty,admittedtobeinparol.1
2
Aswhenadivorcebillshowsonitsfacethatthecomplainantisanon-resident.

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§278DEMURRERSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.230makesoutinhisbillnosuchcaseasentitleshimtothereliefhepraysagainstthedefendant,intheCourtaddressed.This,however,wouldbeinthenatureofageneraldemurrer,andforthatreasonnotallowable.Thespecificreasonorreasons,whythecomplainantisnotentitledtothereliefprayedmustbeclearlystated.Thedemurrantmust,sotospeak,puthisfingeronthedefectinthebill,andshowpreciselywhereinitisadefect.Generalandindefinitedemurrerswillnotavail.§278.DemurrersofRight,andbyAllowance.—Theforegoingarereallyallthesubstantialgroundsofdemurrerthedefendantshavetherealrighttorelyon;buttherearesomeotherswhichtheCourtallowsthedefendantstosetup,intheinterestsofgoodpleadingandofaproperadministrationofjustice,13suchas:1,Thatthebillseekstolitigateonlyapartofacontroversy;2,Thatthecomplainantshouldberepelled,becausehishandsareunclean;3,That'allthepersonsnecessarytoacompletedeterminationofthewholecon-troversy,arenotmadeparties;4,Thatthecomplainantisguiltyoflaches;5,Thatthebillismultifarious,itimproperlyconfoundingdistinctgroundsofsuit;6,Thatthebillcontainsrepugnantcausesofaction;and7,Thatthereisan-othersuitpending,forthesamematterbetweenthesameparties.Thesegroundsofdemurrerbeingintheinterestofgoodpleading,oroftheproperadministrationofjustice,andbeingforthatreasonallowedbytheCourt,aremerecriticismsonthestructureofthebill,ortheconductofthecomplainant
;
and,therefore,onsustainingsuchdemurrers,theCourt,onproperapplication,will,withtwoexceptions,grantcomplainantleavetoamendhisbill,ortootherwiseobviatetheobjectionsraisedbythedemurrer,ashemaybeadvised;whereas,whenademurrer,whichisfiledasamatterofright,issustained,thereis,generally,nogroundforamendment,andthebillisdismissed.Thetwoexceptionsabovementionedarewhenthecomplainanthasbeenguiltyofiniquity,oroflaches.Demurrersareallowedinthesecases,notasamatterofrighttothedefendant,butbecausetheCourt,beingaCourtofConscience,foundedto-redressunconscientiousacts,willnotassistapersonwhoseownun-conscientiousconducthasaidedincausingthewrongofwhichhecomplains,orwhoselacheshasrendereditimpossiblefortheCourttodohimjusticewith-outgreatriskofdoingthedefendantinjustice.NoonehastherighttocallthepowersofaCourtofEquityintooperation,unlesshishandsarecleanandhisfeetareswift.Thereasondemurrersofrightusuallyendthesuitwhentheyaresustained,isthattheyeitherousttheCourtofitsjurisdiction,orshowthewantofsub-stanceincomplainant'sclaimforredress.Demurrersbyallowance,ontheotherhand,donotquestioneitherthejurisdictionoftheCourt,orthesubstanceofacomplainant'scase.Demurrersofrightshowthat,underthelaw,thedefendantcannotbeheldliableinthatsuit,andinthatCourt.DemurrersbyallowancesubmittotheCourtthequestion,notwhetherthedefendantisliable,butwhethertheCourtought,underthecircumstances,toallowthecomplain-anttoproceedwithhissuit.Demurrersbyallowancequestiontheproprietyofthesuit,demurrersofrightquestionitsvalidity.14§279.DemurrerstotheDiscovery.—Ifthebillseeksadiscovery,tothatextentitisinthenatureofanexaminationofthedefendant,asawitness,insupportofthecomplainant'scase.Hence,itinevitablyfollowsthatthede-fendantcannotbecompelledtodiscoveranymatterhecouldnotbecalledontostateasawitness;noristhecomplainantentitledtoanydiscoverynotnec-essarytoaidhiminmakingouthisowncase.Abillforreliefanddiscoveryisbothapleading,andaseriesofinterrogatoriesforthedefendanttoanswerasawitness;andananswertosuchabillisbothapleadingandadeposition.13Birdsongv.Birdsong,2Head,290;Sto.Eq.PL,Iinbar;anddemurrersbyallowance,demurrersin§135a. abatement;butthetermsusedinthetextarebe-14DemurrersofrightmaybetermeddemurrersIlievedtobemoreexpressive.

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231 DEMURRERSBYALLOWANCE.§280Treatingitisadeposition,itmaybestated,asageneralrule,thatwhenevertheevidencecalledforbythebill,couldberesisted,ifcalledforwhenthedefendantwasonthewitnessstand,itcanberesistedonthesamegroundbydemurrertothebill.Whereabillseeksbothreliefanddiscovery,thediscoverybeingincidentaltotherelief,ifthecomplainantisnotentitledtothereliefademurrerwilllietothewholebill.15§280.DemurrersnotApplicabletoPleas,ortoAnswers.—Demurrersareinapplicabletopleas,16ortoanswers.Ifapleabebadinsubstance,thecourseisnottodemurtoit,buttosetitdownforargument;andifthenfoundbad,itisatonceoverruled.Ifananswerisinsufficient,initsresponsestothechargesandstatementsinthebill,theobjectionsaretobetakentoitbyexcep-tionsfiled.Ifitbeinsubstancebadasadefence,andnofurtherproofsarerequiredbythecomplainant,thecasecanbesetdownforahearingxiponthebillandanswer.17
ARTICLEII.DEMURRERSBYALLOWANCE.828S.DemurrersBecauseofRepugnancy.DemurrersBecauseofthePendencyofAnotherSuit.DemurrersBecausetheComplainant'sHandsarenotClean.§288.DemurrersBecauseofLaches.287.
§281.DemurrersbyAllowancegenerallyConsidered.§282.DemurrersBecausetheBillisNotfortheWholeMatter.§283.DemurrersBecauseofWantofProperParties.§284.DemurrersBecausetheBillisMulti-farious.§281.DemurrersbyAllowanceGenerallyConsidered.—Asalreadyshown,1therearesomegroundsofdemurrerwhichCourtsallow,notbecausethede-murranthasrightsthatthebillseekstoviolate,norbecausethecomplainanthasnorighttoreliefagainstthedemurrant,butbecausethescienceofgoodpleading,ortheproperadministrationofjustice,ispromotedbysuchdemur-rers.Thesegroundsofdemurrerare:1,Becausethebillisnotforthewholematter;2,Becausethereisawantofproperparties;3,Becausethebillismul-tifarious;4,Becausethecomplainant'shandsarenotclean;5,Becauseofthelachesofthecomplainant;and6,Becauseofthependencyofanothersuit,betweenthesameparties,aboutthesamematter.Itismanifestthatnoneoftheforegoinggroundsofdemurrerarebasedonanyrightofthedefendant;andthattheirallowanceiswhollyamatterwithinthediscretionoftheCourt.Ineachofthesixforegoingcases,thedefendantmaybeinthewrong,andliabletothereliefprayed;butinthefirstthreeofthefor.egoingcasestheCourtrefusestoproceedfurther,whenademurrerisinterposed,unlessanduntilthecomplainantconformshisbilltotherequire-mentsofgoodpleading;andinthelastthreeoftheforegoingsixcasestheCourtwillordinarily,ondemurrer,stayitshandbecausethecomplainanthasestoppedhimselffromaskingtheaidofaCourtofConscience.151Dan.Ch.Pr.,547n.16AdemurrerwilllietoadefectivepleainaCourtoflaw,Code,§2928;Caruth.LawSuit,21b.InWittv.Ellis,2Cold.,38,apleasupportedbyananswerwasdemurredto.Suchapracticeisirreguclar,butasCourtsofChancerylooktosubstance,andnottoforms,suchademurrerwillbetreatedasequivalenttoamotionsettingthepleadownforar-gumentastoitssufficiency.Klepperv.,Powell,6
Heisk.,503.Forthesamereason,amotiontostrikeoutapleawillbetreatedasequivalenttosettingitdownforargumentasinsufficient.Brevardv.Sum-mar,2Heisk.,97.Settingacausedownforhearingonbillandan-swerisinthenatureofademurrertotheanswer.17Sto.Eq.PL,§456;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,542,note.lAnte,§278.

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§282 DEMURRERSBYALLOWANCE.232§282.DemurrersBecausetheBillisNotfortheWholeMatter.—Abillmaybegoodasfarasitgoes,butitmaynotgotothefullextentthatcompletejusticemayrequire;thatis,itmayseektolitigateapartofamatteronly,leavingthebalanceopenforfurtherlitigation.Ofcourse,insuchacase,thedefendantwouldhavenorighttorequirethecomplainanttososhapehisbillastosueforthewholematter;butasCourtsofEquitydelighttodocompletejustice,andnotbyhalves,andastheyseektopreventamultiplicityofsuits,theyallowadefendant,whohasbeensuedastoapartonlyofgivenmatter,toinsistbydemurrerthatheshallbesuedastoall,orastonone.And,ingeneral,wheneveritappearsbythebill,thattheobjectofthesuitdoesnotembracealltherelief,whichthecomplainantisentitledtounderthefactsstated,theCourtwillallowademurreronthatground.2But,ifacomplainantshouldsplithiscauseofaction,andsueononepartofit,arecoveryonthatpartwillbarasuitonthebalance.3Thisgroundofdemurrer,however,seldomappearsonthefaceofabill,exceptincaseofbillsfiledforanaccounting;andeveninsuchacase,thedefendantwillseldomundertake,bydemurrer,toforcethecomplainanttoenlargehisclaim.§283.DemurrersBecauseofWantofProperParties.—Whoaretheproperpartiestoasuithasbeenfullyconsideredelsewhere.4Wheneverthewantofproperpartiesappearsonthefaceofthebill,itconstitutesagoodgroundofdemurrer;butifnodemurrerbefiled,ormotiontodismissmade,anobjectionatthehearingwillavailnothing.5Wheneverademurrerisputinforwantofnecessaryparties,itmustshowwhoaretheproperpartiesfromthefactsstatedinthebill;notindeedbyname,forthatmightbeimpossible,butinsuchamannerastopointouttothecom-plainanttheobjectiontohisbill,andtoenablehimtoamendbymakingproperparties.6Onsustainingademurrerforwantofproperparties,theCourtwillalwaysgiveleavetomakethenewparties,eitherbyanamendment,7orbyasupple-mentalbill,whensubstantialjusticebetweentheactualpartiestothesuitrequiresit.Andevenifthebillshouldbedismissedforthisdefect,thedis-missalwillbewithoutprejudicetoanotherbill.8Thegeneralrule,requiringallpersonsininteresttobemadeparties,isnotsomucharightofthepartiesbeforetheCourt,asaruleprescribedbyCourtsofEquitythemselvesinordertopreventfuturelitigation.9Hence,theCourtwillallow-thenecessarypartiestobebroughtbeforetheCourtatanystageofthesuit,evenatthehearing.10DEMUEKEBFOB,WANTOFPARTIES.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,seepost,§310.]BecausethebillshowsthatRolandRoehasaninterestinthelandsoughttobesold,[or,hasthelegaltitletothelandsoughttobesold,or,isinterestedintheaccountprayedtobestated,]andheisnotmadeapartytothebill;forwhichreason,nocompletedecreecanbemadeinthecause.§284.DemurrersBecausetheBillisMultifarious.—Thesubjectofmulti-fariousnesshasalreadybeenfullydiscussed.11Thecasesuponthesubjectofmultifariousnessareextremelyvarious;andtheCourts,indecidingthem,seemtohaveconsideredwhatwasconvenientinparticularcircumstances,ratherthantohaveattemptedtolaydownanyabsoluterule.Demurrersformulti-fariousnessmaybedividedintotwokinds.1,Frequently,theobjectionraisedtoabill,thoughtermedmultifarious,is,infact,properlyspeaking,amis-joinderofcausesofsuit,thecasesorclaimsassertedinthebillbeingofsodif-ferentacharacter,thattheCourtwillnotpermitthemtobelitigatedinone
•l1Dan.Ch.Pr.,558. 8Sto.Eq.PI.§541.31Dan.Ch.Pr.,330,note. 9Sto.Eq.PL,§135a.iAnte,§§80-131. 10Code,§§4335-4337;Grayr.Hays,7Hum.,588'*Code,§§4325;4337. Birdsongv.Birdsong,2Head,289.fiSto.Eq.PI.,§543. 11See,ante,§149.7GrayV.Hays,7Hum.,588.

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233 DEMURRERSBYALLOWANCE.§284suit.Itmaybe,thatthecomplainantsandthedefendantsarepartiestoalloithetransactionswhichformthesubjectofthesuit;but,nevertheless,thosetransactionsmaybesodissimilar,thattheCourtwillnotallowthemtobejoinedtogetherinonesuit;butwillrequiredistinctsuits.2,Butwhatismorefamiliarlyunderstoodbymultifariousness,asappliedtoabill,is,whereapartyismadeadefendantuponarecord,withalargeportionofwhich,andofthecasemadebywhich,hehasnoconnectionwhatsoever.Insuchacase,ademur-rerisallowedbecauseunitingdistinctmattersinonerecordwillputthepartiestogreatanduselessexpense.12Buttheobjectionofmultifariousnessmuststillbeconfinedtosuits,wherethecaseofaparticulardefendantisentirelydistinctandseparate,initssubject-matter,fromthatoftheotherdefendants.Ifthecaseagainstonedefendantissoentireastobeincapableofbeingprosecutedinseveralsuits,thefactthatsomeotherdefendantmaybeanecessaryparty,tosomeportiononlyofthecasestated,willnotmakethebillmultifarious.Itisnofin-dispensablethatallthepartiesshouldhaveaninterestinallthematterscon-tainedinthesuit;itwillbesufficientifeachpartyhasaninterestinsomemattersinthesuit,andtheyareconnectedwithothers.13Meremultiplicityofmatterschargedinthebillwillnotmakeitmultifarious,ifthesemattershaveanysuchconnectionasrenderstheirjointdeterminationnecessaryorpropertotheadjustmentofalltheequitiesarisingfromthatcon-nection,orfromthecomplicationsofthecase.Wherethemattersspringfromacommonroot,orresultfromonetransaction,orhaveanyotherconnectingligaments,theyarenotmultifarious,howevernumerous.Theresultoftheprinciplestobeextractedfromthecasesonthesubjectofmultifariousnessseemstobe,thatwherethereisacommonliability,andacommoninterest,acommonliabilityinthedefendants,andacommoninterestinthecomplainants,differentclaimstoproperty,atleastifthesubjectsaresuchasmaywithoutinconveniencebejoined,maybeunitedinoneandthesamesuitwithoutmakingitmultifarious.14Andso,bytheCode,theunitinginonebillofseveralmattersofEquity,distinctandunconnected,againstonedefendant,isnotmultifariousness.15Thereasonwhytheobjectionformultifariousnessmustbetakenbythede-fendantbydemurrer,andnotatthehearing,isthatthisobjectionproceedsonthegroundthattheunionofdistinctmatterscreatesunnecessarytroubleandexpensetothepartywhohasnoconcernwithsomeofthetransactions,byput-tinghimtothetroubleandexpenseoflitigatingquestionswithwhichhehasnothingtodo;andifthedefendantanswersandtakeshisproof,theexpenseisinagreatmeasureincurred,anditwillbetoolateforhimtocomplain,ifhesuffersthecausetoproceedtoahearing.16Andnow,bystatute,itisprovidedthattheobjectionofmultifariousnessmustbemadebymotiontodismiss,orbydemurrer.171.EssentialsofMultifariousness.Tomakeabilldemurrableformultifa-riousness,itmustcontainallofthefollowingcharacteristics
:
1.Itmustjointwoormorecausesofactionagainsttwoormoredefendants.12Sto.Eq.PL,§530;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,334-346.Anotherreasonfornotallowingseparateanddis-tinctcausesofsuit,againstseparatedefendants,tobelitigatedinonesuitis,thattheburdenofadju-dicationis,thereby,greatlyincreased.Chancellorsdreadunnecessarycomplications,andoftenallowde-murrersformultifariousness,notsomuchtobenefitthedemurrantastorelievethemselvesfromthein-creasedburdensresultingfromtheentanglementsofaheterogeneouslitigation.Theyrealizethegreatdifficultyofdoingcompletejusticewhentherecordisverylarge,thepartiesverynumerous,andthemattersincontroversymanyandcomplicated.Itis,also,impossible,insuchcases,toequitablyappor-tionthecosts.13Sto.Eq.PI.,§271,u.14Sto.Eq.PL,§533.
15Code,§4327.10Sto.Eq.PI.,§271,note.17ThesectionsoftheCode,uponthesubjectofmultifariousness,areasfollows:4325.Multifariousness,misjoinder,ornon-joinderofparties,isnosufficientcauseforthedismissionofabillinEquity,unlessobjectionismadebymo-tiontodismiss,ordemurrer.4326.Ifademurrerformultifariousnessissus-tained,theCourtmayauthorizeamendments,bydi-rectingseparatebillstobefiledwithoutnewprocessastothepartiesbeforetheCourt,andbytheaddi-tionofnewparties,orotherwise,asmaybedeemednecessaryfortheattainmentofjustice.4327.TheunitinginonebillofseveralmattersofEquity,distinctandunconnected,againstonede-fendant,isnotmultifariousness.

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§285 DEMURRERSBYALLOWANCE.2342.Thesetwoormorecausesofactionmusthav«noconnectionorcommonorigin,butmustbeseparateandindependent.3.Theevidencepertinenttooneormoreofthecausesmustbewhollyim-pertinentastotheother,orothers.4.Oneormoreoftheseseparateandindependentcausesofactionmustbecapableofbeingfullydetermined,withoutanynecessityofbringingintheothercauseorcauses,inordertoadjustanyofthelegalorequitablerightsoftheparties.5.Thedecreeproper,astooneormoreoftheseseparateandindependentcausesofaction,mustbeexclusivelyagainstoneormoreofthedefendants,andthedecreeproperastotheothercauseorcauses,mustbeexclusivelyagainsttheotherdefendant,ordefendants.6.Thereliefproperagainstoneormoreofthedefendants,ononeormoreoftheseseparateandindependentcausesofaction,mustbedistinctfromthereli'efproperagainsttheotherdefendantordefendants,ontheothercauseorcausesofaction.7.Thesatisfactionoftheproperdecreebyanyoneofthedefendants,totheextentofhisallegedliability,onanyoneormoreofsaiddistinctcausesofaction,mustnotbeasatisfactionoftheproperdecreeagainsttheotherdefend-ants,ontheothercauseorcausesofaction.8.Upontheconsiderationoftheentirebill,themultifariousnessmustbeapparent,andthemisjoinderofdistinctcausesofactionmanifest.182.FormsofDemurrersforMultifariousness.Thefollowingareformsofdemurrersformultifariousness,omittingthecaption
:
DEMURRERSFORMULTIFARIOUSNESS.[Fortitle,commencementandconclusion,seepost,§310.]Becauseitappearsbysaidbillthatitisbroughtagainstthisdefendantandvariousotherdefendantsfordistinctmattersandcausesofsuit,withseveralofwhichthisdefendantisnotalleged,orshowntobe,inanymannerinterestedorconcerned,andthatthebillismultifarious.Becausesaidbillismultifarious,inthatitisfiledagainstthisdefendantmainlytohaveacertaintractoflandsoldforpartition;'butit,also,seekstorecoverallegeddebtsinnowayconnectedwithsaidlandfromtheotherdefendants,andseekstoholdthisdefendantliableforanallegedbalanceduecomplainantasaformerpartner;andthisdefendantisnotinanymannerinterestedinorconnectedwiththedebtssoughttobecollectedfromhisco-defendants,norissaidpartnershipinanywayconnectedwithsaidland.Becausethebillismultifarious,inthatitseekstorecoverfromhimadebtallegedtobebasedoncertainmercantiletransactionswithwhichitisnotchargedtheotherdefend-antsareconcerned;andseekstorecoverrentsanddamagesforwastefromtheotherde-fendants,anditisnotchargedthatthisdefendantisinanywayliableforeithersaidrentsorsaiddamages.§285.DemurrersBecauseofRepugnancy.—Wherethebillsetsouttwoormoredistinctcausesofactionagainstthesamedefendantwhicharerepugnant,orcontradictory,orinconsistent,ademurrerwilllieonthatground.Thuswherethebillsetsforthacauseofsuitbasedonthevalidityofawriting,andanothercausebasedonfactsthatinvalidatedthewriting,andthereliefsprayedwereinconsistent,ademurrerforrepugnancywilllie.19Thedifferencebetweenrepugnancyandmultifariousnessseemstobethattheformersetsupdiscordantgroundsofsuitagainstoneormoredefendants,whilemultifariousbillssetupdistinctgroundsofsuitagainstseveraldefendants.TheCoderule,20allowingseveraldistinctcausesofactionagainstonedefendant,doesnoscontemplaterepugnantcausesofaction.§286.DemurrersBecauseofthePendencyofAnotherSuit.—Ifthebillshowthatanothersuitispendingbetweenthesameparties,aboutthesame18Thecorrectnessofthesetestswillbefoundfullysupportedbytheadjudicationsonthesubjectofmultifariousness,aswellasbythetextbooks:ante,§149.Seealso,Berdanattiv.Sexton,2Tenn.Ch.,704.InDechardv.Edwards,2Sneed,99,ourSupremeCourt,throughJudgeCaruthers,say:"Itwouldbeinconsistentwiththeliberalizedpractice
andrulesofpleadingofthepresentday,[1854]todefeatbydemurreraclearequity,formultifarious-nessormisjoinderastoparties.'AndseeCode,§§4325-4327.19Bynumv.Ewart,6Pick.,655;see,ante,§149.20Code,§4327.

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235 DEMURRERSBYALLOWANCE.§287matter,inaCourtofconcurrentjurisdiction,ademurrerwilllie.21Thus,wheretheCountyorCircuitCourthasrightfuljurisdiction,concurrentwiththeChanceryCourt,overaparticularmatter,ademurrerwilllieonthatgroundtoabillinChanceryseekingtoassumethejurisdictionofsuchmatterthenpendingineithertheCircuitorCountyCourt,andtoenjoinfurtherproceed-ingsinsuchmatterinthelatterCourt.22§287.DemurrersBecausetheComplainant'sHandsarenotClean.—Hewhohasdoneiniquityshallnothaveequity.CourtsofConsciencerequireoftheirsuitors,thattheyshallnothavewillinglyparticipatedinanyunconscientiousorillegaltransaction,whichtheyareaskingtheCourtto-enforce,tosetaside,ortocorrect.Asarule,wheneveritappearsonthefaceofthebillthatthecomplainant'shandsarestainedwithanyiniquity,orillegality,connectedwiththesubject-matterofthesuit,ademurrerwillbeallowed,for,accordingtothemaxim,inparidelictopotiorestconditiodefendentis.Butifthecomplainantwasnotinequalfault,orifpublicpolicyrequiresit,theCourtmayallowhimrelief,evenwherehehas,tosomeextent,participatedinthewrongheseekstohaverighted.Thedemurrerbecausethecomplainant'shandsarenotcleanmaybeasfollows
:
DEMURRERSBECAUSECOMPLAINANT'SHANDSARENOTCLEAN.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,seepost,§310.]Becausethebillshowsthatthecomplainantconveyedtheland,henowseekstorecover,tothisdefendantforthepurposeofhinderinganddelayinghiscreditors;andthathewil-lingly,knowingly,andactivelyparticipatedinthefraudofwhichhecomplains.Becausethebillshowsthatthenotesuedonwasgiven[or,thatthecontractsoughttobeenforcedwasbased]onaniniquitousconsideration[or,onanimmoral,orillegalconsidera-tion,]totheenforcementofwhichthisCourtwillnotlenditsaid.§288.DemurrersBecauseofLachesofComplainant.—Equityassiststhosewhoarevigilant,andnotthosewhosleepontheirrights.NothingcancalltheCourtintoactivitybutdiligenceandgoodfaith.If,therefore,thebilldisclosesgrosslachesonthepartofthecomplainant,especiallyinbillsforinjunction,orspecificperformance,orincaseswherepromptdisaffirmancewasnecessary,orwhereacquiescenceisgrosslyreprehensible,theCourtwillallowademurrerbecauseofsuchlaches.2321Dan.Ch.Pr.561. | 23Sto.Eq.PI..§503,note.See,ante,%%49;22Parkesv.Gilbert,1Bax.,97;Rheav.Meredith,69-70.6Lea,608.

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§289 DEMURRERSOERIGHT.236
ARTICLEIII.DEMURRERSOFRIGHT.§289.DemurrersBecauseofWantofEquityintheBill.§290.DemurrersBecauseofWantofJuris-dictionintheCourt.f291.DemurrersBecausetheValueoftheSubject-MatterisBeneaththeDig-nityoftheCourt.§292.DemurrersBecausetheBillhasbeenFiledintheWrongCounty.§293.DemurrersBecausetheSuitisforIn-juriesInvolvingUnliquidatedDam-ages.%294.DemurrersBecausetheComplainanthasaPlain,Adequate,andCompleteRemedyatLaw.
S295.DemurrersBecausetheSubject-MatteroftheSuitisUnfitfor,orForeignto,aCourtofEquity.S296.DemurrersBecausetheBillSeekstoEnforceaPenalty,orForfeiture.§297.DemurrersBecausetheFactsdonotBringtheCasewithinaGeneralRule.§298.DemurrersBecausetheCaseFallsWithinsomeExceptiontotheGen-eralRule.§299.DemurrersBecausetheComplainantisnotEntitledtoBringtheSuit.§300.DemurrersBecausetheDefendantisnotLiable.§289.DemurrersBecauseofWantofEquityintheBill.—Following,then,thelogicalsubdivisionofthegroundsofdemurrerheretoforestated,1thefirstcauseofdemurrertobeconsideredis,that,takingthefactsasstatedinthebilltobetrue,thereisnoruleoflaworofEquitywhereunderthecomplainantisentitledtothereliefheseeks,ortoanyrelief.Whilethisisagoodgroundofdemurrer2whenspecificallyappliedtothefactsstated,yet,ifputintheoldform,''Thereisnoequityinthebill,"orinanysimilargeneralform,itwillbedeemedtoogeneralforaspecialdemurrer.3Theresultis,wheneverthereisamanifestwantofEquityinthebill,orinotherwords,wheneverthegeneralruleoflaworEquitypresupposedbythebilldoesnotinfactactuallyexist,or,atleast,doesnotexisttotheextentandwiththeeffectsupposed,thedefend-antusuallytakesadvantagethereofbyamotiontodismiss,4whichisasortofstatutoryparoldemurrer.ThereareviolationsofmoraldutieswhichCourtsdonotundertaketore-dress,becausenotattendedwithpecuniaryloss,ornotinvolvingabreachoflegalobligation.5Thereare,also,equitiessomixedupwithiniquitiesthataCourtofConsciencewillnotsoilitshandsbytryingtoseparatetheonefromtheother.6Therearecasesofstrictlegalright,accompaniedwithsuchcir-cumstancesofoppressionandinjustice,thataCourtofEquitywillnotlenditsaidinenforcementofsuchanunconscientiousadvantage.7TherearepecuniaryinjuriesdonewhichcannotberedressedbecauseofsomeotherruleoflaworEquitymoreimportanttobeobserved,growingordinarilyoutofdealingswithpersonsunderdisability,8orresultingfromafailuretocomplywithsomestat-utoryrequirement.9Therearecaseswherepecuniarycompensationbywayofdamagesismanifestlytheappropriateremedy,andaspecificperformanceim-practicable,ifnotimpossible.10Therearematterswhichestopacomplainantfromsettingupwhatwouldotherwisehavebeenlegalorequitablerights,andtherebydefeathissuit.ofEquitytoenforceacontractmadewithhisward,thedayafterheattainedhismajority,whereinthedefendantagreedtoconveyhimland,foragrosslyinadequateconsideration.8Suchasloansofmoneyto,orexecutorycontractswith,infants,unmarriedwomen,andlunatics.ilSuchasthestatuteoffrauds;andtheregistra-tionlaws.10Suchassuitstocompelthedefendantto"wrythecomplainant,ortopaintapicture,writeabook,andthelike.
1Ante,§§276-277.2Code,§§4386;4388.3Ante,§277;post,%305.4Code,§4386.5Suchasthedisinheritanceofadeservingchild,orthebreachofacontractbasedonnoconsidera-tion.Aswheremoneywasgiventobeusedforsomeillegal,orimmoral,purpose,andthecomplainantseekstorecoveritback,becausethedefendantmis-usedit.1AswhereaformerguardiancomesintoaCourt

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237 DEMURRERSOPRIGHT.§290Inallsuchcases,and,also,inallcriminalcases,andcasesofacriminalna-ture,aCourtofEquityrefusestotakejurisdiction,becausethereisinthemamanifestwantofEquity;andbillsinsuchcasesmayeitherbedismissedonmotionforwantofEquity,oraspecialdemurrerwilllietothebill.Thefollowingformwillindicatehowademurrer,forwantofequityonthefaceofthebill,mustbedrawninordernottobeageneraldemurrer
:
SPECIALDEMURRERSFOR"WANTOFEQUITY.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,seepost,§310.]Becausethecomplainantisnotentitledtothereliefheprays,nortoanyrelief,hisbillshowingthatthecontractsuedonwasvoluntaryandwithoutconsideration[or,wasnotre-ducedtowriting.]Becausethecomplainantisnotentitledtothereliefheprays,nortoanyrelief,hisbillshowingthathehadconstructivenoticebyregistrationofthisdefendant'stitle{or,hadactualnoticeofthisdefendant'sequities]whenhemadethepurchaseheisnowseekingtoenforce.Becausethecomplainantisnotentitledtothereliefheprays,nortoanyrelief,thematterscontainedinhisbillnotbeingsuchascreateanyobligationonthepartofthisde-fendant,enforceableintheChanceryCourt,byreasonofthe.infancy[orcoverture]ofthisdefendant.§290.DemurrersBecauseofWantofJurisdictionintheCourtOvertheSubject-Matter.—Jurisdictionis.therightfulauthorityandpowerofaCourt,todetermineacontroversy,andgranttheappropriaterelief.Hence,itisthefirstandfundamentalrulethat,whatevertheobjectofthebill,itmuststateacasewithinthejurisdictionoftheCourtaddressed.Ifitfailsinthisrespect,theerrorisfatalineverystageofthecause,andcanneverbecured,eitherbywaiverorconsent.Consentmaycureawantoflocaljurisdiction,andwillgivejurisdictionoftheperson,butnotofthesubject-matter.11IftheCourthasnojurisdictionofthesubject-matter,allofitsproceedingsarevoid,anditsdecreesinthecasearenullities,12exceptitbeadecreedismissingthebillandadjudg-ingthecoststhereofagainstthecomplainant.If,therefore,thebillshowsthattheCourthasnojurisdictionofthesubject-matter,thedefendantshoulddemurtoitonthatground.Forinstance,ifthebillshouldcallontheCourttotryacriminalcase,oranissueofdevisavitvclnon,oranappealfromanotherCourt,oranactionforinjuriestoperson,prop-ertyorcharacter,involvingunliquidateddamages,oraproceedingbycertiorari,oracontestovertheelectionofaSheriff,inanysuchcaseademurrerwilllie.ButthemattersoverwhichtheCourthas,andhasnotjurisdiction,havingheretoforebeenconsidered,willnotbehererepeated.13But,inordertosustainademurrertothewholebill,forwantofjurisdictionofthesubject-matter,itmustappearthatnosubstantialandessentialpartofthecomplaintiswithinthejurisdictionoftheCourt.Whereanymattersetupinabilliswithinthejurisdiction,thebillwillbesustainedasagainstade-murrertothewholebill,eventhoughtherebemattersinthebillclearlywith-outthejurisdiction.14Ademurrant,insuchcases,mustconfinehisdemurrertosomuchofthebillasisobjectionable,orhisdemurrerwillbeoverruledbecausetoobroad;15andthedemurrermustspeciallystatethattheobjectionisforthewantofjurisdiction.16Theremay,also,beawantoflocaljurisdictionofthesubject-matter,oroftheperson,butthissortofwantofjurisdictionwillbeconsideredlater.17
11Therule,thatifthedefendantanswerswithoutobjectingtothejurisdictionoftheCourt,hecannotthereafterobjecttothe-jurisdiction,mustbetakenwiththequalifications,(1)thattheCourthasjuris-dictionofthesubject-matter;(2)thatitiscompe-tentfortheCourttograntthereliefsought;and(3)thatthecaseisfittobeinvestigatedinaCourtofEquity.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,550,note;Stockleyr.Rowley;2Head,493;StarnesV.Newsom,1Tenn.Ch.,245;BakerV.Mitchell,21Pick.,610;TraversV.Abbey,20Pick.,665.SeeHooperV.Rhea,3Shan.Cas.,145.Ifthe.Courthasnojurisdictionof
thesubject-matterthebillmaybedismissed,meromotu,atanytime.See,post,§525.Evenconsentcannotconferjurisdictionoverthesubject-matter.SeeNashvillev.Webb,6Cates,432.12Sto.Eq.PI.,§10.13Ante,§§16-30.141Dan.Ch.Pr.,549,note;Bittickv.Wilkins.7Heisk.,312;andcasescited,post,§306.15Post,§306.16Post,§306.17.Post,§§292;305.

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§291 DEMURRERSOFRIGHT.238DemurrersforwantofjurisdictionshouldspecifythefactthattheyquestionthejurisdictionoftheCourt.Thefollowingformswillindicatethemannerinwhichsuchdemurrersshouldbedrawn
:
DEMUBKERSFORWANTOFGENERALJURISDICTION.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,seepost,§310.]Becausethebillshowsthatthisisasuittorecoverunliquidateddamagesforaninjurytotheproperty[personorcharacter]ofthedefendant,andthisCourthasnojurisdictionthere-of,thecomplainanthavingaplain,adequate,andcompleteremedyatLaw.BecausethebillseekstoenjointhecollectionoftaxesduetheState[or,totryanissueofdevisavitvelnon,or,todeterminethevalidityofapatent,or,toenjointhebreachOfacopy-right,or,towindupaNationalBank,]andthisCourthasnojurisdictiontograntsuchrelief.§291.DemurrersBecausetheValueoftheSubject-MatterisBeneaththeDignityoftheCourt.—Thetruegroundofthisobjectionis,thattheentertain-mentofsuitsofsmallvaluehasatendency,notonlytopromoteexpensiveandmischievouslitigation,but,also,toconsumethetimeoftheCourtinunimport-antandfrivolouscontroversies,tothemanifestinjuryofothersuitors,andtothesubversionofthepublicpolicyoftheland.CourtsofEquitysittoadmin-isterjusticeinmattersofgraveinteresttoparties,andnottogratifytheirpassions,ortheircuriosity,ortheirspiritofvexatiouslitigation.18OurCodeaccordinglydeclaresthattheCourthasnojurisdictionofanydebt,ordemand,oflessvaluethanfiftydollars,19exceptincertaincasesheretoforestated.20DEMURRERSBECAUSETHEDEMANDISFORLESSTHANFIFTYDOLLARS.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,seepost,§310.]Becausethedebt[ordemand,orsubject-matter]suedforisoflessvaluethanfiftydollars,.asappearsbythestatementsofthebill,andthereforebeneaththedignityoftheCourt,andnotwithinitsjurisdiction.[Theavermentsaftertheword"dollars"arenotessential,butcustomary.].§292.DemurrersBecausetheBillhasbeenFiledintheWrongCounty.ThisgroundofdemurrerisbasedonthefactthatsomeotherCourtofChanceryisinvestedwiththeproperjurisdiction.21Thestatutesspecifyinwhatcoun-tiescertainChancerysuitsshallbebrought,therebydefiningandlimitingthelocaljurisdictionofeachCourtoverthesubject-matterofvarioussuits;andifasuit,thejurisdictionoverwhichhasbeenlocalizedbystatute,shouldbebroughtinacountyotherthanthatrequiredbythestatutes,thejurisdictionoftheCourtinsuchcountymayberesistedbydemurrer.Thestatutes,also,insamecases,makethelocaljurisdictionofthedefendantdependontheresidenceoftheparties,andrequiresuitstobebroughtinthe•countiesofsuchresidence:ifthisrequirementisviolated,andthebillsoshows,itwillbedemurrable.Butthelocaljurisdiction,eitherastothesubject-matter,22orastotheper-son,maybewaivedbyfailingtoobjecttoitbymotiontodismiss,orbydemur-rer,whenitappearsonthefaceofthebill,orbypleainabatementwhenitdoesnotsoappear.23Thefilingofananswer,withouthavingpreviouslyob-jectedtothejurisdiction,isawaiverofallobjectionsthereto.24ThelocaljurisdictionoftheCourthasbeenelsewherefullyconsidered,anditsrepetitionhereisunnecessary;25butitmaybestatedthatademurrerforwantoflocaljurisdictionofthesubject-matterisawaiverofthelocaljurisdic-18Sto.Eq.PI.,§500.19Code,§4281.20Ante,§26.21Sto.Eq,.PI.,§486.22Thereisawidedifferencebetweenawantofjurisdictionofthesubject-matter,andawantoflocaljurisdictionofthesubject-matter.Inthefor-mercase,theCourtcandonothingevenbyconsent;inthelattercase,itcandoeverythingbyconsent,orevenbyfailuretoobject.Itisnotthesubject-matterthatdefeatsthejurisdictioninthelattercase,butmerelythelocalityofthesubject-matter;andifthedefendantdoesnotinsist,attheoutset,onthe
localprivilegegivenhimbythelaw,hecannotafter-wardsclaimit;andtheCourtthusacquiresfullju-risdictionoverthesubject-matter.Butneitherthisnotenorthetextmustbe-construedasapplyingtolocalsuitsaffectingland.SeeNashvillev.Webb,6Cates,432;and,antet§177,notellf.Astotheeffectofthewantofjurisdictionofthesubjectmat-ter,see,ante,§§289-290;andpost.§525.23Code,§§4309;4319;4386;4318;I<owery!>.Naff,4Cold.,370;Bennetv.Wilkins,5Cold..240.24Code,§4321.25See,ante,§177.

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239 DEMURRERSOFRIGHT.§293tionoftheperson,andviceversa;andthatademurreronanyground,exceptawantofjurisdiction,admitsthejurisdiction.28Therule,thatiftheobjectiontothejurisdictionisnottakenbeforeanswer,itcannotbetakenatall,haslongbeeninforceintheChanceryCourtsofEnglandandtheUnitedStates;27andasearlyas1801,ourLegislatureenacted,thatafteranswerfiled,andnopleainabatementtothejurisdictionoftheCourt,noexceptionforwantofjurisdictionshouldeverafterwardsbemade.28Thefollowing*areillustrationsofdemurrersforwantofjurisdictionofthepersonofthedefendant,orofthesubject-matterofthesuit:DEMURRERSFOB,WANTOFLOCALJURISDICTIONOFTHEDEFENDANT.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,seepost,§310.]BecausethisCourthasnojurisdictionofthepersonofthedefendant,heandthecom-plainantbothresidinginthecountyofBlountwhenthebillwasfiled,andtherebeingnogroundofjurisdictioninthecountyofKnoxshowninthebill.DEMURRERFORWANTOFLOCALJURISDICTIONOFTHESUBJECT-MATTER.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,seepost,§310.]BecausethisCourthasnojurisdictionofthelandsoughttoberecovered[sold,partitioned,orotherwisedealtwith,]saidlandbeingshownbythebilltobewhollyinthecountyofScott,andthebillshowingnogroundsofjurisdictioninthecountyofMorgan.§293.DemurrersBecausetheSuitisforInjuries,InvolvingUnliquidatedDamages.—Ifthebillshowonitsfacethatitsobjectistorecoverunliquidateddamagesforaninjurytoperson,property,orcharacter,ademurrerwilllieforwantofjurisdictiononthatground.If,however,thedamageshaveeitherbeenliquidated,thatis,agreedon,inadvanceofthesuit,bytheparties,theymayberecoveredbybillinChancery;andsomaydamagesthat,thoughun-liquidated,arenotforinjuriestoperson,property,orcharacter,suchasdam-agesforbreachofcontractorforfraudulentconduct.29Thefollowingistheformofademurrerinsuchacase
:
DEMURRERBECAUSETHESUITISFORDAMAGESFORINJURIES.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,seepost,§310.]Becausethebillisfiledtorecoverunliquidateddamagesforinjuriestotheperson[orproperty,orcharacter,]ofthecomplainant,andthecomplainanthasaplain,adequateandcom-pleteremedyatlaw;andtheChanceryCourthasnojurisdictionofthecasemadebythebill.§294.DemurrersBecausetheComplainanthasaPlain,Adequate,andCom-plete,RemedyatLaw.—Ingeneral,CourtsofEquitywillnottakejurisdictionwherethepowersofthecommonlawCourtsaresufficientforthepurposesofjustice,unlesssuchjurisdictionisexpresslyorimpliedlyconferredbystat-ute.Itmay,therefore,bestated,generally,that,wherethecomplainantcanhaveaseffectualandcompletearemedyinaCourtoflawasinaCourtofEquityandthatremedyisdirect,certain,andadequate,ademurrertothejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtwillhold,unlessthatCourthasobtainedconcurrentjurisdictionwiththeCourtsoflaw,bystatute.Butwherethereisaclearright,andnoplain,adequate,andcomplete,remedythereforatlawadaptedtotheparticularexigency,thereCourtsofEquitywillassumejurisdiction,byvirtueoftheirinherentpowers.30ButthefactthataCourtoflawhasjurisdictionofthecasestatedinthebill,isnolongeragroundofdemurrer,inTennessee;becauseitmaybeacaseofconcurrentjurisdiction.ThedemurrermustbebecausetheChanceryCourthasnojurisdictionofthesubject-matter.PriortotheActof1877,increasingthejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourt,themostcommongroundofdemurrerinthatCourtwasthat''thecomplainant26Post,§305. involvingunliquidateddamages,wasconferredupon271Dan.Ch.Pr.,555;Sto.Eq.PI.,§437,note.theChanceryCourtconcurrentlywiththeCircuit28Actsof1801,ch.6;1Scott'sRev.,688;Code,Court;andademurrer,forwantofjurisdictionof§54309;4321. thecauseofaction,wasdeniedbythesameAct,ex-29BytheActof1877,ch.97,jurisdictionofallceptingincasesofunliquidateddamagesforinjuriesthecivilcausesofactiontriableintheCircuitCourt,toperson,property,orcharacter.See,ante,§§21;29.exceptforinjuriestoperson,propertyorcharacter,30Sto.Eq-PL,§473;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,551.

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§294 DEMURRERSOFRIGHT.240hadaplain,adequate,andcomplete,remedyatlaw;"butsincethatAct,thisgroundofdemurrerhasalmostceasedtoexist,31exceptinsofarasitmaybeapplicabletobillsfiledtoprobatewills,toenjoinsuitsorexecutionsatlaworotherwiserelieveagainstproceedings,suits,judgments,orexecutions,atlaw.WherethejurisdictionoftheChanceryandCircuitCourtsisconcurrent,theCourtthatfirsttakesjurisdictiontherebyacquiresexclusivejurisdictioninthatparticularcase;andifthebillshouldshowthattheCircuitCourthadacquiredjurisdiction,insuchacaseademurrerwouldlie,o*lthatground.32Thequestionsofjurisdictionthatnowarise,arenotsomuchquestionsofjurisdictionbetweentheCourtsofEquityandtheCourtsoflaw,asquestionsof]ocaljurisdictionbetweenthevariousCourtsofChancery,themselves.Butwhileitisordinarilytruethat,incasesofconcurrentjurisdictioninthe(circuitandChanceryCourts,ademurrerwilllietothebill,ifitshowsonitsfacethatthesamecauseofactionbetweenthesamepartiesispending,orhasbeentried,intheCircuitCourt,nevertheless,ifthebillshowsomegoodreasonwhytheChanceryCourtshouldassumethejurisdiction,ademurrerwillnothold.Thus,ifapartycanmakeouthiscasemoreeffectuallyintheChanceryCourt,orcanobtainsomesubstantialreliefbeyondwhathecouldobtainatlaw,hemaycomeintoEquityandenjointheactionatlaw;thisisespeciallytrueincaseswhere,byaccident,mistake,orfraud,apartyisatadisadvantageinaCourtoflaw,whetherhebecomplainantordefendantinsuchCourt.33Thefollowingformsofdemurrerwillindicatehowthefact,thatthecom-plainanthasanadequateremedyatlaw,maybetakenadvantageof
:
DEMTJRREBSBECAUSEOFREOVEEDYATLAW.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,seepost,§310.]Becausethecomplainanthasaplain,adequate,andcomplete,remedyatlaw,byappealtotheCircuit[or,Supreme]Court;[or,bycertiorari;or,byawritoferrorcoramnobis;or,byawritorerror;or,byawritoferrorandsupersedeasintheSupremeCourt.]Becausethebillshowsthatallthemattersofcontroversy,inthissuit,arenowbeingliti-gatedbetweenthepartiestothissuit,intheCircuitCourtofAndersoncounty;andsaidCircuitCourt,havingfirstobtainedjurisdictionofthesubject-matterofthesuitandtheparties,andbeingabletoadministeraplain,adequate,andcomplete,remedy,shouldbeal-lowedtoretainexclusivejurisdictionofthemattersincontroversy.
31ThisActhasincludedwithinthedomainsoftheChanceryCourtsallofthedebatablegroundsoverwhichtheCourtsoflawandEquitybattledforsixhundredyears.See,ante,§§21;29.321Pom.Eq.Jur.,§179;Lindsleyv.James,3Cold.,483;Moorev.Holt,3Tenn.Ch.,143;DixonVRailroad,7Cates,362.33Sto.Eq.Jur.,§885.SeeDigestsunderIn-junction;see,also,post,§814.Acomplainanthasnotaplainandadequaterem-edyatlawinthefollowingcases:1.Wheretheinjurythreatened,orbeingcom-mitted,wouldbeirreparable,anddamageswouldnotputthecomplainantinstatuquo;andespeciallywherethedefendantisinsolvent.ACourtoflawcanonlyawarddamages;itcangrantnoinjunction,norotherwisestaythehandofthedefendant;andhemay,therefore,persevereinhiswrong-doing,evenaftersuitatlawhasbeenbroughtagainsthim.2.Wherethecomplainantneedsthereformationofatvritteninstrument,either(1)toasserthisrealrights,or(2)toprotecthimselffromloss,or(3)tcresistanuniustandinequitableclaimbythede-fendant.ACourtoflawcannotreformawriting,andwillnothearproofthattendstovary,orcon-tradict,awritteninstrument.Writteninstrumentsincludenotesofhand,deeds,mortgages,andotherwrittenevidencesofcontract.3.Whereazvritteninstrumenthasbeenobtainedbyfraud,accident,ormistake,andthedefendanthasitinhispower,byasaleoftheinstrument,orpropertyconveyedb-theinstrument,toaninnocentpurchaser,toinjurethecomplainant.ACourtoflawcannotcompelthedefendanttosurrendersuchaninstrument;or.ifitbeadeed,cannotreinvestthecomplainantwithtitletotheproperty.
4-Wheredamagesforthebreachofacontractwouldbeinadequate,especiallyincasesofcontractforthesale,orpurchase,ofland,andinothercaseswherejusticerequiresthatthecontractshouldbespecificallyperformed.ACourtoflawcannotde-cree,orenforce,aspecificperformance;itcanawarddamagesonly,insuchacase.5.Wherethecomplainanthasabeneficialinterest%nproperty,thelegaltitletowhichisvestedinatrus-tee,whoisviolating,orjeopardizing,thetrust.ACourtoflawdoesnotrecognizesuchinterests,butregardsthetrusteeasthereal,andonlyowner,ithavingrespectfornoonebuttheholderofthelegaltitle.6.Whereanaccountingbetweenthepartiesisnecessary,andtheitemsaretoonumerous,andthematterstoocomplicated,forajury,actinglargely,orwholly,onoralevidence.ACourtoflawcannot,bvmeansofajury,andonoraltestimony,takeandstate,alongandintricateaccountwithreasonableaccuracy.7.Wherethecomplainanthasavendor's,orotherlienonproperty,thesaleofwhichisnecessarytoenablehimtogethismoney.ACourtoflawcannotenforceavendor'slien,oranyotherlien,exceptasgivenjurisdictionbystatute.ACourtoflawcan,asarule,awardageneralexecution,only.8.Wherethecomplainant'srights,orinterests,areequitable,andnotlegal;asincasesoftrusts,mortgages,deedsoftrust,equitiesinlandbasedonagreementstoconvey,marshalingsecurities,andcaseswheretherelationoftrustandconfidenceex-istedbetweentheparties,andcaseswherethecom-plainantisentitledtoaset-offandthedefendantisanon-resident,orinsolvent.

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241 DEMURRERSOFRIGHT.§295§295.DemurrersBecausetheSubject-MatteroftheSuitisUnfitfor,orFor-eignto,aCourtofEquity.—Thisgroundofdemurrerisverysimilartotheonefirstmentioned,thewantofEquityinthebill,andwhatissaidofthatgroundappliestothis.Thisgroundcovers:1,Allcriminalcasesandcasesinthenatureofcriminalcases;2,AllcasesofwhichtheCircuitandCountyCourtshaveexclusivejurisdiction;3,Allcaseswhereinaco-ordinatedepartmentoftheStateGovernmentissoughttobecoerced,orrestrained,inthosemattersexclu-sivelywithinitsjurisdiction;4,AllcaseswhereintheCourts,ortheOfficers,oftheUnitedStatesGovernment,aresoughttobereached,oraffectedassuch
;
and5,AllcasesofwhichtheUnitedStatesCourtshaveexclusivejurisdiction,suchasquestionsaffectingpatentsandcopyrights,andquestionsarisingoutoftheActsofCongress,ortreatieswithforeignnations.§296.DemurrersBecausetheBillSeekstoEnforceaPenalty,oraForfeit-ure.—Anothergroundofdemurrerisjthatitappearsonthefaceofthebill,thatitsobjectistoenforceapenalty,oraforfeiture.ItisauniversalruleinCourtsofEquity,nottolendtheiraidtoenforceanypenalty,orforfeiture
;
buttoleavethepartytohisremedyatlaw.Butifthecomplainantseekingrelief,issolelyentitledtotakeadvantageofthepenalty,orforfeiture,andheexpresslywaivesanyrighttothepenalty,orforfeiture,thebillismaintain-able.34§297.DemurrersBecausetheFactsdonotBringtheCaseWithinaGeneralRule.—ItmaybethattheruleofEquityisassupposedbythebill,andthattheCourthasjurisdictionofthedefendant,andyetthestateoffactssetoutinthebillmaybeinsufficienttobringthecasewithinthatrule;and,asaconse-quence,thecomplainantmayhavenorighttothebenefitoftherule.35Thus,thecomplainantmayfailtoshowanyactionableinterestinthesubject-matterofthesuit,ormayfailtoshowthatthesupposedrelationexists,orthatanyofitsdutieshavebeenviolatedbythedefendant.Inallsuchcases,ifthefactssetforthinthebillplainlyshowtheinfirmityofthecomplainant'scase,ade-murrerwilllie,suchdemurrersbeing,generally,that,onthefactssetoutinthebill,thecomplainantisnotentitledtothereliefheprays,nortoanyrelief,asagainstthedemurrant.§298.DemurrersBecausetheCaseFallsWithinsomeExceptiontotheGen-eralRule.—Wheneverthegeneralrule,entitlingacomplainanttobringasuitinChancery,onagivenstateoffacts,hasoneormoreexceptions,(as,perhapstheyallhave,)ifthefactssetforthinthebillbringthecasetheremadewithinoneormoreoftheseexceptions,ademurrerwilllieforthatreason.Someofthemostcommonexceptions,onwhichdemurrersmaybegrounded,arethefollowing
:
1.PrematurityoftheSuit.Althoughthegeneralruleisthatadebtormustpaythecreditorwhatheoweshim,yetthelattercannotsueuntilthedebtfallsdue.Andasuitcannotbebroughtagainstanexecutororadministratorwithinsixmonthsafterhisqualification.DEMURRERBECAUSEOEPREMATURITYOFSUIT.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,seepost,§310.]Becausethebillshowsonitsface,thatthenote[contract,claim,obligation,or,debt,]suedonwasnotdueatthetimethebillwasfiled,andthatnocauseofactionhadthenaccruedtothecomplainant.2.TheStatutesofLimitation.Ifacreditordelaysbringingsuituntilitisbarredbythestatutesoflimitations,andthisfactisclearlyshowninthebill,ademurrermaybeinterposed,3®unlessothercircumstancesareshowninthebillavoidingthebar.341Dan.Ch.Pr.,387;563;Sto.Eq.PL,§521.thecomplainantcouldenforceapenalty,orafor-Whatistheeffectofthestatute,givingtheChan-feiture,intheCircuitCourt,hisrightswouldbetheeeryCourtjurisdictionofsuitsatlaw,incaseofsameinChancery.•abillfiledtoenforceapenalty,orforfeiture,isyet35See,post,§411,note2.tobedetermined.Itwouldseem,however,thatif36Sto.Eq.PI.,§§484;503.

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§299 DEMURRERSOFRIGHT.242DEMURRERBECAUSETHESUITISBARBEDBYTHESTATUTE.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,seepost,§310.]Becausethebillshowsonitsface,thatthecauseofactionaccruedmorethansix[orthree,orseven,orten]yearsbeforethebillinthiscasewasfiled.[Or,]Becausethebillshowsonitsfacethatthecauseofactionsuedondidnotaccruewithinthree[six,sevenorten]yearsnextbeforethebillinthiscasewasfiled.3.TheStatuteofFrauds.Thebillmaystatewhatwouldotherwisebeacon-tractwithinsomegeneralrule,butifthestatuterequiressuchcontracttobeinwriting,andthebillshowsthatitisinparol,ademurrerwillholdtothebill.37DEMURRERBECAUSETHECONTRACTISNOTINWRITING.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,seepost,§310.]Becausethebillshowsonitsface,thatthecontractsuedonwasnotreducedtowriting,asrequiredbythestatuteforthepreventionoffraudsandperjuries,butthatsaidcontractrestsinparol.4.OtherDemurrableExceptions.Ifanyotherexceptiontothegeneralruleauthorizingsuitintheparticularease,appearclearlyonthefaceofthebill,itwillbeagoodcauseofdemurrer.Itmaybestated,generally,thatanymat-terwhichwouldbeproperforapleainbar,ifitdidnotappearinthebill,willbeagoodgroundofdemurrerifitdoesappearinthebill.Thesegroundsare,inadditiontothosealreadystated:(1)payment,orotheradjustment;(2)for-merjudgmentordecree;(3)anaward;(4)arelease;(5)astated,orsettled,account;and(6)innocentpurchaserforvalue.Thefollowingformswillserveasaguideindrawingdemurrersunderthissub-section
:
DEMURRERBECAUSEOFMATTERSINAVOIDANCE.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,seepost,§310.]Becausethebillshowsonitsface,thatthemattersincontroversyhavebeenadjusted,andnofactsaresetoutinvalidatingsaidadjustment.Becauseitappearsfromthefaceofthebill,thatthedebtsuedforhasbeenpaid[or,hasbeenreducedtoajudgment,or,hasbeensettledbyanaward,or,hasbeenreleased.]Becauseitappearsbythefaceofthebill,thatthisdefendantisaninnocentpurchaser,foravaluableconsideration,withoutanynoticeoftheequitiesalleged.§299.DemurrersBecausetheComplainantisnotEntitledtoBringtheSuit.Thegeneralrulesupposedmaybecorrect,theproperforumfortheenforce-mentoftherulemayhavebeenchosen,thecasemademaybewithinthegeneralrule,andnotwithinanyexceptionthereto,andyetthebillmayshowonitsfacethatthecomplainantisnottheproperpartytobringthesuit.Themat-terswhichdisablethecomplainantfromprosecutingthesuit,areordinarilythefollowing
:
1.TheComplainantisUnderaPersonalDisability.Ifaninfant,oramar-riedwoman,oranidiot,oralunatic,exhibitingabill,appearuponthefaceofittobethusincapableofinstitutingasuitalone,andnonextfriend,orguard-ian,orcommittee,isnamedinthebill,thedefendantmaydemur.Butifthein-capacitydoesnotappearuponthefaceofthebill,thedefendantmusttakead-vantageofitbyplea.Thisobjectionextendstothewholebill,for,asthedefendantmightatthehearingbeentitledtocosts,hewouldbemateriallyin-jured,bybeingcompelledtoanswerabillexhibitedbypersons,whosepropertyisnotattheirowndisposal,andwhoare,therefore,incapableofpayingthecosts.38DEMURRERBECAUSECOMPLAINANTISANINFANT.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,see,ante,310.]Becausethebillshowsonitsfacethatcomplainantisundertheageoftwenty-oneyears,andyethesueswithoutanyonebeingnamedashisguardian,ornextfriend.3TTreecev.Treece,5I>a;223. Ipiosecuteasuittofinaldecreeifproperobjection38Stc*.Eq.PI.,§493.Alunaticmay,however,|isnotmadeatthepropertime.Ante,§82.

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243 DEMURRERSOPRIGHT.§299DEMURRERBECAUSECOMPLAINANTISAMARRIEDWOMAN.[For-title,commencement,andconclusion,see,ante,310.]Becausecomplainant'sbillshowssheisamarriedwoman,andyetshesueswithoutherhusband,oranextfriend,andherbillallegesnosuchfactsasjustifyherinsosuing.2.TheComplainantisnotEntitledtotheCharacterinwhichheSues.Thedefectofthetitleofthecomplainanttothecharacterinwhichhesues,isthepropersubjectofademurrer,wheretheobjectionpositivelyappearsuponthefaceofthebill.Thus,forexample,ifitshouldappearuponthefaceofthebill,thatthecomplainantsuedasadministrator,invirtueofthegrantofadministra-tioninaforeigncountry,theobjectionmightbetakenbydemurrer;foritisclearthatthecomplainanthasnoright,underthatadministration,tosueinourcourts.So,ifavoluntaryassociationofpersons,notincorporated,shouldaffect,bytheirbill,tosueinthestyleandcharacterofacorporatebody,thebillwouldbedemurrableonthatveryaccount,iftheobjectionappeareduponthefaceofit
;
foritistheexclusiveprerogativeofthegovernmenttocreatecorporations,andinvestthemwiththepowersofsuing,assuch,bytheircorporatename.393.TheComplainantShowsnoInterestintheSubject-Matter.Ifthecom-plainantsetsforthinhisbillfacts,thatshowhehasnointerestinthesubject-matterofthesuit,ornointerestinsomematerialpartthereof,ademurrerwilllie;inthelattercase,40however,thedemurrermustbeexpresslylimitedtothatpartofthebillliablethereto.Thecomplainantmustnotonlyshowaninterestinthesubject-matter,butarighttoinstituteasuitconcerningit,againstthedefendant.Inordertoenableacomplainanttosueuponacontract,theremustordinarilybesomeprivitybetweenhimandthedefendant,wherebyhehastherighttomakeademandofhim.Adefendantmaybeinthewronginagivenmatter,andyetthecomplainantmaynotbetheproperpersontobringsuituponsuchwrong.Thus,thedebtorofadecedentoughttopaythedebt,butalegateeordistributeecannotsuehim.Buttherearemanycaseswherenoprivityisneededtoenableacomplainanttomaintanabill,as(1)incaseofin-junctionstopreventtrespasses,nuisancesandthelike;(2)incasesoffraud,actualandconstructive;(3)incasesofcontribution,41and(4)incasesofmar-shallingofsecurities.Whatsortofinterestwillsustainasuithasbeenheretoforefullydiscussed.424.TheComplainanthasFailedtoTakeaNecessaryPreliminaryStep.Wheresomepreliminarystepmustbetakentoperfectarightofaction,aswhereanoticemustbegiven,oratendermade,andthebillfailstoallegethatsuchstephasbeentaken,ademurrerwilllieforthatreason;andsowhereatenderisallegedbutthemoneytenderedisnotfiledwiththebill.435.SomeoftheComplainantshavenoRighttoSue.IfanyoneOrmoreofseveralcomplainantshavenocommoninterestinthesuit,orhaveseparateanddiverseintereststherein,thisissuchamis-joinderasconstitutesagoodgroundofdemurrer,andsuchademurrergoestothewholebill.44ButtheCourtwouldallowtheimpropercomplainants,withtheconsentoftheothercom-plainants,todismissthebillastothemselves,andthismaybedoneevenafterademurrerforsuchmis-joinderhasbeensustained,andthebilldismissed,iftheapplicationbemadewithinthirtydays,orbeforethetermends.Theobjectionthatthereisamis-joinderofcomplainants,cannotbetakenadvantageofatthehearing,buttheCourtwillthendecreeaccordingtotherespectiverightsofthecomplainants;andifanyofthemthenappeartohavenointerestinthesuit,orintherecovery,thebillwillbedismissedastothem.45TheCourton39Sto.Eq.PI.,§§496-497.Thedefectofthetitleofthecomplainantseldomappearsonthefaceofthebill,andmust,therefore,be,ordinarily,raisedbyplea,oranswer.401Dan.Ch.Pr.,314-316;Sto.Eq.PL,§S13.41Sto.Eq.PL,§§513-514,notes.42Ante,§§143-144.
43Rogersv.Tindell,15Pick.,356.See,ante.§148.441Dan.Ch.Pr.,302;557;notes;Sto.Eq.PI§§279;283,509.See,ante,§§109-112.461Dan.Ch.Pr.,302;Sto.Eq.PI.,§§283;544,note;or,theCourtmay,atthehearing,decreeagainstacomplainant,andthedefendants,infavoroftheothercomplainants.Ibid.Code,§2972.

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§300 RULESGOVERNINGDEMURRERS.244properapplication,will,also,allowco-complainantstobemade,defendantswhentheirinterests,ortherightsoftheother
1
complainants,sorequire.46Butthedemurrertothebill,insuchcases,mustbenarrowedtotheparticularreliefobjectedto,otherwiseitwillbeoverruledbecausetoobroad.Wherethereisamis-joinderofparties,ifthemis-joinderisofpartiesascom-plainants,allthedefendantsmaydemur:forsuchamis-joinderisapropergroundofobjectionbyall.Ifthemis-joinderisofpartiesasdefendants,thoseonlycandemurwhoareimproperlyjoined.47§300.DemurrersBecausetheDefendantisnotLiable.—Thedefendantmaynotbeliableatall,orhemaynotbeliabletotheextentprayed,orhemaynotbeliabletothecomplainant.Hemayhavenointerestinthesubject-matterofthesuit,andmayinnowaybeliabletoanydecree,andmaynotbeentitledtothebenefitofanydecree.Inanysuchcase,heisnotaproperparty,andademurrerwilllieonthatground,ifitplainlyappearinthebill.Ontheotherhand,thedefendantmaybeliabletothecomplainantinsomeway,andyetnotliableintheparticularway,ortotheparticularextent,thebillprays.Almostalldemurrerstothesubstanceofthebillare,ineffect,de-murrerstothereliefprayed;48butthegroundofdemurrerherereferredto,isnotbecausethecomplainantisnotentitledtorelief,butbecauseheisnotentitledtothespecialreliefhepraysfor,oratleastnotentitledtosomeofit,asagainstthedemurrant.Whenever,therefore,thebillpraysforsomeparticularreliefagainstade-fendant,whichthefactsstateddonotwarrant,ademurrerwilllietothebilltothatextent;butsuchdemurrermustbesodrawnastobeconfinedtothatpartofthebillseekingtheunwarrantedrelief,otherwise,thedemurrerwillbeoverruledbecausetoobroad.49Itmaybestated,ingeneral,thatif,foranyreason,foundedonthesubstanceofthecase,asstatedinthebill,thecomplainantisnotentitledtothereliefwhichheprays,thedefendantmaydemur.Itisobvious,thatifthecasestatedissuch,that,admittingthewholebilltobetrue,theCourtoughtnottogivethecomplainanttherelief,orassistance,whichhepraysfor,inwhole,orinpart,thedefect,thusappearinguponthefaceofthebill,isnotonlyasufficient,butanappropriategroundofdemurrer.And,wheretheobjectionisthusonthefaceofthebill,itshouldbetakenbyademurrer,andoughtnottobetakenbyaplea.50
ARTICLEIV.RULESGOVERNINGDEMURRERS.§301.DemurrersDefined,andExplained.§302.WhenaDemurrerwillLie.§303.TheOfficeofaDemurrer.§304.WhataDemurrerAdmits.§305.AllDemurrersmustbeSpecial.
§306.ADemurrermustnotbeTooBroad.§307.ADemurrermustnotSpeak.§308.RuleswhenaDemurrerisJoinedwithAnotherPleading.
§301.DemurrersDenned,andExplained.—Wheneveranygroundofde-fenceisapparentuponthefaceofthebillitself,eitherfromthemattercon-tainedinit,orfromsomedefectinthecasemadebyit,thepropermodeofdefenceisbydemurrer.Ademurrerisapleadingbyadefendantwhich,whileadmittingthemattersoffactstatedinthebilltobetrue,shows(1)that,astheyarethereinsetforth,
46Sto.Eq.PL,§544,note.ThebillmaybeI 481Dan.Ch.Pr.,557;Sto.Eq.PL,§526.amended,atthehearing.Code,§4337. ! 49See,post,§306.47Sto.Eq.PL,§544. I 60Sto.Eq.PL,§52«;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,557.

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245 RULESGOVERNINGDEMURRERS.§302theyareinsufficientforthecomplainanttoproceedupon,ortoobligethede-fendanttoanswer;or(2)that,forsomereasonapparentonthefaceofthebill,orbecauseoftheomissionofsomematter,whichoughttobecontainedtherein,orforwantofsomecircumstancewhichoughttobeattendantthereon,thedefendantoughtnottobecompelledtoanswer.It,therefore,demandsthejudgmentoftheCourt,whetherthedefendantshallbecompelledtoanswerthecomplainant'sbill,orthatparticularpartofittowhichthedemurrerspeciallyapplies.1Ageneraldemurrerisonethatassignsnoparticularorspecificgroundofobjectiontothebill,excepttheusualformulary,"thatthereisnoEquityinthebill."Aspecialdemurrerisonethatpointsouttheparticulardefectsinthesubstanceofthebill.Inourpractice,ageneraldemurrerisnotallowed,howeverdeficientinEquitythebillmaybe.TheCoderequireseverydemurrertostatetheobjectionsreliedon;andtheCourtsholdthattheseobjectionsmustbestatedwithcertaintyanddirectness.2§302.WhenaDemurrerwillLie.—Ademurrerwillliewheneveritisclearthat,takingthechargesinthebilltobetrue,thebillwouldbedismissedatthehearing.Ademurrerwillnotbesustained,however,unlessitisanabso-lute,certain,andclearpropositionthatthebillwouldbedismissed;for,ifitisacaseofcircumstances,inwhichaminutevariationbetweenthemasstatedbythebill,andthoseestablishedbytheevidence,mayeitherinclinetheCourttomodifythereliefprayed,ortograntnoreliefatall,theCourt,althoughitseesthatthegrantingthemodifiedreliefatthehearingwillbeattendedwithconsiderabledifficulty,willnotsupportademurrer;for,ifthereisanypossi-bilitythatthecomplainantwillbeentitledtoanyrelief,atthehearing,ade-murrertothewholebillwillnotlie.3Ifabillcontainstwoormoresupposedequities,orcausesofaction,orjoinsasdefendantsseveralparties,ifoneofthesesupposedequitiesorcausesofactionismanifestlynotmaintainable,asagainstoneofthedefendants,ade-murrermaybefiledtosomuchofthebillassetsforthsuchinsufficientmatter,orthedefendant,notanswerable,maydemurtothereliefprayedagainsthim.Hence,thegeneralrulethatademurrerwilllietothewholebill,whencom-plainantdoesnotshowhimselfentitledtoanyrelief;oritwilllietoapartofabill,whencomplainantisnotentitledtothereliefhepraysastothatpart.Ademurrertothewholebillshouldbebasedonsomeshort,dry,pointoflaw,destructiveofthereliefsought,4anditmustbeplainthat,forthereasonstatedinthedemurrer,thebillmustbedismissedatthehearing,forwantofmerits.5Iftherebedoubtwhetherthegroundsofthedemurreraresufficienttodestroythebill,orthatpartofthebillwhichitspecificallycovers,suchdoubtwillenuretothebenefitofthebill,andthedemurrerwillbeoverruled,Thecausesofdemurrermustbeuponsomematterinthebill,orupontheomissionofsomematterwhichoughttobetherein,orattendantthereon;andnotuponanyforeignmatterallegedbythedefendant.6Nomatteroutsideofthebillcanbeconsideredonthehearingofademurrer,exceptthelawandsuchmattersastheCourtmaytakenoticeofjudicially;andnodemurrerwilllietotheformofthebill.7§303.TheOfficeofaDemurrer.—Ademurrerisapleadingwhich,insub-stance,insiststhat,admittingthebilltobetrue,thecomplainantisnotentitledtothereliefheseeksagainstthedemurrant,andthat,therefore,thebillshouldbedismissedastohim.Thelogicofademurreristhat,asthecomplainantcannotbyproofmakeoutacasestrongerthantheallegationsofhisbill,if11Dan.Ch.Pr.,543-544.Daniel'sdefinitionhasbeensomewhatchanged:hesaysademurreris"insubstance,anallegationbyadefendant,"etc.Sto.Eq.PI.,§446.2Sto.Eq.PL,§455;Code,§2934.31Dan.Ch.Pr.,543-544.4PayneV.Berry,3Tenn.Ch.,154.
5Brienv.Buttorff,2Tenn.Ch.,523;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,543,note.Ademurrershouldunsheathesomekeenpointoflaw,incisiveenoughtoreachtheheartofthebill,andthusdestroyit.6Sto.Eq.PL,§447.7Code,§§2865,2934.

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$304RULESGOVERNINGDEMURRERS.246thoseallegations,whenadmittedtobetrue,willnotwarrantanydecreeagainstthedemurrant,thenproofofthoseallegationswillavailnothing,andhencethebillshouldbedismissedwithoutanyfurthercosts,orproceedingsbyeitherparty.Theobjectofademurrer,therefore,istosavecosts,andbringthelitigationtoaspeedyclose.Ifnooneoftheseendsisobtained,thereislittleuseinademurrer.sFor,ingeneral,ifademurrerwouldholdtoabillonitsmeritstheCourt,althoughthedefendantanswers,willnotgrantreliefuponhearing
•thecause.Therehavebeen,however,casesinwhichtheCourthasgivenreliefuponthehearing,althoughademurrertothereliefwouldprobablyhavebeenallowed.Butsuchcasesarerare,9andthereliefgrantedinsucheasesis,generally,basedinpartupontheanswer.Inregardtotheappropriateuseofademurrer,itmaybestatedasageneralrule,that,wheneverthegroundofobjectionordefenceisclearlyapparentonthefaceofthebillitself,eitherfrommattercontainedinit,orfromsomedefectinitsframe,thepropermodeofsettinguptheobjection,ordefence,isbydemurrer,andnotbywayofplea.Hence,ifthecaseofthecomplainant,asstatedinhisbill,willnotentitlehimtoadecree,thepropercourseisforthedefendanttoinsistuponitbywayofdemurrer,althoughitmaybeequallyfatalatthehearing.Whenthebillismanifestlyfatallydefectiveinsubstance,itisadvisabletodemur,becauseitsavesunnecessaryexpensetoallparties.10Whentheobjectionistoadefectinmatterofform,theobjectionmustbetakenbymotion,demurrerformatterofformhavingbeenabolishedbystatute.11Demurrersare,also,oftenusedtodisputethejurisdictionoftheCourt,asalreadyfullyshown.12§304.WhataDemurrerAdmits.—Asademurrerproceedsuponthegroundthat,admittingthefactsstatedinthebilltobetrue,thecomplainantisnotentitledtothereliefheseeks;itisheldthat,atleastforthepurposeofargu-ment,allthemattersoffactwhicharestatedinthebillareadmittedbythedemurrer,andcannotbedisputedinarguingthequestionwhetherthedemurrerbegoodornot;andsuchadmissionextendstothewholemannerandforminwhichthebillstatesthefacts.Uponthisground,whereabillmisstatedadeedbyallegingittocontainaproviso,theCourt,upontheargumentofademurrertothebill,refusedtoallowthedefendant'scounseltorefertothedeeditselfforthepurposeofshowingtheincorrectnessofthemannerinwhichitwassetout,althoughthebillcontainedareference"forgreatercertaintyastoitscontents,etc.,"tothedeedasbeinginthecustodyofthedefendants.13But,althoughademurrerconfessesthetruthofthefactsallegedinthebill,svichconfessionisstrictlyconfinedtothefacts.Thedemurrerdoesnotadmitanymattersoflawsuggestedinthebill,orinferredfromthefactsstated;nordoesitadmitthearguments,deductions,inferences,orconclusions,setforthinthebill.Nordoesademurreradmitallegationscontrarytofacts,judiciallyknowntotheCourt.Upontheargumentofademurrer,thebillalonemustbelookedtoforthefactsofthecase,exceptsuchfactsastheCourtmayjudi-ciallyknow.Ifabillmateriallymisstatesadeedinthedefendant'spossession,andreferstoitforgreatercertaintyastoitscontents,theCourtwillnotallowthedefendanttoreadthedeedontheargumentofthedemurrerforthepurposeofcontradictingthebill.14Butwhereabill,notoriginal,referstoarecordintheoriginalcause,andineffectmakessuchrecord,oranypartthereof,apartofitself,thensucha
8Paynev.Berry,3Term.Ch.,157.AverylargeproportionofthedemurrersfiledaretoonearthelineoffrivolousnesstojustifyaCourtinanendea-vortodetermineonwhichsidetheyare.Now,thatallthebenefitsofademurrertothemeritsmaybehadbyrelyingthereonintheanswef,(exceptwhenthejurisdictionoftheCourtistobecontested,)aseparatedemurrershouldneverbefiled,unlessitiscertaintobedestructiveofthebill,orofsomema-
terialpartthereof.BrienV.ButtorfF,2TennCh..527;Paynev.Berry,3Tenn.Ch.,157.Sto.Eq.PI.,§447.10Sto.Eq.PI.,§453.See,post,8590.11Code,§§2934;2865;Waggonerl).Whit-',UHeisk.,741.12Ante,§290.IS1Dan.Ch.Pr.,544.141Dan.Ch.Pr.,544-546.

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247 RULESGOVERNINGDEMURRERS.§305record,orpart,maybelookedtoontheargumentofademurrertosuchabill.Ademurrernecessarilyadmitsthetruthofthefactsstatedinthebill,sofarastheyarerelevant,andarewellpleaded;butitdoesnotadmittheconclusionsoflawdrawntherefrom,althoughtheyarealsoallegedinthebill.Thus,ifademurrerextendstoanyparticulardiscovery,themattersoughttobediscov-ered,andtowhichthedemurrerextends,istakentobeasstatedinthebill.Andifthedefendantdemurstothereliefonly,thewholecasemadebythebillasthegroundofthereliefprayedfor,isconsideredastrue.Ademurrer,there-fore,wasformerlyalwaysprecededbyaprotestationagainstthetruthofthematterscontainedinthebill,apracticeborrowedfromthecivillaw,andprobablyintendedtoavoidanyconclusioninanothersuit;forinthepresentsuititiswhollywithouteffect.15Butthisprotestationisnotonlywhollyun-necessary,butisobnoxioustogoodpleading,andshouldbewhollyomitted.ItisoneofthoseprolixandunnecessaryallegationstheChancellorisauthor-izedtoorderstrickenout.10§305.AllDemurrersmustbeSpecial.—Formerly,ademurrertoabillmightbegeneral;butnow,theCoderequiresalldemurrerstostatetheobjectionsreliedon;17andageneraldemurrerisanullity.18Theveryobjectiontobereliedonbywayofdemurrermustbestatedinthedemurrer,andstatedspe-cifically,andnotinferentially,orbywayofintendment.Thus,ifthedefendantintendstodemurbecausetheCourtofChanceryhasnojurisdictionofthesubject-matterincontroversy,hemustallegethiswantofjurisdictionashisgroundofdemurrer.Itwillnotavailhim,insuchacase,todemurgen-erally,becausecomplainant'sbillcontainsnogroundofEquityentitlinghimtoanyrelief;19forsuchademurreradmitsthejurisdiction,evenincasewherethereisaclearwantofjurisdiction.20So,wherethedemurrerisbasedonthegroundthattheCourthasnolocaljurisdictionofthesubject-matterofthesuit,thispracticallyconcedesthattheCourthasjurisdictionofthepersonofthedemurrant,eveninacasewherethatjurisdictioncouldhavebeenresistedbyademurreronthatparticularground.21Thedemurrantcannotallegeonecauseofdemurrerinhispleading,andanotherinhisargument.Ashemakeshisbedsomusthelieinit.Ademurrermustnotonlyalwaysspecifytheseveralcausesonwhichitisfounded,butifthedemurrerdoesnotgotothewholebill,itmust,also,clearlyspecifytheparticularpartsofthebillwhichitisdesignedtocover;for,iftheparticularpartsarenotdistinguished,theCourtwillbecompelledtolookoverthewholebill,inordertopickthemout,whichtasktheCourtwillnotunder-take.Andthisdesignationoftheparticularpartsofabillwhichthedemurrer,ortheparticularcauseofdemurrer,isintendedtocover,22mustbedone,notbywayofexception,asbydemurringtoall,exceptcertainpartsofthebill
;
butbyapositivedefinitionoftheparts,towhichthedefendantseekstoavoidmakinganyanswer.23Ifademurreristoogeneral,thatis,ifitcovers,orisappliedto,thewholebill,whenitisgoodtoapartonly;or,ifitisademurrertoapartofabillonly,butyetisnotgoodtothefullextentwhichitcovers,butissotoapartonly,itwillbeoverruled;foritisageneralrule,thatademurrercannotbegoodastoapartofwhatitcovers,andbadastotherest;andthereforeitmuststandorfallaltogether.Butademurrermayassignseveralcausesofdemurrer;and
15Sto.Eq.PL,§452.lftCode,§4316.17Code,§2934;HobbsV.MemphisR.R.,12Heisk.,526.18KirkmanV.Snodgrass,3Head,370.19Kirkmanv.Snodgrass,3Head,370;Chesneyv.Rodgers,1Heisk^239.20Chesneyv.Rodgers,1Heisk.,239."Thatthecomplainantisnotentitledtothediscoveryprayedbyhis.billagainstthisdefendant,"isnotaspecialdemurrer.FinleyV.McCormick,6Heisk.,392.
"Thatthereisnoequityinthebill,"isageneraldemurrer,andcannotbenoticedasademurrer,forthatreason.ChesneyV.Rodgers,1Heisk.,239;Mc-Calebv.Crichfield,5Heisk.,290.Butitmaybetreatedasamotiontodismiss.Brooksv.SmithThomp.Cases,233;Code,§4386.21Whittakerv.Whittaker,10tea,93.22Bucknerv.Abraham,3Tenn.Ch.,346;Sto.Eci.PI.,§457;Code,§2934.23Seenextsection.

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§306 RULESGOVERNINGDEMURRERS.248itonecauseisgoodtothewholeextentofthedemurrer,andanotherisbad,thedemurrerwillbesustained.24Separatecausesofdemurrer,eachbadassuchcannotbeconnectedsoastomakeagoodlumpingdemurrertothewholebill.25Therulemaybelaiddowngenerally,thatnogroundofdemurrerwillbenoticedbytheCourt,unlessitisnotonlyspecificallystated,butalsospecificallyappliedtothebill,showingwhetheritistothewholebillorapartofit,andiftoapart,whatpart.Nomatterwhatgroundsofdemurrertothebillmay,asamatteroffact,exist,thedemurrantwillnotbeallowedtoinsistonanyexceptthosedesignatedinhisdemurrer,evenwhenthoseinhisdemurrerareinsuffi-cient.§306.ADemurrermustnotbeTooBroad.—Ademurrermaybetoobroad
;
bywhichismeant,itwouldhavebeengoodifithadbeenconfinedtoaspecificpartofthebill,butbeingademurrertothewholebill,andnottothespecificparttowhichitmighthavebeenconfined,itdisputesthewholebill,and,therebeingsomeEquityinthebill,thedemurrermust,forthatreason,beoverruled.26Whenademurrertothewholebillissustained,thewholebillisdestroyed,andtheCourtwillnotdismissthewholebillmerelybecauseapartofitisdemurra-ble.If,therefore,thedefendantseekstocoveronlypartofthebillbyhisdemurrer,hemust,inthecommencementofhisdemurrer,specifywithparticu-laritythatpartastheparttowhichhedemurs,and,attheconclusion,praytobehencedismissedastosuchpart.Thereportscontainmanyinstancesofde-murrersoverruledbecausetoobroad,whichwouldhavebeensustainedifcon-finedtothatpartofthebillreallydemurrable.27But,ifthebillcontainsnocauseofactionwhatever,itmaybedismissed,althoughthecausesofdemurrerassignedmaynotcovertherealdefects.28Ademurrerintendedforonlyapartofabill,mustnotonlybespecific,anddesignatethatpartofthebillwhichisintendedtobecoveredbyit,butthedesignationmustbesoclearlymadethattheCourtwillbeinnodoubtastothepartintended,andwillhavenodifficultyindirectlyascertainingthatpart.ThepartspeciallydemurredtomustbedesignatedinsuchclearandprecisetermsthatnotonlytheCourtwillhavenotroubleinascertainingthepartcoveredbythedemurrer,butincasethedemurrerissustained,theMastermayhavenotrouble,onexceptionstotheanswerforinsufficiency,inascertaininghowmuch,andwhatpart,ofthebillremainsinCourttobeansweredunto.29Adefendantmay,however,putinseparateanddistinctgrounds,orcauses,ofdemurrertoseparateanddistinctpartsofabill;forthesamegroundsofdemurrerfrequentlywillnotapplytodifferentpartsofabill.Andifseparategroundsofdemurrerareputintodifferentanddistinctpartsofabill,onegroundofdemurrermaybeoverruleduponargument,andanotherbeal-lowed.30Wherethereareseveraldefendants,iftheyalljoininonedemurrertoabill,thedemurrermaybegood,andbeallowed,astooneofthedefendants,andbebad,anddisallowed,astotheotherdefendants;forthedefencemaybegoodastooneperson,andbewhollyinapplicabletoanother.Andthereisaclear,althoughanice,distinctionbetweenademurrerwhichistoobroadinregardtoallthedefendants,andonewhichistoobroad,orinapplicable,tosomeofthedefendants.31Whereademurrerhasbeenoverruled,theCodesaysnootherdemurrershallbereceived,butthedefendantshallanswertheallegationsofthebill.32This,3Head,359;Saundersv.Gregory,3Heisk.,567;MannV.Bamberger,4Heisk.,486;Bittickv.Wil-kins,7Heisk;,312;Riddlev.Motley,1Lea,468;PhoenixIns.Co.V.Day,4tea,247.28I,anev.Farmer,11Lea,568;Parksv.N.,C.&St.L.R.R.Co.,13Lea,1.See,past,§525.29Sto.Eq.PL,§§457-458,note;BucknerV.Abra-hams,3Tenn.Ch.,349.30Sto.Eq.PL,§444.31Sto.Eq.PI.,§445.32Code,§4395.
24SaundersV.Gregory,3Heisk.,575;Sto.Eq.PI.,§443.25BryanV.Buttorf,2Tenn.Ch.,523..
26Riddlev.Motley,1Lea,468;RussellV.Bank,20Pick.,614;Tynerv.Fenner.4Lea,472.27Someofthesecasesarethefollowing,inallofwhichtheruleisrecognized,that,ademurrer,badbecausetoobroad,isbadaltogether,andwillbedisallowed:Allenv.Lanier,4Hay.,290;ColvilleV.Colville,9Hum.,524;Fayv.Jones,1Head,443;Hunterv.Justices,7Cold.,49;CrowderV.Denny,

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249 FORMOPDEMURRERS.§307however,isprobablynotimperative,for,ifademurrershouldbeoverruledbecausetoobroad,when,ifithadbeennarroweditwouldhavebeensustainedastoapartofthebill,theCourtwouldbejustifiedinallowingthedemurrertobeamended,ifbysodoingthelitigationwouldbegreatlynarrowed,andthecostsgreatlylessened.33§307.ADemurrermustnotSpeak.—Fromwhathasbeensaidastothenatureandofficeofademurrer,itisclearthatitcanlieonlyforobjectionsap-parentuponthefaceofthebillitself,eitherfromthematterinserted,oromitted,orfromdefectsintheframethereof.Ademurrercannot,therefore,statewhatdoesnotappearuponthefaceofthebill,otherwiseitwouldbewhathasbeenemphaticallycalledaspeakingdemurrer,thatis,ademurrerwhereinanewfactisintroducedinordertosupportit.34Thus,forexample,whereabillwasfiledtospecificallyenforceacontractforthesaleofland,withoutstatingwhetheritwasinwritingornot,ademurrertotheeffectthatthecomplainantwasnotentitledtothereliefsoughtbecausethecontractwasnotinwriting,wasaspeakingdemurrer,thebillnotstatingthatthecontractwasnotinwritingandthepresumptionbeing,ondemurrer,thatitwasinwriting.35§308.RuleswhenaDemurrerisJoinedwithanotherPleading.—Ashasbeenalreadystated,ademurrermaybetoapartonlyofabill.Insuchacase,theremainderofthebillmusteitherbepleadedto,orbeanswered.Everydefencemustbeacompletebartoanyrecovery,whetherthatbarbeoneoflaw,presentedbydemurrer,oroneoffact,presentedbypleainbar,orbyanswer,orwhetherthebarconsistofsometwoormoreofthesedefences.Allthiswillbefullyshownhereafter,whentreatingoftheJoinderofDefences.36
ARTICLEV.FRAMEANDFORMOFDEMURRERS,ANDWHENTOBEFILED.§309.FrameofaDemurrer.§310.FormofDemurrers.§311.DemurrersCoupledwithAnswers.§312.WhenaDemurrerMustbeFiled.§309.FrameofaDemurrer.—Ademurrerisapleadingtotestthesuffi-ciencyofabill.Ifallthematerialfactsallegedinabillbetrue,yetifthebillshowsonitsface(1)thattheCourthasnojurisdictionofthepersonofthedefendant,or(2)nolocaljurisdictionofthesubject-matterofthesuit,or(3)nogeneraljurisdictionofthecauseofaction,or(4)thatthecomplainantisentitledtonorelief,or(5)thatthedefendantisinnowayliabletothecomplainant,andnotaproperpartytothesuit,theCourtwillnotrequirethedefendanttoanswersuchbill,ifhewillshowthefatalin-firmityofthebill,astohim,byademurrerspecifyingtheinfirmity.Theofficeofademurreris,therefore,tochallengetherightofthecomplainanttoproceedonhisbillasitstands,evenadmittingeveryfactinittobetrue;andthedemurrantpointsoutthefatalinfirmityofthebill,anddemandsthejudg-jurisdictionisstretchedtotheuttermost,thentheCourtwouldbejustifiedinallowingademurrertobesonarrowed,byproperamendment.ItisnotsafeforourChanceryCourtstofollowtherulesoftheU.S.EquityCourts,onquestionsofjurisdiction:thejurisdictionofourChanceryCourtsisgeneral,whereasthejurisdictionoftheU.S.EquityCourtsisspecial,andthisdistinctiontotallychangestherulesonthequestionofjurisdiction.34Sto.Eq.PL,§448.351Dan.Ch.Pr.,365;561;655;Maceyv.Chil-dress,2Tenn.Ch.,442;TrustCo.V.Weaver,18Pick.,66.36See,post,§§402-405.
331Dan.Ch.Pr.,600:Sto.Eq.Pi.,§443,note.IntheU.S.EquityCourts,themodernEnglishrulehasbeenadopted,asfollows:"Nodemurrer,orplea,shallbeheldbad,andoverruled,uponargu-ment,onlybecausesuchdemurrer,orplea,shallnotcoversomuchofthebillasitmight,bylaw,haveextendedto."U.S.EquityRule,36;Cooke,404;Sto.Eq.PI.,§443,note.Butnosuchamendmentshouldbeallowedinordereithertodefeattheju-risdictionoftheCourt,ortodefeat,limit,or,inanyway,diminish,anapparentlyjustdemand.Ifanamendment,narrowingademurrer,willresultinnarrowingthebilldowntosuchmattersonlyascanpossiblybeentertainedbytheCourt,evenwhenits

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§310 formofdemurrers.250mentoftheCourtwhetherthebillissufficienttojustifytheCourtincompellinghimtoanswerit,andwhether,forthereasonssetforthinthedemurrer,thebillshouldnotbedismissedwithoutfurtherproceedingsthereon.Ademurrerformerlycommencedwithasolemnprotestation,thatthede-fendantsdidnotconfessanyofthemattersinthebillcontained;butthisancientanduselessformulaisnowgenerallyomittedbythebestpleaders,itbeingnotonlyabsolutelyunnecessary,but,also,meresurplusage,andliabletobestrickenout,underthestatute,bytheChancelloronhisownmotion,atthecostofthedemurrant.1Aftertheprotestation,camethegeneralorspecialcausesofdemurrer;andtheseinturnwerefollowedbyaverboseprayerforthejudgmentoftheCourtastowhetherthedemurrantshouldanswerfurther,andfordismissal.Theoldformofademurrerwillbeseeninafoot-notetothenextsection.Now,allthisstiffpomposityofverbiage,whichwasakintothesilkgowns,andtheponderouswigs,ofthelawyersandtheJudgesofthesameperiod,hasgivenwaytothesimplerformsnowinuse.Thefollowingformofdemur-rerisinconformitywiththespiritofourpresentpractice
:
FORMOFADEMURRER.JohnDoe,vs. InChanceryatKingston.RichardRoe,etal.Thedefendant,PeterPoe,demurstothebillinthiscause,1st.Becauseheisnotaproperparty,havingnointerestinthesubject-matterofthesuit,andnotbeinginanywayliabletothecomplainant.2nd.Becausecomplainantisnotentitledtoanyreliefagainsthim,anddoesnotspeciallyprayany.Wherefore,thisdefendantpraysthejudgmentoftheCourtwhetherhemustanswerfurther,andpraystobedismissed. JamesSEvrER,Solicitor.Inordertopreventdelaysbyputtinginfrivolousdemurrers,itisrequiredbythepracticeoftheCourt,thatthedemurrershouldbesignedbycounsel,orbythedefendant.Butitisnotrequiredtobeputinonoath,asitassertsnofact,andreliesmerelyuponmatterapparentuponthefaceofthebill.2§310.FormofDemurrers.—Formerlydemurrersbeganwitha"protesta-tion,''longandformal,andendedwitha''wherefore,''equallylongandformal
;
butnowallsuchformalitiesareforbiddenbytheCode,3andindrawingade-murrer,theprotestationclause,andmostofthewhereforeclause,shouldbeomittedasuselessverbiage.ThefollowingisaproperFORMOFADEMURRER.[TheTitle,orStyleoftheCause.]JohnDoe,]vs.f-No.983.—IntheChanceryCourt,atClinton.RichardRoe.J [TheCommencement.]Thedefendantdemurstothebillfiledagainsthiminthiscauseonthefollowinggrounds
:
[TheGrounds,orCausesofDemurrer.]1st.Thebillshowsonitsface,thatthecauseofactionthereinsetforthaccruedmorethanthree[orsix,orten,]yearsbeforethefilingofthebill,andisbarredbythestatuteoflimita-tionsofthree[orsix,orten,]years.2d.Thecontractsuedonisshownbythebilltobeusurious,andtheCourtwillnotlenditsaidtoenforceanillegalcontract.[TheConclusion.]AndthedefendantpraysthejudgmentoftheCourt,whetherheshallbecompelledtoanswerfurther,andpraystobedismissed.JamesA.FowlER.Solicitor.1Code,§4316.2Sto.Eq.PI.,§461;Code,§3979.3Code,§4316.Theprotestationandconcludingclausesareseeninthefollowingoldformofageneraldemurrer:Thesedefendants,•byprotestation,notconfessingall,orany,ofthematters,andthings,inthesaidcomplainant'sbillcontained,tobetrue,insuchmanner,andform,asthesamearethereinsetforth,
andalleged,dodemurtothesaidbill;and,forcauseofdemurrer,showthatthesaidcomplainanthasnot,byhissaidbill,madesuchacaseasentitleshim,inaCourtofEquity,toanydiscoveryfromthesedefendants,respectively,oranyofthem;oranyreliefagainstthem,astothematterscontainedinthesaidbill,oranyofsuchmatters;andthatanydiscoverywhichcanbemadebythesedefend-ants,oranyofthem,touchingthematterscom-

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251 FORMOEDEMURRERS.§311Ademurrermustbesignedbythedefendantinperson,orbyhisSolicitor
;
butasitassertsnofact,itneednotbeswornto.4§311.DemurrersCoupledwithAnswers.—Adefendantisnotboundtofileaseparatedemurrer,exceptforwantofjurisdictionofthesubject-matterofthesuit,orofthepersonofthedemurrant."Withtheseexceptions,hemayrelyonanygroundofdemurrerbysettingitupinhisanswer.6Whenhereliesuponademurrerinhisanswer,theformandlocationofthedemurrerisimma-terial:itmaybeeitherprefixedtotheanswer,orsuffixedtoit,orincorporatedinitsbody.6 DEMURRERCOUPLEDWITHANANSWER.JohnDoe,j
vs. \ DemurrerandAnswertotheBill.RichardRoe,etal.JThedefendant,RichardRoe,demurstosomuchofthebillinsaidcause,as[Herespecifybrieflytheparticularpartofthebillaimedatbythedemurrer,asin§316;]andforcauseofdemurrershows:[Heresetoutthecausesorgroundsofdemurrer.}Andforanswertotheresidueofsaidbill,thedefendantsays:[Heresetforththeanswertosomuchofthebillasisnotdemurredto.Ifthepartofthebilldemurredtois,also,answeredto,theanswerwillove,rv.lethedemurrer?}ADEMURRERINANANSWER.JohnDoe,vs. \No.716.—InChancery,atSevierville./RichardRoe,etal.JThedemurrerandanswerofthedefendant,RichardRoe,tothebillfiledagainsthimandothersintheaboveentitledcause.Thisdefendant,RichardRoe,demurstothebillfiledinthiscause,[ordemurstosomuchofthebillfiledinthiscause,as
—
{heresettingitoutasin§316;)]andforcauseofdemurrershows
:
1st.'[Heresetoutthecausestersely,andnumbertheminorder.]Andthisdefendant,notwaivinghissaiddemurrer,butrelyingthereon,foranswertosaidbill,says:[Heresetforththeanswertoeachandeveryallegationofthebill,inthesamemannerasthoughnodemurrerhadbeenprefixedtotheanswer.]ThissubjectwillbefurtherconsideredintreatingoftheJoinderofDe-fences;8butitmaybesaid,generally,thatgreatcautionmustbeexercisedinjoiningtwoormoredefences.§312.WhenaDemurrerMustbeFiled.—Ifadefendantdesirestodemurtothewholebill,hemustdosobeforeansweringthebill;forananswertothebillwilloverruleademurrertothewholebill.If,however,hewishestodemurtoapartonlyofthebill,hecandoso,andthenanswerthebalanceofthebill,atthesametime,takingcaretoindicateclearlythepartofthebillde-murredto,andthepartanswered.9Ademurrertothebillcannotbefiledafterapleainbarorananswerhasbeenfiled;10norcanademurrerbeinterposedwhentimeisgiventoanswerthebill,ademurrernotbeingregardedasananswerinthesensecontemplatedintheordergivingthetime.11Ifthedemurreristhefirstpleadingthedefendantintendstofile,hemustdeliverittotheClerkinthetimespecifiedinthesubpoenatoanswer,asalreadyshown,12oraproconfessowillbeenteredagainsthim;andifheintendstoplainedofinthe.saidbill,oranyofthem,cannotbeofanyavailtothesaidcomplainantforany_ofthepurposesforwhichadiscoveryissoughtagainstthesedefendantsbythesaidbill;norentitlethecomplainanttoanyreliefinthisCourt,touchinganyofthemattersthereincomplainedof.Where-fore,andfordiversothergoodcausesofdemurrer,appearinginthesaidbill,thesedefendantsdodemurthereto,andtheypraythejudgmentofthishonora-bleCourt,whethertheyshallbecompelledtomakeanyfurther,andother,answertothesaidbill,andtheyhumblypraytobedismissedfromhencewiththeirreasonablecostsinthisbehalfsustained."VanHeyth.E<J.Drafts.,419;Sto.Eq.PL,§483,note.Suchademurrerwould,now,betoogeneraltobenoticed.Ante,§305.41Dan.Ch.Pr.,590.5Code,§4319.Theobjectofthestatute,allowingademurrertobereliedonintheanswer,istopre-
ventthedelaysincidenttothefilingofseparatede-murrers;andtoenableadefendanttoanswer,with-outlosinghisrighttodemur,also.HardinV.Eginr2Tenn.Ch.,39.Ibid.1Ademurrercoupledwithananswerisquitedif-ferentfromademurrerincorporatedinananswer.Inthelattercase,theanswermaycoverthepartofthebillaimedatbythedemurrer,withoutoverrulingthedemurrer.Code,§4319;HardinV.Egin,2Tenn.Ch.,39.8See,post,§§402-405.9See,ante,§310.10^Exceptwhenthedefendantisspeciallyallowedtowithdrawhisanswerforthatpurpose.See,ante,§232,note.nChy.RuleI,§7;post,§1190.12Ante,§§205;225-227.

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§313ACTIONOPTHECOURTONDEMURRERS.252answerafterunfavorableactionoftheCourtonhisdemurrer,heshouldbepresentwhenhisdemurrerisoverruled,soastofilehisanswerifhehaveoneready,ortogettimetoanswer,orhewillbeliabletoaproconfesso.
ARTICLEVI.ACTIONOFTHECOURTONDEMURRERS.§313.HowDemurrersareDisposedOf.$314.WhenDemurrersareDisposedOf.§315.EffectofSustaining,andofOverrul-ingDemurrers.§316.AmendingDemurrers.§313.HowDemurrersareDisposedOf.—Ademurrerisachallengebythedefendanttothecomplainanttotesttherightofthelattertorequireananswertohisbill;andthecomplainantcantakenostepforwardsolongasthede-murrerremainsundisposedof.Ifhethinksthedemurrergood,butavoidablebyanamendmenttohisbill,hecanavoiditbyamendinghisbill;1if,however,hethinksthedemurrerfataltohiscase,theonlycourseopentohimistoallowtheCourttodeterminethesufficiencyofthedemurrer,ortodismisshisbillonhisownmotion.If,ontheotherhand,hethinksthedemurrerbad,foranyreason,hemaydemandtheactionoftheCourtuponit,eitherwhenthecaseisreachedonthedocket,oratanyearliertimeallowedbytherulesoftheCourt.2Atthehearingofademurrertheusualcourseofprocedureisasfollows:(1)thecomplainantreadshisbill;(2)thedemurrantreadshisdemurrer,andopenstheargumentinsupportofit;(3)theSolicitorofthecomplainantthenrepliestotheargumentofthedemurrant;and(4)thedemurrantconcludestheargument.3Inhearingademurrer,theargumentisstrictlyconfinedtothecasepresentedbythebill,whichis,forthepurposeoftheargument,notonlyconclusivelydeemedtobeabsolutelytrue,butis,also,givenaconstructionfavorabletoitsmaintenance.4TheCourtmaysustainoneormoreofthegroundsofdemurrerassigned,ormaysustainall,ormayoverruleall.§314.WhenDemurrersareDisposedOf.—Inasmuchasademurrer,ifgood,willdestroythewhole,oratleast,apartofthebill,itismanifestlyuselesstoproceedfurtherwiththesuit,untilthesufficiencyofthedemurrerhasbeentested.Forthisreason,thestatuterequiresthatademurrershallbesetforargumentatthefirsttermafteritisfiled.5But,asincaseofapleainabatement,thedemurrantmustnottakeanystepinthecauseuntilhisdemurrerhasbeendisposedof,orhewillbeconclusivelydeemedtohaveabandonedhisdemurrer.Theobjectofademurreristoascer-tainwhethertheCourtwillrequirethedefendanttomakeanyfurtheranswertothebill,andifthedemurrantvoluntarilymakesfurtheranswer,eitherbyfilingapleaorananswer,suchactionisavoluntaryabandonmentofhisde-murrer.9Ifthedefendanthasincorporatedademurrerinhisanswerasprovidedby
1Code,§4333.2SomeChancellorsallowdemurrerstobecalledup,andargued,onmotiondays,aftermotionsofcourse,havebeenallheard.Suchapracticegreatlyexpeditesthepreparationofacauseforhearing,especiallyincountieswherethetermlastsseveralweeks.3Theleadingcounselforthedemurrantusuallyrepliestothecomplainant'sSolicitor.1Dan.Ch.Pr„596.
i1Dan.Ch.Pr.,596;post,%317.Ifexhibitsarcmadeapartofthebill,theymaybeconsideredatthehearingofademurrer.Popev.Harrison,16Lea,82.Onthehearingofademurrertoabillofreview,thepleadingsanddecreesoughttobereviewedmaybeconsidered.See,post,§1251.Code,§4394.8Wittv.Ellis,2Cold.,39.

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253ACTIONOPTHECOURTONDEMURRERS.§315theCode,7hemust,also,complywiththefurtherrequirementofsettingdownthemattersofdemurrerforargumentatthenexttermoftheCourt,8oritmaybetreatedasabandoned.9Andevenwhereleavehasbeengiventorelyonademurrerintheanswer,theadvantageofitwillbelost,andthedemurrerwaived,unlessitisdisposedofbeforethecauseisheardonthemerits.10§315.EffectofSustaining,andofOverruling,aDemurrer.—Ifthecom-plainantconceivesthatthereisnotsufficientcauseapparentinhisbilltosup-portademurrerputintoit,orthatthedemurreristooextensive,orisother-wiseimproper,hemaytakethejudgmentoftheCourtuponit;butifhecon-ceivesthedemurrertobegood,andthat,byamendinghisbill,hecanremovethegroundofthedemurrer,hemaydosobeforethedemurrerisargued.Butafterademurrertothewholeofabillhasbeenarguedandallowed,thebillisoutofCourt,andthereforecannotberegularlyamended.Toavoidthiscon-sequence,theCourthas,sometimes,insteadofdecidinguponthedemurrer,giventhecomplainantlibertytoamendhisbill,onhispayingthecostsincurredbythedefendant.Andthisisalwaysdoneinthecaseofademurrerforwantofparties."Whereademurrerleavesanypartofabilluntouched,thewholeofthebillmaybeamended,notwithstandingtheallowanceofthedemurrer
;
forthesuitinthatcasecontinuesinCourt,thewantofwhichcircumstanceseemstobethereasonofthecontrarypractice,whereademurrertothewholeofabillhasbeenallowed.11But,inpractice,theCourtdeliversitsopinionuponthedemurrer,beforeenteringupjudgment,thusgivingthepartyanopportunitytomoveforleavetoamend,beforefinaljudgmentuponthedemurrer;or,whatismorecommon,thecounselinterposeorally,atthebar,asuggestiontotheCourt,thatiftheopinionoftheCourtshouldbeagainstthem,uponanypoint,relievablebyamendment,theywillaskleaveforthatpurpose.12Evenafterademurrertothewholebillhasbeenallowed,however,theCourtwillallowthebilltobeamended,ifitcanbedoneatthatterm,soastobeproofagainstthedemurrer,andotherwisesustainable;13buttheamendmentshouldbemadeknowntotheCourt,before]~avetomakeitisallowed,sothattheCourt,andnotthecomplainant,mayjudgeofitsmerit.Ifthedemurrerisbasedon,whatistermedinthisbook,groundsofallow-ance,14suchas(1)thatthebillisnotforthewholematter,or(2)thatthereisawantofproperparties,or(3)thatthebillismultifarious,theCourtwillalwaysreadilyallowthebilltobeamendedsoastocorrectthedefect,onproperapplication,eitherbeforeorafterthedemurrerissustained.Afterademurrertothewholebillhasbeenoverruled,aseconddemurrertothesameeffectcannotbefiled;15andthedefendantmustpleadinbartothebill,oranswerit.16TheCourtmay,however,allowademurrer,tobeamended;17ortheCourtmay,inadoubtfulcase,overruleademurrerwithleavetothedemurranttorelyuponit,inhisanswerandatthehearing;butif,insuchaease,thedefendantgoestoahearing,withoutpreviouslyinsistingonthedemurrerinhisanswer,heisdeemedtohavewaivedhisdemurrer.18If,however,ademurrerisoverruledwithoutleavetorelyonit,sucha-rulingisfinal,andtheChancellorisboundbyit,andcannotredeterminethequestion,andsustainthedemurrer,atthehearing.19
7Code,§!4318-4319.sCode,§4320.9Caruthersv.Caruthers,2Lea,77,citingHardinv.Egin,2Tenn.Ch.,39,whichsaysthatademurrercontainedinananswer,shouldbeset^forhearingasspeedilyaspossible,bythepartyrelyinguponit;otherwise,hemaybechargedwithcosts,andmaybeheldtohavewaiveditsbenefits.See,also,onthispoint,Kylev.Riley,11Heisk.,230;andStephensv.Martin,1Pick.,278.10Boydv.Sims,3Pick.,774.liSto.Eq.PL,§459.12Sto.Eq.PI.,§459o.
13Code,§§2936;4333-4335;4387;CrowdervTurney,3Cold.,551.liAnte,§§278;281-288.16Code,%4395;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,600;Sto.EaPI§460.16Code,§4384.ITBut,see,ante,§306,note33.18Rogersv.Betterton&Co.,9Pick.,630.19BoydV.Sims,3Pick.,771.Thepracticeofoverrulingdemurrers,withleavetorelyuponthem,intheanswer,andatthehearing,isquestionable!If,atthehearing,thedemurrerissustained,allthetroubleandexpenseofpreparingthecaseforhear-

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§316ACTION01?THECOURTONDEMURRERS.254Adecreewhichsustainsagroundofdemurrerthatgoestotheentirebillbutoverrulesothergroundsofdemurrer,isafinaldecree,andanappealliesfromit.20Theoverrulingofademurreringeneralterms,whenthebillpresentsdistinctgroundsforrelief,doesnotadjudicatethatallthegroundsaremain-tainable,butonlythatthereissufficientEquityinthebilltorequireanan-swer.21Whenademurrerisoverruled,thedefendantmustanswerthebillbythenextruleday,orbythetimeprescribedbytheCourt,orthebillmaybetakenforconfessed,andfinaldecreepronounced.22Andifthebillisbroughtonanoteofhand,ajudgmentordecree,bond,statedorswornaccount,orotherprimafacieevidenceofdebt,andisdemurredto,andthedemurreroverruled,andthedefendantfailsthenandtheretopleadinbar,oranswer,orobtaintimetomakedefence,thecomplainantisentitledtoaproconfessoandafinaldecreethereon,instanter.23ORDERPROCONFESSOOJTOVERRULINGADEMURRER,ANDFINALDECREE.Cowan,McClung&Co.,j
vs. fNo.813.—FinalDecree.2*JohnDonaldson.J'
Thedemurrerofthedefendanttothebillhavingbeenoverruled,andthedefendanthavingfailedtoanswerthebillinthetimeallowedbylaw,onmotionofcomplainant'sSolicitor,thebillisorderedtobetakenforconfessedandsetforhearingexparte.Andthereuponthiscausecomingontobefurtherandfinallyhearduponthewholerecord,andespeciallyonthebillandthesaidjudgmentproconfesso,itisordered,adjudgedanddecreedbytheCourt,that,[Heresetoutthedecreeinaccordancewiththespecialprayersofthebill.Seepost,§§566-568.]DECREESUSTAININGADEMURRER,ANDDISMISSINGTHEBILL.JohnDoe,1vs. V No.716.RichardRoe,etal.JThedemurrerofthedefendantscomingonthisdaytobeargued,theCourtisofopinionthatthedemurrerisgoodandsufficient,anditisthereforeallowed;andtheCourt,there-upon,ordersanddecreesthatthebillbedismissed,andthatcomplainantandHenryDoe,hisprosecutionsurety,paythecostsofthecause,forwhichanexecutionwillissue.§316.AmendingDemurrers.—Ademurrermaybeamendedlikeanyotherpleading;25but,inasmuchasademurreris,itself,afault-finder,theCourtsshowitbutlittlefavorwhenitsownfaultisconfessed,andleavetoamendisprayedonlyinordertoenableittofindmorefault."Where,however,apartofthebillisclearlydemurrable,butthedemurrer,whilereallyaimedatsuchpart,infactcoversthewholebill,theCourtwillsometimesallowthedemurrertobenarrowedandconfinedtosomuchofthebillasisreallydemurrable.Asalreadyshown,26manydemurrers,whichwouldhavebeengood,ifconfinedtopartofthebill,areheldbadbecausetheyarenotsoconfined.Itismanifest,thatademurrerwillnotlietothewholebill,merelybecauseapartofthebillisdemurrable.Whereapartonlyofthebillisdemurrable,thedemurrershouldbestrictlyconfinedtosuchpart.Thestrictnessofthepracticeonthissubject,however,isnotconsistentwiththeliberalityofourpracticeinotherandsimilarrespects,andtheChancellorwouldbeabundantlyjustifiedinallow-ingademurrer,whichistoobroad,tobesonarrowedinitstermsastoapplyexclusivelytothedemurrablepartofthebill,especiallywhensuchacourse
ing,ontheissuesoffact,gofornaught.Ademur-rershouldbefinallydetermined,whenfirstheard;because,whensubjectedtoaredetermination,itin-troducesintothesuitanelementofuncertainty,thattendstopreventafulldevelopmentofthefacts;thedefendanthoping,andthecomplainantfearing,thatthedemurrermaybesustained,atthenexthear-ing,and,theevidencetaken,be,thereby,renderedabsolutelyvalueless.Asaconsequenceofthisstateofuncertainty,neitherside,inpreparingproofs,putsforththeeffortitwouldhavemade,hadthe
demurrerbeenfinallydeterminedwhenfirstheard.20SimmonsV.Taylor,2Pick.,729.21Clarkv.Pence,3Cates,20.22Rosev.Meek,9Pick.,666.23Cowan,McClung&Co.v.Donaldson,11Pick.,322.24SeeCowan,McClung&Co.v.Donaldson,11Pick.,322.26Code,§§2863;2867.26Ante,§306.

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255,ACTIONOFTHECOURTONDEMURRERS.§316wouldgreatlynarrowthelitigation,andconsequentlylessenthecostsofthesuit.27Toillustratewhatismeantbyademurrerbeingtoobroad,andbeingnar-rowed,supposeabilltobefiledbyJohnDoe,anadministrator,tosellsomeofthedecedent'stownlots,topaythedecedent'sdebts;and,also,tosetasideafraudulentconveyanceofotherlotstoRichardRoe,oneofhisheirs,alloftheheirsbeingdefendantstothebill;andsupposeRichardRoeshouldfilethisdemurrer
:
FORMOFADEMURRERTOOBROAD.JohnDoe,1vs. > Demurrer.RichardRoe,etal.JThedefendant,RichardRoe,demurstothebillfiledagainsthim,andothers,inthistause,onthefollowinggrounds
:
1st.Theestateofthecomplainant'sintestate,notbeingallegedtobeinsolvent,thecom-plainant,ashisadministrator,hasnorighttofileabilltosetasidehisintestate'sconveyancetothisrespondent,onthegroundthatitwasmadeinfraudofcreditors.Wherefore,thisdefendantpraysthejudgmentoftheCourt,whetherheshallbecompelledtoanswerfurther,andpraystobehencedismissed.JohnJennings,Solicitor.Onargument,thisdemurrerwouldbeheldtobetoobroad,andwouldbeoverruled,notwithstandingthemanifestfactthatthedemurrerwouldhavebeengoodhaditbeenconfinedtothatpartofthebillwhichsoughttosetasidetheconveyancetoRichardRoe.Thedemurrer,inthecommencement,showsthatRichardRoe"demurstothebill,"thatis,tothewholebill;and,initsconclusion,it"praysthejudgmentoftheCourtwhetherthedefendantshallbecompelledtoanswerfurther,andpraysthathebehencedismissed."While,therefore,itisplainthatthedemurrerisgoodtoapartofthebill,itisequallyplainthatitisnotgoodtothewholeofthebill,andthat,asaconsequence,RichardRoemust"answerfurther,"andcannotbe"dismissed,"becausethebillisgoodastohim,insofarasitseekstosellsomeofthetownlotstopaydebts.Now,iftheCourtshouldallowthisdemurrertobenarrowed,itscommence-mentandconclusionwouldbeamendedsoastoreadasfollows
:
FORMOFADEMURRERTOFARTOFABILL.JohnDoe,1vs. \ DemurrertotheBill.RichardRoe,etal.JThedefendant,RichardRoe,demurstosomuchofthebillasseekstosetasidethecon-veyancemadebycomplainant'sintestatetothisdefendant,andforcauseofdemurrershows
:
[Heresetoutthesamegroundofdemurrer.]Wherefore,thisdefendantpraysthejudgmentoftheCourtwhetherheshallbecompelledtoanswerfurtherastosomuchofthebillasseekstosetasidesaidconveyance;andhepraystobehencedismissedastosuchpartofsaidbill.JohnJennings,Solicitor.Thefollowingarefurtherformsofrulingsillustratingprobablephasesofthecase
:
RULINGOFCOURTONADEMURRERTOOBROAD.JohnDoe,|
vs. \ No.683.RichardRoe,etal.JThedemurrerofthedefendant,RichardRoe,tothebillcomingonthisdaytobeheard,theCourtisofopinionthatthedemurrerisbadandinsufficient,becausetoobroad,andover-rulesthesame,andrequiresthedemurranttoanswerthebillontomorrow.Thereuponthedemurranthavingnarrowedhisdemurrer,byleaveoftheCourt,soastoconfineittosomuchofthebillasseekstosetasidetheconveyancemadetohimbythedecedent,andargumenthavingbeenheardthereon,theCourtisofopinionthatthedemurrer,27TheSupremeCourt,itself,didthis,inthecaseIPI.,§443,note4.CourtsofEquityshouldalways.ofRiddleV.Motley,1Lea,468.See,also,Sto.Eq.Ibeliberal,whenliberalitypromotesjustice.

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PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSCONCERNINGDEMURRERS.256§317asamended,isgoodandsufficient;anditis,therefore,allowed.Thereupon,itisorderedanddecreedthatthebillbedismissed,insofarasitseekstosetasidesaidconveyance.Thedemurrantisallowedonedayinwhichtoanswertheremainderofthebill.But,supposingonthefilingofsaidamendeddemurrerthecomplainantshouldaskandobtainleavetosoamendhisbillastoavoidthepointofthesaiddemurrer,thentherulingoftheCourtwouldbeasfollows
:
ORDEROPCOURTOVERRULINGADEMURRER.JohnDoe,vs. \ No.683.RichardRoe,etal.TheamendeddemurrerofRichardRoetothebillinthiscausecomingonforargument,onmotionofthecomplainantheisallowedtoamendhisbillbyinsertingattheendofthe2dparagraphthewords,"theinsolvencyoftheestateofthedecedenthasbeendulysuggestedtotheCountyCourtofsaidCounty,"andsaidamendmenthavingbeenmadeonthefaceofthebill,thereupontheCourtoverruledthedemurrer,andrequiredthedemurranttoanswerHiebill,andthreedaysareallowedhimforthatpurpose.
ARTICLEVII.PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSCONCERNINGDEMURRERS.
§317.TheDispositionoftheCourttowardsDemurrers.318.ThePracticalValueofDemurrersConsidered.319.HowtoFrameaDemurrer.§317.TheDispositionoftheCourttowardsDemurrers.—TheCourtsdonotfavordemurrers;andthisforseveralreasons:(1)theyareoftenunneces-sarilyfiled;(2)theyarefrequentlyhypercritical;(3)theyaremanytimesfiledfordelay;(4)theysometimesevinceadispositiontostifleaninvestigationofthemeritsofthecontroversy;and(5)asaresult,theyveryseldomhaveanymerit;andare,consequently,generallyoverruled.1ThelegislationofourState,2andthatofEngland,haslongbeenhostiletofrivolousdemurrers;andtheobjectofourstatute,inallowingadefendanttorelyonademurrerinhisanswer,wastosavethedelayoccasionedbyseparatedemurrers,3andinthatwaymitigatesomeoftheevilsresultingfromdemur-rerswithoutadequategrounds.TheCourtsmakeeveryreasonablepresumptioninfavorofthebillwhenassailedbyademurrer;4andif,uponacriticalexaminationofthefactsstatedinthebill,thereisapossibilitythatthesuitmaybesustained,thoughuponadifferentgroundfromthatassumed,ademurrertothewholebillwillbeover-ruled,5thepolicyoftheCourtsbeing,togiveeverycomplainantanoppor-tunitytobeheardonthemeritsofhiscase,whenanyEquitywhateverappearsinhisbill,althoughdefectivelystated.6Forthisreason,demurrersarenowlessfrequentlyfiledthanformerly.7§318.—ThePracticalValueofDemurrersConsidered.—Demurrersareoftenofmorepracticalvaluetothecomplainantthantothedefendant;andtheonlysubstantialgroundofcomplaintagainstdemurrers,isthedelayoccasionedby1See,Barton'sSuitinEquity,113;Sto.Eq.PI.,§454,note.Seestatutes,andCourtrules,invari-ousStates,againstdemurrers.Code,§§2865;2934;2938;4319;4397;Tenn.Ch.RuleI,§7;EquityRulesofU.S.Courts,§§31;34;Cooke,403.2Code,§§2865;2934-2938.3Hardin«.Egin,2Tenn.Ch.,39.4Thompsonv.Paul,8Hum.,114;LincolnV.Pur-cell,2Head,143;Kerrv.Kerr,3Lea,222.TheEnglishruleisthereverse,followingthemaxim.
Ambiguumplacituminterpretaridebetcontrapro-ferentem.OurCourtsapplythemaxim,Benignefa-ciendasuntinterpretations,utresmagisvateatqyampereat;andsuchisthespiritofourreligion,Constitutionandlaws.Const.,Art.1,§17;Code,52S84.See,ante,§63.6TraffordV.Wilkinson,3Tenn.Ch.,449.8Anderson«.Mullenix,5Lea,287.71Dan.Ch.Pr.,542.

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257PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSCONCERNINGDEMURRERS.§319demurrersthatarefrivolous,hypercriticalandimpertinent.Demurrers,gener-ally,arebutlittlemorethananotificationtothecomplainanttoamendhisbillincertainparticulars,tostrengthenitwhereweak,andtounloaditofunneces-sarymatters,orparties;andtheSolicitorofthedemurrantthusbecomesamerevolunteertraining-mastertoassistinputtingthecomplainant'sbillintosuchashapethatitwilltriumphantlyreachthegoalofitsambition.8Indeed,thedemurrant,eitherinhisdemurrer,orinhisargumentthereon,oftenpointsouttotheerringcomplainantthetrueroadtosuccess—aroadthelatterisgenerallynotslowtotakeadvantageof,byamendinghisbill,thususingthedemurrant'sownweapontodestroyhiminthefinalbattle.9Asarule,adefendantshouldneverdemur,unlessthepointofhisdemurrerwillalmostcertainlyeither,(1)causethebilltobedismissedforwantofjuris-dictionofthepersonorthesubject-matter;or(2)willpenetratetotheveryheartofthebill,andthustotallydestroyit;or(3)willbefataltosomesub-stantia]partofthebill,10inwhichlattercase,heshouldbeverycarefultocon-finehisdemurrertothatpartofthebillintendedtobeaimedat.Suchade-murrerisavindicationoftherightofademurrertoaplaceinthescienceofpleading,foritendsthelitigationwiththeleastpossibledelay,andtheleastpossiblecosts;andthusbenefitsalikethecomplainant,thedemurrant,andtheCourt.§319.HowtoFrameaDemurrer.—Ademurreris,insubstance,somecon-clusivereasonwhythedefendantshouldnotberequiredtoanswerthebill.Thisreasonshouldbeexpressedinthemostconciseandcogentmannerpossible.Somedemurrersareaslongasanargument;somestate,restate,andreiteratetherestatementofthesameobjection;andothersareamerecollectionofcriti-cisms.Asarule,thelongerthedemurrer,theweakeritis;andthemorenum-erousthecausesofdemurrer,thelessitseffect.Sometimesitiswelltorestateagroundofdemurrerinanalternativeform;butlongdemurrersshouldneverbefiled.Thegroundofalmostanydemurrermaybeexpressedinfiveorsixlines;andifthreeorfourgroundsarenotsufficienttodestroythebill,itwouldbebettertoanswerthebillatonce,foritissafetopredictthatalongerde-murerwillbeineffectual.Ademurrablebillgenerallyexposesavulnerableparttoplainview,andademurrerissomekeenpointoflaw,drivenintothebillthroughthisweakandexposedpart.A.demurreroperateslikeastiletto,andnotlikeabombardment.Thebrevityofanaxiom,oraproverb,shouldcharacterizeitsform;andits
8ThefollowingobservationsofWigramarequotedinanotetosection859,ofStory'sEq.PI.:"Ade-fendant,whodemurs,indeed,mayhavethebenefitofeveryobjection,whichisapparentfromthefaceofthebill,andadecisioninfavorofademurrer,ifsubmittedtobytheplaintiff,willputamorespeedyterminationtoasuit,thanadefensebyan-swer.Butthispossibleadvantageispurchasedatthepriceofaprematurediscussionofthecase,ofwhich,ifthedemurrershouldbeunsuccessful,uponargument,ortheplaintiffbepermittedtoamendhisbill,orifheshouldfileanewbill,hewillnotfailtotakeadvantage.Theinjuriousconsequencesofsuchdiscussionshave,almostuniversally,inducedcounselofthegreatestexperiencetoadviseagainstthepracticeofdemurring,exceptwhereitwasofparamountimportancetothedefendant,toavoidsomeofthediscoverysoughtbythebill.Thenec-essityfordemurringcouldneverhaveexisted,ifadefendantcould,byanswer,beprotectedagainstthediscovery,whichthedemurrerwouldcover.Aplea,whichraisesaquestionoflawonly,isinthesamepredicamentasademurrer.Aplea,however,whichraisesaquestionoffact,isopentoobservationsofagravercharacter,whichwouldnecessarilysuper-sedeitsuse,ifadefendantmight,byanswer,pro-tecthimselfagainstdiscovery,savethat,whichmaybenecessarytotrythepleaitself.Ifthedefendanthasseveralgroundsofdefense,hewill,byplea,losethebenefitofall,exceptthatwhichhispleamayraise;whereas,byanswer,hemayhavethebenefit
ofthemall.Ifcircumstancesexist,asinthecaseputbyLordRedesdale,bywhichtheplaintiff'srighttoreliefmaybequalified,thedefendant,bypleading,maylosethebenefitofthosequalifyingcircum-stances,whichananswerwouldsave.And,ifthegroundofdefencebesingle,thedefendantwillobtainnoadvantagebyaplea,whichananswerwillnotequallyaffordhim,butwillsubjecthimselftothedisadvantageofaprematurediscussionofhiscase,whichhasalreadybeenadvertedto.Neg-ativepleaswere(althoughreluctantly)admittedinEquitypleadings;because,withoutsuchamodeofmeetingacase,thedefendantwaswithoutthemeansofprotectinghimselfagainstdiscovery."WigramonDiscovery,§§153-161.Inasmuchasadiscoveryisseldomsoughtnow,theeffectoftheforegoingquotationis:Nevertodemur,orplead,whenthesamedefencemaybemadebyanswer.9Notseldomdoesthedemurrant'sSolicitorfeel,atthehearing,thathisdefeatwastheresultofhisowndemurrer."Sothestruckeagle,stretchedupontheplain,Nomorethroughrollingcloudstosoaragain,ViewedhisownfeatheronthefataldartAndwing'dtheshaftthatquiveredinhisheart."10'Whatismeanthereby"somesubstantialpartofthebill,"is,somepart,which,whendestroyed,will(1)eitherlessenthecosts,or,(2)lessentherecoveryagainstthedemurrant.

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§319PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSCONCERNINGDEMURRERS.25§substanceshouldnotonlybegoodlaw,butlawthatwillpiercetheheartofthebilltoitsverycore.Ifthebillincludesmoremattersthanone,ademurrermaybeappliedtooneoftheseparts,inwhichcasegreatcareshouldbetakentoexpresslyconfinethedemurrertotheparticularpartofthebillintendedtobecoveredbythedemurrer.Abillcannotbedestroyedbystrikingatoneifitslimbs.Thebooksarefullofcasesofdemurrersoverruledbecausetoobroad,—demurrerswhichwouldhavebeenallowed,iftheyhadbeennarrowedandconfinedtothepar-ticularmatterassailed.Whenyoudemurtoapartofabillonly,sayso,andspecifythepart;andanswertheremainderofthebill.Remembertheserules
:
1.Neverdemurtothewholebill,unlessthepointofyourdemurrerwilldestroythewholebill.2.Neverdemurtothewholebill,whenthepointofyourdemurrerisfataltoapartonlyofthebill.3.Whenyourgroundofdemurrerisdestructiveofapartonlyofthebill,confineyourdemurrertosuchpartonly,andanswertheremainderofthebill.4.Condenseeachgroundofyourdemurrerintoasingleshortandcogentsentence,orproposition.5.Assignnocauseofdemurrerunless(1)itisapplicabletothefactscon-tainedinthebill,and(2)willcertainlyshowthatthosefactsdonotentitlethecomplainanttothereliefthereonsoughtagainstthedemurrant.6.Contentyourselfwithtwoorthreegroundsofdemurrer,nogroundcov-eringmorethanfiveorsixlinesinwriting.7.Neverdemurwhenyourdemurrerwillbenefityouradversarymorethanyourclient.8.Alwaysdemurwhenthebillshowsawantofjurisdiction;thefailuretodemurinsuchacasemaybefataltoyourclient.

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259 PLEASINBAR. §320
ArticleI.ArticleII.ArticleIII.ArticleIV.ArticleV.
CHAPTERXVI.PLEASINBAR.PleasinBarGenerallyConsidered.KindsofPleasinBar..
FrameandFormofPleasinBar.PleasSupportedbyanAnswer:ProceedingsuponaPleainBar.ARTICLEI.PLEASINBARGENERALLYCONSIDERED.320.PleasinBarDefined.321.PleasinBarDistinguishedfromPleasinAbatement.
§322.TheVariousKindsofPleasinBar.§323.TheRationaleofPleasinBar.§324.PleasinBarnoLongerNecessary.§320.PleasinBar1Defined.—"Whenanymatterfataltothebill,ortoanysubstantivepartofit,appearsonthefaceofthebillitself,itmaybetakenadvantageofbyademurrer,and,sometimes,byamotiontodismiss;but,whenamatterfataltothebill,ortoanysubstantivepartofit,existsinfact,butisnotapparentonthefaceofthebill,itmustbebroughtbeforetheCourtbyanaffirmativeplea,orbyananswer.So,ifsomesingleallegationofthebillbefalse,andiftheproofofitsfalsitywilldefeatthebill,ordefeatamaterialpartofthebill,suchallegationmaybedeniedbyanegativeplea.Hence,itmaybegenerallystatedthattheofficeofapleaiseither(1)tobringforwardsomesinglematteroffact,omittedfromthebill,which,iftrue,willdestroythebill,or(2)todenysomesinglematteroffactallegedinthebill,which,iffalse,willdeprivethebillofitsEquity,andcauseitsdismissal.Theformeriscalledanaffirmativeplea,thelatteranegativeplea.Itwillthusbeseen,thatapleaisaspecialanswershowing,orrelyingon,asinglematteroffactasgroundfordismissingthebill.Butwhilethedefenceproperforapleaisonethatpresentsasinglepointormatteroffact,,whichwillcausethedismissalofthebill,orthatpartofittowhichthepleaapplies,neverthelessitisnotnec-essarythatthedefenceshouldconsistofasinglefact:thedefencemayconsistofavarietyofcircumstances,iftheyareallmaterial,andalltendtoonepoint.-Theofficeofapleainbaristonarrowtheissue,lessenthecosts,andspeedthedecisionofthecontroversy.'Forthisreason,theCourtdoesnotordinarilyallowmorethanonepleainbartobefiled;for,ifmorethanonepleabefiled,thecostsanddelayswouldbenearlyorquiteasgreat,asthoughthedefendanthadanswered.Anaffirmativepleabringsforwardamatteroffactomittedfromthebill,andwhichifallegedwouldhaverenderedthebilldemurrable;whileanegativepleadeniesamatteroffactwhich,ifithadbeenomittedfromthebill,wouldlPleasinbarareseldomusedinTennesseeChancerypractice,asallmattersthatcanbesetupbysuchpleascannowbesetupinananswer.Code,§4318.Suchpleas,however,arelargelyconsideredinthisbook,1st,becausetheyareallow-ableandsometimesused;and2d,becausetheyshowthedefencesthatcanbemadebyananswer,andillustratetheparticularityrequiredinananswerwhencertainspecialdefencesaresetup.Astothepracticalvalueofpleasinbar,see,ante,§318,note8;and,post,%%324;359.
21Dan.Ch.Pr.,603;Sto.Eq.PI.,§649.Thematteroffact,whichthepleapresents,maybemadeupofseveralconstituentfacts.Thus,thepleaofinnocentpurchaserbringsforwardthesev-eralfactsconstitutingthatdefence:(1)Seizureinfee,bythedefendant'svendor;(2)aconveyance,infee,tothedefendant;(3)thepaymentofthepurchase-price,and(4)theabsenceofnoticeofcomplainant'sallegedequities.

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§321 PLEASINBAR. 260havemadethebilldemurrable.Adefendantcannot,byanaffirmativepleainsistuponamatterwhichisapparentuponthefaceofthebill,andmaybe'madethesubjectofademurrer.3Pleasinbaradmit:(1)thattheCourthasjurisdiction;and(2)thatthebillonitsfaceentitlesthecomplainanttorelief;andseek(3)todefeathistitletothatrelief,byeitherdenyingsomematerialfactallegedinthebill,orbybringingforwardsomenewmaterialfactwhichavoidsthecasemadeoutbythebill.Hence,pleasinbar,whensustained,terminatetheparticularsuit.Pleasinbararenotsomuchusedasformerlytosetupdefencesinbar,forthereasonthat,undertheCode,thedefendantmaynowincorporateallmattersofdefence,onthemerits,inhisanswer,andisnotrequiredtopleadspeciallyinanycase,exceptinabatement.4Themeaningofthestatuteisthatallmatters,onwhichapleainbarmaybegrounded,maybesetupinananswer
;
andasdiscoveriesandswornanswersareseldomcalledfornow,ananswerisordinarilyamereplea,orseriesofpleas,inthegarbofananswer.Underourpractice,thesubstanceofpleasisretainedtotheutmost,evenwhenincor-poratedinananswer,andnoonecandrawananswer,withaccuracyandpre-cision,unlesshewellunderstandstheessentialsofpleasinbar.5
§321.PleasinBarDistinguishedfromPleasinAbatement.—ThedivisionofpleasintheEnglishpracticeisinto:(1)pleastothejurisdiction;(2)pleastothepersonofthecomplainantordefendant;(3)pleastothebill;and(4)pleasinbar.Inourpractice,allpleasaredividedinto(1)pleasinabatement,and(2)pleasinbar.AllpleasinabatementdisputethejurisdictionoftheCourtovertheperson,orthesubject-matter.Pleasinbarincludealldefences,properforaplea,thatdonotdisputethejurisdictionoftheCourt.8Thematterofapleainbarcanalwaysbesetupinananswer;whereasthematterofapleainabatementcanneverbesetupinaninswer,butmustalwaysbepleadedspecially,andpleadedbeforeanyotherdefenceismade,orofferedtobemade.PleasinabatementdenythattheCourthasanyrighttotakeanystepatallinthesuit,excepttodismissit.PleasinbarconcedetherightoftheCourttoproceedinthecause,butdenythatthecomplainantisentitledtothereliefprayed,oratleasttosomesubstantivepartofthereliefprayed.Inourpracticepleasinbarrangeineffectallthewayfromasimpledismissalofthebill,asincaseofapleaofaformersuitpending,toatotalbarofthesub-ject-matterofthebill,asincaseofpleaofformerjudgment.§322.TheVariousKindsofPleasinBar.—Pleasinbarare,ordinarily,di-videdinto:(1)thepure,oraffirmative,(2)thenegative,orimpure,and(3)theanomalous.1.AffirmativePleasinBararethosewhichmerelystatematternotapparentuponthebill,andrelyupontheeffectofsuchmatterinbarofthecomplainant'sclaim.Suchapleausuallyproceedsuponthegroundthat,admittingthecasestatedbythebilltobetrue,themattersuggestedbythepleaaffordsasufficientreasonwhythecomplainantshouldnothavethereliefheprays,orthedis-coverywhichheseeks;andwhensuchapleaisputin,theCourt,inordertosaveexpensetotheparties,ortoprotectthedefendantfromadiscoverywhichheoughtnottobecompelledtomake,instantlydecidesuponthevalidityofthedefence,takingthepleaandthebill,sofarasitisnotcontradictedbytheplea,tobetrue.7
31Dan.Ch.Pr.,604.4Code,884318;4309:4385;Loweryv.Naff,4Cold.,370;BennettV.Wilkins,5Cold.,240;Kendrickv.Davis,3Cold.,524.5Defencesinbararethesame,whethersetupinaplea,orinananswer;and,althoughtheordi-narypracticenowistosetupthesedefencesinananswer,ratherthanbyplea;nevertheless,thede-fencesarethesame,andcanbeaswellconsidered
undertheheadofpleas,asundertheheadofanswers.Ananswerisamereseriesofpleas;andtheavermentsnecessaryinapleaareequallyneces-saryinananswer.Hence,thespacedevotedtopleasis,bynomeans,misused;butessentialtoathoroughunderstandingofthescienceofdefensivepleading.6SeePleasinAbatement,ante,5241.•71Dan.Ch.Pr.,604.

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261 PLEASINBAR. §323Thegroundsofaffirmativepleasinbararealmostasnumerousasaretheaffirmativedefencesthatmaybesetupinananswer;butthefollowingaretheprincipalgrounds:(1)prematurityofthesuit;(2)anothersuitpending;(3)aformerjudgment;(4)anaward;(5)payment;(6)arelease;(7)astatedaccount;(8)thestatuteoflimitations;(9)thestatuteoffraudsandperjuries;and(10)innocentpurchaser.2.NegativePleasinBararethosewhich,insteadofadmittingthefactsstatedinthebill,anddestroyingtheireffectbysettingupsomenewfactorchainoffacts,undertaketodestroythecomplainant'arighttorelief,bydeny-ingsomematteroffactstatedinthebillonwhichhisrightdepends.Thus,whereabillisfiledtoredeem,ortoforecloseamortgage,ortosettleapartner-ship,anegativepleaaverringthatthereisnomortgage,orthatthereisnopartnership,willbegood.8Sothispleawilllietonegativethecharacterinwhichthecomplainantsues,orthedefendantissued,aswherethecomplainantsues,orthedefendantissued,asheir,executor,administrator,guardian,orasacorporation,orpartner.Anegativepleamust,ordinarily,besupportedbyananswer,whenthebillsetsupmatterswhich,ifnotdeniedbytheanswer,would,iftrue,defeattheplea.9Negativepleasinbarordinarilydeny(1)thatthecomplainantpossessesthecharacterinwhichhesues,or(2)thatthedefendantpossessesthecharacterinwhichheissued,or(3)thatthecomplainanthasthetitleheclaims,or(4)thatthedefendantexecutedtheinstrumentsuedon,or(5)thatcomplainantsarepartners,or(6)thatthedebtordemandsuedonisofthevalueoffiftydollars.3.AnomalousPleasinBar10arethosewhich,strictlyspeaking,neitheraffirmnewmatternornegativethecomplainant'stitleasallegedinthebill,butwhichreassertsomefactstatedinthebill,andwhichthebillseekstoimpeach,anddenyallthecircumstanceswhichthecomplainantreliesuponasthegrounduponwhichheseekstoimpeachthefactsosetup.Thus,whereabillisbroughttoimpeachadecree,onthegroundoffraudusedinobtainingit,thedecreemaybepleadedinbarofthesuit,withavermentsnegativingthechargesoffraud.11Anomalouspleasmustbesupportedbyananswer,whenthebillseeksadiscovery,orallegesfactsorcircumstancesinavoidanceoftheadmittedbar.12§323.TheRationaleofPleasinBar.—Thelogicofanaffirmativepleainbaristhis:thecomplainanthavingomittedfromthebillanessentialmatteroffact,which,ifithadnotbeenomitted,wouldhaverenderedthebilldemurra-ble,thedefendantmay,bybringingthisomittedessentialmatteroffactbeforetheCourt,destroytheapparentcasecontainedinthebill,andinthiswayter-minatethelitigation,quicklyandcheaply.Thus,abillmayshowonitsfaceagoodcauseofaction,settingupmanydetails,andprayingforrelief.If,however,thebillsuppressesthefactthattherehasbeenapaymentorarelease,oraformeradjudication,orthatthesuitisbarredbythestatutesoflimitation,orthatanyotherstatutory,orequitable,defenceexists,inanysuchcasethedefendantmaysetupthissuppressedfactbyapleainbar,and,thereby,endthesuit.
s1Dan.Ch.Pr.,604-605;Sto.Eq.PL,§660.9Seifredv.People'sBank,1Bax.,200.10Negativepleasaresometimestermedanomalouspleas;but,inthisvolume,theyareseparatelyclassed.u1Dan.Ch.Pr.,605;607.12Whithornev.St.LouisIns.Co.,3Tenn.Ch.,147.Anomalouspleasare,sometimes,termedim-pure,and,sometimes,incongruous,pleas;theyare,also,occasionally,termednegativepleas;buttheircharacterissodifferentfromthatofanordinarynegativeplea,thattheyaretreated,inthiswork,asaseparateclass.Itisbelievedthatmanyofthedifficultiesindealingwithpleas,arisefrominter-mixingthethreeclassesofpleas,whichhavebeen
separatelyconsideredinthisChapter.Thecharac-teristicsofeachofthethreeclassesaredistinctive;andanyattempttotreatthemunderonehead,orevenundertwoheads,issuretoresultinconfusion,ifnotinerror.Beames,Story,andDaniel,findthemselvesobliged,constantly,tousequalifyingphrases,andmakeexceptions,intreatingofpleas;because,muchthatistrueofonesortofplea,is*nottrueoftheothertwosorts.SeeBeames'PLinEq.,6;7;9-18;36;124-125;Sto.Eq.PL,§§651;660$667-671.Thisconfusionisalmostentirelyobviatedbyseparatingpleasintothreeclasses,ashasbeendoneinthetext.Danielrecognizesthesethreeclasses.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,604-607.

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§324 PLEASINBAR. 262Anegativepleainbardeniessomeessentialallegationcontainedinthebillsomeavermentonwhichthecaserests;andthelogicofthepleais:that,inas-muchasthecomplainant'sallegedrightsalldependonafalseallegationofasingleessentialmatteroffact,itisunnecessaryforthedefendanttoanswerallthevariouschargesandavermentsinthebill,whenthesuitcanbeendedbyapleadenyingtheallegationofthisoneessentialmatteroffact.Anegativepleainbaristheoppositeofanaffirmativeplea;anaffirmativepleainbarseekstobringintothecaseanessentialmatteroffactwhichthebillhasleftout,whileanegativepleaseekstostrikeoutofthecaseanessentialmatteroffactwhichthebillhasbroughtin.Inotherwords,anaffirmativepleaseekstoendthesuitbyinjectingintoitafatalfact,andanegativepleaseekstoendthesuitbyextractingfromitavitalfact.Itisplain,thatbothaffirmativeandnegativepleasinbararereallynothingmorethanshort,pointedanswers,intendedtoconfinethelitigationtoasingleissue,that,ifdecidedinfavorofthedefendant,wouldendthesuit;and,itisforthisreason,theCourtsoftendisallowapleainbarasaplea,butallowittostandasananswer,withlibertytothecomplainanttoexcepttoitforinsufficiency,asananswer.§324.PleasinBarnoLongerNecessary.—Undertheoldpractice,thede-fendantwasrequiredtoanswermostsearchinginterrogatoriesinreferencetohisbusinessaffairs;andcouldbeforcedtodivulgethemostimportantsecretsrelativetothemattersincontroversy.Toavoidtheunpleasantnecessityofthesedisclosures,thelawyersofthosedaysresortedtopleasinbarwhenevertheycouldbemadeavailable.Theresultwasaveryartificialsystemofplead-ing,quiteforeigntothesimplicityoftheoriginalChancerypractice.Butnowthatadiscoveryisseldomsoughtbyabill,andpartiesarecompetentwitnesses,theoldnecessityforpleasinbarhas,toagreatextent,ceasedtoexist;andtheyare,therefore,seldomused.Underourpractice,adefendantisnotre-quiredtospeciallypleadanymatterinbar,butmayincorporateallmattersofdefencetothemeritsinhisanswer.13Unless,therefore,thedefendantde-sirestopleadsomematterinabatement,hewill,ordinarily,setforthhisde-fencesinananswer,andthusavoidtheperilsandperplexitiesincidenttopleasinbar.14Nevertheless,wheneitheranegativeoraffirmativepleainbarwillgreatlynarrowthecontroversy,andtherebylessencosts,andshortenthelitigation,suchapleawouldbegoodpractice.Asillustrationsofcaseswherepleasinbarmaybeadvantageouslyinterposed,maybementionedthefollow-ingaffirmativepleas:(1)accordandsatisfaction,(2)payment,(3)accountstatedorsettled,(4)award,(5)formerjudgment,(6)failureofconsideration,(7)infancy,(8)coverture,(9)duress,(10)statuteoflimitations,(11)stat-uteoffrauds;andthefollowingnegativepleas:(1)denialofthecharacterinwhichthecomplainantsues,orthedefendantissued;(2)denialoftherela-tionalleged,and(3)nonestfactum.13Code,§4318.14Whilepleasinbararenolongernecessary,andare,infact,seldomresortedto,neverthelesstheirlogicremains,andhewhowishestobeagoodpleadermustmasterthatlogic.Allthedefencesthatcanbemadebypleainbarcan,also,bemadebyanswer;butthedefencesarethesame,andtheessentialavermentsarethesame;andnopleadercanintelligentlydrawananswerwhodoesnotthoroughlyunderstandtherulesandprinciplesap-
plicabletopleasinbar.Theyillustratethelogicoflegaldefence;andtheuniformrulingofourCourtsis,that,whenmatterproperforapleaisincor-poratedinananswer,allthecertaintyrequiredinapleaisnecessaryintheanswer.ConnellV.Furga-son,5Cold.,405;RheaV.Allison,3Head,179;Stephensv.Porter,11Heisk.,348.SeeArnold)!.Kyle,8Bax.,322.Astothepracticalvalueofpleas,seeante,§318,note8.

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263 KINDSOFPLEASINBAR. §325
ARTICLEII.KINDSOFPLEASINBAR.
8325.PleastotheBill.§326.PleastothePerson.§327.PleaofTitleintheDefendant.§328.PleaorFormerSuitPending.§329.PleaofFormerJudgment,orresad-judicata.
§330.PleaoftheStatuteofFrauds.§331.PleaofaStatuteofLimitations.§332.PleaofInnocentPurchaser.§333.PleasofStated,andofSettled,Ac-counts.S334.OtherPleasinBar.§325.PleasinBartotheBill.—CourtsofEquitydelighttodocompletejustice,andnotbyhalves.ThismaximmeansthattheCourtdelightstodocompletejusticeinoneandthesamesuit,andnottodohalfjusticeinonesuit,andriskthechanceofdoingtheotherhalf,inanothersuitaboutthesamegeneralcauseofaction.Forthisreason,CourtsofEquityrequire(1)thatallthepersonsnecessarytoenabletheCourttodocompletejusticeinonesuitshallbemadeparties,eithercomplainantordefendant;and(2)thatonecauseofactionshallnotbesplitintoseveral.Thesemattersmaybesetupbyplea;butsuchpleas,likedemurrersbyal-lowance,arenotbasedonanygroundofrightinthedefendant,andareallowedbytheCourtonlyintheinterestofgoodpleading,andinaidoftheproperadministrationofjustice.Thegroundsofthesetwopleasmaybemorefullystatedasfollows:1.ThattheBillisforOnlyaPartoftheSubject-Matterofthecontroversy,thatthecomplainantissplittinguphiscauseofaction,andis,thereby,givingoccasionforamultiplicityofsuits.12.ThatthereisaMis-JoinderofPartiesComplainant,oranon-joinderofpartiescomplainantordefendant.2Ifthecomplainantshavenojointrightofactionagainstthedefendant,hemaypleadthatfact.So,ifthereissuchadeficiencyofparties,whethercomplainantsordefendants,thattheCourtwillbeunabletodocompletejustice,thisfactmaybepleaded,thepleashowingthepersonspropertobemadeparties,eitherbynameordescription,totheendthatthecomplainantmayknowhowtoamendhisbill,3andbringthedeficientpartiesbeforetheCourt,eitherbymakingthemco-complainants,orbymakingthemdefendants,orboth.Pleasforwantofproperpartiesare,however,seldomfiled,astheyveryseldomprofitthedefendant.UnderourCode,anon-joinderofpartiesisnosufficientcauseforthedismissalofabillinEquity,unlessobjectionismadebymotiontodismiss,ordemurrer.4Onsuchapleabeingsustainedbyproof,thecausewillbeorderedtostandover,withleavetothecomplainanttoamend,butiftheamendmentisnotmadeonarulegiven,thebillmaythenbedis-missed.5§326.PleastothePerson.—Thesepleas,ineffect,maintainthatwhatevermaybethemeritsofthecaseonthefacts,either(1)thecomplainantisnotthepersontocallupontheCourttoinvestigatethem,or(2)ifthecomplainant1Sto.Eq.PL,§§287;746.2Code,§§4325;4337;4386;4388.3Sto.Eq.PL,§§745,note;238.4Code,§4325.Thissectionisnotinconflictwith§4337;for,whilethelattersectionrecognizesapleaforwantofproperparties,yetitdoesnotauthorizeahilltobedismissedbecauseofsuchaplea.Theorderonsustainingsuchaplea,wouldbetoletthebillstandover,withleavetoamend
byaddingthenecessaryparties,asisdoneevenwhereademurrerforwantofpartiesisallowed.Grayv.Hays,7Hum.,588;Sto.Eq.PI.,§745.5Itisdifficulttoclassifypleastothebill:theirmatterandeffectareinabatement,butastheydonotobjecttothejurisdictionoftheCourt,theymaybesetupinananswer,andmust,therefore,inourpractice,beclassedamongpleasinbar.SeeCode.554337:4386:4388.

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§326KINDSOFPLEASINBAR. 264istheperson,thatthedefendantisnotthepersonheisallegedtobe.Thesepleasquestion,ordinarily,eitherthecharacterinwhichthecomplainantsues,orinwhichthedefendantissued,andincludethefollowing:1.Thatthecomplainantisaninfant,ormarriedwoman,orapersonofun-
•soundmind,andsuesinhisorherownname,withoutnextfriend,orguardian.62.Thatthedefendantisnotasinglewoman,noranadult,norapersonofsoundmind.3.Thatthecomplainantissuing,orthedefendantisbeingsued,asadminis-tratororexecutor,whenhedoesnotpossessthatcharacterinthisState,havingbeenappointedbysomeotherState.4.Thatthecomplainantdoesnotsustainthecharacterinwhichhesues;thatheisnotacorporation,oranadministrator,orexecutor,orguardian,ortrustee,orpartner,orheir,orhusband,orwife,orwidow,ordevisee,orlegatee,ordistributee,ortenantincommon.75.Thatthedefendantdoesnotpossessthecharacterinwhichheissued;that,heisnotacorporation,oranexecutor,oradministrator,orguardian,ortrustee,orheir,orhusband,ortenant,orpartner,ortheofficialheisrepresentedtobe.86.Thatthecomplainantordefendantisabankrupt.Ifacomplainant,whohasmadeanassignmentinbankruptcy,suesforadebtincludedinhisassign-ment,,thedefendantcanpleadthatfactinbartothebill,ormayallegeitinhisanswer.Ontheotherhand,ifadefendanthasbeendischargedinbank-ruptcy,andissueduponadebtfromwhichhehasbeendischarged,hecanpleadsuchdischargeinbartothebill,ormaysetitupinhisanswer.ThecertifieddischargeisevidenceofthejurisdictionoftheCourtgrantingthedis-charge,andoftheregularityoftheproceedings,andofthedischargeitself.Adischargeinbankruptcydoesnot,however,propriovigore,nullifyallantecedentdebts,butmustbepleaded,andifthedefendantfailstopleadhisowndis-charge,ortheassignmentinbankruptcybythecomplainant,heisdeemedtohavewaivedsuchdefense,andmustsufferjudgmentaccordingly.Butadis-chargewhenpleadedandprovedisconclusiveandcannotbeavoided.9Thesepleas,undertheoldpractice,weregenerallyclassedaspleasinabate-ment,10butinourpracticetheyarepleasinbar,becausetheydonotquestionthejurisdictionoftheCourt,andmay,therefore,bereliedoninananswer.Thelastthreeclassesare,also,pleasinbarbythestrictlogicofpleading,because,iftrue,theydonotabatethesuit,butbarthecomplainant'srightor'recoveryagainstthedefendant,andforeverterminatethecontroversy.Thesepleasarethesameineffectasthosethatdenythetitleofthecomplainanttoinstitutethesuit,ordenytheinterestofthedefendantinthesubject-matterofthesuit.11PLEATHATCOMPLAINANTISAMARRIEDWOMAN.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,see,post,§340.]Thedefendants,forpleatothebillfiledagainsttheminthiscause,say,
—
Thatthecomplainant,SarahDoe,beforeandatthetimeofthefilingofhersaidbill,was,andnowis,amarriedwoman,thewifeofJohnDoe,whoisstilllivingandfullycapableofsuing,ifnecessary,inherbehalf.
oSto.Eq.PI.,§§725;727;ante,§§82-83.7Sto.Eq.PI.,§727.8Sto.Eq.PL,§732.Sto.Eq.PL,§§519,722,726;Morrisv.Creed,11Heisk.,165;HudsonV.Bingham,12Heisk.,59:L,oveland'sPro.inBankr.,§298.ioSto.Eq.PL,§§708;722.11Sto.Eq.PL,§§728;734.Inallthecasesinthelastfourclassesstatedinthetext,theplea,iffoundtrue,foreverterminatesthecontroversy,byshowing,either(1)thatthecomplainanthasnorighttothereliefheseeks,becausehehasnotitletothecharacterin.whichhesues;or,(2)thatthedefandantisnotliabletothecomplainant,becausehehasnotthecharacter,andconsequentliability,thecomplainantalleges;or,(3)thatthebankruptcy
proceedingshavetakenawayfromthebankruptcomplainanthisrights,orfromthebankruptde-fendanthisliability.Whateverdestroysthecom-plainant'ssuit,anddisableshimforeverfromre-covering,maybepleadedinbar.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,638.Ifapartywhosuesasheirisnotanheir,doesnotapleadenyinghisheirshipascompletelybarthesuitaswouldapleaadmittinghisheirship,butdenyinghisancestor'stitle?Thewantofcharactercannotbecuredastothatsuit;and,_itcomplainantsubsequentlybecomesanheir,admin-istrator,guardian,orothercharacter,andthensues,assuch,itisasmuchanewanddifferentsuitasthatofacomplainant,who,afterbeingde:feated,forwantofatitletoaparticularfarm,shouldbringasecondsuit,afteracquiringthattitle.

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265 KINDSOPPLEASINBAR. §327PLEATHATDEFENDANTISAMARRIEDWOMAN.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,see,post,§340.].Thedefendant,MaryRoe,forpleatothebill,says
:
ThatwhenthebillinthiscausewasfiledshewasandnowismarriedtooneRichardRoe,whowasthenandstillisherhusband,andlivinginKnoxcounty,Tennessee.PLEATHATCOMPLAINANTISANINPANT.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,see,post,§340.]Thatthesaidcomplainantatthetimeoffilinghissaidbillwas,andnowis,aninfantundertheageoftwenty-oneyears,andhesuesbyneitheraguardiannoranextfriend.PLEAOFBANKRUPTCYOFTHEDEFENDANT.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,see,post,§340.]That,onthedayof ,190-.,intheDistrictCourtoftheUnitedStatesforthe......DistrictofTennessee,hewasadjudgedabankrupt,andwasdulydischargedfromthedebtordemandsetforthincomplainant'sbill,aswillmorefullyappearfromsaiddis-chargewhichisherewithfiled,markedA,andmadeapartofthisplea.§327.PleaofTitleintheDefendant.—Ifthedefendant'stitlebesuperiortothecomplainant's,hemaypleaditinbar.Suchapleawill,generallyspeak-ing,befoundedeither(1)onanadversepossessionsufficientlylongtobarthesuit,or(2)onawill,or(3)onaconveyance.12Toabillbroughtbyanheiratlawagainstadeviseeinposession,thelattermaypleadhistitleunderthewill,averringthatthewillwasdulyexecutedandproven.Toabillbyanheiragainstthedefendantinpossessionoflandclaimedbytheformer,thedefendantmaypleadaconveyanceexecutedtohimbytheancestor.13Toabillbroughtbytheholderofthelastdeedintheregularchainofconveyancesfromthegranteeagainstapersoninpossession,thelattermayplead,(1)thathehashadtwentyyears'notoriousandcontinuousadversepossessionoftheland;or(2)thatthelandhasbeengranted,andthathehashadsevenyears'notoriousandcontinuousadversepossessionthereof,underacoloroftitle;or(3)thathehashadsevenyears'continuousadversepossessionthereof.Thelastpleaisapleaofthestatuteoflimitations,asitmerelybarsthesuit,whilethefirsttwopleasarepleasoftitle,thepossessionbeingmerelytheevidenceoftitle,andstandingintheplaceofadeed,andhavingthesameforceandeffect.Thematterofthefirstandsecondoftheabovenamedpleasmaybereliedonwithoutbeingspeciallypleaded.§328.PleaofFormerSuitPending.—InCourtsofconcurrentEquityjuris-diction,theonethatfirstacquiresjurisdictiontherebyobtainsexclusivejuris-diction.14If,therefore,therebeasuitpending,inanotherCourtofconcurrentEquityjurisdiction,betweenthesameparties,concerningthesamesubject-matter,andforthesameobject,thedefendanttothesecondsuitmaypleadthependencyoftheformersuitasadefence15tothesecondsuit.Butthepen-
121Dan.Ch.Pr.,672.13Sto.Eq.PI.,§812.14MooreV.Holt,3Tenn.Ch.,143.isTheexactcharacterandclassofthepleaofformersuitdependingseeminvolvedinsomedoubt;and,inourCourts,thepleahasoscillatedbetweenpleasinabatementandpleasinbar.Itissaid,inGreenV.Neal,thatitisnotstrictlyapleainabate-ment,butisinthenatureofapleainbar.2Heisk.,219.InMacyv.Childress,itissaidtobeinthenatureofapleainabatement.2Tenn.Ch.,25.AndinMorleyV.Power,5Lea,697;and,inConnellV.Ferguson,itissaidtobestrictly,neitherapleainabatement,norinbar,butapleatothebill.5Cold.,405.InTennessee,allpleasareeitherpleasinabatement,orpleasinbar.Code,§4384.Thisis,manifestly,notapleainbar,log-icallyconsidered;for,ifsuccessful,itdoesnotbarthesuit,butonlyabatesit;andif,afterthepleaisallowed,theformersuitisdismissedbythecom-plainant,hecanbringathirdsuitintheCourt,allowingtheplea,againstthesameparties,andforthesamepurpose;andthedismissalofboth,or
either,oftheformersuits,cannotbepleadedinbarofthethirdsuit.Nevertheless,thepleaofformersuitdependingquestionsnotsomuchthejurisdictionoftheCourtasthemanifestunjustnessofpermittingthede-fendanttobetwicesued,atthesametime,forthesamematter;and,tothisextent,itgoestothemerits.Forthis_reason,inourpractice,thisde-fencemaybereliedonintheanswer;and,hence,undertheCode,mustbetreatedasinthenatureofapleainbar,astothetime,andmanner,ofsettingitup;butasinthenatureofapleainabatement,whenitseffectistobeconsidered.Connellv.Fer-guson,5Cold.,401;andcasesabovecited.ParmleeV.Railroad,13Lea,600.ItissaidinTurleyv.Turley,1Pick.,261,thatallpleasmayberelieduponinananswer,whichdonotgotothejuris-dictionoftheCourt;andthisisthetrue,andonly,criterioninourState.AndinRailroadv.Brigman,11Pick.,625,citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,(then,§333,)itisheldthatapleaofformersuitpendingisapleainabatementinourCircuitCourts,butapleainbarinourChanceryCourts.See,ante§§241;243;321.

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§328KINDSOFPLBASINBAR. 266dencyoftwosuits10forthesamesubject-matter,andthesamepurpose,intwodifferentChanceryCourtsinthisState,willnotpreventbothCourtsfrompro-ceedingtoahearingwhereeachsuitisinstitutedbyadifferentperson.17ThependencyofasuitinanotherState,orinaUnitedStatesCourtsittinginthisState,cannotbepleadedinabatement,orinbar,toasuitinourownStatebetweenthesamepartiesuponthesamematter.18Thepleashouldsetforth,withcertainty,(1)thecommencementoftheformersuit,itsgeneralnature,andcharacter,andobjectsandthereliefprayed,givingthesubstanceoftheformerbillordeclaration;(2)thatthesecondsuitisforthesamesubject-matterasthefirst,andbetweenthesameparties,ortheirprivies;(3)thattheproceedingsintheformersuitweretakenforthesamepurpose;(4)thattherehavebeenproceedingsinthesuit,suchasanappearance,orprocessrequiringanappearance,and(5)thattheformersuitisstillpending.19Itisnotnecessarythattheformersuitshouldbebetweenpreciselythesamepartiesasthelattersuit:itmaybebetweentheirprivies.20Norisitnecessarythattheentiresubject-matterofthelattersuitbeincludedintheformersuit,forifthelattersuitisforapartofthesubject-matteroftheformersuit,thepleawilllie.21Thus,ifafterabillisfiledtorecoverproperty,andasecondbillisfiledtorecoverapartofthesameproperty,eitherbytheoriginalcom-plainantorapurchaserfromhim,thependencyoftheformersuitmaybepleaded.Wherethereisapleaofthependencyofaformersuit,thecourseistoobtainareferenceofthepleatotheMastertoascertainandreport,whetherbothsuitsaresubstantiallythesame;andthecourse,whichtheCourthastaken,wherethesecondbillhasappearedtoembracethewholesubjectindispute,morecompletelythanthefirst,hasbeen,todismissthefirstbillwithcosts,andtodirectthedefendantinthesecondcausetoanswer,uponbeingpaidthecostsofapleaallowed;whichputsthecaseonthesecondbillinthesamesituationasitwouldhavebeeninifthefirstbillhadbeendismissedbeforefilingthesecond.22
ieSearightV.Payne,1Tenn.Ch.,186;Macyv.Childress,2Tenn.Ch.,25;Cunninghamv.Camp-bell,3Tenn.Ch.,491.Itisstated,inworksonEquityPleading,thatthispleawillnotliewhenthependingsuitisinaCourtoflaw;Sto.Eq.PI.,§742.Storysays,thatwherethedefendantisbeingsuedalsoatlaw,heisnotwithoutaremedyforthedoublevexation;foraCourtofEquitywill,uponthecominginofthedefendant'sanswer,putthecomplainanttohiselection,whetherhewillproceedinthesuitatlaw,orinEquity;and,ifheelectsthelatter,then,aninjunctionwillissuetostayfurtherproceedingsatlaw;ifheelectstheformer,then,thebillwillbedismissed.But,ifthecom-plainantshouldfailfinhissuitatlaw,thisdismissalofhisbillwillnotbeabartohisbringingasecondbill.Sto.Eq.PI.,§742;CockeV.Dotson,1Tenn.,(Overt.),169.FranklinV.Hersch,3Tenn.Ch..469;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,126.17MooreV.Holt,3Tenn.Ch.,141.Asinstancesofsuitsofthischaracter,maybementioned,suitstowindupapartnership,suitstopartitionlandlyingindifferentcounties,ortosellthemforpar-tition.18Lockwoodv.Nye,2Swan,515;Cunninghamli.Campbell,3Tenn.Ch.,491.18Brienv.Marsh,1Tenn.Ch.,628;Sto.Eq.PL,§737.20Butitmustbebroughtbythesamecomplain-ant,orbysomepersoninthesameright;for,ifthetwobillsarefiledbydifferentpersons,thoughforthesamepurpose,theCourtwillnotstopeitherbeforedecree.Moorel).Holt,3Tenn.Ch.,141;but,see,Greenv.Neal,2Heisk.,217,whereitwasheldthatabillfiledbyadistributeeagainstanad-ministratorforadevastavit,wasgoodgroundforapleaofformersuittoabillafterwardsbroughtbyacreditoragainstthesameadministratorforthesamedevastavit,onthegroundthatthefirstsuit
wasforthecreditor'sbenefit,andhecouldhavebecomeapartytoitbypetition,orevenbymotion.21Searightv.Payne,1Tenn.Ch.,186.Fortestswhenthepleawilllie,seetestofthesuffi-ciencyofapleaofformerjudgment,post,§329.Thetestoftheidentityofthemattersofthetwosuits,iswhetherthejudgmentinthefirstcould_bepleadedtothesecondinbarasaformeradjudica-tion.Moorev.Holt,3Tenn.Ch.,144.22Sto.Eq.PI.,§738.StoryevidentlyreferstocaseswherebothsuitsareinthesameCourt.Exactlyhowthetruthofapleaofformersuitdependingistobeascertained,isnotdefinitelyset-tled.InGreenv.Neal,2Heisk.,217,thepleawasreferredtotheClerkandMasterforareportastowhetherthetwosuitswerethesame;andtheques-tionwasdeterminedonexceptionstohisreport;but,inthiscase,bothsuitswereinthesameCourtSeeSearightV.Payne,1Tenn.Ch.,191.InAllenv.Allen,afterreviewingtheauthorities,itwasheld,bvChancellorCooper,thatthispleamustbedealtwithlikeallotherpleas;setdownforargument,ifdeemedbad;issuetakenonit,ifdeemedgood,butfalse.3Tenn.Ch.,145;and,seeMontgomery».Olwell,1Tenn.Ch.,184;Searightv.Payne,1Tenn.Ch.,190;andMacyv.Childress,2Tenn.Ch.,23.Thecorrectpractice,underourstatute,istheoneindicatedbyChancellorCooper.Ourstatuteprescribesoneuniformcourse,onallpleas,whetherinabatement,orinbar.Code,§4393.WhyreferthepleatotheMaster,whenitraisessuchnicequestionsoflawandfactaswillinevitablyresultinexceptionstoanyreporttheMastermaymake?WhynothaveitdecidedbytheCourt,inthefirstinstance?TheEnglishMastersweretrainedlaw-yers;oursare,generally,not.TheEnglishpractice,also,contemplatesthatbothsuitsareinthesameCourt,EnglandhavingbutoneChanceryCourt;whereas,,asamatteroffact,inourState,the

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267 KINDSOFPLEASINBAR. §329Whereadecreeismadeuponabillbroughtbyacreditor,onbehalfofhim-selfandofallothercreditorsofthesameperson,andanothercreditorcomesinbeforetheMastertotakethebenefitofthedecree,andproveshisdebt,andthenfilesabillonbehalfofhimselfandtheothercreditors,thedefendantsmaypleadthependencyoftheformersuit;forapersoncominginunderadecree,isaquasiparty.Theproperwayforacreditorinsuchasituationtoproceed,ifthecomplainantintheoriginalsuitisdilatory,isbyapplicationtotheCourtforlibertytoconductthecause.23Thematterofthispleamaybeincorporatedinananswer,withoutthenec-essityofpleadingitspecially;but,whensoincorporated,theremustbethesamecertaintyofavermentsthatisrequiredinaplea;24butasthepleaofformersuitdependingneednotbeswornto,25soananswersettingupthesamedefenceneednotbeswornto,whentheoathtotheansweriswaived.Thepleamaybegoodastopartofthetwosuits,andbadastotheresidue,inwhichcaseitwillbeallowedtostandasadefenceinsofarasitisgood.26Thefollowingformwillillustratetheframeandessentialsofapleaofformersuitpending:FLEAOFFORMERSUITPENDING.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etal. IntheChanceryCourt,atKingston.Thedefendants,forpleatothebillfiledagainstthemintheaboveentitledcause,say,Thatheretofore,andbeforethecomplainantfiledhispresentbillinthisCourt,to-wit:ontheSthdayofMarch,1891,hefiledanotherbillofcomplaintinthisCourt,[or,intheChanceryCourtofLoudoncounty]againstthesedefendantsforthesamematters,andtothesameeffect,andforthelikerelief,ashe,thecomplainant,does,byhispresentbill,demandandsetforth,thatistosay,thecomplainantinhissaidformerbill,allegesthat[Heregivethesubstanceoftheformerbillanditsprayers.]towhichsaidfirstbillthesedefendantsdidputintheirjointandseveralanswers,denying[Givethedefencessetupintheanswer;]andotherproceedingswerethereuponhad;andthesaidformerbillisstillpendinginthisCourt,[or,insaidChanceryCourt,]andthemattersthereofundetermined;and,therefore,thesaiddefendantsdopleadthesaidformerbill,answer,andproceedingsinbarofthepresentbill,anddemandthejudgmentofthisCourt,whethertheyshallberequiredtomakeanyother,orfurtheranswerthereto;andpraytobehencedismissedwiththeircosts.[Annexaffidavitandjuratasin§340,post. S.C.Brown,Solicitor.§329.PleaofFormerJudgment,or,ResAdjudicata.—Ifthesamecon-troversyhasbeenalreadyadjudicatedonitsmeritsbetweenthesameparties,formersuitis,generally,insomeotherCourt.Whenwehaveaplainstatute,itwouldseemtobeasbindingonourCourtsastthepracticeoftheCourtofanothernation,especiallywhenthelatterisnotadaptedtothestateoffactshereprevailing.SeeGreen'c.Neal,2Heisk.,217.Astotheneces-saryevidencetosustaintheplea,seeSearightV.Payne,1Tenn.Ch.,186;MaceyV.Childress,2Tenn.Ch.,24.Moorev.Holt,3Tenn.Ch.,142;Cunninghamv.Campbell,3Tenn.Ch.,488.Theproperproofinsupportofthepleaisacertifiedcopyoftherecordoftheformersuit.Parmeleev.Railroad,13Lea,600.See,also,Williamsv.Cap-linger,6Hum.,257.Ifthepleabefoundfalse,ithasbeendecidedthatthedefendanthastherighttoanswerover,andcontestthecaseuponthemerits.Cunninghamv.Campbell,3Tenn.Ch.,488;SeeBattellev.YoungstownCq.,16Lea,355.Butwhymakeanexceptioninfavorofthispleawhenthestatutemakesnosuchexception?InSearightv.Payne,1Tenn.Ch.,186,ChancellorCooperseemedtobeofopinionthatthepracticeinreferencetothispleawasunsettled.TheCode,§4393,prescribesoneuniformpracticeincaseofallpleas;andwhenwefollowourownstatutestheroadisplainandstraight,butwhenwedisregardourownstatutesforthesakeofconformitytotheEnglishpractice,thenariseuncertaintyandconfusion.Ifourstat-uteisobserved,then,whenapleaofformersuitpendingisfiled,ifdeemedinsufficient,itmustbesetdownforargument;ifdeemed-orheldsufficient,.. i:*.:*„it. 4.u-ct...i.ic(~..~Af~i—i
—
theCourtatthehearingonthefacts,thecomplain-antisentitledtothesameadvantagesasifithadbeenfoundfalseinfactbyverdictatcommonlaw,thatis,heisentitledtoafinaldecreeasonajudgmentproconfesso.Code,§4393;Baconv.Parker,2Tenn.,(Overt.),55;WilsonV.Scruggs,7Lea,635;Simpsonv.RailwayCo.,5Pick.,304.23Sto.Eq.PI.,§740.24Connellv.Furgason,5Cold.,405;•Maceyv.Childress,2Tenn.Ch.,25;Morleyv.Power,5Lea,697.25Greenv.Neal,2Heisk.,219.Alltheauthori-tiesagreethatwhentheformersuitisinthesameCourt,thepleaofsuchsuitneednotbeswornto;butthereisadifferenceofopiniononthesubjectwhentheformersuitisinanotherCourt.Someauthoritiesholdthatinthelattercasethepleamustbeswornto.Mitf.Eq.PL,247,note;thegreatweightofauthority,however,istotheeffectthatapleaofaformersuitpendinginanotherCourtneednotbeswornto.1Barb.Ch.Pr.,118;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,686-687;Sto.Eq.PL,§742,note;Beames,PleasinEq.,150.Thereasongivenfornotrequiringapleaofformersuitpendingtobeswornto,isthattheCourttakescognizanceofitsownrecords.ThisreasonisgoodonlywhentheformersuitisinthesameCourt.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,688.Onprinciple,itwouldseemthatwheretheformersuitisinanotherCourt,thepleashouldbeonoath.26Searightv.Payne,1Tenn.Ch.,186.Seeformernotestothissection.

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§329KINDSOFPLEASINBAR. 268ortheirprivies,inaCourtofcompetentjurisdiction,thejudgmentordecreeofsuchCourtmaybepleadedinbartothesecondsuit.27Suchpleamust'however,showthattheissueandthesubject-matterinthetwosuitswerethesame,andthattheformersuitwasbetweensubstantiallythesamepartiesasthepresentsuit;28andsomuchoftheformerbillandanswermustbesetforthasisnecessarytoshowthatthesamepointwasthereinissue.29AlthoughafinaljudgmentofaCourtofcompetentjurisdiction,whetherinthis,orinanyotherState,willoperateasabartoaclaimforthesamematterinaCourtofEquity,yetif,fromanycircumstance,suchasfraud,mistake,acci-dent,orsurprise,itisagainstconsciencethatthedefendantshouldavailhimselfofsuchabar,aCourtofEquitywillinterferetosetitaside.Where,however,abillforthatpurposeisfiled,thedefendantmaypleadthejudgmentinbar,negativingbyaverments,anddenyingbyananswerinsupportofhisplea,theequitablecircumstancesallegedinthebilluponwhichthejudgmentissoughttobeimpeached.30
I
i
J-InChanceryatRutledge.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,andRolandRoe.PLEAOFRESADJTTDICATA,ORFORMERJUDGMENTORDECREE.Thedefendants,forpleatothebillfiledagainsttheminthiscause,say,Thathereto-fore,andbeforethecomplainantfiledhissaidbillinthisCourt,to-wit:onJuly25,1882.he,thecomplainant,filedanotherbillinthisCourt[orintheChanceryCourtatKnoxville,]againstthedefendantforthesamematteranddemandandtothesameeffect,andforlikerelief,ashe,thecomplainantdoes,byhispresentbill,demandandsetforth;thatistosay,thecomplainantinhissaidformerbillalleged(1)thatthedefendant,RichardRoe,wasjustlyindebtedtohiminthesumofonethousanddollars,evidencedbyanoteofhand,datedJanuary1,1880,anddueonedayafterthedatethereof;andalleged(2)thatthisdefendant,RichardRoe,intendingandcontrivingnottopaysaiddebt,did,onAugust6,1881,conveytothisdefendant,RolandRoe,thefollowingtractoflandinthe10thcivildistrictofKnoxcounty.[Heredescribeitexactlyasitisdescribedincomplainant'sformerbill,];andal-leged(3)thatthisconveyancewasmadeandcontrivedoffraud,covin,collusionandguile,totheintentandpurposetodelay,hinderanddefraudthecreditorsofsaidRichardRoeoftheirjustandlawfuldebts,andespeciallytodelay,hinderanddefraudcomplainantofhissaiddebt;andalleged(4)thatthisdefendant,RolandRoe,tooksaidconveyancefromhisco-defendant,thedefendantRichardRoe,wellknowingthefraudulentpurposeandchar-acterthereof,andwithintenttoaidhisco-defendant,thedefendant,RichardRoe,tohinder,delayanddefraudhiscreditors,especiallythecomplainant,oftheirjustdebts;andthatsaidconveyancewascollusivelymade,andthattherewasasecretagreementbetweenthede-fendantswhereunderthedefendant,RolandRoe,wastoholdsaidlandinsecrettrustforthebenefitofhisco-defendant,RichardRoe;andalleged(5)thatwhilesaidconveyancerecitesthatitwas'madefortheconsiderationofonethousanddollarsinhandpaid,therecitalisfalse,andthatnocashwaspaidatall,andthatifanywaspretendedtobepaiditwasameredeviceinfurtheranceofthecovin,collusionandfraudwherebythedefendantswerecontrivingtohinderanddelaythecomplainant;and(6)prayedforprocessagainstdefendants,andforadecreeagainstthedefendant,RichardRoe,fortheamountduecom-plainant%shereinbeforeshown,andforprincipalandinterest,andforcostsofthesuit,andtohavesaidconveyancedecreedtobefraudulentandvoidasagainstcomplainant,andsaidtractoflandsoldandtheproceedsappliedtothesatisfactionofcomplainant'sdebt;and(7)prayedfurtherthatallothercreditorsofthedefendant,RichardRoe,mightbeallowedtocomeinandprovetheirdebts,thatthebillbesustainedasageneralcreditors'bill,thatsaidpropertybeattached,thatthedefendant,RolandRoe,beenjoinedfromselling,encumbering,orinanywaydisposingofsaidproperty,oranypartthereof,andforgeneralrelief;allofwhichwillfullyandatlargeappearbyreferencetotherecordofsaidsuitherewithfiled,markedA,andmadeanexhibittothisplea,andaparthereof.30a
27Harrisv.Water&LightCo.,6Cates<323.Oritmaybesetupinananswer.Butthedefencemustbespeciallyandexpresslysetupandreliedoninonepleadingortheother,otherwiseitcannotbeofanyavailatthehearing,thoughappearingintheevidenre;andenoughoftheformerbillandanswermustbesetouttoshowclearlythattheissuesintheformersuitandinthependingsuitareidentical;ortherecordintheformersuitmaybefiledasanexhibittotheanswer.TurleyV.Turley,1Pick.,251;JourolmanV.Massengale,2Pick.,81.28Butaformerjudgment,betweenthesame
partiesandforthesameproperty,willnotbaranewsuitbaseduponasubsequentlyacquiredtitle.McKissick«.McKissick,6Hum.,75.29Sto.Eq.PL,I791. ,80Dan.Ch.Pr.,664.Or,hemaymakehisentiredefencebyanswer,theanswercontainingthematterbothofthepleaandthesupportinganswer. .,30aItisbesttofiletherecordoftheformerjudg-mentasanexhibit.Jourolmonv.Massengale,iPick.,81,88.

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269 KINDSOFPL^ASINBAR. '§329These,defendantswereservedwithprocessundersaidformerbill,andrriadeanswerinsubstanceasfollows:(1)defendant,Richard.Roe,deniedthejustnessofsaidnote,andaverredthatitwasobtainedfromhimbyfraudandduressundertheformofacompromiseintowhichhewasforced,andthattheonlyconsiderationwasmoneylostingamblingwiththecomplainant;(2)bothofthesedefendantsansweredfullytothechargesoffraud,covin,collusionandguile,anddeniedeachandallofthemabsolutely,anddeniedthattherewasanytrustorsecretagreementwhereunderthisdefendant,RolandRoe,was,oris,toholdsaidlandforthebenefitofhisco-defendant,RichardRoe;and(3)bpthofthesedefendantsaverredthatsaidconveyancewasmadeinpursuanceofatitle-bondexecutedtwoyearsbeforesaidallegednoteofhand,andthattheconsiderationexpressedinsaidconveyancewasdulyandwhollypaid,eighthundreddollarsofitbeforesaidallegednotewasexecuted,andtheremainingtwohundreddollarsonthedaysaidconveyancewasexecuted.Thesedefendantsfurthersaythatontheissuesthusmade,proofwastakenandthesuitcameonforfinalhearing,andwasheardinandbythisCourt,[or,bythesaidChanceryCourtatKnoxville,]andthis[orsaid]Courtdecreedthatsaidnoteforonethousanddol-lars,thenandnowsuedon,wasbasedonagamblingconsideration,andwasfraudulentandvoid,anddismissedsaidformerbillofcomplainant,andtaxedhimwithallthecostsofsaidformerbillandsuit,andthecomplainantprayednoappealfromsaiddecree.Therefore,thesedefendantspleadsaidformersuit,proceedingsandadjudicationinbarofthepresentbill,andaverandsaythatsaidadjudicationisandremainsinfullforceandeffect;andtheypraythejudgmentoftheCourtwhethertheyshallberequiredtoanswerfurther,andpraytobehencedismissedwiththeircosts.[Annexaffidavitasin§340,post] G.Mc.Henderson,Solicitor.Thequestionwhethertheformersuitandthepresentoneareforthesamecauseofaction,thepartiesbeingsubstantiallythesame,isansweredintheaffirmativeifthesubject-matterofthepresentsuitiseitheridenticalwith,orincludedin,thesubject-matteroftheformersuit,orthesamequestionmighthavebeenraised.31Toascertainwhetherthesubject-matterofthepresentisincludedintheformersuit,thesetwotestsmaybeapplied:1st,Couldthesubject-matterofthepresentsuithavebeenproperlyincludedintheadjudica-tionoftheformersuit,thepleadingsbeingconsidered?32and2d,Wouldtheevidencepertinentinthepresentsuithavebeenadmissibleintheformersuit?Ifthesetwoquestions,andtheyarealternativeformsofthesametest,arean-sweredaffirmatively,thenitconclusivelyfollowsthatthetwocausesofactionarethesame,andtheformeradjudicationisgroundforapleainbarofthepresentsuit.Itisnotrequiredthattheresultsofthetwosuitsshouldbethesame,anymorethanitisrequiredthattheresultsoftwotrialsofthesamesuitatlawshouldbethesame.Whenanewtrialofthesamesuitishadatlaw,thesecondverdictoftendiffersfromthefirst;andsotheevidenceinthesecondtrialoftendiffersfromthatinthefirst.Theseconsiderationsshow,thatthedecisivetestwhetherthetwosuitsareforthesamecauseofaction,doesnotdependonwhethertheevidenceinthesecondsuitwasactuallyintroducedinthefirst,noronwhetherthejudgmentinthefirstsuitactuallyincludedthesubject-matterofthesecondsuit.Therealquestionsare:1st,Couldtheevi-denceinthepresentsuithavebeenlegallyintroducedintheformersuit?2d,Couldtheformerjudgmenthavelegallyincludedthesubject-matterofthepresentsuit?If,therefore,thecapacityandscopeoftheformersuitweresufficienttohavelegitimatelyincludedthesubjectmatterofthepresentsuitinitsadjudication,then,inthesenseoftherule,thetwosuitsareforthesamecauseofaction,whethertheformeradjudication,asamatteroffact,embracestheprecisesubject-matterofthepresentsuit,ornot.33Theestoppelofajudgmentordecreeextendstoallmattersmaterialtothedecisionwhichthepartiesmighthavebroughtforward.34Andofcourse,theteststhatapplytoapleaofformerjudgment,applywithequalforcetoapleaofthependencyofasuitnotyetdetermined.3531Sto.Eq.PL,§791,note.32Lindsleyv.Thompson,1Tenn.Ch.,274.33Lindsley«Thompson,1Tenn.Ch.,274;Knightv.Atkinson,2Tenn.Ch.,388;Nicholson«.p=t*»,cnne.w,,m3Q4Parkpg».Clift.9Lea.524:
Nolanv.Cameron,9Lea,234;Boydv.Robinson,9Pick.,1.34Salev.Eichberg,21Pick.,333.35Moorev.Holt,3Tenn.Ch.,144;ante,§328.

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§330KINDSOFPLEASINBAR. 270Toconstituteagoodpleaofformerjudgment,itmustbeshownbygivingthesubstanceoftheformerbillandanswer,(1)thatthesameissuewasjoinedintheformersuit,asistenderedinthebill;(2)thatthesubject-matterofthesuitwasthesame,and(3)thattheproceedingsintheformersuitwereforthesameobjectandpurpose,38andiftheformersuitwasdecidedinfavorofthedefendant,thepleamustshow,(4)thattheformerjudgmentwasren-deredonthemerits,37and(5)thattheformerjudgmentwasfinal.38Ifthefactssetoutinthepleaoranswermakeoutthedefence,itisnotnecessarytouseanymerelytechnicalphraseology,ortoaverinsomanywords,thatthedefendantreliesonthedefenceofresadjudicata.89§330.PleaoftheStatuteofFrauds.—Wheneveranyagreementrequiredbythestatutetobeinwritingexistsreallyinparol,only,thestatutemaybepleadedtoanybillfiledtoenforcesuchagreement;andsomaythestatutebepleadedtoabillsettingupanessentialverbalvariationofawrittencon-tractwithinthestatute.41Thispleaisapplicabletosuitsbroughtforthespecificexecutionofcontractsforthesaleorleaseoflands,whensuchcon-tractshavenotbeenreducedtowriting,butthatfactdoesnotappearonthefaceofthebill.Ifthefactthatthecontractwasinparolappearonthefaceofthebill,thepropermethodoftakingadvantageofthefactisbydemurrer.42Thepleamustcontainexpressaverments,denyingthatthecontractspecifiedinthebillwasreducedtowritingandsignedbythedefendant,orbyanypersonbyhimthereuntolawfullyauthorized;andmustrelyonthestatuteinbarofthebill.43Ifthisdefenceissetupinananswer,itmustbemadespecifically.Averbalcontractforthesaleoflandisnotvoid,butvoidableonly;and,ifitisad-mittedintheanswer,suchwrittenadmissionwillbeacompliancewiththestatute,andwillauthorizetheCourttoenforcethecontract,unlessthedefend-antinhisanswerexpresslyreliesonandpleadsthestatute,inbarofthereliefprayed.44ThefollowingistheformofaPLEAOPTHESTATUTEOPPBATJDS.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,see,post,§340.]Thedefendant,RichardRoe,forpleatothebillfiledagainsthimintheaboveentitledcause,says,Thatneitherhe,noranypersonbyhim,thereuntolawfullyauthorized,dideversignanycontractoragreementinwriting,oranymemorandumornotethereof,forthesale[leaseormortgage,]tothecomplainantofthetractofland[or,lot]mentionedandde-scribedinthesaidbill.Andthedefendantpleadsandreliesonthesematters,andthestatuteforthepreventionoffraudsandperjuries,inbarofcomplainant'ssuit;andpraystobedismissed.§331.PleaofaStatuteofLimitation.40—Ifthebillshowonitsfacethattherecoverysoughtisbarredbyastatuteoflimitation,47ademurrerwilllie;
30Sto.Eq.PI.,780,a.87Bankheadv.AHoway,1Term.Ch.,207;Huntv.Means,2Sneed,548;Harrisv.Water&LightCo.,6Cates,328.38Sto.Eq.PI.,8791.80Arnoldv.Kyle,8Bax.,322;Code,§§2884;2906.Buttherecordofthesuitatlawmustbeproducedinsupportofthisdefence.Williamsv.Caplinger,6Hum.,257.See,also,Parmeleev.Railroad,13Lea,600.Andenoughoftheformerbillandanswermustbesetforthtoshowthatthesamepointwastheninissue.Sto.Eq.PL,§791;Jourolmonv.Massengill,2Pick.,81.Theestoppelofajudgment,ordecree,extendstoallmatterswhichthepartiesmighthavehaddecided,aswellastothoseactuallydecided.LindsleyV.Thompson,1Tenn.Ch.,272;andthefactthattheformerjudgmentordecreewasirregular,orevenerron-eous,innowayinvalidatesitsforceandeffect.Ibid;Nicholsonv.Patterson,6Hunt.,394.Unlessthejudgmentordecreebeabsolutelyvoid,itisproofagainstcollateralattack.Mereerrorsthatmighthavereversedthe_decreeonappeal,orwritoferror,donotimpairitsvaliditywhenindirectly
orcollaterallyassailed.Kilcreasel:Blythe,6Hum.,378.Nemodebetbisvexari.41Sto.Eq.PI.,761.Vl1Dan.Ch.Pr.,655,note;Treecev.Treece,5Lea,223.43Code,81758;1Dan.Ch.Pr„656;Sto.BlPI.,8763;Brakefieldv.Anderson,4Pick.,206.44Sneedv.Bradley,4Sneed,301,Brakefieldr.Anderson,3Pick.,206;BarnesBros.v.CoalCo.,17Pick.,354;Cityv.ManufacturingCo.,9Pick.,276.Apartperformanceofaparolcontractastolandwillnottakeitoutofthestatute.Pattonv.McClure,Mart.&Yerg.,333;Goodloe«.Goodloe,Nashville,1906.48OurstatuteoffraudsisbasedontheActof1715,ch.38,which,inturn,isbasedonthestatuteof29CharlesII.,ch.3:anno,1676.40OurstatutesoflimitationsarebasedontheActof1715,ch.27,whichinturnisbasedontheActof21JamesI.,ch.16,passedin1623.4TLawsaremadeforthediligentandnotforthenegligent.Ante,849.Statutesoflimitationforcepersonshavingdebtsordemandstobein

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271 KINDSOPPLEASINBAR. §331butifthebillsuppressthefactofthebar,suchfactmustbesetupbyplea,thepleaordinarilyaverring,eitherthatthecauseofactiondidnotaccruewithintheperiodspecifiedintheparticularstatuteoflimitationreliedon;or,insuitstorecoverspecificproperty,thatthedefendanthadbeenincontinuousadversepossessionforthetimerequisitetobartherecoverysought.Thebill,may,however,showthatthecauseofactionarosemorethanthestatutorylimitofyearsbeforesuitwasbrought,andmayavoidthebarbyallegingafraudulentconcealmentof,thecauseofactionbythedefendant;48oranewpromisebyhim,orastatutorydisability,orthenon-residenceofthedefendant.49Insuchacase,apurepleawouldnotlie;'andthedefendantmustfileanimpure,oranomalous,plea,setting.uptj}glimitationreliedon,anddenyingthenewpromise,orthedisability,orthenon-residence,ordenyingthefraud,ordenyingthatthefraud,ifany,wasfirstdiscoveredwithinthelimita-tion.Thepleashould,also,beaccompaniedwithananswerinitssupport,con-tainingalikedenialofthepromise,orothermattercharged,andallthecir-cumstancesthereof.50Astatuteoflimitationwhichbarstheremedyonlymustbepleaded,orspeciallysetupintheanswer,oritcannotbereliedonatthehearing;51butastatutewhichcutsofftherightneednotbepleaded,orreliedonintheanswer,butmaybereliedonatthehearing,asabartothecomplainant'stitle.Statutesoflimitationwhichbartherightarethosewhichgivetitletopersonalproperty,52ortoland,53ifnotsuedforwithintheperiodoflimitation.54Heirs,orotherpersonswhoinheritland,maypleadthestatuteoflimitationstopro-tecttheirlandinanadministrationsuit,iftheadministratorfailtodoso.55Thepleamustbeverified,oritmaybedisregarded;56,buttheverificationmaybewaivedbyfilingareplicationtotheplea,orbytakingproofonit.57ThefollowingistheformofaPLEAOFASTATUTEOFLIMITATION.JohnDoe,|
vs. \ IntheChanceryCourt,atMadisonville.RichardRoe,etal.JThedefendant,RobertRoe,forpleatothebillfiledagainsthimandothers,intheaboveentitledcause,says,Thatthecomplainant'scauseofaction,ifanyhehas,accruedmorethan•dustriousandvigilant.Theinterestsofsocietyrequirethatthereshouldbesomeendtotheright'tolitigate.Thelawallowsallclaimants-areason-abletimeinwhichtobringsuit;andiftheyfailtodosowithinthetimeallowed,and,asaconse-quence,sufferloss,theymustimputethatlosstotheirownnegligenceormisplacedconfidence,andnottothelaw,whichwasmadeforthegeneralgood,andcannotbewarpedtosuittheexigenciesofindividuals.Statutesoflimitationsaremadefor:thegoodofsociety,andforthepeaceandquietofmankind,sothattheymayknowwhentobeatrest,andwhenthetroublesofthreatenedlitigationmaycease.,Smithv.Hickman,Cook,332.Nature,"herself,appointsaseasonforeverything,andifanythingisnotdoneintheseasonappointed,thewheelsoftimearenotreversedforthebenefitofanyone.ThedoorsoftheCourtsopenatthesummonsofthoseonlywhoarediligent.Thestat-uteoflimitations,notonlyinthisState,butgen-erally,isnowlookeduponwithfavor,asastatute-ofrepose.CockeV.Hoffman,5Lea,112;Colesonv.Blanton,3Hayw,152.Timeisdepictedcarryingascytheandanhour-glass.While,withhisscythe,"hecutsdowntheevidencewhichmightprotectapartyagainstunjustdemands,he,atthesametime,withhishour-glass,metesouttheperiodwhenun-justdemandscanbenolongersuedon.Smith'sEq.Jur.,20.See,ante,§70.48Seenote,54,infra.40Sullyv.Childress,22Pick.,109,citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§336.60GrahamV.Nelson,5Hum.,610;Sto.Eq.PL,§754;Bankv.Bank,1Ch.Apps.,474,citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§336.01CarterV.Wolfe,1Heisk.,701;GermanBank
02Code,§2773;McCombsv.Guild,9Lea,87.53Code,§§2763;2767;2281;2786;Caldwellv.McFarland,11Lea,463.54Bomarv.Haglar,7Lea,89.Inthiscase,thereasonofthetextisclearlyshownbyJudgeCooper.CourtsofChanceryareequallyasmuchboundtorespectthestatutesoflimitationsasareCourtsoflaw.Hickmanv.Gaither,2Yerg.,207.AndinallcaseswheretheCourtsoflawandEquityhaveconcurrentjurisdiction,thesestatutesapplywithasmuchvigorinoneCourtasintheother.Peeblesv.Green,6Lea,474.But,aCourtofChancery,havingnosuchformsofactionsasthestatutesoflimitationsspecify,itmust,ofnecessity,loolctotheevidence;andif,uponthatevidence,asuitatlawwouldbebarred,itwillbebarredinEquity.Phippsv.Richmond,1Hum.,21.Inapplyingthestatutesoflimitations,CourtsofEquityhavemadebutoneexceptionbeyondthosecontainedinthestatute,andthatisincaseswherethe-causeofactionhasbeenconcealedbythefraudofthede-fendant.Nicholsonv.Lauderdale,3Hum.,200;Vancev.Motley,8Pick.,310;andwhereabene-ficiarysuesanexpresstrustee,Hughesv.Brown,4Pick.,578.ThestatutesoflimitationsnowcovernearlythewholefieldofEquity,andtheexceptionsrecognizedintheChanceryCourtareveryfew.Bytheactof1885,ch.9,vendors'liensonrealtyretainedinthefaceofthedeed,mortgages,deedsoftrust,andassignmentsofrealtytosecuredebts,arebarredintenyearsafterthematurityofthedebt.56Millerv.Taylor,2Shan.Cas.,464;Actsof1905,ch.73.56GrahamV.Nelson,5Hum.,609.

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§332KINDSOFPI/EASINBAR, 272six[or,ten]yearsbeforesaidbillwasfiled,[andifanewpromiseisalleged,aeW—andthathedidnotpromisetopaythedebtsuedonwithinsixyearsnextbeforethefilingofthebill,][Annexaffidavitandjuratasin§254.]McCroskey&Peace,:Sol's.Indrawingpleasofthestatutesoflimitations,itisasafepracticetofollowthelanguageofthestatuteitselfascloselyaspossible,asbysodoingthestatuteispleadedinitsownwords.Thepleaofthestatuteoflimitationsincaseofsuitsbroughttorecoverlandsmustconformtothestatutereliedon.Thefollowingformwillaidthepleader
:
PLEAOFSEVENYEARS'ADVERSEPOSSESSION.JohnDoe, 1vs. \No.618.> InChancery,atWartburg.RichardRoe,etal. JThedefendants,forpleatothebillfiledagainsttheminthiscause,say,Thatthey,andeachofthem,havehadbythemselves[or,bythemselvesandthosethroughwhomtheyclaim,or,bythosethroughwhomtheyclaim,]continuousadversepossessionofthetractoflandsuedforbycomplainant,formorethansevenyearsbeforethebillinthiscasewasfiled.[Annexanaffidavitandjurat,asin§254,ante.]WilliamA.Henderson,Solicitor.§332.PleaofInnocentPurchaser.—Fromwhathasbeenabovestated,58itisobviousthatwhereaconveyanceisinsisteduponbyplea,asanadversetitle,itmustbeardateataperiodanteriortothecommencementofthecom-plainant'stitleasshownbythebill:therearecases,however,inwhichacon-veyancemaybeinsistedupon,thoughposteriorinpointofdate,tothecom-plainant'stitle.Insuchcases,however,itisnecessarytothevalidityoftheplea,thattheconveyanceshouldhavebeenforavaluableconsideration,andthat,atthetimeitwasperfected,thedefendant,orthepersontowhomitwasmade,shouldnothavehadnoticeofthecomplainant'sright.Apleaofthissortiscalledapleaofpurchase,foravaluableconsideration,withoutnotice
;
anditisfoundedupontheprinciplethatwherethedefendanthasanequalclaimtotheprotectionofaCourtofEquitytodefendhispossession,asthecomplainanthastotheassistanceoftheCourttoasserthisright,theCourtwillnotinterposeoneitherside.59Suchapleamustcontainthefollowingessentials
:
1.itMustAveraConveyance.Itmustshowthatthedefendantholdsthelandindisputeunderadeedofpurchase,givingitsdate,andnameofvendor.60Anagreementtoconvey,oratitlebond,isnotsufficient.612.Seizin,ActualorPretended,intheVendor.Itmustaverthatthevendorwasseized,orpretendedtobeseized,infee,atthetimeheexecutedthecon-veyance.62Iftheconveyancepleadedbeofanestateinpossession,thepleamustaverthatthevendorwasinpossession,atthetimeoftheexecutionoftheconveyance.And,ifitbeofaparticularestate,andnotinpossession,itmustsetouthowthevendorbecameentitledtothereversion.But,althoughabillbebroughtbyanheir,thepleaneednot,onthataccount,averthepur-chasetobefromthecomplainant'sancestor.633.PaymentoftheConsiderationMoney.Thepleamust,also,distinctlyaverthattheconsiderationmoney,mentionedinthedeed,wasbonafideandtrulypaid,independentlyoftherecitalofthepurchasedeed;for,ifthemoneybenotpaid,thepleawillbeoverruled,04asthepurchaserisentitledtoreliefagainstthepaymentofit.Theparticularconsiderationmustalsobestated.05Therecanbenoobjectiontotheamountoftheconsideration;for,ifitbevaluable,thepleawillnotbeinvalidatedbymereinadequacy.Thequestionis,
58Seeantef327.See,also,ante,§75,wheretheequitiesofaninnocentpurchaserareconsidered.noi,_/an.Ch.Pr.,674;Sto.Eq.PI.,§§805-808.SeeInnocentPurchaser,ante,875.Thepleaofinnocentpurchaserisnodefencetoanejectmenthill.1Pom.Ec[.Jur.,§8743;765.Thepleaofinnocentpurchaseriscalledthe"Gibraltarofdefences."001Dan.Ch.Pr.,676.01Smitheal».Gray,1Hum.,496;PillowV.Shan-non,3Ycrg.,508.
02Craigv.Leiper,2Ycrg.,193.Thisisalead-ingcase.See,also,Saylorsv.Saviors,3Heisk.,529;Whitev.N.&N.R.R.Co.,7Heist.,550.031Dan.Ch.Pr.,677;Sto.Eq.PL,8805.04Livingstonv.Noe,1Lea,66. ,«-,Highv.ISatte,10Yerg.,337;Ellisv.Temple,4Cold.,321.Whethertheparticularconsiderationpaidshouldbeallegedseemstobedoubted.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,677.

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273 PLEASINBAR. §332notwhethertheconsiderationisadequate,butwhetheritisvaluable.For,ifitbesuchaconsiderationaswillnotbedeemedfraudulentwithinthestatute,orisnotmerelynominal,itoughtnottobeimpeachedinEquity.11"Buttheconsiderationmusthavebeenadvancedatthetimethetitleistaken;foraconveyance,inconsiderationofapre-existingdebt,willnotprotectthepur-chaser.074.DenialofNoticeofComplainant'sClaim.Thepleamust,also,denynoticeofthecomplainant'stitle,orclaim,previoustotheexecutionofthedeedandpaymentofthepurchasemoney;fortillthen,thetransactionisnotcom-plete;andtherefore,ifthepurchaserhavenoticeprevioustothattime,hewillbeboundbyit.Thenoticesodeniedmustbenoticeoftheexistenceofthecomplainant'stitle,andnotmerelynoticeoftheexistenceofapersonwhocouldclaimunderthattitle.08Butadenialofnotice,atthetimeofmakingthepurchaseandpayingthepurchasemoney,isgood.Thenoticemustbepositivelyandnotevasivelydenied,andmustbedeniedwhetheritbe,orbenot,chargedbythebill.09Ifparticularinstancesofnotice,orcircumstancesoffraudarecharged,thefactsfromwhichtheyareinferredmustbedeniedasspeciallyandparticularlyascharged.Butthedefendantneedonlybyhispleadenynoticegenerally,unlesswherefactsarespeciallychargedinthebillasevidenceofnotice.Iftherearecircumstanceschargedtoshowthatthedefendanthadnotice,thepleamustbesupportedbyananswerdenyingnotice,anddenyingtheparticularfactsallegedinthebilltoshownotice.Butthedenialofnoticeintheanswer,doesnotexemptthedefendantfromthenecessityofdenyingnoticeinhisplea.70If,however,adefendantomittodenynoticeeitherinhisplea,orinhisanswer,andthecomplainantfailstoobjectinthepropertimeandmanner,hewillbedeemedtohavewaivedthequestionofnotice;and,evenifnoticebeproved,itwillavailhimnothingatthehearing.71Apersonaffectedbynoticehasthebenefitofthewantofnoticetointerme-diateparties,andmayshelterhimselfunderapurchaserwithoutnotice.Butnoticetoanagentisnoticetotheprincipal.72Thedefenceofinnocentpurchasercannotbemadeatthehearing,unlesssetupbyplea,oranswer;73andwhensetupinananswermustcontainthesameessentialaverments,andbeotherwiseasfullandexplicit,asthoughsetupinaplea.74Indeed,insuchacase,ananswerisbothapleaandananswerinsupportofit.
Finneganv,Finnegan,"3
Yerg.,296;Sto.Eq.PI.,
001Dan.Ch.Pr.,677.07Cookn.Cook,3Head,719;Andersonv.Tay-lor,1Tenn.Ch.,44J."Tenn.Ch.,515.08Pinsonv.Ivey,1§806.ooAikenv.Smith,1Sneed,312;Sto.Eq.PI.,§662;Pillowi'.Shannon,3Yerg,509.701Dan.Ch.Pr.,§678.Storysaysthatitisnottheofficeofapleatodenyparticularfactsofnotice,evenifsuchparticularfactsarecharged.Sto.Eq.pi.,§806;andsuchwouldseemthebetterpractice.Itistheofficeoftheanswersupportingthepleatodenytheparticularfacts;and,itisbelievedthatageneraldenialofnoticeinapleawillbesufficient,evenwhenthebillchargespar-ticularfactsandcircumstancestoshownotice.Butinthelattercase,thepleamustbesupportedbyananswerdenyingsuchparticularfactsandcircum-stances.7t1Dan.Ch.Pr.,679;695;Harrisv.Smith,14Pick.,286;StainbackV.Junk,14Pick.,306,bothcitingabovesectionofthisbook,then,§337.721Dan.Ch.Pr.,675;Sto.Eq.PL,§808.78Itcannotbemadebydemurrer.Dunhamv.Harvey,oCates,620.74Rhea«.Allison,3Head,177.Pomeroygivesthenecessaryallegationsofaplea,oranswer,set-ting'upthedefenceofinnocentpurchaser,asfol-lows:
Theallegationsoftheplea,oroftheanswer,sofarasitrelatestothisdefence,mustincludeallthoseparticularswhicharenecessarytoconstituteabonafidepurchase.Itshouldspecifytheconsid-eration,whichmustappearfromtheavermenttobe"valuable,"withinthemeaningoftherulesuponthatsubject,andshouldshowthatithasactuallybeenpaidandnotmerelysecured.Itshouldalsodenynotice_inthefullestandclearestmanner,andthisdenialisnecessarywhethernoticeischargedinthecomplaintornot.Thedenialmustcorrespondwiththesettledrulesuponthesubjectofnotice,soastobringthecasewithintheoperationofthoserules.Thedefendantmustallegethatthegrantorfromwhomheimmediatelytookhistitle,wasseized,orappearedtobeseized,orpretendedtobeseized,ofalegalestateatthetimeoftheconvey-ance,andalsothatsuchgrantorwasinpossession,iftheconveyancepurportedtobeofapresentes-tateinpossession.Consequently,thedefendantmustallegethatbytheconveyanceinquestionheeitheractuallyobtainedalegalfreeholdestate,orelseobtainedwhatpurportedandappearedtobe'suchanestate,andwhatheatthetimepurchasedas,andsupposedandbelievedtobe,suchafree-holdlefjalestate—thatheacquiredalegalseizinfromhisimmediategrantor.2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§785.SeeDunhamv.Harvey,3Cates,620.

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§333 PLEASINBAR. 274Thefollowingisashortbutsufficientformofapleaofinnocentpurchaser
:
PLEAOPINNOCENTPUBCHASEPv.JohnDoe,vs. [No.793.> InChancery,atKnoxville.RichardRoe,etat. JThisdefendant,RomeoRoe,forpleatothebillfiledagainsthimandothers,inthiscause,says
:
Thatonthe8thdayofMay,1890,hisco-defendant,RichardRoe,wasseized,orpretendedtobeseized,infee,ofthelotdescribedinthebill,andwasinactualpossessionthereof,andthisdefendantonsaiddaypurchasedfromsaidRichardRoesaidlot,fortheconsiderationofonethousanddollars,whichwasthenandtheretrulyandactuallypaidtosaidRichardRoe,andthisdefendantthenandtheretookfromsaidRichardRoe,inpursuanceofsaidpurchase,adeedconveyingtothisdefendantsaidlotinfee,withfullcovenantsofseizin,righttoconvey,andgeneralwarrantyoftitle,whichdeedwasonsaiddaydulyacknowledged,probated,andregistered.Andthisdefendantaversthat,atandbeforethetakingofsaiddeed,andthepaymentofsaidmoney,hehadnonoticewhateverofthetitleandclaimthecomplainantsetsuptosaidlotinhisbill,andhadnoreasontobelieveorsuspectthathehadanysuchtitleorclaim,oranyclaimortitlewhatsoever,butheverilybelievedthatsaidRichardRoethenhadthelegalandequitablerighttosellandconveysaidlot;andthatinallhedidinmakingsaidpurchaseandinpayingsaidconsidera-tionmoney,thisdefendantactedingoodfaith,withoutanynoticewhateverofcomplainant'sallegedrights,andwithoutanyintentioninanywaytoinjureordefraudthecomplainant.Andsothisdefendantinsistsandpleadsthatheisabonafidepurchaserofsaidlot,foragoodandvaluableconsideration,andwithoutnoticeofthetitleandclaimsetupbythecom-plainanttosaidlot;andhe,therefore,praystobedismissed.[Annexaffidavitandjurat,asin§340,post.)W.P.Washburn,Solicitor.Ifthebillchargescircumstancesshowingnotice,orchargesfraud,thepleamustbesupportedbyananswerdenyingthecircumstances,orthefraud.75Thisanswermayfollowtheplea,thus
:
ANSWERSUPPORTINGAPLEA.™Andthisdefendant,notwaivinghissaidplea,butrelyingthereon,andforbettersupport-ingthesame,foranswertosaidbill,says:[thenproceedwithudenialoftheparticularfactsorcircumstancesallegedinthebillasevidenceofnotice;orwithadenialofthefraudalleged;andconcludetheanswerintheusualivay.]§333.PleasofStated,andofSettledAccounts.—Whenabillisfiledforthepurposeofcompellingthedefendanttoaccount,iftherehasalreadybeenastatedaccount,oriftherehasbeenasettledaccount,hemaysetupthisdefencebypleainbar.Anaccountisstatedwhenthemattersofchargeanddischargeonbothsideshavebeenexamined,abalancestruck,andsuchbalanceadmittedtobecorrect.Whensuchbalanceispaid,theaccountiscalledasettledaccount.77Tosustainapleaofstatedaccount,theaccountmustbeshowntobe(1)in.writing,(2)thatabalancewasstruck,(3)whatthatbalancewas,(4)thatthebalancewasagreedonascorrect,and,(5)thatthesettlementresultinginsuchbalancewasfinal.78Itisnotnecessarytoaverorprovethattheac-countwassettleduponaminuteinvestigationofitems,ageneralagreementorcompositionbeingsufficient;norwillthefactthaterrorswereexceptedbeasufficientgroundforopeninganaccount,unlessspecificerrorsarepointedoutinthebill.79Itisnotessentialtothevalidityofastatedaccountasabar,thatitshouldbesignedbytheparties;itwillbesufficientifithasbeendeliv-eredandacquiescedinforaconsiderablelengthoftime.Thepleamust,how-ever,averthatthestatedaccountisjustandtrue,tothebestofthedefendant'sknowledgeandbelief.80Wherefraudischarged,andthedefendantpleadstheaccountinbar,hemustinhissupportinganswerdenytheallegationschargingfraud.81SettlementswiththeCountyCourt,madebyexecutors,administrators,andguardians,whenthebeneficiariesareinfants,areonlyprimafaciecorrect,and
T7,See,post,§§345-349.~orfull77Sto.Eq.PI.,§798.See,past,§952.781Dan.Ch.Pr.,665;Sto.Eq.PI.§"98.
7ii1Dan.Ch.Pr.,666;Sto.Eq.PL,8800.so1Dan.Ch.Pr.,666.81Sto.Eq.PL,§802;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,667.

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275 PLEASINBAR. §334maybeopenedwithoutsurchargingandfalsifyingthem;theywill,however,beprimafacieevidenceinthetakingofthegeneralaccount.82Butwherethebeneficiariesareofage,andhavenoticeofthesettlement,andtherightofcontestandappeal,suchsettlementshavealltheforceandeffectofastatedaccount.83Astatedaccountwillnotbeopened,unlessthecomplainantchargesandclearlyproveseitherfraudonthedefendant,orspecificerrorcausedbymis-take.Where,however,therelationofattorneyandclient,principalandagent,guardianandward,ortrusteeandbeneficiary,exists,theCourtwillopenastatedaccountonmuchlessproofthanwhenthereisnosuchconfidentialrela-tion;andwilldosoinsuchcasesevenwhereonlygeneralerrorsarepointedout,iffraudorundueinfluencebeshown.84Butwherethereisnofraud,andwhereerrorsormistakesonlyareshowntoexistintheaccount,theaccountwillnotbeopened,butthecomplainantwillbepermittedmerelytosurchargeandfalsifyit.Thisisanimportantdistinction,because,whereanaccountisopened,thewholeofitmaybeunraveled,andthepartieswillnotbeboundbydeductionsagreeduponbetweenthem,ontakingtheformeraccount.Theonusprobandiisalwaysonthepartyhavingthelibertytosurchargeandfalsify;fortheCourttakesitasastatedaccount.Ifthepartycanshowomissionforwhichthereoughttobecredit,itwillbeadded,(whichisasurcharge),orofanywrongchargeisinserted,itwillbededucted,(whichisafalsification).This,however,mustbedonebyproofonhisside.Althoughapartyseekingtoopenasettledaccount,mustspecifytheerrorsheinsistsupon,yetitisnotnecessarythatheshould,atthehearing,provealltheerrorsspecifiedinhisbill.Ifheprovessomeofthem,heentitleshimselftoadecreegivinghimlibertytosurchargeandfalsify.Wherepartiesareatlibertytosurchargeandfalsify,theyarenotconfinedtomereerrorsoffact,butmaytakeadvantageoferrorsoflaw;andwhereonepartyisal-lowedtosurchargeandfalsify,theotherisallowedthesameprivilege.85PLEAOFSTATED,ORSETTLEDACCOUNT.JohnDoe,1vs. J- InChancery,atKnoxville.RichardRoe,ctal.JThedefendant,RichardRoe,forpleatosomuchofthebillasseeksanaccount,saysthatonoraboutthe10thdayofApril,1893,[givingthedateofthesettlement,}thecomplainantanddefendantmadeandstatedafullandfinalaccountinwritingofallthemattersandthingsreferredtointhebill,whichaccountwastrueandjusttothebestofhisknowledgeandbelief,andresultedinabalanceof$200,[staletheamount,]duethedefendant,[or,thecomplainant.][Iftheaccountwassettledthenadd,]Andthatthecomplainantapprovedsaidaccountandpaid[orreceived]thesaidbalanceduefrom[orto]himonsaidaccount,onoraboutthe15thdayofApril,1893[givingthedateofthepayment.Ifthedefendantre-ceivedthebalanceandgaveareceiptthereon,thenadd,]Andthereuponthecomplainantgavethedefendantareceiptforthesameasfollows:[herecopyitinfull].[Ifvouchersweredeliveredupordestroyed,thenadd:]thereupondefendantsurrendered[or.withcom-plainant'sconsent,destroyed]allhisvouchersrelatingtosaidsettlement.[Ifthebillchargesfraudinavoidanceoftheaccount,add:]andthedefendantdenieseachandeveryallegationoffraudcontainedinthebill.80Thereforethedefendantpleadssaidstated[orsettled]accountinbarofthecomplainant'sbill,andpraystobehencedismissed.[Annexaffidavitofthetruthoftheplea.Secpost,§340.]A.B.,Solicitor.Iffraudischargedinthebillasagroundforopeningtheaccount,thennotonlymustthepleadenythefraud,butitmustbeaccompaniedbyananswerdenyingthefraud.87§334.OtherPleasinBar.—Therearevariousotherpleasinbar,amongwhichthefollowingarethemostusual
:
l.'PleaofanAward.Wheneverthematterssetupinabillastheground82Turneyv.Williams,7Yerg.,213;Elrodv.Lan-851Dan.Ch.Pr.,668.Forpracticeinsuitsforcaster,2Head,571;Code,§§2305;3786.anaccounting,see,post,§§953-958.S3Turneyv.Williams,7Yerg.,212;See,also,soSto.Eq.PI.,§802.MatlockV.Rice,6Heisk.,39. 87Foraformofasupportinganswer,see,post,841Dan.Ch.Pr.,667;Sto.Eq.PL,800. §348.

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§334 PL3ASINBAR. 276ofrelief,havebeenincludedinanaward,suchawardmaybepleadedtothebill.88Ifthebillbefiledtosetasideanaward,theawardmaybepleadedinbartothebill,inwhichcasethefraud,ormisconductallegedinthebillmustbedeniedbywayofavermentintheplea,andthepleamustbesupportedbyananswerdenyingallthechargeswhichassailtheaward.Anagreementtoreferthemattersindisputetoarbitratorscannot,however,bepleaded.892.PleaofaRelease,Payment,orAccordandSatisfaction.Ifthecomplain-anthasreleasedhisclaim,orifhehasbeenpaid,oriftherehasbeenanaccordandsatisfaction,thesemattersmaybepleadedinbarofabillseekingarcoveryonthesameclaim,orcauseofaction.Insuchacase,theconsiderationuponwhichthereleasewasmade,ortheamountpaid,orthetermsoftheaccordandsatisfaction,shouldbespecifiedintheplea;andifthebillseekstoavoidtherelease,payment,orsatisfaction,becauseoffraud,duress,accident,ormis-take,thesegroundsmustallbegenerallydeniedbytheplea,andmustbespeciallydeniedbyananswerinsupportoftheplea.903.PleaofPrematurityoftheSuit.Ifthebillshouldbefiledbeforesomenecessarypreliminaryacthasbeendone,orbeforethedebtsuedonwasdue,orbeforetherighttomakedemandhadvested,orbeforeanexecutorhadpro-batedthewill,inanysuchcasethedefendantmaypleadtheprematurityonthesuitinbarofthebill.914.PleaofNonestFactum.Thispleaisinterposedwhenthesuitisbasedonsomeobligationpurportingandallegedtobeexecutedbythedefendant,andhewishestodenythatheexecutedit.PLEAOPNONESTFACTUM,to'i
[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,seepost,§340.]Thatthenote,[bond,orotherinstrumentsuedoninthebill,]uponwhichthecomplain-ant'sbillisfounded,wasnotexecutedbyhim,orbyanyoneauthorizedtobindhiminthepremises.Thepleamustbeverified.Seeante,§254.5.PleathatComplainantisConnectedwithaTrust.Whenthecomplainant,oranyotherpersonorcorporationinterestedintheprosecutionofthesuit,isconnectedwith,orthecauseofactiongrowsoutof,somebusinesswithatrust,thatfactmaybepleadedinbarofthesuit.93PLEATHATCOMPLAINANTISCONNECTEDWITHATRUST.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,seepost,§340.]Thedefendantforpleatothebillfiledagainsthiminthiscause,saysthatthecomplainant[orWilliamBrown,oneofthecomplainants,]isamemberof,orconnectedwith,andthecauseofactiongrowsoutofbusiness,oratransactionwith,atrust[pool,contract,arrange-ment,orcombination]madewithaview,orwhichtend,topreventfullandfreecompetitionin[HereinsertsomeoneormoreofthethingsdeclaredillegalbytheActof1891,ch.218,sec.1,suchas]themanufactureandsaleoftobaccointhisState.6.PleaofTender.When,beforethebillwasfiled,thedefendanttenderedtothecomplainantallthecomplainantwasentitledto,suchtendercanbepleadedinbartothebill.PLEAOFTENDEROFMONEY.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,seepost,§340.]Thedefendantforpleasaysthataftercomplainant's-causeofactionaccrued,andbeforethebillinthiscasewasfiled,hetenderedtocomplainantthesumofdollars[statingtheamount],whichwasthefullamountduecomplainantonthenote,[contract,account,orothercauseofaction,]suedonbyhiminhissaidbill,butthecomplainantrefusedtoreceivethesame.Thedefendanthasalwaysbeen,andstillis,readyandwillingtopaysaidsumtothecomplainant,andhenowbringsitintoCourtalongwiththis,hisplea,anddepositsitwiththeClerkandMaster,andtendersittothecomplainant.7.PleaofanEstoppel.A.11mattersreliedonasanestoppelmustbespeci-
88Wittv.Ellis,2Cold.,38. I 91See,ante,§248.80Sto.Eq.PI.,§§803-804. \ 02Furnishv.Burge,17Pick.,538.soSto.Eq.PL,§§796-797. I 03Actsof1891,ch.218,§5.

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277 PLEASINBAR. §335ficallypleaded,whetherdeeds,judgments,decrees,records,agreements,con-ductorwords.8.OtherPleasinBarEverymatterofdefence,outsideofthedenialofthechargesinthebill,mustbespeciallysetup,suchas,besidespleasalreadystated,(1)non-performanceofconditionprecedent,(2)set-off,(3)recoup-ment,(4)novation,(5)alterationofcontract,(6)rescissionofcontract,(5)fraud,(6)failureofconsideration,(7)consideration,illegalorimmoral,(8)infancyorcovertureofdefendantwhencontractwasmade,orobligationincurred,(9)duressand(10)drunkenness.Apleaorset-offmustbesodefiniteandspecificthatanissueoffactmaybemadethereon.94
ARTICLEIII.FRAMEANDFORMOFPLEASINBAR.335.GeneralRequisitesofaPleainBar.336.RequisitesofanAffirmativePlea.337.RequisitesofaNegativePlea.
§338.RequisitesofanAnomalousPlea.§339.FrameofaPleainBar.§340.FormsofPleasinBar.§335.GeneralRequisitesofaPleainBar.—Thetrueendofapleainbaris,tosavetotheparties+theexpenseanddelayofanexaminationofthewit-nessesonallthematterssetupinthebill.Thisbeingso,itismanifestthatifthepleashouldmakesuchanissueaswouldresultinalltheexpenseanddelayconsequentuponananswer,nobenefitwouldaccruefromfilingaplearatherthanananswer.1Hencetherulethatapleamustbeeitheranallegation,oradenial,ofsome,controllingfact,orofsomematters,which,takencollectively,makeoutsomegeneralfact,whichisacompletedefence.2Apleamustreducethequestionsoffactinissuetoasinglepoint;andthispoint,ifdecidedinfavorofthedefendant,mustendthebill,oratleastsomuchofthebillasispleadedunto.Butwhileapleamustreducetheissuesoffacttoasinglepoint,itmayneverthelesssetupavarietyofcircumstances,ifthesecircumstancesalltendtoasinglepoint,and,whenalltakentogether,constitutebutonegeneralfact.3Astheofficeofapleaistosaveexpenseanddelay,bynarrowingtheissuesoffactdowntoasinglepoint,theCourt,ordinarily,disallowsdoublepleas
;
for,ifmorethanoneissueoffactistobemade,thedefendantmayaswellansweratonce.4Nevertheless,twopleasaresometimesallowedwhentheypresentissuesinanarrowcompass;thus,apleathatacomplainantisnotanheir,asassertedinhisbill,andapleaofthestatuteoflimitations,havebeenallowedtobepleadedtogether.5TwoormorepleasinChancerycanonlybefiled,however,byleaveoftheCourt;6andsuchleavewillonlybegranteiiwhen,thereby,theissuesaregreatlynarrowed,andthecostsmuchlessened,
94State,exrel,v.Alexander,7Cates,156.1Bensonv.Jones,1Tenn.Ch.,498.2Sto.Eq.PI.,§652.3Sto.Eq.PL,§§652;654.4BensonV.Jones,1Tenn.Ch.,498.5Sto.Eq.PL,§657.Thereasonwhyadefend-antisnot,generally,allowedtopleadmorethanonepleainEquity,whilehecanpleadseveralatlaw,_is,thatthedefendantatlawhasnoopportunityoffilingananswertoallthevariousmatterssetupinthedeclaration.ThereasonapleaisallowedinEquity,
lessentheexpense,todeterminethesuituponasjnglepoint.Whereas,ifmorethanonepleashouldbeallowed,then,theremaybeasmanypleasastherearematterstobeputinissue;and,thus,pleaswouldtendtolengthenthelitigation,andincreasetheexpense.Asananswerisonlyaconnectedse-riesofpleas,ifmorethanonepleaisnecessary,thedefendantshouldalmostinvariablyberequiredtoanswer.Bensonv.Jones,1Tenn.Ch.,498;Sto.Eq.PL,§657,note;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,608.eBensonv.Jpnes^1Tenn.Ch.,498;1Dan.Ch.

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§336 PI^ASINBAR. 278vhencomparedwithadefencebyanswer.Whentwoormorepleasarefiledtheymustnotbeinconsistent.Ithasbeenalreadystatedthatademurrercannotbegoodinpart,andbadinpart;althoughonecauseofdemurrerassignedmaybegood,andtheothersnot.Butthesameprincipledoesnotapplytoaplea;forapleamaybebadinpart,andnotinthewhole.Thus,forexample,ifapleacoverstoomuchtheCourtwillallowittostandasadefencetothepartitproperlycovers*andwillrequirethepartnotcoveredtobeansweredunto.Aplea,likeademurrer,maybeeithertothewholebill,ortoapartonlyofthebill.Ifitdoesnotgotothewholebill,itshoulddefinitelyandexactlyexpresstowhatpartitdoesextend."Wheneveranaffirmativepleaistothowholeofthebill,butdoesnotextendto,orcoverthewhole,thepleaisbad;sbutinsuchacasetheCourtmayallowittostandforananswer,withleavetothecomplainanttoexcepttoitssufficiency.§336.RequisitesofanAffirmativePlea.—Anaffirmativeplea,inadditiontothecharacteristicsandrequisitesstatedintheprecedingsection,mustalsopossessthefollowing
:
1.Itmustbefoundedonsomenewmatter,thatis,onmatternotapparentonthefaceofthebill;or,asthetechnicalphraseis,itmustbefoundedonsomematterdehorsthebill.92.Itmustnotonlyreducethecasetoasinglepoint,butitmustbesuchapointasisissuable;andalso,suchas,ifdecidedinfavoroftheplea,willresultinthedismissal,orbarofthebill.103.Itmustbedirectandpositive,andnotstatemattersbywayofargument,orinference.Where,however,thedefendantisexecutor,administrator,orheir,andthefactsarenotinhispersonalknowledge,hemaysweartotheplea,accordingtohisbestknowledgeandbelief.114.Itmustclearlyanddistinctlyaverallthefactsnecessarytorenderthepleaacompletedefencetosomuchofthecasemadebythebillasthepleaisintendedtocover,sothatthecomplainantmay,ifhechooses,takeissueuponit.Avermentsarealsonecessarytoexcludeintendments,whichwouldother-wisebemadeagainstthepleader.12§337.RequisitesofaNegativePlea.—TheofficeofanegativepleaisnottobringforwardsomenewmattertodisplacetheEquityofthebill,buttodenysomesinglematerialfactallegedinthebill,andthusendthesuit.Toillus-trate:ifthebillbebyapartyclaimingtobeanheir,personalrepresentative,partner,ortenantincommon,itismanifestthatifhedoesnotpossessthischaracterhecannotmaintainhissuit,andtheofficeofanegativepleaistoputinissuethischaracterinwhichthecomplainantsues,byemphaticallyandbrieflydenyingthathepossessessuchcharacter,thusreducingthecontesttoasinglenarrowissue.13Andso,thedefendantmay,byanegativeplea,denythecharacterofheir,administrator,guardian,partner,orhusband,attributedtohimbythebill,iftheresultofthesuithingesonhispossessingthatchar-acter.Anegativepleaisnot,however,byanymeans,confinedtoadenialofthecharacterinwhichacomplainantsues,orthedefendantissued,butsuchapleaisproperwheneveranyallegedfact,essentialtothereliefsought,isfalse,andcanbesonegativedastopresentasinglenarrowissueoffact,decisiveoithesuit.Anegativepleamaynotonlybefiledtoputinissuesomesinglefactonwhichthecomplainant'srighttoreliefdepends,butmay,also,beusedtodenyanysinglefactonwhichthebillreststheallegedliabilityofthede-fendant.7Sto.Eq.PL,§692.8Sto.Eq.PI.,§693.<iT-n«"i„Tones,1Term.,Ch.,498;Sto.Eq.PL,§647;651;660.
ioSto.Eq.PI.,§661.nSto.Eq.PL,§662;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,684.12Sto.Eq.PL,§665. ,„c,.131Dan.Ch.Pr.,604;Sto.Eq-PL,§§660!668'

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279 PI^ASINBAR. §338Anegativepleaisoftenrequiredtobesupportedbyananswer,especiallywhentheEquityofthebillisbasedonchargesoffraud,orofnotice.§338.RequisiteofanAnomajpusPlea.—Ananomalousplea,asalreadyshown,isonewhichreassertssomemattersstatedinthebill,andwhichthebillseekstoimpeach,anddeniestheallegedmattersofimpeachment.Thus,whereabillisfiledtoimpeachadecreeonthegroundoffraudusedinobtain-ingit,thedefendantmaypleadthedecreeinbarofthesuit,aidinghispleabyavermentsnegativingthechargesoffraudallegedinthebill.Ofthesamenaturearepleas,settinguptheawarditself,toabillfiledforthepurposeofimpeachingitonthegroundofpartialityorfraudinthearbitrators;andpleassettingupstatedaccountsandreleaseswherebillshavebeenfiledforthepurposeofsettingthemaside.14Suchpleassimplyrelyonthedecree,award,account,orrelease,anddenythemattersofavoidanceallegedinthebill;inotherwords,ananomalouspleareliesonthatwhichthebillseekstoavoid,andseekstoavoidthatonwhichthebillrelies.Anomalouspleasmustbesupportedbyananswer,denyingallthefactsandcircumstanceschargedasmattersoffraudinthebill.15§339.FrameofaPlea.—Formerlypleas,likedemurrers,wereprefacedbyaprotestationagainstanyadmissionofthefactsstatedinthebill;butthisalwaysunnecessaryprecautionisnowobsolete;andthedefendantnow,aftergivingthestyleofthecauseandoftheCourt,proceedsatoncetostatetheextenttowhichhispleagoes;aswhetheritistothewholebill,ortopartonlyofthebill;andinthelattercase,towhatpartitisintendedtoapply:thenfollowsthesubstanceoftheplea,ormatterreliedupon,asanobjectiontothejurisdictionoftheCourt,16ortothepersonofthecomplainant,orofthedefendant,orinthebarofthesuit,togetherwithsuchavermentsasarerequisiteandnecessarytoeupportit.TheconclusionofthepleaisaprayeiiorthejudgmentoftheCourt,whetherthedefendantoughttobecompelledtomakeanyfurtheranswertothebill,ortothepartofittowhichthepleaisoffered;17orthepleamayconcludewithasimpleprayertobedismissedgenerally,ortobedismissedastosomuchofthebillasthepleacovers.Pleasinbarsettingupanydefence,notamatterofrecord,mustbeswornto;18butpleasofanymatterofrecordintheCourtitself,neednotbeuponoath.19Pleasmustalsobesignedbycounsel.20Theverificationofapleainbehalfofafirm,byonememberofthefirm,issufficient.Apleamaybeveri-fiedbytheSolicitor,ifheshowinhisaffidavitthatheisacquaintedwiththefactssetout'intheplea.21Apleamaybesworntobeforeanypersonauthor-izedtoswearadefendanttohisanswer.22§340.FormsofPleasinBar.—Pleas,likeallotherpleadingsinChancery,wereformerlylongandcomplicated;buttheCodesweepsawayallprolixity,anddiscountenancesallunnecessaryandfalseallegationsinpleadings;23andpleasinChanceryshouldnowconformtothetersemodelssetforthintheCode,forCourtsofLaw.24Thefollowingisaproper
141Dan.Ch.Pr.,605-606.15Sto.Eq.PI.,§651;670;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,614-620.16Whatissaidinthissectionastotheframeofpleasappliesbothtopleasinabatement;andpleasinbar.17Sto.Eq.PI.,§694.18GrahamV.Nelson,5Hum.,605.is1Dan.Ch.Pr.,686;Sto.Eq.PL,§696.Itisthesaferpracticetoverifyallpleasthatrequiretr
aCourtotherthanthatwhereinthepleaisfiled.Thewaivingofananswerunderoathdoesnptwaivethedefendant'soathtohisplea.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,686,note.201Dan.Ch.Pr.,685.Or,pleasmaybesignedbythedefendantinperson.Code,§3979.21CheathamV.Pearce,5Pick.,668.22Apleaisaspecialanswer.SeeCheathamv.Pearce,5Pick.,668.23Code,§4316;ante,§339.

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§340
JohnDoe,Tvs.VRichardRoc.J
PLEASINBAR.FORMOFANAFFIRMATIVEPLEAINBAB.[TheTitle,orStyleoftheCause.]InChanceryCourtatJacksborp.
280
[Commencement.]Thedefendantforpleatothebillinthiscausesays
:
[TheMatteroftheFlea.]Thatthedebtspecifiedinthebillasthegroundofsuitwasfullypaidandsatisfiedbyhimbeforethebillwasfiled.[TheConclusion.]He,therefore,praystobehencedismissedwithhiscosts.W.R.Peters,Solicitor.[TheVerification.]StateofTennessee,1CountyofCampbell,fThedefendant,RichardRoe,makesoath25thathisforegoingpleaistrue.[TheJurat.] RichardRoe.Sworntoandsubscribedbeforeme,June1,1890.JohnJ.Graham,C.M.FORMOFANEGATIVEPLEAINBAR.JohnDoe,vs. IntheChanceryCourt,atJacksboro.RichardRoe,Adm'r,&c._
Thedefendant,RichardRoe,whoissuedinsaidcauseasadministratorofRobertRoe,deceased,forpleatothebill,says,thatheisnot,andneverhasbeen,administratoroftheestateofsaidRobertRoe,deceased,assaidbillalleges.Wherefore,hepraystobedismissedwithhiscosts. RichardRoe.[Affidavitandjurat,asabove]Thereisnodifferenceinformbetweenapleainbarandapleainabatement,andthefactwhetherapleaisinbar,orinabatement,isascertainedbythesubject-matter,20andnotbytheform.Ifapleainbaristoonlyapartofthebill,itmustsoshowonitsface;andmustbeexpresslylimitedtosuchpart,oritwillbedisallowedonargument,becauseinsufficienttobarthewholebill.Ifthebillshouldseektoenforceotherequitiesbesides,forinstance,aparolsaleofland,thepleaofthestatuteoffraudsshouldbelimitedasfollows:FORMOFAPLEATOPARTOFABILL.27JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,clal.Thedefendant,RichardRoe,forpleatosomuchofthebillasseekstoenforceanallegedcontractforthesaleoflandthereindescribed,says:Thatneitherhe,noranyotherpersonbyhimthereuntolawfullyauthorized,eversignedanycontractoragreement,oranymemorandumornotethereof,inwriting,forthesaleofsaidland,orofanypartthereof,orofanyinteresttherein,tothecomplainant.Wherefore,hepraystobehencedismissedastosomuchofsaidbillasseekstoenforcesaidcontractofsale. C.J.Sawyers,Solicitor.
Butwhereapartofabillispleadedto,theremainderofthebillmustbeanswered;andinanswering,caremustbeobservedtolimittheanswertoso
20J'leasthatrequiretobesustainedbyevidence,notofrecord,mustbeBwornto.Ante,§339.inCode,82908.27Theoldformofthetitleandcommencementofpicasisasfollows:ThepleaofRichardRoetothecomplaintfiletagainsthimintheChanceryCourtatJacksboro,byJohnDoe.Thisdefendant,byprotestation,notconfessinganyofthemattersinsaidbilltobetrue,forpicatosaidbill\or,forpicatosomuchofsaidbillas
prays,&c]says:[Statingthegroundoftlicflea.] .Andtheoldformoftheconclusionofapleaisasfollows:Thereforethisdefendantdothpleadsaidmattertos:iidbill,andpraysthejudgmentoftheCourtwhetherheshouldbecompelledtomakeanyfurtheranswertothesaidbill[or,tosomuchofsaidbillasishereinbeforepleadedto:]andpraystobehencedismissedwithliisreasonablecosts.Jas.R.Cocks,Solicitor.

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281 PLEASINBAR. §341muchofthebillashasnotbeenpleadedto;for,ifthewholebillbeanswered,2*theanswerwilloverruletheplea.Wherethepleacoversonlyapartofthebill,theanswertotheremainderofthebillmayfollowtheplea,onthesamepageofthepaper,asfollows
:
Andthesaiddefendant,notwaivinghissaidplea,butinsistingthereon,foranswertotheremainderofsaidbill,says:[Heresetouttheanswertosomuchofthebillasisnotcov-eredbytheplea.]
ARTICLEIV.PLEASSUPPORTEDBYANANSWER.341.WhenaPleaMustbeSupportedbyanAnswer.342.WhyaPleaMustbeSupportedbyanAnswer.343.OriginofthisClassofPleas.344.CharacterofSuchaPlea.345.CharacteroftheSupportingAnswer.
§346.WhenaSupportingAnswerisnotRequired.§347.TheFrameofaPlea,andoftheSup-portingAnswer.§348.FormofaPlea,andoftheSup-portingAnswer.§349.ThePresentPractice.§341.WhenaPleaMustbeSupportedbyanAnswer.—Thecases,inwhichitisnecessarythatapleashouldbesupportedbyananswer,maybeconven-ientlydividedinto:1,Thosewherethedefendantdeniessomeallegationinthebillnecessarytothereliefthecomplainantprays;12,Thosewherethecomplainantadmitstheexistenceofalegalbar,butallegessomeequitablecircumstancestoavoidtheeffectofthebar;2and3,Thosewherethecom-plainantdoesnotadmittheexistenceofanylegalbar,butchargessomecir-cumstances,whichmaybetrue,andtowhichtheremaybeavalidgroundofplea,andalsochargesothercircumstanceswhichareinconsistentwiththesubstantialvalidityoftheplea.1,Inthefirstcase,thedefendantmustanswerwhenthebillchargesfactsorcircumstanceswhichwouldtendtodisprove,orotherwiseinvalidate,theplea,respondinginhisanswertoallmattersnotexpresslymetanddeniedbyhisplea.2,Inthesecondcase,thedefendantmayinsist,bywayofplea,uponthelegalbar,denyingthecircumstances,whichwouldavoidit;andhemustaccompanythepleawithananswer,mak-ingadiscoveryastoallthecircumstanceschargedinthebill,insupportofhisplea.3,Inthethirdcase,thedefendantmustdistinguishthosefacts,whichiftrue,wouldnotinvalidateordisprovehisplea;andpleadtothereliefanddiscoverysbughtwithregardtothem.Andhemustthenaccompanythepleawithananswertothosefacts,andtothoseonly,whichiftrue,woulddis-prove,orinvalidatehisplea,andtoallthematterswhicharespeciallyallegedasevidenceofthosefacts.3Evenapleainabatementdenyingthegroundofanattachmentmaybeproperlysupportedbyananswerdenyingthevariouschargesofmisconducttendingtosupportthefraudulenttransferallegedasthegroundforanattach-ment.428Theanswerwillbedeemedananswertothewholebill,whethersointendedornot,andalthoughthewholebillbenotinfactanswered,unlesstheanswershowaffirmativelyonitsfacethatitisananswertoapartonlyofthebill.1Benson»'.Tones,1Tenn.Ch.,498.Seifred»'.People'sBank,1Bax.,200;PigueV.Young,1Pick.,263.2Themostcommoncasesofthisclassarebills(1
)
_f£ I
them,(2)to_avoidtheeffectofajudgmentatlaw,(3)tosetasidearelease,or(4)anaward,or(5)loopenastatedaccount.IDan,Ch.Pr.,616.a1Dan.Ch.Pr.,616;Sto.Eq.PI.,§674.JSeifredr.People'sBank,1Bax.,200;Piguev.Young,1Pick.,263.Thepleasinabatementinthesecaseswerestrictlynegativepleas,andthesupportinganswerswereclearlywithintheruleap-plicabletosuchcases.

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§342 PLEASINBAR. 282Wherethebillchargesfraudornotice,orotherequitablematterinavoid-anceofthebarpleaded,thepleamustbesupportedbyananswerdenyingthefraud,notice,andotherfactsandcircumstancesallegedbythebillinavoid-ance.5
§342.WhyaPleaMustbeSupportedbyanAnswer.—Allnegativeandanomalouspleasinbarofasuitmustbesupportedbyananswer,whenadis-coveryisprayedinthebill.6Ithasheretoforebeenfullyshownthatabillubothapleadingandaninterrogation,andthatananswerunderoathisboths,pleadingandadeposition.7Asapleading,thebillmaybemetbyanegativeoranomalousplea,denyingsomeessentialfactcontainedinit,butsuchpleasarenoanswertothemattersofinterrogation,andtheinterrogationmaybeintendedtoobtaintheveryevidencenecessarytomaintainthebill,anddefeattheplea.8Anaffirmativepleadoesnotdenyanymattercontainedinthebill;indeed,forallthepurposesoftheplea,itadmitsallofthemattersoffactchargedinthebill.Anaffirmativeplea,therefore,ineffect,admitsthebill,butseekstodisplaceitsEquity,bybringingforwardasingleadditionalmatteroffact.Inasmuch,then,asanaffirmativepleaadmitsthetruthofthebill,thecomplainantcannotfindfaultwiththedefendantfornotansweringhisinter-rogation.9Norcanthecomplainantobjecttoapleabecausenotsupportedbyananswer,whenheinhisbillhaswaivedanansweronoath.10Anomalousandnegativepleas,however,denysomeessentialfactorfactsallegedbythecomplainant,andatthesametimeadmitnothing,butleavethecomplainant'sinterrogationwhollyunanswered,thusdeprivinghimoftheveryevidencehisbillwas,inpart,filedtoobtaininfurtheranceofhiscase.11And,besides,ifsuchapleaisnotsupportedbyananswernegativingthosechargesandallegationsofthebillwhichtendtosustainthematterdeniedbytheplea,suchchargesandallegationsbecomeevidenceforcomplainantonargumentofthesufficiencyoftheplea.12§343.OriginofThisClassofPleas.—Theoriginofthisclassofpleasmaybeeasilytracedtoachangeintheframeandcharacterofbillsandpleadings,fromthosewhichexistedundertheoldpracticeoftheCourt.Billswerefor-merlyofaverysimplecharacter,nottakinganynoticeoftherealorsupposeddefencewhichwouldbesetupbythedefendant.Thedefencecameoutuponaplea;thereplicationstatedthematterinavoidanceoftheplea;thentherejoinderdeniedthematterinthereplication;andthepartieswerethenatissue.When,forexample,accordingtotheoldpractice,acomplainantbyhisbillstatedacaseforrelief,iftherehadbeenaformerdecreeonthemerits,whichhesoughttosetasideonaccountoffraudinobtainingthedecree,thebilldidnot,inanymannerwhatsoever,alludetothedecree.Itwaslefttothedefendanttopleadthedecree,asadefencebarringthecomplainant'sright.Andthecomplainantthen,byhisreplication,wouldreplythatthedecreethadbeenobtainedbyfraud:bywhichthecomplainantwouldadmitthatthedecreewasabar,ifnotcapableofimpeachmentonthegroundoffraud.Thedefendantwould,byhisrejoinder,avoidordenythechargeoffraud,andsustainthedecree;andtheissuewouldbesimplyonthechargeoffraud.13But,whenachangeoftheframeofpleadingstookplace,andspecialreplica-tions,rejoinders,andsurrejoinders,fellintodisuse,andthebill,insteadofrelyingsolelyonthematterconstitutingthecomplainant'soriginalcase,pro-ceededtoanticipatethedefence,andchargedfactstoavoidthatdefence(thus
5Grahamv.Nelson,5Hum.,60S.8See,post,§345.7Ante,§142;Sto.Eq.PL.§672.sSeifredv.People'sBank,1Bax.,200;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,614;Sto.Eq.PI.,§672;CheathamV.Pearce,SPick.,668.
n1Dan.Ch.Pr.,615.10Cheathamv.Pearce,5Pick.,668.llPigueV.Young,1Pick.,263;Cheathamv.Pearce,5Pick.,668.12Seifredv.People'sBank,1Bax.,200.13Sto.Eq.PL,§676.

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283 PIvEASINBAR. §344performingthedoublefunctionsofabill,andofareplicationundertheoldpractice),andrequiredadiscoveryastothematterscharged,achangeinthemodeofmakinghisdefencebecameindispensablefortheprotectionofthedefendant;andhewascompelledtoputinaplea,whichwas,inpart,bothapleaandarejoinder.Thatis,hewasobligedtopleadthebar,andtonegativethechargesandcircumstanceswhichsoughttoavoidit.And,asadiscoverywassoughtinrelationtotheseverymatterschargedinavoidance,hewasalsocompelledtoaccompanyhispleawithananswer,fullydiscoveringandre-spondingtothesematters.Thematerialissuethusmadebetweenthepartieswasnotthebarsetupindefence;butitwasthefactsandchargessetupinthebilltoavoidit.Norwastheplea,undersuchcircumstances,liabletotheimputationofduplicity;foritcontained,inthewhole,butonesingledefence.Andtheanswerwasnecessaryinsupportoftheplea;becausethecomplainantwasentitledtothediscoveryofthefactsandcharges,statedinhisbillinavoidanceofthebar,andwhichmightbeindispensabletoprovehiscaseatthehearing.14Andwhilesuchanansweristechnicallycalledananswerinsupportoftheplea,neverthelessitis,ineffect,oftenananswerinsupportofthebill.§344.CharacterofSuchaPlea.—Theplea,aswellastheanswer,mustcontainavermentsnegativingthefactsandcircumstancessetupinthebillinavoidanceofthebaradmittedbythebill.Forotherwise,thepleawillnotamounttoacompletedefencetothebill,sincethedenialofthosefactsandcircumstancesisintruththeonlypointinthecontroversy.Ifthosefactsandcircumstancesdonotexist,thebarordefenceisadmittedbythecomplainanttobeperfect.Iftheydoexist,thedefendantmustequallyadmitthatthebarordefenceisfatallydefective.15Indrawingtheplea,itisimportanttokeepinmindthedistinctionbetweensomuchofthebillasisapleading,andthepartthatisamereinterrogation.Theofficeofthepleaistoeffectuallymeetsomuchofthebillasisapleading,andnomore.Itshouldnotcoveranypartofthebillthatisineffectamereinterrogationcallingforadiscovery.Apleaisnotrendereddoublebytheinsertionofseveralaverments16thatareneces-sarytoexcludeconclusionsarisingfromallegationsinthebilltoanticipateanddefeatthebarsetupintheplea.Henceitis,that,ineverycasewhereananswerisrequiredtoaccompanyaplea,thepleashouldnotcoverthewholebill.Itshouldcoversomuchofthebillonlyasisapleading;andnotcoveranypartofthebillwhichrelatestothediscoveryoftheparticularfacts;for,astothese,thecomplainanthasarighttorequireananswer.Ifthepleacoverssuchadiscovery,itwillbebad
;
becausethedefendantisboundtomakethatdiscovery.17Itmustberememberedthattheanswerinsupportof"thepleaisnopartocthedefence.Thedefenceisthemattersetupintheplea,andtheanswerismerelytheevidencethecomplainanthasealledfortosustainhiscase,18althoughwhenthatevidencemakesforthedefendant,theeffectoftheansweristoaidthelatter,andnotthecomplainant.§345.CharacteroftheSupportingAnswer.—Indrawingtheanswerinsupportoftheplea,thefactthatabillisbothapleadingandaninterrogationmustbekeptinmind.Theobjectoftheansweristwofold:1st,Torespondtothematterchargedinsupportofthecasemadebythebill,andtothisextentitisasortofdeposition;and2d,Tonegativethoseavermentsandchargesinthebill,which,ifnotdeniedbytheanswer,would,byintendment,showthepleatobeinsufficient.1914Piguev.Young,1Pick.,263;Sto.Eq.PI.,§678;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,606.15Sto.Eq.PL,§680.If!1nanC\\Prf.(\7Tino-at-dus«_Tt-initv
17BensonV.Jones,1Tenn.,Ch.,498;Sto.Eq.PI.,§686.is1Dan.Ch.Pr.,624;Cheathamv.Pearce,5PickfifiS

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§346 PLEASINBAR. 284Theanswerinsupportofapleamustbefullandclear,oritwillnotsupporttheplea;fortheCourtwilltakeallofthebillnotcoveredbytheplea,ortheanswer,tobetrue.20Ifthereisanychargeinthebill,whichisanequitablecircumstanceinfavorofthecomplainant'scaseagainstthematterpleaded,suchasfraud,ornoticeoftitle,thatchargemustbedeniedbywayofanswer,'aswellasbyavermentintheplea.Insuchacase,theanswermustbefullandclear,oritwillnotbeeffectualtosupporttheplea;fortheCourtwillintendthematterssochargedagainstthepleader,unlesstheyarefullyandclearlydenied.Butiftheyareinsubstancefullyandclearlydenied,itmaybesufficienttosupporttheplea,althoughallthecircumstanceschargedinthebillmaynotbepreciselyanswered.EventhoughtheCourt,uponargumentoftheplea,mayholdthesechargessufficientlydeniedbytheanswertoexcludeintendmentsagainstthepleader;yet,ifthecomplainantthinkstheanswertothemisevasive,hemayexcepttothesufficiencyoftheanswerinthosepoints.21"Whereananswerisfiledinsupportofaplea,caremustbeobservednottoextendtheanswersoastocoverthatpartofthebillalreadycoveredbytheplea;for,insuchacase,theanswerwouldoverruletheplea.Thesameruleprevailswherenoanswerisrequiredtosupporttheplea:insuchacase,nodiscoverybeingcalledfor,thebillisamerepleading,andis,therefore,whollycoveredbytheplea.Consequently,insuchacase,anyanswerwouldover-ruletheplea.22Thebesttestofthesufficiencyofananswerinsupportofapleais,tocon-siderastrueeveryallegationinthebillnotsufficientlydeniedbytheanswer,andthentoconsiderwhether,iftheseallegationsbetrue,thepleaisasuffi-cientbartothecomplainant'sclaimforrelief.23§346.WhenaSupportingAnswerisNotRequired.—Ifitappearsfromthebill,thatnodiscoveryissoughtbythecomplainant,inaidofthefactsandcircumstancesheallegesinavoidanceofthebarheadmits,thedefendantneednotputinanyansweratall.24Inordertorequire,oreventojustify,ananswer,theremustbesomespecificPactschargedinthebill,towhichsuchananswerisaproperresponse.Abillmaybespecificintworespects.Itmayallegeaparticularfact,andchargethattheevidencethereofisinthepossessionofthedefendant;oritmaybespecificinchargingageneralfact;suchasthefactuponwhichthetitleofthecomplainantisfounded,andchargeparticularcircumstancestoprovethatgeneralfact,andrequirediscoverythereoffromthedefendant.Itisneces-sary,inordertotheallowanceofananswerinsupportofaplea,thatthebillshouldcontainsomechargeofonekindoroftheother.Therefore,wherethebilldoesnotchargeanyspecificfact,inconsistentwiththeplea,negativing,andavoiding,asitwere,thatpleabyanticipation,itisnotnecessarytoputinananswerinsupportoftheplea;fornothingischarged,whichisspecificinanypointofview,todefeattheplea,andanaccompanyinganswerisunneces-sary;andindeedisimproper,sinceitwouldoverruletheplea.25Ingeneral,ananswerisnotrequiredtosupportaplea,unlessthecomplain-antchargesfraud,notice,orsomeotherequitablegroundofavoidingthebaradmittedbyhisbill.Andwhensuchananswerisrequired,itordinarilyarisesfromoneoftwoconsiderations:1,Itisinthenatureofproofcalledforbythebill,toenablethecomplainanttoobviatethebarheisseekingtoavoid;inwhichcasethedefendantmustfullyanswerallthechargesoffraud,notice,orotherequitablecircumstancesalleged.Insuchacasetheanswerisforthe201Dan.Ch.Pr.,624.21Sto.Eq.PI.,§684.22Sto.Eq.PI.,§668.23Bogardusv.TrinityChurch,4Paige,(N.Y.),178.Thisisaleadingcase.24Sto.Eq.PI.,§682;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,616;Cheat-hamv.Pearce,5Pick.,668.Itwouldseem,bothfromreasonandauthority,thatwhentheoathof
thedefendanttohisansweriswaived,noanswer\nsupportofthepleaisnecessary,unlesstherebeal-legationswhicharenotdeniedbytheplea;anawhich,ifnotdeniedbyananswer,wouldrenderthepleainsufficient.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,614,note;Hearttv.Corning,3Paige,CN.Y.),566.25Sto.Eq.PL,§681.

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285 PLEASINBAR. §347complainant'sbenefit.2,Itisinthenatureofasupporttotheplea,andisintendedbyitsdenialofthedetails,specifications,andcircumstancesoffraud,notice,orotherequitablematters,toexcludethoseintendmentswhich,with-outsuchadenial,wouldbemadeagainstthedefendant;for,uponargumentofaplea,everyfactstatedinthebillandnotdeniedbytheanswerinsupportoftheplea,istakentobetrue.Incasesofthissort,theanswerisforthedefendant'sbenefit,andis,inreality,insupportoftheplea;whereas,intheformercasetheanswerisrequiredbythecomplainantasameansofprooftooverthrowthedefencesetupbytheplea;andis,inreality,insupportofthebill.26§347.FrameofaPlea,andoftheSupportingAnswer.—Theofficeofthepleaistoputinissuethemattersallegedinavoidancebythebill,ordinarilyfraudornotice;andtheofficeoftheanswerinsupportofthepleaistorespondtoallthechargeswherebytheavoidanceissoughttobesustained.Thus,inabillseekingtosetasideadecree,becauseoffraudinitsprocurement,andspecifyingthecircumstancesoftheallegedfraud,thepleawillsetupthedecreeinbarofthebill,bypropergeneralavermentsdenyingtheallegationsoffraud;andtheanswerwillmeetfullyanddenyallthecircumstancesoffraudallegedinthebill,andwillrespondtoallothermattersofinterrogationinthebill.Inallcaseswhereapleaisaccompaniedbyananswer,itmustbeputinuponoath,unlessthedefendantbeacorporation,andthenitssealmustbeaffixed.27"Whenanansweraccompaniesapleainordertosupportit,itisprefacedwithanavermentthatthedefendantdoesnottherebywaivehisplea,butwhollyreliesthereon.So,wherethepleaisnottothewholeofthebill,butonlytonX'art,theansweriscommencedwiththesameprotestationagainstawaiveroftheplea,andwithadeclarationthatitisintendedtobeonlyinanswertothepartofthebill,notcoveredbytheplea.28Astheavermentsnegativingthechargesoffraudareusedmerelytoputthefactoffraud,asallegedbythebill,inissueintheplea,theymaybeex-pressedinthemostgeneralterms,providedtheyaresufficienttoputthechargesoffraud,containedinthebill,fullyinissue.Andasthecomplainantisentitledtohavetheanswerofthedefendant,uponoath,toanymatterindisputebetweenthem,inaidofproofofthecasemadebythebill,thedefend-antmustanswer.tothefactsoffraud,allegedinthebill,sofully,astoleavenodoubtinthemindoftheCourt,that,uponthatanswer,ifnotcontrovertedbyevidenceonthepartofcomplainant,thefactoffraudcouldnotbeestab-lished.Iftheanswershouldnotbefullinallmaterialpoints,theCourtmaypresumethatthefactoffraudmaybecapableofproofinthepointnotfullyanswered;andmay,therefore,notdeemtheanswersufficienttosupportthepleaasconclusive;and,therefore,mayoverrulethepleaabsolutely,oronlyasanimmediatebar,savingthebenefitofittothehearingofthecause.But,althoughtheanswermaybedeemedsufficienttosupportthepleauponargu-ment,thecomplainantmayexcepttotheanswer,ifheconceivesitnottobesofulltoallthecharges,astobefreefromexception;or,byamendinghisbill,hemayrequireananswertoanymatter,whichmaynothavebeensoexten-sivelystated,orinterrogatedto,asthecasewarranted;ortowhichhemayapprehend,thattheanswer,althoughinfullterms,mayhavebeenineffectevasive.29If,however,thecomplainantexceptstotheanswer,thatisanadmissionthatthepleaissufficient.Thebetterpracticeforthecomplainantistoset
20Whiletheanswer,insuchcases,iscalledananswerinsupportoftheplea,itissuch,inreality,onlywheniteffectuallyovercomesthespecialmat-terschargedinthebill;iftheanswerconfirmsthose
answerinsupportoftheplea,butananswerinsupportofthebill.271Dan.Ch.Pr.,668.•
28Sto.Eq.PI.,§695.

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§348 PLEASINBAR. 286thepleadownforargument,andthushaveitssufficiencydetermined,beforeexceptingtotheanswerforinsufficiency.30§348.FormofaPlea,andoftheSupportingAnswer.—Theformofananswerinsupportofapleaissimpleanduntechnical.Thepleaisintheusualformofapleainbar,andthesupportinganswerfollowstheplea,onthesamepaper.Allthiswillmoreclearlyappearbythefollowinggeneralformofapleaandasupportinganswer,showingtheircharacteristics,andhowjoined.GENERALFORMOFAPLEAANDASUPPORTINGANSWER.JohnDoe )vs. >No.618.InChancery,atKnoxville.RichardRoe,etal.)
Thedefendant,RichardRoe,forpleatothebillfiledagainsthiminthiscause,says:That[Heresetoutthematterpleaded,suchmatterbeingordinarilyarelease,formerjudg-ment,award,accountstatedorsettled,innocentpurchaser,orothermatterinavoidanceofthebill.}Therefore,thisdefendantpleadsthesaidrelease[formerjudgment,award,accountstated,accountsettled,innocentpurchaser,orothermatterpleadedinavoidance,}inbarofthecomplainant'sbill[or,inbarofsomuchofthecomplainant'sbillasishereinbeforepartic-ularlymentioned,]andpraysthejudgmentoftheCourthereon.Andthisdefendant,notwaivinghissaidplea,butrelyingthereon,andinsupportthereof,toranswertotheresidueofsaidbill,says,thattherelease,[formerjudgment,award,accountstatedoraccountsettled,]wasnotobtainedbyanyartificeorfraudwhatsoever;andhedeniesthefraudandartificescharged,anddeniestheundueinfluencealleged,andsaysthatallandsingulartheallegationsoffraudsetforthinthebillareuntrue.[Denytheparticularcircumstancesoffraudcharged.Ifnoticeisallegedinthebillasthegroundofitsequity,say—Thedefendanthadnotatthetimehepurchasedsaidlot,[oratthetimehetookhisdeediherefor,oratthetimehepaidthepurchase-moneyforsaidlot,]anynoticewhateverofcom-plainant'sallegedclaimtosaidlot,andthedefendantsaysthatthefirstnoticethatheeverhadofsaidclaimwaswhenhereadcomplainant'ssaidbill,andthatuntilhereadsaidbillheneverhadanynoticeofcomplainant'sclaim,oranysuspicionthereof,oranyreasonorgroundofsuspicion.]Therefore,thedefendantpraystobehencedismissed.W.P.Washburn,Solicitor.[Annexanaffidavitofthetruthoftheanswerandplea.]§349.ThePresentPractice.—Theoldpracticeoffilinganegativeplea,andsupportingitwithananswer,isstillinforce,althoughseldomresortedto.31Thepresentpracticeistoincorporateallmattersofdefencetothemerits,intheanswer.32Itisnowgoodpleadingtoincorporateintheansweralltheavermentsthatwouldconstituteagoodnegativeoranomalousplea,.tmdinthesameanswertorespondtoallmattersofinterrogation.Inshort,thepleaandsupportingansweroftheoldpracticecannowbebothincor-poratedinoneandthesameanswer,thepresentanswerinsucheasesbeing,ineffect,apleasupportedbyananswer.33AndourCourtsdiscouragethepracticeofansweringinsupportofaplea,whereananswercanbeavoided.34
30Sto.Eq.PL,§689.31Theauthorhassetforththispractice,inthisArticle,moretomakehisbookcomplete,thanasevi-denceofhisappreciationofthepresentvalueofthisformofpleadinganddefence.Theprinciplesin-volvedare,however,valuabletoallwhoseektomas-terthescienceofpleading.Pleasinbarshouldnowneverberesortedtowhentheyrequireananswerintheirsupport,asananswer,underourpresent
practice,canperformthetwo-foldofficeofapleaandananswer;andadefencebythatmodeislessperplexing,lesstechnical,andmoreapttobesus-tained,thantheoldmethodbypleaandsupportinganswer.32Code,§4318.331Dan.Ch.Pr.,617,note.34PigueV.Young,1Pick.,263.

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287 PLEASINBAR. §350
ARTICLEV.PROCEEDINGSUPONAPLEAINBAR.*§3S0.HowaPleaisPutatIssue.§351.TheTruthofPleas,HowAscertained.§352.OverrulingandAllowingPleas.
§353.WhenaPleaMaybeOrderedtoStandforanAnswer.§354.AmendmentofPleas.§350.HowaPleaisPutatIssue.—Ifthecomplainantconceivesanypleatobenaught,eitherforthematterormannerofit,hemaysetitdownwiththeClerktobeargued;2or,ifhethinksthepleagood,butnottrue,hemaytakeissueuponit,andproceedtotrial.3Upontheargumentofaplea,everyfactstatedinthebill,andnotdeniedbytheavermentsoftheplea,orbytheanswerinsupportoftheplea,mustbetakenastrue;and;ontheotherhand,themattercontainedinthepleamustbeconsideredastrue,uponsuchargu-ment.4If,therefore,thecomplainantconceivesapleatobedefectiveinpointofform,orofsubstance,hemaytakethejudgmentoftheCourtuponitssuffi-ciency,asstatedabove.Uponargumentofapleainbar,itmayeitherbeal-lowedordisallowed,orthebenefitofitmaybesavedtothehearing;oritmaybeorderedtostandforananswer.Ifallowedonargument,thepleaisdeter-minedtobeafullbartosomuchofthebillasitcovers,ifthematterpleaded,withtheavermentsnecessarytosupportit,aretrue.If,therefore,apleaisheldsufficientuponargument,orifthecomplainantwithoutargumentthinksit,althoughgoodinformandsubstance,nottrueinpointoffact,hemaytakeissueuponit,andproceedtodisprovethefactsuponwhichitisendeavoredtobesupported.5But,uponargument,theCourtmaynotbecontenteithertooverrulethepleaortoallowit,beingofopinion,that,whiletheplea,ifstrictlytrue,maybeadefence,neverthelessthecomplainantmayintroducemattersinevidenceunderhisbillwhichwouldavoidtheplea.Insuchacase,theCourt,inorderto'givebothsidesafullopportunitytopresenttheircase,will,withoutover-rulingtheplea,directthatthedefendantmayhavethebenefitofitatthehearing.Uponsuchanorderthecomplainantmayprovemattersthatwilleitherdisproveoravoidtheplea.6Ifthecomplainanttakesissueontheplea,andthepleabefoundtrue,itwillbeagooddefencetosomuchofthebillasitcovers,forthepleamay1Theproceedingsuponapleainbaranduponapleainabatementarethesame,exceptthatapleainabatementcanneverbeorderedtostandforananswer.Andwhatissaidinthisarticleabout(1)puttingpleasatissue.;(2)ascertainingthetruthofpleas;(3)overrulingandallowingpleas;and(4)amendingpleas,appliestopleasinabatementaswellastopleasinbar.2Itisirregularpracticetodemurtoaplea,butshouldsuchademurrerbefiled,theCourtwouldtreatitasamodeofsettingthepleaforhearingastoitssufficiency.Klepperv.Powell,6Heisk.,506.InWittv.Ellis,2Cold.,38,apleawasdemurredto,andnoobjectionraisedtothepractice.SeeDan.Ch.Pr.,692,note.AdemurrerliestoapleaintheCircuitCourt.HarrisV.Taylor,3Sneed,536.3Code,4393;post,%351.OurStatutesandRulesofPracticearesilentastowhenandhowissuemustbetakenonaplea;butinasmuchasapleaisaspe-cialanswer,andananswermustbeexceptedtowithintwpntvrlnvsafternntirenfitsheincfiled,it
wouldseemthatapleamustbesetdownforargu-ment,(whichisequivalenttoexceptingtoitssuffi-ciency,)orissuetakenuponit,withintwentydaysafternoticeofitsbeingfiled;andifthecomplainantfailtosetthepleadownforargument,ortotakeissueuponit,withinsaidtime,thedefendantmayhavehispleatakenforconfessed,ormaytreatthecauseasatissue,withoutareplication,inwhichlat-tercasethecausewouldstandfortrialatthetermnextfollowing.See,Code,§§4400,4401;4322;4328;4432;1Barb.Ch.Pr.121;AllenV.Allen,3Tenn.Ch.,145;SeifredV.People'sBank,2Tenn.Ch.,17;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,696,note.Takingproofonthepleawouldbeequivalenttotakingissueuponit.Bankv.Foster,6Pick.,735.41Dan.Ch.Pr.,694;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,120-121.51Dan.Ch.Pr.,695;Sto.Eq.PI.,§697.Theburdenofproofuponanaffirmativepleaisonthedefendant,butincaseofanegativepleatheburdenisgenerallyonthecomplainant.61Dan.Ch.Pr..699:Stn."FYiPISfiQS

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§351 PLEASINBAR. 288applytoonlyapartofthebill,or,ifitappliestothewholebill,maybetrueonlyastoapart,inwhichlattercaseitwillbarsuchpart.7Unlikeademur-rer,apleamaybegoodinpartandbadinpart,andsuchapleawillbesus-tainedtotheextentofitsgoodness.8Ifthecomplainantdeemsapleainsufficient,eitherforthemannerorthematterofit,hemaysetitdownwiththeclerktobeargued,orhemaysetitdownforargumentbyanentryontheminutes,iftheCourtbeinsession.ThefollowingisaPORMOPSETTINGAPLEADOWNPORARGUMENT.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,et<
Thecomplainantsaysthepleaofthedefendant,RichardRoe,isnotsufficient:1st.Becauseitisnotproperlyverified.92d.Because,iftrue,itpresentsnomattersufficienttobarthesuit.3d.Becauseitdoesnotcoverthewholebill;anddoesnotprofesstobetoapartonlyofthebill.Wherefore,hesetssaidpleadownforargument.LeonJourolmon,Solicitor.Ifthecomplainantconsidersthepleagoodinformandinsubstance,butfalseinfact,hemusttakeissueuponit,ifanaffirmativeplea,10andproceed\otrial.11Issueistaken,ordinarily,byfilingareplication12withintwentydays. REPLICATIONTOAPLEA.InChancery,atKnoxville.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,eti
Thecomplainantjoinsissueonthepleafiledinthiscausebythedefendant,RichardRoe.A.S.ProssEr,Solicitor.§351.TheTruthofPleas,HowAscertained.—Iftheplea,uponargument,isheldtobegood;or,ifthecomplainantadmitsittobesobyreplyingtoit,thetruthofthepleaistheonlysubjectofquestionremaining,sofarasthepleaextends;andnothingbutthematterscontainedintheplea,astosomuchofthebillasthepleacovers,isinissuebetweentheparties.If,therefore,issueisthustakenupontheplea,thedefendantmustprovethefactsitsug-gests.13Ifhefailsinthisproof,sothatatthehearingofthecause,thepleaisheldtobenobar,andthepleaextendstothediscoverysoughtbythebill,thecomplainantisnottolosethebenefitofthatdiscovery;buttheCourtwillorderthedefendanttobeexaminedoninterrogatories,tosupplythedefect.But,ifthedefendantprovesthetruthofthematterpleaded,thesuit,sofarasthepleaextends,isbarred,eventhoughthepleaisnotgood.,eitherinpointofformorofsubstance.Therefore,whenadefendantpleadedapurchaseforavaluableconsideration,andomittedtodenynoticeofthecomplainant'stitle,andthecomplainantreplied,itwasdeterminedthattheplea,althoughirreg-ular,hadbeenadmitted,bythereplication,tobegood;andthatthefactofnoticenotbeinginissue,thedefendantprovingwhathehadpleaded,wasentitledtohavethebilldismissed.14Pleasofaformerdecree,orofanothersuitdependinginthesameCourt,aregenerallyreferredtotheMastertoinquireintothefact;andiftheMaster
7Moorev.Holt,3Tenn.Ch.,143.8Searightv.Payne,1Tenn.Ch.,189;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,610;Sto.Eq.PI.,§692;Parmeleev.Railroad,13Lea,600.9Ifthepleaisonerequiringverification,andisnotproperlyverified,itmaybestrickenfromthefilesonmotion.10Anegativepleamakesanissuewithoutarepli-cation.Areplicationis,however,allowable,butnotnecessary.Bankv.Foster,6Pick.,735,modifyingCheathamv.Pearce,SPick.,668.11Code,§4393,Cheathamv.Pearce,5Pick.,668.
12Code,§2930.Thecontrastbetweentheformofthisreplicationandtheoldform,wellillustratesthesuperiorityofourpresentformsofpleadingovertheoldforms.TheformofthereplicationabovegivenistheoneusedintheCircuitCourt,butitisequallyavailableintheChanceryCourt.13Theburdenofproofisonthedefendantwhenhepleadsanaffirmativeplea,buttheburdenisonthecomplainantwhenthedefendantfilesanegativeplea.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,697-698.14Sto.Eq.PI.,§697;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,695.

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289 PLEASINEAR. §352reportsthefacttrue,thebill,onconfirmationofthereport,willbedismissed.ButthecomplainantmayexcepttotheMaster'sreport,andbringonthemat-tertobearguedbeforetheCourt.16Thecomplainantmaygointoevidencetodisprovetheplea,andifhehasinhisbillallegedanymatterwhich,iftrue,mayhavetheeffectofavoidingtheplea,suchasnoticeorfraud,hemayintroduceanyproofhemayhaveinsup-portofhisallegation.Andwherethepleaintroducesmatterofanegativenature,suchasdenialofnoticeorfraud,iftheexistenceofthenoticeorfraudisnotadmittedbytheanswerinsupportoftheplea,itwillbenecessaryforthecomplainanttoproduceevidenceinsupportoftheaffirmativeoftheproposition.Afterthecomplainanthasrepliedtoaplea,thevalidityofthepleacanneverbequestioned,butonlyitstruth;infact,nothingbutthematterscontainedintheplea,astosomuchofthebillasthepleacovers,isinissuebetweentheparties.If,therefore,issueisthustakenupontheplea,thedefendantmustprovethefactswhichitsuggests.But,ifthedefendantproveathetruthofthematterpleaded,thesuit,sofarasthepleaextends,isbarred,eventhoughthepleaisnotgood,eitherinpointofformorsubstance.16Apleainbarpresupposesthat,ifacertainessentialfact,omittedfromthebill,couldbemadetoappear;or,ifacertainessentialfactcontainedinthebillcouldbemadetodisappear,thenthebillwouldbedemurrable.Onthispresupposition,thepleaaversthattheomittedessentialfactexists,orthattheallegedessentialfactdoesnotexist.Ifcomplainantdisputesthelegalac-curacyofthepresupposition,hewillsetthepleadownforargumentastoitssufficiency,thusmakinganissueoflaw;17ifheadmitsthepresupposition,butdisputesthetruthoftheplea,hewilltakeissueuponit,and.thusraiseaques-tionoffact.18§352.OverrulingandAllowingPleas.—If,uponargument,theCourtisofopinionthatthepleaisinsufficientasadefence,itisoverruled,andthedefend-antrequiredtoanswerthebill.19If,however,thepleaisallowed,itistherebydeterminedtobeafullbartosomuchofthebillasitcovers,ifthematterpleadedbetrue;inwhichcasethecomplainantmustdismisssomuchofthebillasiscoveredbytheplea,ortakeissueupontheplea.20Sometimes,upontheargumentofaplea,theCourtconsidersthat,althoughthepleaappearstosetupagooddefence,yettheremaybefactsinavoidance.Insuchacase,theCourtmaydirectthatthebenefitofthepleabesavedtothedefendantatthehearing,inwhichcasethepleamustberepliedtobythecomplainant;21ortheCourtmayallowthedefendanttorelyuponthematterofthepleainhisanswer,whichisthebetterpractice.22Ifthecomplainantfilesareplicationtotheplea,andthepleais,atthehearing,foundtobetrueinfact,itwillbeacompletebartosomuchofthebillasthepleacovers,eventhoughthepleaisnotgood,eitherinformorinsubstance.23§353.WhenaPleaMaybeOrderedtoStandforanAnswer.—If,upon
15Sto.Eq.PI.,§700;butsee,ante,§328,note22.161Dan.Ch.Pr.,697-698.17InstrictChancerypractice,ademurrerisnotthepropermethodoftestingthesufficiencyofaplea;but,inasmuchasademurrer_isusedforthatpurposeintheCourtsoflaw,andiswithalaplain,intelligibleanddefinitemethodoftestingaplea'ssufficiency,noreasonexists,outsideofancientusage,whyademurrershouldnotlietoaninsuffi-cientpleainEquityaswellasatlaw.Settingdownapleaforargumentisinthe'natureofageneralde-murrer,whiledemurrers,beingnowspecial,pointouttheparticularobjectionstothepleareliedon,andthusmorefullyconformtothespiritofourpresentsystemofpleading.AndourCourtshavepractically
eitherasademurrer,Wittv.Ellis,2Cold.,40;orasamodeofsettingthepleaforargumentonitssufficiency.Klepperv.Powell,6Heisk.,506,ante,§350.18Code,§4393.10Code,§4395.Nosecondpleaisallowedupontheoverrulingofapleauponargument.Ibid.201Dan.Ch.Pr.,696.211Dan.Ch.Pr.,699;BrienV.Marsh,1Tenn.Ch.,625.Iftherebetwopleas,bothoreithermaybeallowedtostandforananswer.Ibid.22Whittakerv.Whittaker,10Lea,98.Thelatterpracticeismoreconsonontwithourstatute.Code,§4318.Ofcourse,thematterofapleatothejuris-dictioncannotbereliedoninananswer.Ibid.

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§354 PLEASINBAR. 290argument,theCourtconsidersthatthematterofferedbywayofpleamaybeadefence,orpartofadefence,butthatithasbeeninformallypleaded,orisnotproperlysupportedbytheanswer,sothatthetruthisdoubtful,itwill,insuchcase,insteadofoverrulingtheplea,directittostandforananswer.24Ifapleaisorderedtostandforananswer,itisallowedtobeasufficientanswertosomuchofthebillasitcovers;unless,bytheorder,libertyisgiventothecomplainanttoexcepttoitforinsufficiency;andwhereadefendantpleadedtothewholebill,and,onarguingtheplea,itwasorderedtostandforananswer,withoutsaying,onewayortheother,whetherthecomplainantmightexcept,thecomplainantwasnotallowedtoexcept,because,bytheterms"forananswer"intheorder,asufficientanswerismeant,aninsuffi-cientanswerbeingnoanswer.Itistobeobserved,that,ifapleabetoapartonlyofthebill,andisaccompaniedbyananswertotherest,anorderthatitmaystandforananswer,withoutgivingthecomplainantlibertytoexcept,willnotprecludethecomplainantfromexceptingtotheanswertothatpartofthebillwhichisnotcoveredbytheplea.Theorderforthepleatostandforananswer,is,however,frequentlyaccompaniedwithadirectionthatthecomplainantshallbeatlibertytoexcept;butthelibertyissometimesqualifiedsoastoprotectthedefendantfromanyparticulardiscovery,whichheoughtnottobecalledupontomake.Whenapleahasbeenorderedtostandforananswer,withlibertytoexcept,thecomplainantmustproceedtodeliverhisexceptionswithintwentydays,otherwisetheanswerwillbedeemedsufficient.Theproceedingsupontheexceptionsarethesameasthoseuponexceptionstoanswersingeneral.25Ifapleaisaccompaniedbyananswer,andisorderedtostandforananswer,withoutlibertytoexcept,thecomplainantmayyetexcepttotheanswer,asinsufficienttothepartsofthebillnotcoveredbytheplea.Ifaplea,accom-paniedbyananswerisallowed,uponargumentassufficient,theanswermaybereadatthehearingofthecausetocounterprovetheplea.26§354.AmendmentofPleas.—Pleasmaybeamendedwheretherehasbeenanevidentslipormistake,andthematerialgroundofdefenceseemstotheCourttobegood.TettheCourtalwaysexpectstobetoldpreciselywhattheamendmentistobe,andhowthesliphappened,beforeitwillallowtheamend-menttobemade.Thedefendantwill,also,betieddowntoashorttimeinwhichtoamend.27Themotiontoamendmustbesupportedbyanaffidavit,andbeaccompaniedbythedraftoftheamendmentproposed,thattheCourtmayjudgeofitsmateriality.28Adefectintheformofaplea,orintheformofitsverification,maybeamendedwithoutaffidavit,thepleabeingresworntoafteramend-ment.29Afterapleahasbeenarguedandoverruled,nosecondpleawillbeallowed.3024Brieno.Marsh,1Tenn.Ch.,625.251Dan.Ch.Pr.,700-701;Sto.Eq.PL,§699.26Sto.Eq.PI.,§699.2TSto.Eq.PL,§701.
28Dan.Ch.Pr.,704.29Trabuev.Higden,4Cold.,pie'sBank,2Tenn.Ch.,19.30Code,§4395.620;Seifredv.Peo-

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291 ANSWERSTOBILLS. §355
CHAPTERXVII.ANSWERSANDDISCLAIMERSTOBILLS.ArticleI.ArticleII.ArticleIII.ArticleIV.ArticleV.ArticleVI.
TheAnswerasaPleading.TheAnswerasaDeposition.MattersCommontoAllAnswers.TheFrameandFormofanAnswer.PracticalSuggestionsastoAnswers.DisclaimerstoBills.
ARTICLEI.THEANSWERASAPLEADING.§358.AnswerSuperiortoaPleaasaModeofDefence.§360.WhatisaSufficientAnswerWhentheDefendant'sOathisWaived.
§355.GeneralNatureonanAnswer.§356.AnswerasaModeofDefence.§357.WhatDefencesMaybeMadebyanAnswer.§358.AlltheDefencesReliedonMustbeStated.§355.GeneralNatureofanAnswer.—Ifadefendant1isunabletoover-throwthebillbyapleainabatement,oramotiontodismiss,orbyademurrer,orapleainbar,hemustanswerthebill.Ananswermayhaveafour-foldnature:1,Itmaysetforththedefendant'sdefencestothechargescontainedinthebill,andtothisextentitisamerepleading;2,Itmaycontainthede-fendant'sresponsestothediscoveriessoughtbythebill,inwhichcaseitisalsoasortofdeposition;23,Itmaysetupmattersastowhichthedefendantisentitledtosomeaffirmativereliefeitheragainstthecomplainantoragainstaco-defendant,andtothisextentresemblesacross-bill;and4,Itmayenterintoadetailofallthemattersthatcanbesetupinanswertotheequitiesofthebill,inordertosustainamotiontodissolveaninjunction,ortodefeatamotionforareceiver,inwhichcasetheanswerpartakesofthenatureofacounteraffidavit.3Allofthesedifferentphasesofananswerwillbedulyconsideredintheirproperplaces;but,forthepresent,ananswerwillbecon-sideredinitscharacterasapleading,andasadeposition.Thegeneralnatureoftheanswerwhichacomplainanthasarighttorequirefromeachdefendantupontherecord,issufficientlyshownbytheoldformofprayerinabillrequiringanansweronoath:''thatthedefendantmay,uponhiscorporaloath,accordingtothebestandutmostofhisknowledge,recollection,informationandbelief,full,true,directandperfectanswermaketoallandsingulartheseveralmattersandthingshereinbeforecontained,andthatasfully
1Thepartyfilingananswerasapleadingistermedadefendant,becausehedefends;butwhenhe,also,answersthequestionpropoundedbythebill,ormakesthediscoverycalledfor,heistermedarespondent,becauseheresponds.tThetermre-spondentisthemoreformalandancient,butinthisbook,thetermdefendantispreferred,(1)becauseitisnowalmostuniversallyusedinourstatutesandSupremeCourtReports;and(2)becauseananswerisgenerallyamereunswornpleading,settingupde-.fences,andaresponseunderoathisseldomcalled
Story,Daniel,Barbour,Pomeroyandothereminentauthors.See,ante,§133,note7.2Whenananswerisdemandedonoath,itisbothapleadingandadeposition.See,SmithV.St.LouisIns.Co.,2Tenn.Ch.,601;Sto.Eq.PI.,§850;Gardnerv.Gardner,4Heisk.,310;3Greenl.Ev.,8284.3Thefailuretonotethesevariousphasesanan-swermayassume,hascausedsomeapparent,andsomereal,conflictsintherulingsofCourtsinrefer-encetoanswers.See,Sto.Eq.PI.,§850;1Dan.

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§356 ANSWERSTOBILLS. 292andparticularlyasifthesamewerehereagainrepeated,andhethereuntosev-erallyanddistinctlyinterrogated.''4§356.AnswerasaModeofDefence.—Initscharacterasapleading,5ananswermaysetupallthedefencesoffactthedefendantcanpresentonthemeritsofthecontroversy.Thesedefencesmayconsist:(1)inadenialofanvoneormoreofthematerialallegationsofthebill;or(2)inaconfessionoftheapparentcasemadeoutbythebill,andthepresentationofnewmattersthatavoidsomeoneormoreofthematerialavermentsofthebill;or(3)ananswermaydenysomeallegations,confessothers,andconfessandavoidtherest;or(4)itmayadmitthematerialallegationsofthebill,andsetupsomedefencetheretothatmighthavebeenpleadedinbar,suchasthestatuteoflimitations,thestatuteoffrauds,innocentpurchaser,formeradjudication,andthelike.Ananswergenerallycontrovertsthefactsstatedinthebill,orsomeofthem
;
andstatesotherfactstoshowtherightsofthedefendantinthesubjectofthesuit,ortheabsenceofanyrightonthepartofthecomplainant.Butsome-timesitadmitsthetruthofthecasemadebythebill,and,eitherwithorwith-outstatingadditionalfacts,submitsthequestions,arisinguponthecasethusmade,tothejudgmentoftheCourt.Ifanansweradmitsthefactsstatedinthebill,orsuchasarematerialtothecomplainant'scase,andstatesnonewfacts,orsuchonlyasthecomplainantiswillingtoadmit,noproofisneces-sary:theanswer,insuchacase,isconsideredastrue;andtheCourtwilldecidethecauseuponitsadmissions.But,iftheanswerdoesnotadmitallthefactsinthebill,materialtothecomplainant'scase,orstatesanyfactwhichthecomplainantisnotdisposedtoadmit,thetruthoftheanswer,oranypartofit,maybecontrovertedbythecomplainant,andthetruthoftheallegationsofthebillestablishedbyproperevidence.Adefendantshould,inhisanswer,confinehimselftothefactspertinenttotheease,andshouldrefrainfromstatingarguments,inferences,orconclusionsoflaw.Theobjectofapleadingistonotifytheadversepartyofthefactsintendedtobeproved,andnottoinformeitherhimortheCourtwhatinferencesoflawshouldbedrawnfromthefacts.7If,however,adefendantunder-takes,inhisanswer,tomakeoutaparticulardefence,whichhededucesfromtbefactshesetsout,hewillnotbeallowed,atthehearing,tousethesesamefactsforthepurposeofestablishingadifferentdefence;8forsuchacoursewouldnotonlyoperateasasurprisetothecomplainant,butwould,also,enableadefendanttomisleadhisadversary.§357.WhatDefencesMaybeMadebyAnswer.—Thedefendantinhisanswerisnotconfinedtoanyonedefence,butmayavailhimselfofanyandallmattersoflaworfact,whichwillconstituteeitherapartialoracompletedefencetothechargescontainedinthebill.Hemay,inhisanswer:(1)denyanyorallofthecomplainant'smaterialallegations;or,(2)mayconfessandavoidanyorallofthem;or,(3)maysetupanymatteroflaworfactthatwouldconstituteapleainbartothereliefprayed;or,(4)mayadoptanytwoormoreofthesevariousmethodsofdefence.Adefendantmay,inhisanswer,setupasmanydefencesasmaybededucedfromthesamestateoffacts.Thus,hemayrelybothonthestatuteoflimita-tions,andonthelachesofthecomplainant,astheevidencetosupporteachissubstantiallythesame.Hemay,also,relyuponvariousdefencesinthealter-native;thushemaydenythatheeverexecutedthewritingcharged,andmay
43Dan.Ch.Pr.,1884.r.Sto.Eq.PL,§850.6Sto.Eq.PL,i849.7Ananswershouldcontentitselfwithgivingthefacts.TheChancellor,generally,knowsthelawaswellascounsel;andwhenthefactsaresetforth,hewilldeterminetheirforceandlegaleffect.Analle-
gationthatthedefendanthasagoodandvalidde-fence,withoutspecifyingthedefencesothattheCourtcanjudgeofitsmerits,isvoxetpratereani-hil,andcannotbenoticedatall.Montgomeryv.Orwell,1Tenn.Ch.,172.81Dan.Ch.Pr.,713.

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293 ANSWERSTOBILLS.§358averthat,ifexecutedbyhim,itsexecutionwasobtainedbyduressorfraud,andthattherewasafailureofconsideration;and,asafurtherdefencetoit,maypleadthestatuteoflimitations.Adefendantcannot,however,setuptwodefenceswhichareabsolutelyinconsistentandcontradictory.8Thedefendantisnotrequiredtofileanyotherpleadingthanananswerunlessheintendstosetupmattersinabatement,ortoobjecttothejurisdic-tionoftheCourt.10Hemaysetup,inhisanswer,anymatterthatwouldbeagroundofdemurrer,orthesubject-matterofapleainbar.And,ingeneral,hemayincorporateallmattersofdefenceinhisanswer,andisnotrequiredtopleadspecially,ortodemur,inanycase,excepttothejurisdictionoftheCourt.11Theresultis,apleainbarisseldomnecessary,andseldomused.§358.AlltheDefencesReliedonMustbeStated.—Thedefendantinansweringmustbecarefultosetforth,clearly,anyandallspecialdefencesheintendstorelyon,12whethersuchspecialdefencesbemattersoflaw,ormattersoffact.Ifheintendstorelyon(1)thewantofproperparties,13(2)onthestatuteoffrauds,(3)thestatuteoflimitations,(4)thedefenceotinnocentpurchaser,(5)non-partnershipwithaco-defendant,14(6)failure,orijlegality,ofconsideration,(7)usury,(8)payment,(9)satisfaction,(101release,(11)formeradjudication,(12)non-performanceofconditionprecedent,(13)alterationofinstrumentsued,on,(14)tender,(15)highersecuritytaken,(16)merger,(17)anaccountstated,(18)titleparamount,(19)anaward,(20)acompromise,(21)infancy,(22)coverture,(23)drunkenness,(24)mentalunsoundness,(25)fraud,(26)duress,'(27)estoppel,(28)nonestfactum,(29)non-partnershipofcomplainants,(30)set-off,(31)recoupment,15orthelike,hemustsetupthesedefencesinaclearandunambiguousmanner,totheendthatthecomplainantmaybeapprisedthereof;forhecannotavailhimselfofanymatterindefencewhichisnotstatedinhisanswer,eventhoughitshouldappearintheevidence.18Itwouldbeagrossfrauduponthecomplainanttoallowadefendanttosetuponedefenceinhisanswer,andtomakeoutandrelyuponanentirelydiffer-entdefenceinhisproof.Ifsuchapracticeweretolerated,insteadofaplead-ingsubservingthepurposeofnotifyingtheadversaryofwhatthepleaderin-tendedtoprove,itwouldbeamererusetoenablehimtomisleadanddeceivehisadversaryastohisrealcauseofaction,orrealdefence.Andwhereade-fendanthasmadeoutacasebyproof,differentfromtheonesetupinhisan-swer,heshouldnotbeallowedtoamendhisanswersoastoconformtotheproof,withoutbeingoneratedwiththecostsofalltheprooftakeninthecause.Theproofsmustbeconformedtothepleadings,anditisareversalofbothlogicandlawtoallowapartytoconformhispleadingstohisproofs.Instatingadefendant'scase,however,itisonlynecessarytousesuchadegreeofcertaintyaswillinformthecomplainantofthenatureofthedefencetobemade;andthesamedegreeofdefinitenessneednotbeobservedinsettingoutthesedefencesasisrequiredofthecomplainantinspecifyingthegroundsonwhichhereliesforrelief.17Nevertheless,isafundamentalruleofpleading,applicablealiketobills,pleas,andanswers,thatnothingcanbeprovedordis-
91Dan.Ch.Pr.,713.Alleganscontrarianonestaudiendus.(Hewhoallegesmattersthatarecon-tradictorywillnotbeheard.)10Andhemayevenobjecttothegeneraljuris-dictionoftheCourtoverthesubject-matterTraversv.Abbey,20Pick.,665.See,ante,§290.11Code,§§4318-4319;Frenchv.Rainey,2TermCh.,652;Traversv.Abbey,20Pick.,665.Prematurityofsuitmaybepleadedinananswer.",263.9Heisk.,679;CowardWilliamsv.Bartlett,4Lea,Piguev.Young,1Pick.,12RogersV.Green,Culver,12Heisk.,544;620.13Code,§§4318-4319,4337.14Alleyv.Myers,2Tenn.Ch.,206.
10FurmanV.North,4Bax.,296;Turleyv.Tur-ley,1Pick.,261;Readv.StreetRy.Co.,2Cates,316;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,712.Andwhenthematterofapleaissetupinananswer,theavermentsmustcontainallthecertaintyofaplea,notinitstech-nicalniceties,butinitsmaterialstatements."Cer-taintyofallegationconstitutesthebeautyofEquitypleading."Turley,Judge,inHighv.Batte,10Yerg.,338.17Thedefencethattheclaimisstalemay,how-ever,beinsistedonwithoutbeingsetupintheanswer.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,714,note5.Thereasonofthisisthatstalenessisnotsomuchadefenceasitisarule,regulatingthediscretionoftheChan-cellor.

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§359 ANSWERSTOBILLS. 294provedwhichhasnotbeenalleged.18Astotheparticularityrequiredinset-tingforthdefencesreferenceismadetotheprecedingChapteronPleasinBar.Whatevermaybepleadedinbarmaybesetupinananswer,andwhensosetupthesamedegreeofdefiniteness,particularityanddirectnessshouldbeobserved.§359.AnswerSuperiortoaPleaasaModeofDefence.—Wherethesamedefencecanbemadebyananswerthatcouldbemadebyplea,itisgen-erallybettertomakeitbyanswer,because:(1)ananswerislesstechnical,andmoreeasilyframed;(2)ananswercansetupallthefactsandcircum-stancesthattendtoaid,orstrengthen,thedefence;19(3)ananswerenablesadefendanttopresenthisdefencesinalltheirfullnessandparticularity,andshowsadispositiontoboldlyandfranklymeetalltheallegedequitiessetupinthebill;whereas,(4)aplearatherindicatesadispositiontoavoidacontestonthemerits,andsometimesimpliesthatthedefendanthasnodefenceexceptsomehardruleoflaw,orsometechnicalbar;and(5)asaresult,apleaisoftenregardedwithdisfavorbytheCourt,20whenthesamedefencesetupinananswer,andespeciallywhenexplainedandsupportedbyequitablecircum-stances,willberegardedwith,atleast,animpartialdisposition.Chancellorshaveayearningtopenetratetotheheartofthemeritsofacontroversy,andsometimesfeelthatapleaislikeadoor,thatshutsthemoutofthechamberwheretherealtruthistobefound.Asshownelsewhere,pleaswereformerlyresortedtoinordertoavoidbeingcompelledtomakeadiscovery,whichwasoftenirksomeandembarrassing,aswellasdamaging,forwhenadefendantanswersunderoathheisrequiredtoanswerfully.Bymeansofaplea,thedefendantrelievedhimselffromthedisagreeabletaskofansweringastoallthemanymattershewasrequiredtodiscover.Butnow,inTennessee,billsprayingadiscoveryunderoathareseldomfiled,andalldefences,exceptmattersinabatementandobjectionstuthejurisdiction,maybeincorporatedintheanswer,includingbothmattersof'awandmattersoffact.21Hence,pleasareseldomnecessary,andlessseldomresortedto;andthetendencyishere,asthroughouttheUnion,topresentalldefencesbymeansofananswer;andthisisespeciallytruewhereanunswornanswerispermitted.Asabillisthesimplestandmostnatural,andyetthemosteffectivemethodofpresentingacomplainant'scauseofactiontoaCourt,soanansweristhesimplestandmostnatural,andyetthemosteffectivemethodofpresentingthedefendant'ssideofalegalcontroversy.§360.WhatisaSufficientAnswerwhenaDefendant'sOathisWaivedAnanswerhavingbeenoriginallyintendedtobeasworndiscoveryoffactsinthedefendant'sknowledge,necessarytoenablecomplainanttomakeouthisease,itwasnaturalforthedefendanttoevadefullanddirectanswerstothechargesandinterrogatoriescontainedinthebill;andweaccordinglyfindthebooksofChanceryPracticefullofcaseswhereanswershavebeenexceptedtobecauseevasive,andbecausenotcontainingfullanddirectresponsestothebill.Butwhenanunswornansweriscalledfor,itismanifestthatnodiscoveryissoughtorexpected,andthatcomplainantcontemplatesnothingmorefromthedefendantthanapleadingmakinganissue.22Forthisreason,ithasbeenuni-formlyheldthatanunswornanswercannotbeexceptedto,forinsufficiency,2*
If,therefore,anunswornanswercannotbeexceptedtoforinsufficiency,theresultwouldseeminevitablethatananswercontainingnothingbutageneraldenialof"eachandalloftheallegationsofthebill,andeverypartthereof,"
18See,Furmant'.North,4Bax.,296.191Dan.Ch.Pr.,714;Sto.Eq.PI.,§851.20Sto.Eq.PL,§454,note;ante,§318,note.21Code,§§4318-4319.22Code,§4317;OvertonrHolinshade,5Heisk.,683-
23Smithv.St.LouisIns.Co.,2Tenn.Ch.,599:inthiscasethematterisfullyconsidered,andnu-merousauthoritiesarecited.See,also,Sheppardv.Akers,1Tenn.Ch.,326,andcasestherecited.

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295 ANSWERSTOBIU,S.§360wouldbeasufficientunswornanswer,asitmakesanissue,andputsthecom-plainanttotheproofofallthematerialallegationsinhisbill.24Whatismeantbythestatementthatanunswornanswercannotbeexceptedtoforinsufficiency,is:thatitcannotbeexceptedtofornotmeetingeverycharge,avermentandinterrogatorycontainedinthebill,ifit,asawhole,con-tainssufficienttomakeanissue.Thisanswermaybeageneralone,asstatedabove;butifthedefendantmakesanissueastosomeofthematerialallega-tionsofthebill,bututterlyignoresothers,andnowhereinhisanswergenerallytraverses"allthemateria]allegationsnototherwiseanswered,"suchananswerwouldbeliabletoexceptionforinsufficiency,becausethedefendantmustanswersufficientlytomakeanissueonthewholebill.25Theprovisionsofourstatutesforenforcingananswer,26andforsecuringasufficientanswerbymeansofexceptions,wereintendedforswornanswerswherediscoveriesweresought,inwholeorinpart;andsuchprovisionswerenotintendedtoapplytounswornanswers,containingnothingscandalousorimpertinent.27Nevertheless,whatevermaybethestrictlawwhentested,itisunquestiona-blythebetterpracticeforanunswornanswertorespondtoeachofthema-terialallegations,intheirorder,andconcludewithageneraldenialofeachandeveryallegationnotalreadyansweredunto.Besides,whereadefendant,bydenyingwellknownfacts,therebycausesthecostofprovingthem,itwouldbeaproperexerciseofdiscretiontooneratehimwithapartofthecosts,evenwhensuccessful.ForallpartiesoweittotheCourt,andoweittothecauseofjusticeandofgoodpleading,tocircumscribetheissuesasmuchaspossiblo,andtomakethecostsofthelitigationaslightaspossible.Inallcaseswherethestatuterequiresapleatobeswornto,ananswerincor-poratingsuchapleamustbeswornto,evenwhentheoathofthedefendanttohisansweriswaivedbythecomplainant.Insuchacase,theanswerisamerepleading,butneverthelessapleadingrequiredbythestatutetobeunderoath.2324ThisistheconclusionfairlydeduciblefromthecasescitedinSmithv.St.LouisIns.Co.,2Tenn.Ch.,599,andinbueppardv.Akers,1Tenn.Ch.,326.BytheCode,§4322,"noreplicationisrequiredorallowed,"evenwhenthe_answer,byconfessionandavoidance,presentsanissuewhollydifferentfromtheonetenderedbythebill.Insuchacase,anissueonthenewmatterintheanswerismadebyoperationofthestatute,muchthesameasanissueonthemattersinthebillismadebyaproconfessoagainstaninfant.Asananswerwithoutoathordinarilydenieseverythinginthebill,itwouldmuchspeedthecausetoallowthecomplainanttowaiveananswerentirely,exceptwhennewishesadiscoveryonoath,orwhenthedefendantwishestosetupmattersinavoidance;andincaseofsuchwaivertohaveanissuemadebyoperationoflawonallavermentsoffactcon-tainedinthebill.Bethisasitmay,thelogicoftheforegoingauthoritiesdemonstratesthatanyun-swornanswer,thatmakesanissueoffactonallthematerialavermentsofthebill,isasufficientanswer.See,also,Paynev.Berry,3Tenn.Ch.,154.InStory'sEquityPleading,§875,c,itissaidwith,greatpositiveness: "Therecanbenoquestion,uponprinciple,itwouldseem,thattheanswerofthedefendantnotuponoath,althoughresponsivetothebill,istobetreatedmerelyinthenatureofapleaofdenial,bywayofspecialtraverse,anditwouldbeofthesameeffect,precisely,ifitwereameregeneralissue."25Paynev.Berry,3Tenn.Ch.,154.26Code,§§4360-4368.27"TheruleswhichregulateexceptionstoChan-cerypleadings,"saysChancellorCooper,"wereintendedtosecurefulldiscovery,andtoprevent
therecordsoftheCourtfrombeingencumberedwithimpertinentmatter,ormadethevehiclesofprivatemalice.Theyarerigidlyenforcedfortheattainmentoftheseends.***If,however,norealbenefitistobeobtainedbycallingthemintoplay,aresorttothemisauselessconsumptionoftime,andsetsponderousmachineryinmotiontonopurpose."Gleavesv.Morrow,2Tenn.Ch.,593."Thisponderousmachinery"wasnotdevisedforunswornanswers;andhence,wherenodiscoveryissought,andwheretheanswercontainsnothingim-pertinentorscandalous,suchanswercannotbeex-ceptedtoforinsufficiency,ifitcontainsenoughtoputallofthecomplainant'smaterialallegationsinissue,andthisitmaydobyageneraldenialof"eachandeveryallegationinthebillcontained,"aswellasbyaspecificdenialofeachspecificallega-tion,seriatim.28Code,§§2909;3777;3779a.Thedefendantmayconfinehisaffidavittosomuchofthebillasdeniesthepartnership,ortheexecutionofthein-strumentsuedon.Thewaiverofthedefendant'soathtohisanswermeansthatthecomplainantdoesnotwanttheanswerasadeposition;itdoesnotmeanthatthedefendantistobeallowedtopleadnon-partnershipornonestfactumwithoutswearingtotheplea.ThishemustdoevenintheCircuitCourt.Thepleadenyingtheallegedpartnership,ismisnamedapleainabatementbythestatute.Code,§2908.Itisnomoreapleainabatementthanisthepleaofnonestfactum,orthepleaofnotguilty.Thedefenceofnon-partnershipmaybesetupinananswer.ItwouldbedisrespectfultotheLegisla-turetosupposethattheymeantanythingmorethanthatsuchadefencemustbeswornto.See,Eatonv.Dickinson,3Sneed,405.

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§361THEANSWERASADEPOSITION.296
ARTICLEII.THEANSWERASADEPOSITION.§365.ThoroughnessoftheRequiredDis-covery.§366.HowChargesMustbeDenied.§367.DifferencebetweenanAnswerSwornto,andanAnswernotSwornto.
§361.AnswerasaModeofProof.§362.WhatMustbeAnswered,andHow.§363.ParticularityandPrecisionRequiredinanAnswerasaDeposition.§364.WhatMattersMustbeDiscovered,andHow.§361.AnswerasaModeofProof.—Formerly,theprincipalpurposeofananswerwasthediscoveryoffactswithinthedefendant'sownknowledge,eitherbecausethecomplainanthadnoothermeansofproof,ortosavetheexpenseofobtainingotherproof.ThedefendantwasnotformerlyacompetentwitnessinanyCourt,andhisevidencecouldonlybehadbymakinghimapartytoabillinEquity,andcompellinghimtoanswer.1Partiesbeingnowcompetentwitnesses,however,thenecessityofadiscoveryfromadefendantnowseldomarises;and,asaconsequence,theoathofthedefendantisgenerallywaived.Nevertheless,casesarisewhenanansweronoathisrequired,andinsuchcasesthedefendantmustrespondparticularlyandpreciselytoeachandeverymate-rialallegationandchargecontainedinthebill;makingthediscoverycalledfor,ifinhisknowledgeorpower;denyingsuchallegationsasarepersonallyknowntobeuntrue;admittingsuchasarepersonallyknowntobetrue;ex-pressingbeliefordisbeliefastothosenotpersonallyknowntobetrueorun-true,butastowhichthedefendanthasinformation;averringwantofinforma-tionorofbeliefastothosepartsofthebillofwhichhehasnoknowledge,in-formationorbelief;andbringingforwardsuchmattersofavoidance,orinbar,ashecanpresenttodefeatthewhole,oranypart,ofthereliefsoughtbythecomplainant.§362.WhatMustbeAnswered,andHow.—Thedefendantisrequiredtoanswertoeachandallofthemattersoffactcontainedinthebill,notonlyaccordingtohispositiveknowledgeofthefactsstated,andtohisbestremem-branceofthem,butalsoaccordingtothebestinformationhemayhavere-ceived,andthebestbeliefhemayhaveinreferencethereto.Itisnotnecessary,however,thatthedefendantshouldsay,insomanywords,thathehasnoknow-ledge,information,orbelief,inrelationtothematterscharged.Anyotherexpressionwhichamountstothesamethingwillbesufficient.2Itisnotnecessaryforabilltocontainspecificinterrogatories,inordertoobtainaspecificanswerfromthedefendant.3Thegeneralinterrogatoryorrequestinthebill,"thatthedefendantmayanswermaketoallandsingularthepremises,fullyandparticularly,asthoughspeciallyinterrogated,"issuffi-cienttoentitlethecomplainanttoafulldisclosureofthewholesubject-matterofthebill,equallyasifhehadspeciallyinterrogatedthedefendanttoeveryfactstatedinthebill,withallthematerialcircumstances.4Nevertheless,
1GardnerV.Gardner,4Heisk.,310.Inconse-quenceofthegeneralhabitofwaivingthedefend-ant'soathtohisanswer,thereisatendencyinTennessee,evenwhentheoathisnotwaived,toregardtheanswerprimarily,andalmostexclusively,asapleading,whoseofficeistopresenttheintendeddefencesratherthantofurnishevidenceinsupportofthecomplainant'scase.Nevertheless,therulesofpracticeonthesubjectofadiscoveryareinfull
force,andmustbeobservedwheneverananswerunderoathiscalledfor.2Gleavesv.Morrow,2Tenn.Ch„597.Inthiscase,ChancellorCoopersaysthattheobjectofadiscoveryisnotmerelytopurgetheconscienceofthedefendant,buttolightentheburdenofproof.Onthispointsee.ChapteronBillsofDiscovery.3Gleavesv.Morrow,2Tenn.Ch.,597.41Dan.Ch.Pr.,715,note4;Sto.Eq.PI-§38.

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297 THEANSWERASADEPOSITION.§363specialinterrogatoriesareoftenaddedinordertopreventevasion,andtothor-oughlysifttheconscienceofthedefendant.5§363.ParticularityandPrecisionRequiredinanAnswerasaDeposition.Initscharacterasadeposition,ananswermustcontainafullandperfectre-sponsetoeachandallofthematerialallegationsinthebill.Itmustconfess,avoid,deny,ortraverse,allthematerialpartsofthebill.Itmuststatefactsandnotarguments.Itisnotsufficientthatitcontainsageneraldenialofthematterscharged;buttheremustbeananswertothesiftinginquiriesuponthegeneralsubject.Itshould,also,becertaininitsallegations,asfaraspractica-ble.Tosomuchofthebillasitisnecessaryandmaterialforthedefendanttoanswer,hemustspeakdirectlyandwithoutevasion;andhemustnotmerelyanswertheseveralchargesliterally;buthemustconfessortraversethesub-stanceofeachcharge.6And,whereverthereareparticularandprecisecharges,theymustbean-sweredparticularlyandprecisely,andnotinageneralmanner,althoughthegeneralanswermayamounttoafulldenialofthecharges.Thus,whereabillrequiredageneralaccount,andatthesametimecalleduponthedefendanttosetforthwhetherhehadreceivedparticularsumsofmoney,specifiedinthebillwithmanycircumstancesrespectingthetimeswhen,andofwhom,andonwhataccounts,suchsumshadbeenreceived,itwasdeterminedthatsettingforthageneralaccountbywayofscheduletotheanswer,andreferringtoitascontainingafullaccountofallsumsofmoneyreceivedbythedefendant,wasnotsufficient.Andthecomplainant,havingexceptedtotheansweronthisground,theexceptionwasallowed,theCourtbeingofopinionthatthedefend-antwasboundtoanswerspecificallytothespecificchargesinthebill;andthatitwasnotsufficientforhimtosay,generally,thathehadintheschedulesetforthanaccountofallsumsreceivedbyhim.7Inthatpartofananswerthatisapleading,thedefendantmuststatehiscasedistinctly,andspecifyhisdefences;butheisnotrequiredtodisclosetheproofsonwhichhisdefencesrest.Ontheotherhand,thatpartoftheanswerwhichisadepositionmustgiveadirectandfullanswertoeveryquestionasked,andtoeveryallegationandchargemade;for,astothispartofhisanswer,thedefendantisawitnessgivinginhisevidence,andSworntotellthetruth,andthewholetruth.8§364.WhatMattersMustbeDiscovered,andHow.—Wheredefendantshaveintheirpowerthemeansofacquiringtheinformation,necessarytoenablethemtogivethediscoverycalledfor,theyareboundtomakeuseofsuchmeans,9whateverpainsortroubleitmaycostthem;therefore,wheredefend-antsfillingthecharacteroftrusteesarecalledupontosetoutanaccount,theycannot.frametheiranswersoasmerelytogiveasufficientgroundforanaccountintheMaster'soffice;theyareboundtogivethebestaccounttheycanbytheiranswer.Butadefendantoughtnottoberequiredtoobtaininforma-tionsoastomeetthecomplainant'swishes,andtherebybecomehisagenttoprocuretestimony.10Whereexecutors,orothertrustees,arecalledupontosetoutaccounts,theymustsetthemforth;although,forthepurposeofren-deringtheirscheduleslessburdensome,theymay,insteadofgoingtoomuchintoparticulars,refertotheoriginalaccountsintheirpossession;andwhenitissaidthatadefendantmayrefertoanaccountinhispossession,itmustnotbeunderstoodasauthorizinghimtorefer,byhisanswer,toaccountsmadeoutbyhimselfforthepurposesofthecase,butonlytoaccountspreviouslyinex-istence.11But'whereadefendantisrequiredtosetforthageneralaccount,hemaysetforththeaccount,orthestatementofthesumsreceived,bymeansofschedulesannexedtohisanswer,andmadepartthereof.126Sto.Eq.PI.,§§35;38.eSto.Eq.PI.,§852.7Sto.Eq.PI.,§852.8Gres.En.F.v..19
9Gleavesr.Morrow,2Tenn.Ch..59710Morrisv.Parker,3Johns.,Ch.,(N.Y.)301U1Dan.Ch.Pr.,724.101T\nnni,T>_7T7

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§365 THEANSWERASADEPOSITION.298Inmanyeaseswherethedefendantisasked,astohisknowledgeorinforma-tionoffacts,itisnotsufficientforhimtosaythathehasnoknowledgeorinfor-mationofthosefacts,ifthefactsaresuchashavepassedbetweenhisagentandthecomplainant,andheisinterrogatedthereto;forundersuchcircumstancesheisboundtomakeinquiriesofhisagentbeforehemakeshisanswer.Suchacaseisnotgovernedbythesameconsiderationsasonewherethefactsareequallyopenandaccessibletobothparties,andthemeansofinformationarethesame;fortheprincipalhasmeansofknowingfromhisagentwhatthefactsare;andhehasnorightinhisanswertosaythathedoesnotknowwhathisagenthasdone.Itisplainthatifheansweredthathehadbeeninformedbyhisagentthatthefactswereso,andhebelievedtheinformation,theanswerwouldbegoodevidence,andmightbematerial.Soifapartyisinterrogatedastohisknowledge,remembrance,informationandbelief,andtheanswerallegesthatthedefendanthasnoknowledgeorinformationthatafactisnottrue,thatisnotsufficient,forheoughttostatewhetherhebelievesittobetrue.13§365.ThoroughnessoftheRequiredDiscovery.—ItisafundamentalruleofEquitypleadingthat,whenanansweronoathiscalledfor,andthedefend-antanswers,hemustanswerfully,andleavenochargeorallegationinthebillwithoutanadequateresponse;andhemustanswer"astohisknozvledge,remem-brance,informationandbelief.1'And,ingeneral,ifafactischarged,whichisinthedefendant'sownknowledge,asifdonebyhimself,hemustanswerpositive-lyandnottohisremembranceorbeliefonly,ifitisstatedtohavehappenedwithinsevenyearsbefore.Itseems,however,thatwhereaspecialcauseisshown,sopositiveananswermaybedispensedwith.Astofactswhichhavenothappenedwithinhisownknowledge,thedefendantmustanswerastohisinformationandbelief,andnotastohisinformationmerely,withoutstatinganybeliefeitheronewayortheother.Itisnot,however,necessarytomakeuseoftheprecisewords"astohisinformationandbelief;"thedefendantmaymakeuseofanyexpressionsthataretantamounttothem;thus,tosaythatthedefendant"cannotanswerthefactsinquiredafter,astohisbelieforotherwise."isgenerallyconsideredasufficientdenial;forthoughtheword,"information"isnotused,theexpression,"belieforotherwise,"isheldtoincludeit.Andsowhereananswerwasinthisform
—
"Andthisdefendantfurtheransweringsaith,itmaybetrueforanythingheknowstothecontrary,that,"&c,andaftergoingthroughtheseveralstatements,itconcludedthus—"butthisdefendantisanutterstrangertoallandeverysuchmatters,andcannotformanybeliefcon-cerningthem;"thedefendantinstatinghimselftobeanutterstrangertoallandeverythemattersinquestion,didanswerastohisinformation,anddid,ineffect,denythathehadanyinformationconcerningthem.Adefendantcannot,bymerelysaying"thatamattermaybetrueforanythingheknowstothecon-trary,"avoidstatingwhathisrecollection,information,orbelief,withrefer-encetoitis,orsayingthathehasnorecollectionorinformation,orthathecannotformanybeliefatallconcerningit,eitherinthesewordsorinequiva-lentexpressions.14Ifthedefendantanswersthathehasnotanyknowledgeorinformationofafactchargedinthebill,heisnotboundtodeclarehisbeliefonewayortheother.'Itisnotsufficienttoanswerthatthespecificfactscharged''maybetrue,butthedefendanthasnoknowledgeofthem,andleavesthecomplainanttoprovethem."Norisitsufficienttosaythat"thedefendanthasnotanyknowledgeoftheforegoingfactsbutfromthestatementthereofinthebill."Adenialbythedefendant,"accordingtohisrecollectionandbelief,"isnotsufficient,whenthefactisdirectlychargedtobewithinhisknowledge;butwhenadefendantstatesthatheis"utterlyandentirelyignorant,"astoa
13Sto.Eq.PL.§855.u. | 141Dan.Ch.Pr.,723.

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299 THEANSWERASADEPOSITION.§366fact,itissufficient.15Itisnotnecessarythatadefendantshouldsayinsomanywords,thathehasnoknowledge,information,orbeliefinrelationtothematterscharged;anyotherexpressionwhichamountstothesamethingwillhesufficient.16Ingeneral,ifafactischargedwhichisinthedefendant'sownknowledge,asifitisdonebyhimself,hemustanswerpositively,andnottohisremem-branceor»belief,atleastifitisstatedtohavehappenedwithinsevenyearsbefore.Butastothefactswhichhavenothappenedwithinhisownknowledge,hemustanswerastohisinformationandbelief,andnothisinformationmerely,withoutstatinganybeliefeitheronewayortheother.Astorecentfacts,however,withinhisownknowledge,hemustanswerpositively,andnotonbelief,althoughnotsoastotheresultofaconversation.17§366.HowChargesmustbeDenied.—Ifthedefendantdenyafacthemusttraverseitdirectly,andnotbywayofnegativepregnant;thus,ifafactbelaidtobedonewithdiverscircumstances,thedefendantmaynottraverseitliterallyaslaiddowninthebill,buthemusttraversethepointofsubstance
;
as,ifamanbechargedtohavedoneathinguponsuchaday,orinsuchaplace,hemust.notdenythathediditinmannerandformascharged,forthatimpliesthat,insomesort,hedidit.So,ifhebechargedwiththereceiptofonehundreddollars,hemust.denythathehasreceivedonehundreddollars,oranypartthereof;andifhehasreceivedanypart,hemustsetforthwhatpart.18So,ananswertoabillofdiscoveryfordocumentsinthedefendant'spossession,merelyallegingthedefendant'sbeliefthatthedocumentsdonotcontainevidence,ortendtoshowthecomplainant'stitle,isnotsufficient,buttheanswermustdistinctlynegativetheallegationsinthebill.However,nopositiverulecanfullyprovideforallthevariousdifficultiesincasesofthissort;andeachcasemust,therefore,bedecideduponitsowncircumstances.19Thepurposeofalltherulesonthissubjectisthat,whenanansweronoathiscalledfor,thedefendantshallbecompelledtomakeafull,direct,clear,andfrankresponsetoallcharges,avermentsandallegationsinthebill;andshallnotbepermittedtobesilent,evasive,indefinite,orambigu-ousinhisanswerstothosechargesandallegations.Itisthedutyofthedefend-anttomakefull,true,direct,andperfectanswerstoallandsingularthemat-tersstatedandchargedinthebill;andsuchanswersmustnotonlyexhausthisknowledgeandremembrance,but,also,hisinformation,hearsayandbelief;andthisdutytheCourtswillfirmlyenforce.§367.DifferencebetweenanAnswerSworntoandanAnswernotSwornto.—Thedifferencebetweenananswersworntobythedefendantonthecom-plainant'sdemand,andananswernotsworntobecauseofthecomplainant'sexpresswaiverofsuchoath,isthedifferencebetweenapaperwhichisbothapleadingandadeposition,andapaperwhichismerelyanadversepleading.TheCodesays,thatwhereananswerfromadefendantunderoathiswaivedbythecomplainantinhisbill,theanswerisentitledtonomoreweightasevidencethanthebill.20Theresultis,ananswer,theoathtowhichiswaived,isamerepleading,whoseexclusivefunctionistomakeanissueoffact,21oramixedissueoflawandfact;22whereasananswer,theoathofthedefendanttowhichhasnotbeenwaived,isnotonlyapleadingcontainingallofthedefendant'sdefencestothemeritsofthebill,butisalsoadeposition,23insofarasitisresponsivetotheavermentsandthechargescontainedinthebill,andassuch,hasalltheforceandeffectofanyotherdepositioninthecause.If,however,151Dan.Ch.Pr.,723,note4.16Gleavesv.Morrow,2Tenn.Ch.,597.ITSto.Eq.PL,§§854-8S5.Whenadefendantanswersthathehasnoknowledgeofthefactcharged,butbelievesittobetrue,thisisdeemedanadmissionofitstruth,for,whatthedefendantbe-lievesinsuchacase,theCourtwillbelieve.Sto.
181Dan.Ch.Pr.,726.19Sto.Eq.PL,§855.20Code,§4317.21DiJnlapv.Haynes,4Heisk.,479.22Code,§§4318-4319.23Smithv.St.LouisIns.Co.,2Tenn.Ch.,601.

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§368$ MATTERSCOMMONTOALLANSWERS.300thebillisonerequiredtobeswornto,italsopartakesofthenatureofadepo-sitionforenoughtobalanceanycontraryavermentsorstatementsinaswornanswer.24Thefailuretokeepthisdistinctioninmindhasresultedinmuchconfusioninspecifyingtherequirementsofanswers.28
ARTICLEIII.MATTERSCOMMONTOALLANSWERS.
368.TheAnswerMustMakeanIssue.369.AnswerwherethereareSeveralDe-fendants.370.WhatDocumentsaDefendantMustProduce,andWhen.WhatMattersNeedNotbeAnswered.§371
§372.ScandalandImpertinencenotAllow-able.S373.PrayerforCounterRelief.§374.WhenanAnswerMustbeSwornto,evenWhentheOathisWaived.§375.EssentialsofanAnswer.§376.WhenanAnswerMustbeFiled.§368.TheAnswerMustMakeanIssue..—Ananswerthatmakesnoissueisnoanswer,andmaybestrickenfromthefilesonmotion,1andanorderproconfessotaken.Everyanswer,whetheronoathornot,shoulddistinctlyandfullymeeteverymaterialavermentandchargecontainedinthebill;andshoulddosospecifically,andnotbywayofgeneralsweepingdenials.Ageneraladmissionofalltheallegationsandchargessetforthinthebill,is,however,sufficient.Whilethefailuretoadmitordenyachargeorallegationisnotdeemedanadmissionofitstruth,nevertheless,suchfailurewouldbedeemedacircum-stanceagainstthedefendantinweighingtheevidenceforandagainstsuchchargeorallegation.2§369.AnswerWhereThereareSeveralDefendants.—Wherethereareseveraldefendants,nooneofthemisrequiredtoanswermattersthatrelateexclusivelytohisco-defendant.Co-defendantscananswerseparatelyorjointly,butwhentheirdefenceisjointtheyshouldanswerjointly.Onede-fendantcan,also,adopttheanswerofaco-defendantinwholeorinpart,usingappropriatelanguagetomakeithisownasfullyasthoughhehadhimselfmadeeachandeveryresponsethereinadopted.3Whereadefendantanswers,andmeetsfullytheequitiessetupinthebillagainstaco-defendantwhohasbeenproconfessoedforwantofananswer,suchanswer,ifsustainedbytheproof,willalsoprotectthelatterfromadecreeontheproconfesso,whenthereisprivityofinterestbetweenthem,suchaspartnerandpartner,4trusteeandbeneficiary,5vendorandvendee,6andthe
24McLardt>.Linnville,10Hum.,163;Bogartv.McClung,11Heisk.,112-113;Williamsonv.Wil-liamson,11Lea,365.SeeChapteronEvidence,post,§460.25Ananswerrequiredtobeunderoath,whennotproperlyswornto,standsasanunswornanswerandonlymakesanissue.Chesterp.Canfield,2Shan.Cas3091PhillipsV.Overton,4Hayw.,291.Thedefend-antmustanswersufficientlytomakeanissue.PayneV.Berry,3Tenn.Ch.,154.2InEngland,underthepresentpractice,everyallegationinabillnotdenied,norexpressedtobenotadmittedbytheanswer,isdeemedtobead-mitted,exceptincaseofanswersbymarriedwomen,infants,andlunatics.Snell'sPr.Eq.,669.InNewJerseyandKentucky,amaterialfactaverredinthebill,andnotdeniedintheanswer,istakenasadmitted.InNewHampshire,theChanceryRulesprovidethat"allfactswellallegedinthebill,andnotdenied,orexplainedintheanswer,willbeheld
tobeadmitted."1Dan.Ch.Pr.,837,note.#Inourcourtsoflaw,allallegationsinthedeclaration,notdeniedintheplea,aretakenastrue.Code,§2910.See,also,Code,§2929.Ithasoftenbeenheldthatananswermaybe"toofaintinitsdenialstocallforproofonthepartofthecomplainant."Rheav.Alli-son,3Head,179;Coxr.Waggoner,5_Sneed,544.Ifananswer"toofaintinitsdenials"isequivalenttoanadmission,itwouldseemthatananswerthatdoesnotdenyatallcouldnothaveanymoreforce,tosaytheleast.Nevertheless,theweightofauthor-ityisthatafailuretoadmit,ordeny,anymaterialallegationinabill,isnotanadmission,andthatthecomplainantmustprovethetruthoftheallegationnotrepliedto.Smithv.St.LouisM.L.Ins.Co.,2Tenn.Ch.,599.Inthiscase,thepointisthor-oughlyconsidered,andallofourcasescited.3See,post,§§378;382.4PettyV.Hannum,2Hum.,102.5Cherryv.Clements,10Hum.,552.6HennesseeV.Ford,8Hum.,499.

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301 MATTERSCOMMONTOALLANSWERS.§370like.7Butwheretherightsoftheproconfessoeddefendantaredistinctrights,andhehasnojointorcommoninterestwiththedefendantwhoanswers,thisruledoesnotapply.8
§370.WhatDocumentsaDefendantMustProduce,andWhen.—Insofarasananswerisadeposition,itisthedutyofthedefendanttodisclosehispossessionofanyandallbooks,papers,writings,andotherdocuments,calledforbythebill,ifinhispossession,custody,orcontrol.Ifheischargedwithhavinginhispossession,custodyorpower,books,papers,orwritings,astate-mentinhisanswerthattherearecertainbooks,papers,orwritings,insomeothercountyorState,theparticularsofwhichheisunabletosetforth,with-outanyanswerastothefact,whethertheyareinthedefendant'spossession,custody,orpower,willbeinsufficient;for,ifthedefendantadmitsthebooks,papers,orwritingstobeinhispossession,custody,orpower,thecomplainantmaymakeamotionuponthedefendanttoproducethem;andtheCourtwill,uponsuchmotion,orderthemtobebroughtinwithinareasonabletime.Andso,whereadefendantstated,inhisanswer,thathehadnotcertainbooks,papers,andwritingsinhispossession,custody,orpower,becausetheywerecomingovertothiscountry,itwasheldthattheywereinhispower,andthatthedefendantoughttohavesostatedinhisanswer.Itmaybeobservedhere,thatwherebooks,papers,orwritings,areinthecustodyorhandsofthedefendant'sSolicitor,theyareconsideredtobeinthedefendant'sowncus-todyorpower,andshouldbestatedtobesoinhisanswer.So,generally,allthebooks,papers,anddocumentswhichthedefendanthasarighttoinspect,providedhecanenforcethatright,aredeemedtobeinhispower.9Ifadefendantiscalledupontosetoutadeed,orotherinstrument,inthewordsandfiguresthereof,heshoulddoso,orgivesomereasonfornotcom-plyingwiththerequisition;hemay,however,avoidthisbyadmittingthathehasthedeed,orotherinstrument,inhispossession,andofferingtogivethecomplainantacopyofit.Itmayherebeobservedthatitis,always,aproperprecaution,whereadefendantsetsoutadeed,orotherinstrument,inhisanswer,whetherinhereverba,orbywayofrecital,tocraveleavetorefertoit,as,bysodoing,thedefendantmakesitapartofhisanswer,andrelieveshimselffromanychargeincaseitshouldbeerroneouslysetout.10Thedefendantwillberequiredtoproducedocumentsandpapers(1)ad-mitted,inhisanswer,tobeinhispossession,orunderhiscontrol;or,(2)re-ferredtoinhisanswer,andnotadmittedtobeinhispossession,orunderhiscontrol,butshowntobe;or,(3)whenreferredtoinhisanswerforgreatercertainty.Butthecomplainantisnotentitled,asamatterofright,tothediscoveryandproductionofanydocuments,orpapers,calledforbythebill,exceptthosewhichappertaintohisowncase,orthetitlemadebyhisbill.Documentsandpapers,whichwhollyandsolelyrespectthedefendant'stitle,ordefence,heisnotcompellable,byhisanswer,todiscover,ortoproduce
;
butifhevoluntarilyreferstothem,forgreatercertainty,hemaybecom-pelledtoproducethem.11§371.WhatMattersNeedNotbeAnswered.—Adefendantneednotan-sweranymatterthatisscandalousorimmaterial;norneedheansweranyin-terrogatorynotbasedonsomematerialmatteroffactchargedinthestatingpartofthebill.Ifananswertoaninterrogatory,eitherintheaffirmativeornegative,wouldnotbepertinenttothemattersputinissuebythebill,such
7InBrianV.Peterman,5Head,499,adenialofthejusticeofanaccount,byoneoftwoexecutors,washeldsufficientforboth,theybeingjointlycharged,citingPettyv.Hannum,2Hum.,102.See,also,Smithv.Cunningham,2Tenn.Ch.,565,wheretheauthoritiesarecited.InMcDanielv.Goodall,2Cold.,395.itisdeclaredtobe"awellsettledprin-cipleofthis[theSupreme]Court,thatifajointde-f,.,.Jn,.fi,-.B,i'a,-afileKill-i11,1mmniri>ctliMTTVniiltrcpf
upagainsthimself,andtheotherdefendant,whodoesnotanswer,nodecreecanberenderedagainstthedefendantfailingtoanswer."See,also,Butlerv.Kinzie,6Pick.,31,inwhichcase,Caldwell,J.,citesallthecasesonthisquestion,inourreports.8Phillipst'.Hollister,2Cold.,269.9Sto.Eq.PI.,§852;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,725.io1Dan.Ch.Pr.,725-726.11StnPnPISRSCQ-QCO

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$372MATTERSCOMMONTOAU,ANSWERS.302interrogatoryneednotbeanswered.12Itmaybestatedasarule,thatanymatterchargedinabill,thatisclearlyimmaterial,maybeabsolutelyignoredbythedefendantinhisanswer.Onetestofmaterialityistoascertainwhetherifthedefendantshouldanswerintheaffirmative,theadmissionwouldbeoianyusetothecomplainantinthecause,eithertoassisthisEquity,ortoad-vancehisclaimtorelief.Ifitis,itmustbeanswered,foritismaterial;ifnotitisimmaterial,andneednotbeanswered.13Inconsideringwhatismaterialtobeansweredunto,itmustberememberedthatadiscoverymaybematerialtothecomplainant'sgeneralcase,ifmadebysomeoneofthedefendants,whichwouldbewhollyirrelevantifmadebyan-other;insuchcases,thedefendant,fromwhomthediscoverywouldbeimma-terial,isnotobligedtomakeit.Adefendantis,infact,onlyobligedtoanswersomuchofthecomplainant'sbillasisnecessarytoenablethecomplainanttoobtainacompletedecreeagainsthimindividually.DefendantsinEquityarefrequentlyformalparties,andareintroducedforthepurposeofbringingbe-foretheCourtallpersonswhohaveaninterestinthesubjectindispute:andalthough,inpractice,itisverycommonforeachpartytoanswereverypartofthebill,itisoftenunnecessary.Thus,atrustee,orencumbrancer,orheiratlaw,needansweronlysomuchofthebillasappliestohim.Theproprietyofthisdistinctionisobvious,whenthenatureofabillinEquityisconsidered,namely,thatalthoughitisasuitcombiningseveralpartiesforthepurposeofobtaininganobject,inwhichtheyareallinsomemannerinterested,yetthesuitisdistinctasagainsteachdefendant.Eachdefendant,therefore,isliableonlysofarasthebillpraysreliefagainsthim;andhisdefencemay,therefore,beapplicabletothatpartofthecaseonly,14andheneednotansweranypartofthebillexceptwhatappliesto,orconcerns,himself.15TheCourtwillnot,ingeneral,allowthecircumstanceofacomplainant'shav-ingaclaimuponadefendant,tobeusedforthepurposeofenablingsuchcom-plainanttoinvestigatealltheprivateaffairsofsuchdefendant.NorwilltheCourtcompelthedefendanttomakeadiscovery,wheretheinterests,whichthecomplainantmayhaveinit,isveryremoteinitsbearingsontherealpointinissue,andwouldbeanoppressiveinquisition.16Butitmustalwaysberememberedthatadefendantcannotbecompelledtodiscoveranyfactswhich(1)maytendtocriminatehim;or(2)subjecthimtoaforfeiture,ortosomethinginthenatureofaforfeiture;or(3)whichareim-materialtothereliefsoughtagainsthim;or(4)whichmaybemattersofpro-fessionalconfidence;17or(5)whichrelatetohisowntitleineaseswherethereisnoprivitybetweenhimandthecomplainant.18Inthesecases,thedefendantisnotcompelledtoprotecthimselffromadiscovery,bypleaordemurrer,butraayinhisanswerdeclinetodisclosesuchfacts,uponstatingthegroundsuponwhichhebaseshisactions;suchgrounds,ifmattersoffact,tocontainthesub-stanceofaplea.19TheCourtmustbesatisfiedfromthecircumstancesofthecasethathisgroundsaresufficient.20Insuchcases,thequestionwhetherthedefendantis,orisnot,obligedtomakethediscovery,willbedeterminedbytheCourt,incasethecomplainantexceptstotheanswerforinsufficiency.21§372.ScandalandImpertinencenotAllowable.—Ananswer,likeanyotherpleading,mustbefreefromanyscandalous,improper,irrelevant,orimperti-nentmatter.l.AstoScandal.Ifananswergoesoutofthecasestatedinthebill,anddragsinanythingscandalous,itwillbeexpunged,byorderoftheCourt.22
12Frenchv.Rainey,2Term.PI.,§36;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,717.13Sto.Eq.PI.,§853.14Sto.Eq.PI.,§853c.15Ibid,§848.ioSto.Eq.PI.,§853b.
Ch.,640.Sto.Eq.17French1).Rainey,2Tenn.Ch.,647.181Dan.Ch.Pr.,717;721;Sto.Eq.PL,§846.19Frenchv.Rainey,2Tenn.Ch.,652-653.201Dan.Ch.Pr.,716.21Sto.Eq.PL,§846.22GleavesI).Morrow,2Tenn.Ch.,592.

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.303 MATTERSCOMMONTOAIXANSWERS.§373But,asinabill,soinananswer,nothingrelevantcanbedeemedscandalous.23Butthesubstanceofthemattermayberelevant,andyetthemodeofexpressionmayconstitutescandal.24Whatisscandalhasheretoforebeenconsidered.232.AstoImpertinence.Strictlyspeaking,everystatementinpleadingbe-yondthenakedfactsreliedonisimpertinence;26andifananswergoesoutofThecase,madebythebill,tobringinsomematternotmaterialtothedefence,it'willbedeemedimpertinent;and,uponproperapplication,willbeex-punged.27Longrecitals,unnecessarydigressions,settingforthdocumentsatlength,andprolixdetails,constituteimpertinence.28Ananswershouldcontainaclearandorderlystatementofthefactsonwhichthedefenceisfounded,withoutprolixityorrepetition.21'Nothingmaterialisimpertinent.30Thebestrule,fordeterminingwhetheran}*-givenmatterbeimpertinent,istoconsiderwhetheritwouldbepropertoputitinissue,ortoestablishitbyevidence;31for,itisplainthatifanymatterneednotbeeitheradmitted,de-nied,orproved,itcanhavenorelevancytothemeritsofthecontroversy,andmustbeabsolutelyimpertinentandunnecessary;anditsintroductionshould,insomeproperway,berebukedbytheCourt.IntheCode,itismadethedutyoftheCourttodiscountenanceprolixityandunnecessaryandfalseallegations,inallChancerypleadings;andforthispur-posetheCourtmay,onitsownmotion,oruponapplicationoftheoppositeparty,referthepleadingstotheMastertoberevised,ororderparticularpartstobestrickenout,andchargethepartyinfaultwiththeunnecessarycosts.32UnderthissectionoftheCode,allscandalous,impertinent,andirrelevantmatterwouldbedeemedunnecessarymatter;buthowaCourt,oraMaster,«anascertainwhatallegationsinapleadingarefalse,byamereexaminationofthepleadingitself,isnotapparent.Atthehearing,however,theCourtcanimposecostsonapartywhose"falseallegations"havecaused"unnecessarycosts.'
'
Allscandalousandimpertinentmatterwillbeexpunged,onexceptionbeingtakenthereto;33ortheCourtmay,onitsownmotion,referthepleadingstotheMastertoberevised,ororderparticularpartstobestrickenout.34§373.PrayerforCounterRelief.—TheCode,inspecifyingthecontentsofananswer,says,itshouldcontaina"prayerofdismissal,orcounterrelief."Thiswouldseemtoindicateanintenttoallowananswertosetupmattergproperforasetoff,orcrossaction,suchasareallowedintheCircuitCourt,33butthepracticeisto-requiretheanswertobefiledasacross-bill,whensuchmattersaresetup,andcounter-reliefsoughtthereon.36Nevertheless,whentherearecounterequitiesinthedefendant'sfavor,whichmaybegrantedonthemaxim,thathewhoseeksequitymustdoequity,itisproperforsuchadefendanttosettheseoutfullyinhisanswer,andprayforsuchcounter-relief.37Theanswer,whenfiledasacross-bill,willbeconsideredhereafter.38§374.WhenanAnswerMustbeSwornto,evenWhentheOathisWaived.Therearetwoclassesofcaseswhereintheanswermustbeswornto,evenwhenthecomplainanthaswaivedananswerunderoath:(1)wherethestatutere-quiresthedefencetobeonoath;and(2)wherethedefendantuseshisanswerbothasapleadingandasanaffidavit.23Nothingrelevantisscandalous,andthemafusorminusoftherelevancyisnotmaterial.Blake'sCh.Pr.,264;Gleavesv.Morrow,2Tenn.,Ch.,596.24Sto.Eq.PI.,.§862.25Ante,§150.26GleavesV.Morrow,2Tenn.Ch.,594.27Mrzenav.Brucker,3Tenn.Ch.,161.28Sto.Eq.PL,§863.29Code,§4315.30Sto.Eq.PI.,§863.31Mrzenav.Brucker,3Tenn.Ch.,161;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,728,note4.32Code,§4316.33Sto.Eq.PI.,§§862-863.34PnHcS4316
35Code,§§2918-2924.36MrzenaV.Brucker,3Tenn.Ch.,161;andcasesabovecited.37Itwouldseem,fromaconsiderationofCode,sections4315,4324,2970-2974,2918-2924,thatitwastheintentionoftherevisersoftheCodetoallowacross-claimtobesetupinananswer,withoutfilingtheanswerasacross-bill.Such,however,isnotthepractice.Thedefendantmustinsuchcases,filehisanswerasacrossbillinordertoenablediecomplainanttopresenthisdefences,andifneces-sary,todeny,onoath,anycross-claimspurportingtobesignedbythecomplainant,orhisagent.Seeinfra,note43.SRQoohn*+RK^HC.1inTit.1t\ti£

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$374MATTERSCOMMONTOAIXANSWERS.3041.WheretheStatuteRequiresIt.UndertheCode,allpleaswhich(1)denvtheexecution,orassignment,bythedefendant,hisagent,attorney,orpartnerofanyinstrumentinwritingthefoundationofthesuit,whetherproducedorallegedtobelostordestroyed;and(2)allpleassincethelastcontinuance,mustbeswornto.3BSo,whenanyofthesedefencesaresetupinanswer,theanswermustbeswornto."Wherethepleaisrequiredtobeswornto,ifthedefendantcannotadmitordenythefactforwantofsufficientknowledge,hemaystatehiswantofknow-ledge,andthereuponmakethedenialnecessarytopresentthedefence.40Everywrittencontract,instrument,orsignature,purportingtobeexecutedbythepartysoughttobecharged,hispartner,agent,orattorneyinfact,andconstitutingthefoundationofanaction,isconclusiveevidenceagainstsuchparty,unlesstheexecutionthereofisdeniedunderoath.41Ifthepartybedead,thepersonalrepresentativemaymakethedenialunderoath,accordingtothebestofhisknowledge,information,andbelief.42Theexecutionorassignmentofinstrumentsofferedinevidencebythede-fendant,whenallowedbylaw,isequallyconclusiveaswhenintroducedbythecomplainant,unlessdeniedunderoath.43Whentwoormorepersonssueaspartnersuponanaccount,billofexchange,bondornote,unlessthepartnershipisdeniedbyaplea,oransweronoath,thepartnershipneednotbeproved.44Aswornaccountfromanothercounty,orState,isconclusiveevidenceagainstthepartysoughttobecharged,unlessheshallonoathdenytheaccount,45orprovethatithasbeenpaid.46So,iftheinstrumentsuedon,although,originallyexecutedbythedefendant,hasbeenmateriallyalteredsinceitsexecutionwithoutauthorityfromthede-fendant,hemustinhisanswer,orbyaspecialpleaofnonestfactum,soaver;andsuchanswerorpleamustbeswornto;47eventhoughthebillcallforanunswornanswer.Andifanendorserissuedonhisendorsement,hemustdeny,onoath,theexecutionoftheendorsement,andasaresult,hispleaoranswerdenyingtheendorsementmustbeswornto.48Theanswerdenyingtheexecutionorassignmentofsuchinstruments,mustbeasdefiniteandcomprehensiveasaplea.But,insuchcases,thedefendantisnotboundtosweartothetruthofanyothermatterordefencecontainedinhisanswer,whenhisoathtohisansweriswaived,and.maylimithisoathtosuchpartsoftheanswerascontainstherequireddenial;orhemayannextohisanswerasapartthereofasworndenial.SPECIALAFFIDAVITTOANANSWER.StateofTennessee,]CountyofKnox.JRichardRoemakesoaththatsomuchofhisforegoinganswerasdeniesthatcomplainantsarepartners[or,asdeniestheexecution,orassignment,orendorsement,ofthenote,account,orotherinstrument,suedon.]istrue.[Sworntoandsubscribed,&c,seeante,§340.] RichardRoE.2.WheretheDefendanthasUseforitasPleadingandanAffidavit.Sometimes
30Code,§§2909;3777.40Code,§2911.41Code,3777;Snapv.Thomas,5Lea,503;Doug-lassv.Cross,6Cold.,416.42Code,§3778.43Code,§3779.Beforeadefendantcouldoffersuchaninstrumentinevidence,itwouldseemthatthecomplainant.shouldhavesomechancetodenyitunderoath,byaproperpleading.Thisindicatesthenecessityoffilingtheanswerasacross-bill,whencounter-claimsaresetupbythedefendant.44Code,§3779a.Inalltheforegoingcases,theaffidavittotheanswermayberestrictedtosomuchoftheanswerasdeniestheexecution,orassignment.
ofthepapersuedon,or,asdeniesthepartnershipofthecomplainants.45Code,§3780.M.&V.'sCode,§4529,mis-digeststhelawonthispoint.ThesectionomitsanaccountprovedbeforeajusticeofanotherState.M.&V.'ssectionshouldbegin,"Anaccountonwhichactionisbrought,comingfromanyothercounty,orState,with,"etc.T.S.Code,§§3780-3780a;Actsof1879,ch.40;Hist.Lawsuit,(Martin'sed.,)270,note.Foster&Webbv.ScottCounty,23Pick.,693.46BriggsV.Montgomery,3Heisk.,678.47Claybrooksv.Wade,7Cold.,560;Bloomv.Cate,7Lea,471;Cor.Lawsuit,§126.48Code,§§2909;3777;KnottV.Planter'sBank,2Hum.,493.

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305 ANSWERSTOBII^S.§375thedefendantneedstousehisanswerasanaffidavit,inordertomeetaswornFillinsomeinterlocutorymatter,suchasonanapplicationtosetasideajudg-mentproconfesso,oronamotiontodissolveaninjunction,ortosecureorresisttheappointmentofareceiver,orforsomeotherpurpose.49Inallsuchcases,theanswermustbeswornto,inordertobeofanyavail.50§375.EssentialsofanAnswer.—Anunswornanswermustcontainthefol-lowingessentials:1.Itmustbeproperlyentitled.2.Itmustrespondtoallthematerialallegationsofthebillsufficientlytoad-mitthem,ortoputtheminissue.3.Itmustsetup,distinctly,eachandeveryspecialdefencetobereliedonatthehearing.514.Itmustbefreefromscandalandimpertinence.5.Itmustbeproperlysigned.6.Itmustbefiledinthecause.Aswornanswer,inadditiontotheforegoingessentials,mustcontainthefol-lowing:
1.Itmustmakefullandtruediscoveryofeverymatterchargedinthebodyofthebill,orcontainedintheinterrogatories,astowhichthedefendanthaseitherpersonalknowledgeorremembrance,orinformationfromothers,orbelief;andif,astoanysuchmatter,thedefendanthasneitherknowledge,re-membrance,information,norbelief,hemustsodistinctlystate.2.Itmustbeproperlyswornto.Ifanyoftheseessentials,exceptthethird,iswantinginananswer,itwillbesubjecttoexceptions,ashereaftershown.§376.WhenanAnswerMustbeFiled.—Unlessapleainabatement,de-murrer,orpleainbar,hasbeendulyfiledonorbeforethethirddayoftheap-pearanceterm,iftheCourtholdsthreedays,andifnot,onthefirstdayoftheappearanceterm,ananswermustthenbefiled,orthedefendantwillbeindefault,andliabletoanordertakingthebillforconfessed,andtoafinalde-creethereon.52But,ongoodcauseshown,53thedefendantmayobtainfurthertimewithinwhichtofilehisanswer:inwhichcasetheanswermustbefiledwithinthetimegiven,orhewillbeliabletoaproconfesso.5*40Itmustalwaysbesworntoinsupportofamotiontosetasideanorderproconfesso,whenthedefendantisrequiredtoshowmerits.NoCourtshouldsetasideaproconfessoinordertoletinanunswornanswer.Butaftersuchananswerisfiled,ifthebillhaswaivedthedefendant'soath,theaffi-davittotheanswerisfunctusofficio.50See,post,§§387;842.51Thisisreallynotanessentialintheordinarymeaningoftheterm.Ananswerwillbegoodwith-
outit,butadefendantwouldnotbeallowedtoproveanymatterinavoidance,unlessitwasspec-iallypleaded.Itis,therefore,essentialtothede-fendant'sdefencethatsuchspecialmatterbesetupinhisanswer.52See,ante,§§225-227.63See,post,§62,sub-sec.8,astowhatismeantby"goodcauseshown."54See,ante,§§225-227;wherethetimewhenananswermustbefiledisfullyconsidered.

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§377Li.FRAMEANDFORMOFANANSWER.306
AETICLEIV.THEFRAMEANDFORMOFANANSWER.1§383.AnswerofanInfant.§384.AnswerofOtherPersonsunderDis-ability.§385.FormsofTitlesandCommencementsofAnswers.§386.FormsusedinFramingAnswers,andSettingupDefenses.
§377.CommencementofanAnswer.§378.BodyofanAnswer.§379.When,How,byWhom,andBeforeWhom,anAnswerMustbeSignedandSwornTo.§380.FormofanAnswer.§381.OldFormofanAnswer.§382.AnAnswerbyAdoption.§377.CommencementofanAnswer.—Inthefirstplace,ananswermustbeentitledinthecausesoastoagreewiththestyleofthecauseinwhichitistobefiled.Adefendantmaycorrectanymistakeinhisownnamemadebythebill,2butcannotcorrectoralterthenamesofotherparties,3orchangethestyleofthecause.4Thereareseveralformsoftitlesofanswers,allofwhichwillbehereafterconsidered.Ananswermustclearlyshow(1)ofwhichofthedefendantsitistheanswer;and(2)thenamesofthecomplainantsinthecauseinwhichitisfiledasananswer.Twoormorepersonsmayjoininthesameanswer,andwheretheirinterestsarethesame,andtheyappearbythesameSolicitor,theyoughttodoso,unlesssomegoodreasonexistsfortheiransweringseparately.Itmaybestatedasageneralrule,thatthedefendantsshouldanswerjointly,unlesstheirtitlesaredifferent.Ananswer,purportingtobethejointansweroffivedefendants,cannotbesworntoastheanswerofthreeonly,butitoughttobeamendedbystrikingoutthenamesoftheothertwo.Ananswermis-namingthecomplainant,isconsideredasnoanswer;andthedefendant,there-fore,isnotboundbyit.Ifthereisamistakeinaname,theanswermaybetakenoffthefile,corrected,andresworn.Butwherethereisamisnomerofthecomplainantinthecause,andaproperanswerisafterwardputin,thefirstanswerwillbeorderedtobetakenoffthefile,bythedescriptionofapaperwriting,purportingtobeananswer.6Aftergivingthetitleofthecause,itiscommon,indrawingananswer,tomakeareservationofthebenefitofallexceptionstothebillbecauseofitserrors,uncertainties,andimperfections;butsuchareservationisnotonlyutterlyworthless,butdownrightsurplusage,andmereimpertinence;andmaybestrickenoutonmotionofthecomplainant,orbytheCourtonitsownmotion.6Butifthedefendantdesirestorelyonademurrerinhisanswer,itisordinarilysetoutbeforetheanswerofthebillisundertaken.§378.BodyoftheAnswer—Nextafterthedemurrer,ifany,comesthesubstanceoftheanswer,accordingtothedefendant'sknowledge,remem-brance,informationandbelief,inwhichthematterofthebill,withtheinter-rogatoriesfoundedthereon,areansweredoneaftertheother,togetherwithsuchadditionalmatterasthedefendantthinksnecessarytobringforwardinhisdefence,eitherforthepurposeofqualifying,orofaddingto,thecasemadebythebill,orofstatinganewcaseonhisownbehalf.7
1AllanswersmustbeinEnglish,eventheanswerofaforeigner.Dan.Ch.Pr.,855.21Dan.Ch.Pr.,731.Thiscorrectionmaybemadethus:"TheanswerofDavidDoe,inthebill,bymistake,calledDanielDoe,tobillofcomplaint,"etc.
31Dan.Ch.Pr.,731.4Code,(M.&V.),§3664;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,5Sto.Eq.PI.,§869;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,732.6Code,§§4315-4316.7Sto.Eq.PI.,§870.
732.

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307 FRAMEANDFORMOFAN"ANSWER.§379Theanswershouldcontainaclearandorderlystatementofthefactsonwhichitisfounded,withoutprolixityorrepetition;8andshouldhotrefertofilesofanotherCourtascontainingastatementofthedefendant'scase.9Aftertheresponsestothevariouschargesandinterrogatories,andaftersettingupanymattersinavoidance,andanypleasorotherspecialdefencestobereliedon,theanswerUsuallycontainsageneraltraverseordenialofanyandallothermattershotalreadyotherwisespecificallyanswered;10andcon-cludeswithaprayerofdismissalorcounter-relief,accordingtothenatureofthecase.11Wherethereareseveraldefendants,oneofthemmaysufficientlyanswerbyadoptingasufficientanswer,putinbyaco-defendant;butitwillnotbeasufficientadoptiontosaythatthefactsintheco-defendant'sanswerare"substantiallycorrectasfarasthisdefendantisconcerned.""Wheretwodefendantsanswerjointly,andoneofthemspeakspositivelyforhimself,theothermay,wherenotchargedwithanythingonhispersonalknowledge,sayhehasreadtheanswerandbelievesittobetrue.12Ananswer,likeabill,shouldbedividedintoparagraphs,numberedcon-secutively,eachparagraphcontaining,asnearlyaspossible,aseparateanddistinctresponse,statement,orallegation.Thispracticehasbeenfoundnotonlyconducivetobrevityandcertaintyinpleading,butgreatlyfacilitatesreferencetothecontents.13§379.When,How,,byWhom,andBeforeWhom,anAnswerMustbeSignedandSwornto.—Thesigningandverificationofanansweraremattersofnolittleimportance:theyaretheactswhichvitalizeitandentitleittoaplaceamongtherecordsoftheCourt,andtobefiledinthecausewhereofitisentitled.1.ByWhomanAnswerMustbeSigned.Ananswermustbesignedbythedefendantinperson,1
,
4orbyhisSolicitor,15andthatSolicitor-mustbelongtothebaroftheCourtinwhichtheanswerisfiled.ThereasonaSolicitorisrequiredtosigntheanswer,whenapartydoesnotsigninperson,istoensurethatitisinproperform,andcontainsnoscandalousorimpertinentmatter
;
andtoenabletheCourttoknowtowhomtolook,incaseofgrossirregularitiesinthebodyoftheanswer.2.ByWhomanAnswerMustheSwornto.Ananswermustalsobesworntobyeachandallofthedefendantsjoininginthesame,exceptthosewhoseoathiswaivedbythebill.Thedefendantsmayjointly,orseparately,orjointlyandseverally,-answer,butineithercaseeachdefendantwhoseoathisnotwaived,mustsweartohisanswer,oritwillbenoanswerastohim.18Ajointanswerofhusbandandwifemustbesworntobyboth,unlessthecomplainantconsentstoreceiveitontheoathofthehusbandonly.Theguardianofaminor,orofanoncompos,andaguardianadlitem,sweartotheanswerstheyputinfortheirwards,theyswearingonlytotheirbeliefinthetruthofthedefencemade.Whenamarriedwomanisalsoaninfant,shemustanswerbyguardianadlitem.17Butthesignatureofaparty,orofhiscounsel,orofboth,ortheoathofa
8Code,§4315.91Dan.Ch.Pr.,731.ioSto.Eq.PI.,§870.11Code,§4315.121Dan.Ch.Pr.,730.13ThispracticeexistsnowinEngland,1Dan.Ch.Pr.,731;andinseveralof.theStates;andisbeinggenerallyadoptedinTennessee.14Code,§3979.15Sto.Eq.PI.,§876;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,733;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,141.Theanswermustbesignedbythedefendantinperson,orbyhisSolicitor,thoughtheoathbewaived.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,734.Thebet-terpracticeistorequirethedefendanttosignhis
answer,whennotsworntobyhim.Johnsonv.Mur-ray,12Lea,109;Cookv.Dews,2Tenn.Ch.,496-Carterv.Montgomery,Ibid.,219.Objectiontoananswer,becausenotsignedbythedefendant,mustbemadewithintwentydaysafterthefilingoftheanswer,or,rather,afternoticeofsuchfiling.'JonesuCarper,2Tenn.Ch.,626;Stadlerv.-Hertz,13Lea,315.Thesignatureofthesolicitortoanun-swornanswerisordinarilysufficient.'StadlerV.Hertz,13Lea,317.16Cookv.Dews,2Tenn.Ch.,496;1Dan.Ch.Pr.734;Sto.Eq.Jur.,§874.. . •
171Dan.Ch.Pr.,753-754,notes.

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§380FRAMEANDFORMOFANANSWER.308defendant,willbedeemedtohavebeenwaived,ifnotobjectedorexceptedtowithinthetimeallowedforfilingexceptionstotheanswer.18Theanswerofacorporationisputinwithoutoathjandunderthecorporateseal,ifithaveone;ifnone,then,underascrollattestedbyitspresidentorotherproperofficer.Butifacorporationdesiresitsanswertoperformanyofthefunctionsofanaffidavit,orasagroundfordissolvinganinjunction,itmustbesworntobysomeofficeracquaintedwiththefacts.19Ifthebilldoesnotwaiveanansweronoath,thedefendantmustmakeaffidavittothetruthofhisanswer,unlessthedefendantisacorporation,inwhichcaseitscorporatesealisattachedasitsmostsolemnaffirmationofthetruthofitsanswer.20Theproperverificationoftheanswerisalwaysamat-terofgreatimportance,andoftentherightsofthedefendantdependontheforceandeffectoftheaffidavittohisanswer.21Whereadefendantisneitheraninfantnoralunatic,hemustsweartohisanswer,inhisownproperperson.Amarriedfemaledefendantmustsweartoheranswerwhenthebillsore-quires.Guardiansadlitemsignandsweartotheirownanswers.22Neitheraninfantnoralunaticisrequiredtosignorsweartohisanswer,unlesstheinfantisoverfourteenyearsofage,andtheobjectofthesuitistosellhispropertyforreinvestment,orforhiseducationandsupport,inwhichcasehemustanswer,andsweartohisanswer,inperson.23Iftheanswer(1)setsupandreliesonthepleaofnonestfactum,orif(2)itdenies,theexecutionofanywritteninstrumentpurportingtobesignedbythedefendant,andconstitutingthefoundationofthesuit,orif,(3)itdeniesthepartnershipofthecomplainantsincertaincases,suchananswermustbeswornto,evenwhenthebillwaivesthedefendant'soathtohisanswer.243.BeforeWhomanAnswerMaybeSwornto.Answersmaybeswornto(1)beforeanyJudge,JusticeofthePeace,CourtClerk,orNotaryPublic,inthisState;and(2)inanotherState,beforeanyJudge,orJusticeofthePeace,accompaniedbyacertificateofhisofficialcapacitybytheClerkofhisCourt;and(3)beforeaCommissionerofthisStateappointedbytheGovernor,orbyaNotaryPublic,whoseattestationsshallbeundertheirsealsofoffice;and(4)inanyforeigngovernment,beforeanyofficerauthorizedtotakeprobatesofdeeds,andauthenticatedinlikemanner.25§380.FormofanAnswer.—Itwillbeseen,fromtheforegoinganalysis,
181Dan.Ch.Pr.,733;736,notes.See,Waiver,ante,§71.191Dan.Ch.Pr.,735,note;Sto.Eq.PL,§874;Smithv.St.LouisM.L-Ins.Co.,2"Tenn.,Ch.599.201Dan.Ch.Pr.,735.Acorporation,beinganartificialperson,hasneithersoulnorconscience,andisincapableofcommittingperjury;hence,itcannotmakeanoath.Theanswerofacorporationmaybeverifiedasfollows:Andthedefendant,havingnowansweredfully,hascauseditscorporatesealtobehereuntoaffixedbyitsSecretary[orPresident]inattestationofthetruthofthisitsanswertosaidbill.FrankFaithful,Secretary,[orPresident.]21SeeArticleonAffidavits;and,seesectionsinChaptersonInjunctionsandEvidence,post.Mr.Daniellsays:"Theformoftheoath,oraffirmation,administeredtoadefendant,onputtinginhisan-swer,isasfollows:'Youswear(orsolemnlyaffirm),thatwhatiscontainedinthisyouranswer(orpleaandanswer),asfarasconcernsyourownactanddeed,istruetoyourownknowledge;andthatwhatrelatestotheactanddeedofanyotherperson,orpersons,youbelievetobetrue.'"2Dan.Ch.Pr.,ch.15,§2,p.270;Sto.Eq.PL,§872,note.221Dan.Ch.Pr.,734.Ananswermust,also,besignedbythedefendant,ordefendants,puttingitin,unlessanorderhasbeenobtainedtotakeitwithoutsignature;whereananswerisputinbyguardian,orguardianadlitem,thesignatureofsuchguardian,orguardianadlitem,isalonere-quired;andwheresuchguardianis,also,adefend-
ant,andputsinananswerinthatcharacter,aswellasinthatofguardian,heneedonlyaffixhissigna-turetotheansweronce.Sometimes,theCourthas,underspecialcircum-stances,directedtheClerktoreceiveananswer,thoughithasnotbeensignedbythedefendant;as,whereadefendantwentabroad,forgetting,ornothavinghadtime,toputinhisanswer;or,whereadefendanthadgone,orwasresident,abroad,andhadgivenageneralpowerofattorneytodefendsuits.Ibid.23Code,§3325.24Code,§3777.Thedefendantmaylimithisaffidavittosomuchofhisanswerasdeniestheexe-cutionofthewritingsuedon.Whentwo,ormore,personssue,aspartners,uponanaccount,billofexchange,bond,ornote,itwillnotbenecessaryforthemtoprovetheirpartnership,unlessthedefend-antfilesapleadenyingthepartnership,onoath.Thestatutecallsthispleaapleainabatement,butitisnomoreapleainabatementthanisthepleaofnonestfactum.Code,§2098.Allthatthestatutemeansisthatthepleamustbeonoath.ItwouldbedisrespectfultotheLegislaturetosupposeotherwise.SeeEatonv.Dickinson,3Sneed,405;Barnesv.Thompson,2Swan,315.Thestatuteprescribessuchpleasfor"suitsatlaw;"butinasmuchasCourtsofChanceryhavejurisdictionofthepausesofactionspecifiedinthestatute,themoreprudentpracticewouldbetoverifysuchpleainChancery,inthesamemannerthatpleasofnonestfactumareverified.25Code,§4398.

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309 FRAMEANDFORMOFANANSWER.§380thatthereisverylittleformalityinananswer.Ifitisproperlyentitled,andisresponsiyetothebill,andisdulysignedandverified,whenverificationisnecessary,itwillbeasufficientanswer.ThefollowingisaFORMOFANANSWER.26
JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etal.
TheTitle,orStyleoftheCause.InChancery,atJacksboro.Commencement.Thedefendant,RichardRoe,forseparateanswertothebillfiledagainsthimandothersinsaidcause,says
:
TheSubstance,orBody.1.Thatheadmitsthathepurchasedfromcomplainantthetractoflanddescribedinthebill,atthetimeandforthepriceallegedinthe1stparagraphofthebill;buthedeniesthattherewastobeanylienretained.Onthecontrary,thisdefendantsaysthatitwasexpresslyagreedthatthereshouldbenolieu,andthedeedreceivedbythisdefendantacknowledgesonitsfacethatthepurchase-moneywasfullypaidatthedeliveryofsaiddeed,suchacknowledg-mentbeinginstrictaccordwiththeagreementoftheparties.11.Thisrespondentdeniestheallegationscontainedinthe2dparagraphofthebill,insofarastheychargethatthecertificateofdeposit,givencomplainantbythisdefendant,wasin-tendedascollateralsecurityforthesaidpurchase-money;andthisdefendantpositivelyaversthefacttobe,thatsaidcertificateofdepositwasassignedtocomplainantwithoutre-course,andwasreceivedbycomplainantasequivalenttocashmoney,andasanabsoluteandunconditionalpaymentforsaidland.HI.Thisdefendanthasnopersonalknowledge,andnoinformation,relativetothemattersallegedinthe3dparagraphofthebill,andcannotthereforeadmitthem,oranyofthem;andhehasnobeliefastotheirtruth,anddemandsthattheybestrictlyproven,ifdeemedmaterial.Inanswertotheallegationscontainedinthe4thparagraphofthebill,thisdefendantdeniesthatheeverpromisedoragreed,toconveytocomplainantthehouseandlotdescribedinsaidparagraph,andsayshenevermadeanysuch,orany,promiseoragreementtomakesaidconveyance;andhesaysthat,ifanysuchagreementwasmadebyhisco-defendant,PeterPoe,thelatterwasnotbyhimthereuntolawfullyauthorized,andthisdefendantsaysthatthereisnot,andneverwas,anyagreementinwritingtosellorconveysaidhouseandlot,oreitherofthem,oranyinterestinthem,signedbyhim,orbyanyonebyhimthereuntolawfullyauthorized,andastothisparagraphofthebill,andtheprayerforspecificperform-ancepredicatedthereon,hereliesonandpleadsthestatuteforthepreventionoffraudsandperjuries. v.TheGeneralTraverse.Allallegationscontainedinsaidbillnotalreadyspecificallydeniedarehereandnowgenerallydenied,anddeniedasfullyasthoughseparatelyandspecificallydenied.TheConclusion.Andnowhavingfullyanswered,thisdefendantpraystobehencedismissedwithhiscosts.RobertPritchard,Solicitor. RichardRoe.TheAffidavit,orVerification.StateofTennessee,)CountyofHamilton.JRichardRoemakesoaththathehasread[or,heardread]hisforegoinganswer,andknowsthecontentsthereof,andthatthesameistrueofhisownknowledge,exceptastothemattersthereinstatedtobeonhisinformationandbelief,andthosemattershebelievestobetrue.27 RichardRoe.Sworntoandsubscribedbeforeme,thisJuly3,1890.J.B.Ragon,C.&M..
.
20TheCodeprovidesnoformforananswer,butdeclaresthattheanswershouldcontainaclearandorderlystatementofthefactsonwhichthedefenseisfounded,withoutprolixityorrepetition,and[con-clude]withaprayerofdismissal,orcounterrelief,accordingtothenatureofthecase.Code,§4315.AnditismadethedutyoftheCourttodiscounten-ancenrolixitv.Code.84316.Indrawincrtheahnvp
commonsenseprovisons.Thetitle,orstyleofthecause,andthe^commencementareconformed,asnearlyaspracticabletothecaptionorcommence-mentoftheCodeformofabill,whichisdeemedinconformancetothebestprevailingpracticeinourState,andissubstantiallythesameastherevisedpracticeinEngland.Hicks'Ch.Pr.,§103.27Thfeit+h*uenalfnm.nf««nJKJn.»'4.1T\

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§381PRAMSANDFORMOFANANSWER.310§381.OldFormofanAnswer.—Theoldformofananswerwasalmostascumbersomeandtautologicalastheoldformofabill,andcontainedalmostasmanyunnecessarywords.Indeed,inbothpleadingsthesensewasoftensuffocatedbythepleonasmsintheclauses,andthe.inversionsinthesentences.28Thefollowingformillustrateswhatweretheusualcommencementsandcon-clusionsofanswers,beforeourCode
:
OLDFORMOFANSWER.ThejointandseveralanswersofJohnSmithandHenryJones,twoofthedefendants,tothebillofcomplaint,filedagainstthemandothers'intheChanceryCourtatNashville,byCharlesBrown,aninfant,byWilliamBrown,hisfatherandnextfriend,complainant.Thesedefendants,nowandatalltimeshereaftersavingandreservingtothemselvesall,andallmannerof,benefitandadvantageofexceptionsthatcanormaybetakentotheman-ifolderrors,uncertainties,imperfectionsandinsufficienciesinthesaidcomplainant'ssaidbillcontained,foranswerthereunto,oruntosomuchandsuchpartsthereofasthesede-fendantsareadvisedismaterialornecessaryforthemtomakeanswerunto—answerandsay,theyadmit,[statingwhattheyspeciallyadmit,]andthesedefendantsdeny[statingwhattheyspeciallydeny,andconcludingasfollows:]Andthesedefendantsdenyall,andallmannerof,unlawfulcombinationandconfederacywherewiththeyare,inthesaidbill,charged,withoutthat,thatanyothermatter,cause,orthing,inthecomplainant'ssaidbillofcomplaintcontained,materialornecessaryforthesedefendantstomakeanswerunto,andnothereinorherebywellandsufficientlyansweredunto,confessedoravoided,traversed,ordenied,istrue,totheknowledgeorbeliefofthesedefendants.Allofwhichmattersandthingsthesedefendantsarereadyandwillingtoaver,maintainandprove,asthishonorableCourtshalldirect;andhumblypraytobehencedis-missedwiththeirreasonablecosts,andchargesinthisbehalfmostwrongfullysustained.A.Jackson,Solicitor. JohnSmith,[Annexaffidavitbybothofthedefendants.Seeante,§380.]HenryJones.Itwillbenotedthatthewholegroundcoveredbytheaboveansweriscov-eredbythefirstfiveandlastthreelinesoftheanswersetoutintheprecedingsection.§382.AnAnswerbyAdoption.—Wherethereareseveraldefendantshav-ingsimilarinterestsanddefences,andoneofthemhasanswered,thisanswermaybeadoptedinwholeorinpartbytheothers,orbyanyoneormoreofthem.Iftheanswerisadoptedinwholebyanyoneormoreofsuchdefend-antshe,orthey,may,withtheconsentofthedefendantwhohasanswered,writeundersuchanswerwordstothefollowingeffect
:
JohnDoe,1vs. [InChancery,atJacksboro.RichardRoe,etal.J'Thedefendants,RobertJonesandHenrySmith,saytheyhaveread,[or,heardread.jtheforegoingansweroftheirco-defendant,RichardRoe,andthatthecontentsthereofaretrueoftheirownknowledge,exceptastothe.mattersthereinstatedtobeoninformationandbelief,andthesematterstheybelieveoninformationtobetrue.AndthesedefendantsadopttheforegoinganswerofRichardRoeastheirown.RobertJones,HenrySmith.Thismustbesworntobythedefendantswhosignit,unlessthebillwaivestheiroath.Ifadefendantwishestoadoptananswerinpart,buthasnopersonalknowledgeofcertainmattersanswereduntoonpersonalknowledge,hecandosobyspecifyingthesematters,andansweringastothemoninformationandbelieforotherwise,asshowninthefollowingform
:
ANSWERBYADOPTION.JohnDoe,vs. InChancery,atJacksboro.RichardRoe,etal.Thedefendant,RolandRoe,foranswertothebillinthiscausesaysthathehasreadofaffidavitisoftenusedforbothbillsandanswers:StateofTennessee,7CountyofHamilton,jRichardRoemakesoath-\_or,affirms,]thatthestatementsinhisforegoinganswer,madeashisownknowledge,aretrue;andthosemadeasoninforma-tionandbelief,hebelievestobetrue.RichardRoe.
[Swornto,asabove.] ,Morecareshouldbegiventotheformsofaffida-vitsandjuratsthenissometimesdone.SeeArticleonAffidavits,post,.§§788-789.28SeeformsinVanHayth.Eq.Dr.,passim^

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311 frame;andformofananswer.§383[or,heardread]theanswerofhisco-defendant,RichardRoe,andthatthesaidansweristrueasofhisownknowledge,exceptastothepartsthereofcontainedinparagraphs4andS,inreferencetocertainallegedtrespasses[specifyingwithparticularitythepartsexcepted,]andastothesemattershehasnopersonalknowledgebutoninformationbelievestheanswerastothemtobetrue.AndthisdefendantadoptsthesaidanswerofRichardRoeashisown.RolandRoe.Thisanswermustbeswornto,unlessthebillwaivesthisdefendant'soath.Iftheoathofthedefendantiswaived,hecanwriteundertheanswerhedesirestoadopt,thefollowing:"Iadopttheforegoinganswer,andmakeitmyown,"andsignit,andhavetheClerkandMasterrefileitashisanswer.§383.AnswerofanInfant.—Aninfantanswersbyhisgeneralguardian,ifhehaveone,ifnot,heanswersbyaspecialguardianappointedbytheCourt,prohacvice,calledaguardianadlitem,asheretoforefullyshown.29Theguardianadlitemordinarilyfilesameregeneralanswerforhisward,placinghisrightsandinterestsundertheprotection.oftheCourt,30but,ifoninvestigation,hedeemsitadvisabletoputinaspecialanswerforhisward,itishisdutytodoso.31Ifaninfantwhohasansweredbyguardianadlitemattainshismajoritywhilethecauseispending,hehastherighttoputinanewanswer,uponsatis-tyingtheCourtthathisinterestswillbepromotedthereby.Hisapplicationtoputinanewanswershouldbesupportedbyaffidavitsnowingmerits,andshouldbemadewithoutdelay.32Thefollowingistheusualform33ofaGENERALANSWEROFANINFANTBYGUARDIANADLITEM.JohnDoe.]vs. !InChancery,atJacksboro.RichardRoe,etahJThedefendant,RobertRoe,aninfant,forseparateanswertothebillfiledagainsthiminsaidcause,answeringbyJ.E.Cassady,hisguardianadlitem,says,Thatheisaninfantabouttenyearsold,andknowsnothingaboutthemattersinsaidbillalleged,and,therefore,neitheradmitsnordeniesthem,butsubmitshisrightsandinterestsinsaidmatterstotheprotectionoftheCourt. RobertRoe,[Annexaffidavit,asin§380.] ByJ.E.Cassady,Guardianadlitem.TheanswermustbesworntobytheGuardianadlitem;indeed,theanswerisconsideredtobehis,andnottheinfant's;andtheinfantisnotboundbyit;anditcannotbeexceptedtoforinsufficiency.333-
§384.AnswersofOtherPersonsUnderDisability.—Anidiotanswersbybisregularguardian,orbyaguardianadlitemspeciallyappointedbytheCourttomakeproperdefenceforhim.Ifadefendantisreducedtoastateofsecondchildhoodbyageandinfirmity,thecourseisforhimtoanswerbyaguardianii_thesamemannerasaninfant.Theanswerofalunaticis,also,tobemadebyhisregularguardian,orbythepersonappointedashisguardiauadlitembytheCourttodefendthesuit.Andacomplainantcannotexcept,forinsufficiency,totheanswerofadefendantofunsoundmind,againstwhom»commissionoflunacyhasissued,heansweringbyhisguardianadlitem;butifheanswersbyaregularguardianhisanswermaybeexceptedto.34Amarriedwomangenerallyanswersjointlywithherhusband,butsome-timessheanswersseparatelybyleaveoftheCourt;inwhichcasesheanswersbyhernextfriend."Whereamarriagehasreallytakenplaceonlytodefraudcreditors,amarriedwomanmaybemadetoanswerasifshewere"single.Andithasbeenheld,thatwhereahusbandandwifehaveansweredjointly,andthebillisafterwardsamended,andthenthehusbandgoesabroad,thewiferemaininginthiscountry,andbeingthematerialdefendant,theremustbean29See,ante,§§106-108,inrelationtoguardiansadlitem.30Millsv.Dennis,3Johns.Ch.,368.si1Barb.Ch.Pr..148.
321Barb.Ch.Pr.,149-150.332Barb.Ch.Pr.,412;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,163.33a1Barb.Ch.Pr.,148-149.34Stn.KnTtir8R711"R^kfl,r>-111

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§385 FRAMEANDFORMOFANANSWER.31!orderuponhertoanswerseparately,oritwillnotbeanycontemptoftbCourtinherifsherefusetoanswer.35Amarriedwomanmay,byleaveoftheCourt,answerseparatelyfromhehusband(1)whentheirinterestsareantagonistic;(2)whenheismentall;incompetenttoanswer;(3)whenshedisapprovesofthedefenceheintendstomake:(4)whentheyarelivingseparate;and(5)inanyothercasewheniseemspropertotheCourtthatsheshouldbeallowedtoanswerseparately.36§385.FormsofTitlesandCommencementsofAnswers.—While,ashaoftenbeforebeenremarked,theChanceryCourtlookstosubstancerathe'thantoform,andwhilethereisnoprescribedformofananswer,neverthelesitheremustbeenoughformtoenabletheCourtanditsofficerstoidentifyth<writingasananswer,andtheremustbeenoughtitleandcommencementt(clearlyshowwhatparticularbillitanswers.Thefollowingaresomeofth<mostcommonformsoftitlesandcommencementsusedinourState
:
TITLESANDCOMMENCEMENTSOPANSWERS.1.ForHusbandandWife.37ThejointanswerofRichardRoeandRachelRoe,hiswife,defendantstothebillofcom-plaintofJohnDoe,filedagainstthem[andothers,]intheChanceryCourtatNashville.Thesedefendantsreservingtothemselvesallrightofexceptiontosaidbill,foransweitheretosay.[Orthefollowingformcanbeusedinlieu:]JohnDoe,"]
vs. yInChancery,atNashville.RichardRoe,etal.JThesedefendants,ashusbandandwife,jointlyansweringthebillinsaidcause,say:[Orwhenthewifeanswersseparately,thecommencementwillbe:]Thedefendant,RachelRoe,answeringthebillinsaidcauseseparatelyfromherhusbandthesaidRichardRoe,byleave[ororder]oftheCourt,says
:
2.TorTwoorMoreDefendantswhoareSuiJuris,andJoininAnswering.ThejointandseveralanswersofRolandRoeandRomeoRoe,defendants,tothebillo1complaintfiledagainstthem[andothers,]intheChanceryCourtatMemphisbyJohnDoeandHenryDoe.Thesedefendantsreservingtothemselvesallrightofexceptiontosaidbill,say:[Orthefollowingformcanbeusedinlieu:]JohnDoe,1vs. yInChancery,atMemphis.RichRoe,etal.JThedefendants,RolandRoeandRomeoRoe,jointlyandseverallyansweringthebillir,saidcause,say:3.ForSeparateAnswerbyaDefendantwhoisMisnamedintheBill.TheseparateanswerofRichardRoeinthebillcalledRichRoe,defendant,tothebillofcomplaintfiledagainsthimandothersintheChanceryCourtatChattanoogabyJohnDoe.Thisdefendantreservingallrightandbenefitofexceptiontosaidbill,foranswertheretcsays:[Orthefollowingformmaybeusedinlieu:]JohnDoe,vs. InChancery,atMemphis.RichRoe,etal.
.The.defendant,RichardRoe,inthebillinsaidcause,calledRichRoe,separatelyanswer-ingsaidbill,says
:
4.ForSeparateAnswerbyaCorporation.JohnDoe, jvs. YInChancery,atMaryville.MontvaleSpringsCompany.JThedefendant,theMontvaleSpringsCompany[or,theCountyofBlount,ortheCityofKnoxville,ortheKnoxville&AugustaRailroadCompany,]forseparateanswertothebillbledagainstitinsaidcause,says
:
§386.FormsUsedinFramingAnswers,andinSettingupDefences-Therearecertainformulasusedinframinganswers,which,whilenotessential35Sto.Uq.PL,§873;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,753-754.861Dan.Ch.Pr.,178-183;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,150-153;Code,§§2486;2805.TheEnglishruleismuchrelaxedinthisState;andawife,ifanadult,and
sane,will,generally,beallowedtoanswerseparately,wheneversheappliesforleavetodoso.37Husbandandwifegenerallyanswerjointly,bee,ante,§§236;383.

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313 FRAMEANDFORMOFANANSWER.§386areevidencesofgoodpleading,andtheyoungSolicitorwoulddowelltoadoptthemwhereverapplicable.Thefollowingarethoseoftenestneeded
:
1.WhereaDefendantAdmitsaStatement.Thisdefendant,furtheranswering,sayshehasbeeninformedandbelievesittobetrue,that[or,Thisdefendantadmitsthat,(speci-fyingthesubstanceoftheallegationinthebillintendedtobeadmitted.)]2.WheretheDefendantisIgnorantastotheAllegation.Thisdefendant,furtheranswering,saysthatheknowsnothingwhateverastothetruthoftheallegationinthebilltnat,[herestatingtheallegationbriefly;]andthisdefendanthasnoinformationorbeliefinreferencethereto,hebeinganutterstrangertoallthesematters,andtoeachofthem.3.WheretheDefendantDeniesanAllegationintheBill.Thisdefendant,furtheranswering,deniesthat,[or,saysitisnottruethat,]thisdefendant[or,thecomplainant,]did[specifyingthesubstanceofthechargedenied.]4.WheretheDefendantDeniesanAllegationandCallsforitsProof.Thisde-fendantdeniesthat[heregivingthesubstanceoftheallegationdenied;]andifsuchfactismaterial,thisdefendantrequiresthatitbedulyproved,[or,thatthedeed,orotherwriting,beproducedanddulyproved,or,thatsaiddecree,judgment,award,orcontract,beproducedatorbeforethehearingofthecause,andprovedinthemannerrequiredbylaw.]5.WhereaDefendantBelievesaStatementtobeTrue.Andthisdefendant,furtheranswering,saysthathebelievesittobetruethat,[statingtheallegationinthebillreferredto;]butthedefendantdoesnotknowthesameofhisownknowledge.6.WhereanAccountofMoneysReceived,orPaid,isKequlred.Andthisdefend-ant,furtheranswering,sayshehas,inascheduletothisanswer,markedA,whichhemakesaparthereof,setforth,accordingtothebestandutmostofhisknowledge,remembrance,informationandbelief,afull,true,andparticularaccountofallandeverysumandsumsofmoneybyhimreceivedfororonaccountof[thematterincontroversy,statingit.]7.WhereaDefendantAdmitsaStatementastoaWrittenInstrument.Andthisdefendantfurthersaysthathehasbeeninformedandbelievesittobetruethattheallegationincomplainant'sbillastotheexistenceofacertaindeed[will,contract,bond,mortgage,orotherwriting,specifyingtheinstrumentreferredto,]istrue,butthisdefendanthasnoknow-ledgeofthecontentsthereof,andforgreatercertaintyastoitscontentsreferstothesaiddeed[orotherinstrument]whenthesameshallbeproducedanddulyproved,andsuchpro-ductionandproofthisdefendantrequires.8.GeneralDenialofAllegationsnotAlreadyAdmittedorDenied.Allandeverychargeandallegationincomplainant'sbillnothereinbeforeanswered,admitted,avoided,ordenied,ishereandnowdenied,andthecomplainantrequiredtofullyprovethesame,accordingtotherulesoflawandofthisCourt.9.WheretheDefendantPleadstheStatutesofLimitationsinhisAnswer.Thisdefendantaversandpleadsthatthecauseofactionsetforthinthebill,ifanytherebe,accruedmorethansix[orten]yearsbeforesaidbillwasfiled;andhereliesonandpleadsthestatuteoflimitationsofsix[orten]yearsinbarofthecomplainant'sbillandallegedcauseofaction.[Or,Tosomuchofthebillasseekstoholdthisdefendantliableon(or,seekstorecover,or,seeksadecreefor,theaccount,note,debt,bond,mortgage,orlien,)hepleadsandreliesonthestatuteoflimitationsofsix(orten)yearsinbarthereof,thecauseofactionallegedhavingaccruedmorethansix(orten)yearsbeforethebillwasfiled,asheaversandpleads.]3810.WheretheDefendantPleadstheStatuteofFraudsinhisAnswer.Thisde-fendantaversandsaysthattheagreementforthesaleofthelanddescribedinthebill[orotheragreementsoughttobeenforced]allegedtohavebeenmadebythisdefendant,andsoughttobeenforcedbythebill,wasnotreducedtowriting,norwasanymemorandumornotethereofeversignedbyhim,orbvanyonebyhimthereuntolawfullyauthorized,andhepleadsthisfact,andthestatuteforthepreventionoffraudsandperjuries,inbarofanyreliefonsaidallegedagreement.11.WheretheDefendantPleadsinHisAnswerthatheisanInnocentPurchaser.ThisdefendantaversandsaysthatonMay8,1890,hisco-defendant,RolandRoe,wasseized,orpretendedtobeseizedinfee[andsoon,usingtheremainderofthewordscon-tainedinthepleaofinnocentpurchaserin§332.]12.WheretheDefendantinHisAnswerPleadsaFormerJudgmentorDecree.Thesedefendants,forfurtheranswer,saythatheretofore,andbeforethefilingofsaidbill,to-wit,onJuly25,1882,thecomplainantfiledanotherbillinthisCourt[or,intheChan-ceryCourtat ]againstthesedefendants[andsoon,usingtheremainderofthewordscontainedinthepleaofformerjudgment,in§329.]
38IfthebillsetsupfactstoavoidthestatuteofIlimitationstheanswershouldspecificallyanddirectly"
|denyalltheallegedfacts.See,ante,%147.

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§387PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSASTOANSWERS.314
ARTICLEV.PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSASTOANSWERS.387.AstoAnswerswhentobeUsedasAffidavits.388.AstoSettingupMattersinAvoid-ance.389.AstoPleadingtheStatutesofLimita-tions.
§390.AstoPleadingtheStatutesofFrauds,InnocentPurchaser,andFormerJudgment.§391.HowtoFrameanAnswer.§392.AstoAnsweringFully.
§387.AstoAnswersWhentobeUsedasAffidavits.—Attentionhasalreadybeencalledtothefactthatanansweroftenservesthedoublepurposeofapleadingandanaffidavit,1especiallywhen(1)itistobeusedtoresistthegrantingofaninjunctionprayedfor,butnotyetallowed;(2)whenitistobeusedasthebasisofamotiontodissolveaninjunctionalreadygranted;and(3)whenitistobeusedtoresisttheappointmentofareceiver;or(4'tohavetheorderofappointmentmodified.Inallsuchcases,theanswermustpossessallthedefiniteness,particularity,precision,anddirectness,necessaryinanaffidavit;anditsvalueandforcewillbeindirectproportiontoitsclear-ness,fullness,andappositeness,andinproportiontothenumberofitsmaterialstatementsbasedonthepersonalknowledgeofthedefendanthimself.There-fore,itisoftenofvitalimportance(1)thattheanswershouldshowonitsfacewhatstatementsarebasedonthepersonalknowledgeofthedefendant,andwhatoninformationandbelief;and(2)thattheaffidavittotheanswershouldbethatthefactsstatedason.thedefendant'sownknowledgearetrue,an<?thosebasedoninformationhebelievestobetrue.2§388.AstoSettingupMattersinAvoidance.—Indrawingananswer,themostimportantmatterforyoutoconsideris;whatisyourclient'srealdefence;—onwhatfactsdoesherelytodefeatthebill.Ofcourse,allthematerialallegationsofthebillmustberespondedto,andifyourclient'sdefenceispurelynegative,thatis,consistsentirelyindenyingthematerialfactscharged,thenananswernegativingthechargesinthebillwillbeade-quatetotheemergency.Butifyourclient'sdefenceconsistsinnewmatters,mattersnotstatedinthebill,or,ifstated,incorrectlystated,thenyoumustsetforththesemattersinyouranswer,fullyandclearly,accordingtothefactsyourclientwillbeabletoprove.Thesenewmattersarecommonlycalledmattersinavoidance,andyouwillnotbeallowedtoprovethem,ortoreadyourproofinreferenceto>them,atthehearing,unlessyouhaveinyouranswersetthemupasadefence.Itisnouncommonthingfordefendantstosuffer,becauseoftheirfailuretosetup,intheiranswer,thefactsinavoidancecon-stitutingtheirdefence.Themostcommonmattersinavoidanceare:(1)fraud,vitiatingthecon-tract;(2)failureofconsideration;(3)payment;(4)arelease;(5)anaward;(6)aformerjudgment;(7)asubsequentagreement;(8)arecission;(9)statuteoflimitations;(10)statuteoffrauds;(11)innocentpurchaser;(12)1See,ante,§§361-366;also,post,§392.2Anansweroninformation,andbelief,hasbutlittleforce,forthereasonthatitmaybetrue,andyetallbebasedonmerehearsay.Ananswer,soswornto,cannotwithstandabillwhoseavermentsoffactarebasedonpersonalknowledge,andaredirectlyandpositivelysworntoastrueoncomplain-ant'sownknowledge.SeeChaptersonInjunctionsandEvidence,post.
YoungSolicitorsare,sometimes,perplexedbythefactthattheoathoftheirclientstotheiranswersiswaived.Thismeansthattheanswerisnotwantedbycomplainantasadeposition;butit,bynomeans,preventsthedefendantfromswearingtoit,andus-ingitasanaffidavit,forhisownpurposes.Theoathtosuchananswerisavailableatalltimes,ex-ceptatthehearing.

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515 PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSASTOANSWERS.§389usury;(13)tender;(14)infancy;and(15)set-off.Inallcases,wheremattersinavoidanceexist,thecomplainantmay,andordinarilywill,avertheoriginalagreement,orothercauseofliability,insuchawaythathewillbeentitledtoadecreeagainstyourclientatthehearing,onthepleadingsandproof,if,indrawingtheanswer,youcontentyourselfwithmerelydenyingtheallegationsofthebill.3Inallsuchcases,youshouldbeparticulartosetupyouraffirm-ativedefences,specifically,fully,andclearly,conformingyourallegationstothefactsyourclientwillbeabletoprove.4Youmust,however,becarefulnottogetcaughtbetweenthehornsofndilemma,bysettingupmatterinavoidancewhichwillentitlethecomplainanttoadecreeagainstyourclient,onthefactssetoutinavoidance.Thus,ifyouallegeacontract,orastateoffactsdisclosingaliability,differentfromthatchargedinthebill,thecomplainantmayabandonthegroundsforreliefallegedinhisbill,andtakeadecreeagainstyourclientonthefactscontainedintheansweB.5§389.AstoPleadingtheStatutesofLimitations.—Iftheeffectofthelapseoftimeistovesttitleinyourclient,youneednotpleadthestatuteoflimitations.Thus,ifyourclient,suedinejectment,hashadsevenyearsopen,continuous,adversepossessionofthelandindispute,beforesuitbrought,holdingunderagrant,deed,devise,orotherwritingpurportingtobeacon-veyanceinfee,andthelandisgrantedland,hebecomestherebyvestedwithtitlethereto,andneednotpleadthestatuteoflimitations.So,adversepos-sessionofthreeyearsgivestitletopersonalproperty,andyouneednotpleadthestatuteinsuchacase.Nevertheless,allprudentpleaderssetupandrelyonthestatutesoflimitations,ineverycasewhereitcanbepleaded.Remember,thestatutecannotbereliedonasadefence,exceptinthetwoforegoingcases,unlessspeciallysetupinaplea,orintheanswer.Thisde-fenceisoneadefendantisnotobligedtorelyon,andthelawdoesnotallowit,unlessitisreliedon;and,whereadefendantfailstorelyonit,heisdeemedtodeclinethebenefitsofthestatute.6Asaresult,hewillnotordinarilybeallowedtoamendhisanswer,soastosetupthestatuteoflimitations,withoutthepaymentofthecostsofallproofthenonfile,andfrequentlywillbetaxedwithallthecoststhenaccrued;and,ifthemotiontosoamendisnotmadeuntilthetrialterm,itmayberefusedaltogether.7Thedefenceofthestatuteoflimitationsisgenerallymadeintheanswer,alongwithalltheotherdefencestothebill,butwhethermadeintheanswer,orinaplea,itmustbespecificallymade.ItisafundamentalruleinChancerypleadingtoallegeeveryfactonwhichthepleaderrelies,tomakeeverychargeheexpectstoprove,tosetupeverydefencehehopestoestablish,andtobringforwardeverymatterlikelytohelphiscase.§390.Asto.PleadingtheStatuteofFrauds,InnocentPurchaser,andFormerJudgment.—Thefactthatthese,andallotherdefencesinbar,maybesetupinananswer,hascausedyoungpleaderstothinkthat,whenreliedoninananswer,thesamemeasureofdefinitenessandparticularityisnotneces-saryaswhenreliedonbyplea.Thisisanerror,thathasoftenresultedindisastertothedefendant.Itmaybestated,generally,thateverydefenceproperforthesubject-matterofapleainbar,should,whenpleadedinthe
3Thefactthatanunswornanswerisusuallycalledfor,oftencausesSolicitorstodrawandfileamerenegativeanswer,inthenatureofageneraldenialofthecauseofaction,withouteverinvestigat-ingthefacts.Theresultis,defendants,notunfre-quently,findthemselves,atthehearing,eitherobligedtpsubmittoadecree,becausetheirproofinavoidanceisruledout;or,areobligedtopayallthecostsofthecause,inordertogetleavetoamend4.1..:.„.,,.,„<,..,.„«.+„...+.....J..;-,i-f.~...>:«„*rr.iA-
ance.Youshouldneverfileananswerwithoutfirstascertainingyourclient'srealdefence.*SeeTurleyv.Turley,LPick.,251.5SeecasescitedintheChapteronDecrees.Post,§§406,note—;555,note1;558.6Quilibetpotestrenunciarejuriproseintroducto.Broom'sLeg.Max.,670;Johnsonv.Cooper,2Yerg.,533.SeeWaiver,ante,§71.7Wilsonv.Wilson,2Lea,17.

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§391PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSASTOANSWERS.316answer,besetforthwiththesameprecisionandaccuracyaswhensetupinapleainbar.81.TheStatuteofFraudscannotbereliedonatthehearingunlessspeciallypleaded,orsetupasadefenceintheanswer.Itwillnotavailtocallatten-tion,intheanswer,tothefactthattheagreementsuedonisnotinwriting;norwillitprofittodenythatitisinwriting,ortoallegethatitisnotinwriting.ThefactthatitisnotinwritingmustnotonlybedistinctlyaverredbuttheCourtmustalsobeplainlynotifiedthatsuchfactissetup,andrelied!onasadefenceandbartothereliefprayed.92.TheDefenceofInnocentPurchaserisofteninsufficientlymadeinanswers.Pleading"inshort"hassometimes,thoughwithpainfulreluctance,beencondonedbytheCourtsoflaw,butneverbytheCourtsofChancery;andtosayinananswer,inageneralway,thatthedefendantwasaninnocentpur-chaserandreliesonthatfactasadefence,availsnothing,andisameredelus-ion.Theindispensableelementsofthispleahavebeenalreadyfullyenum-eratedandtreatedof,andeveryprudentpleaderwillconsulthisbooksbeforeframingthisdefenceinhisanswer.103.TheDefenceofaFormerJudgment,orDecree,requirestobedrawnwithgreatcareinordertobeavailable.11Insteadofgreatcare,however,itoftenhappensthatthedefenceissetupsoindefinitelyandcarelesslythatitiswhollyignoredatthehearing;andtheresultislosstotheclient,andmorti-fication,nottosaydisgrace,totheSolicitor.§391.HowtoFrameanAnswer.—Indrawingananswer,youshouldkeeninmindthedoctrineofrelations,andofthegeneralruleoflaw,alreadystated.1.WhereRelationsExist."Ifthebillisbaseduponrelations,youmusteither(1)denytherelationalleged,orthefactsallegedasshowingtherela-tion;or(2)youmustshowthatnosuchdutiesorrightsasallegedresultedfromthoserelations;or(3)youmust,bywayofavoidance,setupsomenewfacts,suchaspayment,release,adjustment,formerjudgment,award,statuteoflimitations,orthelike.2.WhereNoRelationsExist.".Ifnorelationsarealleged,youmusteither(1)denythecomplainant'stitle;or(2)youmustdenytheinjuryheallegesyourclienthasdone;or(3)youmust,bywayofavoidance,setupsomeofthenewfactsabovestatedincaseofrelations.3.AstoSettingupDefences.Inananswer,youcanuniteasmanydefencesasexist.Toumaydenytherelationandtheviolationoftherelation,andmaysetupmattersinavoidanceatthesametime.So,youmaydenycom-plainant'stitleandtheinjuryhealleges,andatthesametimesetupanymattersinavoidance.Greatcaremustbeobservedinsuchcases,however,topreventyouranswerfrompresentinginconsistentorantagonisticdefences.Thus,whiledenyingthetitleorrelation,andtheinjuryalleged,youmaysay
:
DENIALANDAVOIDANCE,HOWCOMBINED.Furtheranswering,thedefendantsaysthat,whilenotnownorthenadmittingcomplainant'stitle[or,therelationalleged,]andnotadmittingthewrongshecomplainsof,nevertheless,forthesakeofbuyingpeaceandtosavehimselfthetroubleandexpenseofdefendingasuit,thedefendantdidon[suchaday,givingthedate,]paythecomplainantthesumoffiftydol-lars,[orotheramount,]infullsatisfactionofsaidsupposedinjuries;andthedefendantpleadssaidpaymentandsatisfactioninraroftherecoverysoughtbythebill.Inthesameway,arelease,formerjudgment,award,orthestatuteoflimi-tations,maybesetupinbarofanyrecovery,evenwhentheanswerdeniestheoriginalliability.Alwayskeepinmindthatyoucannotrelyon,atthehearing,anyspecial
8See,ante,§324,note14. I 11bee,ante,§329.9See,ante,§§330;390. 12See,post,§415,forasummaryofallpossible10See,ante,§§332;390. Idefencesonthemerits.

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317PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSASTOANSWERS.§392defense,itmattersnothowgoodadefenceitis,norhowclearlyitisproved,unlessithasbeendistinctlysetupintheanswer.134.AstothePhraseologyofanAnswer.Ordinarily,indrawinganansweritisbesttobeginwiththebeginningofthebill,andansweritschargesandaverments,onebyone,intheorderinwhichtheyappearinthebill.Ifthebillisdividedintoparagraphs,asitshouldbe,divideyouranswerintocorre-sponding"paragraphs,ifpracticable,admittingordenyingtheallegationsotthebill,paragraphbyparagraph.Avoidallliterarydisplays,allattemptsatwit,allrepartee,retorts,orun-kindallusionsorinsinuations,eithertowardsthecomplainant,orhisSolicitor,andallscandal.Courtsarenotarenasforthedisplayofrhetoric,poetoy,wit,sarcasm,orinvective,muchlessofbillingsgateorscandal.Indetailingfacts,omitallprofaneandindecentexpressions,andallmani-festationsofindignationorpassion.Clothehardfactsinsoftwords.Bythecourtesyofyourlanguage,showthatyouareagentleman,andthatyou,also,haverespectforyourprofessionandfortheCourt.14Iftheansweriscalledforonoath,rememberitbecomesbothapleadingandadeposition,andletthedefendant'sresponsestothechargesbefull,clear,anddirect,andletitbesworntoindueform,asheretoforeshown.Iftheanswerisnotonoath,haveyourclientsignit;ifitisonoath,hissig-naturetotheaffidavitwillbesufficientevidencethatitishisanswer.§392.AstoAnsweringFully.—ItisageneralruleofEquitypleadingthat,ifadefendantanswersatall,hemustanswerfully,ifanansweronoathiscalledfor;butthat,ifhisoathiswaived,hisanswercannotbeobjectedtoforinsufficiency,provideditmakesanissue.Undertheoperationofthisexceptiontothegeneralrule,manypleadersmaketheiranswersamerestringofemptyformalitiesandgeneraldenials.Thispracticehaditsorigininthefact,thatmanyunswornanswersaredrawnintheabsenceofthedefendant,andconsequentlyinignoranceofthefacts.Nothing,butthemostimperiousnecessity,shouldeverinduceaSolicitortodrawananswerintheabsenceofhisclient.Anunswornanswershould,notasaruleofpleading,butasaruleofgreatpracticalvalue,beasfullasaswornanswer,ifthedefendanthasanydefence,orevenexcuse,topresenttotheCourt.Thebilloftenopensupthedetailsofthecontroversy,andpicturesindarkcolorsthewrongsalleged,makingthenarrativehotwithflashesofinvectiveanddenunciationagainstviolationsoftrustandconfidence,orpatheticwiththesufferingsofinjuredinnocence,orthewailsofvictimizedsuppliants—alldonetoarouseindignationagainstthedefendant,andsympathyforthecomplainant.Tosuchahotstormofallegationanddenunciation,merecoldandformatdenialsofthematerialallegationsofthebillaretotallyinsufficient.Suchananswerisoftenregardedasbutlittlebetterthananadmission,thatthedefendanthasnomeritsonhisside,andthathisonlyhopeofsuccessdependsondenials,andthefailureofproof.Tomeetsuchabill,thedefendant,evenwhenhisoathiswaived,shouldgointothedetailsofthecontroversyfromhisownpointofview,andshouldshow,asfaraspossible,thatthecomplain-anthasdrawnonhisimaginationforhisfacts;andshould,inadispassionateandcalmmanner,meetalltheallegations,andshowtheholldwnessofcom-plainant'scharges.Donotundertaketomeetheatwithheat,ordenunciationwithdenunciation;but,onthecontrary,reprovesuchdisplaysinaCourt,andadoptastyleofcoolnessandatoneofmoderation,asasignofconfidencein
13See,ante,§358.14Chancellorsfrequentlydebateintheirhearts,whilepleadingsarebeingread,whethertoorderscandalousandimpertinentmattertobestrickenout,ortoreprovecounseltherefor,ortopassthematterinsilence.Itisamplysufficientinabill,tocharge
thattheadversepartyusedindecentorprofanelan-guage,withoutspecifyingthelanguageused.Thelanguageusedismereevidence,andnotaproperallegation.Nopleadingshouldcontainsuchmattersofevidence.

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§393 DISCLAIMERSTOBILLS.318thejustnessofyourdefence,andofyourwillingnesstohaveallthe'factspre-sentedtotheCourt.Therefore,asarule,answerfully,whether,yourclient'soathisdemandedorwaived.Suchananswercandonoharm,andwilloftendomuchgood.Abillisasortofopeningargumentonbehalfofthecomplainant;andthatargumentwillseldombemetbyamereformalgeneraldenial:Letyouranswerpresentyoursideofthecontroversy,asfullyasthefactsand'therulesofpleadingwillpermit.Ifyourclienthasameritoriousdefensehavehimsweartohisanswer,evenwhenhisoathiswaived.Suchananswerhasmoreforce.TheCourtisim-pressedbythefactthatitisnotamerepleadingbycounsel.
ARTICLEVI.DISCLAIMERSTOBILLS.393.DisclaimersDefined.394.WhenDefendantnotAllowedtoDis-claim.395.WhenDisclaimerAllowable.
§396.EffectofDisclaimer.§397.FrameofDisclaimer.§398.FormofDisclaimer.
§393.DisclaimersDenned.—Ifthedefendanthasnodefence,anddoesnotdesiretomakeany,heneednotanswerthebill,ormakeanyotherdefencethereto,unlessadiscoveryissoughtfromhim,inwhichcasehemustanswer
;
for,ifhedoesnotdosovoluntarily,hecanbecompelledbyattachment.Ifheclaimsnothing,andthebillonitsfaceshowsthathehasnointerestinthesubject-matterofthesuit,andthatnoreliefisprayedagainsthim,hemaydemur,unlessthebillallegesthathehas,orclaims,aninterest,inwhichcasehemustdisclaim,oranswer.Ifheclaimsnointerestinthesubject-matterofthesuit,andhehasnotbeenclaimingany,andhasnotbeenexercisinganyactsofpossessionorownershipthereover,hemaydisclaim.Adisclaimerisasortofanswer,whichrenouncesallclaimtothesubjectofthecomplainant'sdemand,andmakesnodefenceotherthanadenialofanyandallchargesthatthedefendantisclaiminganinterestinthesubject-matterofthesuit,orisinpossessionofit,orexercisingactsofownershipoverit,whensuchchargesaremade.Adisclaimerisdistinct,insubstance,fromananswer,althoughsometimesconfoundedwithit.Butitcanseldombeputinwithoutananswer;for,ifthedefendanthasbeenmadeapartybymistake,havinghadaninterest,whichhemayhavepartedwith,thecomplainantmayrequireananswersufficienttoascertainwhetherthatisthefact,ornot;andif,intruth,itisso,ananswerseemsnecessarytoenablethecomplainanttomaketheassigneeaparty,insteadofthedefendantdisclaiming.Andalthoughamerewitnessmayavoidanswer-ingbyadisclaimer,yetanagent,chargedbyabillwithpersonalfraud,can-not,bydisclaiminganyinterest,avoidansweringfully.1§394.WhenDefendantNotAllowedtoDisclaim.—Adefendantcannot,byadisclaimer,deprivethecomplainantoftherightofrequiringafullanswerfromhim;unlessitisevidentthatthedefendantoughtnot,aftersuchdisclaimer,toberetainedasapartytothesuit.Foracomplainantmayhavearighttoananswerandadiscoverynotwithstandingadisclaimer;and,insuchacase,thedefendantcannotshelterhimselffromanswering,byalleging1Sto.Eq.PI.,§838.

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319 DISCLAIMERSTOBILLS.§395thatliehasnointerestinthesubject-matterofthesuit.2Althoughhehasnointerestinit,othersmayhaveaninterestinitagainsthim.Hemaybedeeplyaccountable;andtheverystatement,thatheis.deeplyaccountable,is,inonesense,anallegationthathehasaninterestinthesuit.Amancannotdisclaimhisliability.Undersuchcircumstances,itmaybenecessarytoreviveasuitagainstthepersonalrepresentativesofadeceaseddefendant,whohadhimselfdisclaimed.3Norcanadisclaimerbyonedefendantprejudicethecomplain-ant'srightasagainsttheothers.4Apartycannotgetridofhisliabilitytoanswerasuitbyameredisclaimer,ifhisanswermayproperly,underallthecircumstances,berequired.5Thus,forexample,ifhisdisclaimerdoesnotshowthatheisundernoliabilityinrespecttothemattersofthebill,,itwillbebad.So,ifthebillallegessomeotherfacts,as,thatthedefendanthasmixedhimselfupwiththewholetrans-action,andhasbyhispersonalconductmadeitnecessarythatthebillshouldbefiled,ameredisclaimerwillnotentitlehimtobedismissedfromfurtheransweringthesuit;for,undersuchcircumstances,justicemightnotbedonetotheotherparty.Generallyspeaking,therefore,ameredisclaimerisscarcelytobedeemedsufficient,orproper,exceptwherethebillsimplyallegesthatthedefendantclaimsaninterestinthepropertyindispute,withoutmore,forundersuchcircumstances,ifthedefendant,claimsnointerest,thatisasuffi-cientanswertotheallegation.6Itwouldseem,onprincipleandauthority,thatadisclaimercannotbemadebyaperson,incapablefromdisability,ofconveyingthepropertyorrightdisclaimed.7Unlessthedefendanthasbeenclaiming,orbeeninpossessionof,thesubject-matter,orexercisingactsofownershipoverit,thedisclaimergenerallyendsthesuitatcomplainant'scost.Butifthedisclaimerisfalse,thecomplainantmayproveitsfalsity,andthusnotonlyentitlehimselftoadecree,butsubjectthedefendant,inthediscretionoftheCourt,tothecostsofthesuit.§395.WhenDisclaimerisAllowable.—Adisclaimerisordinarilyfiledbyadefendant,whenheisfalselychargedwithclaiminganinterestincertaiuproperty,assets,orrights,specifiedinthebill.Apartywhoclaimsaninterestinlandmaybesued,eventhoughnotinpossession,ornotexercisinganyactsofownership;8andiftheallegationthatheclaimsaninterestisfalse,inwholeorinpart,hemustdisclaimastosomuchofthelandashedoesnotclaim,beitalloronlyapart.So,ifthebillseekstorecovermorelandthanthede-fendantisinpossessionof,orisexercisingactsofownershipover,hemustdisclaimastosomuchofthelandashedoesnotclaim,orisnotinpossessionof,orisnotexercisingactsofownershipover;andastotheparthedoesclaim,hemustpleadoranswer.Any.plea,oranswer,whichdeniesthatthedefendantisunlawfullywithholdingthelandsuedfor,orisunlawfullyclaim-inganinterestin,orunlawfullyexercisingactsofownershipover,thelandsuedfor,admitsthatthedefendantisinpossessionofthepremisessuedfor,unlesshestatesdistinctlyinhisanswertheextentofhispossession.9Hence,itisofgreatimportancetothedefendant,toshowdistinctly,inhisanswer,bymetesandbounds,orotherdefinitedescription,theextentofhispossessionorclaim,andtoenterafullandabsolutedisclaimerastothebalanceofthelandsuedfor;otherwise,althoughhemaydefeatarecoveryastothatpartofthelandwhich,outsideofhisanswer,hereallyclaims,hewillbeliabletothecostsofthecauseforcontestingthecomplainant'srighttoallthelandsuedfor.Butadefendantcannotdisputethecomplainant'sentireclaim,and,atthesametime,inthesameanswer,disclaimastopart;for,insuchacase,hisanswerwouldoverrulehisdisclaimer.102Wallacev.CountyCourt,3Shan.Cas.,556.sSto.Eq.PI.,§840.i1Dan.Ch.Pr.,707.5Wallacev.CountyCourt,3Shan.Cas.,556.6Sto.Eq.PI.,§838,a.7Bouv.L.Die,"Disclaimer."
sCode,§3231.9Code,§3240.10Leav.Slatterly,7Bax.,235;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,709;Sto.Eq.PI.,I839.Thetwodefencesareab-solutelyinconsistent.-AUeganscontrarianonestait-diendus.

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§396DISCLAIMERSTOBILLS.320Adefendantcannot,afterbillfiled,transferhisinterestinthesubject-matterofthesuit,andthendisclaim.11§396.EffectofDisclaimer.—Ifthedefendantdisclaims,anditappearsthatthebillwasexhibitedforvexationonly,theCourtwilldismissthebillwithcostsagainstthecomplainant.Butifthecomplainanthadprobablecauseorreasontoexhibithisbillagainstsuchdefendant,hemay,ifhepleasesprayadecreeagainstsuchdefendant,andallclaimingunderhim,sincethebillwasexhibited;anditiscommonlygranted.12Thecoursetobepursuedbythecomplainant,afterasufficientdisclaimertothewholebillhasbeenfiled,iseithertodismissthebillastothepartydisclaiming,ortoamend;unlessthedisclaimerisfalse,andthishemayprove.13Ifadefendantputsinadisclaimer,andafterwardsdiscoversthathehadaninterest,whichhewasnotapprizedofatthetimewhenhedisclaimed,theCourtwill,uponthegroundofignorance,ormistake,permithimtomakehisclaim.ButtheCourtwill,insuchacase,requirethedefendanttoshowastronggroundbyaffidavit,togetridofthedisclaimerupontherecord.14Ifthedefendanttakesnostepstogetridoftheeffectofthedisclaimer,hewillbeforeverbarred,becauseitismatterofrecord.15Whereadefendantclaimsrightsagainstaco-defendant,butnotagainstthecomplainant,heshouldreservesuchrightsinhisdisclaimer,ortheywillnotbeconsideredindeter-miningthesuit.16Whenanansweramountstoadisclaimer,anymatterinit,notresponsivetothebill,ismeresurplusage.Thus,wherethestockofashareholderinacor-porationwasattached,andsuchacorporationbeingaco-defendant,answeredthatithadnointerestinthestock,butthatathirdpartynotsuedhad,theallegationastosuchthirdpartywasheldtobemeresurplusage.17Ifthedisclaimingdefendanthasoccasionedthesuitbyhisownmisconduct,asbysettingupafalseclaim,thecomplainantmaysoshow,andonthisbeingdonethecostswillbeadjudgedagainstsuchdefendant.18§397.FrameofDisclaimer.—Thoughadisclaimeris,insubstance,distinctfromananswer,yetitis,inpointofform,ananswer,andisprecededandconcludedbythesame.formalwords,anditisputinandfiled,inthesameway.Itcontainssimplyanassertionthatdefendantdisclaimsallrightandtitletothematterindemand;but,inordertoentitlethedefendanttobedis-missedwithcosts,thedisclaimershouldstatethatthedefendantdoesnot,andneverdid,claimany,andthathenowdisclaimsall,rightandtitleinthesubject-matterofthesuit.Theformsgiveninthebooksofpracticeareallofanansweranddisclaimer,joinedinonepleading.Ifadefendantputsinadisclaimerwhenheoughttoanswer,oraccompanieshisdisclaimerbyananswerwhichisconsideredinsufficient,thedefendantmayexcepttoit,inthesamemannerastoananswer.Andifadisclaimerandan-swerareinconsistent,thematterwillbetakenmoststronglyagainstthede-fendantonthedisclaimer.19Adefendantmaydisclaimastooneormoremattersinthebill,andanswerastotheothers.So,hemaydemurtoonepartofthebill,pleadtoanotherpart,answertoathird,anddisclaimtoafourth;buteachofthesedefencesmustclearlyrefertoaseparateanddistinctpartofthebill,andnodefense
11Wallacev.CountyCourt,3Shan.Cas.,542.See,ante,§§66;115-116.12Sto.Eq.PI.,§842.131Dan.Ch.Pr„709.14Sto.Eq.PI.,§841.151Dan.Ch.Pr.,709.ingsareseldomenrolled;comelost,ormislaid,itwouldbegoodpractice,whenacomplainantdismisseshisbillbecauseof_asufficientdisclaimer,toreciteinthedecreeofdis-missal,thefact,andsubstance,ofthedisclaimer;andthusperpetuatethefact.
Inasmuchastheplead-andmavtherefore,be-
in1Dan.Ch.Pr.,707.17Saltmarshv.Hockett,1Lea,215.181Dan.Ch.Pr.,709.Wheneverasuitiscausedbythefalsityofadefendant'sclaim,andhisdefencetosuchsuitrestsuponsuchfalsity,hewillbetaxedwiththecosts,eventhoughsuccessful,a&wherehefalselyclaimedtobeheir,administrator,orexecutor.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1405;Adams'Eq.,.389.AndseePiguen.Young,1Pick.,263.191Dan.Ch.Pr.,708-710.

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321 DISCLAIMERSTOBILLS.§398mustlaponanypartofthebillcoveredbyanotherdefence,20forreasonsalreadygiven.UnderourCode,adisclaimerwillbedeemedaspeciesofanswer;21andmust,likeananswer,besworntobythedefendant,whenhisoathisnotwaived,andmustbesignedbythedefendantinperson,orbyhisSolicitor.22§398.FormofDisclaimer.—TheessentialthinginallpleadingsinChan-ceryissubstance;andsoadisclaimerissufficient,if,(1)itcontainstheneces-sarysubstance,and(2)isproperlyentitledandfiledinthecause,and(3)isdulysignedwhenthedefendant'soathiswaived,orisdulysignedandswornto,whentheoathisnotwaived.ThefollowingisaFORMOFDISCLAIMER.^JohnDoe,1vs. VNo.423.—IntheChanceryCourt,atKingston,Tenn,RichardRoe,etal.JThisdefendant,RolandRoe,foranswer24anddisclaimertothebillfiledagainsthimandothersinthiscause,separatelyanswering,says
:
I.Thathedisclaimsanyandallright,title,interest,orclaiminandtothetractoflanddescribedinthebill,[ortothelegacyorpropertyorothersubject-matterofthesuit.]n.[Ifthefactswillwarrantit,thenadd:]Thisdefendantfurthersaysthathedoesnotnowclaimsaidland,[orotherproperty,]oranyinterestwhatevertherein,andneverdidclaimanyinterestwhatever,andneverhadanypossessionofsaidland,andneverexercisedanyactsofownershipoverit.He,therefore,praysthatthisdisclaimermaybetakenasafullandsufficientanswertosaidbill,andthathemaybehencedismissedwithhiscosts.GeorgeL.Burke,Solicitor. RolandRoE.2520Sto.Eq.Pi.,§839.21Code,§4384.221Dan.Ch.Pr.,708.23Foranotherformofadisclaimer,see,post,§1049.24Adisclaimerisaspeciesofanswer;andtheformsallcommenceasshowninthetext.Sto.Eq.
PI.,§843;3Dan.Ch.Pr.,2113.Thecomplainantisentitledtoananswer,aswellasadisclaimer;al-though,ifthedisclaimerbesatisfactorytohim,hemaywaiveafurtheranswer.Sto.Eq.PL,§840.25_Asadisclaimerisamunimentoftitle,itshouldbesignedbythedefendantinperson.

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§399 crossbills. 322
CHAPTERXVIII.CEOSSBILLS.S399.CrossBillsGenerallyConsidered.I§401.ProceedingsuponaCrossBill§400.WhenaCrossBillshouldbeFiled.|
§399.CrossBillsGenerallyConsidered.—Itfrequentlyhappensthattheoriginalbillissoframedastocrampadefendantinmakinghisdefence;orthatfulljusticecannotbedonealltheparties,andespeciallyadefendant,with-outbringingotherandcognatemattersbeforetheCourt;orwithoutadis-coveryfromthecomplainant;orthatitisnecessarytobringanewpartybeforetheCourtinordertofullyadjusttherightsandequitiesoftheoriginalpar-ties;orthatthedefendanthasaffirmativerightsgrowingoutof,orincidentto.thesubject-matterofthecontroversy,whichhewishestohaveadjudicatedandenforcedinthesamelitigation;orthatthedefendantisentitledtoasetoff,areceiver,aninjunction,orsomeotheraffirmativereliefconnectedwiththelitigation.Inanysuchcases,thedefendantmayfileacrossbill,inordermorefullytomakehisdefence,orinordertoobtaintheaffirmativerelieftowhichbedeemshimselfentitled.Inourpractice,theefficacyofcrossbillshasbeenenlarged,andthevarietyandextentofthereliefsgrantedgreatlyincreased;sothat,bymeansofbothoriginalandcrossbills,theCourtisenabledtofullydisposeoftheentiresubject-matterofeverylitigation;andtodocompletejusticetoalltheparties,complainantanddefendant;andenforcetherightsanddutiesofall,soastoleavenorootsoutofwhichnewsuitsmayarise.1§400.WhenaCrossBillshouldbeFiled.—Thepropertimeforfilingacrossbill,whensuchabillisdeemednecessary,isatthetimeofputtingintheanswertotheoriginalbill;forthecrossbillis,ordinarily,forthepurposeofmakingamorecompletedefencethancanbemadebyananswer.Ifacrossbillisnotthenfiled,thedelaymustbesatisfactorilyaccountedfor,ortheproceedingsontheoriginalsuitwillnotbestayed.2UnderourCode,theanswermaybefiledasacrossbill,iftherelieftherebysoughtisagainstthecomplainant;but,ifitisnecessarytobringnewpartiesbeforetheCourt,aseparatecrossbillmustbefiled.Ordinarily,alloftheequi-tiesandlegalrightsthedefendantdesirestobringbeforetheCourt,andhaveadjudicated,maybesetupaswellinananswer,filedasacrossbill,asinaseparatecrossbill;3and,asaconsequence,separatecrossbillsarenowseldomfiled,exceptwhennecessarytomakeanewparty,orwhenfiledsubsequentlytothefilingoftheanswertotheoriginalbill.Sometimes,thenecessityforacrossbilldoesnotappearuntilafterthefilingoftheanswer;andsometimesthefacts,necessitatingacrossbill,donotariseuntilafterthefilingoftheanswer:insuchcases,aseparatecrossbillmustbefiled;and,ifpromptandproperapplicationismade,leavetofileitwillbereadilygranted.§401.ProceedingsuponaCrossBill.—Whenthedefendantresortstoacrossbill,heisrequiredtoanswertheoriginalbillbeforehecanrequirethe
1ForafullerconsiderationofthepracticeandpleadingsinreferencetoCrossBills,see,post,§§725-738. 22Dan.Ch.Pr.,1548,note;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,129.NoleaveoftheCourtisnecessarytofileacrossbill.3Forformsofanswersfiledascross-bills,see,post,§§405;733-735;1096.

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§402JOINDEROFDIFFERENTDEFENCES.324
CHAPTERXIX.JOINDEROFDIFFERENTDEFENCESTOABILL.402.JoinderofTwoorMoreKindsofDe-fence.403.HowaDemurrerandanAnswerMustbeJoined.
§404.HowaPleaandanAnswerMustbe/Joined.§405.FormofanAnswerfiledasaCrossBill.§402.JoinderofTwoorMoreKindsofDefence.—Asalreadyshownintreatingofdemurrersandpleasinbar,adefendantisnotobligedtoconfinehimselftoanyonemodeofdefence;but,ifthebillfurnishoccasion,hemaydemurtoonepartofit,pleadinbartoanother,answertoathird,anddisclaimastothebalance;andallofthesedefencesmaybejoined,andreliedon,atthesametime.Itmust,however,bekeptinmind,thattherecannotbetwokindsofdefencemadetothesamepartofthebill,atthesametime,byseparatepleadings;thus,thesamepartofabillcannotbedemurredtoandpleadedto,oranswered,atthesametimeinseparatepleadings;norcanthesamepartbepleadedtoandanswered,atthesametime,inseparatepleadings;forade-murrerisoverruledbyapleaorananswer,andapleaisoverruledbyananswer.Wheretwoormorekindsofdefenceare,therefore,madeatthesametime,byseparatepleadings,theymustclearlyrelatetoseparateanddistinctpartsofthebill.1Toillustratehowthesevariousdefencesmaybejoinedinresistingthesamebill:Supposeonecomplainantshouldfileabillagainstonedefendant,alleging:(1)thatthedefendanthadagreed,inwriting,foravaluableconsideration,toconveytohimacertainfarm;(2)thatthedefendantatthesametimeagreed,foravaluableconsideration,tosellandconveytohimanothercertainfarmadjoiningtheformer;(3)thatnotwithstandingcomplainanthadfullypaidfortheformertract,andhaddulytenderedthe-stipulatedpriceforthelattertract,thedefendantrefusedtoconveyeithertract;(4)thatoncomplainantremonstratingwiththedefendantforrepudiatingsaidagreements,thedefend-antassaultedandseverelybeathim,doinghimgreatinjuryanddamage;and(^5)thatthedefendantisnowclaimingapartofcomplainant'shomefarmadjoiningsaidlattertract,andisthreateningtocutsomeofthetimbertreesthereon;andsupposecomplainantinhissaidbillshouldpray:(1)foraspecificperformanceofthetwocontractsofsale;(2)fordamagesresultingfromthebatterycharged;and(3)foradecreesettlingcomplainant'stitletohishomefarm.Therebeingonlyonedefendant,thebillcouldnotbeattackedformulti-fariousness,2butthedefendantmight(1)demurforwantofjurisdictionastotheclaimfordamages;(2)mightpleadthestatuteoffraudsastotheagree-menttosellthesecondtractmentioned,andshowthattheagreementwasnot;inwriting;(3)mightanswerastotheagreementinwritingtoconveythefirstnamedtract,andshowthattheagreementtoconveycontainsamaterialmistake,hurtfultodefendant,anddesignedlycausedbythecomplainant;and(4)mightdisclaimastocomplainant'shomefarm;and(5)mightfilehisanswerasacrossbill,orfileaseparatecrossbill,toshowtheparticularsof
1Ante,3232;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,787;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,173;Saundersv.Gregory,3Heisk.,575;Sto.Eq.PI.,§§439;442. 2Code,§4327.

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325 JOINDEROPDIFFERENTDEFENCES.§403themistakeinthewrittenagreementstoconvey,andpraytohaveitcorrected,andthewritingreformed.Ourpracticefavorstheincorporationofademurrerinananswer,andtheincorporationofapleainananswer,3theobjectbeingtoenablethepartiestotaketheirproofpendingthedemurrer,orplea,andthushastenthefinaldeter-minationofthecause.4Thestatuteallowingadefendanttorelyonademurrerorpleainhisanswer,allowsadefendanttoanswertosomuchofthebillashedemursorpleadsto;andinsuchacasetherulethatanansweroverrulesademurrerorpleawhenbothapplytothesamepartofthebill,doesnotprevail.5If,however,thedemurrerorpleabemerelyprefixettotheanswer,andnotcontainedinit,ormadea-partofit,butisintendedtobeaseparateanddis-tinctpleading,ananswercoveringthepartofthebilldemurredorpleadedto,wouldoverrulethedemurrer,orplea.If,however,thedefendantseekstoobjecttothejurisdictionoftheCourt,hemustfileaseparatedemurrer,oraseparateplea,asallanswersadmitthejurisdiction.6§403.HowaDemurrerandanAnswerMustbeJoined.—Asanansweroverrulesademurrertosomuchofthebillasisanswered,itisofgreatim-portance,whenademurrerdoesnotgotothewholebill,tohaveitclearlyex-presstheparticularpartsofthebillwhichitisdesignedtocover;for,iftheparticularpartsarenotdistinguished,theCourtwillbecompelledtolookoverthewholebill,inordertodiscoverthem.Andthisdesignationoftheparticu-larpartdemurredtomustbedone,notbywayofexception,asbydemurringtoall,exceptcertainpartsofthebill,butbyapositivedesignationofthepar-ticularpartsintendedtobedemurredto.7Thus,forexample,whereadefendantputsinanansweranddemurrer,thedemurrerextendingtothewholeofthebill,"exceptonlyastosuchpart,andsomuchthereof,asrequiresthisdefendanttosetforth,whether,&c,&c,''thedemurrerwasoverruled,becauseitimposedupontheCourtthedutyofcom-paringthedemurrerandtheanswerwiththewholebill.So,whereadefend-antputinananswertosomuchofthebillashewasadvisedhewasboundtoanswer,makingananswertocertainchargesinthebill,andthenputinade-murrer"toallandeverytheotherallegations,andcharges,andmatters,andthingsinthecomplainant'sbillcontained,"thedemurrerwasoverruled;foritimposedontheCourtthenecessityoffindingoutwhatwasdemurredto,byexaminingeverypartofthebill.So,whereademurrerwasputintoallthereliefandtoallthediscoveryprayedbythebill,"exceptsofarasthebillseeksadiscoverytouchingtheseveraltitledeeds,&c,inthebillmentioned,&c,&c,"andastotheresidueofthebill,notdemurredto,proceededtoanswerthefactsspecifiedandexcepted,thedemurrerwasheldbad,andoverruledforthelikereason.8Inframingademurrertoonepartofthebill,andansweringtoanotherpart,caremustbetaken,notonlynottoincludeinthepartdemurredtoanypartofthebillwhichiscoveredbytheanswer;butalso,nottoincludeinthean-sweranymattertowhichthedemurrer,althoughnotinform,yetinsubstance,properlyapplies;for,insuchacase,thedemurrerisoverruledbytheanswer.9ThefollowingistheformofDEiMTJItBEB,JOINEDWITHANANSWER.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etal.Thedemurrerofthedefendant,RichardRoe,topartofthebillfiledagainsthimandothersinsaidcause,andhisanswertotheremainderofsaidbill.
No.618.—IntheChanceryCourt,afSevierville.
3Code,§§4318-4319.iHardingv.Egan,2Term.Ch.,39.5InSaundersv.Gregory,3Heisk.,576,thisdis-tinctionseemstohavebeenoverlooked.6Code,§4321;Rankinv.Craft,1Heisk.,711;butsee,ante,§261.
38fiSt°'Eq'P1"§457'Dill°n""Dav!s'3Tenn-Ch-8Bucknerv.Abrahams,3Tenn.Ch.,346:StoEq.PI.,§458;Paynev.Berry,3Tenn.Ch.,1S4.„9.St°-,„E(i-P1-§46S:SaundersV.Gregory,3xieisk.,575.

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§404JOINDEROPDIFFERENTDEFENCES.326
i.Thisdefendant,fordemurrertosomuchofsaid.billasseekstoobtainarecoveryofdamagesagainst.himfortheassaultandbatteryallegedinthebill,saysthatthisCourthasnojurisdictionofsuchcausepfaction,butthattheijurisdictionthereofisintheCircuitCourt;andhepraystobehencedismissedastosomuchofsa'Mbillasseekssaidrecovery.
' n-
Andastotheremainderofsaidbill,thedefendant,hotwaivinghissaiddemurrer,foranswertosaidremainder,says;[Thenproceedwiththeanswertotheresidueofthebill,beingcareful,however,tosaynothingwhateverrelativetotheassaultandbattery;andconcludeasincaseofanordinaryanswer.']Thematterofdemurrermay,however,undertheCode,beincorporatedintheanswer;and,insuchacase,theanswermay_covermattersoreliedonwithoutoverrulingthegroundsofdemurrerthussetup,unlesssuchgroundsdisputethejurisdictionoftheCourtoverthesubject-matterortheperson.10IfthedefendantdesirestodisputethejurisdictionoftheCourtbyademurrer,hemustfileaseparatedemurrerforthatpurpose,forallanswersadmitthejurisdiction.11ThefollowingwouldbetheformofaDEMURRERINCORPORATEDINANANSWER.JohnDoe,]vs. \No.716.—IntheChanceryCourt,atJacksboro.RichardRoe,etal.JThedemurrerandanswerofthedefendant,RolandRoe,tothebillfiledagainsthimandothersintheaboveentitledcause.Thisdefendantdemurstothebill,becauseitshowsonitsfacethatcomplainant'scauseofsuitaccruedmorethansixyearsbeforehisbillwasfiled,andis,therefore,barredbythestatuteoflimitationofsixyears;andthedefendantreliesonthisgroundofdemurrerasadefencetothebill.Andforanswertothebill,thisdefendant,notwaivinghisforegoingderrturrer,saysthathepaidthedebt,fortherecoveryofwhichcomplainantsues,beforethefilingofthebill.Thisdefendant,therefore,praystobedismissed.RolandRoe.J.E.Johnston,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit,ifthebillrequiresanansweronoath.]§404.HowaPleaandAnswermustbeJoined.—Whatissaidinthepre-cedingsection,aboutthecareandcautiontobeobservedinjoiningademurrerandanswer,applieswithfullforcetothejoiningofapleaandanswer.Thepartpleadedtomustbedesignatedwithsuchparticularityofdescription,thattherecanbenouncertaintyastowhatpartofthebilliscoveredbytheplea
;
andinansweringtotheremainderofthebill,caremustbetakentosaynothingwhateverabouttheparticularpartofthebillcoveredbytheplea.12HowthismaybedoneisshownbythefollowingformofaPLEAJOINEDWITHANANSWER.JohnDoe,]vs. \No.618.—IntheChanceryCourt,atSevierville.RichardRoe,etal.JThepleaofthedefendant,RichardRoe,topartofthebillfiledagainsthimandothersinsaidcause,andhisanswertotheremainderofthebill.I.Thisdefendant,forpleatosomuchofsaidbillasseeksaspecificperformanceoftheallegedagreementbythisdefendanttosellandconveytothecomplainantthesecondtractoflandmentionedinthebill,andthereindesignatedasthe"RidgeFarm,"says,Thatneitherthisdefendant,noranypersonbyhimthereunto^lawfullyauthorized,dideversignanycontractoragreementinwriting,oranymemorandumornote,inwriting,ofanycontractoragreement,forthesaletocomplainantof'thesaid
1"RidgeFarm,"orofanypartthereof.Andastosomuchofsaidbillasseeksthespecificenforcementoftheallegedcontractforthesaleofsaid"RidgeFarm,"thisdefendantpleadstheforegoingmatter,andreliesonthestatuteforthepreventionoffraudsandperjuries.ii.And,astotheremainderofthesaidbill,thisdefendant,notwaivinghissaidplea,foranswertosaidremainder,says:[Thenproceedwiththeanswertotheresidueofthebill,
10Code,§4319;Harding0.Egan,2Tenn.Ch.,| 11Code,§4321';Rankin-v.Craft,1Heisk.,711;39. butsee,ante,§261.
I 12Sto.Eq.PI.,§688.

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327 JOINDEROPDIFFERENTDEFENCES.§405carefullyavoidinganymentionof,orallusionto,anyoftheallegationsinthebillinreferencetothe"RidgeFarm;"andconcludeasincaseofordinaryanswer.]Adefendantmay,however,undertheCode,incorporatethematterofanypleainbarinhisanswer;andheisnotrequiredtofileaseparatepleainanycase,exceptwhenheseekstodisputethejurisdictionoftheCourt.13ApleatothejurisdictionoftheCourtmustbeseparatelyfiled,andanyanswerwilloverruleit.14ThefollowingistheformofaPLEAINCORPORATEDINAHANSWER.No.716.—InChancery,atRutledge.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etal.Theplea16andanswerofthedefendant,RobertRoe,tothebillfiledagainsthimandothersintheaboveentitledcause.Thisdefendant,forpleatothesaidbill,saysthatthenote[bond,orotherinstrument,)suedonbythecomplainant,andconstitutingthefoundationofhissuit,wasnotexecutedbyhim,orbyanyoneauthorizedtobindhiminthepremises.Andnotwaivinghissaidplea,butrelyingthereon,thisdefendantfurtheransweringsaidbill,says:[Herehemaysetupanyothermattersofdefence,suiphasinfancy,duress,insan-ity,drunkenness,statuteoflimitations,orothermatter.]Andnow,havingfullyanswered,hepraystobedismissed.G.Mc.Henderson,Solicitor. RobertRoe.Thepleasetupintheforegoinganswermustbeswornto,eventhoughtheoathtotheanswerbewaived.16§405.FormofanAnswerFiledasaCrossBill.17—Ananswer,whenin-tendedtobefiledasacrossbill,mustcombinetheformandsubstanceofananswerwiththesubstanceandprayersofacrossbill.Insofarasitistobeananswer,itmustconformtoalltherequirementsofanordinaryanswer;andwhenthebillhasbeenfullyanswered,thenthedraftsmenwillsetupanyequities,connectedwiththesubject-matterofthelitigation,whichhemaydesiretohaveenforced,unless,asgenerallyhappens,theseequitieshaveal-readybeensufficientlyshowninansweringthebill,.Theanswerasacrossbillwillthenconcludewithaprayerforprocess,andforthespecialreliefsought,andforgeneralrelief.Thefollowingistheformofananswerfiledasacrossbill,theoriginalbillhavingbeenfiledbyawifeagainstherhusbandandthetrusteeandbeneficiaryinatrustdeed,toenjointhesaleofthelandbythetrustee,andassertherrightstoahomesteadtherein:18ANSWERANDCROSSBILLTOENFORCEDEEDOFTRUST.AnnE.Enochs,byhernextfriend,JohnDoe,1 Jn^ChanceryCourt>JohnW.Wilson,P.E.Wilson,andJamesW.Enochs./atDyersburg.ThejointandseveralanswerandcrossbillofJohnW.WilsonandP.E.Wilson,tothebillfiledagainstthemandJamesW.Enochs,intheaboveentitledcause.Theserespondents,foranswertosaidbill,say
:
Theyadmitthatthecomplainant,AnnE.Enochs,isthewifeoftheirco-defendant,JamesW.Enochs;andthatthecomplainant'shusbandisinpossessionofthetractoflandcontainingonehundredacresdescribedinherbill;andthatthedefendant,JohnW.Wilson,isabouttosellsaidtract,inpursuanceofauthoritygivenhimbyherhusbandbyadeedoftrust,inwhichshedidnotjoin;butthesedefendantsfindnothingelseinthebillthattheycanadmit,andeachandalloftheallegationsofthebill,nothereinaboveadmitted,areeachandalldenied.
Thefactsconnectedwiththeattemptofthedefendant,JohnW.Wilson,tosellsaidtract,areasfollows:JamesW.Enochs,onJanuary5,1876,conveyedthetractof100acresdescribedinthebilltothedefendant,JohnW.Wilson,intrust,tosecureanoteofthesaid13Code,§4318. . , 17See,post,§§732-733.14Code,§4321;Kendrickv.Davis,3Cold.,524;18ThisformisbasedonEnochsv.Wilson,11butsee,ante,261. . tea,228,inwhichcase-the.originalbillwas'dis-15Orthewordspleaand'maybeentirelyomit-missed,andtheprayerofthecross-billgrantedted,andthecommencementofananswerused.See,also,Chestnuttv.Frazier.6Bax'21716Code,§§2909;3777;ante,§§374;380,note24.

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§405 JOINDEROFDIFFERENTDEFENCES.328JamesW.Enochs,executedonthatdaytothedefendant,P.E.Wilson,forthesumoffifteenhundredandeighty-fivedollars,bearinginterestfromdate,attherateoftenpercent,perannum,andduetwoyearsafterthedatethereof:saidtrustee,JohnW.Wilson,upondefaultinthepaymentofsaidnote,wasauthorizedinandbysaidtrustdeedtosellsaidtractforcash,andapplyenoughoftheproceedstopaysaidnote,principalandinterest.in.Saidnotehavingmatured,andnoneofithavingbeenpaid,orofferedtobepaid,thedefendant,P.E.Wilson,requestedsaidtrustee,thedefendantJohnW.Wilson,toadvertiseandsellsaidtractinthemannerspecifiedinandbysaidtrustdeed;andhe,thesaidtrustee,hadadvertisedthesameaccordingly;andwasabouttosellwhenhewasrestrainedbytheinjunctionofyourHonor'ssaidCourt,inthiscause.IV.Thesedefendants,furtheranswering,say,thatitistruethatthecomplainantdidnotjoinherhusbandintheexecutionofsaidtrustdeed;butshefailstostatetoyourHonor,whatthesedefendantsavertobethefact,that,atthetimesaidtrustdeedwasexecuted,hersaidhusbandownedatractoflandcontainingonehundredandforty-sixacres,adjoiningsaidonehundred-acretract;andthat,atsaiddate,sheandherhusbandandchildrenresidedonsaidonehundredandforty-six-acretract,astheirhomestead.Thesedefendantsaverthatsaidhomesteadtractwaswellworththreethousanddollarsatthetimesaidtrustdeedwasmade;andthesedefendantswereatthetime,andnoware,advisedthatitwasnotnecessaryforthecomplainanttojoinherhusbandintheexecutionofsaidtrustdeed.v.Thesedefendantsfurtheranswering,say,thatsincetheexecutionofsaidtrustdeedthecomplainant'shusbandhassoldandconveyedsaidhomesteadtract,sellingtenacresofittooneM.O.King,onFebruary23,1876;seventyacresonMarch20,1876,tooneSegrovesforthebenefitofcertaincreditors;andonMarch23,1877,hesoldtheresidueofsaidhome-steadtracttooneH.Fuller,hiswife'sfather,forapretendedconsiderationoftwothousanddollars;buthe,thedefendantEnochs,andthecomplainantandtheirfamily,continuetoresideonsaidresidueasbefore.VI.Furtheranswering,thesedefendantssay,thatthecomplainantjoinedherhusbandinsaiddeedtoSegroves,andthattheseventy-acretractconveyedtohim,Segroves,wasatthedateoftheconveyancewellworthfifteenhundreddollars.ComplainantalsosignedthedeedtosaidFuller,andherprivyexaminationwasdulytakentoitsexecution;butforsomereasonherhusbanddidnotsignthedeed,althoughthedeedpurportstobemadebyhim.VII.Andnow,havingfullyanswered,thesedefendantsareadvisedthat,onproperapplicationbycross-bill,yourHonorwilldeclareandenforcetheirrightsinthepremises;andthey,therefore,filethistheiranswerasa CROSSBILLandassumingtothatextent,thecharacterofcross-complainants,ontheforegoingstatementoffacts,whichtheysayistrue,pray
:
1st.Thatallproperprocessissue,andbeservedonsaidAnnE.Enochs,andhersaidhusband,JamesW.Enochs,whoaremadedefendantstothiscross-bill,requiringthemtoanswerthiscross-bill,butnotonoath.2d.Thattheamountduethecross-complainant,P.E.Wilson,onsaidnote,whichishere-withfiledasanexhibittothiscross-bill,marked"ExhibitA,"beascertained;andthathehaveadecreeagainstthecross-defendant,JamesW.Enochs,fortheamountduethereon.3d.Thatsaiddeedoftrust,whichisherewithfiledasanexhibittothiscross-bill,andmarked"ExihibtB,"bespecificallyenforcedbydecreeofyourHonor;andthetractoilandthereindescribed,to-wit:saidonehundred-acretract,besoldasthereinstipulatedforcash,andinbarofallequityofredemption,orhomesteadrights,insatisfactionoftheamountdecreedtobedueonsaidnote,andofthecostsofthiscross-bill.4th.Andthatthecross-complainantshaveallsuchotherandfurtherreliefastheymaybeentitledto. JohnW.Wilson,Latta&Marshall,Solicitors. P.E.Wilson.Iftheoathtotheansweriswaived,noaffidavitneedbeannexedtothean-swerfiledasacross-bill,unlesssomeextraordinaryprocessisprayed:insuchcase,theaffidavitmay,ifsodesired,besoframedastocoveronlythefactsonwhichtheprayerforextraordinaryprocessisbased.AFFIDAVITTOANSWEBFILEDASACROSSBILL.StateofTennessee,1CountyofDyer.)JohnWilsonandP.E.Wilson,abovenamed;makeoathandsaythatthestatementsin

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329 JOINDEROFDIFFERENTDEFENCES.§405theirforegoinganswerandcross-bill,madeasontheirownknowledgearetrue,andthosemadeasoninformationandbelief,theybelievetobetrue.Sworntoandsubscribed"I JohnW.Wilson,beforeme,March4,1878.\ P.E.Wilson.JohnSomers,Chancellor.JANSWERANDCROSSBILLFORSUBROGATION."JohnDoe,etal.,"1
vs. \TnChanceryatNashville.RachelRoe.JTheanswerandcross-billofRachelRoetothebillfiledagainstherinsaidcause.Thedefendantforanswertosaidbillsays
:
i.ThatsheadmitsthedeathofJamesDoe,anditmaybethathewasthefatherofcom-plainants,JohnDoeandGeorgeDoe,buthowthisisshehasnoknowledge,andcallsoncomplainantstoprovetheirkinship.ii.Furtheranswering,sheadmitssaidJamesDoeatonetimeownedthehouseandlotdescribedinthebill,butshedeniesthathewastheownerorpossessorthereofathisdeath.ThatyourHonormayunderstandthenatureofdefendant'sownershipandpossessionofsaidhouseandlot,furtheranswering,shesays,thatsheandJamesDoewerelivingtogetherinsaidhouse,butoccupyingdifferentroomsandbeds;andshepositivelydeniesthattheywerecohabitingwhenhedied,orhadbeencohabitingforseveralyearsnextbeforehisdeath.Whilesolivinginthesamehouse,andaboutsixyearsago,heborrowedfourhundreddollarsfromtheIdealBuildingandLoanAssociation,andgaveitamortgageonsaidhouseandlottosecuretheloan.Soonafterwardandafterpayingaboutonehundreddollarsonsaidmortgagehefellsickandwasneverabletodoanymorework,andshesupportedhimwiththelaborofherhandsuntilhedied,andthenshepaidtheexpensesofhislastsicknessandfuneral.AftersaidJamesDoebecameunabletowork,saidhouseandlotwereadver-tisedforsaleundersaidmortgage,andwasabouttobesold,whenhetookhisdeedforsaidhouseandlotoutofhistrunk,andhandedittodefendant,inpresenceofwitnesses,andsaidtoher"Hereismydeedforthishouse.Icannotpaythebalanceofthemortgage,andIturnitallovertoyou,andyoucandothebestyoucan.Ifyouliftthemortgagethepropertyisyours.Here'sthedeed."Thereuponthedefendanttookthedeedandhaskeptiteversince,claimingsaidhouseandlotasherownproperty.DefendantthereuponmadeacontractwithsaidBuildingandLoanAssociationtopaythemtendollarsamonthonsaidmortgage,andatthisrate,exceptwhenshepaidmore,shefinallypaidtheentirebalanceonsaidmortgage,aggregatingthreehundredandsevendollars,forallofwhichshehasthereceiptsgivenbysaidAssociation,andhassaidmortgageendorsedtoherbysaidAssociation.hi.Furtheranswering,defendantdeniesthatsaidJamesDoewaseverofweakmind,butsheadmitsthathewasweakinbodyandsoweakastobeunabletoworkthelastfiveyearsofhislife.Shedeniesthatsheeverexercisedanyinfluenceoverhimtoobtainsaiddeed.Ontheotherhand,hebeggedhertotakeit,anddoallshecouldtokeepthepropertyfrombeingsoldunderthemortgage,athingshewasslowtodo,forfearthatafterpayingagreatdealshemightnotbeabletopayall,andtherebylosewhatshehadpaid."Sheemphaticallydeniesallfraudandimpositioninobtainingsaiddeedandmortgage,oreitherofthem,oranysaletoherbysaidJamesDoeofsaidproperty,exceptashereinstated.IV.Furtheranswering,defendantdeniesthatsheisinsolvent.Sheowesnobodyanything,hashertaxesallpaidandseventy-threedollarsloanedoutongoodsecurity,andisstillabletowork,anddoeswork,andisearningovertendollarsamonthbesidesherexpenses,andcangivesecurityfortherentsofsaidhouseandlotpendingthislitigation,ifyourHonorsorequires. V.Furtheranswering,thedefendantfileswiththisanswersaiddeedandmortgage,markedAandB,respectively.Andnowhavingfullyansweredsaidbillshepraysthatitmaybedismissed.Butbeingadvisedthat,onthefactsofthiscase,ifshecannotholdsaidhouseandlot,shehasanequitablelienthereontoreimburseherforwhatshepaidonsaidmortgage,andforsaidmedicalandfuneralexpenses,whichlatteramountedtofifty-fivedollars,therefore,shefilesthisanswerasa CROSSBILL.andthepremisesconsideredprays
:
1st.Thatthecomplainants,JohnDoeandGeorgeDoe,berequiredbysubpoenatoanswerthiscrossbill,butnotonoath.19Thisistheanswertobillin§1050,post,ITheSupremeCourtgrantedthesubrogationprayedwhichisbasedonVaughnv.Vaughn,16Pick.,282.Iinthecrossbill.

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331 RATIONALEOFPLEADINGS.§406
CHAPTERXX.ANALYSISANDCOMPARISONOFPLEADINGS.ArticleI.RationaleofPleadings.ArticleII.DifferentDefencesDistinguished.ARTICLEI.RATIONALEOFPLEADINGS.SummaryofthePrincipalRulesofPleading.SomeMinorDefectsinPleadings.§406.ObjectofPleadings.§409.i407.LogicofPleadings.§408.GeneralRule,andDoctrineofRela-§410.tions,AppliedtoPleadings.§406.ObjectofPleadings.—Theobjectofapleadingistogivetheoppo-sitepartyandtheCourtnoticeofwhatmattersoffactandlawthepleaderintendstosubmittothedecisionoftheCourt.Astothesematters,andnoneothers,proofmustbemade,iftheyaredisputed;andonthese,andnoneothers,adecreemustbebased;ifproofismadeastoothermatters,suchproofisimpertinent;andifadecreeisbasedonothermatters,tothatextentitiscoramnonjudiceandvoid.1Whileitistrue,thatnoaffirmativeproofcanbemadebyapartyexceptastomatterbyhimallegedinhispleadings,nevertheless,itisnotrequiredthatapleadershouldgointothedetailsofthefactsbyhimsetup;norisitnecessaryforhimtospecifywhatparticularfactsherelieson,northeproofsbywhichheexpectstoestablishthem.TherulesofChancerypleadinghavebeenrelaxedsincedepositionshavecometobetakeninthepresenceofbothparties,whocanthuslearnandhaveafull'opportunitytomeettheparticularevidencesetupinsupportordenialofthematterscontainedinthepleadings.Butwhen,undertheoldpractice,depositionsweretakeninsecret,andtheircontentsnotknowntothepartiesuntiltheproofswereallclosed,andpublicationpassed,itwasofverygreatimportancethateachpartyshouldhavespecificnoticewhathisadversaryexpectedtoprove,otherwisesurpriseswouldhavebeeninevita-ble,andeitherinjusticedone,oraremandmenttotherulesforrebuttingproofmadenecessary.Nevertheless,itis,andmustforeverremain,afundamentalruleofpleading,thatnothingisinissueexceptwhathasbeenalleged;andneithercanproofbemade,nordecreesbepronounced,astomattersnotcon-tainedinthepleadings.13,
§407.LogicofPleadings.—Everybillisofthenatureofasyllogism,themajorpremiseofwhich,consistingofthesupposedgeneralruleoflawappli-cabletothecase,isordinarilynotexpressed,buttakenforgranted.Thestate-mentoffactscontainedinthebillconstitutestheminorpremiseofthesyl-logism,andthespecialprayeristheconclusionofthesyllogism:Takeanordinarysyllogism:AllEuropeansbelongtothewhiterace:JohnSamboyerisaEuropean.Therefore,hebelongstothewhiterace.Inordinaryconversation,themajorpremiseistakenforgranted;andwesayJohnSam-lOnefundamentalmatterCourtsandpleadersshouldeverkeepinmindis,-thatadjudicationsmustbebasedonissues;andthatissuescannot'arise,exceptbetweenantagonisticpartieswhosepleadingscreatethe1issues;-and'who-'have,,..thus,1a'chance,tointroduceevidence,aridtoexamineandcross-intliAOifeciifcTfantaanniem
existsbetweendefendants,whoseanswerscreateanissuebetweenthemadecreecanbebasedonsuchanissue.But,withoutanissue,therecanbenoproof,andnodecreeexceptbyconsent.'*J^Themaximum,Qebilefundamentunifallitopus,appliesinsuchcases;for,ifthepleadingsbein-

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§408 RATIONALEOPPLEADINGS.332boyerbelongstothewhiterace,becauseheisaEuropean.So,abillordinarilyomitsthemajorpremise,(whichisthesupposedgeneralruleoflawapplicabletothecase,)andstatesonlytheminorpremise,(orparticularfacts,)andtheconclusion,(orspecialprayer).Toanalyzeabillfiledbyanadministratortosetasideafraudulentconvey-ancemadebyhisintestate:(1)themajorpremise,orsupposedgeneralruleoflaw,whichisnotstatedinthebill,buttakenforgranted,is:that-onapplica-tionofanadministratorbybill,theChanceryCourtwillsetasideafraudulentconveyancemadebyhisintestate;(2)theminorpremise,orstatementoffacts,isthattheintestateofthecomplainantmadethefraudulentconveyanceal-leged;and(3)theprayer,orconclusion,isthattheconveyancebesetaside.1.Apleainabatementtothisbillwouldsay,insubstance,thatadmittingthebilltobetrue,neverthelesstheCourthasnojurisdictiontograntthereliefprayed,becauseneitheristhelandsituated,norwasanymaterialdefendantservedwithprocess,inthecountywhereinthesuitisbrought.2.Ademurrerwouldsay,insubstance,admittingthefactsallegedinthebilltobetrue,never-thelessthecomplainantisentitledtonorelief,becausethegeneralruleoflawisnotwhathesupposesittobe,suchreliefbeinggrantedonlywhentheestateisinsolvent,andnosuggestionofinsolvencyisalleged.3.Anegativepleainbarwoulddenythatthecomplainantwasadministrator,orwoulddenythattheconveyancewasfraudulent.4.Anaffirmativepleainbarwouldsay,insubstance,thatadmittingthefactsalleged,andthatonthemthecom-plainantisentitledtothereliefprayed,thatnevertheless,thereisanotherfactnotmentionedinthebillwhichdestroystherighttorelief,to-wit:thatthedefendanthasbeeninadversepossessionofsaidlandundersaiddeedformorethansevenyearsbeforesaid,suitwasbrought.5.Ananswerneednotadmitanything,anditmaydenycomplainant'srighttorelief,(1)onthegroundthatthecomplainantwasnotadministrator;(2)onthegroundthattherewasnofraudintheconveyance,asalleged;(3)onthegroundthattheestatewasnotinsolvent;and(4)onthegroundofsevenyears'adversepos-session.6.Adisclaimerwoulddenythatthedefendantwasinpossessionoftheland,orclaiminganyinterestinit,orexercisinganyactsofownershipoverit,andwoulddisclaimanyinterestin,ortitleto,saidlandundersaiddeed,orotherwise;andwoulddenyeverhavinghad,orclaimed,anytitleorin-teresttherein.Andthus,1,thepleainabatementdisputestherightoftheCourttodeter-minethecontroversy;2,thedemurrerdirectlydisputestheconclusionofthesyllogism,andindirectlydisputestheunexpressedmajorpremise;3,theneg-ativepleainbardeniesamaterialallegationinthebill,andthusnegativestheminorpremise;4,theaffirmativepleainbarsetsupanewfact,which,iftrue,wouldconstituteanexceptiontothegeneralrule,ormajorpremise;5,theanswersetsup(1)threefacts,anyoneofwhich,ifproved,negativestheminorpremise,and(2)onefactwhich,iftrue,constitutesanexceptiontothemajorpremise,orgeneralrule;and6,thedisclaimerdeniesamaterialallegationinthebill,and,also,setsupanewfact,thejointeffectwhereofistonegativetheminorpremise.Itwill,thus,beseenthateveryproperlyconstructedbillisasyllogism,whosemajorpremise,thesupposedgeneralruleoflaw,issuppressed;andwhenthisconceptionofabillisthoroughlygrasped,theSolicitorofthecomplainantwillfinditofgreatpracticalvalueinformulatinghisbill,andinexpressingitinanorderlyandlogicalmanner;and,ontheotherhand,theSolicitorofthede-fendantwillthemorereadilyunderstandwhatdefencestosetup,andwhenandhow.§408.GeneralRule,andtheDoctrineofRelations,AppliedtoPleadings.Indrawingabillwheretherearerelations,thefirstmattertobeconsideredis,whataretherelationsoftheparties,andwhatthelegaldutiesresultingfrom

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333 RATIONALEOFPLEADINGS.§408thoserelations,inconnectionwith-thefactsandcircumstancesofthecase.Havingsettledthesepreliminaries,thenextmatteristoascertainwhetherthereisanygeneralruleoflaworEquityapplicabletothefactsofthecase,andtotherelationsoftheparties,entitlingthecomplainanttorelief.Thegen-eralrulebeingdetermined(correspondingtothemajorpremiseinasyllogism,)suchfactsandcircumstancesofthecase,andnomoreorother,shouldbeallegedaswillshowthatthecaseiswithinthegeneralruleoflaworEquityonwhichthesuitistobebased.(Thesefactsandcircumstancesaretheminorpremiseofthesyllogism.)Thecasebeingthusshowntobewithinthegeneralrule,thereliefprayedfollowsasaninevitableconclusion,bothiniogicandinlaw.Everygeneralrulehasitsexceptions:theseexceptionsshouldnotordinarilybementionedinthebill;for,iftheyare,itbecomesnecessarytonegativetheminordertomakeoutacase,andinthateventthecomplainantassumesunnecessaryburdens.2Itdevolvesonthedefendant,aswillbehere-aftershown,toaverandprovethatthecasecomeswithinoneoftheseexcep-tionstothegeneralrule.Toillustratetheforegoing,takethecaseofapromissorynoteheldbythepayee.Therelationofthepartiesisthatofdebtorandcreditor;andthefactsarethatthedebtorhasexecutedapromissorynotetothecreditorasevidenceofhisindebtedness.Thegeneralruleoflawapplicabletothefactsofthecase,isthatthemakerofapromissorynoteisboundtopayitaftermaturitytothepayee,ifheistheholder.Buttothisrulethereareseveralexceptions,amongthemthefollowing:(1)themakerisnotbound.topay,if,whenthenotewasexecutedanddelivered,hewasaminor;or(2)wasofunsoundmind;or(3)wasdrunk;or(4)wasunderduress;or(5)wasfraudulentlyimposedon;norisheboundif(6)theconsiderationwhollyfailed;or(7)ifthenoteisbasedonanillegalconsideration,or(8)isbarredbythestatuteoflimitations.Complainant,indrawingabilltocollectthenote,shouldcontenthimselfwithallegingthatthedefendantexecutedthenotetohim,statingdateandamount,andthatitisoverdue.3Theseallegationsbringthecasewithinthegeneralrule.Itisnotevenabsolutelynecessarytoallegethatitiscomplainant'sproperty,orthatitisunpaid,thelawpresumingthesefacts,thenotehavingbeenexecutedtothecomplainant,andhehavingthenoteinhispossession.Muchlessisitnecessarytoallegethatthenotewasgivenforavaluableandlawfulconsideration,orthatthedefendantwasanadult,ofsoundmind,sober,freetoact,andnotimposedonbyanyartifice.Theseareallmattersforthedefendanttosetup.If,however,thenoteshouldbebarredbythestatuteoflimitations,anditbecomesnecessarytodisclosethisfactinthebill,insuchcase,itisessentialtogofurther,andsetupthefactswhichavoidthebarofthestatute,suchasnon-residenceofthedefendant,orapromisetopaythenotemadewithinsixyears.Ofcourse,ifthebillseeksadiscoveryfromthedefendant,itmayandshouldgointoadetailofthefactsandcircumstancesastowhichthediscoveryissought,andonwhichtheinterrogatories,ifany,arebased.Ifthereshouldbenorelationsbetweentheparties,thefirstquestiontobeconsideredbythedraftsmanofthebillistherightsofthecomplainant,theserightsbeingordinarilyrightstothetitle,use,control,orbenefit,ofparticularproperty;thesecondquestioniswhereinthedefendantisinterferingwiththoserights;andthethirdquestionisthegeneralruleoflaworEquityappli-cabletothefactsofthecase,andentitlingthecomplainanttoreliefonthosefacts.Here,again,thisgeneralruleisthemajorpremiseofthesyllogism,thefacts,bringingthecasewithinthegeneralrule,constitutetheminorpremisezButifthedemandisbarredbythestatuteofItendstoavoidthebar,asheretoforestated.Seelimitationsthecomplainantmustsoshowifhein-Iante,§147. ' ,f
I 3Butifthenoteisbarred,see./mf»8147

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§409RATIONALE.OEPLEADINGS.334ofthesyllogism,andthespecialreliefprayedistheconclusionofthe,syllo-gism.4§409.SummaryofthePrincipalRulesofEquityPleading.—Thefollowingsummaryofrulesgoverningallpleadings,exceptdemurrers,maybeofbenefittotheinexperiencedpleader.51.Allpleadingsmuststatetheessentialfacts:itisnotnecessary,howeverasarule,tostatetheevidencebywhichthosefactsmaybeproved.2.Itisnotnecessarytoallegeanymatterofeitherlaworfact,ofwhichtheCourtwilltakejudicialnotice.3.Itisnotnecessarytostatematterswhichwouldmoreproperlycomefromtheadverseparty.4.Itisnotnecessarytoallegecircumstancesthatarenecessarilyimpliedfromwhatisalleged.5.Itisnotnecessarytoallegewhatthelawwillpresume.6.Wheretheitemsofanaccountsuedonarenumerous,itissufficienttostatetheircharacter,andtheamount,withoutspecifyingtheminthepleading.Insuchacase,however,theyshouldbecontainedinanexhibit.7.Lessparticularityinstatementisrequiredwhenthefactsareshowntobebetterknowntotheoppositepartythantothepartypleading.Oneoftheveryobjectsofthebillmaybetoascertainthesefacts.8.Pleadingsmustnotbeargumentative:theymUstbeconfinedtoallegationsoffacts.9.Pleadingsshouldnotcontainmererecitalsofwhatthepleaderhasbeeninformed,orwhathebelieves;butshouldspecifywhatheallegesthefactstobe:thesefacts,however,hemayallegeoninformationandbelief.10.Allscandal,impertinenceandsurplusagemustbeavoided.Thefollow-ingmattersaresurplusage:(1)mattersjudiciallyknowntotheCourt;(2)conclusionsoflaw;(3)mattersofevidence;(4)mattersofinformationorbelief,onwhichnopositiveallegationoffactisbased;(5)allargumentsandinferences;and(6)alldisplaysofrhetoric,poetry,wit,sarcasm,orinvective.11.Allpleadingsshouldcontainthetruth,evenwhennotunderoath.Nopartyshouldallegeanyaffirmativematterthatisnotpertinent,andafactcapableofbeingproved.Notthathemustbeabletoproveallthathealleges,butthathisallegationsmustbefactsbelievedbyhimtobeprovable.12.Allpleadingsmustbeconsistent:aninconsistentbillisdemurrableforrepugnancy;aninconsistentanswermaybetreatedasnoanswer,andanin-consistentamendmentwillnotbeallowed.53-
13.Billsthatprayinjunctionsorreceivers,orchargefraud,orseektoundowhathasbeenformallydone,shouldbepositiveandprecise,andgiveparticu-larsandcircumstances;insuchbillsgeneralallegationsonlyareinsufficient.14.Answerstosuchbillsshouldunequivocallydeny-allmaterialallegationsthatarefalse,andexplainawayallthataretrue,givingparticularsandcir-cumstances.715.Allpleadingsshouldconformtoapprovedprecedents,bothinformandphraseology.§410.SomeMinorDefectsinPleadings.—Therearesomeminordefectsinpleadingstooinsignificanttobereachedbyademurrer,andgenerallyoftoolittleimportancetobethesubjectofamotion,butneverthelessofacharacterthatgreatlyimpairsthemeritoftheparticularpleading.Someofthedefectsarethefollowing:4NoSolicitor,unlesshebeagenius,willeversucceedasadraftsmanofbills,ifhefailstothor-oughlygraspthedoctrineofrelations,andthevalueofcomprehendingthegeneralrule,applicabletothecase.Thisfailureisthecauseofsomanybillsbeingconfused,prolix,tautological,obscure,andchaotic,theequitieswhereofareenvelopedinmists,submergedinsurplusage,andnebuloustotheeyeofjustice.See,ante,§§165-168.
6TheserulesaretakenpartlyfromStephenonPleading;and,whileintendedforCourtsoflaw,areequallyapplicabletopleadingsinChancery.5aSee,ante',§149;285;672;64,sub-sec2;Hardwickv.AmericanCanCo.,7Cates,393.6See,ante,§§142;838-843.7See,ante,§361-367;post,842.

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335 RATIONALEOFPLEADINGS,§410
1.TheFailuretoSpecifytheDateofanallegedtransaction.Itisnotuncom-montoseeexpressionsofthissortinbillsandanswers:(1)"onthedayof188—;"(2)"sometimeintheyear187—,"and(3)"onthedayof
2.TheFailuretoSpecifyQuantityandValue.Suchallegationsasthefollow-ingareutterlyinadmissible,anddisplaygrossnegligence,carelessness,andin-differenceto,ifnotignoranceof,thefundamentalrulesofpleading:(1)"con-tainingacres,moreorless,"(2)"ofthevalueofdollars,"(3)"amountingtoatleast——;"(4)"tothenumberof;"and(5)"inthe-district,adjoiningthelandof-3.TheFailuretoSpecifytheGivenNamesofPersons.Aninitialletteristooindefinite.J.SmithmaystandforJoel,James,Jesse,Jacob,Joseph,Julius,Jeptha,Jared,orJasper,aswellasJohn,Smith.Thefirstnamesofpartiesareoftendescribedbytheirinitials:thisoftenresultsinconfusionanddelay,andsometimesinloss.Whereapartysignsapapersuedonbyinitials,itiswelltodescribehimbothbyhisfullgivennameandbythenamesubscribedtothepaper,thus:T.J.Smith,otherwisecalledThomasJ.Smith.4.Erasions,Interlineations,andOtherChangesontheFaceofPleadings.Plead-ingsaresometimessofulloferasuresandinterlineationsthatitisalmostim-possibletodecipherthem,andtocertainlydeterminewhethervariousim-portantmattersareintendedtobechangedornot;andiftobechanged,itisdifficulttotellexactlywhatthechangesare.Nopleadingshouldhaveanyinterlineations,exceptsuchasareauthorizedbytheCourt;norshouldanyconsiderableerasures,orotherchanges,bemadeonthefaceofanypleading.Thepleadingsshouldbecertainanddefinite,andthesequalitiesareincompat-iblewitherasures,interlineations,orotherchanges,intheoriginaltext.Itisafundamentalruleofpleading,applicabletoalloftheforegoingmat-ters,thatwhateverisallegedinapleadingmustbeallegedwithcertainty,totheendthattheadversarymayknowexactlywhatisalleged,sothathemaybeabletodenyoradmit,ortoconfessandavoid,theparticularmatter.5.AllPleadingsshouldbeProperlyEntitled.Everysuithasaname,andbythatnameitisknownanddistinguishedfromallothersuits.Thestatutefor-bidstheClerktochangethestyleofacause;8andtheChancellorshouldseetoitthatSolicitors,also,conformtothisstatute.Nopleadingshouldbeallowedtogointoafileunlessitsstyleentitlesittobesofiled.6.AllPleadingsshouldbeintheSecondandThirdPersons.Itisnouncom-monthinginsomecountiestofindbillsandanswerspartlyinthefirstpersonandpartlyinthethirdperson.Thisisexecrable,whetherviewedfromagrammaticaloralegalstandpoint.Thepartypleading,inaddressingtheChancellor,mayusethesecondperson,butheshouldrefertohimselfascom-plainantordefendant,-andnotas"I."97.AllPleadingsShouldbeFreefromScandal,Impertinence,andSurplusage.AChancerypleadingisnottheplaceforadisplayofwit,humor,sentiment,poetry,rhetoric,orpathos.Norisittheplacetoindulgeinsarcasm,irony,invective,insinuation,abuse,oranyotherscandalousorimpertinentmatter.1'1Suchimproprietiesarenotonlyexceedinglyreprehensibleinthemselves,buttheyalsoincitesimilarreprehensibleretaliationsfromtheadverseside.ThesescandalousandimpertinentdisplaysaresuretoexcitetheindignationoftheChancellor,andtheridiculeordisgustofthebar.Solicitors,indrawingpleading's,shouldrepresstoogreatanenthusiasmfortheirclient'ssupposedrights,andtoogreatindignationatthedefendant'ssupposedmisconduct;and
8M.&V.'sCode,§3664.9InEngland,underthenewpractice,allanswersareinthefirstperson,thedefendantsaying:"Iadmit,""Ideny,""Ibelieve,""Ido,say,aver,charge,"etc.3Dan.Ch.Pr.,2111,note.Butananswerisreprehensiblethatsays:"Thedefendant,
forfurtheranswer,saysthatthecharge
1
thatIactedfraudulentlyisfalse."Suchashifting,fromthethird,tothefirstperson,isdiscreditable,tothepleader,andshowsthatheisasunskilledinplead-ing,asinparsing.10See,ante,§§150;372;and,post,§§421;1190.

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§411DIFFERENTDEFENCESDISTINGUISHED.335therebyescapethemortificationofbeingrebukedbytheCourt,orridiculedbythebar,forexcessofzeal,ordeficiencyofdiscretion.8.AllExhibitsshouldbeLetteredandPiled.Itisnotuncommonforbillsandanswerstoreferto,andprofesstoexhibit,adocumentnotevenintheparty'spossession,sometimesreferringtoitasonsuchapageofsuchabookintheRegister'soffice,orasintherecordsofanotherCourt.Thisiswhollyinad-missible.Allpapersanddocumentsreferredtoinpleadingsmustbefiledwiththepleadings,11andsolettered,ornumbered,ordescribed,astobeiden-tified.Nobookbelongingtoanypublicoffice,andnooriginalrecordofan-otherCourt,oroffice,canbemadeanexhibittoapleading.Ifsucharecordisneededas.anexhibitacertifiedcopymustbeexhibited;butanoriginalrecordofthesameCourtmaybereferredwithoutbeingexhibited,andtheoppositepartynotifiedinthepleadingthatitwillbereadatthehearing.Adocumentmaybereferredtothus:"
—
asinsaiddeed,[contract,will,letter,decree,book,record,orotherwrittenorprintedthing,namingit,]willmorefullyappear,andwhich[or,acertifiedcopyofwhich,]isherewithfiled,markedA,aridmadeapartofthisbill[oranswer."]Papersreferredtoinabilloranswer,andnotnumbered,lettered,orotherwiseidentified,willnotbeconsideredintheSupremeCourt,evenwhenactuallycopiedintothetranscript.12
ARTICLEII.DIFFERENTDEFENCESDISTINGUISHED.§414.GeneralAnalysisofDefencesontheMerits.§415.SummaryoftheDefencesontheMerits.
§411.VariousKindsofPleadingsCon-trasted.§412.DifferencesbetweenaDemiirrerandaPleainBar.§413.DifferencesbetweenanAnswerandaPlea.§411.VariousKindsofPleadingsContrasted.—Ifthebillshowsastateoffactswithinageneralrule1oflaworEquity,thedefendantmusteitherdenyoneormoreofthecomplainant'sessentialallegationsoffact;or,admit-tingthefactsinthebill,hemustshowsuchadditionalfactsaswillbringthecasewithinatleastoneoftheexceptionstothegeneralrule.Totaketheillustrationaboveused,theessentialallegationsinthebillare,1st,Thatthedefendantexecutedtocomplainantthenotesuedon;2d,Thatthecomplainantholdsit;and3d,Thatitisoverdue.Ifeitherofthesethreeallegationsisdenied,avaliddefenceissetup.If,however,theseallegationsaretrue,thedefendantmustadmitthem,andmakeoutadefencebyshowingadditionalfacts,bringingthecasewithinoneormoreoftheexceptionstothegeneralrule.Inotherwords,hemustadmitthefactsallegedinthebill,butavoidthembyshowingthat,whenheexecutedanddeliveredthenotesuedon,hewasaminor,orderanged,ordrunk,orunderduress,ordefrauded,orthattheconsiderationwasillegal,orhastotallyfailed,orthatthenoteisbarredbythestatuteoflimitations,orsomeothermatterinavoidance.IfthebillshowsonitsfacethatitdoesnotcomewithinanygeneralruleoflaworEquity,entitlingthecomplainanttorelief,thedefendantmaydemurtothebill.Sohemaydemur,ifthefactsstatedinthebillbringthewholecasewithinsomeexceptiontothegeneralrule,andnofactsareallegedobviatingtheexception.liCh.RuleI.,sec.2;post,§1190. I 1See,ante,§§166;275-277,notes;andseenote2,12SimmonsV.Taylor,22Pick.,729. Iinfra.

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337DIFFERENTDEFENCESDISTINGUISHED.§412Thepurposeandofficeofademurrer,then,istoshowthatthecasemadebythebill,eitherdoesnotcomewithinanygeneralruleoflaworequityen-titlingthecomplainanttorelief,orelsecomeswithinsomeexceptiontotherule.Andthe,purposeandofficeofapleainbaris,byallegingsomesingleractsuppressedinthebill,orbysuppressingsomesinglefactallegedinthebill,toshoweitherthatthecomplainant'scaseisnotwithinthegeneralrule,orelsethatitis,also,withinsomeexceptiontdthatrule.Theofficeofanansweristodenyenoughofthefactsallegedinthebilltodestroythecasemade;ortoadmitthebill,andsetupsuchnewfactsaswilltakethecaseoutofthegeneralrule,orputitintosomeexceptiontothatrule.2§412.DifferencesBetweenaDemurrerandaPleainBar.—Theofficeofademurreris,toraiseaquestionoflawonthefactsasthebillgivesthem;andademurrermaintainsthat,onthosefacts,thecomplainantisnotentitledtpsome,ortoany,ofthereliefheprays.Theofficeofapleainbaris,nottodenytheEquityofthebill,but(1)eithertodenysomematteroffactinthebill,which,iffalse,destroysthatEquity,or(2)tobringforwardsomenewmatteroffact,which,iftrue,obviatesthatEquity.Ademurrertakesthefactsasthecomplainantstatesthem,butdisputestheconclusionsoflaworEquityheseekstodrawfromthosefacts.Inshort,ademurrerdealsexclusivelywithquestionsoflaw,whereasapleadealsexclusivelywithquestionsoffact.Ademurreradmitsthefactsofthebill,butdisputesitslaw;whereas,apleainbaradmitsthelawofthebill,butdisputesitsfacts.Anaffirmativepleainbardoesnotdisputeanyfactallegedinthebill,oranyallegeddeductionfromthefactsstated;butseekstobringbeforetheCourtanewfact,which,iftrue,destroysthecomplainant'srighttobelief.Anegativepleainbardeniessomesubstantialavermentoffactinthebill,butneverchallengesanyofthedeductionsoflaworEquitythecomplainantseekstodrawfromthefactshealleges.Ademurrertotherelief,however,neitherseekstobringforwardnewmatters,nortodenyanyfactallegedinthebill,butmerelydisputesthedeductionssoughttobedrawnfromthemattersoftactstated,thedemurrer,forthepurposeoftestingthevalidityofthebill,admittingallthefactsalleged.
2Thefollowingdiagramisgivenasillustrativeoftheforegoingdiscussion:
EXPLANATIONS.ThelargecirclerepresentsthegeneralruleoflaworEquity;see,ante,§166;andthesmallcirclesrepresenttheexceptionstothegeneralrule.Itwillbenotedthatthesmallcirclesarenotreallywithinthecircumferenceofthelargecircle,butareformedbyloopsinitscircumference,thuslimitingtheareaofthelargecircle,asexceptionslimitthecomprehensivenessofthegeneralrule.Usingthecasealreadysupposed,thegeneralrule,representedbythelargecircle,is:Themakerofapromissorynoteis-boundtopayittothepayee,
smallcirclesrepresenteightexceptionstothisgen-eralrule,themakernotbeingsoboundif,whenthenotewasexecuted,hewas(1)aminor;or(2)deranged;or(3)drunk;or(4)underduress;or(5)wasfraudulentlyimposedon;or(6)therewasawantofalegalconsideration;or(7)theconsid-erationhaswhollyfailed;or(8)thenoteisbarredbythestatuteoflimitations.1.TheofficeofaBill,asapleading,istopresentacasewithinthegeneralrule,entitlingthecom-plainanttorelief.2.TheofficeofaDemurreristoshow(1)thatthereisnosuchgeneralruleoflaworEquity,asthebillpresupposes;(2)that,ifthereis,thecasemadeoutbythebilldoesnotcomewithinsuchrule;or(3)that,ifwithintherule,thefactsallegedinthebillshowthatthecasefallswithinone,ormore,oftheexceptionstotherule.3.TheofficeofanAffirmativePleainBaristoallegesomenewfactthatwillbringthecasewithinoneoftheexceptionstothegeneralrule.4.TheofficeofaNegativePleainBaristodenysomematerialfactallegedbythebill,andthusshowthatthecaseisnotwithinthegeneralrule,aswhen(1)thepleaofnonestfactumisputin;or(2)apleathatthecomplainantisnotthepayee,ornottheholder,andnotentitledtocollectthenote.5.TheofficeofanAnswer,asapleading,is(1)todenysomeallegationofthebillnecessarytobringthecasewithinthegeneralrule;or(2)tomakesomeadditionalallegation,thatwilltakethecaseoutofthegenerallule,orforceitintosomeexceptiontotherule.And,thus,ananswermayperformtheofficesofbothanaffirmative,anda

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§413DIFFERENTDEFENCESDISTINGUISHED.33&Theofficeofapleainbaristobringforwardsomematteroffact,whichifithadbeenalleged,ortodenysomematteroffact,which;ifithadnotbeenalleged,wouldhavemadethebillsubjecttodemurrer.Hence,anyfactwhichifithadbeenalleged,wouldhavemadethebilldemurrable,isgoodmatterforanaffirmativeplea;andanyfactwhich,ifithadnotbeenalleged,wouldhavemadethebilldemurrable,isthepropersubjectofanegativeplea.Itresultsfromthesepremises,thatpleasinbaranddemurrersareinthynatureofcorrelatives;andthatwhateverfact,ifallegedoromittedbythebill,wouldbeagroundofdemurrer,will,ifnotallegedoromitted,beagroundofplea.3Thefollowingaretheprincipaldifferencesbetweenademurrerandanaffirmativeplea:(1)ademurrerappliestomattersexpressed;anaffirmativepleaappliestomattersuppressed;(2)ademurrerappliestothecaseasbroughtbeforetheCourtbythebill;anaffirmativepleaappliestothecaseasmodifiedbyanewmatteroffactwhichithasbroughtbeforetheCourt;(3)ademurrerdemandsthejudgmentoftheCourtonthecaseasthebillstatesit
;
&naffirmativepleademandsthejudgmentoftheCourtonthecaseasmodifier!bythenewfactbroughtforwardbythedefendantinhisplea.Andthefollowingaretheprincipaldifferencesbetweenademurrerandanegativeplea:(1)ademurreradmitsallthefactsallegedinthebill,anegativepleapositivelydenies,atleast,onematerialfact;(2)ademurrerseekstohavftthecasedecidedonthefactscontainedinthebill,anegativepleaseekstohaveitdecidedaftersomematerialfacthasbeen,ineffect,strickenoutofthebill.Ademurrerneverraisesanyquestionsexceptthoseoflaw,apleaneverlaisesanyquestionsexceptthoseoffact.Allpleas,however,admiteveryallegationinthebillnotbythemexpresslydenied.§413.DifferencesBetweenanAnswerandaPlea.—Theofficeofananswer,asapleading,istocontesttheclaimforreliefsetupinthebill;andthiscon-testismadeeither,(1)bydenyingthetruthofthecasemadebythebill,or(2)bybringingforwardnewmatterwhichavoidsthatcase.4Apleainbarhasidenticallythesameoffice;anaffirmativepleabringingforwardsomenewmatteroffactinavoidanceofthecasemadebythebill,andanegativepleadenyingthetruthofsomematerialallegationofthebill.Theonlysubstantialdifferencesbetweenananswerandapleainbarare:(1)ananswerisoftenbothapleadingandadeposition,whereasapleaisalwaysapleadingandneveradeposition;(2)ananswermaybothdenyandavoidacasemadebythebill,whereasapleainbaralwaysdoeseitheroneortheother,butneverboth;(3)ananswermaydenyoravoideverymaterialallegationcontainedinthebill,whereasapleacanordinarilydenyoravoidonlyonematerialallega-tion.Henceitisthatapleainbarissometimescalledaspecialanswer;5andananswer,asapleading,is,ineffect,merelyaseriesofpleasofoneormorekinds.Itwillthusbeseenthatananswerincludesallpossiblepleasinbar,andcoversallthebill;and,asthegreaterincludestheless,andthewholecontainsallitsparts,itfollows,bothasamatterofpleadingandoflogic,thatananswersupersedesandoverrulesapleainbartothesamematter.Apleainabatementdoesnotquestionthemeritsofthecontroversy,butseekstoabatethesuitforsomereasonoutsideofthemerits.Bothapleainbarandananswer,ineffect,admitthatthereisnogroundofabatement,orelsenonethedefendantcarestorelyon;andeachseekstocontestthebillonitsmerits.Theresultisthatif,afterfilingapleainabatement,thedefendant
3Thus,if,inabillforspecificperformance,thesaleofthelandisallegedtobeinparol,thatisagroundofdemurrer;whereas,ifthisfactbeomit-ted,itisagroundofanaffirmativeplea.So,if,inabillbyanadministratortoselllandfraudulentlyconveyedbyhisintestate,theestateisnotallegedtobeinsolvent,thatisagroundofdemurrer;
whereas,ifthisallegationbemade,itisagroundofanegativeplea.4Inthisbook,allpleasaredividedinto(DjPJ*8illabatement,and(2)pleasinbar.Ante,IS241!
243;321.31Dan.Ch.Pr.,603;Sto.Eq.PL,§6+9-

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339DIFFERENTDEFENCESDISTINGUISHED.§414eitherpleadsinbaroranswers,heineffectabandonshispleainabatement;and,hence,theuniversalrulethatapleainabatementisoverruledbyapleainbar,andeitherorbothpleasareoverruledbyananswer.Thisimportantqual-ificationmust,however,bekeptinmind:anansweroverrulesapleainbaronly,whentheformercoversthegroundoccupiedbythelatter,forashere-toforeandhereaftershown>adefendantmaypleadtopartofthebill,andanswertotheresidue.Ademurrerconteststhebillexclusivelyontheissuesoflawarisingfromthefactscontainedinthebillitself;apleaconteststhebillonsomesingleissueoffactwhich,iffoundinfavoroftheplea,willendthesuit;andananswerconteststhebilleitherbydenyingthefactsitallegesorbyavoidingthem,orbyboth.Itwillthusbeseenthateverymatterwhichisgroundforapleainbarmaybesetupinananswer;butinasmuchasananswerconteststhebillexclusivelyonthemerits,nogroundofabatementwhichdisputesthejurisdictionoftheCourtcanbesetupinananswer;norcanapleainabate-mentbejoinedwithanyotherkindofdefence.TheCourtsfavordefencesonthemerits,andwhenadefendanthasoncemadedefencetothemerits,hewillbedeemedtohavewaivedandabandonedallobjectionstothejurisdictionbyhimmade,andnotdetermined.6§414.GeneralAnalysisofDefencesontheMerits.—AbillinChanceryisgenerallyfiledtoassertrights,growingoutof.,relations,ortoassertrightswhichareindependentofrelations.Intheformercase,itordinarilyalleges(1)therelationbetweentheparties;(2)thedutiesofthedefendant,andtherightsofthecomplainantarisingfromtherelation;(3)theviolationofthoserightsanddutiesbythedefendant,and(4)praysforconsequentrelief.Inorder,therefore,tomeettheseallegationsonthefacts,thedefendantmust(1)denytheallegedrelationoftheparties,or(2)mustinsomewayinvalidatethatrelation,ifiteverexisted,or(3)mustdenythatanyofsaidrightsanddutieswereviolatedascharged;or(4)mustshowaffirmativelythat,sincesuchviolation,therehasintervenedsomeactoftheparties,7orsomeruleoflaw,8thatavoidshisliabilityandbarsthesuit.Thedenialoftherelationcanoftenbemadebyanegativeplea;themattersinavoidancearefrequentlyproperforanaffirmativeplea,andanyandallofthedefencesarepropertobesetupinananswer.Ifthebillisfiledtoassertrightswhichareindependentofrelations,itordinarilyalleges(1)thetitle,interest,orrightsoughttobeenforcedorpro-tected,orthewrongsoughttobeprevented;(2)themannerinwhichthedefendantisinterferingwithcomplainant'srightsorproperty,oriscommit-tingorthreateningthewrongcomplainedof;and(3)praysfortheconse-quentialrelief.Tomeettheseallegationsonthefacts,thedefendantmust(1)denytheallegedtitle,interestorrightofthecomplainant;or(2)mustdenythecom-missionofthewrongsalleged;or(3)mustsetup,affirmatively,somebarorequalEquity.Thefirstdefencemayoftenbemadebyanegativeplea,andthelastbyanaffirmativeplea;allthreedefencesmaybemadebyanswer.§415.SummaryoftheVariousDefencesontheMerits.—Inorderthatthevariousdefencesthatcanbemadeonthemerits,inaChancerysuit,maymore6Therationaleofthisrulingisthis:AdefencetothemeritsnecessarilyimpliesawillingnessfortheCourttodeterminethevalidityofsuchdefence;and,astheCourtcannotmakethedeterminationunlessithasjurisdiction,thenecessaryimplicationis,thatthedefendantconcedesthejurisdiction,whenhesubmitssuchadefencetothedecisionoftheCourt.Ademurrerisaswordofslenderbladeandkeenpoint,intendedtoreachtheheartoftheadversary
battle-axeintendedtostrikedowntheenemybyasingleblowonhisuncoveredhead.Ananswerisashieldintendedtoprotectagainsttheassaultsofone'sopponent;whileananswerandcrossbillcom-binedareashieldfordefenceandaswordforassault.7Suchaspayment,areleases-accordandsatisfac-tion,novationofthedebt,assignmentofthedebt,anaward,orajudgment.8Suchasthestatuteoflimitations,laches,and

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§415DIFFERENTDEFENCESDISTINGUISHED.340specificallyappear,thefollowingtable9hasbeenprepared,giving(1)thedefenceswherethebillallegesnorelations,and(2)thedefenceswhererela-tionsarealleged.TABLEOFDEFENCESONTHEMERITS.A.WHERENORELATIONISALLEGEDINTHEBILL,thedefencesare
:
I.Non-existenceofBightsClaimed,becauseof.
1.Wantofprivitybetweentheparties;or2.Complainanthavingnotitle,interestorright;or3.Titleinthedefendant;or4.Titleinathirdperson.II.Non-existenceoftheInjuriesAlleged,becauseof1.Theactscomplainedofnothavingbeendone;or2.Theactscomplainedofhavingbeencommittedbyastranger;or3.Theactscomplainedofhavingbeenauthorizedbysomelaw,orlicense.III.MattersinAvoidance,10becauseof1.Defendantbeinganinnocentpurchaser;or2.Accordandsatisfaction;or3.Award;or4.Formerjudgment;or5.Statutesoflimitations;or6.Laches;or7.Estoppel.B.WHEREARELATONISALLEGEDINTHEBILL,thedefencesare
:
I.Non-existenceoftheAllegedRelation,because1.Nosuchcontractorrelationaschargedexisted;or2.Thecomplainantdoesnotpossessthecharacterheclaims;or3.Thedefendantdoesnotpossessthecharacteralleged;or4.Nonestfactum,(thedeed,note,orotherinstrumentsued,nothavingbeenexecutedbythedefendant.)II.InvalidationoftheAllegedRelation.!1
because1.Partiesnotcompetenttocontract,byreasonof
:
(a)Mentalunsoundness;or(b)Infancy;or(c)Coverture;or(d)Drunkenness;or(e)Duress.2.Insufficiencyofconsideration,byreasonof
:
(a)Totalfailureofconsideration;or(b)Grossinadequacyofconsideration;or(c)Illegalityofconsideration.3.Contractobtainedbyfraud,bymeansof
:
(a)Misrepresentation;or(b)Concealment;orThistablehasbeenmainlycompiledfromLube'sEquityPleadingsandChitty'sPleadings.Acarefulstudyofitwillenablethestudenttograsp,thor-oughly,allpossibledefences,onthemerits,toallpossiblebills;andhewillfinditofgreatvalueinpreparinghisdefences.
10Mattersinavoidancemustbespeciallysetup,andreliedon,bypleaoranswer;andtheburdenofprovingthemisonthedefendant.11Wherethedefenceseekstoinvalidatetheal-legedrelationitmustbespeciallysetup,andproved,bythedefendant,asinothercasesofavoidance.

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341 DIFFERENTDEFENCESDISTINGUISHED.§415(c)Undueuseofconfidentialrelations.4.Acttobedoneillegalorimpossible.5.Formofcontractinsufficient,either(a)Atcommonlaw,or(b)Bystatute.12IH.Non-existenceoftheAllegedViolationsofComplainant'sBights,because1.Thesuitwasprematurelybrought;or2.Theactscomplainedofwerenotdone;ori.Theactscomplainedof,ifdone,wereauthorizedbysomelaw,orlicenseIV.HattersinAvoidance,"consistingof1.Actsofbothparties,to-wit
:
(a)Alteration,orrecission,ofthecontract;or(b)Accountstated;or(c)Payment,oraccordandsatisfaction;or(d)Releaseofthedebtsuedfor;or(e)Awardforthesamecauseofaction;or(f)Novation,(anewnoteorcontractexecutedinlieu.)2.Acts,ofthecomplainantalone,consistingof(a)Formerrecoveryforthesamecauseofaction;or(b)Non-performanceofconditionprecedent;or(c)Pendencyofanothersuitforsamecause;or(d)Assignmentofthedebttoathirdperson;or(e)Laches;or(f)Estoppel.3.Actsofthedefendantalone,consistingof(a)Performanceofthecontractorduty;or(b)Tenderofthemoney,property,orservicesdue;or(c)Set-off.(d)Recoupment.4.Actsofthelaw,consistingof(a)Judgmentfordefendantinbaroftheclaimordemandnowsuedon;or(b)Statuteoflimitations.(c)Bankruptcy.12SuchastheStatuteofFraudsandPerjuries.|asadefence.Inallsuchcases,theburdenofproof13Thesemattersinavoidancemustallbespe-restsonthedefendant.cificallysetforthinaplea,oranswer,andreliedonI

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§416HOWPLEADINGSARETESTED.342
CHAPTERXXI.HOWPLEADINGSARETESTED.ArticleI.TestingtheSufficiencyofPleadings.ArticleII.ExceptionstoAnswers.ArticleIII.SuggestionsastoTestingPleadings.
ARTICLEI.TESTINGTHESUFFICIENCYOFPLEADINGS.S418.TestingtheSufficiencyofBills.§419.TestingPleasandDemurrers.§416.TestingofPleadings.§417.ObjectandResultsofTestingPlead-ings.§416.TestingofPleadings.—Thereissomemethodoftestingthesuffici-encyofeverypleading.Theverypleadingsthatareusedastestsarethem-selvesthesubjectsoftests.Allofthesetestshavereferencetothefitnessoftheparticularpleading,fortheofficeitseekstoperform;andifsuchpleadingisunfitforsuchoffice,thesoonerthisfactisascertainedthebetterforallthepartiesconcerned.Pleadingisapracticallogicappliedtomattersofforensiccontroversy,andtheseverestscrutinyofreasonisvisiteduponeverybill,demurrer,plea,andanswer,filedintheprogressofacause;and,onachallengeofinsufficiency,theCourtmusthearargument,anddeterminewhetherthepleadingchallengedisequaltothedutyitiscommissionedtodischarge.Thesufficiencyofabillistestedbyamotiontodismiss,orbyademurrer;thesuf-ficiencyofdemurrersandpleasistestedbysettingthemdownforargument,whichisinthenatureofademurreroretenus;andthesufficiencyofanansweristestedbywrittenexceptionsfiledtoit,theseexceptionsbeinginturntestedbyargument,inordertoascertainwhethertheyarewelltaken,orshouldbedisallowed.1Assoon,therefore,asapleadingisfiled,itisthedutyoftheoppositepartytoapplythepropertestofitssufficiency;andifhefailtoapplysuchtest,thenitssufficiencyisconceded.Hence,whenabillisfiled,thedefendantmusttestitssufficiencybyamotiontodismiss,orbydemurrer;whenademurrerorpleaisfiled,thecomplainantmusttestitbyhavingitsetdownforargument;andwhenananswerisfiled,thecomplainantmusttestitssufficiencybyfilingexceptions.§417.ObjectandResultsofTestingPleadings.—Thegeneralobjectoftestingapleadingistoascertainwhetherit,iftrue,willaccomplishthepurposeforwhichitwasfiled.Thus,abillisfiledtoobtainthereliefprayed,andtheobjectsofademurrerandmotiontodismissare,totestwhethertheallegationsofthebill,iftrue,entitlethecomplainanttothereliefheseeks.So,apleaisfiledinordertodefeatthebill,andtheobjectofargumentonthesufficiencyofapleaistotestwhethertheplea,iftrue,willdefeatthesuit.Neitherabill
1Demurrershavebeenfiledtoanswers,andpleashavebeenbothdemurredto,andexceptedto,inordertotesttheirsufficiency.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,542:692;758,notes.Thesufficiencyofanswers,andpleas,cannot,ofcourse,betestedthatway;but,ifademurrertoananswercontaintheessentialsofanexceptiontoananswer,itmaybetreatedas
such;and,ademurrer,orexception,toapleamaybetreatedasamethodofsettingthepleaforargu-ment,astoitssufficiency.Ante,§350.Thesuf-ficiencyofademurrer,itself,istestedbysettingitdownforargument,whichisasmuchatestofthesufficiencyofthedemurrer,asthedemurrerisatestofthe,sufficiencyofthebill.

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343 HOWPLEADINGSARETESTED.§418norapleabecomesanystrongerbecauseprovedtobetrue;andiftheyarein-sufficient,whenadmittedtobetrue,itnecessarilyresultsthatitisuselesstogotothetroubleandexpenseofprovingthemtobetrue.TheCourt,therefore,refusestoallowanyprooftobetakenuponabill,oraplea,whichisinsuf-ficient,providedthepropertestsareappliedtosuchpleadings,andappliedindueseason.Itoftenhappens,however,thatthesetestsdisclosethefactthatthepleadingunderscrutiny,whiledefective,isnevertheless,capableofbeingmadesuf-ficientbyamendment.Insuchacase,onproperapplicationindueseason,theCourtwill,ordinarily,allowaproperamendmenttobemade;foritisthedutyofCourtstogiveacomplainantareasonableopportunity,toproperlypresenthissideofthecontroversy;andlikewisetogivethedefendantanequaloppor-tunity,tosetuphisdefences.Theresultsoftestingpleadings,are,therefore,generally,either(1)anamendmentofthepleadingtested;or(2)itstotaloverthrowanddisallowance
;
or(3)itsvindicationassufficient,andthedisallowanceofthetest.§418.TestingtheSufficiencyofBills.—Asalreadystated,thesufficiencyofabillistestedeitherbyamotiontodismiss,orbyademurrer.If,wheneitherorbothofthesetestsareapplied,thecomplainantseesthatbisbillneedsamendment,hemayavoidtheeffectofthetestbymakingthenecessaryemendment.Or,hemay,eitherbeforeoraftersuchtests,discoverthathisbillisdefective,andinsufficienttogivehimthereliefheseeks;inwhichcasehemayamend,byleaveoftheCourt,whensuchleaveisnecessary.Indeed,aswillbeseen,2theCourtwillallowabilltobeamendedevenafterallowingamotiontodismiss,or,aftersustainingademurrer,providedtheamendmentavoidstheobjectionallowed,andismadeindueseason.Motionstodismissanddemurrershavealreadybeenfullyconsidered.§419.TestingPleasandDemurrers.—Thesufficiencyofallpleas,whetherinabatementorinbar,istestedbysettingthemdownforargument,asalreadyfullyshownelsewhere."Whenapleaisfiled,thebillmaybeamendedsoastoavoidthepointoftheplea,andthepleamaybeamendedsoastostrikemoreunerringlythevulnerablepartofthebill.Andthus,argument,likeatwo-edgedsword,mayprovethebilldeficient,ormayprovethepleadeficient.Howpleasaretested,andthepracticerelativethereto,hasalreadybeenfullystated.3Whilemotionstodismissanddemurrersaremeansoftestingthesufficiencyofabill,theyarethemselvestesteduponargument4astotheirownsufficiency,andareoftenoverruledbecausenotwelltaken.And,astests,theymaybeamendedsoastomakethetestsmoreefficacious.But,astestsarecriticalintheirnature,theyshouldbefreefromcriticismthemselves;and,forthis•reason,Courtsareslowinallowingmotionstodismissanddemurrerstobeamended.
2SeeChapteronAmendedandSupplementalBills,post;andseeIndexforvarioussectionsonAmendments.3See,ante,§350.4Itwillbeseen,uponacriticalsurveyoftheforegoingtests,that,afterall,argumentisthefinal
andsupremetestofthesufficiencyofeveryplead-ing;and,authority,statute,and.reasonarethethreearbiters,todeterminethesufficiencyoftheargument.Ratioetauctoritasduoclarissimamundilumina.(Reasonandauthority,thetwobrightestlightsoftheworld.)

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§420EXCEPTIONSTOANSWERS.344
AETICLEII.EXCEPTIONSTOANSWERS.§423.FrameandFormofExceptionstoAn-swers.
§424.HowExceptionsareDisposedOf.
§420.TestingtheSufficiencyofAnswers.§421.WhenExceptionstoanAnswerwillLie.§422.WhenExceptionstoanAnswerwillnotLie.§420.TestingtheSufficiencyofAnswers.—Itmustberemembered,thatananswerunderoathisbothapleadingandadeposition.Asapleading,itisnotsubjecttoanytestastoitssufficiencyexceptatahearingonbillandanswer,thetestthenbeingastowhetheritissufficienttobarcomplainant'srighttorelief.Asadeposition,however,ananswercanbeexceptedto,onthegroundoftheinsufficiencyofitsresponsestothechargesandinterrogatoriescontainedinthebill.Theexceptionschallengethesufficiencyoftheanswerasadeposition,pointingoutwithparticularitywhereintheanswerfailstorespondtothediscoverycalledforinthebill.Theseexceptionsare,intheirturn,testedbyargument,andareoftendisallowedasnotwelltaken.§421.WhenExceptionstoanAnswerWillLie.—Asalreadyfullyshown,aswornanswermustadmitordenyeverymaterialallegationinthebill;andmustsetforthfullyandfranklythedetailsofparticularmatterscalledforbythebill;andmust,atthesametime,befreefromallscandalousandimper-tinentmatter.Ifthecomplainant,uponanexaminationoftheanswer,findsthat(1)itdoesnotadmitordenyallthematerialallegationsofthebill,ori,2)doesnotsetforthfullyandfranklytheparticularmatterscalledfor,1or(3)containsmattersthatarescandalousorimpertinent,hemaytestitssuf-ficiencybyfilingwrittenexceptionstoit,pointingoutsuchpartsofthebillasareinsufficientlyanswered,orsuchmattersintheanswerasarescandalousorimpertinent.2TheCourtmay,also,onitsownmotion,excepttoananswerbecauseofitsprolixity,anditsunnecessaryandfalseallegations,andmayordertheMastertostrikeoutparticularpartsofit,ortoreviseit.3Whenapartialdemurrer,orapartialplea,hasbeenoverruled,andhasleftsomuchofthebillunansweredaswascoveredbythedemurrerortheplea,thecomplainantmustexcepttotheanswer,ifhewishesafulleranswer;because,ananswerbeingonfile,thedefendantisnotboundtoanswerfurther,
'
unlessexceptionsaretaken.So,whenapleaisorderedtostandforananswer,withlibertytoexcept,thecomplainantmayfileexceptionstosuchanswer,soastoobtainaresponsetosomuchofthebillasisnotcoveredbytheplea.
1Howsoeverevasiveandunresponsiveananswermaybe,itwillstandasasufficientanswer,unlessthecomplainant,bydueexceptions,compelamoredirect,'andmoreresponsiveanswer.Philipsv.Over-ton,4Hay.,292;Smithv.St.LouisM.L.Ins.Co.,2Tenn.Ch.,603.21Dan.Ch.Pr.,758-760,notes.Formerly,allanswerswereunderoath,andoneofthemainobjectsofthebillwastoextorttestimonyfromthedefendant,insupportofthecomplainant'scase.Then,answerswerefrequentlyevasive,insufficient,irrelevant,irresponsive,impertinent,andscandalous,andexceptionswereconstantlyresortedto,inordertoenforcefuller,andmoredirectanswers,tand_topurgetheanswerofitsirrelevant,irresponsive,im-pertinent,andscandalousmatter.But,nowthatswornanswersareseldomcalledfor,exceptionstoanswershavebecomecorrespondinglyseldom.An-
swerswere,formerly,bothdepositionsandplead-ings;now,theyare,generally,pleadingsonly.See,ante,§361.Thebestruletoascertainwhetherthematterinquestionisimpertinentistoseewhether.thesubjectoftheallegationcouldbeputinissue,orgiveninevidencebetweentheparties.1Barb.Ch.Pr.,202.Astowhatmattersareimpertinent,andwhatscandalous,see,ante,8150.3Code,§4316.Ithasbeenwellsaid,that"TheCourtitselfwasconcernedtokeepitsrecordscleaitjandwithoutdirt,orscandal,appearingthereon.LordEldonsaid,withreferencetothesubjectotscandalinproceedings,thathedidnotthinkthatanyapplication,byanyperson,wasnecessary;tandthattheCourtoughttotakecarethatallegations,bearingcruellyuponthemoralcharacterofindi-viduals,andnotrelevanttothesubject,shouldnotbeputupontherecord.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,351.

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345 EXCEPTIONSTOANSWERS.§422Insuchacase,apleaisonlyapartialanswer.Butifapleaisorderedtostandforananswerwithoutexpresslibertytoexcept,noexceptionscanbetaken.4Exceptionstoananswermustbefiledbythecomplainant'sSolicitor,withintwentydaysafterhereceivesnoticeofthefilingoftheanswer,ortherighttoiilethemwillbewaived.5§422.WhenExceptionstoanAnswerWillNotLie.—Exceptionsforinsuf-ficiencyofdiscoverywillnotlietoananswer,theoathtowhichthecomplain-anthaswaived,becausesuchananswerisnotevidence,butonlyapleadingfneitherwillexceptionsforinsufficiencyofdiscoverylietotheanswerofaninfant,nortotheanswerofacorporation,nortotheanswerofanAttorney-General,nortotheanswerofaguardianadlitem?buttheywilllietotheanswerofageneralguardian.8Exceptionswillnotlietoananswerbecauseitdoesnotstatefullyandexplicitlymattersthatarepurelyinavoidance.9Thecomplainantcannotexcepttoananswertoanamendedbill,onthegroundthatsuchanswerdoesnotrespondtomatterscontainedintheoriginalbill;because,bynotexceptingtotheanswertotheoriginalbill,headmittedthesufficiencyofsuchanswer.Foralikereason,if,afterfilingexceptions,thecomplainantamendstheavermentsofhisbill,hewillbeconsideredashavingwaivedhisexceptions.10Wherethereisaplea,orademurrer,toapartofthebill,andananswertotheresidue,ifthecomplainantexcepttosuchanswerbeforetheargumentofthepleaordemurrer,theeffectofsuchexceptionistoadmitthevalidityofthepleaordemurrer.11§423.FrameandFormofExceptionstoAnswers.—Exceptionstoananswermustpointoutparticularlyinwhatrespectstheanswerisinsufficient,orwhatmatterisscandalousorimpertinent.Ageneralexceptionwillbedeemednoexception.Thecomplainantmustputhisfingeroneachmaterialallegationinthebillnotanswered,ornotsufficientlyanswered.Exceptionsfoundedonverbalcriticisms,slightdefects,andimmaterialmatters,willbeinvariablydisallowed,andtreatedasvexatious.12Eachgroundofexceptionshouldbeseparatelyandspecificallystated,andthevariousexceptionscon-secutivelynumbered.Theymustbeproperlyentitled,andsignedbythecom-plainant,orhisSolicitor.Verbalexceptionstoananswerwillnotbecon-sidered.Iftherebeseparateanswersbydifferentdefendants,separateexceptionsmustbefiledtoeachanswer.13Theframeofexceptionstoanswerswillbebetterseenbyreferencetothefollowingforms
:
EXCEPTIONSTOANANSWERFOBSCANDAL,ANDIMPERTINENCE."JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etal.Thecomplainant;JohnJ3oe,exceptstotheanswerofthedefendant,RolandRoe,becauseofitsscandal.1st.Forthatthewordsinparagraph3[or,onpage2]ofsaidanswer,beginningwiththeword,"Complainant,"andendingwiththewords,"wellknewthesefacts,"arescandalous.2d.Forthatthewholeofparagraph4[or,page3]ofsaidanswerisscandalous.
No.618.—InChancery,atKnoxville.
41Dan.Ch.Pr.,761.5Assoonasananswerisfiled,theMastermustnotifythecomplainant'sSolicitorthereof,by_letter,orotherwise;andsuchSolicitor,ifhedesirestoexcepttotheanswer,mustfilehisexceptionswithintwentydaysafterreceiptofsuchnotice.Code,§4400;Ch.Rule,I.,§5;Jonesv.Carper,2Tenn.Ch.,626;Stadler».Hertz,13Lea,317.See,Waiver,ante,§71.6SheppardV.Akers,1Tenn.Ch.,326;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,143.Butanunswornanswermaybeex-ceptedforscandalandimpertinence.Ibid.1Sheppardv.Akers,1Tenn.Ch.,326;Smithv.
St.LouisM.L.Ins.Co.,2Tenn.Ch.,599;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,760,note.81Barb.Ch.Pr.,177.Inconsequenceoftherulingthatanunswornanswercannotbeexceptedtoforinsufficiencyofdiscovery,exceptionsarenowseldomfiled.See,ante,§361.9LanumV.Steel,10Hum.,284.101Dan.Ch.Pr.,762.li1Barb.Ch.Pr.,178,183.121Dan.Ch.Pr.,763-764.131Dan.Ch.Pr.,764.14Theforegoingformmaybeusedincaseofexceptionswhentakenbyadefendantforscandalinthebill.

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§424EXCEPTIONSTOANSWERS.3463d.Forthatthewordsin,paragraph5[or,onpage4]oftheanswer,beginningwiththtwords,"Andcomplainantprompted,"andendingwiththewords,"werewellknownitthecommunity,"artimpertinent.Wherefore,thecomplainantpraysthatsaidscandalous'andimpertinentmatterbeexpungedfromtheanswer. • LewisTillman,Jr:,Solicitor.EXCEPTIONSTOANANSWERFOBINSUFFICIENCY.JohnDoe,1, .•'•_,vs. VNo.,618.—InChancery,atKnoxville.RichardRoe,etal.JThecomplainant,John,Doe,exceptstotheanswerofthedefendant,RichardRoe,becauseofitsinsufficiency.1st.Forthatthedefendanthasnotansweredtothebestofhisknowledge,remembrance,,informationandbeliefwhether[suchanallegationorchargeinparagraph3ofthebillistrue,specifytheallegation,orcharge.]2d.Forthatthedefendanthasnotansweredwhetherhedidornot[settingforth,icharge],asinparagraph3ofthebillitisallegedhedid.3d.Forthatthesaiddefendanthasnotinhissaidanswersetforthanddiscoveredhow,when,andtowhomhepaidthemoneybyhimreceivedfromthecomplainant,asallegedinparagraph4ofthebill.4th.Forthatthesaiddefendanthasnotfullyansweredastothemattersandchargessetforthinparagraph5ofthebill.Sth.Forthatthesaiddefendanthasnotfullyansweredanddiscoveredwhen,how,andtowhomhetransferredthefundsthatwentintohishandsasallegedinparagraph6ofthebill.6th.Forthatthesaiddefendanthasnottothebestofhisknowledge,remembrance,informationandbelief,answeredandsetforthafull,justandtrueinventoryofthegoodsandchattels,notesandaccounts,andothereffectsthatcameintohishands,orunderhiscontrol,orshouldbyduediligencehavecomeintohishands,belongingtosaidestate[ortosaidpartnership,ortocomplainant,]andhow,whenandtowhom,andforhowmuch,thesameoranypartandwhatpartthereofhasbeensoldordisposedof,andwhatparthasnotbeendisposedof,andwhatisbecomethereof,ashewascalledonandrequiredtodointhebill.Wherefore,thecomplainantpraysthatthesaidrespondentmaybecompelledtoputinafullandcompleteanswertocomplainant'sbill. T.S.Webb,Solicitor.RULINGOFTHEMASTERONEXCEPTIONS,ANDAPPEAL.[TherulingoftheMasterisordinarilywrittenimmediatelybeneaththeexceptions,iftherebesufficientroom.]The1st,2dand6thexceptionsallowed,theothersdisallowed.July24,1891. W.L.Trent,C.&M.FromtherulingoftheMasteronthe3d,4thandSthexceptions,complainantappealstotheChancellor. T.S.Webb,Solicitor.July24,1891.FromtherulingoftheMasteronthe1st;2dand6thexceptions,thedefendantappeals.July25,1891. LeonJourolmon,Solicitor.§424.HowExceptionsareDisposedof.—ThecomplainantmustsethisexceptionsdownforhearingbeforetheMaster,withintendaysaftertheyhavebeenfiled,15oruponfailuretodoso,theanswerwillbedeemedsufficient,fjpontheexceptionsbeingthussetdownforhearing,theMastershallactuponthemimmediately;and,ifallowed,heshallnotifythedefendant'sSolicitortofileasufficientanswerwithinthirtydays.FromtheactionoftheMasterallowingtheexceptions,thedefendantmay,withinthethirtydays,appealtotheChancellor.10Ifthedefendant,inobediencetotheMaster'sorder,fileananswerdeemedsufficientbythelatter,17heshall,byletterorotherwise,notifythecomplainant'sSolicitorofthesame,andhemayappealtotheChancellorwithintendaysafterthenotice.ThesevariousappealsmustbeactedonbytheChancellorathisearliestconvenience;andhemayheartheminvacation,andmaymakesuchorderinthematteroftheappealasmaybeproper.18
15Forgoodreasons,shownbyaffidavit,theChan-cellormayallowfurthertimetofileexceptions.Marshv.Crawford,1Swan,116.ioCh.Rule,I.,§§4-5.TheChancellorcannotpassonexceptions,exceptonappeal.TheMastermustfirstactuponthem.,IfexceptionsarefiledinopenCourt,theymaybestricken'fromthefiles.
Woodv.McFerrin,2Bax.,493;Smithi>.St.LouisM.L.Ins.Co.,2Tenn.Ch.,604.17TheMastershould,insuchacase,refusetoreceiveandfileananswerbyhimdeemedinsuffi-cient.Exceptionstoananswertoexceptionsarewhollyinadmissible,underourpractice.isCode,884402-4404;Ch.Rule,I,'8§4-5;81190,post.

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347 SUGGESTIONSASTOPLEADINGS.§425Ifthedefendant,uponexceptionssustainedtothesufficiency"ofhisanswer,neglectsandrefusestoputinasufficientanswer,orshallputinanotherinsuf-ficientanswer,thecomplainantmaytakehisbillforconfessedastothepart-towhichhisexceptionsrelate,andproceedwiththecauseasinothercases;lyorhemay,athiselection,havethedefendantattached,inwhichlattercasethesameproceduremaybehadasthoughnoanswer,atall,hadbeenfiled.20Thefilingofexceptionstoananswerdoesnotdelaythetakingofdepositions,orotherwisepreparingthecauseforhearing.21IftheMasterallowtheexceptions,oranyofthem,hewillsofind,puttinghisfindingsinwriting,atthefootoftheexceptions;andhewilldateandsignhisrulings;and,atonce,givethepropernoticeofhisaction.Thepartyde-siringtoappealfromtherulingsoftheMaster,willwritehisappealimmedi-atelybelowtherulingappealedfrom,andwilldateandsignit.22Thereissomedifferenceinpracticebetweenexceptionsforinsufficiencyandexceptionsforscandalandimpertinence:thelatterexceptionsmaybefiledandactedonatanytime,byleaveoftheCourt;indeed,theCourtmay,onitsownmotion,oruponapplicationoftheoppositeparty,refertheanswertotheMastertoberevised,ororderscandalousandimpertinentmattertobestrickenoutoftheanswer.23ACTIONOPTHECOiUItTONEXCEPTIONSTOANANSWER.JohnDoe,1vs. \No.618.—InChancery,atKnoxville.RichardRoe,etal.JTheexceptionstakenbythecomplainanttotheanswerofthedefendant,RichardRoe.becauseofitsinsufficiency,comingontobeheardonappealsfromtherulingsoftheMaster,andthesamehavingbeenarguedbycounsel,itisorderedthatthe1st,2dand6thexcep-tionsbeallowedandthe3rd,4thand5thexceptionsbedisallowed;anditisorderedthatthedefendant,RichardRoe,fileasufficientanswerwithinthirtydays,orthecomplainantmaytakehisbillforconfessedastothepartstowhichhissaidexceptionsrelate,andproceedwiththecauseasinothercases.24
ARTICLEIII.SUGGESTIONSASTOTESTINGPLEAS.§425.SuggestionstotheSolicitoroftheComplainant.S426.SuggestionstotheSolicitoroftheDe-fendant.§425.SuggestionstotheSolicitoroftheComplainant.---Itwillbefoundimportantforyoutokeepinmindthefollowingmattersinreferencetothetestingofpleadings
:
1.SuggestionsastoDemurrers.Do,notspeciallydreadademurrer:asarule,demurrersarethecomplainant'sfriends:ifthebillisutterlyunmain-tainable,ademurrerwillendit,attheleastcost;if,ontheotherhand,itisatallmaintainable,thedemurrerwillordinarilypointouttoyousomedeficiency10Code,§4407.Thecomplainant,insuchacase,inJudgeCooper'sopinion,maytakethewhole.billforconfessed,ifhesochooses.Smithv.St.LouisM.L.Ins.Co.,2Tenn;Ch.,60S.See,also,Marshv.Crawford,1Swan,116,whichholdsthatananswer,wellexceptedto,andadjudgedimperfect,isnoanswer.LanumV.Steel,10Hum.,280.20Marshv.Crawford,1Swan,116;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,775.Fortheprocedure,byattachment,sec,ante,§203.21Ch.Rule,I,§5;Code,§4406.22Thepractice,inactingonexceptions,andinappealingtherefrom,isthesameasonexceptionstodepositions.See,post,§501.
23Code,§4316.TheChanceryRulesrequireex-ceptionsforinsufficiencyto.befiledintwentydays,butdonotlimitthetimewithinwhichexceptionsforscandalandimpertinencemaybefiled.Ch.Rule1,sees.4and5;see,post,§1190.24Code,§4407;4369,sub-sec
1
.5.Whatismeantbycomplainant"proceedingwiththecauseasinothercases"isnotclear:itprobablymeansproceed-ingwiththecauseasinothercaseswherebillsaretakenforconfessed,thatis,ifthepartconfessedentitlescomplainanttoafinaldecreehemaytakeit,otherwisehemustmakethenecessaryproof.See,ante,§§205-213.

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426 SUGGESTIONSASTOPLEADINGS.348inthebillwhichyoucanreadilycorrect,andwhichmighthavegreatlyinjuredyouatthehearing,hadnotthedemurrerpointeditouttoyouinseason.Ifthedemurrershowssomedeficiency,atonceamendyourbill,andhavecopyandnoticethereofdulyservedonthedefendant.If,however,youwishtoobtainthebenefitofargument,andoftheCourt'sopinion,youwillsetthedemurrerdownwiththeClerktobeargued.Remember,nevertheless,thatyoumayamendbeforeargumentofthedemurrerwithoutleaveoftheCourtandatslightcost;while,afterargument,youmustobtainleaveoftheCourt'andsubmittosuchtermsastheCourtmayimposej1andtheCourtmayrefusetoallowyoutoamend,ormaytaxyourclientwithallthecostsofthecause.22.SuggestionsastoPleas.Assoonasyouarenotified3ofthefilingofaplea,youshouldconsiderit;andifyoudeemitsufficientyoushouldfileareplication;ifyoudeemitinsufficientyoushouldsetitdownwiththeClerk,inwriting,tobeargued.4Ifyoufailtodothiswithintwentydays,thedefendantmayproceedtotakeproofonit;or,ifthelocalrulepermit,maytakehispleaforconfessed,forwantofareplication.Andremem-ber,thatadeficientplea,oneyoumighthavehadadjudgedinsufficient,maydefeatyoursuit,ifyouareforcedtoahearingonanissueoffactastoitstruth.53.SuggestionsastoAnswers.Wheneverananswerisfiled,itisthedutyoftheClerkandMastertoforthwithnotifyyou.6Onreceivingsuchnotice,youshouldwithintwentydayscarefullyperusetheanswer,inordertosee:(1)whetherits'disclosuresaresuchastonecessitateanamendmentofyourbill;(2)whetheryoudesiretoexcepttoitforinsufficiency;and(3)whetheritsadmissionsaresufficienttojustifyyouinsettingthecausedownforhearingonbillandanswer.Ifanamendmenttoyourbillisnecessary,youshouldtaketherequisitestepswithalldiligence:ifyoudesiretoexcepttotheanswerforinsufficiency,youmustfileyourexceptionswithintwentydaysafterreceiptofnoticeofthefilingoftheanswer;ifyouwishtosetthecauseforhearingonbillandanswer,youmustdosowithintwentydaysafternoticeofthefilingoftheanswer;or,incaseofexceptionsandanewanswer,thenwithintwentydaysafternoticeofthefilingofasufficientanswer.7Ifyoufailtoexcepttoananswerforinsufficiency,withinthetwentydays,youtherebyadmittheanswertobesufficient;andthestatuteoperatesasareplicationtotheanswer,andthusmakesanissueoffact.Ifyouhavecalledforadiscoveryfromthedefendantonoath,youarenotlikelytoobtainafulldiscoverywithoutthecoercionofexceptionstohisanswerforinsufficiency.Hence,thevitalimportanceoffilingsuchexceptionswithinthetwentydays.Rememberthat,ifyoufileexceptionstoananswerforinsufficiency,youmustsetthemdownforhearingbeforetheMasterwithintendaysafterthe>arefiled;or,uponyourfailuretodoso,theexceptionswillbedeemedtobeabandoned,andtheanswerwillbedeemedsufficient.8§426.SuggestionstotheSolicitoroftheDefendant.—Inasmuchasyourepresentthedefendant,thesamemeasureofdiligenceandvigilanceisnotordinarilyrequiredofyouandyourclientasarerequiredofthecomplainant.Thefollowingmatters,however,demandpromptandintelligentattention
:
l.SuggestionsastotheBill.Assoonasyouareretained,procureacopyofthebill,sothatyoumaybeabletoapplythetestsofitssufficiencyindueseason.Remember,thatafteraproconfessohasbeenenteredagainstyourclient,itistoolatetomovetodismiss,andtoolatetodemur.If,oninspecting
1Code,§§4333-4334.2Crowderv.Turney,3Cold.,551;Code,§2938.See,AmendedBills.3ItisthedutyoftheClerkandMastertonotifyyouofthefilingofaplea,aswellasofananswer,apleabeingaspecialanswer.
4See,formofsettingdown,ante,§350.5See,ante,§351.6Code,§§4400;4422.TCode,§§4322;4400-4403;Ch.Rule,I,55,post;|1190,sub-sec.5.8Ch.Rule,I,§5;post,§1190,sub-sec.5.

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§427AMENDMENTSTOPLEADINGS.350
CHAPTERXXII.AMENDEDANDSUPPLEMENTALPLEADINGS.ArticleI.AmendmentsGenerallyConsidered.ArticleII.AmendedandSupplementalBills.ArticleIII.AmendedDemurrersandPleas.ArticleIV.AmendedandSupplementalAnswers.ARTICLEI.AMENDMENTSTOPLEADINGSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§427.WhatMattersMaybeAmended.§428.GeneralRulesastoAmendments.8429.HowtoPreventAmendmentsbecom-ingObstaclestoJustice.§427.WhatMattersMaybeAmended.—Perfectionistheexception,andimperfectionthe"rule,inallhumanproceedings;1andtherighttoamendwhatwasdefectivelydonewithoutbadfaith,isdeemedsacred,providedsuchrightissoughttobeexercisedingoodfaith,ingoodseason,indueform,andbeforeanycontraryrighthasintervened.Imperfectionsanderrorsoccurofteninjudicialproceedings,andboththeCourtsandtheLegislaturehaveendeavoredtomakeruleswherebysuchimperfectionsanderrorswouldwor'taslittlehardshipaspossible.Ithasbeenenactedthatnosummons,writ,pleading,process,return,orotherproceedinginanycivilactioninanyCourt,shallbeabatedorquashedforanydefect,omission,orimperfection;2andthatnocivilsuitshallbedismissedforwantofnecessarypartie's,oronaccountoftheformoftheaction,orforwantoftheproperavermentsinthepleadings;buttheCourtsshallhavepowertochangetheformofaction,strikeoutorinsertinthewritandpleadingsthenamesofeitherplaintiffsordefendants,soastohavetheproperpartiesbeforetheCourt,andtoallowallproperaver-mentstobesupplied.3Thesestatutoryprovisionsarefullofbeneficence,andall-comprehensive;andinconstruingthem,theCourtsholdthatanyandeverypaperfiled,orproceedinginstituted,inaCourtofJusticeisamendable,andcannotbebroughttonoughtforanydefect,omission,orimperfection,providedthedefectoromissionbesupplied,ortheimperfectionbecorrected,intherightwayandattherighttime.AnyandeverypaperfiledinanyproceedingintheChanceryCourtisamend-able,unlessitbesodefectiveastobeanullity.Ifithasarootofsubstance,itstrunkmaybepruned,ornewshootsmaybeadded;butifithasnosub-stanceorvirtueatall,thenthereisnothingtoamend.4Amendmentsmustbemadetoanexistingsubstance,eitherbychangingitsform,orbyaddingomis-sions,orbycorrectingdefectsorimperfections.Thisruleappliestoprocessofallsorts,tobondsandpleading'sofallkinds,tomotions,petitions,reportsbytheMaster,proceedingsintheMaster'soffice,andtoalimitedextent,eventotheordersanddecreesoftheCourt.Thelawintendsthatsuitsshallbetriedupontheirmerits,withoutbeingentangledinceremonies,orstrangled\>yformalities,5andtheobjectofthestatutesquotedwastoplacecommon1Nihilsimulinventumestetperfectum.(Noth-ingismadeandperfectedatthesametime.)Ifthou,Lord,wiltbeextremetomarkwhatisdoneamiss,OLord,whomayabideit?Psalm,130.2Code,§2863.
3Code,§2869.Thesubjectofamendmentsisspeciallytreatedofundertheheadofthevariouspleadingssubjecttobeamended.iMaplesv.Tunis,11Hum.,111.5Hunterv.Sevier,7Yerg.,136.

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351 AMENDMENTSTOPLEADINGS.§428senseuponhernativeseat,fromwhichshehadbeendrivenbytechnicalities.11
Formswereinventedtoaid,andnottoimpede,theadministrationofjustice.§428.GeneralRulesastoAmendments.—Courtsshouldbeliberalinallow-ingallamendmentstopleadings,necessarytoenableapartytohavehissideofthecontroversyfullypresentedonitsmerits;7buttheCourtisundernoobligationtofavorapartywhoisinterposingobstaclestoahearingonthemerits.ThisliberalityinallowingamendmentsshouldbebalancedbyanequivalentseverityintheimpositionofcostsonthepartiesseekingtoamendThefollowingarethegeneralrulesOnthesubjectofamendments
:
1.TheProposedAmendmentMustbePertinentandGermanetotheControversy,andmustbeofsuchacharacterthatitwilleitherenabletheapplicantthebettertopresenthiscase,orwillenabletheCourtthebettertounderstandthecontroversy,andtodocompletejusticebetweentheparties.Noamendmentthatisimpertinent,ormultifarious,orthatbringsinforeignmatters,orthatisinconsistentwith,orantagonisticto,theclaimsorprayersoftheoriginalbill,orthatispropermatterforanothersuit,shouldbeallowedonanyterms.82.TheApplicationtoAmendShouldbeMadeattheFirstOpportunityaftertheapplicanthaslearnedOfthenecessityoftheamendment,oroftheexistenceofthefactsonwhichhisapplicationisbased.9Apartywhoallowshisadver-sarytotakesteps,orcoststobeunnecessarilyincurred,afterhehasknowldgeofadefect,andanopportunitytoamend,shouldbeheldestoppedtomaketheamendment.Goodfaithrequiresdiligenceinsuchcases.Courtsareslowtohelptheslow.3.TheApplicationtoAmendshouldbeMadeBeforetheCourtActsonthepar-ticularpleadingsoughttobeamended.Apartyshouldnotbeallowedtoexperimentwithhispleading,by'waitingtoseewhattheCourtmaythinkofit,afterhisattentionhasbeencalledtoitsdefects.Apartywhovoluntarilyassumesrisks,shouldbeboundbytheresult,andshouldnotbeheardtocom-plain,ortoaskanothertrialofchance.104.TheApplicationshouldNotOnlybeattheRightTime,asstatedinthetwoforegoingrules,butitshouldbemadeintherightway,andinaccordancewiththepracticeandrulesoftheCourt.Ifaffidavitsofdiligenceandgoodfaitharerequiredbytherulesorpractice,theyshouldbedulypresented,insupportoftheapplication.Statements"asonaffidavit,"arealmostinthenatureofacontemptofCourtonthepartofasuitororSolicitorwhoisalreadyindefault,becauseheisseekingtocorrectoneerrorbymakinganother.11IfeveraSolicitorshoulddiligently,fully,andcheerfully,complywiththere-quirementsofeveryrule,howeverstringent,itiswhen,beingindefault,heisconfessingit,andaskingleaveoftheCourttomakethenecessaryamendment.IftherulesoftheCourtrequirethattheproposedamendmentshouldbere-ducedtowriting,andsworntobeforepresented,this,also,shouldbedone.Andmore:alltherequirementsoftherulesshouldnotonlybecompliedwith,butthiscomplianceshouldbefrankandprompt,notsullenandslow.5.AndtheApplicationtoAmendshouldbeAccompaniedbyanOffertoPaySuchcosts,ortocomplywithsuchothertermsandrequirementstheCourtmayimpose,asthepriceorconditionofallowingtheamendmenttobemade.12
iiHendersonV.King,4Hay.,97.As,insomereligions,images,inventedtoaidintheworshipofGod,became,in_processoftime,themselvestheobjectsofworship,andthussupplantedGodhim-self;so,insomeCourts,theformsinventedtoaidintheadministrationofjustice,havecometoberegardedofmoreimportancethanjusticeitself.See,ante,§43.7PattonV.Dixon,21Pick.,97,citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§427.81DanCh.Pr.(402;426,notes;Bosleyv.Phil-ips,3Tenn.Ch.,649;Massonv.Anderson,3Bax.,290;Rogersv.Simpson,10Heisk.,655;Scottv.T„,-lo..OTDnA70
91Dan.Ch.Pr.,403;415,note5;Rodgersv.Rod-gers,1Paige,(N.Y.),424;MarrV.Wilson,2Lea,229.10Billsaresometimesallowedtobe'amended,afterademurrerhasbeensustained;but,insuchcases,thecomplainantshouldbevistedwithcosts.Code,§4334.IllDan.Ch.Pr.,402;403;415;424;425;704,notes.Rodgersv.Rodgers,1Paige,(N.Y.),424.Asto"showingcause,"see,ante,§62,sub-sec.8.12TheCourtmay,inapropercase,chargethepartyamendingwithallthecostsofthecause.Mt.OlivetCo.v.Budeke,2Tenn.Ch.,480.

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§429AMENDMENTSTOPLEADINGS.352Whenalltheforegoingrequirementsarecompliedwith,theapplicantisordinarilyentitled,asamatterofright,tomaketheamendmentdesired;andifhisapplicationisdenied,heisinthebestpossibleconditiontohavetherulingoftheChancellorreversedintheSupremeCourt.Butwhenhefailstocomplywiththeforegoingrules,thenthegrantingoftheamendmentbecomesamatterofdiscretion,andtheSupremeCourtwillnot,ordinarily,undertaketorevisethatdiscretion.6.ButWherethePleadingisin.BehalfofanInfant,orPersonofUnsoundMindtheCourtwillnotrequirethesamemeasureofdiligence,inthematterofamendments,aswhenthepartyapplyingisundernodisability.Courtscon-siderinfantsandpersonsofunsoundmindasundertheirgeneralguardianship,andwillnotpermitthemtosuffereitherbyerrorofomission,orbyerrorofcommission,inthepleadingsoftheirnextfriends,orguardians.TheCourtwillevenactaffirmativelyintheirbehalf,whennecessary,onitsownmotion
;
andwillorderahimproperadmissionorsubmissioninapleading,filedinbehalfofaninfant,tobestrickenout,oranaffirmativeamendmenttobemade,whennecessarytotheinfant'srights.137.ButWhenanAmendmenttoaBillorAnswerisManifestlyinFurtheranceofjustice,andnecessarytopreventanirreparableinjury,ortopreventtheadversesidefromobtainingthebenefitofanunconscientiousadvantage,theCourtwill,asageneralrule,allowanysuchamendmentatanystageofthesuit,14takingcare,however,topunishanynegligenceordelay,bytheim-positionofpenalcosts.§429.HowtoPreventAmendmentsBecomingObstaclestoJustice.—ItismanifestthatifCourtsweretoallowamendmentsofanykind,atanystageofthelitigation,withoutrestriction,impediment,orpenalty,itwouldnotonlybedestructiveofgoodpracticeandcorrectpleading,butgreatdelaysanddifficultiesinjudicialprocedurewouldbetheresult.Licenseisasdangerousastyranny,andwantofformsisasdetrimentaltotheadministrationofjusticeasistheexcessoftechnicalities.Ifamendmentsareallowedwithoutaffidavitsshowingdiligence,goodfaith,findagoodexcuse,andwithouttheimpositionofpenalcosts,thepracticeoftheCourtwillsoondegenerateintoacomedyoferrors;therulesofpleadingwillbeutterlyignored;confusionanduncertaintywillreignwhereorderandcertaintyshouldbesupreme;andJusticewillbeobligedtogropeherway,inherowntemple,throughdarklabyrinths,withoutaguide.Ifnopenalcostsareimposed,Solicitorswillceasetoobjecttodefectsinthepleadingsorproceedingsoftheiradversaries,inasmuchastheirobjectionswillavailthemnothing;but,ontheotherhand,willbeadownrightbenefittothepartyindefault,byenablinghimtoperfecthiscase."Thegloriousuncer-taintyofthelaw"willbecomethenareality,andnotajest.ThepracticeprevalentinourCountyCourtswillbecomethecourseofprocedureinallthjCourts;andourSupremeCourtwillfinditselfsooverwhelmedbyirregulari-T.iesanddeficienciesthatitwillbeunabletoadministerjusticeonappeal.Theremedyfortheseevilsconsistsinsternrules,sternlyenforced,requiring:1.Thateverymotiontoamendshallbemadeindueseason;andshall,incaseofdelay,besupportedbyanaffidavitshowingmerits,diligence,andgoodfaith.2.Theaffidavitshouldspecifytheproposedamendment,andshouldgiveasufficientexcuseforanyapparentdelay.3.Ifapleadingistofatamended,thetruthoftheamendmentshouldbeswornto.4.Theamendment,
isSto.Eq.I'l.,8892;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,72.14Asillustrationsofanirreparableinjury,andanunconscientiousadvantage:(1)Anirreparableinjurytoacomplainantwouldarise,shouldhebenotallowedtosoamendastoincludeinhissuitsomeprovenitemthathewouldbebarredfromre-coveringinanothersuit;and,(2)ontheotherhand,thebenefitofanunconscientiousadvantagewould
beobtainedbyacomplainantrecoveringonaclaim,which,theproofshows,hadbeenpaid,released,orotherwisedischarged,becausethefactofpayment,orrelease,hadnotbeensetupintheanswer.See,Purmanv.North,4Bax.,296;Sto.Eg.PL,89<«iMcEwenV.Troost,1Sneed,186;McVeyv.Ely.5I.ea,438.

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353AMENDEDANDSUPPLEMENTALPLEADINGS.§430
ifitcausesanydelay,oradditionalproof,shouldbegrantedonlyonthepay-mentofaportion,orall,ofthecostsofthecause.15Solicitorsdisliketowriteaffidavits,andclientsdisliketopaycosts.TheChancellorwillbeimportunedtohearstatements"asonaffidavit,"andto
•foregotheimpositionofcosts;butaffidavitsandcostsconstitutethepenaltypartiesmustsufferfortheirnegligence,andthepricepartiesmustpayforleavetoamend;andtheChancellorwhoenforcestherulerigorouslywillsoonfindthatapplicationstoamendwillseldombemade,thatthepracticeinhisCourtwillgreatlyimprove,thatdiligencewillcharacterizethemembersofbisbar,andthatgeneralsatisfactionandgeneralcommendationwillbetheresult.Patched-uppleadingsarealikediscreditabletotheChancellorandtotheSolicitorresponsibletherefor—discreditabletotheChancellorfortoleratingsuchloosenessofpleading,anddiscreditabletotheSolicitorbecauseofhisignorance,ornegligence.
ARTICLEII.AMENDEDANDSUPPLEMENTALBILLS.§430.WhenBillsMaybeAmended.§431.SupplementalBills.
§430.WhenBillsMaybeAmended.—TheconsiderationofAmendedandSup-plementalBillsrequiressomuchspacethataseparateChapterwillbehereinaf-terdevotedtothem.1Itmaybestatedgenerally,however,thatalargelibertyofamendmentisallowedthecomplainant.Courtsaremadeforcomplainants,andthelawgivesthemallreasonableopportunitiestosoamendandperfecttheirbillsastobeabletobringbeforetheCoiirt,inproperform,theparticularmatterstheydesiretosubmittoitsadjudication.Iftheamendmentismadebeforeapleaoranswerisfiled,orbeforeademurrerisargued,itmaybedoneasamatterofcourse,withoutanyleaveoftheChancellor,orMaster,ashere-aftermorefullyshown.Inallothercases,thebillcanbeamendedonlybyjeaveoftheChancellor,giveninopenCourt.2Suchleave,however,willread-ilybegivenwhen(1)theimportanceoftheamendmentismadetoappear,and(2)diligenceandgoodfaithareshownbyaffidavitinsupportoftheapplication.Thebillmayevenbeamendedatthehearing,when(1)meritsmanifestlyappearintherecord,and(2)nolaches,orbadfaith,taintstheconductofthecomplainant,and(3)whensuchanamendmentwillnotoperateharshly,orunjustly,uponthedefendant,ortakehimbysurprise,orcuthimofffromavaliddefencehemighthavemade.Ifnewfactsarise,ornewpartiesacquireinterests,aftertheoriginalbillhasbeenfiled,asupplementalbillistheproperpleadingtobringsuchnewmatters,orparties,beforetheCourt;andapplicationtofilesuchabillshould
,
hemadeassoonasthefactscometothecomplainant'sknowledge;anditisgoodpracticetoaccompanytheapplicationwithanaffidavit,explaininganyseemingdelay;andwithacopyoftheproposedsupplementalbilldulyverified,aswillmorefullybeshownintheChapteronAmendedandSupplementaiBills,towhichreferenceismadeforafullerconsiderationofthesubject.15Thereisnohardshipintheserules.Whyshouldments,withoutterms,tendstocorruptthepractice,yourclientsufferbecauseofthenegligence,ordegradethescienceofpleading,andtoputnegli-lgnorance,ofhisadversary,especiallyifthatad-gencconaparwithdiligence,andignoranceonaversarybethecomplainant?And,tontheotherparwithskill.SeeWaiver,ante,§71;andhand,whyshouldyounotsufferthejustpenaltyofShowCause,ante,§62,sub-sec.8.yourownwantofdiligenceandskill?HewholSee,post,§§666-697.seeksEauitv.must,doEauitv.Toallowamend-2Code.684332-4334.

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§431AMENDEDANDSUPPLEMENTALPLEADINGS.354§431.SupplementalBills.—Anychangemaybemadeinthematterofanoriginalbill,orinthepartiesthereto,beforeananswerhasbeenputin;andsuchchangesmaybemade,ofcourse,andwithoutapplicationtotheCourt.3Thesechangesaremadeasamendmentstotheoriginalbill,andthebillwhensochangediscalledanamendedbill.Butwhenitbecomesnecessarytochangethematter,orparties,ofabill,afterananswerhasbeenputin,thischangeismadebyasupplementalbill,or,asitisoftentermed,anamendedandsupple-mentalbill.4Instrictness,however,asupplementalbillismorecomprehensivethananamendedbill,andmayincludematterwhichhascomeintoexistencesincetheoriginalbillwasfiled;whereas,anamendedbillspeaksasofthedateofthefilingoftheoriginalbill,andcannot,therefore,properlyincludematterswhichhavecomeintobeingsincetheoriginalbillwasfiled.5ThesubjectofsupplementalbillswillbehereafterfullytreatedinaseparateArticle;butitmaybestatedherethattheofficeofasupplementalbillistohringbeforetheCourt:1,Matterspertinenttotheoriginalsuitwhichhaveoccurredsincethebringingofthesuit;2,Matterswhichexistedwhenthesuitwasbrought,butwhichcannotnowheaddedtotheoriginalbill,becauseithasbeenanswered,andtheissuesaremadeup;3,Mattersnecessarytoobtainanadditionaldiscovery,thenecessityoftenarisingbecauseofthedisclosuresintheanswer;4,TobringnewpartiesbeforetheCourt;and5,Toremedydefectsintheprayeroftheoriginalbill.6
ARTICLEIII.AMENDEDDEMURRERSANDPLEAS.§432.WhenDemurrers'MaybeAmended.I§433.WhenPleasMaybeAmended.§432.WhenDemurrersMaybeAmended.—Asalreadystated,anyplead-ingmaybeamended;andwhiledemurrersarenotregardedwithfavorbytheCourts,nevertheless,onapplicationbeforeargument,theCourtwillreadilyallowademurrertobeamended.IfthebilliswithoutEquity,theCourtmay,andperhapsshould,allowthedemurrertobesoamendedastoreachthevul-nerablepartofthebill.So,ifthedemurreristothewholebillwhenonlyapartofthebillisdemurrable,theCourtmay,onproperapplication,allowthedemurrertobesoamendedastoapplyexclusivelytothatpartofthebillliabletodemurrer.1Theamendmentofdemurrershasalreadybeenfullyconsidered,2andneednotthereforebefurtherelaboratedhere.§433.WhenPleasMaybeAmended.—Incaseswhereapleadisclosesasubstantialgroundofdefencetothebill,butthepleahasnotbeensoframedastosufficientlymakethedefence,theCourtwill,onproperapplica-tion,allowthepleatobeamended.Ifthepleaistoodefectivetobeamended,andthereisanapparentgroundofdefencedisclosedbytheplea,theCourtwillallowthedefendanttopleaddenovo.9'3.Amendmentstopleasinabatementaremoreslowlyallowedthantopleasinbar,forapartywhodisputesthejurisdictionoftheCourtshouldnotaskanyfavorsofatribunalwhoseauthor-ityhedisputes.ThissubjectwillbefoundfurtherconsideredundertheheadofPleas.*a
•iCode,§§4332-4333.See,also,Chapteron6Lube'sEq.PL,187-188,andnotes.TheCourtwill,however,ordinarilyallowtheprayertobeamended,onmotion.11Dan.Ch.Pr.,584.bee,FitzgeraldV.Cum-mings,1Lea,222;RiddleV.Motley,1Lea,468;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,111.2Ante,§§306,note33;316.3a1Barb.Ch.Pr.,127;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,703-704.4aAnte,%354.
AmendedandSupplementalBills,post,§§666-697.4Thenameofthebillisimmaterial:theCourtwillhaveregardtoitssubstance,andnottoitsname.Doddv.Benthal,4Heisk.,601;Majorsv.McNeilly,7Heisk.,294;Cheekv.Anderson,2Lea,194;Northmanv.LiverpoolIns.Co.,1Tenn.Ch.312;Maddoxv.Apperson,14Lea,599;Murphyv.Johnson,23Pick.,552.5SeeChapteronAm.andSup.Bills,post,§§666-697.

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355AMENDEDANDSUPPLEMENTALPLEADINGS.§434
ARTICLEIV.AMENDEDANDSUPPLEMENTALANSWERS.§436.HowanAnswerisAmended.§437.WhenaSupplementalAnswerMustbeFiled.§434.AmendedAnswersgenerallyConsid-ered.§435.WhatAmendmentsMaybeMadetoAnswers.§434.AmendedAnswersGenerallyConsidered.—Inamendinganswersthereissomedifferencebetweenanswersrequiredtobesworntoandanswersnotsorequired.Ananswersworntoisinthenatureofadepositionaswellasapleading,whileanunswornanswerisapurepleading.Courtsareveryslowtoallowaswornanswertobeamended;anditisonlyunderveryspecialcircumstancesthatadefendantwillbeallowedtomakeanymaterialalterationinit,afterithasoncebeenfiled.1If,however,theCourtissatisfiedthattheerror,mistake,oromission,wastheresultofaccidentorinadvertence,thattheproposedamendmentismeritorious,thatthereisnobadfaithinthematter,andthattheapplicationhasbeenpromptlymadeafterthediscoveryoftheerrororomission,theamendmentwillordinarilybeallowed,onsuchcostsasareequitable.TheCourtmust,ordinarily,besatisfiedofthesefacts,bytheaffidavitofthepartymakingtheapplication.IftheCourtallowsanunswornanswertobewithdrawnbecausepreparedbycounselintheabsenceofthedefendant,andanewanswertobefiledinlieu,theoriginalanswercannotbereadasevidenceagainstthedefendantatthehearing.2Thereisnolimittothetimewithinwhichanapplicationtoamendananswer,orfileasupplementalanswer,mustbemade;3butthelongerthelapseoftimesincetheanswerwasfiled,themoreslowtheCourtisingrantingtheapplica-tion,andthegreaterthecoststhedefendantwillberequiredtopay.Butwherethecomplainantcannotbeplacedinthesamesituationhewouldhavebeeninhadthenewmatterbeensetupindueseason,theCourtwillnotpermitanamendmenttobemade,orasupplementalanswertobefiled.4Nevertheless,wherearefusaltoallowanamendmentwillworkirreparableinjurytothedefendant,andgivethecomplainantanunconscientiousadvantage,theCourtwill,atanystageofthesuit,allowanyamendmenttoananswerthatisinabsolutefurtheranceofjustice,5alwayspunishingthedefendantforanyneg-ligence,ordelay,byaproportionateimpositionofcosts.TheCourtwillalwaysallowtimeinwhichtotakeproofuponanynewissueoffactsraisedbyanamendedorsupplementalanswer,forotherwisesuchanamendmentwouldbenugatory.6§435.WhatAmendmentsMaybeMadetoAnswers.—Thereisnolimittothecharacteroftheamendmentsthatmaybemadetoananswer,exceptthat11Barb.Ch.Pr.,164;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,778;Cookv.Bee,2Tenn.Ch.,343.Inthiscause,thequestion:When,andhow,answersmaybeamended,andwhatamendmentsarenotadmissible,isfullyconsidered.See,also,Wilsonv.Wilson,2Lea,17;Sto.Eq.PI.,§§896-903.2Hurstv.Jones,10Lea,8.3FurmanV.North,4Bax.,296.i1Dan.Ch.Pr.,782.Florav.Rogers,4Hay.,202.5InFurmanv.North,4Bax.,296,theSupremeCourtremandedthecause,withleavetothede-fendanttoamendhisanswer,ifdesired,soastoputinissueareleaseofthedebtsuedfor,suchre-
Thebill,inthiscase,wasfiledandansweredin1865;thereleasewasexecutedin1867,wasprovedinthecausein1870,or1871;and,in1874,theSupremeCourtgrantedleavetoamend.Manifestjusticerequiredthisamendment.InMcVeyv.Ely,5Lea,438,theamendedanswerwasallowedtobefiledtwoyearsafterthefilingoftheoriginalan-swer,inordertogivethedefendantanopportunitytosetupadefence,discoveredsincehefiledhisoriginalanswer.Thedefence,inthiscase,wasthefraudulentalterationofthenotesuedon;andtherefusaltoallowtheamendmentwouldhavebeenaviolationofjustice.6Stullv.Goode,10Heisk.,58.

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§436AMENDEDANDSUPPLEMENTALPLEADINGS.356afteronedefencehasbeensetupandprooftakenthereon,theCourtwillnotallowanotherandinconsistentdefencetobesetupbywayofamendment,orbyasupplementalanswer.7Amendmentsmaybeallowedtocorrect(1)amistakeorerrorinamatteroffact,orinthestatementofafact,or(2)amistakeintheadmissionofassetsor(3)tosetupnewmattersofdefencet^athavecometothedefendant'sknowledgesincehisanswerwasfiled.Mistakesbycounselindrawingtheanswer,orinadvisinghisclientthatitwasnotnecessarytosetupanomitteddefence,maybecorrectedbypromptaffidavitofthefacts.8Butnoamend-mentwillbeallowedinordertopleadthestatuteoflimitations,orthestatuteoffrauds,9unless,perhaps,wheretheapplicationtoamendismadewithgreatpromptness;norwillanamendmentbeallowedtosetupanyunconscientiousdefence.Where,however,suchdefencesaredefectivelysetforth,anamend-mentwillbeallowedtogivethedefendantthebenefitofthedefencehein-tendedtosetup.10TheCourtisvery,reluctanttoallowamendmentsaftertheproofhasbeentaken;1Xnorwillitallowanamendmentbasedonthegroundthatthedefend-antansweredunderamistakeoflaw.12Amendmentsthatcontradictthestate-mentsinthefirstanswer,orthatchangethegroundofthedefence,areinadmissible.Thedefendantmustclearlyshowthatitisduetojusticetopernr'tthedefencealreadymadetobealteredinthemannerproposed.13§436.HowanAnswerisAmended.—Iftheamendmentdesiredisinasmallmatter,notgoingtothemerits,theCourtwillallowittobemadeonmotion
;
butifthedefendantdesirestoamendhisanswerinamaterialpoint,hemustpresenthisownaffidavitverifyingtheproposedamendment,explaininghowtheerror,mistake,oromissionhappened,andexcusinganyapparentdelay.1'
Anapplicationtofileasupplementalanswermustbesupportedinthesameway.15Applicationstoamendanswersare,usually,madeinopenCourt.Inmattersofurgencyandmoment,however,theapplicationmaybemadetotheChan-cellorinvacation,onduenoticetothecomplainant.Unswornanswersareallowedtobeamendedwithsomewhatmoreliberalitythanwherethedefendantisrequiredtoansweronoath;nevertheless,thesamerulesapply.Anunswornanswerisasmuchthesolemnavermentofrecordofthedefendantasifswornto.18§437.WhenaSupplementalAnswerMustbeFiled.—Iftheproposedamendmentisonethatmateriallychangesthenatureofthedefencesetup,ornecessitatesanyerasures,orseriousinterlineations,orbringsforwardnewmatter,ormakesexplanations,thedefendantwillberequiredtofileasupple-mentalanswer,andwillnotbeallowedtomakeanyerasures,orconsiderableinterlineations,inhisoriginalanswer.ThesupplementalanswershouldbedrawnanddulyverifiedbeforebeingpresentedtotheCourt,andtheapplicationforleavetofileshouldbesupportedbytheaffidavitofthedefendant,and,ifnecessary,ofhisagent,orSolicitor,showingasufficientreasonwhythefactscontainedinthesupplementalanswerwerenotintroducedintotheoriginalanswer,accountingforanyapparent
71Barb.Ch.Pr.,167;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,778-782;Hardwickv.AmericanCanCo.,7Cates,393.See,ante,§409.81Barb.Ch.Pr.,164-165;Hursto.Jones,10Lea,8.91Dan.Ch.Pr.,781;CookV.Evans,9Yerg.,288;Stullv.Goode,10Heisk.,58;Cookv.Bee,2Tenn.Ch.,344;WilsonV.Wilson,2Lea,17.101Barb.Ch.Pr.,164.11Anamendmenttoananswershouldbemadebeforethetakingofproofwhenthematterofamendmentiswithinthedefendant'sknowledge.
McCarthyv.CatholicKnights,18Pick.,345;Peter-sonv.Turney,2Ch.Apps..519.121Dan.Ch.Pr.,779;Stullv.Goode,10Heisk.,66.13Cookv.Bee,2Tenn.Ch.,343;Wilsonv.Wilson,2Lea,17.14Cookv.Bee,2Tenn.Ch.,343.TheaffidavitoftheSolicitorisnotsufficient,unlessthefactsarcexclusivelywithinhisknowledge.WilsonV.Wil-son,2Lea,17.151Dan.Ch.Pr.,781.16Cookv.Bee,2Tenn.Ch.,343;Wilsonv.Wilson,2Lea,17.

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357AMENDEDANDSUPPLEMENTALPLEADINGS.§437delay,andaverringthatjusticerequiresthatheshouldbepermittedtoalterthedefencealreadymade.17"Whilebythestrictrulesofpleading,adefencearisingafterthecauseisatissue,suchasapayment,orrelease,oraward,mustbesetupbyacrossbillinthenatureofapleasincethelastcontinuance,nevertheless,underourliberalpractice,asupplementalanswermightbefiledbyleaveoftheCourt,settingapsuchadefence,18andanyotherdefencethathasarisensincetheoriginal/answerwasfiled.Anamendedorsupplementalanswermaybeinthefollowingform
:
AMENDEDOB.SUPPLEMENTALANSWEB.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etal..
Theamended[or,supplemental]answerofRichardRoetothebillfiledagainsthimandothersinthiscause.Thisdefendant,inadditionto[or,inexplanationof,or,incorrectionof,]theanswerheretoforefiledbyhiminthiscause,leaveoftheCourthavingfirstbeenobtained,saysthat»[Heresetouttheadditions,explanations,orcorrections,statedorreferredtointheorderoftheCourtallowingtheamendedorsupplementalanswertobeMed;andconcludeasinanordinaryanswer.Anamendedorsupplementalanswershouldbesignedandswornto;butifleavetofileithasbeenpreviouslyobtained,andtheoathofthedefendantiswaivedbythebill,itneednotbeswornto.171Dan.Ch.Pr.,781-782. I 18Furmanv.North,4Bax.,276:Sto.Eq.PI.,
I§§902-903.
IntheChanceryCourt,atNashville.

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§438HEARINGACAUSEONBILLANDANSWER.358
PARTIV.PROCEEDINGSINASUITINCHANCERY,FROMTHECLOSEOFTHEPLEADINGSTOTHECON-CLUSIONOFTHEHEARING.CHAPTERXXIII.HEARINGACAUSEONBILLANDANSWER.438.MotiontoSetaCauseforHearingonBillandAnswer.439.HearingaCauseonBillandAnswer.
§440.FormofDecreeWhenaCauseisHeardonBillandAnswer.
§438.MotiontoSetaCauseforHearingonBillandAnswer.—If,onread-ingtheanswer,thecomplainantiswillingtoadmitthetruthoftheanswer,hemay,bymotion,speciallysetthecauseforhearingonbillandanswer.1ThismotionmaybemadebeforetheMasterbythecomplainant,andenteredontheruledocket;oritmaybemadeinopenCourt.Itmust,however,bemadewithintwentydaysaftercomplainant'sSolicitorhasnoticeofthefilingoftheanswer;or,incaseofexceptionsandanewanswer,withintwentydaysofhisnoticeofthefilingofasufficientanswer,2unlesstheCourtallowsthemotiontobemadeaftersaidtime,whichallowancetheCourtwillreadilymake,3ondueapplication,especiallyifnoproofhasbeenfiled.Themotionmaybeinthefollowingform:MOTIONTOSETACAIUSEONBILLANDANSWER.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe.Thiscauseisbythecomplainantthisdayspeciallysetforhearingonbillandanswer.§439.HearingaCauseonBillandAnswer.—Whenacausehasbeensetdownforhearingbythecomplainant,onbillandanswer,theanswerisad-mittedbythecomplainanttobetrue;andtherefore,noproofisneeded,4unlessitbecomesnecessarytoprovesomeoftheexhibitstothebillwhichhavenotbeenfullyadmitted,ortoproducesomerecordoftheCourt,towhichtheanswerrefers.5
1Code,§§4322;4430.Settingacauseforhear-ingonbillandanswerisinthenatureofanoraldemurrertotheanswer.2Thereasonofthisis,thatthelapseoftwentydaysisequivalenttothefilingofareplication;Code,§§4322;4328;and,undertheformerpractice,acausecouldnotbesetforhearing,onbillandanswer,afterreplication;becauseareplicationde-niedthetruthoftheanswer;whereas,onsettingacauseforhearing,onbillandanswer,complainantadmitsthetruthoftheanswer.1Barb.Ch.Pr.,318;249-252.TheCourt,however,willpermitacausetobespeciallysetforhearing,onbillandanswer,afterissuemadeup.31Dan.Ch.Pr.,834.4Bowersv.McGavock,6Cates,438.Astowhen,andhow,causesaresetforhearing,onbillandanswer,see,ante,§438.
51Dan.Ch.Pr.,829;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,308;318.Acausestandsfortrialatthefirsttermafterkisatissue,eventhoughnoproofbefiledbyeitherparty.Code,§§4328;4401;4432.Andthesettingofacauseforhearing,bythecomplainant,ex-presslyonbillandanswer,withinthetwentydaysallowedforthatpurpose,mustnotbeconfoundedwiththeregularhearingofacause,onthecallofthedocket,afterthelapseoftwentydaysfromthefilingofasufficientanswer.Inthelattercase,thecauseisnotsetforhearing,bythecomplainant,onbillandanswer;butitissetforhearing,bytheClerkandMaster,inobediencetolaw.Code,§4431,andsectionsabovecited;and,whensosetforhearing,bytheClerkandMaster,insteadoftheanswerbeingadmittedtobetrue,itisdeemeddenied,bythecomplainant.Code,§§4432;4328.

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359HEARINGACAUSEONBILLANDANSWER.§440Onthehearingofacauseonbillandanswer,everymattersetupintheanswer,whetherresponsivetothebillorpurelyinavoidance,mustbetakenastrue.Thisruleincludeseventhosematterswhichthedefendantaversthathebelievesandhopestobeabletoprove.6Andmatterswhichthedefendantneitheradmitsordenieswillbedeemeddenied,whenacauseisthusheardonbillandanswer.7Exhibitstothe.answerare,also,takenastrueanddulyproved.8Buttherulethattheansweristobeconsideredtrueinallpoints,doesnotmeanthatthelegaldeductionsinsistedonintheansweraretobeconsideredastrue,butonlysuchmattersoffactasarestatedintheanswer.9Ifthecomplainantsetsthecausedownforhearingonbillandanswer,andtheCourtshouldbeofopinionthatthereisnotsufficientmatterconfessedbytheanswer,toentitlethecomplainanttoanyofthereliefprayed,thebillwillbedismissedwithcosts.But,asarule,whereacausehasthusbeenheard,andthecomplainantfailstomakeouthiscaseforwantofsufficientadmissionsintheanswer,thesuitwilleither(1)bedismissedwithoutprejudice;or,(2)thecomplainantwillbegivenleavetowithdrawhisapplicationtohavethecauseheardonbillandanswer,andthecausewillberemandedtotherulesforproof
:
ineithercase,however,thecomplainantwillbetaxedwithallthecostsofthecause.10§440.FormofaDecreeWhenCauseisHeardonBillandAnswer.—Thefollowingformwillshowthecommencementofadecreewhenacauseisheardonbillandanswer.DECREEONBILLANDANSWER.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe.Thiscause,havingbeenheretoforespeciallysetforhearingbythecomplainantonthebillofcomplaint,andtheanswerofthedefendantthereto,cameontobeheard,thisJune4,1891,beforeHon.JohnP.Smith,Chancellor,uponthebillandanswer,asaforesaid,andargumenthavingbeenheard,onconsiderationthereof,theChancellorisofopinionthattheanswerfullymeetsandovercomesalltheequitiesandcausesofsuitallegedinthebill.Itis,therefore,orderedanddecreedbytheCourt,thatthebillbedismissed;andthatthecomplainantandDavidDoe,hissuretyforthecosts,payallthecostsofthecause,forwhichexecutionwillissue.[IftheChancellorshouldbeofopinionthatthecomplainantisentitledtorelief,thensayafterthewords,"onconsiderationthereof,"theChancellorisofopinionthatthecomplainantisentitledtothereliefbyhimprayed.Itis,therefore,ordered,adjudgedanddecreed,bytheCourt,that[followingtheprayerofthebill]See,post,§§566-568.}
6Thereasonoftheruleisthat,bysettingthecauseforhearingonbillandanswer,thecomplain-anthasdebarredthedefendantfromtheopportunityofprovingwhathehopestoprove.Brinkerhoofv.Brown,7Johns.Ch.,223.Thisruleprevailswhethertheoathtotheansweriswaivedornot.Ibid.,note.71Barb.Ch.Pr.,318;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,982;Rodgersv.Rodgers,6Heisk.,489;RailroadV.Murrell,11Heisk.,717.Undertheoldpractice,ifthedefendantintendedtodisputethetruthoftheanswer,hefiledareplication;ifhedidnotfileareplication,thetruthoftheanswerwasadmitted,andthecausewassetforhearing,onthebillandanswer.Lowryv.McGee,5Yerg.,238;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,249.Underourpresentpractice,thelapse
oftwentydaysafteranswerfiled,operatesasastatutoryreplication;and,ifasuitissetdownforhearing,bythecomplainant,onbillandanswer,beforethelapseofthetwentydays,theeffectofsuchactistoadmitthetruthoftheanswer.It,therefore,behoovesthecomplainanttodiligentlyscrutinizetheanswer,beforesettingthecausedownforhearing,onbillandanswer;andtoexaminecarefullyintotheexhibitsfiledtotheanswer,andtherecordsreferredtoinit;andtotheforceofallmatterssetupinavoidance;andtotheeffectofalldenials,andofallmattersthedefendantsayshebelievestobetrue,andhopestoprove.8Milliganv.Humbard,11Heisk.,139.9Rodgersv.Rodgers,6Heisk.,495.io1Barb.Ch.Pr.,318;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,982.

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§441Evidenceinchancery.360
ArticleI.ArticleII.ArticleIII.ArticleIV.ArticleV.
CHAPTERXXIV.EVIDENCEINCHANCERY.EvidenceGenerallyConsidered.WhenProofis,andisnot,Necessary.PleadingsWhenEvidence.WhenProofMustbeFiled.PracticalSuggestionsConcerningProof.ARTICLEI.EVIDENCEGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§441.§442.
5443.§444.§445.§446.
GeneralRulesofEvidence.WhenParolEvidenceisAdmissibletoVary,orAnnul,WritingsorRecords.BurdenofProof.PresumptionsGenerallyConsidered.AmountofEvidenceNecessary.TheProbativeForceofCourtRec-ords.
447.
§448.§449.§450.§451.
ofEvidenceNecessarytoorAnnul,WritingsorRec-AmountVary,ords.FraudProvedbyCircumstances.WhenFraudWillbePresumed.InspectioninAidofProof.WhatFactstheChancellorCannotConsider.
§441.GeneralRulesofEvidence.—Evidenceisthemeanswherebythemindisinducedtobelieve,ordisbelieve,anallegationoffact;andlegalevidenceincludesalloralstatementsbyparties,orwitnesses,andallwritings,orotherdocuments,propertobeheardbyaJudgeindetermininganissueoffact.Theofficeofevidenceistoproveordisprovewhatisalleged;andtocontradictorweaken,orcorroborateorstrengthen,otherevidencealreadymade.Proofissufficientevidencetosatisfythemindthatanallegationoffactisprobablytrue.1Theproductionofevidenceisgovernedbyfourgeneralrules
:
1.TheEvidenceMustCorrespondWiththeAllegationsinthepleadings,andbeconfinedtothepointsputinissuebythepleadings.2Thisruleincludesfactsandcircumstancesrelatingtothemattersinissue,andfactsthattendtostrengthen,orweaken,theevidenceintroduced.32.TheSubstance,Only,oftheIssueNeedheProved.Asarule,allegationsoftime,place,quantity,quality,andvalueneednotbeprovedstrictlyasalleged,unlessthejurisdictionoftheCourt,ortherightofaction,dependsuponsuchmatters,ortheyareotherwiseessential.43.TheBurdenofProvingaPropositioninIssueLiesUponthePartyWhoSub-stantiallyAssertstheAffirmative5Thebesttestsforascertainingonwhomtheburdenofprooflies,aretoconsiderwhowouldlose,if(1)noevidencewereintroducedbyeitherside;or,(2)iftheallegationtobeprovedwerestrickenmustbeestablishedbyevidence,unlesstheyareadmittedbytheoppositeparty,eitherinhisplead-ing,orinaseparatewriting.Thecomplainant,however,isrequiredtoprovesomuch,only,ofhisbillasisnecessarytoentitlehimtoadecree.Apartymustnotonlyprovethesubstanceofthecaseallegedbyhim,buthemustprove,substantially,thesamecaseasthatstatedinhispleading;hecannotproveadifferentcase,eventhoughitbeagoodone;forthatwouldbeasurprisetotheotherpartywhichtheCourtwouldnotpermit.Eachpartysproofmustbeconfined(1)toprovingwhatheaffirmativelyalleges,and(2)todisprovingwhathedenies.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,857-860.5See,post,§443.
1Proofandevidenceareoftenusedassynony-mousterms,buttheydifferinmeaning.Proofistheend,andevidenceisthemeans.Proofestab-lishesthetruth;evidenceonlytendstowardsit.Bump,Fraud.Conv.,578.Proofconvinces,makescertain,demonstrates,createsfullbelief;evidenceinfluences,indicates,makesprobable,createspartialbelief.2Kelleyv.Fletcher,10Pick.,1.31Greenl.Ev.,§§51-55;JohnsonV.Luckadoo,12Heisk.,273.41Greenl.Ev.,§§56-62.Thesubstanceofthecase,madebythepleadings,mustbeproved;thatis,allthefactsallegedinhispleading,whicharenecessarytothecaseofthepartyallegingthem,

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361 EVIDENCEINCHANCERY.§442outoftherecord;theburdenofproofrestsuponthepartywho,insuchacase,wouldlose.64.TheBestEvidenceofWhichtheCase,initsNature,isSusceptible,MustAlwaysbeProduced.7Thisruleordinarilyexcludeshearsay,andparolevi-denceofthecontentsofwritings,recordsandotherdocuments;andrequiresthattheoriginals,orcertifiedorexaminedcopiesofrecordsbeproduced;andthatwritingshedulycalledfor,ortheirlossdulyshown,beforeallowingparolevidenceoftheircontents.8Therulesofevidenceastothecompetencyofwitnesses,andthemethodsofobtainingtestimony,arethesameinCourtsofChanceryasintheotherCourtsofthisState,exceptsofaraschangedbystatute.9InallcausesinChancery,exceptdivorcecases,andwhenatrialbyjuryishad,thetestimonyofwitnessesisrequiredtobetakeninwriting,withoutcompellingtheirpersonalattend-ance.10Indivorcecases,andintrialsbyjury,eitherpartymayexaminethewitnessesinopenCourt,ortaketheirtestimonybydepositions,asinothercases.11Exhibitstobills,oranswers,maybeprovedbyaffidavitfiledwiththeexhibitsintheClerk'soffice,atanytimebeforethehearing,orbywitnessesatthehearing.12§442.WhenParolEvidenceisAdmissibleinChancerytoVary,orAnnul,WritingsiorRecords.—Asarule,parolcontemporaneousevidenceisinadmissi-bletocontradict,orvary,thetermsofavalidwritteninstrument.19ThisrulewasoneofthemostsacredknowntothecommonlawCourts,andwasbasedupontheprinciplethatthecontractsofparties,deliberatelywrittenandsigned,couldsafelybeevidencedandperpetuatedonlybythewritingsthemselves;andtopermittheenlargement,diminution,orchange,oftheirtermstobemadebythefrailandtreacherousrecollectionsofwitnesses,wouldbetomakethewritingsthemselvesuseless,andtherightsintendedtobesecuredbythemuncertainanddoubtful,andwould,also,furnishastrongtemptationandin-centivetoperjuryandfraud.20Inasmuch,however,asundertheprotectionofthisrule,thefraudulentsometimesgaininequitableadvantages;and,intheformationofwrittencon-tracts,howeversolemn,thenecessitoussometimesyieldtooppression,andtheignorantandrashsometimesblunderintomistakes,therigoroftherulehasbeen,inmanycases,relaxedbyCourtsofEquity,inorderthatfraudmaybethwarted,mistakescorrected,accidentsrelievedagainst,trustssetupanden-forced,andusuryexposedandeliminated.21MostofthecasesinwhichCourtsofEquityadmitparolevidencetovary,reform,contradict,enlarge,diminish,orannul,writteninstruments,maybeclassifiedasfollows
:
1.CasesofFraud,Accident,orMistake.When,bysomeaccidentormistake,thewritingdoe'snottrulyandadequatelyexpresstherealintentofthecon-tractingparties;22or,whenbyfraud,someundueandinequitableadvantagehasbeentakenbythedefendant,eitherinframingthecontract,orinobtainingtheconsentofthecomplainantthereto,orotherwise,onabillbeingfiledfortheexpresspurposeofcorrecting,orannuling,suchawrittencontract,parolevi-dencewillb,eheardtoshowtheaccident,mistake,orfraudcomplainedof.23191Greenl.Ev.,§275;Ellisv.Hamilton,4Sneed,514;Bridgesv.Robinson,2Tenn.Ch.,723.20Richardsonv.Thompson,1Hum.,154.'
21Ibid;3Greenl.Ev.,§§360-365;2Sto.En.Jur.,§1531;1PerryonTrusts,§§216;226.Astotheamountofproofrequiredtoovercomethepresumptioninfavorofthecorrectnessofwritings,see§§445;447,post.22Astowhatconstitutesaccident,andmistake;andwhataccidentsandmistakes,willberelievedagainst,see,Index.232Sto.Eq.Jur.,§1531;Greenl.Ev.,§296a;3Ibid,360;363;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§859;Wood».Goodrich,9Yerg.,266;Perryv.Pearson,1Hum.,431;1Meigs'Dig.,§§471;526;543.Forcaseswheninstrumentswillbereformedorrescinded,see
e1Greenl.Ev.,§74;BestPr.Ev.,§269.7Meliusestpeterefontesquamsectaririvuloi.(Itisbettertoseekthefountains,than*tofollowtherivulets.)81Greenl.Ev.,§§82-96.9Code,§4455;Hardinv.Stanly,3Yerg.,381.Themaxim,JEquitassequiturlegem,appliesinques-tionsofevidence.Gres.Eq.Ev.,3.Butonlyinpart.See,ante,§53;andpost,§442.10ACourtofChancery,asarule,seesanddeter-mines;whileacourtoflaw,ordinarily,hearsanddetermines.11Code,§§4456;4467;4470.12Code,§4458.TheChanceryRuleof1858,(Rule,XVI),requiringnoticetotheadverseparty,onedaybeforethehearing,wasnotcarriedintothe

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§442EVIDENCE-INCHANCERY.3622.CasestoSetUp,orEnforceTrusts.When,byparol,sometrustisen-grafteduponawill,deed,orotherwritteninstrument,aCourtofEquitywillonabillfiledforthatpurpose,hearparolprooftosetup,andestablish,suchtrust.24Onabillfiledtohavearesultingorimpliedtrustdeclaredanden-forced,thecomplainantmayprove,byparol,thathe,ortheallegedbeneficiarypaidorfurnishedtheconsideration,evenwhenthedeedshowsotherwise.Thecomplainantmay,also,show,byparol,thatthedefendantmadethepurchase,ortookthetitle,ashisagent,orforhisbenefitinwhole,orinpart.Thede-clarationsandadmissionsoftheholderofthelegaltitlemaybeproved,evenafterhisdeath,tosetupatrustinfavorofanotherinthepropertysoheld.Andsothedefendantmayprove,byparol,thatthemoney,orotherconsidera-tion,paidoradvanced,wasintendedtobeagift;andthatnotrustwasin-tended.253.CasestoHaveDeedsDeclaredMortgages.Uponabillbeingfiledtohaveadeed,absoluteonitsface,declaredtobeameremortgage,orsecurityforadebt,aCourtofChancerywillallowthecomplainanttoshowthetruthofhisallegationsbyparoltestimony.So,acomplainantmay,uponabillbeingfiledforthatpurpose,showbyparolevidence,thatwhenadeedabsoluteonitsfacewasexecuted,therewascoupledwithit,byparol,therightofre-purchase,ortherighttorepaythepurchase-moneyandhaveare-conveyance.204.CasesforaSpecificPerformance.Uponabilltoenforceaspecificper-formanceofawrittencontract,thedefendantmayshow,byparolevidence,that,becauseoffraud,surpriseormistake,thewrittencontractsoughttobeenforceddoesnotexpressorcontaintherealagreementbetweentheparties;or,else,thattheagreementwasenteredintothroughmistake,orwasobtainedbyfraud.275.OtherCasesWhereParolEvidenceisAdmissible.ThereareothercaseswhereinparolevidencewillbeheardbytheChanceryCourttovary,reform,orannulwritings,themostimportantofwhicharethefollowing:1,Incasesofsettledaccounts,whenthebillallegesspecificerrors,mischarges,oromissions
;
andseekstosurchargeandfalsifytheaccount,becauseoffraud,ormistake,inrelationtosaiderrors.282,Incasesofdecreesandjudgments,whenthebillallegesthatthedecreeorjudgmentcomplainedofwasobtainedbyfraud,accidentormistake,thefactsconstitutingtheallegedfraud,accidentormistake,maybeprovedbyparol,evenwhentheycontradict,orvary,therecorditself.293,Incasesofbillsfiledforarecissionofawrittencontract,becausethecomplainantwasdrunk,insane,underduress,undulyinfluenced,oranimbecile,orthatsomefraudorimpositionwaspracticeduponthecomplain-ant,thefactsallegedasagroundofrescissionmaybeprovedbyparol,eventhoughthewritingistherebycontradicted.304,Incasesoflatentambiguityinawill,orotherwriting,parolproofisadmissibletoshowthemeaningofthetestator,orotherpartytothewriting.315,Parolevidenceisadmissibletoshow(1)thatawrittencontracthasbeentotallydischarged;or,(2)thatanewanddistinctagreementuponanewconsiderationhasbeenmade,eitherasasubstitutefortheold,orasanadditiontoit;or,(3)thatthetimeorplaceofperformancehasbeenchanged;or,(4)thatdamagesforthebreachofa
24Forcasesoftrust,see,Index;1Meigs'Dig.,§553;1PerryonTrusts,§§76-77.25Forthelawinreferencetoparolproof,tosetuptrusts,see,3Greenl.Ev.,§365;2Pom.En-Jur.,§§1040-1041;1Meigs'Dig.,553;1PerryonTrusts,§§134-140;143-150.263Greenl.Ev.,§364;3Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§1195-1196;LewisV.Bayhss,6Pick.,280;1Meigs'Dig.,§527.Parolproofmay,also,beheardtoshowthatatitlebond,orotherexecutoryagreement,wasreallyameremortgage.JonesV.Jones,1Head,105;Jamesv.Fields,5Heisk.,394.Theproof,inallsuchcases,mustbeclear,andleavenoreason-abledoubt.Lewisv.Bayliss,6Pick.,280.Butsee,post,§§445;447.
27Pom.Eq.Jur.,§860;3Greenl.Ev.,§361;1Meigs'Dig.,§548.281Meigs'Dig.,§459.29WalkerV.Cottrell,8Bax.,77;Maddoxt>.Apperson,14Lea,604.301Meigs'Dig.,§543.311Greenl.Ev.,§§287-295;297;2Meigs'Dig.,§1430;2King'sDig.,§2577;WeatherheadV.Sew-ell,9Hum.,271;Mumford1'.M.&C.R.R.Co.,2Lea,393.Inthiscase,itisshownthatallcontractsshouldbeconstruedinthelightofthecircumstancesconnectedwiththeirexecution,thesecircumstancestobeshownbyparol.See,also,onthispoint,2Meigs'Dig.,§1430,page1478;InsuranceCo.l>.Mathews,8Lea,509.

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363 Evidenceinchancery.§443contracthavebeenwaived,orremitted;or,(5)thatthecontractwasfoundeduponaninsufficient,oranunlawfulconsideration,orwaswithoutconsidera-tion.32So,itmaybeshownbyparol,thatonlyapartofthecontractwas,infact,reducedtowriting,orintendedtobereducedtowriting,andthattherewasapartofthecontractintentionallyleftinparol;or,thattherewasanaddi-tionalandsuppletoryagreementinparol.336,Receiptsmaybevaried,orcon-tradicted,byoraltestimony,insofarastheyarereceipts,bothatlawandinEquity.347,TherecitalsinaSheriff'sdeedastonoticehavingbeengiven,andastotheorderofsalehavingbeeninhishands,35andtherecitalsinanydeed,astotheconsideration,orthepaymentofconsideration,maybedis-provedbyparolevidence.36§443.TheBurdenofProof.—Thedutyofproving,ordisproving,thefactsindisputeonanissuebetweenthepartiestoasuit,istermedtheburdenofproof.Thisburdenrestsonthatpartyagainstwhom,onthestateoftheplead-ings,theissuewouldbedecidedifnoproofinregardtoitwasintroduced.Inasmuchasthecomplainantwouldgenerallylosethesuitifnoevidencewasintroduced,theburdenofproofgenerallyrestsonhim;but,sometimes,itrestsonthedefendant;fortherearecasesinwhichthedefendantwouldlosethesuitifnoevidencewasintroduced,aswhereheadmitsthematerialallegationsofthebillbutsetsupnewmatterinavoidance.Wherethematerialallega-tionsofthebillaredeniedbytheanswer,theburdenofproofrestsuponthecomplainant;butwheretheplea,oranswer,expresslyorconstructivelycon-fessesthematerialallegationsofthebill,andsetsupnewmattersinavoidanceofthebill,theburdenofproofrestsuponthepartywhomaintainstheaffirma-tiveoftheissue,37or,asitmightbemoredefinitelyexpressed,itrestsuponthatpartywhosematerialaffirmativeallegationsarenotexpressly,orim-pliedly,admittedbyhisadversary.38So,whenacomplainantallegesfactsinhisbilltoavoidsomebar,suchasthestatuteoflimitations,payment,anaward,arelease,aformerjudgmentordecree,theburdenofprovingsuchfactsrestonhim.Ingeneral,wheneveraprimafacierightisdisclosedbythepleadings,theburdenofproofrestsuponthepartydisputingthatright;andwhenever,atanystageoftheproof,onepartywouldbeentitledtoadecree,theburdenofproofdevolvesupontheotherpartyuntilhebecomesentitledtoadecree,andinthiswaytheburdenofproofmayshiftseveraltimesbeforetheproofsarefinallyclosed.39TheCourtwillalwaystreatadeed,orotherinstrument,asbeingthethingwhichitpurportstobe,untilthecontraryisshown.Whereverthereisapresumptionthatafactexists,hewhomakesanallegationtothecontrarymustproveit.IncaseswherethepresumptionofJawisinfavorofoneparty,theotherpartymustovercomeit,evenifitbenecessarytoproveanegative,aswherethechildofamarriedwomanisallegedtobeillegitimate.40§444.PresumptionsGenerallyConsidered.—Apresumptionis(1)acon-ciusionoflaw,or(2)aninferenceoffact41drawnfromexperienceandobser-vation,ordeducedfromprovenfacts,thatacertainfactnotprovenexists.§§302-304;284;2King'sDig.,§§302-304;Bissengerv.Guite-2Meigs'Dig.,§1430;2King's
§305;2Meigs'Dig.,§1439;2
321Greenl.Ev.,§2741.331Greenl.Ev.,man,6Heisk.,277;Dig.,§2744.341Greenl.Ev.,King'sDig.,§2777.352Meigs'Dig.,§1174;Randolphv.Metcalf,6Cold.,410;Loydv.Anglin,7Yerg.,428;Code,§§3039-3042;2King'sDig.,§2861.362Meigs'Dig.,§1179;2King'sDig.,§2778.37Theleading^maximsare:Eiincumbitprobatioquidicitnonquinegat.(Theburdenofproofrestsuponhimwhoassertsafact,notuponhimwhode-nies.)Thisisthegreatrule.BestPr.Ev.,§269.AMrmanti,nonneganti,incumbitprobatio.(Theburdenofproofrestsuponhimwhoaffirms,notuponhimwhodenies.)Ingenere,quicunquealiquid
dicitsiveactorsivereus,necesseestutprobat.(Ingeneral,whoeverassertsafact,whetherhebecom-plainantordefendant,isboundtoproveit.)38Theseallegations,whilegenerallyaffirmative,aresometimesnegative;aswhereacomplainantgroundshisrightofactionuponanegativeallega-tion,andwheretheestablishmentofthisnegativeisanessentialelementofhiscase.1Greenl.Ev.,§78.39Instrictness,theburdenofproofdoesnolshiftinsuchacase,butitistheweightoftheevi-dencethatshifts.1Greenl.Ev.,§74,note.401Dan.Ch.Pr.,851.41Facts-fromwhichinferencesaredrawnaretermed"evidentiary"facts;thefactsinferredaretermed"ultimate"or"principal"facts.McKelveyonEv.,8.

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§445Evidenceinchancery.364Presumptionsareoftwokinds:presumptionsoflawandpresumptionsoffact.1.Presumptionsoflawareruleswhich,incertaincases,eitherforbid,ordis-pensewith,anyproofastothetruth,orfalsity,ofthefactpresumed.2.Pre-sumptionsoffactareinferencesoftheexistenceofsomefactnototherwiseproved,deducedfromtheexistenceofotherfactswhichhavebeenproved:theseinferencesbeingsuchasthecommonsenseandcommonexperienceofmankindshowtobethefactsusuallyoccurringinsuchcases.42Presumptionsareeitherconclusiveordisputable.Conclusivepresumptionswillyieldtonoproof,howeverstrong;butdisputablepresumptionsmaybeovercomebyproof.Asillustrationsofconclusivepresumptionsoflawmaybementioned:1,thateveryoneknowsthecriminallaw;2,thateverysanemancontemplatestheprobableconsequencesofhisownacts;and3,thateveryonehasknowledgeofadeeddulyregistered.Disputablepresumptionsoflawareprimafacieproofofthefact,andthrowtheburdenofproofonthepartydisputingthem.43Asillustrationsofdisput-ablepresumptionsoflaw,thefollowingmaybementioned:1,thateveryoneisinnocentofthefraudchargeduponhim;2,thatthepossessoristheowner
;
3.thattheactsofpersonshavingapparentauthorityarerightful;4,thatastateoffactsonceknowntoexistcontinuesareasonabletime;5,thatailchildrenarelegitimate;6,thatallpersonsaresane;7,thateveryoneoversevenyearsofageiscompetenttotestify;8,thateveryonewhohasnotbeenheardfromforsevenyears,afterdueinquirybythosebestinformed,isdead;and9,thatamanandwomancohabitingashusbandandwifearelawfullymarried.Thefollowingpresumptionsare,also,disputable,andmayberebuttedbyparolevidenceinChancery:1,thattherecitalsinSheriff'sdeedsarecorrect;2,thatareceiptiscorrect;3,thataresultingtrustarisesinfavorofthepersonpayingtheconsiderationwhenthedeedistakeninthenameofastranger;4,thatsuchatrustdoesnotarisewhenthedeedistakeninthenameofawife,child,ordependent;5,thatadeedabsoluteonitsfaceisnotamortgage;6,thatanaccountstatedorsettlediscorrect;7,thatevery.writingfairlyexpressestheintentionofthepartiesthereto;and8,thatthejudgmentsanddecreesofCourtshavingjurisdictionofthesubject-matterarecorrect.TimeisawitnessinChancerythatwhathaslongbeenacquiescedinmustoriginallyhavebeenfoundedonsomeright:thispresumptioniswhollyinde-pendentofthestatutesoflimitation.44Presumptions,also,arisefromacqui-escence45§445.AmountofEvidenceNecessary.—Civilcausesaredeterminedinaccordancewiththepreponderanceoftheproofs.ThepartyuponwhomtheburdenofproofrestsmustintroducesufficientevidencetosatisfythemindofanimpartialJudgethatthefactheallegesisprobablytrue.46Courtsproceeduponthepreponderanceofprobabilities;andamerepreponderanceofevi-dence,howeverslight,mustnecessarilyturnthescale.47Ifapartyischargeiwithagreatmoralwrong,hemayintroduceevidenceofhisgoodcharacter,andinvokethelegalpresumptionofinnocence.48Thereare,inalmosteverysuit,certainpresumptionsoflawwhichareinthe42Greenl.Ev.,§14:BestonPresump.,4-20;1PhillipsEv.,599;2Whart.Ev.,§1237.Presumptioexeoquodplerumquefit.(Apresumptionarisesofthatwhichgenerallyhappens.)43Stabitpresumptiodoneeprobeturincontrari-um.(Thepresumptionwillstandgooduntilthecontraryisproved.)44See,ante,§70.45See,ante,§68.46Hamiltonv.Zimmerman,5Sneed,44.47Hillsv.Goodyear,4Lea,233;Hardingo.Waters,6Lea.329;ChapmanV.McAdams,1Lea,500;Gagev.RailwayCo.,4Pick.,724;,McBeeV.
Bowman,5Pick.,132.Hughes'InstructionstoJuries,§382.Preponderanceoftestimonyisnotmeasuredbyamerenumericalpreponderanceofwitnesses,butbythe"weight,credit,and_valueoftheaggregatedtestimonyontherespectivesides.Colesv.Wrecker,2Shan.Cas.,341.Ponderanturtestesnonnumerantur.(Witnessesareweighednotcounted.)Dignioribusestcredendum.(Themostworthyaretobebelieved.)Thepreponderanceisascertainedbyconsideringtheweightycreditandvalueoftheevidenceoneachside.HillsV.Good-year,4Lea,233.48McBeeV.Bowman,5Pick.,132.

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365 EVIDENCEINCHANCERY..§446natureofevidence,andmustbeovercomebyevidence,beforetherecanbeevenanequiponderanceofevidence.Thesepresumptionshavecreated,whatissometimestermed,exceptionstothegeneralrulethatamerepreponderanceofevidenceissufficientincivilcases.When,however,itisconsideredthatthesepresumptionsstandforevidence,itwillbeseenthattheyconstitutenoexceptiontotherule.49Presumptionsvaryincogencyfromtheslighttotheindisputable,orconclusive;butinasmuchasconclusive,orindisputable,pre-sumptionsnecessarilyshutoutallproof,andmakeevidenceabsolutelyinad-missible,itfollowsthatonlydisputablepresumptionsoflawcanbemetan.
I
overcomebyevidence.Intheabsenceofanyotherevidence,thesepresump-tionsareplenaryproofofthefactpresumed;andwillsustainadecreeaseffectuallyasthoughthefactpresumedhadbeenprovenbyparol,orwritten,evidence.Itfollows,therefore,thatwhenadisputablepresumptionoflawexistsinalawsuit,itthrowstheburdenofproofonthepartywhodisputesthepresumption.Thisburdenvariesindegreefromtheveryweaktotheverystrong;presumptions,likewitnesses,orotherproofs,differingincogency,somebeingeasilyovercome,andothersbeingalmostconclusive."When,therefore,wereadinthebooksthat,invariouscases,suchassuitstoreformwritings,tosetuparesultingtrust,tohaveadeeddeclaredamort-gage,andthelike,amerepreponderanceofevidencewillnotsuffice,nothingmoreismeantthanthatamerepreponderanceofevidenceonthesideofthecomplainantwillnotovercomethedefendant'sevidence,reinforced,astholatteris,byapresumptionoflawinfavorofthewritingassailed.50If,how-ever,thecomplainant'sevidenceoutweighsboththepresumptionandtheotherevidenceinfavorofthedefendant,thenthecomplainanthasmadeouthiscase,eventhoughthepreponderanceinhisfavorbeveryslight;andthisistrue,whateverthecharacterofthesuit,andhowsoeverstrongthepresumptiontobeovercome.51Inascertainingthepreponderanceofevidence,inanycasewhereapresumptionexists,suchpresumptionwillequalinweightsonnichoftheadverseevidenceasisnecessarytoneutralizethepresumption.Itmay,therefore,belaiddownasageneralrule,withoutexception,thattreatingpresumptionsasevidence,thecomplainantwillbeentitledtoadecreewhenhemakesouthiscasebyapreponderanceofevidence,howeverslight.52Inthisconnection,itmustnotbeforgottenthattherearepresumptionsinthecomplainant'sfavor,aswellaspresumptionsagainsthim;andwhenapre-sumptionarisesinfavorofthecomplainant,itthrowstheburdenoftheproofonthedefendant,astothefactpresumed.53§446.TheProbativeForceofCourtRecords.—ACourtrecordissome-4!)Disputablepresumptionsoflawarewitnesses;and,likeotherwitnesses,varyinprobativeforce,fromveryweaktoverystrong.Alldisputablepre-sumptionsarebasedontheprobabilitiesofthehap-peningofthethingpresumed.Iftheprobabilitiesareweak,thepresumptionisproportionatelyweak;iftheyarestrong,thepresumptionisproportionatelystrong.Buttheseprobabilitieshavenoreferencetotheparticularfactpresumed:theyhavereferencetothehappeningofsuchfact,asarule,thatis,gen-erally,orinamajorityofcases;and,becauseithappensthatwaygenerally,orinamajorityofcases,weinfer,intheabsenceofcontraryproof,thatithashappened_thatwayintheparticularcaseinquestion;—andthisgeneralinferenceistermedapresumption,andissufficientproofofthefactpre-sumed,whenthereisnosufficientactualevidencetothecontrary.tPresumptioexeoquodpterumquefit.(Apresumptionarisesfromthatwhichhappensveryoften.
)
50Thepresumptioninfavorofthecorrectnessofawritingmaybegreatlyweakenedbyinterlinea-tions,erasures,badpenmanship,grossilliteracy,orotherdefectsuponitsfacenotfullyexplained,and,also,bycircumstancesofsecrecy,haste,collusionorimpositionattendingitsexecution.51Stonev.Manning,19Pick.,232,citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§447.
52Bennettv.Mass.M.L.Ins.Co.,23Pick.,371,citingtheabovesection,then§447.53Supposingthat100chances(thewholenum-ber)equalscertainty,thenanynumberofchanceslessthan50equalspossibility,andanynumbermorethan50equalsprobability.Thenearerthenumberofchancesthatanallegationistrueap-proaches50,thenearerthepossibilityofitstruthapproachesprobability;andthenearer"thenumberofchances,over50,approaches100,thenearertheprobabilityofitstruthapproachescertainty.Thus,thepossiblegraduallytakesonthecolorandsub-stanceoftheprobableasthenumberofchancesoftheallegationbeingtrueincreases;andwhenthatnumberreaches51outofthe100,thenthepossibleismergedintotheprobable;andasthenumberofchancesthattheallegationistrueincreasesfrom51to100,sotheprobabletakesonthecolorandsub-stanceofthecertain;andwhenthenumberofchancesreaches100,thentheprobableismergedintothecertain.So,inasuitinCourt,wheneverthecomplainantshowsbyproofthatthereareover50chancesoutofthe100thathiscontentionistrue,thenhiscontentionisprobable,andheisentitledtohaveitconsideredproved,andentitledtoadecreeaccordingly.Whenover50outofthe100chancesthusfavoranypropositionthentherearisesapre-sumptionorinferencethatthepropositionistrue.

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§447EVIDENCEINCHANCERY.366timesofferedinevidencetoshowwhatoneortheotherofthepartiesstatedinhispleading,orinsomeaffidavitordepositioninthecause,andisthenusedmainlyforpurposesofcontradictionorofestoppel.ButtheprobativeforceofaCourtrecordis,ordinarily,containedinthejudgmentordecree.Ajudg-mentordecreeimportsabsolutelyverity,13andisconclusiveontheparties,andonallclaimingunderthem;andwhenofferedinevidencecannotbeas-sailedordiscreditedbyproofoutsideoftherecordcontainingit;but,ifat-tackedatall,mustbeattackedbecauseofsomeinfirmityappearingintherec-orditself,orbyanotherdecreedeclaringittobevoid.14Astotheirefficacyandprobativeforce,judgmentsanddecreesareofthreesorts
:
1.ValidJudgmentsandDecrees,beingthosebasedonjurisdictionofboththesubject-matterandtheperson,andjustifiedbythepleadingsandproofs,ortheconsentoftheparties:theyareproofagainstdirectattacksbyappealsorwritoferror,orbybillinChancery,and,ofcourse,also,againstcollateralattacks.iS2.VoidableJudgmentsandDecrees,beingthosewhicharevalidontheirface,and,therefore,proofagainstcollateralattack,butarereversibleondirectat-tackbyappealorwritoferror,orbybillinChancery.163.VoidJudgmentsandDecrees,beingthosethatappearonthefaceoftherecorditselftohavebeenrenderedwithoutjurisdictionofthepartiesorthesubject-matter,orwithoutbeingjustifiedbythepleadings,ortheconsentofparties.Voidjudgmentshavenoefficacyorprobativeforce,andyieldtocol-lateralattack.17InavaliddecreetheCourthasjurisdictionofthepartiesandofthesubject-matter,andthedecreeisjustified18bythepleadings,orbytheconsentoftheparties,suchconsentappearingintherecord.Inavoidabledecree,therecordfalselyshowsjurisdictionofpartiesandsubject-matter,orsuchconsent,ifthedecreeisatvariancewiththepleadings,nofatalinfirmitybeingdisclosedintherecorditself:andthisiswhyitisinvulnerabletocollateralattack.Where-as,arecordcontainingavoiddecreedisclosesitsfatalinfirmityonitsface,showsawantofjurisdictionofpartiesorsubject-matter,oradecreeatvari-ancewiththepleadingsandnotconsentedtobythepartiesininterest.§447.AmountofEvidenceNecessarytoVary,orAnnul,WritingsorRec-ords.—Inallcivilsuits,intheabsenceofastatuteprescribingthequantum54ofproof,apreponderanceofprobabilitiesprevails,howeverslightsuchprepon-derancemaybe.55Itissometimessaidthattovary,reform,orrescind,aset-tledorstatedaccount,orawritteninstrument,orajudgmentordecreeofaCourt,onthegroundoffraud,accident,ormistake,ortohaveadeeddeclaredamortgage,ortosetupatrust,byparolevidence,suchevidencemustbeoftheclearestandmostconvincingnature;56but,ifthewriting,ordecree,itself,beconsideredawitness,andisgiventhedegreeofprobativeforcetowhichit
13Judiciumsemperproveritateaccipitur.(
A
judgmentisalwaystakentobethetruth.)RussellV.Houston,7Cates,536.14ItcanbeshownbyasupplementtotherecordthatthedecreehasbeenreversedintheSupremeCourt.AfinaldecreeinanejectmentsuitinChan-ceryandtheentriesontheruledocketareadmis-sibleinevidence,whenitisshownthatthepapersinthecasearelost.Russellv.Houston,7Cates,536.'See,post,§§564-565;andespecially§619,note3.Thedecreealoneshouldbeconclusive,un-lessthepartyobjectingtoitproducescompetentevidencetonullifyorimpairit.Thepresumptionisinfavorofthedecree,andapresumptionneedsnocorroborationuntilimpeachedbycompetentevi-dence,bee,ante,§445.15See,post,§§564-565;814,note43.16Suchjudgmentsanddecreesaresometimesmiscalled"void";buttheyareasefficaciousasvalidjudgmentsanddecrees,—indeed,arevaliduntilre-versedbydirectattack.See,post,§814,note43.17Ibid.18Adecreemaybeabundantlyjustifiedbythe
pleadingswhennotatalljustifiedbytheproof:Suchadecree,whilecorrectibleintheSupremeCourt,isabsolutelyimpregnabletoattackwhenofferedinevidence.Onacollateralattacknoevi-dencecanbelookedat,whetheritisintherecordoroutofit.-Thedecreeisjudgedofbytheplead-ings,processanditsowncontents;and,unlesstheseshowthatthedecreeisvoid,itisvalidineveryCourtwhenofferedinevidence.KindellV.Titus,9Heisk.,727;CampbellV.Bryant,2Shan.Cas.,146;FreemanonJudgts.,§§120;124.54Ifastatuteprescribesthequantumofproof,theCourtcannotfindthefactonlessevidencethanthatprescribed.SimmonsV.Leonard,7Pick.,194.Thusdeedsandwillsofrealtyandagreementswith-inthestatuteoffrauds,mustbeprovedaspre-scribedbythestatute.55Hillsv.Goodyear,4Lea,233.58Wrayv.Cutter,12Heisk.,28;HallV.Fowlkes,9Heisk.,753;HaynesV.Swan,6Heisk.,560;Holderv.Nunnelly,2Cold.,288;McCammonv.Pettitt,2Sneed,242;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§862.

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367 EVIDENCEINCHANCERY.§448
isentitledunderallthecircumstances,thenthegeneralruleofpreponderanceoi'probabilitieswillprevail.57Whenrelationsoftrustandconfidenceexistbetweenthepartiestoawritteninstrument,andincaseswherethepartiesdonotdealuponanequality,lessproofisneededtoovercomethewriting,ordecree.58Inasuittosetuparesultingtrust,ifthemoneyisprovedtohavebeenpaidbyA,andthelegaltitleistakeninthenameofastranger,theCourtwillpre-sumearesultingtrustinfavorofA;butifthetitlebetakentoawife,child,orotherpersonforwhomAismorallyboundtoprovide,theCourtwillpre-sumethatitwasaprovision,advancement,orgift:eitherofthesepresump-tionswill,however,yieldtosatisfactorycontraryproof.59§448.FraudProvedbyCircumstances.—Fraudisseldomestablishedbydirectandpositiveproof,andsuchproofisnotnecessary.Generally,thefirsteffortofaman,whointendstocommitafraud,istothrowaveiloverthetransaction,toconcealitfromdiscovery,tobaffleallattemptsatdetection,andtoshielditagainstattack.Nomanwillinglyfurnishestheproofofhisownturpitude.Fraudis,forthisreason,rarelyperpetratedopenlyandinbroaddaylight.Itiscommittedinsecret,andisusuallyhedgedaboutbyeveryguardthatcanbedevisedtopreventitsdiscoveryandexposure.Itspathiscrookedandcircuitous,itsfootprintsarecarefullycoveredup,thesignsofitsoperationsarediligentlyremoved,orattemptedtoberemoved,andthemaskofhonestyandgoodfaithisputoverthefaceoftherealtransaction.Forthesereasons,fraudisusuallyprovedbycircumstantialevidence.00InconsequenceoftheabhorrencewithwhichfraudisregardedbyCourtsofConscience,inconsequenceoftheheinousnessoftheoffence,and,inconse-quenceoftheartifices,devicesandcoveringsusedtoconcealit,andtobaffledetection,awiderangeofevidenceisallowedinprovingitsexistence;andCourtsofEquitydonotrestrictthemselvesbythesamerigidrulesthatCourtsoflawdo,intheinvestigationoffraud,andintheevidenceandproofsrequiredtoestablishit.61Fraudassumesmanyshapes,disguisesandsubterfuges,andisgenerallysosecretlyhatchedthatitcanonlybedetectedbyaconsiderationoffactsandcircumstances,whicharefrequentlytrivial,remoteanddisconnected,andwhichcannotbeinterpretedwithoutbringingthemtogether,andcontemplat-ingthemallinoneview.Inordertodothisitisnecessarytopickonefactorcircumstancehere,anotherthere,andathirdyonder,untilthecollectioniscomplete.Eachdetachedpieceofevidenceisnot,therefore,toberejectedwhenoffered,becauseapparentlytrivial.Awidelatitudeofevidenceisallowed;andifafactorcircumstancerelatesdirectly,orindirectly,tothetransaction,itisadmissible,howeverweakorslightitmaybe,itsrelevancedepending,notuponitsweightorforce,butuponitsbearingortendency.6257SeethereasoningofJudgeCooper,inHillsV.Goodyear,4Lea,233.58bnellv.FJam,2Heisk.,88.59DudleyV.Dodsworth,10Hum.,12;Pillowv.Thomas,1Bax.,120;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§1037-1041;2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§1201-1205;1PerryonTrusts,§§133-150.60Bump,onFraud.Conv.,600;WaitonFraudConv.,§§6,17,13,224;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§188.SeeArticleonFraudulentConveyances,post,§§1009-1017.Smithv.Harrison,2Heisk.,243.Incharg-ingthejury,inthecaseofFloydv.Goodwin,8Yerg.,490,theCircuitJudgesaid:"Inmostin-stances,theevidenceoffraudmustbegatheredmorefromthecircumstancesattendingthetransac-tion,thanupontangibleproof;suchthingsarenotgenerallytoldordoneopenly.LordCokesays,Itishatchedinsecret;andanothergreatmanhasgonefurther,andsays,Itishatchedinthehollowofatree.It,therefore,hastobeferretedoutbycarefullyfollowingitsmarksandsigns;forfraudwill,inmostinstances,thoughneversoartfullyandsecretlvcontrived,likethesnailinitsDassaire.leave
itsslime,bywhichitmaybetraced."ThischargewassustainedbytheSupremeCourt,andhasoftenbeenquotedapprovingly.Harrisv.Smith,2Cold.,308.Fraudisusuallyhatchedinsecret,inarborecavaetopaca.Bump,Fraud.Conv.,31.61Sto.Eq.Jur.,§190;Bump,Fraud.Conv.,579;WaitonFraud.Conv.,§281.62Bump,Fraud.Conv.,579;1WhartononEv.,§33,note.Theproofoffraud,usually,consistsofmanyitemsofevidence,which,standingdetachedandalone,wouldbeimmaterial;butwhich,incon-nectionwithothers,tendtoillustrate,andshedlightupon,thecharacterofthetransaction,andshowthepositionoftheparties,andtheirmotives,con-duct,andrelationtoeachother.Quasingulanonprosunt,junctajuvant.Circumstancesmaystampuponatransactiontheindeliblemarksoffraud,andarequiteasreliableaspositiveevidence.Bump,Fraud.Conv.,601.Theevidencesoffraudareof-tensointangibleandindistinctyetsoconvincingthatChancellorsaresaidsometimestosmellitratherthanseeit.

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§449Evidence;inchancery.368Issuesoffactincivilcasesaredeterminedbyapreponderanceoftestimonyandtheruleappliesaswelltocasesinwhichfraudisimputedastoanyotherandiftheevidenceisofsufficientforcetoproduceapreponderanceofassentinfavoroftheallegationoffraud,thatisallthatthelawrequires,andthefraudwillbedeemedproved,althoughtherebesomedoubtofitsexistence.63TheCourtofChanceryisthearchenemyoffraud;andtothatCourtthosewhoarethevictimsofbadfaithgenerallyapplyforredress,notonlybecausetheChanceryCourtcangrantmoreperfectrelief,but,also,.becauseitwiJloftengrantthatreliefuponweakerpresumptiveevidencethanwillaCourtoflaw.64WheretheCourtcanpronounceadecreethatwillplaceeachofthepartiesinsubstantiallyasgoodaconditionastheywereinrespectivelyatthetimetheallegedfraudwascommitted,itwillactuponlessevidencethanwouldordinarilyberequiredtosupportaverdict.65§449.WhenFraudWillbePresumed.—Itisoftensaid,thatfraudwillnotbepresumed:66bythisnothingmoreismeantthanthatfraudwillnotbepre-sumedmerelybecauseitisalleged.67When,however,certainstatesoffactsareonceshowntoexist,apresumptionoffraudwillarisesufficientlystrongtothrowonthedefendanttheburdenofprovingthattherewasnothingfraud-
<ilent,orinequitable,inthetransactionsoughttobeimpeached.68Amongthesestatesoffacts,thefollowingarethemostcommon
:
1."WhereConfidenceHasBeenViolated.Whenanadvantageousconveyance.contract,orgift,isobtainedfromanotherbyapersonstandingtohiminarelationoftrustandconfidence,asincaseofadvantageousconveyances,con-tracts,andgifts,obtainedbyguardiansfromwards,attorneysfromclients,trusteesfrombeneficiaries,agentsfromprincipals,parentsfromtheirchildren,physiciansfrompatients,priestsfromparishioners,thetrustedfromthetrust-ing,inanyandallsuchcases,ontherelationshipandadvantagebeingproved,fraudwillbepresumed.692.WhereaTrusteeDealsWithHimself.Whenapersonactinginafiduciarycapacity,directlyorindirectlydealswithhimselfforhisprivateandpersonalbenefit,aswhenatrustee,administrator,guardian,agent,orsheriff,sellspropertytohimself,ormakesapersonalprofitoutofatransactionbyhiminhisfiduciarycapacity,inanyandallsuchcases,fraudwillbepresumed.703.WheretheConsiderationisShockinglyInadequate.Wheretheconsiderationpaid,orpromised,issogrosslyinadequateastoshocktheconscience,espec-63Bump,Fraud.Conv.,605.64Smithv.Harrison,2Heisk.,243;3Greenl.Ev.,§254;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§190.65ThereasonaCourtofEquitywillpresumefraud,whenaCourtoflawwillnot,isthis:WhenaCourtoflawfindsfraud,itisincapableofrestor-ingthepartiestotheiroriginalcondition,andofgivingtoeachhisown:itsimplydestroysthecon-tract,andoftenleavesthedefendantpoorer,andtheplaintiffricher,thantheywereatthemakingofofthecontract;and,thus,ajudgmentatlawwill,sometimes,puttheplaintiffinabetterposition,andthedefendantinaworseposition,thanstrictjusticewilljustify.Ontheotherhand,aCourtofEquity,whiledoingfulljusticetothecomplainant,requireshimtodofulljusticetothedefendant;andwhenacontractisrescinded,onthegroundoffraud,byaCourtofChancery,oncomplaintofthepersondefrauded,thedefendantisrestoredtoallofhisoriginalrights;and,ifhehaspaidthecomplainantanymoney,orhasotherwisebenefittedthecom-plainant,theCourtwillmakehimwhole.Inshort,theChanceryCourtcan,andwill,soadjusttherightsoftheparties,thatarecissionofthecontract,onthegroundoffraud,willgiveeachofthepartieshisexactdues;and,forthisreason,theCourtwilloftenfindfraud,oncomparativelyslightevidence,wellknowingthatsuchafindingcandothede-fendantnogreatharm;whereas,afailuretofindfraud,wouldruinthecomplainant.But,wherepartiescannotbeplacedinstatuquo,theevidenceoffraudshouldbeasclearinaCourtofEquityasinaCourtoflaw.
66Presumptionandinferencearesometimescon-founded.Fraudcanalwaysbeinferredfromfactsandcircumstancesproved;indeed,itisseldomdi-rectlyproved,andisnearlyalwaysinferred.Whatismeantby"badgesoffraud,"is,certainsignsbymeansofwhichfraudisinferred.See,post,§1010.67WaitonFraud.Conv.,§7.68See,post,§1011.692Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§955-963;Birdsongv.Bird-song,2Head,297;Baylissv.Williams,6Cold.,440;Martinv.Martin,9Heisk.,644.Wherefiduciaryorconfidentialrelationsexistbetweenthecomplainantandthedefendant,andthebillallegesthatthelattertookadvantageofthatre-lationtoobtainanunfairbargain,onproofoftherelation,.theburdenofproofis,atonce,shiftedtotheshouldersofthedefendant;andhemustsatisfytheCourtthatheactedingoodfaith.Thegreatprinciple,bywhichCourtsofEquityaregoverned,insuchcases,is:Thathewhoobtainsanadvan-tageousbargain,fromapersonplacingconfidenceinhim,isboundtoshowthatnoundueadvantagewastakenofthatconfidence;andtheburdenofproofisdevolvedonhimtoestablish,affirmatively,theperfectfairness,adequacy,andEquityofhisclaims.Thisruleappliestoparents,guardians,trustees,pastors,attorneys,physicians,andallothersstandinginconfidentialrelationswiththosewithwhomtheybargain.3Greenl.Ev.,§253.See,ante,§46.702Pom.Eq.Jur.,§958;Collinsv.Smith,1Head,256.

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369 EVIDENCEINCHANCERY.§450iallywhenaccompaniedbyotherinequitablecircumstances,suchas(1)con-cealments,misrepresentations,undueadvantageoroppressiononthepartofthepersonobtainingthebenefit,or(2)ignorance,weaknessofmind,sickness,oldage,incapacityorpecuniarynecessity,onthepartoftheotherparty,insuchcases,fraudispresumed.714.WhereaPersonofWeakMindisImposedOn.Whereaveryadvantageousbargain,oraveryvaluablegift,isobtainedfromapersonofgreatmentalweakness,especiallywhenaccompaniedwithotherinequitablecircumstancessimilartothoseintheprecedingparagraph,fraudispresumed.725.WhereGiftsbyDebtorsInjureTheirCreditors.Wherethedebtormakesavoluntaryconveyanceofhisestate,orofanypartthereof,withoutleavingenoughinhishandstosatisfyhiscreditors,fraudispresumed.73Equityre-quiresamantobejustbeforeitallowshimtobegenerous.6.WherePropertyisHeldinTrustforanInsolventDebtor.Whereadebtor,againstwhomanexecutionhasbeenreturnedunsatisfied,hasproperty,ormoney,heldintrustforhim,fraudispresumed,exceptwheretheconsidera-tionproceededfromathirdperson,andthetrustisevidencedbywilldulyrecorded,ordeeddulyregistered.747.WhereMisrepresentationsHaveMisled.Whenthemisrepresentationsmadebythedefendantwereofsuchacharacteraswouldnaturallyinduceanyordi-narypersontoactuponthem,andthecomplainantdidactuponthemtohisdetriment,thenthedefendantwillbepresumedtohavemadethemisrepresen-tationtoinducethecomplainantsotoact.75§450.InspectioninAidofProof.—AlthoughCourtsofChancerydetermineeverymatterbywrittenorprintedevidence,nevertheless,whenthesubject-matteroftheevidencecanbereadilyproducedinCourt,andisofacharactertoelucidatetheevidence,theChancellorwillordertheproductionofsuchsub-jectsbeforehim,forhisbettersatisfactionastothetruth.76Thus,hewill(1)orderaninfanttobeproducedinCourtforsatisfactoryproofofitsexistence,age,anddiscretion;or,(2)willorderanoriginaldocument,orbook,tobeproduced,inordertoascertainitsgenuineness,andintegrity,oritsage,ormeaning,orprecisestate,andcharacter;or,(3)willrequiremodels,machines,andpatentedarticlestobebroughtintoCourt,especiallywhenacomparisonbecomesimportant;and,(4)wherethesubjectisimmovable;77or,(5)wheretheinspectionoftheinsideofahouse,orofaroom,orofalotortractofland,isnecessarytoenablethepartyoutofpossessiontomakeproperproof,theCourtwillorderthepartyinpossessiontopermitaninspectionbywitnesses.78§451.WhatMatterstheChancellorCannotConsider.—Solicitorsaresome-timesnotclearastowhatmattersaChancellorcanorcannotconsider,inde-terminingthefactsofacase;andthefollowinggeneralrulesaregivenonthissubject
:
1.EvidenceastoMattersNotAllegedinthePleadingscannotbeconsideredbytheChancellor,79nomatterhowgoodacauseofactiontheyindicate,orhowstrongadefencetheypresent.TheChancellorcannomoremakeadecreeonproofnotjustifiedbythepleadingsthanonpleadingsnotjustifiedbytheproof.80
712Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§927-928;WrightV.Wilson,2Yerg.,296;Hardemanv.Barge,10Yerg.,204;BirdsongV.Birdsong,2Head,291;Merrimanv.Lacefield,4Heisk.,219;Meathv.Porter,9Heisk.,227.723Pom.Eq.Jur.,§947;Gass».Mason,4Sneed,506;Craddockv.Cabiness.1Swan,474;Walkerv,McCoy,3Head,106;Parrottv.Parrott,1Heisk.,687:King,«.Cohoon,6Yerg.,75;Tally».Smith,1Cold.,291;Knoxv.Haralson,2Tenn.Ch.,236.732Pom.Eq.Jur.,§972.74Code,§4283;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§1042;1Meigs'Dig.,p.676.
752Pom.Eq.Jur.,§880.76Sometimes,onmotion,theChancellorwillorderanoriginaldocumenttobesentuptotheSupremeCourtonappeal.SeeRossv.Scott&Russell,15773Greenl.Ev.,§§328-329;Gresl.Eq.Ev.,449-455.782Dan.Ch.Pr.,1663.79Kelley«.Fletcher,10Pick.,1.80Adecreemuststandontwofeet,onefootsupportedbythepleadings,theotherfootbytheproof.Adecreeonproofaloneiscoramnonjudiceandvoid.See,post,%555,note4.

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§452WHENPROOFISNECESSARY.3702.HisOwnKnowledgeofthePactscannotbeconsideredbytheChancellor,anymorethanajurorcantakeintoconsiderationhisownpersonalknowledgeoffactspertinenttothecase.Everysuitmustbedeterminedonthefactsfoundintherecordofthecause.TheChancellor'sprivateknowledgeoffactsistheknowledgeoftheman,andnottheknowledgeoftheofficer.81Weretheruleotherwise,theChancellormightdecidethecaseonastateoffactsthatwouldnotappearinthetranscriptonappeal,andwould,therefore,beun-knowntotheSupremeCourt.3.HisOwnKnowledgeoftheCharacterofaWitnesscannotberegardedbyhim.Ifthepartymostconcernediscontenttoallowamanofbadreputationtotestify,withoutprovinghisreputation,itisnotfortheChancellortoim-peachthewitnessbyhisownprivateknowledgeofhischaracter.Ontheotherhand,theChancellorcannotpreferthetestimonyofawitness,becauseofhispersonalknowledgeofhisintegrity.Thetestsofawitness'credibilitymustbefoundinhisdeposition,orelsewhereintherecord.4.ThatOneofthePartiesisPoor,orisaWoman,orisTJnfortunate,isamatterthattheChancellorcannotconsider.Asaman,hemayandmustcommiseratethepoorandtheunfortunate;butif,asaJudge,hetooksuchmattersintocon-sideration,hewouldnotonlysinktheJudgeintotheman,butwouldbeguiltyofdecidingthecauseaccordingtofavorandaffection.Suchconductwouldnotonlybegrosslypartial,butwouldsavorofcorruptionandoppression.AJudgeissworntodeterminecausesbyhishead,andbyacoolheadatthat,andnotbythesympathiesofhisheart.825.WhatDoesNotAppearintheRecordDoesNotExist,sofarastheCourtisConcemed,83exceptastomattersthatarejudiciallyknown;andthisfunda-mentalrulehasnoexceptions,anditincludesthethreerulesalreadygiven.NorshouldtheChancellorallowaSolicitorinhisargumenttoalludetomat-tersnotintherecord;suchallusionsnecessarilyimplythattheSolicitoreitherdoesnotknowhisownduty;orthinksthattheChancellordoesnotknowhis,andcanbeswayedbyundueinfluences.
ARTICLEII.WHENPROOFIS,ANDISNOT,NECESSARY.§455.WhatFactsareinIssue.§456.WhatisinIssueUponaPlea.§457.WhatisinIssueUponanAnswer.§452.WhatNeedNotbeProved.§453.WhenEvidencebytheComplainantisNotNecessary.§454.WhenEvidencebytheDefendantisNotNecessary.§452.WhatNeedNotbeProved.—Oftenagreatdealofunnecessaryevi-denceisinjectedintotherecordofalitigation.ToaidtheinexperiencedSolicitorindeterminingwhatneednotbeproved,thefollowingsummaryofrulesisgiven
:
1.WhateverisNotPutinIssuebythePleadingsNeedNotbeProved.Evidenceastomattersnotinissueisimmaterial,irrelevant,impertinent,andillegal:theCourtwillrejectsuchevidenceonobjectionbeingmadetoit;andwilldis-cordingtothesympathiesofhisheartorthein-clinationsofhisfeelings.Ifhisheartprompthimtoaidtheunfortunate,lethimdosobycontributingfromhisownpocketbook,andnotbyforcingaliti-ganttocontribute.83Idemestnonesseetnonapparere.AJudgeshouldbenear-sightedastothefacts,andseenoth-ingoutsideoftherecord;butshouldbefar-sightedastothelaw,andseeallthelawapplicabletothecase.See,ante,§62,sub-sec,1.
81Nonrefertquidnotumsitjudici,sinotwmnonsitinformajudicii.See,ante,§62,sub-sec,1.82TheJudgeissworn"toadministerjusticewithoutrespectofpersons,andimpartiallytodis-chargeallthedutiesincumbentonhim,asaJudge,tothebestofhisskillandability."Code,§309.Hence,aJudgecannothave"respectofpersons,"whethertheybemaleorfemale,richorpoor,friendsorfoes;andhemustdecidecontroversies"tothebestofhisskillandability,"andnotac-

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371 WHENPROOFISNECESSARY.§453regardit,asmereworthlessrubbish,ifnotobjectedto.1Thesoleobjectofevidenceistoprovewhatthepleadingsshowtobeindispute,andthusenabletheCourttodeterminethecontroversy.Nodecreecanbebasedonevidenceastomattersnotallegedinthepleadings.22.WhatisJudiciallyKnowntotheCourtNeedNotheProved.3Thisjudicialknowledgeincludesourformofgovernment,NationalandStateftheConstitu-tionandpubliclawsoftheUnitedStates,andofourownState;4thegeneralofficersofthesetwogovernments;themainfactsinthepublichistoryofthetwogovernments;themaingeographicalfactsoftheUnitedStates,andofthisState;thesubdivisionsoftheState,itscounties,towns,rivers,andgeneralgeography;theofficialsofthecountywheretheCourtissitting;thereligionandgeneralcustomsofthepeople;theirlanguageandthemeaningofwords
;
therulesofgrammarandarithmetic;andagreatmultitudeofothermatters,whicheverywell-informedcitizenoftheStateispresumedtoknow.53.WhateverisAdmittedinthePleadings,ExpresslyorbyNecessaryImplication,NeedNotbeProved.Ifadefendantconfessesandavoids,thecomplainantneednotprovehiscauseofaction;hemustconfinehiseffortstoresistingthede-fencesetup."Whatapleadoesnotdenyitadmits,bynecessaryimplication
;
andthecomplainantneedconcernhimselfonlyastotheissueraisedbytheplea.4.WhateverisAdmittedbyWrittenAgreementofthePartiesNeedNotbeProved.Suchadmissionsareabsolutelyconclusive,andpartakeofthenatureofsolemnadmissionsofrecord.NeitherwilltheCourthearevidencetoex-plain,orvary,suchanagreement.§453.WhenEvidencebytheComplainantisNotNecessary.—Noevidenceisnecessarytosustainthebill
:
1.Wherethebillhasbeentakenforconfessedagainstanadultdefendant,notnoncompos,whohasbeenservedwithsubpoena,orwhohasvoluntarilyenteredhisappearance,orwhohasbeenbroughtintoCourtbyattachmentofhispropertyandpublication.62.WheretheanswerconfessestheEquityofthebill,andsetsupnewmatterinavoidanceofthatEquity.Butafterthematterindefenceisproved,thecomplainantmustrebutit.3.Wherethefoundationofthesuitisawrittencontract,note,orotherin-strument,andtheexecutionthereofisnotdeniedunderoath.7§454.WhenEvidencebytheDefendantisNotNecessary.—Thedefendantisnotrequiredtomakeanyproof
:
1.Wherenoreliefisprayedagainsthim;aswhereheismadeapartybe-causeanofficerofthelawhavingprocess,orismadeadefendantasofficerofacorporationwhoseswornansweriscalledfor,orismadeapartyasamereagent,orotherwise,nodecreebeingsoughtagainsthim.2.Wherehedisclaims,andnoattemptismadetoshowthathehasbeenset-tingupanyclaimtothepropertyinvolvedinthesuit,orexercisinganyactsofownershipoverit.3.Wherehehasdeniedthematerialallegationsofthebill,andnoneofthemhavebeensustainedbyproof.4.Where,thoughsomerelief,maybeprayedagainsthim,hedoesnotseek
1NonpotestprobariquodprobatumnonreUvat..(Thatcannotbeproved,which,whenproved,isirrelevant.)2Shawv.Patterson,2Tenn.Ch.,171;HendersonV.Bigham,'12Heisk.,58;Rogersv,Breen,9Heisk.,679;Bedfordv.Williams,5Cold.,207.ButintheChanceryCourt,itisnotnecessaryinordertoputamatterinissuethatitshallbeallegedbyonepartyanddeniedbytheother,foramatterinavoidanceallegedintheanswerisinissue,asisamatterallegedirithebillandneitherdeniednoradmittedintheanswer.3QuodconstatCuriaoperetestiumnonindiset.
(Whatisknown[judicially]totheCourtneedsnottheaidofwitnesses.)4ButthelawsofanotherStatemustbeproved,asanyotherfact,ortheywillbepresumedtobethesameasthelawsofourownState.BagwellvMcTighe,1Pick.,618;Templetonv.Brown,2Pick.,S3.ProssumiturJudexhabereomniajurainscriniopectorissui.(AJudgeispresumedtohaveallthelawsinthebook-caseofhisbreast.)51Greenl.Ev.,§§4-6a.6Ante,§206.7Code,§3777.

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455 WHENPROOFISNECESSARY.372todisputethecomplainant'srightthereto,andiswillinghemayhavethereliefheprays.5.Whenhehas,byhisanswer,admittedthematerialallegationsofthebill,orthebillhasbeentakenforconfessedbyhim.Inthelattercase,however,ifthebillprayanaccount,thedefendantmay,andshould,introducehisevidencebeforetheMasteratthetakingoftheaccount.8§455.WhatFactsareinIssue.—Theobjectofpleadingsis,(1)tonotifytheoppositepartywhatmatterswillbeofferedinevidence;and(2)toinformtheCourtwhatmattersaresubmittedtoitsadjudication.Itis,therefore,(l'jafundamentalruleofpleadingthatnofactsareinissue,unlesstheyareal-legedinthepleadings;and(2)itisafundamentalruleofevidencethatnoproofisadmissible,unlessitrelatestothefactsallegedinthepleadings.9TheCourtcannotnoticematter,howeverclearlyproved,unlessitbeallegedinthepleadings;10andomissionsintheallegationsofthebillcannotbesuppliedbyevidence.11Itmaybelaiddownasanindisputableproposition,thatwhateverfactsarenecessarytoentitleacomplainanttoadecree,ortoenablethedefendanttosustainthedefenceinavoidancebyhimsetup,mustbeproved,unlesstheyareadmittedbytheotherparty.12Instrictness,anyfactallegedbyonesideandadmittedbytheother,intheirrespectivepleadings,isnotinissue,andneednotbeproved,whethertheadmissionbeexpress,orconstructive.13Anymatterallegedinthebill,andneitheradmittednordeniedintheanswer,mustbeproved.14§456.WhatisinIssueuponaPlea.—Apleainbaradmitseverymaterialallegationofthebillnotcoveredbytheplea.Thisisnecessarilysofromthefactthatthecomplainantisentitledtoananswertoeveryallegationandchargecontainedinthebill;andsomuchofthebillasthedefendantdoesnotdisputebyhisplea,isdeemedadmitted,forallthepurposesoftheissuemadebytheplea.15Ontheargumentofapleainbar,everyfactstatedinthebill,andnotdeniedbytheavermentsintheplea,andbythesupportinganswer,ifany,mustbetakenastrue;16andso,whenareplicationisfiledtoaplea,thecomplainantneednotprovethetruthofsuchofhisallegationsasarenotde-niedbytheplea.Theonlyfactsinissue,andonwhichproofneedbetaken,arethoseputinissuebytheplea.Thus,ifthestatuteoffraudsispleadedtoabillforaspecificperformance,theagreementnotbeingallegedinthebilltobeinwriting,nothingisinissueexcepttheexistenceofawrittenagreement,thebalanceofthebillbeingadmitted.So,ifsuchabillallegetheagreementtobeinwriting,andanegativepleaisfileddenyingthatallegation,theonlymatterinissueiswhethertheagreementis,infact,inwriting,alltheotherractsallegedinthebillbeingadmitted.Hence,therulemaybelaiddownthatonthetrialofapleainbar,nothingisinissuebutthetruthoftheplea
;
ifthepleabeaffirmative,theburdenofproofisonthedefendant;ifthepleabenegative,theburdenofproofisonthecomplainant.17
81Dan.Ch.Pr.,525,note.9Gres.Eq.Ev.,229.Mr.Gresleysaysthatallevidenceisimpertinentwhenitrelatesto(1)mat-tersnotinissue;(2)mattersadmittedintheplead-ings;(3)mattersthatareimmaterial,and(4)mat-tersthatareneedlesslyprolix.Ibid,229-246.10Sheratzv.Nicodemus,7Yerg.,9;Bedfordv.Williams,5Cold.,207;AustinV.Ramsey,3Tenn.Ch.,121;Johnsonv.Luckadoo,12Heisk.,273;Turleyv.Turley,1Pick.,260;Merrimanv.Lace-field,4Heisk.,209.11ShawV.Patterson,3Tenn.Ch.,174;Wood-wardv.Walton,7Heisk.,50.Thefailureofthebilltosetupmattersinavoidanceofadefencecannotbecuredbyproof:theproperpracticeistoamendthebillandallegethemattersinavoidance.See,ante,§147.121Dan.Ch.Pr.,836.18Gres.Eq-Ev.,236.
14Smithv.St.LouisM.L.Ins.Co.,2Tenn.Ch.,603.andcasestherecited;BankV.Jefferson,8Pick.,537;NicholsV.Cecil,22Pick.,455.InsomeoftheStates,allfactswellallegedinthebill,andnotdenied,orexplained,intheanswer,aredeemedadmitted.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,837,note4.ThisistheruleinourCircuitCourts.Code,§2910;anditisthetruerule.TheholdingofourSupremeCourttothecontraryisunfortunate,whentheoathofthedefendantiswaived;because(1)it,withoutreason,makesthelawofpleadinginChancerydif-ferentfromthatintheCircuitCourt;(2)itviolatesafundamentalruleofpleading;and(3)itencour-agesimperfectandevasiveanswers.Anunswornanswerisamerepleading,andtheruleofpleadingintheCode,§2910,shouldbeappliedtoit.151Dan.Ch.Pr.,837.See,Code,§2910.in1Dan.Ch.Pr.,694.171Dan.Ch.Pr.,837.

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373 WHENPROOFISNECESSARY.§457So,onapleainabatement:ifthepleabringsforwardnewmatter,nothingisinissuebutthetruthofthenewmatter;inwhichcasetheburdenofproofisonthedefendant:ifthepleainabatementdenysomeallegationoffactinthebill,thetruthofthatallegationistheonlymatterinissue;and,onthatissue,theburdenofproofrestsonthecomplainant.And,ingeneral,itmaybestatedthattherulesapplicabletotheframe^formandproof,ofpleasinbar,affirmativeandnegative,applytotheframe,formandproofofpleasinabate-ment,affirmativeandnegative.Theadmissionofthetruthofsomuchofthebillasisnotdeniedbytheplea,orbythepleaandsupportinganswer,whensuchanswerisfiled,iscalledaconstructiveadmission.18§457.WhatisinIssueuponanAnswer.—Whenabillhasbeenanswered,everymaterialfact,allegedinthebillandnotadmittedbytheanswer,isinissue.Atlaw,everyfactallegedinthedeclaration,andnotdeniedinthepleaistakenastrue;19butinChancery,everyallegationoffactinthebillnotadmittedordeniedintheanswer,mustbeproved,thefailuretoadmitordenybeingequivalenttoadenial.20ItisafundamentalruleinChancery,asinthecourtsoflaw,thatnoevi-dencewillbeadmittedinreferencetoanymatternotnoticedineitherthebill,ortheanswer.21Forthisreason,ifacomplainantprovesacaseoutside.ofthepleadings,suchproofwillnotentitlehimtoanydecree;andif,ontheotherhand,thedefendantprovesadefence,outsideoftheissuesraisedbythepleadings,suchadefencewillnotprofithim,22exceptthedefencebethatofchamperty.Ifthedefenceconsistsinadenialofthematerialallegationsofthebill,thenthetruthofthoseallegationsisthemainissue,andtheburdenofproofisonthecomplainant;ifthedefenceconsistsofmattersinavoidance,thenthetruthofthosemattersisthemainissue,andtheburdenofproofisonthedefendant.23Itmustbekeptinmind,however,thatevidenceofparticularfactsmaybegivenunderanallegationofthegeneralfact;thus,wherethecharacterofanindividual,orhisgeneralbehavior,orthestateofhismind,ischargedgener-ally,evidenceofparticularfactsandacts,bearingdirectlyonthecharge,maybeproved.24Therulethatnoevidencewillbeadmittedinsupportoffactsnotmentionedinthepleadings,doesnotrequirethattheevidencecontainingthosefactsshouldbementioned,nordoesitrequirethatthematerials,ofwhichthosefactsconsist,shouldbedetailedinthepleadings.25Andifthefactsandcir-cumstanceswhichconstituteagroundofreliefbestated,thesemaybeproved,althoughthegroundofreliefbenotdesignatedintechnicallanguage.2618Ibid.19Code,§2910.20HillV,Walker,6Cold.,429;Hardeman.v.Burge,10Yerg.,202;Smithv.St.LouisIns.Co.,2Tenn.Ch.,602;Bankv.Jefferson,8Pick.,537,citingtheabovesection;NicholsV.Cecil,22Pick.,455;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,837,note.See,ante,§452,note2.21ThissubjectwillbefoundfullyconsideredintheChaptersonBillsandAnswers;andthereasonoftheruletheregiven,requiringpartiestoallegeintheirpleadingseverymattertheyexpecttoprove.Ante,§§140-142;358.TheveryobjectofpleadingistoinformtheCourtofwhatthechargesandthedefencesare;andtonotifytheoppositesidewhatfactshemustmeet.221Dan.Ch.Pr.,853.Sappingtonv.Ruther-
ford,3Hay.,271.Insuchcases,theCourtwill,sometimes,allowthepleadingstobeamended,soastoletintheproof.SeeArticleonAmendments.23But,ifthecomplainantsetsupmatters"inavoidanceofananticipateddefence,andsuchde-fenseismade,then,astosuchmatters,theburdenofproofisonthecomplainant.JenkinsV.DeWar,4Gates,684;Grossv.Disney,11Pick.,592;Sullyv.Childress,22Pick.,109.See,ante,%147.241Dan.Ch.Pr.,853.251Dan.Ch.Pr.,855.26Weatherheadv.Boyers,7Yerg.,545;Barteev.Tompkins,4Sneed,624;Cunninghamv.Wood,4Hum.,417;Coxv.Waggoner,5Sneed,543.In-deed,itisalwayssafepleadingtosetoutthefactsonwhichthepleaderrelies,whetherthepleadingbeabill,aplea,orananswer.'

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§458PLEADINGSWHENEVIDENCE.374
AKTICLBIII.PLEADINGSWHENEVIDENCE.458.AdmissionsintheBill.459.AdmissionsintheAnswer.460.AnswerWhenEvidencefortheDe-fendant.
§461.AnswerWhenNotEvidencefortheDefendant.§462.WhentheBillisEvidenceinBehalfoftheComplainant.§458.AdmissionsintheBill.—Thefacts,positivelyanddirectlyallegedinthebill,areinthenatureofadmissionsbythecomplainant;andthedefendantmayusethemassuchatthehearing.Whethersuchallegationsaretrue,ornot,isimmaterial,theybeingputforthastrueareofthenatureofjudicialadmissions,forthepurposesofthatparticulartrial.If,however,anamendedbillhasbeenfiledcorrecting,orchanging,anyofthefactsallegedintheorigi-nalbill,theoriginalbillcannotbereadagainstthecomplainant,insofar.asithasbeenchanged,orcorrected,bytheamendedbill.1Wheredamagingadmis-sionsareinadvertentlymadeinabill,especiallyinabillnotrequiredtobeswornto,theCourtwill,onproperapplication,allowthebilltobesoamendedastoomit,oravoid,orexplain,theinjuriousadmission.§459.AdmissionsintheAnswer.—Alladmissionsinananswer,whethertheanswerisunderoathornot,areconclusiveagainstthedefendant;andmaybereadagainsthimasevidenceatthehearing,2whetherthefactsadmittedareonhisownpersonalknowledge,ormerelyoninformationandbelief.Whatade-fendantstatesinhisanswer,oninformationonly,willnotbedeemedanadmis-sion;butifheanswersthathe"believes,"oris"informedandbelieves,"thatthefactisso,thiswillbedeemedasufficientadmissionofthefact,intheab-senceofqualifyingorcontraryclauses;for,thegeneralruleis,thatwhatthedefendantbelievestheCourtwillbelieve.3Theanswerofonedefendantcannotbereadagainstaco-defendant,unlesssuchco-defendantclaimsthroughhimwhoseanswerisproposedtoberead,orisapartner,orjointlyinterestedinthetransactioninquestion,ortheyareotherwiseidentifiedininterest;or,unlesstheanswerisadopted,inwholeorinpart,bythedefendantagainstwhomitisread.4§460.TheAnswerwhenEvidencefortheDefendant.—Whenthecomplain-antmakesthedefendantawitness,bycallingforhisansweronoath,suchanswerisnotonlyevidenceinfavorofthecomplainantinsofarasitadmitstheallegationsofthebill,butitis,also,evidenceinfavorofthedefendant,insofarasitdirectlyandpositivelydeniessuchallegations,orisotherwisere-sponsivetothebill.Thegeneralruleis,thatsuchananswerisevidenceinsofarasitisdirectlyresponsive5totheallegationsandchargesmadeinthebill;andifitdirectlyandpositivelydeniesthematerialallegationsandchargesofthecomplainant,hisbillmustbedismissed;unlesshecanovercometheanswer,
13Greenl.Ev.,§275;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,838.21Dan.Ch.Pr.,837,note;846,note;WilsonV.Waters,24Pick.,398.33Greenl.Ev.,§282;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,840.43Greenl.Ev.,§283;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,841;Turnerv.Collier,4Heisk.,95.ButseeSawyersv.Sawyers,22Pick.,597,whichholdsthatthean-swerofonedefendantcannotbereadagainstaco-defendantclaimingunderhimwhenhehadtrans-ferredthepropertyorinterestbeforehefiledhisanswer.5Thetestoftheresponsivenessofanansweris;Wastheresponseonedirectlycalledforbythebill.Ifso,itisresponsive;ifnotso,itisnotresponsive.
Ifthebillpropoundsaninterrogatory,ormakesacharge,andcallsonthedefendanttoanswerit,iftheanswergivethepreciseinformationcalledfor,inwhole,orinpart,ordirectlyandpositivelyad-mitsordeniesthecharge,itisresponsive.If_theansweris,ineffect,"yes,but;"or"no,_but,"itisresponsiveinsofarasitadmits,ordenies,butnotresponsiveastothe"buts,"excuses,explanations,andavoidances,thesenothavingbeencalledfor.Thecomplainantmusttakewhathecalledfor,butcannotbecompelledtotakewhathedidnotcallfor.Thedefendantmustmakeouthispartofthesuitforhimself.

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575 PLEADINGSWHENEVIDENCE.§461(1)bythetestimonyoftwowitnessestothesubstantialfacts,or(2)byonewit-nessandcorroboratingcircumstances,or(3)bycircumstancesofgreaterweightthantheevidenceofonewitness;or(4)bydocumentaryevidenceofgreaterweightthanonewitness.6Thesecorroboratingcircumstancesmaybefoundintheansweritself,orintheevidenceinthecause,thecorroborationrequisitebeingonlysomuchasmaybenecessarytoproduceaclearpreponder-anceofproofinfavorofthecomplainant.7Whenissuesaresubmittedtoajury,aswornanswer.maybereadasevidenceonbehalfofthedefendant;inwhichcaseitwillbegiventhesameweightitwouldbeentitledtoiftheissuesoffactweresubmittedtothedecisionoftheChancellor.8TheWeightofaSwornAnswer,asEvidence,isascertainedbythesamerulesasareapplicabletoadeposition,asevidence;andifitcontainelementsthatim-pair,ordestroy,itseffectascredibletestimony,itmaybeovercomebyonewit-ness.Therule,thataswornanswerisequaltoonecrediblewitness,doesnotprevail
:
1.Wheretheanswermakesnewaverments,orbringsforwardmattersinavoidance,ordischarge.92.Wheretheanswerisunreasonable,orcontradictoryinitself,orsetsforthcircumstancescorroborativeofthebill.103.Wheretheanswerisnotdirect,positiveandunequivocalinitsdenials,orexplanations.114.Wheretheanswerisoninformationandbelief.125.Wheretheansweritselfshows,oritisapparentfromthedefendant'ssit-uation,orcondition,that,thoughtheanswerispositive,heswearstomattersofwhichhecouldnothavepersonalknowledge.13Buttheweightoftheanswerasevidenceforthedefendantisnottobeles-senedbecauseheisaninterestedparty;14norcanthecomplainantassailthecharacterofthedefendantinordertoweakentheeffectofhisanswer.15§461.TheAnswerwhenNotEvidencefortheDefendant.—Therulethatananswerisevidenceforthedefendanthasseveralexceptions,besidesthosere-ferredtointheprecedingsection,themostimportantofwhicharethefol-lowing:
1.WhentheOathoftheDefendantisWaivedbythecomplainantinhisbill,theanswerisentitledtonomoreweightthanthebillasevidence.Insuchacase,theanswermerelymakesanissue.162.AnswerofaCorporationmerelycreatesanissue,evenwhensworntobyoneofitsofficers.173.AnswerinaDivorceSuit,thoughswornto,merelycreatesanissue,18bothbyoperationofthestatute,andbecauseofthefactthatthebill,also,isre-quiredtobeunderoath.4.WhenevertheLawRequiresaBilltobeSwornto,asincaseofaninjunction
63Greenl.Ev.,§§289;354;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,844-848,notes;Overtonv.Bigelow,3Yerg.,517;BogardV.McClung,11Heisk.,113;BakerV.Bar-field,4Hum.,514;Smithv.Kincaid,10Hum.,73.7Rainesv.Jones,4Hum.,490.Theanswerofthedefendantmaybeovercomebyonewitness,andanycircumstanceswhichmayturnthebalance.Thecorroborationmay_beveryslight,forthedefendantisaninterestedwitness.Gres.Eq.Ev.,4-5.8Pearcev.Suggs.1Pick.,724.9Alexanderv.Wallace,10Yerg.,105;DavisV.Clayton,5Hum.,446.Insuchcases,theburdenofproofrestsonthedefendant:butifthemattersinavoidanceareadirectandproperresponsetothechargesorinterrogatoriesinthebill,thenthean-swerisevidenceofthosematters.Beechv.Haynes,1Tenn.Ch.,570;GassV.Simpson,4Cold.,288;WalterV.McNabb,1Heisk.,703.Thisruledoesnotapplywheretheansweradmitsthecontractsuedon,butinsistsitcontainedothermaterialpro-vicinncTtf^linlahifV,.i*lOOP;„t-ASt,..'4-,*..,*+!,«
10Brownv.Brown,10Yerg.,84;Rainesv.Tones,4Hum.,490;Smithv.Kincaid,10Hum.,73.liRheav.Allison,3Head,179.12Anansweroninformationandbeliefsimplymakesanissue,andmaybeovercomebyasinglewitness.McKissickv.Martin,12Heisk.,313;Wilkesv.May,3Head,175.SeeArticleonAffi-davits,post,§788.13Boydv.Reed,6Heisk.,631.Onthegeneralquestion,whenonewitnesswilloverturnaswornanswer,seeSto.Eq.PL,§849a,note;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,845-846,notes;3Greenl.Ev.,§289.143Greenl.Ev.,§284.151Dan.Ch.Pr.,845,note;Murrayv.Johnson,1Head,354.ieCode,§4317;Lindsleyv.James,3Cold.,487;Dunlapv.Haynes,4Heisk.,479;Overtonv.Holin-shade,5Heisk.,683.17VanWyckv.Norvell,2Hum.,192;Smithv.St.LouisM.L.Ins.Co.,2Tenn.Ch.,600.'

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§462PEEADINGSWHENEVIDENCE.376bill,thenaswornanswertheretomerelycreatesanissue,andonecrediblewitnesswillbesufficienttooverturnthedenialsintheanswer.195.AnswerofanInfant,orofaPersonofUnsoundMind,thoughcalledforoiloathandswornto,cannotbereadasevidenceagainstthem.Theanswersofinfants,andpersonsofunsoundmind,aregenerallyframedandsworntobytheirregularguardians,ortheirguardiansadlitem;andtheCourtwillnotholdthemboundbyanyadmissionssuchguardiansmaymake,andwilloftenorderdamagingadmissionstobestrickenoutoftheiranswers.Asarule,theanswerofaninfant,ornoncompos,merelymakesanissueoffactoneverymaterialalle-gationofthebillaffectingsuchdefendant.20Theanswerofamarriedwoman,however,maybereadagainsther,ifsheisnotaninfant,orofunsoundmind.216.WhentheAnswerSetsupMatterinAvoidanceitisnotevidenceforthede-fendant,astosuchmatter,becauseheisnotawitness,exceptinsofarasheisrequiredtoanswer."When,therefore,hesetsforthinhisanswermattersinavoidance,orothermattersnotreferredtointhebill,tothatextenthisanswerisnotresponsive,andnot,therefore,adeposition,butamerepleading.22Hence,mattersinavoidancesetupinananswermustbeprovedbythedefendant;and,ifhefailtoprovethem,thecomplainantwillbeentitledtoadecree.237.WhenanAnswerRequiredtobeonOathisnotproperlysworntoitonlymakesanissue.248.WhenaComplainantAnswersthePetitionofaninterveningcreditor,hisanswermerelymakesanissue.25§462.WhentheBillisEvidenceinBehalfoftheComplainant.—Ordinarily,abillisamerepleading,but,whenitisrequiredbystatute,orthepracticeoftheCourt,tobeswornto,itpartakesofthenatureofanaffidavit,andhasaprobativecharacter.Thusaswornbill,withproperallegations,willjustifyawritofinjunction,attachment,neexeatorreplevin,ortheappointmentofareceiver,oradministrator,orguardianadlitem,orapublicationtobringthedefendantbeforetheCourt,thebillinsucheasebeingregardedbothasapleadingandanaffidavit.Ordinarily,abillwhenfullymetbyaswornanswermustbeovercomebytwowitnesses,orbyonewitnessandcorroboratingcircumstances,26fortheswornanswerhastheforceofadeposition.Butifthebillisonerequiredtoheswornto,andisswornto,italso,hastheforceofadeposition,andthusneutralizestheprobativeforceoftheanswer:27itiswitnessagainstwitness."Whilethisisgenerallytrue,neverthelessiftheswornbillbeweakandindefi-nite,orgeneral,initsallegations,oritsallegationsbesworntooninformationandbelief,andespeciallyifsworntobysomeonenotappearingtoknowthefacts,itsprobativeforceisgreatlyimpaired.28Andsowiththeanswer.29If,ontheotherhand,aswornbillbefull,clearandemphatic,andtheswornan-
19Thereasonofthisrulewouldseemtoincludebillsforattachments,neexeats,andtheappoint-mentofreceivers,aswellasincaseofbillsforinjunctions.Nevertheless,ithasnotbeensoex-presslyadjudged.Thedecisionsallrefertoinjunc-tionbills.Thereasonofthisruleis,thatwherebothbillandanswerareswornto,theoathofthecomplainantneutralizestheoathofthedefendant.Searcyv.Pannell,Cooke,110;McLard-v.Linn-ville,10Hum.,163;Boydv.Reed,6Heisk.,631;TrabueV.Turner,10Heisk.,447;Montgomeryv.Rich.,3Tenn.Ch.,664.Itseems,however,thatifabillrequiredtobeunderoath,isnotbaseduponthepersonalknowledgeofthecomplainant,bxltmerelyuponinformationandbelief,andtheanswerisdirectandpositive,andonthepersonalknowledgeofthedefendant,onewitnessonlywillnotover-comesuchananswer.SpurlockV.Fulkes,1Swan,289.Thereportofthiscasecontainsseveralmis-prints.Thesentencereferredto(pp.290-291)shouldread:"True,thebillwasswornto,but***notuponthepersonalknowledgeofthecom-plainant,"etc.Seesyllabusofthecase.Thecom-plainantwasdefendantintheCircuitCourt.The
word"resumed,"nearthecloseoftheopinion,shouldbe"received"Carrickv.Prater,10Hum.,270.201Dan.Ch.Pr.,169;177;178;841.211Dan.Ch.Pr.,185.223Greenl.Ev.,290;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,845,note.233Greenl.Ev.,290;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,844-846,notes;Napierv.Elam,6Yerg.,108;Beech«.Haynes,1Tenn.Ch.,569;Davisv.Clayton,5Hum.,446.24Chesterv.Canfield,25Shan.Cas.,309.Butsee5Paige,(N.Y.)654,construingasimilarstatute.25IrvineV.Dean,9Pick.,346.26Ante,§460.2TSearcyv.Pannell,Cooke,110;McKissick».Martin,12Heisk.,311;CarrickV.Prater,10Hum.,270;MontgomeryV.Rich.,3Tenn.,Chy.,664;Mc-Lardv.Linnville,10Hum.,163.See,also,§460,note19.28Toppv.White,12Heisk.,201;McKissickv.Martin,12Heisk.,311;Wilkinsv.May,3Head,173.See,also,§§142;838;851-852.29Ante,§460.

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377 WHENPROOFMUSTBEFILED.§463swerweak,indefinteorgeneral,theprobativeforceofsuchananswerissoweakthatveryslightcorroborationofthebillwilljustifyadecree.30Or,ifaswornanswerbefull,clearandresponsive,andtheswornbillweak,indefinite,andgeneral,onewitnessinbehalfofthebillwillnotjustifyadecree,unlessheiscorroborated.31Therelativeprobativeforceofbillsandanswersisnotonlyoftendecisiveatthehearingonthemerits,butoftendecisive,also,indeterminingmotionstograntordissolveinjunctions,andtoappointreceivers.
ARTICLEIV.WHENPROOFMUSTBEFILED.467.WhenDocumentsWillbeOrderedtobeProduced.468.WhenandHowExhibitsMustbeProved.
§463.StepsPreliminarytotheTakingofProof.§464.WhenaCauseisatIssue.§465.TheTimeAllowedforTakingProof.§466.WhenDocumentaryEvidenceMustbeFiled.§463.StepsPreliminarytotheTakingofProof.—Assoonastheissueoffactismade,eachpartyshouldnarrowlyscrutinizethepleadingsinordertoascertain(1)exactlywhatmattersareinissue,and(2)onwhomtheburdenofproofrests,and(3)inwhatevent,andhow,suchburdenmaybecastupontheotherside.Thepartiesmustconsidernotonlywhatmustbeprovedbyeachofthem,respectively,but,also,howtheproofistobemade.Thecomplainantshouldconsiderwhetherhecanrisksettingthecauseforhearing,onbillandanswer;orwhetherhehadbetterexcepttotheanswer,forinsufficiency:ifhehaveaproconfessoheshouldconsiderwhethersuchproconfessoisaconfessionofthebill,oronlymakesanissueoffact.Thedefendantshouldrememberthatifhisdefenceisinavoidance,thebur-denofproofrestsuponhim,andnotuponthecomplainant.Allpartiesshouldbediligentingettingintheirevidence,andkeepinmindthatthecausestandsforhearingatthefirsttermafteranswerfiled.§464.WhenaCauseisatIssue.—Acauseisatissueforthetakingofproofwheneverapleaoranswerhasbeenfiledtothebillbyallofthedefendants,oraproconfessohasbeenenteredagainstthosenotpleadingoranswering,andareplicationhasbeenfiledtothepleaincaseapleaisfiled,ortwentydayshaveelapsedsinceanswerfiled.Theissueusuallyconsistsofanallegationofafactorfactsbyonepartyandadenialofsuchallegationorallegationsbytheotherparty.Theallegationoffactsisusuallymadebythecomplainant,andthedenialbythedefendant;butthisisnotalwaysso;theallegationuponwhichtheissueismadeissometimesmadebythedefendant,andthedenialissome-timesmadebythelaw.1Thus,1,Thedefendantmay,inhisanswer,confessthematerialallegationsinthebill,andsetupnewaffirmativemattersinavoid-ance,inwhichcasethelawmakesanissuebyinterposingadenialofthesenewmatters,andrequiringthedefendanttoestablishthembyproof;2,Thedefend-antmay,andoftendoes,answerwithoutdenyingallthematerialfactsallegedinthebill,inwhichcase,unlessthecomplainantexcepttotheanswerforin-sufficiency,thelawinterposesadenial,andrequiresthecomplainanttoprove30Rheav.Allison,3Head,179;Coxv.Wag-goner,5Sneed,544.31Carrickv.Prater,10Hum.,270.lFormerly,areplicationtotheanswerwasneces-sarytoputacauseatissueintheChanceryCourt,
theissueisregardedasmadeinthesamewayasifareplicationhadbeenfiled,unlessthecauseissetforhearingexpresslyonbillandanswer.Thestatute,propriovigore,operatesasareplicationfiledattheendofthetime_allowedforputtinginexcep-

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§464 WHENPROOFMUSTBEFILED.37gwhatisneitheradmitted,nordenied,-intheanswer;3,Whereapleaisfiledandthecomplainant,withoutfilingareplication,takesproofastoitstruthful-ness,oracquiescesinthetakingofproofbythedefendantastothetruthofhisplea,insuchacase,theCourtwillconsiderthepleaashavingbeendeniedandasbeingatissue,andwillallowareplicationtobefiledasofadatepriortothetakingoftheproof,orwillconsidersuchareplicationasfiled;2and4Inthosecases,whereaproconfessoisnotdeemedaconfession,thelawmakesitequivalenttoadenialofalltheallegationsofthebill.3Itwillthusbeseenthatanissue,forthepurposeoftakingproof,isordinarilymadeeither(1)bythefilingofareplicationtoaplea;or,(2)byananswer-or,(3)byanorderproconfessoforwantofaplea,oranswer.Thefilingofex-ceptionstoananswerforinsufficiencydoesnotpreventthetakingofproof;andforallpurposesoftakingproof,orotherwisepreparingforahearing,acausebecomesatissueassoonasananswerisfiled,whethertheanswerbeexceptedtoornot.4Thecomplainant'sSolicitorisallowedtwentydays,afternoticeofthefilingoftheanswer,toputinexceptionstotheanswerforinsufficiency;ortosetthecauseforhearingonbillandanswer.Ifhefailtoexcept,ortosetthecauseiorhearingonbillandanswer,withinthattime,thecausebecomesatissue.5Ifthecomplainantputinexceptionstotheanswer,variousstepsaretakeninconsequencethatresultintheanswerbeingadjudgedsufficientorinsufficient
;
ifadjudgedsufficient,thecausebecomesatissueuponsuchadjudicationbeingmade;if,however,theanswerbeadjudgedinsufficient,thecausedoesnotbecomeatissueuntilasufficientanswerhasbeenfiled.6Hence,therulemaybestatedtobe,thatacauseisatissue,afteranswerfiled,forthepurposesofahearing(1)attheendoftwentydaysaftercomplainant'sSolicitorreceivesnoticeofthefilingoftheanswer,unless1withinthattimeheexceptstotheanswer;and(2)ifheexcepts,thenthecauseisatissueforthepurposesofahearingwhenevertheexceptionsarefinallydisallowed;or(3)iftheexceptionsareallowed,thenthecauseisatissue,andstandsfortrialwheneverasufficientanswerisfiled.7Aproconfessomakesanissueasagainstalldefendantswhoare(1)infants,(2)personsofunsoundmind,(3)executors,(4)administrators,(5)defendantstodivorcebills,(6)defendantstobillswithoutattachmentofpropertywhoarenon-residents,and(7)defendantswhosenamesandresidencesareun-known;theissueinallsuchcasesbeingthesameasthoughtheallegationsofthebillhad'beendeniedbyananswernotswornto.8Acauseis,also,atissueforthepurposesoftakingproof,andalsoofahearing,atthereturntermoftheprocessonwhichaproconfessoistakenagainstadefendantforfailuretomakedefences,whendulybroughtintoCourt(1)byserviceofsubpoena,or(2)bypublication,or(3)byattachmentandpublication.Inallothercaseswhereaproconfessoistaken,thecausestandsforhearingatthenexttermafterthebillistakenforconfessed.9Iftimeisgrantedadefendanttoplead,oranswer,"soasnottodelay,"suchagranthasthesameeffectasthoughapleaoranswerwasthenfiled;andthecauseisthenatissueforallthepurposesoftakingandfilingproof.Whenacauseissetdownbythecomplainantforhearingonbillandanswer,itisnotdeemedatissueforthepurposeoftakingproof;butthecomplainant,bysuchact,isdeemedtoadmiteverythingallegedintheanswer,andtoacqui-esceinthetruthofthedefendant'sdenials,thusrenderingthetakingofproofwhollyunnecessary.1021Dan.Ch.Pr.,834;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,252.3Code,§§4371;4373.iCode,§4406;Ch.Rule,I,§6,post,§1190.Code,§4457,datestherightofthedefendanttotakeprooffromthefilingofasufficientanswer;butthissectionisimpliedlyrepealedbytheChan-ceryRules.Seethe1stsectionoftheActof1871,ch.97,post,§1189.
5Code,§§4322;4328;4401;4430;4432.6Theprocedureonexceptionstoanswershasheretoforebeenstated.Ante,§§420-424.7Code,§§4328;4401;4403;4432.8Code,§§4371;4373.9Code,§§4369-4370;3524-3528.10See,ante,§439.

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379 WHENPROOFMUSTBEFILED.§465§465.TheTimeAllowedforTakingProof.—Allproofinchiefmustbetakenwithinfourmonths,andallrebuttingproofwithinsixmonths,afterthecausebecomesatissue.11Ifanorderismadegivingthedefendanttimetopleadoranswer,"soasnottodelay/'thetimefortakingproofwillbegintorunfromthedateoftheorder.TheChancellor,orMaster,may,however,ex-tendthetimefortakingproofbyeitherparty,uponsufficientcauseshownbyaffidavit,anduponterms.12Proofinchief,inthemeaningoftheChanceryrule,isproofthattendstoestablishtheaffirmativeallegationsoftheplead-ings;13andrebuttingproofisproofthattendstorefutetheseallegations,orthatassailstheevidence,orwitnesses,oftheotherparty.Proofofmattersinavoidanceisproofinchief.Rebuttingproofmaybetakenatanytimewithinthesixmonthsafterthetimefortakingproofbeginstorun;butproofinchief,whetherbythecomplainantorthedefendant,mustbetakenwithinthefourmonths.14§466.WhenDocumentaryEvidenceMustbeFiled.—TheChanceryRulerequiringeachpartytotakehisproofinchiefwithinfourmonths,andhisre-buttingproofwithintwomonths,doesnotapplytodocumentaryevidence,15butisconfinedtodepositions.Thisisshownbythefollowingconsiderations
:
1.Theexpression"takeproof,"intheRule,isapplicableexclusivelytotakingdepositions,andnottofilingdocumentaryevidence.Documentaryevidenceisnot"taken."2.TheCodeandtheChanceryRulesbothprovideforexceptionstodepositions,becausenotfiledinreasonabletime;16butdonotprovideforexceptionstodocumentaryevidence,onanysuchground.3.Exhibitstobillsandanswersmaybeprovidedbywitnessesatthehearing.17Suchexhibitsarealwaysdocumentary.4.Documentaryevidenceconsistsordinarilyofnotes,bonds,deeds,wills,records,books,andotherwritings,andtheseareoften(1)oftoomuchvaluetosuffertherisksandhazardsofaCourtfile;and(2)theyaregenerallywellknowntotheoppositeside,and(3)theyareoftenmunimentsoftitle,orchosesinaction,andareconsequentlyprivateproperty,andnotpropermatterstobefiledinCourtafterthemannerofdepositions,andforthesereasonsmayberetainedbythepartybyspecialorderoftheChancellor,orMaster.185.TheChanceryrulesof1830,andof1858,alloweddeeds,trans-nCh.Rule,II,§4,says:"Afteracauseissetforhearing,thesameshallbeopentobothpartiesforproof,withoutleaveoftheCourt."Acauseis"setforhearing"assoonasitisatissue.Code,§4431.Astowhenacauseisatissue,see,ante,§464.Astowhendocumentaryevidencemustbefiled,seethenextsection.Thestatutedoesnotgivethepartiessixmonthsinwhichtotakeproof,butmakessixmonthsthemaximumlimit,andallowsthecasetobetriedatanytimeafteritisatissue.Ratherv.Williams,10Pick.,543,citingtheabovesection,then§463.Harrisv.Bogle,7Cates,701.See,post,§1191.Onacontinuanceeachpartyhasonlytheremainderofthefourandtwomonthsinwhichtotakehisproof,unlesshistimebeextendedbytheCourt,theChancellorortheMaster,aselsewhereshown,orbyconsentoftheotherparty.TheobjectofChanceryRule,II,§4,post,§1191,wastoensureatrialatthesecondtermafterthebringingofthesuit;andtogivearightoftrialatthefirstterm,iftheanswerhasbeenfiledintimetotaketherequisiteproof,especiallyifsuchproofisdocumentary,orinanarrowcompass.Thestat-utorytimefortakingproofisample,andtheChan-cellorshouldvigorouslyenforcethelimitprescribed.The69thruleoftheUnitedStatesEquityCourtsprovidesthatthreemonths,andnomore,shallbeallowedforthetakingoftestimony,afterthecauseisatissue;unlesstheCourt,oraJudgethereof,shall,uponspecialcause,shownbyeitherparty,emlargethetime;andnotestimony,takenaftersuchperiodshallbeallowedtobereadinevidenceatthehearing.InEngland,theevidenceinchief,onbothsides,mustbeclosedwithineightweeksafter
ofTennesseeshouldkeepabreastofthetimes;and,inthesedaysofrailroads,telephonesandtelegraphs,Courtbusinessshouldnotbeconductedonaslow-coachschedule.SeeWoodv.Frazier,2Pick.,508.12Ch.Rule,II,§4;ante,§62,sub-sec.8.Theaffidavitshouldbespecial;andshouldnotonlyshowagoodexcusefornottakingtheproofwithinthelimitallowed,butshould,also,givethenamesofthewitnessessoughttobeexamined,andspecifythefactseachisexpectedtoprove.Theorderex-tendingthetimeshoulddesignatethewitnessesal-lowedtobeexamined,andshouldoneratethepartyapplyingwiththecostsofalltheproofthereaftertaken,bothbyhimandtheoppositeparty.Thisruleastocostsshouldneverberelaxed,exceptincaseswherethefailuretotaketheproofintimewascausedbysomeactoftheoppositeparty,orbysomeaccidentormistakeoftheapplicant,unmixedwithnegligenceonhispart.Thefactthattheevidenceoftheotherpartywas
,filedatthelastmomentallowedforsodoingisnogroundforenlargingthetimefortakingevidenceinchief,ifitisconfinedtomattersdistinctlyputinissuebythepleadings.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,890.18Proofin.chiefisproofnecessarytoproducearesultcontrarytowhatwouldbethedecreeifnoproofatallwereintroduced.14Whenabilloranswerisallowedtobeamendedsoastoraiseanewissueoffact,additionaltimemaybeallowedtotakeproofonsuchissue.Stullv.Goode,10Heisk.,58.15Documentaryevidence,inpractice,isdeemedtocompriseallwrittenevidence.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1820,note.See,post,§468.16Code,§3868;Ch.Rule,II,§5;§1191,post.17Code,§4458.

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§467WHENPROOFMUSTBEFILED.380scriptsofrecords,orotherwrittendocuments,tobefiledatanytimebeforethecausewasheard.196.UnderthegeneralrulesofChancerypractice,documen-taryevidencemaybefiled,andtheexecutionofwritingsproved,atthehearing,andafterthetakingofevidencehasbeenclosed.20When,however,documentsandpapersareexhibitedtopleadings,ordepo-sitions,theymustbefiledintheMaster'sofficeatthetimethepleadingorde-position,isfiled,unless,byspecialorderoftheChancellor,orMaster,itisother-wiseordered.Incaseofsuchanorder,thepartyofferingthedocumentsmayretainthemuntilthehearing,unlessrequiredbytheChancellor,orMaster,tofilethemsooner.21§467.WhenDocumentswillbeOrderedtobeProduced.—TheChanceryCourthasinherentauthoritytoorderapartytoproducedocuments22inhispossession,orcontrol,provided(1)headmitsthatthedocumentsareinhispossession,orcontrol;and(2)itsatisfactorilyappearsthattheirproductionisnecessary,toenablethepartydemandingtheirproductiontomakeouthiscase.23Thisorderisusuallymadeonthedefendant,inwhichcaseitisbasedonanadmissioninhisanswer,orinhisdeposition;butitmay,also,bemadeonthecomplainant,ifheadmitsinapleading,orinadeposition,thathehasinhiscustody,orcontrol,adocumentnecessarytothedefendant'scase.Ifthecomplainant,however,hasdocumentswhoseproductionisvaluabletothedefendant,thelattermayfileacrossbill,andprayadiscovery;24orhemayfileinterrogatoriesunderthestatute.25TheCourt,however,initsgeneraldis-positiontoaidindiscoveringallfactsmaterialtothecontroversy,26will,onmotionofeitherparty,compeltheotherpartytoproduceanydocumentadmit-ted,orproved,tobeinhispossession,andmaterialtothepartyseekingitsproduction.TheCourtwillnot,however,compeltheproductionofadocumentwhensuchproductionwouldviolateprofessionalconfidence,orwouldtendtosubjectthepartyhavingittoacriminalcharge,ortoapenalty,orforfeiture.Insuchcases,however,thepartyobjectingtoanorderofproduction,onanyofthesegrounds,mustdistinctlyswearthathebelievesthedocumenttobeprivileged,orthatitsproductionwouldtendtocriminatehim,orexposehimtoapenalty,ortoaforfeiture.27Anorderfortheproductionofdocumentsisenforcedbyattachmentforcon-tempt,whichwillissueonproofofserviceoftheordertoproduce,andoffailuretoproduceasrequiredbysuchorder.28Or,whennecessary,theCourtmayappointsequestrators,andorderthemtoseizethedocumentsrequiredtobeproduced.29ThedocumentmustbeproducedintheClerk'soffice,andfiledwithhim;30andifanypartofthedocumentisprivilegedfromproduction,theChancellorwill,uponproperaffidavitofthefact,allowthepartyorderedtoproduce,tosealupsuchprivilegedpart.31Documentsnotinthepossessionofapartytothesuitmaybeobtained,ortheirproductionenforced,byasubpcenaducestecum.Ifthissubpoenaisnotobeyed,thepersonuponwhomitisservedmaybeattachedandpunishedforcontempt,onproofthatthedocumentisinhispossession.32
ieCooke,448;456.201Dan.Ch.Pr.,881-883.SeeWoodV.Neeley,7Bax.,590.21Ibid.Whereeitherpartyhas,inhispleading,notifiedtheotherthathewill,atthehearing,readcertaindeeds,contracts,decrees,orotherdocu-mentaryevidence,referredtoinhispleading,butnotexhibited,suchevidenceneednotbefileduntilthehearing.Iftheoppositepartydesiressuchdoc-umentaryevidencefiledearlier,hemustobtainanordertothateffectfromtheChancellor,orMaster.22Theword"documents"comprisesallwritten,orprinted,evidence.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1820,note.23CliftV.Clift,3Pick.,21:
243Greenl.Ev.,§302;LewisV.Brooks,6Yerg.,184.25Post,§§483-485.26Aninspectionofanoriginaldocumentisoftennecessarywhenitsauthenticityorvalidityisinques-tion.SeeWalkerv.Walker,6Cold.,573.272Dan.Ch.Pr.,1833-1835;3Greenl.Ev.,§300.282Dan.Ch.Pr.,1839.•202Dan.Ch.Pr.,1056.SO2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1836.siThisaffidavitisconclusive.2Dan.Ch.fr.,1824.323Greenl.Ev.,§305.

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381 WHENPROOFMUSTBEFILED.§468ORDERTOPRODUCEADOCUMENT.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe.Inthiscause,onmotionofthecomplainant,supportedbytheavermentsofhisbill[orbyaffidavit,orbythedepositionofE.F.,filedinthecause,orbyadmissionsintheanswer,]itisorderedbytheCourtthatcomplainantinperson,orbyhisSolicitor,havetherighttoinspect,andtakeacopyofthedocumentreferredtointhebill[orinsaidaffidavit,ordeposition]asthewillofG.H.[or,theletter,deed,contract,orotherwrittenorprinteddocument,describingit,]intheofficeoftheClerkandMasterofthisCourtonthe1stdayofApril,190S,andfortendaysthereafter;and,ifthecomplainantsodesiretheClerkandMasterwillcertifyinwritingthereonthatsuchcopyiscorrect.[Incaseitisdesiredtoinspectabookorotherlargedocument,eitherprintedorwritten,andmakeacopyofonlyapartthereof,theordershouldgiveleavetomakeacopyofsomuchthereofascomplainantmaydesire,givingthedefendanttherighttoAlethewholebook,orotherdocument,shouldhesodesire.]Andthedefendantisorderedtodeliversaidwill,[orotherpaper,namingit.]totheClerkandMasteronorbeforesaiddateforsuchinspectionandcopy.§468.WhenandHowExhibitsMustbeProved.—Exhibitscompriseallwritings,printings,andotherthings,33(1)exhibited,orannexed,toabill,an-swer,petition,affidavit,report,depositionorotherpaper,filedinacause,or(2)provedinacausewhennotexhibited,orannexed,toanypleadingorotherpaper.1.ExhibitstoPleadingsMaybeProved(1)byaffidavits,filedwiththeex-hibitsintheClerk'sofficeatanytimebeforethehearing;or(2)bywitnesses,atthehearing.34Ordinarily,noexhibitcanbeprovedatthehearingbywitnesses,ifitrequiresmoreevidencethanthemereproofofitsexecution,orofhand-writing,tosub-stantiateit.Iftheauthenticityoftheexhibitisquestioned,andacross-exam-inationbecomesnecessary,itcannotbeprovedvivavoceatthehearing.Theexaminationsofthewitnessesisrestricted,atthehearing,ordinarilytothreeorfourverysimplepoints,suchas(1)thecustodyandidentityofanancientdocumentproducedbyitscustodian,(2)theaccuracyofanofficecopybytheproperofficer,(3)theexecutionofadeed,orotherwriting,bytheattestingwitness,and(4)thehand-writingofaletter,receipt,note,orotherwriting.TheCourtmayaskthewitnessquestionssuggestedbyadversecounsel,andalimitedcross-examinationmaybeallowed.35If,however,theCourtshouldseethattheadversepartyissurprisedbytheintroductionofvivavoceevidence,r.ndthatacross-examinationwouldnotbesufficienttoenabletheadversepartytotesttheauthenticity,orgenuineness,ofanexhibit,thehearingofthecauseshouldbesuspended,andproofallowedtobetakenastotheauthenticity,orgenuineness,ofsuchexhibit.2.ExhibitstoDepositionsShouldbeProvedbythewitnessestowhosedeposi-tiontheyareexhibited.Thedepositionsofsubscribingwitnessestodeeds,orotherwritings,shouldbetakenwithsuchinstrumentsannexedthereto.36Thefollowingformisgivenasanillustrationofhowsuchexhibitsareproved
:
AFFIDAVITTOPROVEANEXHIBIT.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe.JohnJones,beingdulysworn,says
:
i.[Whentheexhibitisprovedbyanattestingwitness.]Thathewaspresenton[orabout]thedaythedeed[orotherwriting]nowhereshownhim,marked"A,"andmadeanexhibithereto,wasexecutedbythepartiesthereto;andthathesawRichardRoe[givethenameor
No.30.—IntheChanceryCourt,atBrownsville,Tenn.
33Exhibitsincludenotonlydeeds,wills,chosesinaction,accounts,writtencontractsofallsorts,letters,plats,drawings,plans,models,specifications,maps,books,pamphlets,records,transcripts,andallotherwritten_orprintedmatter;butinclude,also,samplesofthings,andeventhingsthemselves,whenconvenient,forinspection,orasillustrative,orex-
towhichitisappended,orofwhichitisanexhibit.Gres.Eq.Ev.,98,note;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,881-888,notes.34Code,§4458.35Gres.Eq.Ev.,188;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,882-883,ConsequaV.Fanning,2John.Ch.,(N.Y.),481.36Code,§4459.

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§469SUGGESTIONSCONCERNINGPROOF.382namesofthesignersoftheexhibit]sign,[or,heardhimacknowledge,]saiddeed[orotherivriting,]andthattheaffiantsignedhisnametheretoasawitness,attherequestofsaidRichardRoe. ii.[Whentheexhibitisnotprovedbyanattestingwitness.]ThatheiswellacquaintedwiththehandwritingofRichardRoe[thesigneroftheexhibit,]andthatthedeednowhereshownhim[describeit]marked"A,"andmadeanexhibithereto,wassignedbysaidRichardRoe,andthathisnametheretoisintheproperhandwritingofsaidRoe.Affiant,also,saysthatheiswellacquaintedwiththehandwritingofGeorgeRoe,andthatthenameofsaidGeorgeRoesubscribedtosaiddeed,[orotherexhibit,]asanattestingwitness,isintheproperhandwritingofthesaidGeorgeRoe.Andfurtherthisaffiantsaithnot.[Addjurat.] JohnJones.TheMastershouldattachtheexhibittotheaffidavit,andmarkitfiled,givingthedate,andsignhisnametotheendorsementsothattheexhibitmaybefullyidentified.Whenawriting,notexhibitedtoanypleading,ortootherpaperinacause,istoheproved,atthehearingbyawitness,reasonablenoticethereofshouldbegiventheotherparty.ButtheChancellorhasthediscretiontoallowanex-hibittobeprovedvivavoceatthehearing.37
ARTICLEV.PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSCONCERNINGPROOF.469.WhentoBeginTakingProof.470.WhatMustbeProved.471.AstoDocumentaryEvidence.
§472.WhenandWhatAgreementstoMakeinReferencetoProof.§473.DangerofNegligenceandExcessofConfidence,inPreparingProofs.§469.WhentoBeginTakingProof.—Ifyouhaveanywitnesswhosetesti-monyisvital,youshouldtakehisdepositionattheearliestmomentpossible.Ifthewitnessisaged,orinfirm,orgoingoutofthecounty,orState,oristheonlywitnesstoamaterialfact,youmaytakehisdepositionatanytimeafterfilingyourbill,1withoutwaitingforananswer,orplea.Innoeventallowanydelayintakingyourproof,especiallyiftheburdenofproofrestsuponyou.2Manygoodcausesarelostbynegligenceinpreparingacausefortrial;and,ontheotherhand,manydoubtfulcausesarewonbydiligenceandskillintakingtestimony.Keepinmind,thatallproofinchiefmustbetakenwithinfourmonthsafterissuejoined,andallrebuttingproofwithintwomonthsthereafter.§470.WhatMustbeProved.—Agreatdealofunnecessaryproofistakeninalmosteverycontestedsuit.3ThisisgenerallytheresultofpartiesandSolicitorsnotreallyknowingexactlywhatproofisrequisite.Thefirstquestionyouarecalledontodetermineafterthepleahasbeenrepliedto,ortheanswerfiled,is:1.WhataretheMattersReallyinIssue.Toascertainthis,itisnecessarytoexaminethebill,andseewhattheessentialaffirmativeallegationsare,andwhichofthemhavenotbeenadmittedbytheanswer.Nothingadmittedbytheanswerisinissue;buteverymaterialaffirmativeallegationinthebillnotadmittedbytheanswer,andeverymaterialaffirmativeallegation,byway37BarrowV.Rhinelander,1Johns.Ch.,550;ConsequaV.Fanning,2Johns.Ch.,481.1Code,§§3836;3838;4462.See,post,§474.2Ifyouradversaryhasobtainedtimetoamendoranswer,soasnottodelay,thiswillnotpreventyouproceedingtotakeyourproof:youarenotre-
quiredtowaitfortheamendmenttobemade,ortheanswertobefiled,beforebeginningtotakeproof.3Inpreparingforasuitconformyourpleadingtoyourproof,butinpreparingforthetrialconformyourprooftoyourpleading.

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383 SUGGESTIONSCONCERNINGPROOF.§471ofavoidance,intheanswer,isinissue,andmustbeprovedbythepartymakingtheallegations.Thequestionnextinimportancetobedeterminedinpreparingtotakeproof,
2.OnWhichSideReststheBurdenofProof.Ordinarily,theburdenofproofrestsonthecomplainant;but,wheneverthedefendantadmitsthematerialalle-gationsofthebill,andsetsupnewmattersbywayofavoidance,theburdenofprovingthesenewmattersrestsuponhim.4Thegeneralruleis,thatwhich-everpartymakesamaterialaffirmativeallegation,onhimreststheburdenofprovingit,unlessitisadmittedbytheoppositeparty.Thedefendantmustprove:(1)payment;(2)arelease;(3)failure,orillegality,ofconsideration;(4)fraud,whensetuptodefeatthedeed,orcontract,allegedinthebill;(5)aformerjudgment;(6)anewcontractsetupinlieuoftheonesuedon;or(7)anyotheraffirmativematterbyhimsetuptodefeatthecauseofactionallegedbythecomplainant.Defendantsoftenlosewhentheyhavereallygooddefences,becausetheyarenotawarethattheburdenofproofisonthem.3.SomeImportantRulesofEvidence.Thefollowingrulesofevidenceshouldbekeptinmindinthepreparationofproof:1.Thebestevidencepossiblemustbeproduced.2.Theevidencemustbepertinenttothepleadings.3.Nothingisevidenceatthehearingthatisnotonfileinthecause.4.Presumptionsprevailuntilrebuttedbyotherproof.5.FactsknowntotheChancellorasanindividualarenotevidence.6.Hewhoassertsamaterialfactinhispleadingmustproveit,unlessad-mitted.7.Hewhoconfessesamaterialfact,andavoidsit,mustprovethematterinavoidance.8.Apreponderanceofproofprevails.§471.AstoDocumentaryEvidence.—Ifyoufileacopyofanyrecord,orofaregistereddeed,orotherregistered,orrecorded,instrument,seetoitthatitis(1)properlycopied,(2)properlycertified,and(3)properlyendorsedandmarkedfiledinthecause.Notethenamesanddatesinsuchcopiestoseethattheyarecorrect.Remember,youcannotfileacopyofaregistereddeed,orofanyotherinstru-ment,thatshouldbeinyourclient'spossession,unlessyouhaveprovedthattheoriginalhasbeenunintentionallylost,destroyedormislaid,andcannotbefoundondiligentseach.Norcanyouintroduceparolevidenceofthecontentsofawritinginthepossessionoftheotherside,unlessyoushowthatyouhaveservedreasonablenoticeonthepossessortoproducetheoriginal.Thisnoticeshouldbegivenbeforetheparolproofistaken;butifgiveninareasonabletimebeforetheparolproofisreadinevidence,thatwouldbesufficient.5Thisnoticemaybeinthefollowingform
:
NOTICETOPRODUCEDOCUMENTSATTHETAKINGOFPROOE.JohnDoe,1vs.rInChancery,atLoudon.RichardRoe.JTothesaidRichardRoe
:
YouareherebynotifiedtoproducebeforetheMaster,athisoffice,onthe[dayfixedfortakingthedepositions]thefollowingbooksofaccount,[letters,deeds,andpapers,describingthemparticularlysoastoidentifythem,e]orIwillprovetheircontentsbysecondaryevidence. JohnDoe,ByJ.E.Cassady,Solicitor.Thisnoticemaybeaddedtothenoticeofthetakingofthedepositions.4Astotheburdenofproof,see,ante,§§441;443;445.5Noticeshouldbesufficientlylongtoenablethepartytoproducethepaperscalledfor.1Greenl.Ev.,§562.
8Thenoticemustdescribethewritingorinstru-mentdemanded,soastoidentifyit.1(Jreenl.Ev..§562;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,878.

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§472SUGGESTIONSCONCERNINGPROOF.384§472.WhenandWhatAgreementstoMakeinReferencetoProof.—Itfre-quentlyhappensthatthereareimportantfactswhichareindisputablytruesuchasdecreesofCourts,registereddeedsandother-mattersofrecord,datesofwellknownevents,namesofheirsordistributees,contentsofabookorofacorporation'sminutes,andthelike.Inallsuchcases,itisalmostreprehensi-bleforaSolicitortorefusetoagreethatthefactisasheknowsittobe,orashecan,withoutmuchtrouble,ascertainittobe.Oftenadeed,oraCourtrecord,orabookofaccounts,orotherdocument,isneededonlytoshowasim-plefact,ordate:insuchacase,itisagreatsavingofcoststohaveanagree-ment,inwriting,astotheparticularfact,orfacts,containedinsuchdocument,andneededinevidence.Agreementsastoproofshouldbemadeassoonastheneedforthemappears;and,ifpossible,shouldbemadebeforeanyoftheacerbitiesincidenttoalitiga-tionarise.Admissionsandagreementsshouldalwaysbeinwriting,anddulysigned;andtheyshouldbe-clearanddistinct,anddulyentitled,andfiledinthecause.7Ifnotinwriting,theyshouldbeincorporatedinthedecree,ifthedecreeis,toanyextent,basedonthem.8Thepracticeofmakingsuchagreementsisonegreatlytobecommended;and,inconstruingthem,theCourtswillgivethemtheforceandeffectcontemplatedbythepartiesatthetimetheywereexecuted.9Forthepurposeofthesuit,anadmissionmadebycounselisconclusive;andfullauthoritytomakeadmissionsispresumed.Chancellorseagerlylayholdofsuchadmissionsasthebasisoftheirdecrees;andtheyaredeemedbetterevi-denceofthefactsthanthefindingofajury.10Suchadmissionsoncemade,andactedon,cannotberetracted:ifmadewithoutauthority,theparty'sremedyisagainsthiscounsel,unlesshisconsentwasobtainedbyfraud.11Thefollowingmattersarepropertobeincludedinwrittenagreementsbe-tweencounsel,ifthefactswillabundantlyjustifysuchacourse:1.Thatadecree,tosuchandsuchaneffect,waspronouncedbysuchandsuchaCourt,onsuchandsuchaday,betweensuchandsuchparties.2.Thatdeeds,orgrants,existbetweensuchandsuchparties,forsuchandsuchatractofland,datedsoandso,—especiallywhensuchdeedsareregistered.3.Thatbothpartiesderivetitlefromacommonsource,andthedateofeachparty'stitle.4.Thatthelandindisputeisgrantedland,andwasgrantedpriortosuchandsuchaday:thesefactsareordinarilyimportantonlywhenapartyisseekingtomakeouthiscasebymeansofadversepossessionunderacoloroftitle.125.Thatsuchandsuchabook,suchasamerchant'sbook,acorporationbook,afamilyBible,adiary,ormemorandumbook,containssuchandsuchastate-ment,orentry,ordate,orotherfact.Insuchacase,itwouldbewelltocopythestatement,entry,orfactdesired,infull,showingitsdate,thenumberofthepage,andtheconnectioninwhichitisfound.6.Thatsuchandsuchawitnesswillswearsoandso,andthattheagreementshallhavealltheforceandeffectofadepositionbysuchwitness,butnogreaterorotherforceandeffect.
73Greenl.Ev.,§292;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,849.8TheCourtshouldbyrule,requireallsuchagree-mentstobeinwriting.Itistoberegretted,thatmanySolicitorsstandinsuchaweoftheirclientsthattheyareunwillingtomakeanyagreement,whatever,inreferencetotheevidence;and,asaconsequence,_theadversesideisfrequentlyforcedtoobtaincopiesofdeeds,andrecords,andtotakedepositions,inordertoprovefactswellknowntoalltheparties,therebygreatlyandunnecessarilyincreasingthecosts;and,tothatextent,bringingtheCourtsintodisreputebecauseoftheexpensesoflitigation.Onitbeingmadetoappearatthehearing,thatthesidefiling
suchproof,invain,requestedhisadversarytoadmitit,theCourtwoul'dbejustifiedintaxingtherefusingpartywithaproportionatepartofthecosts,eventhoughsuchpartywassuccessfulinthesuit.10Gres.Eq.Ev.,456-458.See,also,Gates«.Brinkley,4Lea,710.11Jonesv.Williamson,5Cold.,371;2Whart.Ev.,§1184.12ThetimehascomeforourCourtstopresumethatalllandinlitigationhasbeengranted,suchpresumptiontoberebuttable.Apresumptionoffactariseswhenagreatmajorityoftheprobabilities,areuniformlyinfavorofthefactpresumed.

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385PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSCONCERNINGPROOF.§473AGREEMENTASTOFACTS.JohnDoe,]vs. InChancery,atKnoxvrlle.RichardRoe.Inthiscaseweagreeastothefollowingfacts
:
1st.That[Heresetoutwhatthecomplainantagreesto.]2d.That[Heresetoutwhatthedefendantagreesto.]3d.That[Heresetoutanyotherfactsagreedto.]Weagreethatthisagreementmaybefiledandreadasevidenceinsaidcause.Thisdayof ,19JohnDoe,byEugeneWebb,Solicitor.RichardRoe,byCharlesH.Smith,Solicitor.§473.DangerofNegligence,andExcessofConfidence,inPreparingProofs.SomeSolicitors,becauseofnegligence,indifference,orexcessofconfidence,oftentemptfate,by(1)failingtomaketheirpleadingssufficientlyfullorsuffi-cientlydefinite;(2)byfailingtoprovewithsufficientcertaintycertainlinksintheirchainofevidence;and(3)byrelyingtoomuchonpresumptionsoflawwhicharedisputable,ordonotcertainlyexistintheease.Veryoften,adoubtfulsuitmaybemadecertainby(1)theadditionofasingleallegationinapleading,or(2)bytheanswertoasinglequestioninadeposition,or(3)bythefilingofasinglepaperasevidenceinthecause,or(4)bythegivingofno-ticetotheadversesidethatacertaindocumentwillbereadatthehearing,or(5)byduenoticethatparolproofofthecontentsofawritteninstrumentwillbeofferedonthetrialofthecause.Manysuitsforalongtimehangtremblinginthebalance,readytoyieldtoaveryslightincreaseintheweightoftheevidenceoneitherside.Insuchcases,diligencereapsgoldenharvests,andnegligenceisoverwhelmedwithavalanchesofdisaster.Apoundofpreponderanceturnsthescalesofjusticeaseffectuallyasaton.Thefailuretomakethenecessaryproofoftenarisesfromthefactthatthemattersaresonotoriouslytrue,thatthepartywhoshouldprovethemhopesthattheadversesidewilladmitthem,orthattheChancellormaytakeasortofquasi-judicialcognizanceofthem,orthattheymaynotbedisputedatthehearing.Thefollowingarecasesillustrativeoftheforegoinggeneralstatements
:
1.Whereasonclaimingasheirfailedtoprovethathewasason.2.Whereheirsfailedtoprovethedeathoftheirfather.3.Wherealegateefailedtoprovethathewasthenephew,Thomas,referredtointhewill.4.Whereapartyofferedinevidenceacopyofhisdeed,withoutaccountingfortheabsenceoftheoriginal. ^5.Whereapartyfailedtonotifytheadversesidetoproduceaparticularwriting,orhewouldproveitscontentsbyparol.6.Whereapersonperformingamarriageceremony,wasnotshowntobeaminister,oramagistrate.7.Whereapartyfailedtofilethedeedunderwhichhewasclaiming.8.WhereapartyfailedtonotifytheadversesidethathewouldreadarecordofthesameCourtonthehearing.9.Whereapartyerroneouslysupposedthattheburdenofproofwasonhisadversary.10.Whereanunregistereddeedfiledinevidencewasnotprovedbywit-nesses.11.Whereapartyclaimingunderawillfailedtofilethewill.Itistrue,inmanyofsuchcases,theCourtswill,ordinarily,allowthecausetostandoveruntilthedefectofproofcanberemedied;but,asarule,theyim-poseonthedelinquentpartyone-half,ormore,ofthecostsofthecause,asapenaltyforhisnegligence,andasawarningtoallothers.

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§474DEPOSITIONSINCHANCERY.386
CHAPTERXXV.DEPOSITIONSINCHANCERY.ArticleArticleArticleArticleArticle
I.II.III.IV.V.ArticleVI.ArticleVII.ArticleVIII.
DepositionsGenerallyConsidered.NoticetoTakeDepositions.DepositionsTakenonInterrogatories.FormalitiesofaDeposition.PowersandDutiesofCommissioners,andRightsandDutiesof"Witnesses.ExceptionstoDepositions.AmendmentofDepositions.PracticalSuggestionsAboutDepositions.ARTICLEI.DEPOSITIONSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§474.WhenDepositionsMaybeTaken.§475.DepositionsofPartiestotheSuit.§476.HowDepositionsareTaken.§477.BeforeWhatOfficersDepositionsMaybeTaken.
§478.HowCommissionersareAppointedtoTakeDepositions.§479.ValueofDepositionsComparedWithOralTestimony.
§474.WhenDepositionsMaybeTaken.—IntheCircuitCourt,theevi-denceofwitnessesmaybetakenbydeposition,1incertainspecifiedcases;butthestatuterequiresthatinallcausesinChancery,exceptingdivorcecauses,andcasestriedbyjury,thetestimonyofwitnessesshallbetakeninwriting,withoutcompellingtheirpersonalattendance.Indivorcecauses,andonthetrialofissuesbyajury,eitherpartymayexaminethewitnessesinopenCourt,ortaketheirproofbydepositions.21.TakingProofBeforeSuitBrought.Thedepositionsofnotaries,andotherimportantwitnesses,maybetakenandperpetuatedbeforeanysuit,inthemannerspecifiedinthestatutes.32.TakingProofBeforeAnswerFiled."Whenwitnessesareaged,orinfirm,oraregoingoutoftheChanceryDivision,ordonotresideinsuchDivision,theCourt,orClerkandMaster,uponaffidavitofthefacts,may,atanytimeafterthebillisfiled,eitherbeforeorafteracauseisatissue,authorizethedepo-sitionsofsuchwitnessestobetakendebeneesse,onsuchnoticeasmaybethoughtjust;anddepositionsthustakenmaybereadasiftakenregularly,unlessretakenbyorderoftheCourt,uponapplicationoftheoppositeparty.4TheCourtwillnot,however,exceptforstrongreasons,suppressthedepositionsthustaken;butwill,ordinarily,onmeremotion,givetheoppositepartyleavetocross-examinethewitnessesupongivingpropernoticetothepartywhotooktheirdepositions.viceorpublication,asprovidedinsection1802,asifsuitwerepending.Code,§3889.ThedepositionofaNotarymaybetaken,whetherasuitbependingornot,ontendays'noticetotheoppositeparty,ifresidentintheState,andfortydays'noticeifoutofit;tobereadasevidencebe-tweenthesamepartiesinanysuitthenorafter-wardsdepending,shouldtheNotarydieorremoveoutoftheStatebeforethetrial.Code,§1802.Astotheperpetuationofthetestimonyofotherwitnesses,seeCode,§§3876-3888;andpost,§§1125-1132,wherethepracticeisfullysetforth.4Code,§4462.
1Code,§3836.2Code,§§4456;4467;4470.ThesesectionswouldnotpreventtheCourtfromordering,onmo-tionofanyparty,awitnesstobesubpoenaedtoattendCourtinorderthathisdepositionmightbetakeninstanter,sufficientgroundsappearingtosus-tainsuchmotion.NorwouldtheypreventtheCourtfromorderinganattachmentforarecalcitrantwit-ness.Code,§§4106;4455;Ch.Rule,VII,§§6-7.3ThestatuteastoNotariesisasfollows:TheevidenceofaNotaryPublic,inanymatterofficiallydonebyhim,maybetakenandperpetuated,withoutpetition,uponnoticetotheothersidebyactualser-

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387 DEPOSITIONSINCHANCERY.§475Ifthewitnessistheonlyonetoamaterialfact,hisdepositionmay,also,betakenatanytimeafterthesuitiscommenced,upongivingtheusualnotice.53.TakingProofAfterAnswerFiled.Thecomplainantmaytaketestimonyatanytimeafteranswerfiled,orafteradecreeproconfesso;andthedefendantmaytaketestimonyatanytimeafterfilingasufficientanswer.6ThependencyofanappealfromtherulingoftheMasteronexceptionstoananswerwillnot,however,preventeitherpartyfromproceedingtotakehisproof.74.TakingProofonaPlea.Thestatutedoesnotexpresslystatewhenapleaistobeputatissue;butasapleaisaspecialanswer,itwouldseemfromanalogythatapleashouldbeputatissuebyfilingareplicationwithintwentydaysafternoticeofitsbeingfiled.8Ofcourse,wheneverthecomplainantactuallyfilesareplication,thatputsthepleaatissue.9Proofmaybetakenonapleaatanytimeafterissuetaken.Indeed,ifbothpartiestakeproofonipleabeforeanyreplicationisfiled,theCourtwillallowareplicationnuncprotunc,orwilltreatthecaseasthoughareplicationhadactuallybeendulyfiled.§475.DepositionsofPartiestotheSuit.—InallChancerycauses,andpro-ceedingsinthenatureofChancerycauses,thedepositionsofpartiesmaybetakenuponnoticesimplyasinthecaseofotherwitnesses:thefactthataper-sonisaparty,orinterestedinthesuit,orthewifeorhusbandofaparty,isnodisqualification.10Ifapartytoasuit,whosetestimonyisdesired,residesbeyondthelimitsoftheState,thepersonwishinghisevidencemayfileinterrogatorieswiththeClerkandMaster,whichshallbeansweredbeforesuchpartycanbeallowedtoproceedtohearing.11Shouldsuchpersondelaytoanswerinareasonabletime,tobejudgedofbytheCourt,orClerk,aperemptoryordermaybemadebytheCourt,orClerk,requiringtheinterrogatoriestobeansweredbyagivenday,andonfailure,ifthedelinquentisthecomplainant,thebillmaybedismissed,noticeofwhichshallbegivenbytheClerkandMastertotheparty,orhisSolicitor;ortheanswermaybetakenoffthefile,andthebilltakenforconfessed,ifthede-fendantbeindefault.12§476.HowDepositionsareTaken.—Depositionsmaybetaken(1)bycon-sent,(2)onnotice,or(3)uponinterrogatories.Aparty'sconsentisconclu-sivelypresumedifhecross-examinesthewitness.Whenthereisnoconsent,noticeofthetimeandplaceoftakingthedepositionmustbegiven;and,ifthedepositionistobetakenoninterrogatories,noticeoftheirbeingfiledmustbegiven.Nopermissionneedbeobtainedinordertotakeadeposition,unless:(1)thewitnesshasalreadybeenexaminedastothesamefacts,bythesameparty
;
or(2)thecauseisnotatissue;or(3)thetimefortakingproofhasexpired.Eachpartymaybeginthetakingofproofassoonashisrightaccrues,ashere-toforeshown;andmaycontinuetakinguntilhistimehasexpired.Thedetailsofthetime,place,manner,andform,oftakingdepositions,the
5Code,§§3836;3838.Whilethesetwosectionswereprobablyprimarilyintendedforsuitsinthecourtsoflaw,they,nodoubt,wereintendedbythecodifiersoftheCodetoapplytosuitsinChanceryalso,asthechapterisgeneral,andincludesallcivilactions.Code,§3836.See,also,§3869.Indeed,theuniversalpracticeinChanceryistotakedepo-sitions,andtotestthecorrectnessoftheirtaking,accordingtotheprovisionsoftheCodecontainedintheChapterconcerningDepositions;andthisisauthorizedbytheCodeFi§4455,whichreadsasfol-lows:Therulesofevidenceastothecompetencyofwitnesses;andthemethodsofobtainingtesti-mony,arethesamemCourtsofChanceryasintheotherCourtsofthisState,exceptsofarastheymaybealteredbytheexpressprovisionsofthisCode.Astotakingproofdebeneesse,see,post,
6Code,§4457.Thecomplainantisallowedtwentydaysafternoticethattheanswerhasbeenfiledtoexcepttosuchanswer;and,ifhefailtoexceptwithinsaidtime,thecauseshallbeatissue.Code,§§4400-4401;post,§1190;Ch.Rule,I,§5.Hence,instrictlaw,thedefendantcannotbegintakinghisproofuntilthetimeforexceptingtohisanswerhasexpired.TCode,§4406;Ch.Rule,I,§6;post,§1190,sub-sec,6.8Code,§§4322;4328;4432.See,ante,§350.9Code,§4393.10Code,§3890;Actof1879,ch.200.11Code,§4463.12Code,§4464;see,also,§§4389-4392.

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§477DEPOSITIONSINCHANCERY.388variousstepspreliminarytotheirfiling,andthetimeandmannerofexceptingtothem,willallbefoundinthesubsequentsections.§477.BeforewhatOfficersDepositionsmaybeTaken.—DepositionsinChanceryare,usually,takenbeforetheClerkandMaster,butdepositionsmayalsobetakenbyanyJudge,JusticeofthePeace,Mayororchiefmagistrateofatownorcity,theClerkofanyCourt,aNotaryPublic,oranyotherpersonproperlyappointed,orcommissionedbytheCourtorClerk,notbeinginter-ested,ofcounsel,orrelatedtoeitherofthepartieswithinthesixthdegree,computingbythecivillaw.13CommissionersoftheStateofTennessee,appointedbyourGovernorinthedifferentStates,may,also,takedepositions.14§478.HowCommissionersareAppointedtoTakeDepositions.—Anyper-son,qualifiedasabovestated,maybecommissionedtotakedepositionseitherinoroutoftheState,uponapplicationofeitherparty,andwithoutanyaffida-vitlayinggrounds.15ThiscommissionisissuedbytheClerkandMaster,orbisDeputy,andithaslongbeenthepracticetoissuecommissionsinblank,16tobefilledbythepartyapplyingtherefor,hisattorneyoragent,onobtainingasuitablepersontoactattheplacewherethedepositionistobetaken.ThefollowingistheformofACOMMISSIONTOTAKEDEPOSITIONS.TheStateofTennessee,TOMELVINNORTON.Confidinginyourprudenceandfidelity,youareherebygivenfullpowerandauthoritytosummonbeforeyouJohnClark,andhisexaminationonoath,oraffirmation,totakeinwrit-ing,onbehalfofJohnDoe,[upontheinterrogatoriesheretoannexed,17]inacausependinginourChanceryCourtatMaynardville,whereinJohnDoeiscomplainant,andRichardRoeandPeterPoearedefendants,saiddepositionwhentakentobesignedbysaidwitness,andcertified,sealed,addressed,andtransmitted,byyoutotheClerkofoursaidCourt,inthemannerandformprescribedbyourlaws.Witness,CoramAcuff,ClerkandMasterofoursaidCourtatofficeinMaynardville,thisJuly1,1891. CoramAcuff,ClerkandMaster.§479.ValueofDepositionsComparedwithOralTestimony.—WhileoftentheoralexaminationofwitnessesinopenCourt,beforeajury,willenableanexpertSolicitortomoreeffectuallyexposeandcrushafalsewitness;ortoextortthetruthfromahostileorunwillingwitness;ortoinvolvehimingrossself-contradiction,ormanifestinconsistencies;andwhiletheappearanceofthewitness,andhisdemeanorintestifying,andhisgeneralconductonthewit-ness-stand,18aregreataidsinjudgingofhisintelligence,sincerity,impartiality,andreliability,thereareneverthelessmanyweightyconsiderationsinfavoroftakingproofinwriting.Theseare
:
13Code,§§3865;1802a-1802i>;Actsof1885,ch.11.Thestatementinthecaption,orcertificate,ofadeposition,thatthepersontakingthedepositionisaJusticeofthePeaceorotherofficerauthorizedtotakedepositions,orsigningthecertificateofficiallyassuchofficer,issufficientevidenceofthatfact.Hooverv.Rawlings,1Sneed,287;Wilsonv.Smith,5Yerg.,379;Carterv.Ewing,1Tenn.Ch.,212;Readv.Patterson,11I,ea,433.14Thenotariesshouldaffixtheirseals,andiftheyliveinanotherStateshouldcertifythedateandexpirationoftheircommissions.Code,§1802,b;Actsof1885,ch.11,§2.TheofficialcharacteroftheCommissionerswhennotstatedmaybeprovedaliunde.Cooke,431,note.15Code,§§3865;4456.InCourtsoflawthetakingofdepositionsisnotamatterofcourseasinChancery;and,hence,apartyapplyingforacom-missiontotakedepositionsinalawCourtmustmakeitappear,byoathorotherwise,thatthecaseisonewhere,undertheStatute,hehastherighttotakedepositions.Code,§§3844-3845.1GThisblank,however,shouldbefilledeitherbe-fore,oratthetimeof,thetakingofthedeposition.
McCandlessv.Polk,10Hum.,617;Olivert>.Bank,11Hum.,74.Themethodoftakingdepositionsbymeansofacommissioner,oninterrogatoriesannexed,orques-tionsappended,isveryusefulinsectionswhereasuitableofficercannotbehad.InsomeStatestheyhaveExaminerstotakedepositions,butastheyarenotauthorizedtotakedepositionsforourCourts,theycanbeappointedCommissioners,andthusbeauthorizedtoact.17Theportioninbracketswillbeinsertedonlyincasethedepositionistobetakenupon_interroga-tories.IfthedepositionistobetakeninanotherState,theSolicitorshouldforward,alongwiththecommission,fulldirectionshowtotakethedepo-sition,andencloseacaption,certificate,andanad-dressedandendorsedenvelope;orthedepositionwillalmostcertainlybedefectivelytakenandtrans-mitted.18Whenwereadadepositionweseethewitness,asitwere,"throughaglass,darkly";but,whenheisexaminedinopenCourt,weseehim"facetoface."

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389 NOTICETOTAKEDEPOSITIONS.§480
1."Wheretestimonyisinwritingtherecanbenodisputeastowhatawitnesshastestified.192."Witnessesareoftenmoreprecise,andmoreclear,whengivingintheirde-positions,thanwhentestifyingorally.3.Witnessesaremoreapttotellthetruth,whentheyknowthattheirwordsarebeingtakendown,andthereforecannotbedenied,orretracted,thanwhentestifyingorallyinopenCourt.4.Whentheevidenceinacauseisallinwriting,thereisnodangerofapartybeingsurprisedatthetrial,(1)byhiswitnessesfailingtoappear;or(2)becomingsick;or(3)failingtotestifyasexpected;or(4)testifyingtowhatwasnotexpected.5.Wheretheevidenceisinwriting,apartyknowswhenheisreadyfortrial,andtherisksincidenttooralevidenceareallavoided.Nonewevidencecanbesprung,nowitnesscanbetamperedwith,noevidencecanbelost.6.Apartywhoisintheright,is,asarule,muchmorecertaintobeabletowinhiscasewhentheproofisinwriting,thanwhenwitnessesarerequiredtoattendandtestifyorally.Itisdifficultforapartytohaveallofhiswitnessesinattendanceatonetime.Somewillbesick;someabsentonbusiness,orpleas-ure;someforgettheday;somehavesickfamilies;someleavetheState;somegettamperedwith;somebecomehostile,orunwilling;andsome,forvariousotherreasons,failtoattend,or,attending,donottestifyasexpected.Butbyordinarydiligence,thedepositionsofallsuchwitnessescanbereadilytakenfromtimetotime,andalldisappointmentavoided.7.Andlastly,theexpensesofalitigationaremuchlesswhendepositionsaretaken,thanwhenwitnessesgivetheirpersonalattendanceinopenCourt.Itissafetosay,thatthecostsinanordinaryChancerysuitarelessthanone-halfofthecostsinanordinarysuitintheCircuitCourt.And,aseitherpartymaydemandatrialbyjuryintheChanceryCourt,andenforcetheattendanceofwitnessesfororalexaminationinopenCourt,when-eversuchacourseispromotiveofjustice,itwillbeseenthataCourtofChan-ceryofferseachpartyeverymeanstoenablehimtoovercomethemachinationsofhisadversary,theenmityordishonestyofwitnesses,thedangersofper-jury,andtherisksofaccidentandmistake,andtogettherealfactsbeforetheCourt.20
ARTICLEII.NOTICETOTAKEDEPOSITIONS.§480.LengthofNotice. I§482.ServiceofNotice.§481.FormandRequisitesofNotice.|
§480.LengthoftheNotice.—Thenoticetotakedepositionsshallbeservedontheoppositepartyatleastfivedaysbeforehand,whenthedepositionsaretobetakeninthecountyinwhichthesuitispending.Whenthedepositionsaretobetakenoutofthecounty,thenoticeshallbeasfollows:forfiftymilesorunder,fivedays;fromfiftytoonehundredmiles,tendays;overonehundredandnotexceedingtwohundredandfiftymiles,fifteendays;ifovertwohun-dredandfiftyandnotexceedingfivehundred,twentydays;ifoverfivehun-dred,thirtydays.WhenthedepositionistobetakeninanyStateorTerritorywitnessthroughandthrough,andwriteshimdownasreliable,doubtful,orworthless.ThewitnesswhothinkshecanimposefalseevidenceontheCourt,eitherovervalueshisownabilityinthatpar-ticular,orundervaluestheabilityoftheCourttodistinguishthetruefromthefalse;andwillfindhistestimonycastintotherubbishboxwherefrauds,
19Voxemissavolat,Hterascriptamanet.(Awordwhenspokenfliesaway,aletterwhenwrittenremains.)20BothwitnessesandpartiesshouldrememberthattheChancellorisamanoflargeacquaintancewiththewaysoftheworld;andthatheisnotameremachinetobestuffedwithabsurd,unreason-

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§481notice;totakedepositions.390oftheUnitedStateswestoftheRockyMountains,suchtimeastheCourt,orClerk,mayorder,notexceedingfortydays;inforeigncountries,suchtimeastheCourt,orClerk,mayorder.21TheCourt,ortheClerkandMaster,may,upongoodcauseshown,eitherrestrictorenlargetheperiodsofnoticeabovesetforth;22and,inallcasesinwhichmorethanonepersoniscomplainantorde-fendant,theCourt,orClerk,maydeterminewhethernoticeshallbegiventoeachperson,and,ifnot,towhomnoticeshallbegiven;amemorandumoftheorderbeingkeptamongthepapers.23ORDERDISPENSINGWITHNOTICEASTOCERTAINPARTIES.JohnDoe,etal.,1vs. [InChancery,atLoudon.RichardRoe,etal.JInthiscaseitisorderedthatnoticetotakedepositionsneednotbeservedonSarahDoe,acomplainant,oronJuliaRoeandCharlesRoe,defendants.May20,1891N.H.Greer,C.&M.Thefactthatthisorderwasmadeshouldberiotedontheruledocket,andtheorderitselfkeptamongthepapersofthecause.§481.FormandRequisitesofNotice.—Thestatuteallowseitherpartyliti-ganttotakethedepositionsofwitnesses,upongivingtheoppositepartylegalnoticeofthetimeandplace,orbyfilinginterrogatories.24Theonlyobjectofthisnoticeistogivetheoppositepartydueopportunitytobepresentandcross-examinethewitnesseswhosedepositionsaretobetaken.Thenoticeshouldthereforestate:(1)thestyleofthecause;(2)theCourtwherepend-ing,(3)thenamesofthewitnesses,25(4)wheretobeexamined,26(5)inwhathouse,room,oroffice,(6)onwhatday,(7)beginningatwhathour,(8)inwhosebehalf,(9)forwhatpurpose,(10)shouldbedulysignedbytheparty,orhisSolicitor,(11)shouldbeaddressedtotheoppositeparty,and(12)shouldbeservedonhiminduetime.27Theserequisitesneednotappearinthenoticeinanyparticularorder.Ifthesubstanceisinthenotice,theformisimma-terial.Thefollowingisagoodform:
NOTICETOTAKEDEPOSITIONS.JohnDoe,vs. \IntheChanceryCourt,atNashville,Tenn.RichardRoe,etal.RichardRoe,thedefendant,isherebynotifiedthatIwill,onthe2ddayofJunenext,atthehouseofGeorgeJones,inthecityofNashville,No.76SummerStreet,takethedeposi-tionsofAnnJonesandJuliaJones,tobeusedasevidenceonmybehalfinsaidcause,be-ginningsaiddepositionsat10a.m.onsaidday,andcontinuingthetakingfromdaytoday,ifnecessary,untilcompleted.28May20,1891. JohnDoe.ToRichardRoe. ByJackBaker,Solicitor.Thenoticeneednotbedated,norneeditbeformallyaddressedtotheoppo-siteparty;itissufficientifitsformshowsthatitisintendedasanoticetohim
;
nevertheless,itiswelltodateit,andformallyaddressit.Ifaparty,inpersonorbyagent,participateinthetakingofadepositionthatisawaiverofnotice.21Code,§§3851;3853.22Code,§4460;see,also,§3846.The"goodcause,"shouldbeshownbyaffidavit;arrdthelengthofnoticeshouldbereadilyshortenedincasesofemergencywhen,byrailroadorsteamboat,theplacefortakingthedepositionscanbeeasilyreachedinashortertimethantheCodeprescribes.Railroadsandsteamboatswereunknownin1817,whenthelengthofnoticewasfixedbyourstatute.Asto"goodcause,"see,ante,§62,sub-sec,8.23Code,§3850.24Code,§3847.25Robertsonv.Campbell,1Tenn.(Overt.,)172.26Apartycannotberequiredtoattendattwodifferentplacesonthesameday.Buthemustelectwhichplacehewillattend,andattendaccordingly,orhewillnotbeinanattitudetoexcepttoeitherdeposition.BlairV.TheBank,11Hum.,84.27Thementionofthehourisnotessential,ifthe
takingofthedepositioncontinuesthroughone-halfofthebusinesshoursofthegivenday;butadepo-sitionbegunandendedatanunusualhour,orendedinashorttimeandatonceclosed,andthewitnessdismissed,inconsequencewhereoftheadverseparty,thoughpresentbeforenoon,hadnoopportunitytocross-examine,shouldbesuppressedonthesefactsappearinginthecertificateoftheCommissioner,orbytheaffidavitofthepartyinjured,orhisSolicitor.Smithv.Cocke,1Tenn.(Overt.,)296.28Unlessthenoticeprovidesforcontinuingthetakingofdepositionsfromdaytoday,thetakingmustbeginonthedayspecified,andtheCommis-sionerhasnopowertoadjournthetakingtothenextday.But,seeReadv.Patterson,11Lea,434.Ifthetakingisactuallybegunonthedaynamedinthenotice,theCommissionermayfinishthetakingonthenextday.BrandonV.Mullenix,11Heisk.,446.Read«.Patterson,11Lea,434.

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391DEPOSITIONSTAKENONINTERROGATORIES.§482Noticeofthefilingofinterrogatoriesmustbegiven,whenthedepositionistobetakenoninterrogatories.Thefollowingisaform
:
NOTICEOFTHEFILINGOFINTERROGATORIES.JohnDoe,]vs. \ IntheChanceryCourt,atKingston,Tenn.RichardRoe,etal.J .,, Tr.
Mr.JohnDoe:Ihavethisdayfiled,intheofficeoftheClerkandMaster,atKingston,interrogatoriestobepropoundedtoJohnJones,awitnessinmybehalfintheabovenamedcase.June13,1891. RichardRoE,ByF.D.Owings,Solicitor.§482.ServiceofNotice.—TheCodeprovidesthattheSheriff,coroner,orconstable,ofanycountyinthisState,intowhosehandsanoticetotakedeposi-tionshasbeenput,shalldeliveracopyofsuchnoticetotheproperpersoninduetime,andreturntheoriginalnoticewiththetimeofdeliverymarkedthere-on,totheCourt,orJustice,beforewhomthesuitispending;29butaprivatepersonmayserveacopyofthenotice,inwhichcasehemustmakeaffidavitofthefactandtimeofservice,andexhibittheoriginalnoticetohisaffidavit.Counselfrequentlyacceptservicefortheirclients.30Serviceiseffectedbydeliveringatruecopyofthenoticetothepersontowhomitisaddressed,ifhebearesidentoftheState;butifhebeanon-resident,thenoticemaybeserveduponhisagent,orSolicitor.31Inallcasesinwhichmorethanonepersoniscomplainantordefendant,theCourt,orClerk,maydeterminewhethernoticeshallbegiventoeachperson,and,ifnot,towhomnoticeshallbegiven;amemorandumoftheorderbeingkeptamongthepapers.32
ARTICLEIII.DEPOSITIONSTAKENONINTERROGATORIES.§483.WhenDepositionsMaybeTakenon1§484.NoticeofFilingofInterrogatories.Interrogatories.I§485.FormofInterrogatories.§483.WhenDepositionsMaybeTakenonInterrogatories.—Itsometimeshappensthatitistooinconvenient,ortooexpensive,totakethedepositionofadistantwitnessuponnotice;oritmaybedifficulttoascertainwhereadistantwitnesswillbeatanygiventime.TheCodeaccordinglyprovidesthatwhenthewitnessesresideoutoftheState,oroveronehundredandfiftymilesfromtheplaceoftrial,eitherpartymaytaketheirdepositionsbyfilinginterrogator-ieswiththeClerk,givingtheoppositepartynoticethereof,whoshallhavetendaysthereaftertofilecrossinterrogatories,towhichrebuttinginterrogatoriesmaythenbeput;atanytimeafterwhichthedepositionmaybetakenuponacertifiedcopyoftheinterrogatories,tobeissuedbytheClerk.1Iftheoppositepartyisanon-resident,orifajudgmentbyadefault,orproconfesso,hasbeentakenforwantofappearance,anddefence,thedepositionsmaybetakenbyfilingwiththeClerkacopyoftheinterrogatories,withamemorandumofthetimeandplaceoftakingthedepositions,fortwentydaysbeforetakingthesame.229Code,§3854.30Theverbalwaiverofserviceshouldneverbeaskedorgiven,foritisapttoresultindifferenceofrecollection,andconsequentdisagreement.Theacceptance,orwaiver,shouldalwaysbeinwriting.31Code,§3854a;Ch.Rule,II,§3,post,§1191.IfthepartytobeservedhaslefttheState,onbusi-nessorpleasure,serviceonhisagent,orSolicitor,wouldprobablybesufficient.32Code,§3850.SuchordermaybeenteredbytheMasteronhisruledocket.Code,§4417.1Code,§3855.Formerly,thegeneralmodeofex-
mwriting,exhibitedbytheparty,complainantordefendant,tobepropoundedtothewitnessesinthecause.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,887.2Code,§3856.Iftheoppositepartyisanon-resident,tendays'noticeissufficient.Code,§4374.Theconflictbetweenthesetwosections(3856and4374,)maybereconciledbyconfiningsection3856tocourtsoflaw;andapplyingsection4374exclusivelytosuitsinChancery.Section4374wasoriginallyenactedexpresslyfortheChanceryCourt,andap-pearsintheCodeundertheheadofChanceryPrac-tice.AndseeCode,§4455.

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§484DEPOSITIONSTAKENONINTERROGATORIES.392And,ineaseswhereaproconfessohasbeentakenagainstadefendant,andthetestimonyisrequiredonbehalfofthecomplainant,andthedefendantdoesnotresidewithintheState,thecomplainantmaytakedepositionsbyinterroga-toriesfiledtendaysbeforehand,orbytheusualnoticeofthetimeandplaceoftaking,enteredontheruledocket.3"WheninterrogatoriesarefiledwiththeClerk,heshallgivenoticethereoftothecounseloftheoppositeparty,andsuchnoticeshallbesufficientifsuchoppositepartybeanon-resident.4"Whenadepositionhasoncebeentakenoninterrogatories,theirefficacyisexhausted;andanotherdepositioncannotbetakenonthem,unlesstheyarere-filed,andnewnoticegiven.5§484.NoticeofFilingofInterrogatories.—Thepartydesiringtotakedepo-sitionsoninterrogatoriesmustpreparehisinterrogatoriesindueform,num-beringthemnumerically,givingthemapropercaptionandsigningthem,andfilethemwiththeClerk.Hemust,then,giveduenoticeofsuchfiling.Ingiv-ingthisnoticehemustconsider,1st,theresidenceofthewitnesses;2d,theres-idenceoftheoppositeparty,and3d,thestateofthepleadings.1.IfthewitnessesresideoutoftheState,orover150milesfromtheplaceoftrial,tendays'noticeissufficient.62.IfthewitnessesliveintheState,buttheoppositepartyisapro-confessoednon-resident,tendays'noticeissufficient.73.IfthewitnessesliveintheState,buttheoppositepartyisanon-residentwhohasmadedefence,orisaresidentwhohasbeenpro-confessoed,twentydays'noticemustbegiven.8WhenwitnessesresideoutoftheState,oroveronehundredandfiftymilesfromtheplaceoftrial,theyshouldbeaskedinoneoftheinterrogatorieswhereandinwhatStatetheyreside,andhowfardistantfromtheplaceoftrial.Whenthewitnessgivesthenameoftheplacewhereheresides,butdoesnotgivethedistance,theCourtwilltakejudicialnoticeofthegeographyofthecountry,andtherebydeterminethedistance.ThefollowingisaformofNOTICEOFFILINGINTERROGATORIES.IntheChanceryCourt,atNashville,Tenn.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etal.RichardRoe,defendant,isherebynotifiedthatIhavethisdayfiledwiththeClerkandMaster,atNashville,interrogatoriestobepropoundedtoJohnJones,awitnessinsaidcauseinmybehalf,whoresidesinArkansas[orinBristol,Tenn.]May20,1891. JohnDoe,ToRichardRoe. ByJackBaker,hisSolicitor.Iftheoppositepartyisanon-resident,noticetohiscounselissufficient.9§485.FormofInterrogatories.—Theformoftheinterrogatoriesmaybesubstantiallyasfollows:INTERROGATORIES.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etal.InterrogatoriestobepropoundedtoJohnJones,whoresidesinArkansas,[orinBristol,10Tenn.,]awitnessforthecomplainantinsaidcause.Interrogatories11bythecomplainant:1st.Stateyourname,age,andoccupation.2d.Statewhereyoureside,andwhetherornottheplaceisoveronehundredandfiftymilesfromtheCourtHouseinNashville,Tenn.
IntheChanceryCourt,atNashville,Tenn.
3Code,§4374.Whenthenoticeisenteredontheruledocketitmustbeforthesamelengthoftimeas;whenpersonallyserved.4Code,§'3856a.Thisshouldbeatendays'no-tice,andisintendedtoenablethecounseltocrosstheinterrogatories.5Fosterv.Smith,2Cold.,474.Code,§3855.
7Code,§4374.8Code,§3856.9Code,§§3854a;3856a.10Or,atsomeotherplaceover150milesfromtheCourtHouseinNashville.11Objectionstotheformofinterrogatoriesmustbetakenbeforetheyarecrossed.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,921.

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393DEPOSITIONSTAKENONINTERROGATORIES.§4853d.Statewhetheryouknowanyofthepartiestothissuit.Ifso,whichofthem?4th.[Proceedtointerrogatethewitnessfullyandparticularlyastothematterstobe
.
provenbyhim,beingcarefultoavoidscandalous,irrelevant,andleadingquestions;anditmaybewelltoclosewithageneralinterrogatory^11-likethis:]20th.Ifyouknowanyotherfact,orfacts,whichmaybeofanybenefittoanyofthepartiestothissuit,orthatmaybematerialtothemattersyouhavetestifiedabout,ortothemattersinquestioninthissuit,pleasenowstatesuchfact,orfacts,fullyandparticularly.13JackBakBr,Sol.forComplt.Iftheoppositepartydesirestocrosstheoriginalinterrogatories,hemaydosowithinthetimeallowed,followingsubstantiallytheforegoingform;orhemayattachhiscrossinterrogatoriestotheoriginal,andheadthem,"CrossInterrogatories,''withoutmore.Aftertheyhavebeencrossed,thepartyfilingtheoriginalmay,atanytimebeforetakingthedeposition,filerebuttinginterrogatoriesforthepurposeofre-examiningthewitness.SOMEGENERALINTERROGATORIESFORCROSS-EXAMINATIONOFWIT-NESSESWHOARETOBEEXAMINEDONINTERROGATORIES.Interrogatory1.Haveyoutalkedwithanyoneinreferencetoyourevidenceinthiscase.'Int.2.Ifso,givethenamesofthepersonsyoutalkedwith.Int.3.Didyourelyonyourmemoryaloneinyouranswers?or,haveyoutalkedwithothers?Ifso,withwhomhaveyoutalked?Int.4.Haveyouusedanywritings,letters,papers,books,orothermemoranda,tore-freshyourrecollectionoffactsordates,inansweringanyofthequestionsinthiscase?Int.5.Ifso,specifythewritings,books,papers,orothermemorandayouhaveused.Int.6.Pleasefilewithyourdepositionthewritings,letters,books,papers,orothermem-orandumyouhaveused.Int.7.Givethenamesofallpersonswhohaveatanytimebeenpresentwhileyouhavebeengivingthisdeposition.Int.8.Whatinteresthaveyouinthissuit?Int.9.Ifyouhaveanybusinessrelationorconnectionwithanyofthepartiestothesuit,statewhatitis,andwithwhichparty.Int.10.Ifyouareofanykintoanyofthepartiestothissuitstatetowhomandtherelation.Int.11.Wereyouswornasawitnessbeforeyourexaminationwasbegun.Int.12.Ifyouhavebeenrequestednottosayanythingaboutanymatterconnectedwithyourdeposition,orwiththislawsuit,statewhatthatmatterwas,andstateitfully,andstatewhomadetherequest.Int.13.Ifyouhaveanyletter,telegram,paper,book,ormemorandumthatinanywayrelatestothislawsuit,ortothisdeposition,statewhatitis,andfileit.Int.14.Ifyouknowanyfact,orhaveheardanyofthedefendants,[orcomplainants]sayanything,thatwillbeofbenefittothecomplainant[ordefendant]pleasegivesuchfactorstatementasfullyasthoughspeciallyquestionedaboutit.12LDan-9h-,?r;>924' „ Iinterrogatoryinallcases.RulesofU.S.Eq.13ThereshouldbearuleofCourtrequiringthis|Courts,§71;Cooke,412.

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§486FORMALITIESOFADEPOSITION.394
ARTICLEIV.FORMALITIESOFADEPOSITION.486.CaptionofDeposition.487.BodyofDeposition.488.CertificatetoDeposition.489.DepositionsWhenandHowTakeninShorthand,orinTypewriting.
§490.EnvelopingandTransmittingDeposi-tion.
§491.ReceivingandFilingaDeposition.
§486.CaptionofaDeposition.—Theformofadepositionisprescribedbythestatute,andthisformmustbecloselyadheredto.Thecaptionmustbesubstantiallyasfollows:14GENERALFORMOFTHECAPTION.AB,vs.CD..Depositionsofcase,takenuponnotice,
IntheChanceryCourt,andcounty,Tennessee.witnessesforcomplainant,[ordefendant,]intheabove[orinterrogatories]onthedayof,189—,[givingthedate
IntheChanceryCourtofDavidsonCounty,Tennessee.
specifiedinthenotice,]at[theplacespecifiedinthenotice,]inthepresenceofthecomplain-antanddefendant,[showthefact.]Thesaidwitness,aged,beingdulysworn,15deposedasfollows:[Thenfollowthequestionsandanswers.]Or,toconformtheforegoinggeneralcaptiontothenoticesgiveninapreced-ingsection,andthusmakeaspecialform
:
SPECIALFORMOFACAPTION.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etal.DepositionsofAnnJonesandJuliaJones,witnessesforthecomplainantintheabovecause,takenuponnoticeonthe2ddayofJune,1891,atthehouseofGeorgeJones,inthecityofNashville,No.76SummerStreet,inthepresenceofthecomplainantandthedefend-ant,RichardRoe,andtheirSolicitors.16Thesaidwitness,AnnJones,aged16years,17beingdulysworn,deposedasfollows
:
Q.1,bythecomplainant.
—
[Thenfollowthequestionsandanswers.]§487.BodyofDeposition.—Thecaptionhavingbeenwrittenout,thewit-nessdulysworn,hisorhernameandagewrittendown,thepartyorhisSolic-itorwillthenproceedtowrite18hisquestionsasfollows:QUESTIONSBYEUGENEWEBB,SOLICITOROFCOMPLAINANT,[ORDEFENDANT.]Q.1.Ifyouareacquaintedwithanyofthepartiestothissuit,statewhich;andhowlongyouhaveknownthem.Ans.Iknowalltheparties,andhaveknownthemforayear,ormore.Q.2.Ifyouareinanywayrelatedtoanyofthepartiestothissuit,statewhich,andhow.Ans.Iamnotrelatedtoanyofthem,tomyknowledge.Q.3.Ifyouhaveanyagreement,letters,orotherwriting,relatingtothemattersindis-putesignedbythedefendant,RichardRoe,pleaseproducethesame.Statewhatyouknowabouttheirexecution,andmakethemexhibitstoyourdeposition.Ans.IhaveanagreementsignedbyRichardRoe,andleftbyhimwithmetobekept,byconsentofJohnDoe.IsawRichardRoesignthepaper,andIwitnesseditathisrequest.ThisagreementIherewithfile,andmarkitExhibitAtothismydeposition.camvHknowawitness'ageotherwisethanbytheproof.18Itisnotessentialtotheadmissibilityofade-positionthatthequestionsshouldbereducedtowriting:theymaybeoral.Code,§3859,isdirec-tory.ReadV.Patterson,11Lea,430.InEngland,underthenewpractice,depositionsaretakendown"not'ordinarilybyquestionandanswer,butintheformofanarrative.''1Dan.Ch.Pr.,904.Indeed,inEngland,affidavitsarenowlargelyusedinsteadofdepositions.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,887-904.
14Code,§3848.15Thewitnessshouldbeswornbeforehisexam-inationisbegun.Code,§38S9.36Showwhichofthepartieswaspresent,andwhichhadSolicitorspresent,ifany,giving_theirnames.ItisoftenimportanttoknowwhatSolicitorswerepresent.SometimesthequestionsandanswersareiriireintelligiblewhenitisknownwhatSolicitorexaminclthewitness.17Theageshouldalwaysbestated.Theweighttobegiventhetestimonyofawitnessoftendependstosomeextentuponhisage;andtheChancellor

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395 FORMALITIESOFADEPOSITION.§488Itisimportanttoseetoitthatallpapersprovedbyawitnessshouldbemadeexhibitstohisdeposition,andshouldbelettered,ornumbered,andat-tachedtothedeposition.Ifthiscannot,foranyreason,bedone,thentheex-hibitshouldhavethestyleofthecausewrittenuponit,and,also,thefactthatitisanexhibittothedeposition,andshouldbemarkedfiledbytheClerkwhenheopensthedeposition.TheCommissionerwoulddowelltowritehisname,andofficialdesignation,ontheexhibitwhenhesignsthedeposition.ENDORSEMENTONANEXHIBIT.JohnDoevs.RichardRoe,etal.ExhibitA,totheDepositionofJohnJones.SamuelBright,J.P.Thecomplainantwillproceedwithallhisquestions,writingthemdowninorderassoonaseachprecedingquestionhasbeenfullyanswered,beingcare-fultoasknoleading,scandalousorirrelevantquestion.Hemayconcludewithageneralquestionlikethelastoneintheinterrogatories;19iftheoppositepartyisnotpresent.Ifheispresent,anygeneralquestionmaybeomitted.Afterthecomplainanthasaskedhislastquestion,hewillturnthewitnessovertotheoppositepartytocross-examineasfollows
:
CROSS-QUESTIONSBYWILLIAMB.FORD,SOLICITOROFDEFENDANT,[ORCOMPLAINANT.]Q.1.Inwhatwayareyouinterestedinthissuit?Ans.Ihavenointerestinitwhatever.Q.2.[Thedefendantswillproceedwithalltheirquestions,andhavingendedtheircross-examination,thecomplainantwillagaintakethewitnessforre-examination.']RE-EXAMINATIONBYCOMPLAINANT.Q.1.Pleaseexplainmorefullyhowyouhappenedtobeattheplacespokenofinanswertocross-question5.Ans.Iwasthereonavisittomyaunt;hadgonethereaweekbefore.Q.2.[Thecomplainantwillaskallquestionshedesires,properonare-examination,andwhenthelastonehasbeenanswered,theCommissionerwilladd:]Andfurtherthisdeponentsaithnot. HerWitnesstomark: AnnXJones.20SamuelBright,J.P. markDEPOSITIONSTAKENONINTERROGATORIES.[//thedepositionistobetakenoninterrogatories,afterthepropercaptionhasbeenwrit-ten,thewitnesswillbesworn,andwillthenanswereachdirectinterrogatory,asfollows:]1stTothe1stinterrogatory,thewitnesssays
:
MynameisJohnJones,Iam70yearsold,andamerchant.2d.Tothe2dinterrogatory,thewitnesssays:IresideatEurekaSprings,Arkansas,whichplaceisoveronehundredandfiftymilesfromtheCourtHouseatNashville,Tenn.[Andsocontinue,untilallthedirectinterrogatorieshavebeenfullyanswered;thenlethimanswerthecross-interrogatories,ifany,asfollows:]1st.Tothisthe1stcross-interrogatory,thewitnesssays:[Afterthecross-interrogatorieshaveallbeenanswered,theCommissionerwilladd:]Andfurtherthisdeponentsaithnot. JohnJones.21§488.CertificatetoDeposition.—Afterallthedepositionshavebeendulytakenandsignedbythewitnesses,theCommissionerwilladdthefollowingcertificate:22 CERTIFICATETOADEPOSITION.Theforegoingdepositionsweretakenbeforeme,asstatedinthecaption,andreducedtowritingbyme,[or,bythewitnesses.]AndIcertifythatIamnotinterestedinthecause,norofkinorcounseltoeitheroftheparties,andthatIsealedthemupanddeliveredthemtoJohnDoe,[or,putthemintheexpressofficeatNashville,Tenn.,or,inthepost-office,]withoutbeingoutofmypossession,oralteredaftertheyweretaken.Givenundermyhand,the2ddayofJune,1891. SamuelBright,J.P.forDavidsonCo.19Ante,§485.20InmanyoftheStates,itisnoobjectiontoadepositionthatthewitnessomittedtosubscribehisnametoit.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,917,note.OurCodedoesnotrequirethesignature.See,Code,583848-3859;3860;3863. '
21Thewitnesswillwritehisownanswers,andsignhisownname,ifhewellcan.•>•>On/InR1QAQ

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§489 FORMALITIESOPAdeposition.396Thelastclausemaybewrittenacrossthebackoftheenvelopeonthesealedside,insteadofinsertingitinthecertificate,23inwhichcase,theremaybeomittedfromtheforegoingcertificateallthewordsbetween"parties"and"givenunder."TheCommissionerwillthenannexaBILiLOPCOSTS.24Commissioner:SamuelBright,taking2depositions $2.00Witnesses:25JuliaJones,oneday'sattendance $1.0025milesoftravel,@4cts 1.002.00AnnJones,oneday'sattendancefromanothercounty 1.5030milesoftravel,@5cts 1.502ferriages,@10cts 203.20SamuelBright,J.P.IfthedepositionistakenbytheClerkandMasteroftheCourtwhereinthesuitispending,thecertificateisordinarilyomitted,andoftenthecaptionisquiteinformal.Indeed,insuchcases,andinmanyotherswherebothpartiesarepresent,thecertificateisoftenwaived."Where,however,onlyonepartyispresent,andthedepositionisnottakenbytheClerkandMaster,suchpartyshouldseetoitthatthecaption,certificate,sealing,andtransmittingarealldoneinexactcompliancewithalltherequirementsofthelaw.§489.DepositionsWhenandHowTakeninShorthand,orinTypewriting.Personsauthorizedtotakedepositionsmaytaketheminshorthand,andsubse-quentlyreducethesametomanuscriptortypewriting,ormaytakethemdi-rectlyonatypewritingmachine;provided,thatincasethedepositionbetakeninshorthand,thepersontakingitcantruthfullycertify,anddoescertifysub-stantially,asfollows
:
CERTIFICATEWHENDEPOSITIONISTAKENINSHORTHAND.Icertifythatbeingastenographer,Itooktheforegoingdepositionintheexactlanguageofthewitness,andreducedittotypewriting[ormanuscript];thatitwasthenreadoverbythewitnessinmypresence[orwasreadoverbymetothewitness],andwasapprovedandsignedbyhim;andIalsocertifythatIamnot,inanycapacity,intheregularemployofthepartyinwhosebehalfthisdepositionistaken,norintheregularemployofhisattorney;andIcertifythatIamnotinterestedinthecase,norofkinorcounseltoeitheroftheparties,andthatIsealedupsaiddepositionanddelivereditto[or,deliveredittotheexpressoffice,or,putitinthepostoffice]withoutitsbeingoutofmypossession,oralteredafteritwastaken.Nodepositiontakenunderthissectionshallbesignedbythewitnessuntilitshallhavebeenreducedtomanuscriptortypewriting.26Depositionsmaybetakenbystenographersintheregularemployofthelitiganttakingthede-position,orhisattorney,wheretheoppositepartyconsents.27§490.EnvelopingandTransmittingaDeposition.—Thedeposition,whencomplete,shall,togetherwiththecommission,andinterrogatories,ifany,andalldocumentswhichmayhavebeendeposedto,andallexhibits,bedulyenvel-opedandsealed,withtheCommissioner'snamewrittenacrosstheseal,anddirectedtotheClerkoftheCourtwherethecauseispending,withthetitleofthecauseendorsedontheenvelope:itmaybesentbymail,express,orprivateconveyance.28TheCommissionerwillbecarefultoputeverythingintheenvelopethatbelongstothedeposition,29includingtheinterrogatories,ifany,thenoticeand
23Code,§3849.24Ch.Rule,II,§1;post,§1191.25Witnesseslivinginthecountywhereexaminedgetonedollaraday,andfourcentsamile;butwit-nesseslivingoutofthecountygetonedollarandahalfadayandfivecentsamile.Code,§2830a-2830b.20Actsof1899,ch.276,§1.
27Ibid,§2.28Code,§§3860;3861a.29IfproofofthenoticetotakedepositionsismadebeforetheCommissionerbyaffidavit,orthenoticeisreturnedtohimbytheofficer,letsuchaffi-davitornoticebe,also,enclosedwiththedeposition.Ch.Rule,II.§2;post,§1191.

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397 FORMALITIESOFADEPOSITION.§491proofofservice,ifany,andallexhibits;and,havingsealedtheenvelope,ormoistenedthemucilageonitsflapandsecurelyclosedit,andwrittenhisnameacrosswheretheflapisjoinedtothebodyoftheenvelope,willaddresstheenvelopetotheClerkandMasteroftheCourt,andendorseontheleftendoftheenvelopethetitleofthecause,thus
:
ENDORSEMENTSONTHEENVELOPE.
°sQ«
2
POSTAGESTAMP
THECLERKANDMASTER,NASHVILLE,TENN.
TheCommissionermay,also,writeacrossthebackoftheenvelopethecer-tificatementionedintheprecedingsection,asfollows
:
m
s<
IherebycertifythatIsealedupthewithindepositions,anddeliveredthemtoJohnDoe,[or,puttheminthepost-office,or,intheSouthernEx-pressoffice,]withoutbeingoutofmypossession,oraltered,aftertaken,June2,1891. SamuelBright,J.P.
TheCommissionermay,however,deliverthedepositiontotheClerkandMasterinperson,inwhichcaseheneednotenvelopeitatall.Buthemusttakethemessenger'soathbeforetheMasterondeliveringthedeposition,unlesshiscertificateshowsthathedeliveredittotheMaster.30§491.ReceivingandFilingaDeposition.—Whenthedepositionsarere-ceivedbytheClerk,heshallcertifyuponthemwhethertheywerereceivedbymail,express,orprivateconveyance.Ifsentbyprivateconveyanceheshallrequirethepersondeliveringthemtomakeaffidavitthathereceivedthedepo-sitionsfromtheCommissioner,andthattheyhavenotbeenoutofhisposses-sion,oropenedbyhimwhileinhispossession.31TheClerkisrequiredtoendorseuponthedepositionthedayitisfiled,andtomakeanentryuponthedocketgivingthestyleofthecause,thenamesofthewitnesses,andthedateoffiling.32DepositionsmaybeopenedbytheClerkatanytimeaftertheyare
30Hutsonv.Hutson,9Lea,354.31Code,§3861;Actsof1870,2dSess.,ch.16.32Code,§3867.Thisendorsementmustbeonthedepositionitself,andnotontheenvelope,envelopemaygetlost. The

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S492DUTIESOPCOMMISSIONERSANDWITNESSES.398filed,attherequestofeitheroftheparties,orhisattorney;andcopiesmaybefurnishedthepartiesondemand.TheClerkshallnoteonthedepositionthefactthatitwasopenedbyhim.33
ARTICLEV.POWERSANDDUTIESOFCOMMISSIONERS,ANDRIGHTSANDDUTIESOFWITNESSES.492.GeneralPowersofCommissioner.493.GeneralDutiesofCommissioner.494.RightsandDutiesofWitnesses.495.WhenanInterpreterisNeeded.496.ExceptionsTakenBeforeCommis-
§492.GeneralPowersofCommissioner.—Everyofficerauthorizedbylawtotakedepositionsis,forthatoccasion,termedaCommissioner,whetheracom-missionisissuedtohimbytheClerkandMasterornot;andsuchofficeris,whileengagedinthedischargeofhisduties,vestedwithallthepowersofaCourttopreserveorder,preventinterruption,andcontroltheconductofthepartiesintheexaminationofthewitness.1Hemayaccordinglyfineanypersonguiltyofwilfuldisobedience,orresistance,toanylawfulcommandhemaymakeduringtheexamination,suchfinenottoexceedtendollars.2TheCommissioner,orpersonauthorizedtotakedepositions,haspowertoissuesubpoenasforwitnesses,whichmaybeservedbytheSheriff,oranycon-stable;andthecertificateoftheCommissioner,orpersonauthorized,thatthewitnessfailedtoappear,togetherwiththereturnoftheofficer,isproofofthefacts.3Anywitnesswhofailstoappearinsuchcases,accordingtothetermsofthesubpoena;orwhofailstoanswerthequestionswhichmaybelawfullyputtohim,issubjecttothepenaltiesprovidedforenforcingtheattendanceofwitnessestogivetestimonyinCourt,andcompellingthemtotestify.4Thepenaltyfornon-attendancemaybeenforcedbythetribunalhavingcognizanceofthesuit,uponscirefaciasasinothercases.5Ifanywitnessrefusetogivetestimonywhenlegallybound,heshallbecom-mittedtothecommonjail,bytheCommissionerbeforewhomheisboundtotestify,theretoremainwithoutbailormain-prize,untilheiswillingtotestifyasthelawdirects.6IfawitnessfailtoappearwhensummonedbeforeaCommissioner,thesub-poenaisreturnedtotheChanceryCourt,withtheendorsementofsuchfailuremadethereon,bytheCommissioner;andscirefaciasissuesasinothercases.7Ifadepositionisbegunonthedayfixedinthenotice,anditisimpracticabletofinishitonthatday,itmaybefinishedonthenext;buttheCommissionercannotpostponethebeginningofthedeposition.8Asubpoenaforwitnessesmaybesubstantiallyinthefollowingform:9
33Code,§3870.Undertheoldpractice,nodepo-sitionwasallowedtobeopened,norwastheCom-missionerallowedtodivulgeitscontents,untilalltheproofinthecausehadbeentaken,andthecausesetforhearing.Thesealsofthedepositionswerethenbroken,andthecontentsofthedepositionsweremadeknowntotheparties.Thiswascalled"passingpublication."Cooke,431;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,945.Gres.Eq.Ev.,71.Underourpractice,theopeningofadepositionbytheClerkisequivalenttopublicationintheEnglishpractice;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,945,note7;andtheexpirationofthetimefortakingproofis,withus,equivalenttopassingpublication,inEngland.lCode,§3858.2Code,§§4106-4107;4112.Theauthorityofthe
ClerkandMasterinsuchcases,isgreater.See,post,§1196.3Code,§3862.iCode,§3863.5Code,§3864.AllotherpenaltiesforcontemptsbeforetheCommissionerwouldprobablybeenforcedinthesameway,theCommissionercertifyingthe6Code,§3823.7Code,§3825.ThissectionrequiresthesubpoenatobereturnedtotheCircuitCourtofthecounty;butinviewoftheActof1877,increasingthejuris-dictionoftheChanceryCourt,andCode,3864,theChancerjrCourtprobablyhasjurisdictionwhentheCommissionerisactingasoneofitsofficers.8Readv.Patterson,11Lea,430.9Code,§3814.

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399DUTIESOECOMMISSIONERSANDWITNESSES.§493SUBPOENAFOBWITNESSES.TheStateofTennessee.TotheSheriff,oranyConstaDle,ofKnoxCounty
:
SummonJaneBrownandGeorgeSmithtoappearbeforeme,atthehouseofJohnWilson,inthe10thcivildistrictofsaidcounty,onJune25th,1891,at10a.m.,[namingtheplaceandtimespecifiedinthenotice,]togivetestimonyinbehalfofthecomplainantinasuitpendingintheChanceryCourt,atKnoxville,betweenRichardRoe,complainant,andJohnDoeandothers,defendants.NotifysaidGeorgeSmith,thatheisrequiredtobringwithhimawrittencontractdepositedwithhimbythedefendant,JohnDoe,onoraboutMay,1890,[orotherpaperneeded,andinthewitness'possession,describingitsoastoidentifyit.]Witnessmyhand,May30,1891.I.C.Grant,J.P.andCommissioner.§493.GeneralDutiesofCommissioner.—TheCommissioner,havingfirstswornthewitnessaccordingtolaw,shouldrequirethequestionstobereducedtowritingbeforebeingput,andthenreadtothewitness;andshouldtakedowntheanswersinwriting,orcausethesametobedonebythewitnesshim-self,asnearasmaybeinthewitness'ownwords.10ItisthedutyoftheCommissioner:(1)topreserveorder;(2)toseethatthewitnessisfairlydealtwith;(3)torequireawitnesstoanswerallproperques-tions;(4)toexamineeachwitnessseparateandapartfromalltheothersnamedinthenotice,wheneitherpartymakesoathbeforehimthatheverilybelievesjusticesorequires;(5)topreventawitnessbeingtakenasideprivatelybyeitherpartyduringhisexamination;(6)toreadovertothewitness,orallowthewitnesstoreadover,hisdeposition,ifsorequested,beforeitissigned,andtocorrectit,orallowthewitnesstocorrectit,whereerroneous;11(7)toannextothedepositionabillofcosts,showingwhateachwitnessisentitledtoforattendance,mileageandferriages,andwhathisowncostsare,and(8)toproperlycertify,envelope,endorseandtransmitthedepositionwhentaken,withoutallowingittobeoutofhispossession,orinanywayaltered,afterithasbeentaken.Commissionersshouldmakeandenforceallrulesandordersnecessarytopreventawitnessfrombeingtamperedwith,or.instructed,orin-timidated,whilebeingexamined,orwhileattendingtobeexamined.12§494.EightsandDutiesofWitnesses.—Firstofallawitnessisentitledtocourteoustreatmentnotonlywhilebeingexamined,butwhileinattendance,andisentitledtoprotectionfrominsult,menace,disturbance,orinterruption.13Hehastherighttomakeanychangesinhisdepositionbeforehehassignedit,butcannotmakechangesbyerasuresorinterlineations,14ifobjectionbemade
;
butmustmakehischangesorexplanationsinwritingatthefootofhisdeposi-tion.Awitnessmayusenotestorefreshhisrecollectionastodates,namesandamounts,buthecannotbeallowedtocopyawritingintohisdeposition,norto.useadepositionpreviouslyprepared.15Ifhehasawritinghewishestousehemayexhibitittohisdeposition,ifeitherpartydesiresit.Awitnessmayproperlyrefusetoansweraquestionwhichmaycriminatehim,ortendtocriminatehim,orexposehimtoapenaltyortoaforfeiture,orwhichwouldinvolveabreachofprofessionalconfidence.16Itisthedutyofawitnesstoanswereveryquestionfullywithoutreservation,tothebestofhisknowledge,tellingnotonlythetruth,butthewholetruth,andnothingbutthetruth.Awitnessshouldnotbeallowedtosparwithcounsel;butshouldberequiredtoconfinehimselftohisdutiesasawitness,17andnotbeallowedtocomporthimselfasanentertainer,orasajudgeofthequiredtoreducetheirobjectionstowriting,andnoargumentsshouldbeallowed.13Blake'sCh.Pr.,'133.141Barb.Ch.Pr.,282.101Barb.Ch.Pr.,282;Blake'sCh.Pr.,133.161Dan.Ch.Pr.,942-945.Butifsuchquestionsareansweredwithoutobjectionbythewitness,theycannotbeobjectedtoatthehearingbyaparty.17Heisunderpayasawitness,andshouldcon-ducthimselfaccordingly.
10Code,§3859.Thissectionisdirectoryastothemannerofputtingthequestions;theymaybeputverbally.Reedv.Patterson11Lea,432.11Blake'sCh.Pr.,133;Barb.Ch.Pr.,282.12Objectionsaresometimesmadetoquestionsandanswersexpresslytohelpthewitness,ortoshowhimhowtoanswer,orhownottoanswer,orelsetointimidatehim,orotherwiseundulyinfluencehim.ACommissionerwhotoleratessuchconductiseithergrosslyignorantofhisduty,orlamentablydeficient,•„„„„-,„,,t„,i„i,.-oA„t„P,^..„!,„,,1,1ha—-

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§495DUTIESOPCOMMISSIONERSANDWITNESSES.400characterofthequestions,orashavinglargelibertiesordiscretionastowhenorwhatheshouldanswer,andhowfullyheshouldanswer.§495.WhenanInterpreterisNeeded.—IfawitnesswhomitisproposedtoexaminedoesnotunderstandandspeakEnglish,aninterpretermustbeused.Theinterpretershouldbesworn,1st,thatheunderstandsthetongueoftheproposedwitness,and2d,thathewillinterprettruly.Theoathmaybead-ministeredbytheCommissioner,inthefollowingform."Youdosolemnlyswearthatyouunderstandthetongueofthewitness,[naminghim],andthatyouwilltrulyandfaithfullyinterprettohimtheoathtobeadministeredtohim,andthequestionstobeputtohim,outoftheEnglishlanguageintothe[German,orotherlanguageofthewitness,statingit;]andthatyouwilltrulyandfaithfullyinterprethisanswerstheretooutofthe[Germanorotherlanguageofthewitness,statingit;]intotheEnglishlanguage."18Thedepositionofapersonwhoisdeafanddumbmay,inlikemanner,betakenbytheaidofapersonskilledinthesignlanguage,unlessthewitnesscanreadandwrite,inwhichcasehecan,ofcourse,readthequestionsandwritehisanswers,beingfirstsworninwriting.LeavetouseaninterpretermaybeobtainedfromtheChancellorinCourt,oratChambers,onnoticetotheadverseparty.19§496.ExceptionsTakenBeforetheCommissioner.—Iftheformofaques-tionisobjectionable,itmustbeexceptedtoinwritingbeforeitisanswered;20ifthesubstanceofthequestionisobjectionable,itmaybeexceptedtoinwrit-ingbeforetheCommissioner,ormaybeexceptedtoorallybeforetheCourtwhenreadatthehearing.Thereasonofthedistinctionis:iftheformofaciuestioncouldbefirstexceptedtoinCourt,itwouldenabletheexceptingpartytoreservehisobjectionuntilitwastoolatefortheotherpartytoremedy,orobviate,thedefect;whereas,iftheobjectionisraisedbeforethequestionisanswered,theformofthequestioncanbechanged,oranewquestionasked;andifthepartyquestioningfailsorrefusestochangetheformofhisquestiononobjectionbeingdulymade,hevoluntarilyassumestheriskofhisquestion,andtheanswerthereto,beingruledoutatthehearing.Theordinaryobjectiontotheformofaquestionis,thatitisleading.So,ifananswerisobjectionablebecausenotresponsivetothequestion,itmustbeexceptedtoonthatgroundinwriting,beforetheCommissioner;be-cause,ifthenexceptedto,thequestionermayaskaquestionexpresslytogetthebenefitoftheirresponsivematter,andthusmakeitcompetentevidence.Allofthereasonsandrules,applicabletoobjectionstotheformofaquestion,equallyapplytoobjectionstotheformofananswer.Whatismeantabovebyexceptionstothesubstanceofaquestionareexcep-tionsbecausethequestionis(1)impertinent,irrelevant,orimmaterial,or(2)callsforhearsay,or(3)forparolproofofawriting,or(4)forprivilegedcom-munications,or(5)formatterthatwouldtendtocriminatethewitness,or(6)seekstochangeawrittenagreement,orawill,byoralevidence,or(7)other-wiseviolatessomeruleastotheadmissibilityofevidence.TheCommissionershouldneverundertaketoruleoutaquestion,unlessitissomanifestlyridiculous,orscandalous,astobeamatterofcontempt.Theoppositepartyshouldbeallowedtowritehisobjectiontoaquestionoranswer,uponthefaceofthedeposition;buthemustnotcallupontheCommissionertoruleonhisobjection.21 Court,andthepartyinvokingsuchactiononthepartoftheCommissionershouldbeoneratedwithallthecostsoccasionedthereby.Commissionersshould,however,suppressallwrang-lingbetweenparties,ortheirSolicitors,oragents,atthetakingofdepositions;especiallywranglingovertheadmissibilityofevidence,orthelegalityofquestionsoranswers.Whatpartieswishtosaybywayofobjection,letthemreduceittowritingonthefaceofthedeposition,oronaseparatepapertobeattachedtothedeposition.
181Barb.Ch.Pr.,285;Dan.Ch.Pr.,855.19Dan.Ch.Pr.,1062;post,§775.201Dan.Ch.Pr.,921,note;2Scott'sRev.,866,note.21IfCommissionersweregiventherighttopassontheadmissibilityofevidence,itwouldresultingivingthemtherighttodecidethelawsuititself;fortheChancellorwouldberestrictedtosuchevidenceastheCommissionerssawfittoallow.ItisagrossusurpationofauthorityforaCommissionertoex-cludeanyevidencefromtheconsiderationofthe

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401 EXCEPTIONSTODEPOSITIONS.§497
ARTICLEVI.EXCEPTIONSTODEPOSITIONS.
§497.ExceptionstoDepositionsGenerallyConsidered.§498.VariousGroundsofException.S499.WhenExceptionsMustbeTaken.
8500.HowExceptionsareTakenandRuledon.§501.WhenandHowExceptionsMustbeDisposedof.
§497.ExceptionstoDepositionsGenerallyConsidered.—Exceptionstoevidenceareofthreekinds:1,Exceptionstakentothecompetencyofthewitness;2,Exceptionstakentothecompetencyoftheevidence;and3,Excep-tionstakentotheadmissibilityofthedepositionbecausenottakenaccordingtolaw.Thelastkindofexceptionsdonotquestionthecompetencyofthewitness,orthecompetencyoftheevidence,butmerelyquestionsthemannerinwhichsuchevidencehasbeenobtained,andbroughtbeforetheCourt.1Inorder(1)togivetheoppositepartyanopportunitytobepresentandcross-examinethewitnesswhosedepositionistaken,and(2)tohavethetesti-monyfairlytakendown,and(3)tosecureitfromalterationafteritistaken,thelawprovidescertainpreliminaries,requirements,andsafeguards,theviola-tionornon-observanceofanyoneofwhichwillvitiatethedeposition,ifitisexceptedtoonthatground.Assuchexceptions,however,donotgotothesubstanceofthedeposition,buttoitsform,andareinthenatureofmattersinabatement,thelawrequiresthattheybemadeanddisposedofbeforethetrialiscommenced,ortheywillbeconsideredaswaived.Ontheotherhand,exceptionstothecompetencyofthewitness,orofhisevidence,maybetakenatthetrialwhenthedeposition'isoffered,ortheevidenceissoughttoberead.Theobjectofexceptionstoadepositionistosuppressit,orruleitoutofthecase;and,iftheexceptionsaresustained,thedepositionissuppressed,andcannotbereadatthehearing.Thesuppressionofadepositionwillnotpreventthepartytakingitfrom,atonce,retakingit,unlesshistimefortakingsuchproofhasexpired.§498.VariousGroundsofException.—Thegroundsofexceptiontotheadmissibilityofadepositionhavereferencemainlytotheform,manner,andtime,inwhichitwastaken,andtransmitted,andtothevariousformalitiesprescribedtosecureafairdeposition,andpreserveitfromalteration.Thefollowingaretheprincipalgroundsofexceptiontotheadmissibilityofdepositions
:
1.ExceptionsforWantofNotice.Thestatuterequiresthatnoticeofthetimeandplaceoftakingdepositions,shallbeservedupontheoppositeparty;andadepositionmaybeexceptedtoforwantofsuchnotice.Therequisitesofthisnoticehavebeengiveninaprevioussection.2Theoppositepartymaywaivenoticeormayattend,orhaveanagentinattendance,withoutnotice,inanyofwhichcasesheisestoppedfromexceptingforwantofnotice.3Anoticethatisnotsufficientlylongis,ineffect,nonotice,andmaybedisregardedbythepartyonwhomitisserved.Noticecannotbegiventotakedepositionsattwodifferentplacesonthesameday;4norcantheCommissionerpostponethecommencementofthetaking.51Anexceptiontoadepositionisonething;anexceptiontotheevidencecontainedinthedeposi-tionisanentirelydifferentthing.Thedepositionmaybesubjecttoexception,whiletheevidence,con-tainedinthedeposition,isabsolutelyunexceptiona-ble;andso,thedepositionmaybeutterlyfreefromexception,whiletheevidenceitcontainsiswhollyinadmissible.2Ante,§481.ot>iri..t etj—ice
4'Blairv.TheBank,11Hum.,84.Butthepartynotifiedmustattendatoneplaceortheother;orhecannotbeheardtoobject.Ibid.5'Wherethenoticeistotakethedepositiononacertainday,-theCommissionercannotpostponeittoanotherday;butifthenoticebetotakeonacertainday,andthedepositionisthencommenced,anditbecomesimpracticabletofinishitonthatday,itmaybefinishedonthenextday.Readv.Patterson,II

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§498EXCEPTIONSTODEPOSITIONS.4022.ExceptionsBecauseNotTakenataProperTime.Adepositionmaybeex-ceptedtoiftakenbeforesuitwasbrought,ifthestatutoryprerequisiteswerenotcompliedwith.8Somayadepositionbeexceptedtoiftakenaftersuitwasbrought,butbeforeissuejoined,whensuchtakingwasnotauthorizedbythestatute,orbytheCourt,orbytheClerkandMaster;or,ifauthorized,wasnottakeninthemannerauthorized.7Ifadepositionistakenafterthetimefortakingproofhasexpired,orduringthetrialterm,itmaybeexceptedtoonthatground,unlesstakenonaproperorder,orbyconsentoftheoppositeparty.7aSo,ifproofinchiefistakenafterthetimefortakingproofinchiefhasexpired,butwhileproofinrebuttalmaybetaken,thedepositionmaybeexceptedtoinsofarasitcontainsproofnotinrebuttal.83.ExceptionsBecauseIrregularlyTaken.Adepositionmaybeexceptedto
:
(.1)whentakenbyapersonnotauthorizedtotakedepositions,orwhoisinter-ested,orofkin,orcounsel,tooneoftheparties;or,(2)whenitdoesnotap-pearthatthewitnesswassworn;or,(3)whenawitnessmakesanswerspre-paredforhimbyanother,oradoptsanother'sevidence;or,(4)whenawitnesscopiesaformofdepositionpreviouslybyhimprepared,ormerelyre-swearstoaformerdeposition;9or,(5)whenawitnessfails,orrefusestoanswerproperinterrogatories;or,(6)whenadepositionwasnotreducedtowritingbythewitness,ortheCommissioner;10or,(7)whenadepositionisnotsigned,orswornto,bythewitness;or,(8)whenthedepositionisillegible;or,(9)whenthedepositionhasbeenalteredsinceitwastaken;or,(10)whenthewit-nesswasre-examinedtothesamefactsbythesamepartywithoutanorder;1'-
or,(11)whenthewitnessrefusedtoanswerproperquestions;12or,(12)whenthepartyexceptingwashotallowedtoaskaproperquestion,orproperques-tionswereruledoutbytheCommissioner;or,(13)whenthequestionsarelead-ing,toanexcessivedegree;13or,(14)whenthewitnesswasallowedtoretireduringhisexamination,andtohaveprivateconferenceswiththepartyexam-ininghim,orwithhiscounsel;or,(15)whenthewitnesswasdeeplyintoxicate<lduringhisexamination;or,(16)whenhistestimonyisscandalous;or,(17)whenherefusedtobecross-examined,ortheexceptanthadnoopportunitytocross-examinehim;14or,(18)whenanyotherirregularityoccurredduringthutakingofthedeposition,orsince,wherebytheexceptingpartyhasbeeninjuredwithouthisfault.154.ExceptionsBecauseofInformalitiesintheDeposition.Thestatuteprescribestheformsofthecaptionandofthecertificateofadeposition,andiftheseformsaresubstantiallydepartedfrom,anexceptionwilllieforthatreason.Suchinformalitiesconsistof:(1)omissionormisstatementofthestyleofthecause,oroftheCourtwherepending;(2)failuretoshowthatthewitnesswassworn;(3)orotherdefectinthecaption;(4)failuretoshowwhoreducedthedep-6Ante,§474.7Ante,§474.Butapartywhocross-examinesawitnesscannotexcepttothedepositiononthegroundthatthecausewasnotatissuewhenitwastaken.Hartonv.Lyons,13Pick.,180.7aStadlerv.Hertz,13Lea,315.8Incaseofsuchexceptions,theChancellor,onap-peal,willallowthedepositiontostanddebeneesse,andwillreservehisdecisionontheexceptionsuntilthehearing.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,951,note;otherwise,itmightbenecessarytohearthepleadingsandproofallreadbeforehecoulddeterminethecorrectness,oftheexceptions.9Sheav.Mabry,1Lea,331;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,907,note;929.10AdepositioncannotbereducedtowritingbyathirdpersonevenwhenheissodirectedbytheCom-missioner.E.T.,V.&G.RailroadCo.V.Arnold,5Pick.,107.Thepartiesmay,however,consentthatathirdpersonmaywritetheanswersofthewitness.11Ch.Rule,II,§6.Insuchacase,onappeal,theChancellorwill,unlessthepointbeveryclear,permitthedepositiontostanddebeneesse,andre-servethedecisionoftheappealuntilthehearing.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,951,note.121Dan.Ch.Pr.,951,note.
131Dan.Ch.Pr.,922.141Dan.Ch.Pr.;930.15Someoftheforegoinggroundsofexceptionarcofsuchacharacterthattheirsufficiencymustbelargelyamatterofdiscretion;Underhillv.VanCortland,2Johns.Ch.,339,andnote;1Dan.Ch.,Pr.,951;dependingontheaggravationofthepar-ticularirregularity.Theirregularitiesmaybeshownbyaffidavit;Smithv.Cocke,1Tenn.(Overt.),296;orbytheevidenceoftheCommissioner,orpfthewitnesshimself,orofotherwitnesses.InOliverv.TheBank,11Hum.,74,thedefectinthedepositionnotappearingonitsface,itwasprovedbyawitness,andthedepositionruledout.ItwassaidinWilsonv.Smith,5Yerg.,407,thatwhenaCommissionersustainsthenecessaryofficialcharactertoactassuch"theCourtwillgivecredencetoallhecerti-fies."CanthenaCommissionercertifytomatter,transpiringatthetakingofthedeposition,whichwouldmakeitsubjecttoexception?SeeCarterftEwing,1Tenn.Ch.,212;3Greenl.Ev.,§346.Wherethequestionsinadepositionaregrosslylead-ing,theCourtmaydisregardtheevidenceatthehearing,withoutanymotionbeingmadetosuppressit,oranyexceptionsbeingtakentoit1Dan.Cn.Pr.,922.

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403 EXCEPTIONSTODEPOSITIONS.499ositiontowriting;(5)orshowingthatitwasreducedtowritingbyanunau-thorizedperson;(6)failuretoshowthattheCommissionerwasnotinterested,ornotofkin,orofcounsel;or,(7)failuretoshowthatitwassealedup,andproperlytransmitted,withoutbeingalteredoroutofhispossession;or(8;failureoftheCommissioner.tosignit;or(9)otherdefectinthecertificate.5.ExceptionsBecauseofIrregularitiesAftertheTaking.Adepositionmaybeexceptedtoforirregularitiesoccurringafteritwastaken,suchas,(1)theCommissionermaynotproperlyenvelope,orsealit;(2)hemaynotproperlyendorsethetitleofthecauseontheenvelope;(3)hemaynotwritehisnameacrossthesealoftheenvelope;(4)hemaynotshowwhathedidwiththedepositionafteritwastaken;(5)thepersontowhomitwasdeliveredmaynothavemadetheaffidavitrequiredbythestatute;(6)theClerkandMastermaynothaveendorsedonthedepositionthesourcewhencereceived,andthatitwasopenedbyhim.§499.WhenExceptionsMustbeTaken.—TheCoderequiresthatallex-ceptionstodepositionsforwantofnotice,becausenotfiledinreasonabletime,orforothercausesgoingtotheadmissibilitythereof,exceptobjectionstothecompetencyofthewitness,orofhisevidence,shallbemadeanddisposedofbeforethecommencement-ofthehearing,ortrial,otherwisetheywillbecon-sideredaswaived.16Hence,allexceptionstoadeposition,notbasedonthein-competencyofthewitness,orofhisevidence,mustbetakenbeforethetrialiscommenced.Itisnottoolatetotakeanexceptionafteracausehasbeenreachedonacallofthedocket.Thehearing,or-trial,ofacausedoesnotcommenceuntilsomeaffirmativestephasbeentaken,suchasbeginningtoselectthejury,ortoreadthedeclaration,orthebill,ortomakeaverbalstatementofthecasepreliminarytoreadingthedeclaration,bill,orpetition.Themereannounce-mentofareadinesstotrywouldnotbethecommencementofthehearing,ortrial;butanyaffirmativesteptakenthereafter,suchasswearingthejury,orreadingthebill,orthelike,wouldconstitutesuchacommencement.Neverthe-less,itwouldperhapsbetoolateforapartytofileexceptionsafterannouncinghisreadinesstotry,onthecasebeingcalled;buthewouldprobablybeallowedaftersuchannouncement,andbeforethecommencementofthetrial,toappealfromtheactionoftheClerksustainingexceptionstohisdepositions,ortode-mandtheactionoftheCourtonappealsfromtheClerk'sruling,incaseswherehehadhadnonoticeofsuchexceptions,orruling.17§500.HowExceptionsareTaken,andRuledOn.—Exceptionstodeposi-tionsmustbeinwriting,andmustspecificallypointouttheprecisegroundofexceptiontothedeposition,afterthemannerofaspecialdemurrer,orofex-ceptionstoaMaster'sreport.Ageneralexceptiontoadepositionshouldalwaysbeoverruled.EXCEPTIONSTOADEPOSITION.ThedefendantsexcepttotheforegoingdepositionofJohnDoe:1st.Becausethedefendantshadnonoticeofthetimeandplaceoftakingthesame.182d.Becausethedepositionwastakenafterthecomplainant'stimefortakingproofhadexpired.3d.Becausethedepositionwastakenbyapersonnotauthorizedbylawtotakedepo-sitions.4th.Becausethecertificatedoesnotshowwhatwasdonewiththedepositionafteritwastaken.Sth.Becausethereisnothingonthedeposition,orannexedthereto,showingwhence,howorfromwhom,theClerkandMaster,receivedthedeposition,orthatthemessengermadetherequiredaffidavit.18July2,1891. JamesC.Ford,Solicitor.16Code,§3868:Campbello.Baird,11Pick.,345.17ThereshouldbearuleofCourtrequiringtheClerktonotifytheoppositepartyofthefilingofexceptions,orthetakingofappeals.Code,§4422.
insufficiencyisoftime,place,name,styleofcause,orothermatterofsubstance.19Ordinarily,onlyoneortwogroundsofexcep-tionwillappear;morearegiveninthetextmerely

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$501EXCEPTIONSTODEPOSITIONS.404TheClerkandMasterwillatonceconsidertheexceptions,andforthwithwriteunderthemhisrulings,20asfollows
:
RULINGOFTHECLERKONEXCEPTIONS.Theforegoingexceptionsareallowed[or,sustained.]July2,1891. ,JohnJ.Graham,C.&MTheforegoingexceptionsaredisallowed,[or,overruled.]July2,1891. JohnJ.Graham,C.&M[Or,]The1stand3doftheforegoingexceptionsaresustained;andtheothersareoverruled•July2,1891. JohnJ.Graham,C.&M.§501.WhenandHowExceptionsMustbeDisposedof.—Allexceptionstodepositions,forwantofnotice,orforfailuretocomplywithanystatutoryrequirement,orformality,oronanyotherground,notgoingtothecompetencyofthewitness,mustbemadeinwritingbeforetheClerk,21andbedisposedofbeforethecommencementofthehearing,ortrial,ortheywillbeconsideredaswaived.22TherulingoftheClerkontheexceptionsdisposesofthem,ifsuchrulingissubmittedtobythepartyruledagainst.If,however,eitherorbothofthepartiesaredissatisfiedwiththedecisionoftheClerk,anappealmaybetakentherefromtotheChancellor.23Theentryoftheappealshouldbeimme-diatelyundertheentryoftheClerk'sruling,informsubstantiallyasfollows
:
APPEALFROMTHECLERK'SRULING.ComplainantappealstotheChancellorfromtheforegoingdecision.July2,1891. JamesH.LewallEn,Solicitor.AppealtakenJuly2,1891.2*JohnJ.Graham,C.&M.ThisappealshouldbebroughtbytheexceptanttotheattentionoftheChan-cellor,attheearliestmomentpossible.Iftheappealisactedoninvacation,theChancellorwillendorsehisactiononthepapercontainingtheexceptions,oronapaperannexedthereto,asfollows
:
CHANCELLOR'SRULINGONTHEAPPEAL.Theforegoingappealheard;andtheexceptionsoverruled,[or,sustained.]July3,1891. JohnP.Smith,Chancellor.IfCourtisinsession,theactionoftheChancellormaybeenteredontheminutes,insteadofendorsedonthepapercontainingtheexceptions.IftheClerkoverrulestheexceptionstoadeposition,theexceptantmusttakeandprosecuteanappealfromtherulingoftheClerk,orhewillbedeemedtohavewaivedhisexceptions.IftheClerksustainstheexceptions,thepartytakingthedepositionmustappeal,orhewillnotbeallowedtoreadthedep-ositionatthetrial.25AnappealvacatestherulingoftheClerk,andleavesthedepositionasthoughtheexceptionshadneverbeenactedonbytheClerk.If,therefore,theClerksustainsanexception,andanappealistaken,theappealvacateshisruling;and,unlesstheexceptantcallsupontheChancellortoactuponhisexceptions,beforethetrialbegins,theywillbeconsideredaswaived.The.exceptantmustseetoitthathisexceptionsarefinallydisposedof,beforethecommencementofthehearing,ortrial.Therefore,whentheMastersus-tainshisexceptions,andtheMaster'srulingisappealedfrom,inasmuchassuchappealvacatestheMaster'sactionandleavestheexceptionsundisposedof,thedutydevolvesontheexceptant,andnotontheappellant,tohavetheex-
sibilityofthedeposition,theexceptionsmustbemadeafterthetrialhasbegun,andwhentheexcep-tionableevidenceisoffered,oratleastbeforetheevidenceisclosed.TheStatel'.N.Bank,16Lea,116.23Code,§3869.Ch.Rule,II,§5;post,§1191,sub-sec.5.24Itisprudent,andperhapsnecessary,tohavetheClerknotethefactanddateoftheappeal,andattestitwithhissignature.25Hawkinst>.McNamara,1Heisk.,352.
20Hemustactontheexceptionsassoonastheyarefiled.Code,§3869.21Travisv.Laurance,2Shan.Cas.,109;Railroad,-.Harris,17Pick.,527.22Code,§3868.Ch.Rule,II,§5;post,§1191.Iftheregularityoradmissibilityofthedeposition,regardlessoftheevidenceitcontains,istobeex-ceptedto,theexceptionsmustbefiled,andfinallyactedon,beforethetrialbegins.TravisV.Laurance,2Shan.Cas.,109;Railroadv.Harris,17Pick.,527.Iftheevidencecontainedinthedepositionistobeexceptedto,regardlessoftheregularityoradmis-

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405 AMENDMENTOFDEPOSITIONS.§502ceptionsactedonbytheChancellor;and,ifhefailstodosobeforethetrialbegins,hisexceptionswillbeconsideredaswaived,andthedepositionmayberead.26Inshort,adepositionmayalwaysberead,unlessthereisstandingagainstit,whenthetrialbegins,anexceptionsustainedwithoutappeal;anditistoolateafterthetrialbeginseithertotakeexceptions,ortoappealfromtheMaster'sruling,ortocallfortheactionoftheChancelloronanappealalreadytaken.27
ARTICLEVII.AMENDMENTOFDEPOSITIONS.
§S04.HowAmendmentstoaDepositionareMade.
§502.AmendingDepositionsGenerallyCon-sidered.§503.WhatAmendmentstoDepositionsMaybeMade.§502.AmendingDepositionsGenerallyConsidered.—Undertheoldprac-tice,whenthecontentsofadepositionwerekeptsecretfromeveryoneexcepttheCommissionerhimself,whenitwasconsideredagravemattertoallowthetestimonytobeknownuntilalltheproofinthecausehadbeentaken,andwhenthissecrecywasdeemedessentialtopreventperjury,amendmentstoeithertheform,orthesubstance,ofthedeposition,wereallowedwithverygreathesitancy,andonlyforextraordinaryreasons.Butnowthatdepositionsareopenlytakeninthepresenceofbothparties,andespeciallyastheCommis-sionershaveoftenbutlittleexperienceintakingdepositions,itwouldseemthatthereshouldbethesameopportunitytoamenddepositionsasisallowedinotherproceedingsinCourt,1totheendthatjusticemaybeattained,andcausesbetriedontheirmeritswithoutbeingentangledintheniceformalitiesofthelaw.2Anditisaccordingly,acommonpracticenowtoallowdepositionstobeamendedwhenthereisaninformalityorimperfectioninthetakingortransmittingofit,orwhenthereissomeerror,omission,ormistake,intheevidencecontainedinit.§503.WhatAmendmentstoDepositionsMaybeMade.—Anydefect,omis-sion,orimperfection,resultingfromaccidentormistake,eitherintheformofthedeposition,orinthetransmissionofit,orinthesubstanceofit,maybeamended,whenthefactofthedefect,omission,orimperfection,andoftheaccidentormistakecausingit,isclearlymadetoappearinthemannerstatedinthenextsection.1.AmendmentstotheSubstanceofaDeposition.Whenawitnesshasmadeamistakeinhistestimony,orhasomittedtoanswersomepartoftheinterroga-tories,ortheCommissionerhasomittedtotakedown,orhaserroneouslytaken
i to..Ageneralobjectiontosuchadepositionwillbeconstruedasreferringmerelytothecompetency,orrelevancy,orlegaleffect,ofthetestimonycontainedtherein,andnotasembracinganymatterofform,orquestionofregularity,orauthority,inthetakingofsuchdeposition.Garvinv.Luttrell,10Hum.,16;Millerv.State,12Lea,223.1Code,§2863;Bewleyv.Ottinger,1Heisk.,354.2Hunterv.Sevier,7Yerg.,136.
.Manyerrorsinpleadings,depositionsanddecrees,someludicrous,othersperplexing,andstillothersdownrightinjurious,resultfromtypewritersandstenographerseithermisunderstandingthewordsdictated,ormisreadingtheirstenographicnotes.Evenourstatutescontainmanysucherrors:thusbytheActof1885,ch.93,MillikenandVertreeswere"authorized,directedandempoweredtorevise,digestandqualify[codifyintended]allthegeneralstatutesinforceinthisState;"andtheActof1887.ch.156,refertotheirworkas"Milliken&Vertrees'complication[meaningcompilation]ofthelawsofTennessee."Courtsshouldbeveryliberalinallow-ingsuchandsimilarerrorstobecorrected,evenat
26Code,§§3868-3869;Carterv.McBroom,Pick.,378;Campbellv.Baird,11Pick.,345.27IfyourexceptionsareoverruledbytheClerk,youmusttakeandprosecuteanappealbeforethetrialbegins,oryourexceptionswillgofornought.IfyourexceptionsaresustainedbytheClerk,andtheotherpartyappeals,youmusthavetheChan-celloractonyourexceptionsbeforethetrialbegins,ortheywillbeconsideredaswaived.CarterV.McBroom,1Pick.,378.Ifexceptionstoyourdep-ositionsaresustainedbytheClerk,youmustap-peal,oryourdepositionsgofornought.Brandonv.Mullenix,11Heisk.,446;Hawkinsv.McNamara,1Heisk.,352.Ifyouhavegroundsofexceptiontoyouradversary'sdeposition,youmusttakethemandhavethemfinallyactedonbeforethetrialbe-gins,oryouwillbedeemedtohavewaivedthem.'Susonv.Ellis,11Heisk.,80;Sheav.Mabry,1Lea,319.Adepositionmayberead,ifnotspeciallyex-ceptedtobeforethetrialbegins,evenwhenitisaccompaniedbyneithercaption,certificate,notice,commission,orauthorityofanykindfortakingthesame;andwhennothingappearsbutthestyleof

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§504AMENDMENTOFDEPOSITIONS.406down,somepartofhisanswer;andinotherlikecases,wherethedefectofevidencehasresultedfromaccidentorinadvertence,leavetosupplythedefectandcorrecttheerrorbyare-examinationofthewitnesswillbegrantedbytheCourt.Insuchcases,however,there-examinationwillberestrictedtothesupplyofthedefect,orthecorrectionoftheerror,withoutretakinganyotherpartsofthetestimony,unlesstheentireoriginaldepositionhasbeensup-pressed.32.AmendmentstotheFormofaDeposition.Anydefect,omission,error,orimperfection,intheformofthecaption,orofthecertificate,orinthesigningofthedeposition,orofthecertificate,orintheendorsementsontheenvelope,orintheaffidavitofthemessenger,orintheendorsementoftheClerk,maybeamendedwhensuchdefect,omission,error,orimperfectionisevidentlytheresultofaccident,ormistake,orinadvertence.§504.HowAmendmentstoaDepositionareMade.—Amendmentsmaybedesiredeitherin,orto,theevidencecontainedinthedeposition,orinthefor-malitiesincidenttoitstaking.1.Amendmentsin,orto,theEvidence.Awitnesshastherighttoread,orhavereadtohim,thewholeofhisdeposition,beforehecanberequiredtosignit.Hemaymakeanycorrectioninhistestimony,byanexplanatoryadditionthereto,atanytimebeforehedepartsfromthepresenceoftheCommissioner,thoughthedepositionbesignedandclosed,buthecanmakenochangeoraddi-tionafterhedeparts,exceptbyleaveoftheCourtforthatpurpose,4whichleavetheCourtwillsometimesgrant,onproperapplicationtherefor.TheordinarymethodofshowingtotheCourtthefactandcircumstancesofthemistake,isbytheaffidavitofthewitness;butthemistakemay,also,appearfromthecertificateoftheCommissioner,oruponthefaceofthedepositionitself,orotherwise.Knowledgeofthemistakeistheimportantfact,andtheCourt,whenonceithasknowledgeofthefact,willactuponthatknowledge,regardlessofthemannerinwhichitmayhavebeenobtained.5Sometimes,incasesofclearmistake,involvingonlyaverbalalteration,theCourt,insteadoforderingare-examinationofthewitness,willpermitthedep-ositiontobeamendedonitsfaceinopenCourt.Thishasbeendonebythealterationofadatestatedbythewitnessbymistake,orbythecorrectionofamistakebytheexaminer;especiallywherethewitnesswasold,andverydeaf,themistakebeingfirstclearlyshownandproved,totheentiresatisfactionoftheCourt.6So,theCourtwouldallowawitnesstosignhisdepositioninopenCourt,whenhehadinadvertentlyneglectedtodoso,atthetaking.2.Amendmentsin,orto,theFormoftheDeposition.IftherehasbeenanyerrorormistakebytheCommissioner,inanymatterofforminthecaption,orcertificate,ofthedeposition,orinthesigningofthecertificate,orintheendorsementsontheenvelope,theCommissioner,onmotionforthatpurposebyanypartyinterested,may,inopenCourt,underthedirectionandsuper-visionoftheCourt,correctsucherrorormistake,makingtheamendmentunderhisofficialoath.7Suchamendments,however,muststatethefactsastheyreallyexistedatthetimethedepositionwastaken;andaremadenuncprotunc.Inlikemanner,iftheClerkandMasterhasneglectedorfailedtomaketheproperendorsementsonthedepositionafterreceivingoropeningit,he,onmotidn,maybeallowedinopenCourttocorrectanyerror,orsupplyanyde-fect,insuchendorsements.So,anyfailureonthepartofthemessengertomakethenecessaryaffidavit,
33Greenl.Ev.,§346.43Greenl.Ev.,§324;Gres.Eq.Ev.,69;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,929.53Greenl.Ev.,346.Butproofofthefactofamistakeshouldbeclear.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,930,note.TheChancellormay,unlessthecaseisveryclear,examineboththewitnessandtheCommissioner,or
requiretheiraffidavits,oreventheirdepositions,sothatcross-questionsmaybeasked.See,1Dan.Ch.Pr.,953.6Greenl.Ev„§347.7Bewleyv.Ottinger,1Heisk.,354;EllerV.Rich-ardson,5Pick.,575;Carterv.Ewing,1Tenn.Ch.,212.

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407 SUGGESTIONSABOUTDEPOSITIONS.§505whenthedepositionissentbyprivateconveyance,maybecorrectedatanytime,bythemessengerinpersonmakingthenecessaryaffidavit;anditisprobablethatthismaybedonewithouttheleaveoftheCourt.8,
Amendmentstotheformofadepositionmaybemade,evenafterthedep-ositionhasbeenruledoutbytheClerkonexceptionsbasedontheverydefi-ciencysoughttobecorrectedbytheamendments.Insuchcase,theproperpracticeis,nottoappealfromtheClerk'sruling,buttoobviatethatrulingbyapplyingtotheCourtforleavetomaketheamendment,andthenmakingitaccordingly.9Amendmentsmust,however,bemadebeforethebeginningofthehearing,ortrial,ifthedepositionstandsruledout,orsuppressed,onexceptions.
ARTICLEVIII.PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSABOUTDEPOSITIONS.505.RulesforQuestioningWitnesses.506.HowtoExamineaWitness.507.HowtoExamineYourOwnWitness.508.HowtoCross-ExamineaWitness.509.FrameandFormsofQuestionsforDepositions.
§510.RebuttingEvidence.§511.AstoExceptionstoDepositions.§512.ExceptionstoEvidence,When,WhereandHowTaken.§513.HowtoReadDepositionsattheHear-ing.§505.RulesforQuestioningWitnesses.—Oftentimes,manyunnecessaryquestionsarepropoundedtowitnesses,therebyundulyprolongingtheexam-ination,andneedlesslyswellingtherecord.Thisvexatiousprolixityofaimlessinterrogationordinarilyarisesfromafailuretocomprehendtherealmattersinissue.Noquestionshouldeverbeaskedwithoutadefiniteobject,andthatobjectshouldbeeither(1)toprove,ordisprove,amatterinissue;or(2)tocorroborate,orcontradict,evidencealreadytaken,orawitnessalreadyexam-ined;or(3)tolaygroundsforsuchcorroborationorcontradiction;or(4)totesttheaccuracy,veracity,orcredibility,ofawitness;or(5)toshakehiscreditbyinjuringhischaracter,orgeneralreputation;or(6)togivehimanopportunitytoexplain.1Hence,itisindispensabletoalawyer-likeexamina-tionthatthequestionershallhavewellinmind(1)theissuescontainedinthepleading,(2)theevidencealreadytakeninthecause,and(3)whatcanbeprovedordisprovedbythewitness.1.Complainant'sQuestionsshould,ordinarily,seektodrawoutofthewitnesswhatheknows:(1)inreferencetothetruthoftheaffirmativemattersoffactallegedinthebill;(2)inreferencetothefalsityoftheaffirmativemattersoffactsetupintheanswerbywayofavoidance;(3)inreferencetothecharac-ter,orhostiletestimony,ofthedefendant'switnesses;(4)inreferencetoanyfacts,orcircumstances,tendingtosustaintheallegationsofhisbill,ortocor-roboratetheevidence,orwitnesses,hehasalreadyintroduced;and(5)inref-erencetoanyfacts,orcircumstances,tendingtorebuttheevidence,ordis-creditthewitnesses,ofthedefendant.2.Defendant'sQuestionsshould,ordinarily,seektoshowwhatthewitnessknows:(1)inreferencetothefalsityoftheclaimssetupinthecomplainant'sbill;(2)inreferencetothetruthofanyaffirmativeallegationssetupbyhim-self,bywayofavoidance;(3)inreferencetothecharacter,orhostiletesti-8TheClerkandMastermayadministertheoathtothemessengeratanytimebeforethehearingbe-gins.9Bewleyv.Ottinger,1Heisk.,354.Insuchacase,anappealfromtheClerk'srulingwouldbeinvain,ashisdecisionwouldbecorrect,andwould
totheCourttohavethedefectsandomissionsinthedepositionscorrectedaccordingtothefacts.Ibid.lAllevidenceshouldbepertinent,material,pro-bative,explanatory,rebutting,corroborative,orcu-mulative.

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§506SUGGESTIONSABOUTDEPOSITIONS.408mony,ofthecomplainant'switnesses;(4)inreferencetoanyfacts,orcircum-stances,tendingtorefutetheevidence,orwitnesses,ofthecomplainant;and(5)inreferencetoanyfacts,orcircumstances,tendingtosustainhismattersinavoidance,ortocorroboratetheevidence,orwitnesses,hehasalreadyintro-duced.Solicitorsshouldavoidputtingleadingquestionstotheirownwitnesses:suchapracticeisnotonlygrosslyillegal,butisadirectinjusticetotheotherside.Andifthewitnessiseasilyled,andledtoofar,theoppositesidewillbeapttoexposehisignorance,orhisdishonesty.If,however,awitnessishostiletothepartycallinghim,orisunwillingtotestify,theCourtwillallowleadingquestionstobeasked.2§506.HowtoExamineaWitness.—Asarule,beginyourdirectexamina-tionofawitnessbyaskinghimhisname,age,business,placeofresidence,hownearhelivestotheparties,orthepropertyindispute,hisrelationshiptoanyoftheparties,andhowlonghehasknownthem,andwhatinteresthehasinthesubject-matterincontroversy,ifany.Thesequestionsaregenerallyofvalueinweighingtheevidenceofthewitness;andthey,also,havetheeffectofputtingthewitnessatease.AstheChancellorcannotseeandhearthewitnessgiveinhisevidence,thefactscalledforthbytheabovequestionsareoftentheonlymeanshehasoftestingthecomparativecredibilityofdisagree-ingwitnesses.Insistuponyouradversary'switnessesbeingputundertherule,andexam-inedseparateandapartfromeachother,ifyouhaveanyreasontosuspectanyconcoctedevidence,orfalseswearing.Witnessesonthesamesideoftencon-formtheirtestimonytothatofthosewhohavealreadytestified.3Oftentimes,youronlychancetodestroyfalseevidenceisbyhavingthewitnessesexam-inedoutofeachother'shearing,andtherebyinvolvingtheminconflictastoparticularsandcircumstances.4Beforeyouexamineawitness,ascertainwhatheknowsmaterialtothecon-troversy:thiswillrenderitunnecessarytoplyhimwithamultiplicityoffish-ingquestions,ortorunadrag-netofgeneralinterrogationsthroughhismem-ory,inordertodiscoverwhatheknows.Neverattempttomisleadanhonestwitness,ortoentraphim.Dealfairlywiththosedisposedtodealfairlywithyou.Begentlewiththeyoungandtimid;courteoustothosedisposedtotellthetruth;firmanddignifiedwiththeflippantandimpertinent;forbearingtowardstheignorantandstupid;shrewdwiththeshrewd,andcraftywiththecrafty.Whileawitnessisbeingexaminedbytheotherside,keepamemorandumofpointssuggestedbyorduringtheexamination,sothatyouwillnotforgettointerrogatethewitnessinreferencetothem,whenyourturncomestoexaminehim.Youshouldpaytheclosestattentiontotheexaminationwhenconductedbytheotherside,sothatyoumaybeabletoobjecttotheform,orsubstance,ofanyquestionpropounded;andtoseethatanythingfavorabletoyoursideintheanswerofthewitnessisnotomittedtobewrittendown;andtopreventtheentryofanythingunfavorabletoyourside,notsaidbythewitness.Makeallofyourobjectionstotheform,orsubstance,ofquestions,inwriting,anilneitherarguethemyourselfbeforetheCommissioner,norallowtheothersidetoarguethem.TheChancellor,andnottheCommissioner,istheproperofficertoheartheargumentsandpassupontheobjections.
2TheCourtmay,atthehearing,disregardtheevidencedrawnfromawitnessbyquestionsgrosslyleading.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,922.3Weakwitnessesaresometimesintentionallygivenachancetohearotherwitnessestestifyinadvanceoftheirexamination,sothattheirrecollectionmayberefreshed,andtheirconfidencestrengthened.Bysuchmeans,aweak,ortimid,orpartialwitnessmaybeconvertedintoafalsewitness,andlearntoechowhathehasheardothersswear.Formerly,inChan-
cery,allwitnesseswereexaminedinsecret,noonebeingpresentbutthewitnessandtheexaminer,evenSolicitorsbeingexcluded.4Witnessesoftentestifyfalselybecauseofde-fectivememories,intendingtoswearthetruth.Whensuchwitnessesareexaminedoutofeachother'shearing,thedeficienciesintheirmemorieswillbecomeapparentfromtheirconflicts;whereas,iftheyheareachothertestify,theyareapttoen-deavortomaketheirtestimonyharmonize.

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409 SUGGESTIONSABOUTDEPOSITIONS.§507§507.HowtoExamineYourOwnWitnesses.—Itrequiresfullyasmuchartandthoughttoproperlyexaminewitnesses,asitdoestodrawapleading,ormakeabrief.Inexaminingyourownwitnesses,youmustkeepinmindwhatproofyouneedtomake,andwhatyoucanmakebytheparticularwitnessesyouareexamining.1.ObjectsoftheDirectEixaininationare(1)toprovethematerialaffirmativeallegationsinyourpleading;(2)todisprovethematerialaffirmativeallega-tionsinyouradversary'spleading;(3)todestroy,orweaken,theevidencefiledbytheoppositeparty;and(4)tocorroborateorsustainyourownwit-nesses.Hence,inexaminingone'sownwitnesses,itisallimportanttoknow(1)whatyouneedtoprovegenerally,(2)whathasalreadybeenprovedinthecase,and(3)whatyoucanprovebytheparticularwitnessyouareexamining.Toknowthefirsttwoyoumustknowthecontentsofthepleadings,andtheproofonfile;toknowthelast,you,oryourclient,shouldhaveconferredwiththewitnessbeforehewassummoned.Solicitorswhoexamineawitnesswith-outthisthree-foldknowledge,arelikemengropingforsomethinginthedark,andtheyrunlikerisks.Ifyourwitnessisyoung,timid,ordiffident,askhimwherehelives,howfarbelivesfromtheplaceincontroversy,whetherheknowstheparties,orsomesimilarquestions,inordertoputhimatease.Ifheisold,experiencedinbusiness,orself-possessed,observearespectfulcourtesyinyourdemeanor,andproceedatoncetothematerialfactsyouwishtoprove.Ifheisflippant,orconceited,ordisposedtobehumorousorimpertinent,begraveanddignifiedinyourmanner,andsomewhatceremonious,soastoimpressthewitnesswiththeimportanceandsolemnityoftheexamination.2.ObjectsoftheRe-examinationare(1)toobtainfromthewitnessanex-planationofmatterswhichareeithernotfullystatedonthecross-examination,orwhichareapparentlyinconflictwithhisevidenceonthedirectexamination
;
and(2)toprovebythewitnesssomenewfact,theproofofwhichismadenecessarybytheevidenceelicitedonthecross-examination.Ifthewitnesslasbeenconfused,orentangled,bythecross-examination,hemaybegivenanopportunitytorestatehisevidence,andtodisentanglehimself.Donotallowyourselftobecomeannoyedbecauseyourwitnesshasbeenworstedbythecross-examination;preserveyourtemperandequanimity,andopenyourre-examinationbyareassuringtoneandcomfortingmanner,andsoshapeyourquestionsastoenablethewitnesstoreadilyrecoverhisself-pos-session,andtocorrect,orexplain,hisinconsistencies,ifany.Bymeansofaskilfulre-examination,abatteredwitnessmayoftenberepaired,andbeen-abledtoleavethestandwithhiscreditfullyrestored.§508.HowtoCross-ExamineaWitness.—Nevercross-examineawitnesswithoutadefiniteandpertinentobject.Aimless,hap-hazardandrandomques-tionsarenotonlyofnobenefittothequestioner,buttheyoftenresultindraw-ingoutanswersthatareadownrightdamagetohim.Cross-examinationshave,ordinarily,fourobjects:1,Todestroy,orweaken,theforceoftheevi-dencethewitnesshasalreadygiven;2,Todrawforthsomeevidenceinfavorofthecross-examiner;3,Todestroy,orweaken,thecredibilityofthewitness
;
and4,Tolaygroundforcontradictinghim.Unlessthewitnessisfriendly,orwhollyimpartial,bewareoftryingtoprovebyhimanyfactmaterialtoyourcase,foranadverseanswerfromhimmaycounterbalanceyourownproofonthatpoint.Witnessestobecross-examinedare,ordinarily,either(1)prejudicedagainstyourside,or(2)friendlytoyourside,or(3)indifferenttobothsides.1.WitnessesPrejudicedAgainstYourSddeshouldbecross-examinedwithgreatcaution.Ifyoucangetalongwithyourcasewithoutprovinganythingbythem,neveraskthemanyquestions,exceptastomattersthatmaytendto

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§508 SUGGESTIONSABOUTDEPOSITIONS.410kinshiptothepartycallingthem,theirinterestorfeelinginthecase,theirunacquaintancewiththefacts,andanyothermatterthatwillimpairtheeffectoftheirtestimony.If,however,thewitnessknowsthefactsonwhichyoursuccessdepends,andyoucannotprovethosefactsbyanyotherwitness,butareobligedtotearthetruthfromthewitness'throat,orwringitoutofhisheart,beginbyaskinghimleadingquestions,astothemostremotecircum-stancesofthecase,circumstancessounconnectedwitheachotherthathecan-notseethedriftofyourquestions.Then,interrogatehimastocircumstancesnearertothetransaction,anddrawnearerandnearer,untilyoureachtheverytimeandplaceofthemainfact.Donot,however,callonhimtoanswerastothetruthofthemainfact,untilacontraryanswerwillbegrosslyinconsistentwiththecircumstanceshehasalreadyswornto,andwillinvolvehiminirre-parablecontradiction,andthendemandofhimwhether,consideringallhehastestifiedto,themainfactisnotasyouclaimittobe.Coerceaconcessionoutofhim,ordemandanexplanationofhisglaringinconsistencies.Whenanadversewitness,oncross-examinationhasansweredseveralcon-secutivequestions,bysayingthathe-didnotremember,injectaquestioncov-eringamatterhehasalreadyswornthathedoesremember;and,ifheisdis-honest,thechancesarehewillanswersuchquestionbysayingthathedoesnotremember,andwillthusexposehiswilfuldishonesty,orgrossunfairness."Whenanadversewitnessanswersallofyourquestionsinthenegative,sochangetheformofyourquestionsthatanegativeanswerwillmakeinyourfavor.Thus,ifyouwishtoprovesoandso,askthewitnessifthecontraryofsoandsoisnotthefact.If,forinstance,youwishtoprovethatAwasnotsober,asksuchadversewitnessifAwasnotperfectlysoberontheoccasioninquestion.Anadversewitnesswill,oncross-examination,undertheinfluenceofseductiveleadingquestions,andcourteousdemeanor,oftenadmitsomesmaJicircumstance,notdeemingitworthanevasion.Truth,however,issolinkedtotruth,thataverysmalladmissionoftennecessitatesanotherinconfirmation,srexplanation.Inthisway,admissionafteradmisrionmaybeobtained,untilthewitnessishopelesslyenmeshedinawebofcontradictionsofhisownspin-ning.Inordertogetawitnesstomakeanadmissionofremotecircumstances,beginyourcross-examination,asthoughyoubelievedallhesaid,andhadfullconfidenceinhishonesty,butwantedsomesmallparticularswhichtheothersidehadnotcalledfor.2."WitnessesFriendlytoYourSide,whenintroducedbytheotherside,are,asarule,ofmorevaluetoyouthanwhenintroducedbyyourself,because,(1)youcanaskthemleadingquestions,and(2)theycannotordinarilybeim-peached,orcontradicted,bythepartyintroducingthem.Toushouldendeavortoprovebythemeverypertinentandmaterialfactintheirknowledge;andyoumay,asarule,questionthemfreelyandunreservedly,forawitnessfriendlytoyouisapttobesomewhathostiletotheotherside,becausemadeawitnessbythemagainsthisinclination.3.WitnessesWhoareIndifferentaredangerous,oftentimes,andmustbocross-examinedwithcare,lesttheygiveyouadamaginganswer.Iftheirin-differencearisesfromgeneralsullenness,becarefulnottooffendthem,butbeascourteousandsuaveaspossible.Iftheirindifferenceistheresultofimpar-tiality,thenquestionthemfreely,butnofurtherthanthetruthwillwarrant,Iftheheartofanindifferentwitnessescanbewon,hemayproveavaluableacquisition;butifheisinclinedtoresentyouradvances,lethimgo:cavecanem!4.WitnessesWhenIntoxicated,Insubordinate,orTamperedWith.Ifanyirreg-ularityoccurswhiletakingadeposition,ordepositions,proveitbyawitness,orbytheCommissioner.Amongsuchirregularitiesmaybementioned(l.iThatawitnesswasintoxicated,orinsubordinate,orquarrelsome;or(2)wastamperedwithbytheoppositeparty,orhisattorney.Ifawitnesswasinany

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41
1
SUGGESTIONSABOUTDEPOSITIONS.§509waytamperedwithbytheoppositesideduringhisexamination,orinanywayapproached,orstuffed,proveitbyhimwhilehisdepositionisbeingtaken.Ifimportanttoshowwhoispresentatthetakingofproof,showitbysomewitness,orbytheCommissioner.Youmayquestionthewitnessasfollowsontheabovematters
:
QUESTIONSTOSHOWTAMPERING.HaveyounottalkedwithX5sincethelastquestion?DidyounothaveatalkwithXafterIaskedtheprecedingquestion,andbeforeyouan-sweredit?Haveyounotrefreshedyourrecollectionastofacts,figures,ordates,sinceyourdeposi-tionbegan?orsinceyouweresummonedasawitness?Pleasestateinwhatwayyousorefreshedyourrecollection.Pleasefilethepaperyousousedinrefreshingyourrecollection,andmarkitexhibitAtoyourdeposition.IsnotXpresentatthetakingofyourdeposition,andishenotassistinginaskingques-tions?Hashenotaskedyousomequestions?Ifso,whatones?DidXshowyouanypaperswhenhetalkedwithyouaboutthiscase?Whatpaperswerethey?Givetheircontents.§509.FrameandFormsofQuestionsforDepositions.—Itisagreatsavingoftimeandannoyanceforproperquestionstobepropoundedtoawitness,whetherhisexaminationisonnoticeoroninterrogatories;andisespeciallyimportantinthelattercase,astheopportunitiesofremedyinganydefectinquestionoranswerismuchlesswhenthedepositionistakenoninterrogatories.Toaidcounselinframinghisquestions,inthelattercase,somecommonformsareheregiven.Counselwoulddowell,however,todividemanyoftheseques-tions,1st,becausethewitnessmaybeconfusedbytoomanyortoocomplicated,questionsbeingpropoundedatonce;2d,becauseCommissionersdonotalwaystakethetroubletohavethewitnessanswerallofthequestions,mainandsub-ordinate,includedinoneinterrogatory.QUESTIONSFORDEPOSITIONS.1.PreliminaryQuestions.Q.Stateyourageandoccupationandpost-officeaddress.Doyouknowwhatthissuitisabout,andareyouinanywayinterestedinit?Ifso,statehow.2.ToProveKnowledgeofPartiesorOtherPersons.Q.Doyouknowthepartiestothissuit[orO.P.]oranyofthem?andifany,whichones?Andhowlonghaveyouknownthem?[or,O.P.]Ifrelatedtoanyofthem,towhomandinwhatdegree?3.ToProveaPaper-Writing.Q.Lookatthepaper-writinghereshownyou,markedA,[orsomeotherletter},andstatewhetheryouareacquaintedwiththehand-writingof[namingperson,]andwhetherthename[givingname]subscribedtosaidpaper-writingisinhishand-writing.Statewhetherornotthebodyofsaidpaperwriting,oranypartofit,andifanywhatpartisinhishand-writing?4.ToProveanOralAgreement.Q.Statewhetheryouwerepresentsometimeintheyear19....,whenaconversationtookplacebetweencomplainantanddefendantabout[namingthesubject].Ifso,statethatcon-versationfully,andwhatifanythingwassaidabout[namingtheparticularmatter.]Statetheagreementofsaidpartiesfullyastosuchmatter.5.ToProveaWrittenAgreement.Q.[Repeattheinterrogatoryaboveasanintroduction].Statewhetherthesaidagreementoranyagreementwasthenandthere,orafterwards,reducedtowritingandsignedbysaidparties,oreitherofthemandwhichone.Lookatthepaper-writinghereshownyou,marked[statehowmarked,]andsaywhetherornotitisthewritingsosigned.[Ifthiszvitnessisawitnesstosaidagreement,thenadd:]Didyouwitnessthesignatureofeitherorbothpartiestosaidpaper-writing,andifeither,whichone.Didyou,ornot,subscribeyournametosaidwritingasawitness?Andis,ornot,yournamesubscribedtosaidwritingyourownhand-writing?6.ToProveHand-Writing.Q.Lookatthepaperwritingnowproduced,markedA,purportingtobeapromissorynotefordollarsfromB.C.[nowdeceased]tothecomplainant,datedthedayof

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§509SUGGESTIONSABOUTDEPOSITIONS.412
,19....,andstatewhetherornotyoueversawsaidB.C.write,orareyoubyanyothermeansacquaintedwithhishand-writing?Ifso,statewhetherthebodyofsaidnoteisinhishand-writing?orwhetherhisnamesubscribedtheretoisinhisownhand-writing?7.ToProveBooksofAccount.'
Q.IfyouwereeverintheemploymentofA.B.,sostate,andstateinwhatcapacity.Lookatthebook,hereandnowproduced,andstatewhosebookitis,andforwhatpurposeitwasused,andifithadanameordesignationstateit.8.ToProveaStatementorAdmission.Q.StatewhetherornotyouareacquaintedwithA.B.?Ifso,andyouheardhimsayanythingabout[statebrieflywhat,]giveallhesaidonthesubject.Andifyouknowhowhehappenedtomakethesestatements,tellthecircumstances.9.ToProveanAccountStated.Q.Didyouever,andifsowhen,makeoutanaccountinwritingofthedealingsandtransactionsbetweenthecomplainantanddefendant?Ifso,statehowyouhappenedtodoso,andwhetherthecomplainantanddefendantfurnishedyouwithanybooks,papersormemorandatoaidyou,andifsowhatbooks,papersormemoranda?Specifythem.Lookatthewritinghereshownyou,markedA[orsomeotherletter,]andstatewhetherornotitistheaccountsodrawnoutbyyou,oratruecopythereof?Statewhetherthepaper-writinghereshownandmarkedAcontainsajustandtrueaccountofalldealingsandtransactionsbetweenthecomplainantanddefendantduringthetimeappearingonitsface,orarethereerrors,omissionsorfalsechargestherein,andifanypointthemout.Statewhetheryoudelivered,ormailed,acopyofsaidaccountsodrawnoutbyyoutothedefendant,andifsowhichandwhen;andifyouknowwhetherthedefendantreceivedthesame,sostate.10.ToProveaDeed,Note,Contract,orOtherWriting.Q.Lookatthepaper-writinghereandnowshownyou,markedA,[orsomeotherletter,]andstatewhetheritwassigned,oracknowledgedbyanypersonorpersonsinyourpresenceashis,[her]ortheiractanddeed.Ifso,statewhatpersonorpersons,andwhetherhe[orshe]ortheysignedhis,[her]ortheirnamesto,oracknowledged,saidpaper-writing.Jfeitherpartysignedbymark,statewhichparty,andstatewhowrotethenameofsuchpartytosaidpaper-writing.[Ifthiswitnesswitnessedthepaper-writingthenadd:]Q.Areyou,ornot,asubscribingwitnesstothesigninganddeliveringofsaidpaper-writing?Inwhosehand-writingisyournamesubscribedtosaidpaper?11.ToProveaPayment.Q.Wereyoupresentwhenthedeed[mortgage,note,billofsale,orothercontract,stating-it]wasexecutedanddelivered?Ifso,didyouseetheconsiderationmoneypaid?Ifso,howmuchwaspaidandbywhomandtowhom?Iftherealconsiderationisnotstatedinsaiddeed,tellwhatitwas.12.ToProveAcknowledgmentsofanInstrument.Q.IfyouareacquaintedwithA.B.,statewhetherornotandwhenyouhaveheardhimspeakofacertaindeed[noteofhand,mortgage,deedofgift,billofsale,orotherwritteninstrument,]allegedtohavebeen(givenbyhimtoC.D.,andwhetherornothemadeanyandwhatadmissionsordeclarationsinreferencethereto.Stateallhesaiduponthesubject.13.ToProveaTenderofMoney,orOtherThing.Q.IfyouwerepresentwhenA.B.isallegedtohavemadeacertaintendertoC.D.,sostate;andstateallthatthentookplace,andwhetherA.B.hadthemoney[orotherthing]present;andifso,howmuchmoneydidhehave,andwhetherheofferedittoC.D.,andwhetherC.D.acceptedit.Givethedateandplaceofthistender.14.ToProveaDeath.Q.StatewhetherornotyouknewA.B.?Ifso,ishelivingordead?Ifdead,howdoyouknowthatfact,frombeingpresentathisdeath,orathisfuneral,orbypublicrepute?orotherwise?15.ToProveServiceofaNotice,orOtherWriting.Q.Statewhetherornot,onoraboutthedayof ,19....,[statingthedate,]oratanyothertime,andwhen,youdeliveredtoC.D.apaper-writing,purportingtobeanotice[or,acopyofanotice];[statewhatitpurportedtobe,]fromA.B.?Ifso,wasornotitsignedbysaidA.B.?Didyouornotkeepacopy[ortheoriginal?]Lookatthepaper-writingnowshownyou,markedA,andstatewhetherornotitisatruecopy[ortheoriginal]ofthewritingbyyousodelivered?16.ToProveanExaminedandComparedCopyofaRecord.Q.Lookatthepaper-writinghereshownyou,markedA,andstatewhetherornotitisatruecopyofanyandwhatrecordofanyandwhatCourt[oroffice?]Statewhetherornotyouhavecarefullyexaminedandcomparedsaidpaperwriting,hereproduced,withtheoriginal,andwithwhom,6ifanyone?
6Thatis,whoaidedyou,ifanyone,inmakingIoriginalwhiletheothercomparesthecopy,thecomparison?Usually,onepersonreadstheI

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413 SUGGESTIONSABOUTDEPOSITIONS.§51017.ToLayGroundstoContradictaWitness.X.Q.DidyounothaveaconversationwithA.B.at [stalingtheplace]onoraboutthedayof : ,19....,[statingthetime,]about[statebrieflywhat;]anddidyounotthenandtheretellhimthat[statingwhatheissupposedtohavesaid?]Ifyoudidnotsostatetohim,tellwhatyoudidsaytohimatthattime.18.ToImpeachaWitnessonHisReputation.Q.AreyouacquaintedwiththegeneralreputationofA.B.amonghisneighbors?Answeryes,orno,tothisquestion.Statewhatthatreputationis—good,badorwhat?StatewhetherfromthatreputationyouwouldbelieveA.B.onhisoath?19.ConcludingQuestion.Q.Ifyouknowofanyothermatterorthingrelatingtothissuitthatmaythrowlightonit,orbeofbenefittoeitherthecomplainantorthedefendant,pleasestateitasfullyasthoughspeciallyandparticularlyquestionedaboutit.
§5.10.RebuttingEvidence.—Neverfailtodoalltherebuttingyoucan.Manygoodcasesarelost,orgreatlycrippled,byfailuretorebut.Ifyourclienthasbeenprovedtohavedoneadamagingact,ormadeadamagingstate-ment,oradmission,besuretoputhimonthestandtorebuttheinjuriousevi-dence,ifitbefalse,orifitbecapableofasatisfactoryexplanation.Solicitorsfrequentlyfailtore-taketheirclient'sdepositionstorebutadmissions,oracts,provedonthembytheotherside.Courtspaygreatattentiontoadmissionsbyaparty,whensuchadmissionsareclearlyproved,andarenotdenied.Ifthecharacterorevidenceofanyofyourwitnessesisassailed,sustainthemvigorouslybyrebuttingevidence;andiftheycanaidyouinthisrebuttal,re-examinethem.Corroborateyourmaterialwitnessesasmuchaspossible.Aeaseisoftenlostforwantofcorroborationeasilyobtainable.TheskillanddiligenceofaSolicitorareexhibitedtothebestadvantageinmarshalinghisproofssoastocorroboratehisownwitnesses,andtorebuttheproofsoftheadversary.§511.AstoExceptionstoDepositions.—Remember,thatallexceptionstodepositions,(1)becausenottakenintime;or(2)forwantofnotice;or(3)foranydefectincaption,orcertificate,orintransmission;or(4)forothercausesgoingtotheadmissibilityofthedeposition,mustbemadeanddisposedof,beforethecommencementofthehearing,ortrial.Becareful,then,togetinallofyourexceptions,andhavethemfinallydisposedof,beforethecauseisreachedonacallofthedocket;and,ifanyofyourowndepositionsareex-ceptedto,takeallstepsnecessarytogetridoftheexceptions:appeal,iftheClerk'srulingsarewrong;orapplytotheCourtforleavetohavetheinformal-itycorrected,ifitbecorrectible.Remember,thatanappealfromtheClerk'srulingonexceptionsannulshisrulings:therefore,ifyouradversaryhasap-7pealedfromtheactionoftheClerksustainingyourexceptionstohisdeposi-tions,youmusthavehisappealacteduponbytheChancellorbeforethehear-ingiscommenced,oryourexceptionswillgofornaught.§512.ExceptionstoEvidence,7When,Where,andHowTaken.—Thefol-lowingaretheprincipalrulesgoverningthetimeandplacefortakingexcep-tionstoevidence
:
1.ObjectionstotheCompetencyofaWitnessmaybemadebeforeheisex-amined,orassoonashisincompetencyappearsduringtheexamination;buttheymustbemadewhenhisdepositionisofferedtobereadatthehearing.Thegroundsoftheseobjectionswillbestatedhereafter.82.ObjectionstotheFormoftheQuestionmustbemadewhenthequestionisasked,andbeforetheanswerisgiven,whetherthequestionisaskedwhilethewitness'depositionisbeingtaken,orwhileheisbeingexaminedorally.Ob-jectionstotheformofaquestioninadepositionmustbeinwritingbeforetheCommissioner,andmustberepeatedwhenthequestionisreadinhisdeposi-tionatthehearing;ortheobjectionwillbeconsideredaswaived.Theopposite
1Besuretokeepinmindthegreatdifferencebe-I 8See,post,§535,sub-sec,1.tvveenexceptionstoadepositionandexceptionsto|

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§513SUGGESTIONSABOUTDEPOSITIONS.414partywillnotbeallowedtowaitforananswertoanobjectionablequestionandobjectifbedoesnotliketheanswer.Hissilenceisaconsentthatthequestionmaybeanswered:thissameruleappliestoobjectionstothesubstanceofaquestion.93.ObjectionstotheSubstanceoftheQuestionmaybemadeinwritingbeforetheCommissionerwhenitisasked,andbeforethewitnessanswersit,andthisisgoodpractice;butitmustbemadewhenthequestionisreadinhisdeposi-tionatthehearing,oritwillbedeemedtobewaived.104.ObjectionstoAnswersBecauseNotBesponsivemustbemadebeforetheCom-missionerbeforeanotherquestionisasked,andcannotbefirstmadeatthehearing.IftheanswerisillegalorirrelevantitmaybeobjectedtowhenmadebeforetheCommissioner,butmustbeobjectedtoatthehearing.115.ObjectionstoBothQuestionandAnswerbecausetheevidencecalledforandgivenisirrelevant,incompetentorillegal,maybemadebeforetheCommis-sioner,butmustbemadebeforetheCourtwhenthequestionisread.126.ObjectionstoEvidenceHeardbytheMasteronaReference.Whenevidenceistakenby,orofferedbefore,theMaster,onareferencetostateanaccount,ormakeareport,incompetentevidencemustbeobjectedtobeforeheclosestheproof,oritcannotbeobjectedtoatthehearingofexceptionstothereport.Iftherulewereotherwise,theevidencebeforetheChancellormightbedifferentfromthatbeforetheMaster;besides,iftheevidencehadbeenobjectedtobeforetheMaster,thepartyofferingitwouldhavehadtheopportunityofcuringorsupplyingthedeficiency,ifany.§513.HowtoReadDepositionsattheHearing.—Inreadingdepositionsatthehearing,omitallformalparts,suchasthestyleofthecause,thecaption,thecertificate,thenumberofquestions,andthelike.Statethenameofthewitnessandhisage,andthenreadthefirstquestionandtheanswertheretowithoutanypreferatoryremarks.Itis,ordinarily,unnecessarytosay"ques-tion"beforereadingthequestion,ortosay"answer"beforereadingtheanswer;thedistinctionbetweenquestionandanswercan,ordinarily,beindi-catedbytheinflectionofthevoice.Adepositiontakenbyonepartyandnotreadbyhimmaybereadbytheotherparty,13iftheevidenceiscompetent.Insuchacase,thefactthatthedepositionwastakenbytheotherpartymaybestatedbeforethereadingofitisbegun.
9See,post,§§496;535. I 12See,post,§535.10Ibid. 13Saundersv.Railroad,15Pick.,130.11Ibid. I

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415MOTIONSBEFORETHECASEISCALLED.§514
CHAPTERXXVI.MOTIONSPREVIOUSTOTHEHEARING.ArticleI.ArticleII.ArticleIII.ArticleIV.
MotionsBeforetheCaseisCalled.MotionforaContinuance.MotionstoDismisstheBill.SuggestionsHowtoPreventDelays,ArisingfromAmendmentsandContinuances.ARTICLEI.MOTIONSBEFORETHECASEISCALLED.514.MotionsbytheComplainant.515.MotionsbytheDefendant.516.MotionsCommontoBothParties.
§517.MotionsbyaQuasiParty.§518.MotionsbyaStrangertotheSuit.
§514.MotionsbytheComplainant.—Motionshavealreadybeendefined,1andwillhereafterbefullyconsideredinaseparateChapter.2Theprincipalmotionsmadebythecomplainant,betweentheperfectionofhispleadingsandthehearingofthecause,arethefollowing
:
1.MotionstoPrepareHisCasefortheHearing.Theseare:(1)motionstotakeanon-residentdefendant'sansweroffthefiles,andtotakethebillforcon-fessed,becausethedefendanthasfailedtoanswerinterrogatoriesinobediencetoaperemptoryorder;(2)motionsforascirefacias,andforarevivorofthecause;(3)motionsforleavetofileanamendedbilltosetupmattersinbeing,butnotknown,whentheoriginalbillwasfiled;and(4)motionsforleavetofileasupplementalbilltosetupmattersthathavecomeintobeingsincetheoriginalbillwasfiled.2.MotionstoProtect,orEnforce,hisBights,PendingtheLitigation.Thesemo-tionsare:(1)motionsforaninjunction,orarestrainingorder;(2)motionsforareceiver;(3)motionsforanattachmentforcontemptagainstthedefend-ant,oragainstawitness;(4)motionsbyawifeforalimony;(5)motionstorequiremoney,chosesinaction,orotherpersonalty,inpossessionofthede-fendant,tobedepositedwiththeMaster;(6)motionstoimpound,orloanoutmoney;and(7)motionsforanorderonthedefendanttoproduceandfiledeeds,contracts,orotherdocuments,inhispossession,whichthecomplainanthastherighttoinspect.§515.MotionsbytheDefendant.—Theprincipalmotionsmadebyade-fendant,aftertheissuehasbeenmadeup,arethefollowing:(1)foraruleonthecomplainanttotakesomestepnecessarytokeepthesuitinprogress;(2;motionstodismissthebillofanon-residentcomplainantbecausehehasfailedtoanswerinterrogatoriesinobediencetoaperemptoryorder;(3)motionstoabatethesuitforfailuretoreviveonthedeathofthecomplainant;(4)motionsforleavetofileacrossbilltosetupmattersofdefencethathavearisensincetheanswerwasfiled;-(5)motionstodissolveaninjunction,ordischargeanattach-ment;and(6)motionsforleavetowithdrawtheanswer,andfileapleaorademurrer.1Ante,§214. Iconsequence,motionswillbedealtwithverybriefly2TheChapteronMotionsdealsin_detailwiththe|inthisChapter._See,ante,§§214-219;256-262;266-

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§516MOTIONFORACONTINUANCE.416§516.MotionsCommontoBothParties.—Thefollowingmotionsmaybemadeeitherbythecomplainantorthedefendant:(1)motionstorequiretheadversepartytoproducedocumentsinhispossession;(2)motionstoshortenorlengthen,thenoticefortakingdepositions;(3)motionstoextendthetime'fortakingproof;(4)motionsforleavetore-examineawitness,orretakeadeposition;(5)motionsinreferencetoexceptionstodepositions;(6)motionsforatrialbyjury;(7)motionstoconsolidatetwoormorecauses;(8)motionstoreviveonthepartofthemover;and(9)motionsforacontinuance.§517.MotionsbyaQuasiParty.—Receivers,guardians,andtrustees,ap-pointedbytheCourt,suretiesonnotestakenbytheMaster,purchasersataMaster'ssale,andtheofficersoftheCourt,maymovetheCourtinreferencetoanymatterwhereintheyareinterestedorconcerned,connectedwithasuit.(1)Receiversmayapplyforinstructions;(2)guardiansmayapplyforanallowancefortheirwards;(3)purchasersmayasktoberelievedfromtheirpurchase;(4)theMasterorSheriffmayapplyforinstructionsastohisdutyinanyparticularmatterbeforetheCourt;and(5)personswhocomeinunderadecree,tofileandproveclaims,maymakemotionsinreferencetotheirclaims.§518.MotionsbyaStrangertotheSuit.—Aperson,whoisneitherapartynoraquasipartytoasuit,istermedastranger.Suchapersoncannot,ordi-narily,makeanymotioninthecause.TheCourtwill,however,hearhim,onpetition,inthefollowingcases:(1)onpetitionforleavetobecomeapartytosetupclaimtopropertyinvolvedinthelitigation;(2)onpetitionforleavetofileaclaim,ortocomeinunderabill,order,ordecree,whichallowscreditorsorclaimantstobecomeparties;(3)onpetitionforleavetoreclaimpropertyinthecustodyoftheCourt,oritsofficers;(4)onpetitionforleavetosueareceiverinordertoestablishamoneydemandagainsthim,ortoprovetitletopropertyinhispossession;and(5)onpetitioninreferencetoabidforprop-ertywhichtheMasterorreceiverrefusedtoreceive,ortoreport.
ARTICLEII.MOTIONFORACONTINUANCE.519.MotionforaContinuance.520.FormofanAffidavitforauance. Contii§521.TermsImposedonContinuances.§522.EffectofaContinuance.
§519.MotionforaContinuance.—Whenacaseisreachedonthedocketandcalledfortrial,eitherpartynotreadyfortrialmaymovetheCourttocon-tinuethecause,supportinghismotionbyaffidavitoraffidavits,unlesstheop-positesideagreetothecontinuance.3Theaffidavitmustbebothspecialandverystrong,whenthetimefortakingproofinchiefhasexpired.Anaffidavitforacontinuanceshouldbemadebythepartyinperson;unless(1)heisprosecutingthesuitbyanagent,andthenbytheagent;or(2)unlessheis\mabletoattendCourtforanysufficientreason,inwhicheasetheaffidavitmaybemadebyhisSolicitor,oranyotherpersonwhohaspersonalknowledgeofthefacts.Theaffidavitforacontinuanceshouldshow,withparticularity:
;iIfyourclientwishesacontinuanceonanygroundatalldebatablepresentsuchgroundtotheCourt;and,ifanaffidavitinitssupportisadvisable,presentsuchaffidavit.Ifacontinuanceisrefused,andyoulosethesuit,yourclientwillbelessdissat-isfied.

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417 MOTIONFORACONTINUANCE.§5201.Thenamesandresidencesofthewitnesses,whosedepositionsaredesiredtobetakenandreadatthehearing.2.Adetailedstatementoftheparticularfactsexpectedtobeprovedbyeachofthesewitnesses,suchfactstobematerialtotheissuesinvolved,andfavor-abletothepartyaskingacontinuance.3.Theeffortsputforthbytheapplicanttotakethedepositionsofsaidwit-nesses.Sucheffortsshouldordinarilybedueattemptstotaketheirdepositions,orasufficientreasongivenfornotmakingtheattempts.Theeffortsputforthmustbesuchlegalprocessasthelawprovides.4.Ifthetestimonywasdiscoveredtoolatetotaketheirdepositions,showthattherewasduediligenceusedinsearchingforevidence,andwhythesewitnesseswerenotpreviouslyinterviewed.5.ShowthatthedesiredwitnessesarewithinthejurisdictionoftheCourt,andamenabletoprocess;andthattheirdepositionscanandwillbetakenwith-insuchreasonabletimeastheCourtmayallow.6.IfthedesiredwitnessesliveoutoftheState,showwhatgroundstheaffianthasforbelievingthattheirdepositionscanbetakeninareasonabletime.7.Showthattheevidenceofthedesiredwitnessescouldnothavebeensup-pliedbyanyotherknownproof;andthattherewasnootherwitnessorwit-nessesknowntoaffiantbywhomhecouldprovethesamefacts.8.Ifaffianthasbeenmisled,orhampered,bytheotherparty;orifhiswit-nesseshaveinanywaybeeninterferedortamperedwithbytheotherparty,statethefactsindetail,andshowhowhewastherebypreventedfrombeingreadyfortrial.9.Averthatthisapplicationforacontinuanceismadenotfordelay,butinorderthattheaffiantmayhaveareasonableopportunitytomakehisdefence,andthatjusticemaybedone.10.Theaffidavitshouldbebasedonthepersonalknowledgeoftheaffiant
;
and,ifoninformationandbelief,thenameoftheinformantshouldbegiven,andhisaffidavitshouldbepresentedincorroboration.§520.FormofanAffidavitforaContinuance.—Thefollowingisaformofanaffidavitforacontinuance,basedontheforegoingrules
:
AFFIDAVITFORACONTINUANCE.*JohnDoe,I
vs. >IntheChanceryCourt,atKnoxville.RichardRoe,etal.JInthiscause,thecomplainant[or,defendant,]movestheCourttogranthimacontin-uance,withleavetotakefurtherproof;andinsupportofhismotionmakesoaththathecannotgosafelytotrialatthepresentterm[or,thathecannotsafelyhavethiscauseheardatthepresentterm,]forwantofthedepositionsofGeorgeJones,HenryWilliams,JohnSmith,andCharlesFen. i.ByGeorgeJones,wholivesinClaibornecounty,hehasgoodreasontobelieve,anddoesbelieve,thathecanprovethat[Heresetoutindetailwhatyouexpecttoprovebyhim,givingtheparticulars.Generalstatementswillbeinsufficient.]AffiantwouldhavetakensaidJones'deposition,buthedidnotlearntheforegoingfacts,oranyofthem,untilsixdaysago,whichwastoolatetohavehistestimonytaken.SaidJoneslivesinClaibornecounty,andaffianthadnoreasontosupposethatheknewsaidfacts,and[HereshowwhyaffiantdidnotinterviewJonesbefore,andwhyhedidnotsupposethatJonesknewamymaterialfacts.]il.BysaidHenryWilliams,wholivesinthiscounty,affianthasgoodreasontobelieve,anddoesexpectandbelieve,thathewillbeabletoprovethat[Heresetforthparticularlywhatyouexpecttoprovebyhim,statingtheprecisefacts,andavoidgeneralandsweepingaver-mentsoffact.]AffiantwouldhavetakensaidWilliams'depositionindueseason,haditnotbeenthatsaidWilliamswassosickthathisphysicianforbadehisexamination.[Or,givesuchotherreasonfornottakinghisdepositionaswillshowthatyouhavenotbeennegligent.]IJThisaffidavitmay,bypaying^proper^attention|guide,eitherbyacomplainantorbyadefendant.

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§521MOTIONFORACONTINUANCE.418in.BysaidJohnSmithandCharlesFen,wholiveinUnioncounty,affiantexpects,ongoodgrounds,tobeabletoprovethat[Heregivetheparticularfactsyouexpecttobeabletoprovebyeachwitness.Statementsthatyouexpecttoprovebyawitnessthatyouownthepropertyindispute,orthatthedefendantowes{or,doesnotowe,)thedebtsuedfor,orthatthedefendanthad{or,hadno,)notice,orthatthedefendantdid{or,didnotdo,)thewrongschargedinthebill,orthatthedefendantwas{or,wasnot,)guiltyofthefraudorotherinequitableconductalleged,—allsuchstatementsaretoogeneral:theyareconclusionsoflaworinferencesoffactratherthanfacts.]Affiantwouldhavehadthedepositionsofthesetwowitnessestakenintimetoreadatthepresentterm,if[Hereshowyourexcusefornottakingtheirdepositions,statingparticularlywhateffortsyoumade,ifany,totakethem,andwhyyouwereunsuccessful.Ifnoeffortsweremade,statefullyandclearlywhynot.Iftheadversepartyhastamperedwiththewitnesses,orhasmisledyou,orinanywayimpededorhamperedyou,showallthefactsandcircumstancesconnectedwiththeconductofwhichyoucomplain.']IV.Affiantcannotsafelygototrialatthistermwithoutthetestimonyoftheforegoingwit-nesses;andhecouldnotandcannotprovesaidfactssofullybyanyotherwitnesses.Theirevidencewill,ashehasgoodreasontobelieve,andasheisadvisedbyhisSolicitor,fullyprove[or,disprove,]thematerialallegationsofthebill,andwillshowthatthereliefprayedshould[or,shouldnot,]begrantedinwholeorinpart;whereas,withoutthetestimonyofsaidwitnesses,therealtruthofthecontroversywillnotappeartotheCourt,andgreatandirreparableinjurywill,inconsequence,besufferedbyaffiant.AffiantwillbeabletotakethedepositionsofsaidwitnesswithinsuchreasonabletimeastheCourtmayallow.Thisapplicationforacontinuanceisnotmadefordelay,butthataffiantmayhaveafairchancetotakesaiddepositions,andtherebytoprovehiscase,[or,makehisdefence,]andtohavetherealfactsofthecontroversybeforetheCourt,thatjusticemaybedonehiminthissuit.Andif,onconsiderationofthewholerecord,theCourtshallbeofopinionthattherehasbeenanylackofduediligenceonaffiant'spart,heofferstosubmittosuchtermsastotheCourtmayappearequitable.JohnDoe.Sworntoandsubscribedbeforeme,thisMay26,1891.W.L,Trent,C.&M.§521.TermsImposedonContinuances.—Whenacauseonthedocketiscalledfortrial,ifeitherpartybenotthenreadyfortrial,hemayapplytohavethecausecontinued.5Ifhehashadasmuchassixmonthsinwhichtotakehisproof,nomotionforacontinuanceshouldbeentertained,unlesssupportedbyanaffidavitshowingthathehasverystrongevidencenotyettaken,orfiled,andaverystrongexcusefornothavingtakenorfiledit,indueseason.IftheChancellor,insuchacase,shouldcontinuethecause,itshouldordinarilybeonlyuponthepaymentofone-halfoftheunadjudgedcostsofthecause;andifitbethesecondcontinuancebysuchparty,thenonlyuponthepaymentofalltheunadjudgedcostsofthecause.6Iftheapplicantforacontinuancehashadareasonableopportunitytogetreadyfortrial,eventhoughhehashadlessthansixmonthsinwhichtotakehisproof,theChancellorshouldnotheedhis
5Courtsaremadeforcomplainants;defendantsneitherneednordesireCourts.TheConstitutionofTennesseesaysallCourtsshallbeopen;andeveryman,foraninjurydonehiminhislands,goods,person,orreputation,shallhaveremedybyduecourseoflaw,andrightandjusticeadministeredwithoutsale,denialordelay.Const.,Art.1,§17.justicedelayedisjusticedenied.TheoldmaximoftheCivilLaw,thatdefendantsaremoretobefavoredthancomplainants,(Favorabilioresretpotiusquamadoreshabentur,)announcedajustrulefortheancientRomanforum,whereaninsolventdebtorcouldbecondemnedtobesoldintoslavery,orevenkilled,byhiscreditor,ifnopurchasercouldbefound.Themaximwas,also,ajustoneinEnglandandAmericainformerdays,whenaninsolventdebtorcouldbeimprisoned,andallofhispropertysold.Butnowtherearenotonlynopenaltiesat-tachedtoinsolvency,buttherearelargeexemptions,bothrealandpersonal.Thereasonofthemaxim,therefore,nolongerexisting,themaximitselfshouldnolongerbeobservedinourCourts.Cessantera-tionelegiscessatipsalex.TheCourtshouldreallyfavorthepartyonwhomtheburdenofproofrests,soastogivehimareasonableopportunitytoprovehiscase.Partieswhoareconsciousoftheirguiltoftenputonthemaskofinjuredinnocence,and
loudlyandcomplaininglyinsistonaspeedyhearing,promptedreallybythesecretfearthatcriminatingproofmaybediscovered.Thepropermaximis:Inpreparatoriesadjudiciumfaveturactori.(Inmatterspreparatorytotrialthecomplainantshouldbefa-vored.)Theoldstage-coachmethodsofpracticeheretoforepursuedinTennesseearenotadaptedtothesedaysofrailroads,telegraphsandtelephones.TheCourtsshouldkeepupwiththetimes.ChiefJusticeTur-neysaid:"Untilcommunitieshavetheassurancethattheymaycommandareadyred-essof(rricv-ancesandprotectionofrights,theywilllackenergyandthriftandrespectforlaw.***Ttisex-pected—rightfullyexpected—oftheCourts'.hattheywilldotheirwholedutyindeclaringandenforcingsuchrulesaswillsecurespeedytrials,andjustjudgments,inallcausescomingbeforethem."Woodv.Frazier,2Pick.,508.6Nothingspurspartiestodiligencesoeffectuallyasthecertaintythatnegligencewillbevisitedwithcosts.Nocontinuanceshouldbegrantedexceptonaffidavitshowinggoodcause,andnotthenex™!"onterms.HartV.Scruggs,1Tenn.Ch.,1.,Therulerequiringapartytopaycosts,asthepriceofacontinuance,isbasedonthemaximthatMewhoseeksEquitymustdoEquity."TheCourt

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419 MOTIONFORACONTINUANCE.§522application,unlessitbesupportedbyanaffidavitshowingdiligence,andagoodexcusefornothavingthedesiredevidenceonfile.7Ifthepartieshavehadlessthantwomonthsinwhichtotakeproof,thecausewillordinarilybecontinuedonmeremotionofeitherparty,andwithoutterms.Butwhereasmuchasfourmonths'timefortakingproofhaselapsed,thecauseshouldnotberemandedfortakingproofforalongerperiodthanfourmonths.3Complainantsininjunctionandattachmentsuitsshouldberequiredtoputforthextraordinarydiligenceinpreparingfortrial;andseverertestsshouldbeapplied,andhardertermsimposedoncomplainantsinsuchcasesthaninordi-narysuits,iftheinjunctionorattachmentoperatesharshlyonthedefendant.§522.EffectofaContinuance.—Apartyappliesforacontinuancebecausebeisnotreadytofurtherproceedinthecauseatthatterm,andwhenacon-tinuanceisorderedthecauseisnolongerbeforetheCotirtforthebalanceofthatterm,andnofurtherstepcanbetakeninitatthatterm,9unless(1)byconsentofallpartiesininterest,orunless(2)theorderofcontinuanceissetasideonduenoticetoallpartiesinterested.10RULINGONAMOTIONFOB,ACONTINUANCE.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etal.Thiscausehavingthisdaybeenreachedonthedocket,thecomplainant,[ordefendants,]movedforacontinuance,andreadtheaffidavitsofhimselfandJohnLaggardinsupportofhis,[ortheir,]application,onconsiderationwhereoftheCourtcontinuedthecause,andremandedthecausetotherulesfortwomonths,forthefurthertakingofproofinchief,andforonemonthforproofinrebuttal,hetopayallthecostsofthecausehereafterac-cruing.[Or,iftheapplicationisdenied,omitallaftertheword"Court,"andinsert:]over-ruledthemotion,andorderedthehearingtoproceed;andthereuponthecausecomingontobefurtherandfinallyheardthisMay20,1905,beforeHon.Hal.H.Haynes,Chancellor,upontheoriginal[andamended]bill[&c.See,post,§568.]shouldhavenofavoritesasbetweenpersonsnotunderdisability,exceptinsofarasitfavorsthosewhoarediligent;andtheChancellorhasnorighttograntafavortoonepartyattheexpenseofan-other.Favorsshouldbepaidforincosts;other-wisethepartyindefaultisrewardedandthepartywhohasdonehisdutyispunished.Acontinuancealwaysworksaninjurytooneoftheparties;andanothermaximofEquitysaysthat"wherealossmustfallononeoftwoparties,itshouldfallonhimwhoseactordefaultoccasionedtheloss,"forotherwise,hewouldderiveanadvan-tagefromhisownwrong.AChancellorshouldneverdepriveonepartyofthejustrewardsofhisdiligence,inordertorelievetheotherpartyofthejustpenaltyofhisnegligence;forthatwouldbetopunishhimwhohaddonehisduty,andtorewardhimwhohadfailedtodohisduty.JudgeAbrahamCaruthers,inhisHistoryofaLawsuit,(g341,)says;"'TheCourt,ingrantingcontinuances,mayimposetermsuponthepartyatwhoseinstancethecausehasbeencontinued,bymakinghimpaycosts,orotherwise,asmaybestfurthertheprogressofthecause,andtheendsofjustice.'(Code,%2942.)TheCourtsalwayshadthispower._Thetheoryofthelawis,thatcontin-uancesareinthesounddiscretionoftheCourt.Itisthestrictlegalrightofthepartiestohavethecausetriedatthetimeappointedbylaw;andifoneasksdelay,heaskswhatdeprivestheotherofastrictlegalright;andtheCourtmayexactofhim,astheconditionuponwhichitwillgranthisrequest,thatheshallyieldtohisadversarysomethingwhichheisnotinstrictlawentitledto,butwhichmaybeequal-
lyasnecessary'totheendsofjustice.'Hemaybecompelledtoadmitadeposition,ordocument,inevi-dencewhichoughttobe,butcannotbeadmittedbythestrictrulesoflaw.HemaybecompelledtopaysuchpartofthecostsastheCourtmay,underthecircumstances,thinkjust,althoughbystrictrulesoflawthecostsaretoabidetheeventofthesuit.TheCourt,however,willtakecarethatthetermsex-actedarenotsuchaswilldefeattheendsofjustice."ApartyapplyingforacontinuanceisatthemercyoftheCourt.CheathamV.Pearce&Ryan,5Pick.,668.7ApartyapplyingforacontinuanceisatthemercyoftheCourtwhichcanimposetermsastothetime,placeandmanneroftakingproof.Cheathamv.Pearce&Ryan,5Pick.,668.Iftheapplicantdoesnotacceptthetermshecanwithdrawhisappli-cation.8Ifalongerperiodisallowed,thepartieswilloftendelaytakingtheirproofuntiltheweekbeforeCourt;andthenonesideortheotherwillwantasecondcontinuancetorebuttheproofthusrecentlytaken;whereas,ifonlyfourmonthsareallowedtheChancellor,orMaster,may,invacation,allowan-othermonth,whennecessary,inwhichtotaketherebuttingevidence;andinthiswaythecausewillbecomereadytobeheard.Forvarioussuggestionshowtopreventthedelayarisingfromamendmentsandcontinuances,seepost§§526-529. '
9Hurstv.Selvidge,Thomp.Cas.,17;CrouchV.Mullenix,1Heisk.,481.10Acontinuanceobtainedbyfraudorimpositionmaybesetasideonnoticetothepartyobtainingit.

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§523MOTIONTODISMISSBILL. 420
ARTICLEIII.MOTIONSTODISMISSTHEBILL.WhentheCourtMay,onitsOwnMotion,DismissaBill.
§523.WhenComplainantCanorCannotDismissHisBill. §525.§524.MotionbyComplainanttoDismissHisBill.
§523.WhenComplainantCanorCannotDismisshisBill.—Thecomplain-antis,ordinarily,themasterofthesuit,1and,asarule,candismissitatanytime,beforeadecree,athispleasure.2Butthereareafewimportant-excep-tionstothisrule,basedonreasonandgoodfaith,andgrowingoutofthefactthattheChanceryCourt,whenjusticerequiresit,willgiveadefendantalltherightsofacomplainant,andimposeonthecomplainantalltheliabilitiesofadefendant.ThisarisesfromthefactthattheCourtregardswhereapartystandsonavs.lineasoflessimportancethanwherehestandsonthelineofjusticeandright,asshownbythepleadingsandproofinthecase.Thefollowingaretheprincipalexceptionstotherulewhichgivesthecom-plainanttherighttodismissthesuit
:
1.Where,onabillforanaccounting,therehasbeenaninterlocutorydecreeorderinganaccount.22.Whereadecreehasbeenpronounced,adjudicatingtheprinciplesinvolvedinfavorofthedefendant.33.Wherethebillhasbeenfiledinbehalfofothershavingconcurrentrights,andoneoftheseothersoffersabondtocoverallthecostsofthecauseandaskstobemadeacomplainant.44.Wherethebillhasbeenfiledasageneralcreditors'bill,and,onanaccountbeingtakenthecomplainantisfoundtobeadebtorandnotacreditor,butvariouscreditorshavebeendulymadepartiesunderthebillandprovedtheirclaims.55.Where,inanyeaseonthepleadings,adecreemayberenderedinfavorofthedefendant,andstepshavebeentakentopreparethecaseforhearingsincetheanswerwasfiled.6.Thedismissalofanoriginalbillbythecomplainantwillnotbeallowedtocarrywithitacross-bill,oranswerfiledasacross-bill,settingupgroimdsforaffirmativerelief,onwhichproofhasbeentaken.77.Whereahusbandandwifeareco-complainants,andsheanecessarycom-plainant,thehusbandcannotdismissthesuit,withoutherconsentgiveninopenCourt,orinthemannerprescribedbythestatute.8
j548,note31Dominuslitis;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,2Code,§3199;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,793;FisherV.Stovall,1Pick.,316.Hemaydismisshisbillinwritinginvacation.Code§3199.Atcommonlawaplaintiffhastherighttodismisshissuitwheneverhemaychoose,exceptwherethedefendantpleadsaset-off,astowhichthedefendantisaplaintiff,apleaofset-offbeingasortofcrossaction.Riley&WhiteV.Carter,3Hum.,230;Galbraithv.E.T.V.&G.R.R.Co.,11Heisk.,173.3FisherV.Stovall,1Pick.,316.41Dan.Ch.Pr.,794.
.5SeeFallv.B.&L.Asso.,21Pick.,26.6Insuchandsimilarcasesthedefendanthasavestedrighttoahearingonthemerits.Whenacomplainanthasinstitutedasuitthatmaybenefitthedefendant,ordefendants,andespeciallyasuitinpartfortheirbenefit,andafterthedefendant,ordefendants,havecomeintoCourt,athisinstance,andfiledananswer,oranswers,settingupequitiesandaskingforrelief,itwouldbereprehensibletrif-lingwiththeCourt,andagrossexhibitionofbadfaithtowardsthedefendantordefendants,forthecomplainanttotrytodismissthesuit,andthuswilfullywastethetimeandlaboroftheCourt,and
unjustlydisappointthereasonableexpectationsofthedefendant,ordefendants,andrequirethemat-tersincontroversytobelitigatedanew,withnewexpendituresoftime,labor,andmoney.7ParteeV.Goldberg,17Pick.,664.Butcom-plainant'srighttodismisshisbillisnotdefeatedbecausedefendant'sanswerhasbeenfiledasacrossbill,whennocostbondisgivenforacrossbill,andnoappearanceoranswerthereto.Moorev.Tillman,22Pick.,361.8Noactioninthenameofhusbandand_wife,commencedbytheissuingofprocess,orpendinginanyCourt,forslanderofthewife,orforanyothercauseofactioninwhichitisnecessarytosueinthenameofhusbandandwife,whentheactionsurvivestothewife,,shallbedismissedbythehus-band,withouttheconsentofthewife,giveninopenCourtintermtime;orinvacation,withoutthewrit-tenorderofthewife,witnessedbytwowitnesseswithbothofwhomtheClerkoftheCourtisper-sonallyacquainted.Andthoughsuchorderbepre-sentedtotheClerk,yetthesuitshallnotbedis-misseduntilorderedbytheCourtintermtime.Code,§§2487-2488.

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421 MOTIONTODISMISSBILL. §524Thefactthatthestatutegivesthecomplainant'sSolicitoralienonhisrightofactionfromthefilingofthebilldoesnotdeprivethecomplainantoftherightandpowertodismisshisbill,wheneverhechoosessotodo.9AbillfiledbyaDistrictAttorney,ontherelationofanotherpersontoimpeachthetitleofthedefendanttoapublicoffice,maybedismissedbytheDistrictAttorneynot-withstandingtheprotestoftherelator.10§524.MotionbyComplainanttoDismissHisBill.—Subjecttotheexcep-tionsintheprecedingsection,thecomplainantmay,atanytimebeforeadecree,dismisshisbillonmotioninopenCourt,orbywritingfiledwiththeClerkinvacation.Iftherebeseveralcomplainants,anyoneofthemmaydismisshisbillastohimself,whensuchdismissalwillnotinjurehisco-com-plainants.Thecomplainantmaydismisshisbillastoallofthedefendants,orastoanyoneormoreofthem.ThefollowingisaformofanORDERDISMISSINGABILL.JohnDoe,1vs. VNo.618.RichardRoe,etal.JInthiscause,camethecomplainantthisdaybyhisSolicitor,andmovedthathebeallowedtodismisshisbill[astothedefendant,RichardRoe,]whichmotionwasallowed,andthebill[astosaidRichardRoe]wasdismissedaccordingly.ItisthereforeorderedbytheCourt,thatthebillinthiscausestanddismissed[astosaidRichardRoe,]andthatthedefendantsrecoverofthecomplainant,andDavidDoe,hisprosecutionsurety,allthecostsofthecause[accruedinconsequenceofsaidRichardRoehavingbeenmadeaparty,]forwhichanexecutionisawarded.IfthedismissalisastoRichardRoe,only,thewordsinbracketswillbein-sertedintheorder;ifthebillisdismissedastoallofthedefendants,thewordsinbracketswill,ofcourse,beomitted.Ifthecomplainantisnotreadyfortrial,andisrefusedacontinuance,heshoulddismisshisbill,andtherebyavoidthebarthatwouldresultfromhisbillbeingdismissedatthehearing,bytheChancellor.Thedismissalofbillsatthehearingwillbefullyconsideredhereafter.11ButtheCourtmay,atanytimewithinthirtydays,iftheCourtholdsolong,forgoodcauseshownandonduenoticetothedefendant,orhisSolicitor,re-scindtheorderofdismissal,andrestorethecausetothedocket.§525.WhentheCourtMay,onitsOwnMotion,DismissaBill.—TheCourtmay,onitsownmotion,dismissanybillthatpresentsacasethesubject-matterofwhichiswhollywithoutthejurisdictionoftheCourt,ormanifestlyunfitforitsconsideration.Ifabillhasnoequityonitsface;if,onthefactsalleged,thecomplainantisclearlyentitledtonoreliefwhatsoever,theChancellorisnotobligedtowaituntilthebillhasbeendemurredto,orpleadedunto,oran-swered,orthecausebroughtregularlytoahearing;buthemay,summarily,andonhismotion,dismissthebill;forif,onhisownstatements,thecomplain-anthasmanifestlynocasewhatever,andthedismissalofthebillatsomestageofthecauseisclearlyinevitable,hehasnorighttocomplainiftheChan-cellordismissesthesuitbeforefurthercostshaveaccrued.12Ifthesuitisbeingprosecutedunderthepauperoath,andtheburdenofthecostsforthatreasonislikelytofallontheofficersoftheCourt,andthewitnesses,thereisallthegreaterreasonwhytheChancellorshould,onhisownmotion,dismissafrivo-lousbill.13TheChancellorshouldnot,however,dismissabillonhisownmotion,merelybecauseitisinartificiallydrawn,iftherebeanyEquityinit;norbecauseitscauseofsuitisdefectivelystated.Ifthebillisprobablycapa-bleofbeingsoamendedastodevelopeacauseofaction,thecomplainantshouldnotbedebarredfromthatrightbythesummaryactoftheCourt,onitsownmotion.Thetrueruleisprobablythis:Iftheaffirmativefactsstatedinthe9Tomplrinsv.Railroad,2Cates,157. I 11SeeChapteronDecrees,post,§§569-S70.inKta+iiovVffl«Aor*»P91Pick5HR'Statel>VI 15Tfrnnn.flPVJ*.,-o™UT3,«U101

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§526SUGGESTIONSTOPREVENTDELAYS.422billshowclearlyandconclusivelythatnoreliefwhatevercanbegroundedonthesefacts,theChancellormaydismissthebillonhisownmotion;butthoughtheallegationsofthebillaretoodefectivetoentitlethecomplainanttoanyrelief,yetifthosedefectsarecapableofbeingsuppliedwithoutcontradictinganyofthepositiveavermentsofthebill,insuchacasetheChancellorhasnorighttodismissthebillonhisownmotion:beforehecanhavethatright,thefactsaffirmativelyallegedmustmanifestlyoustthecomplainantofanyrightloanyreliefwhatsoever.14TheChancellormay,onhisownmotion,dismissabillbecause,onitsface,itclaimsusury,orseekstoenforceacontractthatisillegal,immoraloragainstpublicpolicy,orisfiledtoobtainacollusiveorproformadecree,15ortopunishthedefendantforacrimeormisdemeanor,orbecauseofchamperty,16orthegrossuneleannessofthehandsofthecomplainant,asshownbyhisownbill.ACourtofEquitywillnotlenditsaidtoenforceanillegal,orgrosslyinequit-able,contractattheinstanceofapartywhowasanactiveparticipatorintheiniquity,hisownbilldisclosingtheturpitude.17
ARTICLEIV.SUGGESTIONSHOWTOPREVENTDELAYSARISINGFROMAMENDMENTSANDCONTINUANCES.§526.ApplicationstoAmend,orContinueHowConsidered.
§527.RulestoPreventDelay.
§528.ExceptionstotheForegoingRulesastoCosts.S529.ContinuancesbyConsent,HowDealtWith.§526.ApplicationstoAmend,orContinue,HowConsidered.—TheConsti-tutionsaysthat"justiceshallbeadministeredwithoutsale,denial,ordelay."1Chancellorsaresworntosupport,thatis,toobeyandenforce,thisConstitution.Toselljusticewouldbeacrime,todenyjusticewouldbeanoutrageakintocrime,andtodelayjusticeisanintolerablewrong,fordelayisequivalenttoadenialwhilethedelaycontinues:thevirtueofjusticeoftenevaporatesdur-ingthedelay.Denialanddelayaremanandwife,andinjusticeandinjuryaretheirchildren.2Nearlyallthedelaysinasuitgrowoutofamendmentsandcontinuances.1.IfDefendantaskstoAmend,orContinue,theChancellorshouldconsider(1)thatadelayofjusticeisaprotantodenial;(2)thatitisordinarilytotheinterestofadefendanttohavedelay;and(3)thatitisoftenpartofadefend-ant'stacticstoseekdelay,andtoinventexcusesfordelay;and(4)thatadefendant'saffidavitthathis"applicationforleavetoamendorcontinueismadenotfordelay,butthatjusticemaybedone,"meansoften,atmost,jus-ticefromhispointofview;andthatgenerallyhisideaofjusticeis,merelytoyetachancetopreventthecomplainantfromobtainingthedecreeheisfairlyandrightfullyentitledtoatthehandsoftheCourt.
14See,ante,§§268;290.15WardV.Alsup,16Pick.,738.16Webbv.Armstrong,5Hum.,379;Dowellv.Dowell,3Head,502.ITAnte,§42,IslerV.Brunson,6Hum.,277,andcasescitedinthesyllabusofthiscase.1Const,ofTenn.,Art.I,§17.2ProcrastinationisanepidemicthatinfectsallwhoministerintheCourts.TheSheriffwhoservesthewrits,thepartiesandwitnesseswhoaresum-moned,theClerkwhogetsupthereports,theSolic-
itorwhopreparesthepleadingsandtakestheproof,andtheveryJudgehimself,whosedutyitistoseethatallothersdotheirduty,andthatthereisnoprocrastination,areallinfectedwiththesameepi-demic,untilCourtfilesbecomehoarywithage,theequitiessetupinthembecomestaleandunprofitable,theCourtitselffallsintoodium,anditsproceedingsarementionedonlytobethetargetforthefeebleshaftsofidlewit,ortheflamingthunder-boltsofpublicindignation.

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423 SUGGESTIONSTOPREVENTDECAYS.5272.IfComplainantaskstoAmend,orContinue,theChancellorshouldconsider(1)thatthecomplainanthasbroughtthesuit,andforcedthedefendanttoappear,anddefend;(2)thatalldelaysbythecomplainantincreasesthecostsofthecause,andthefeesofadversecounsel,andtherebyworksinjusticetothedefendant;and(3)thatacomplainant,whofailstodiligentlypreparehiscasefortrial,convertsthemachineryoftheCourtintoanengineofoppression
;
andtransformsthespiritofjusticeintoaMolochoftorture.3Whenapartyisreadyfortrial,duetimeforpreparationhavingelapsed,theCourtshouldnotrobhimoftheadvantagesofhisdiligence.Suchaprac-ticeparalyzesdiligence,demoralizesbothparties,anddegradesaCourtofJusticetothelowlevel'ofadispensaryoffavors,andgivesjustoccasionforthesuspicionthateitherpartialityandfavoritismprevail,orthattheChancel-lorisdeficientinthegreatvirtuesessentialtohishighoffice.4§527.RulestoPreventDelay.—Howtopreventdelaybecomes,therefore,aproblemeveryconscientiousChancellorshouldstudiouslyendeavortosolve.Downtothepresent,nosolutionhasbeenfoundsosimple,andyetsoeffectual,asthevigorousenforcementofthefollowingrules
:
1.Thateverymotiontocontinue,madeafterthelapseoffivemonthsafterissue,andeverymotiontoamendmadeafterthelapseofonemonthafteran-swer,shallbesupportedbyaffidavit,showingclearmerits,andfullyexcusingdelay.2.Thattheallowanceofsuchmotiontocontinueshallbeconditionedonthepaymentofthecostsofallproofthereafterfiled;andifeightmonthsshallhaveelapsedsinceissue,thentheapplicantforacontinuanceshallpayalltheunad-judgedcostsofthecause.3.That,ifanyamendment,madeasabovestated,necessitatesacontinuance,thepartyamendingshallpaythecostsofallproofthereafterfiled;andifatermhasintervenedsincetheanswerwasfiled,thepartyamendingshallpayalltheunadjudgedcostsofthecause,ifhisamendmentnecessitatesacontinu-ance.Nomanhasarighttocasthisburdensuponhisadversary,andcompelhimtobearthem.Wearecommandedtoloveourenemies,butnottotaxthemtopayforourownlosses.When,therefore,apartyispreventedbysickness,death,accident,ormistake,frombeingreadyfortrial,itisgrosslyunreasonableforhimtoaskiheCourttocompelhisadversarytobear,withoutcompensation,theburdensresultingfromacontinuance,oranamendment.HewhoseeksEquityshoulddoEquity;andhewhoseeksacontinuance,orleavetoamend,shoulddoEquity,bypayingcostsproportionatetothebenefitsreceivedbyhim,ortotheburdenimposedonhisadversary.Thefactthatthepartyseekingacontinuanceoranamendment,hasbeenpreventedfromgettingreadybyreasonofsickness,death,accident,ormistake,maybeajustgroundforallowinghismotion;butitisnojustgroundforheap-ingburdensupontheotherside.Continuancesandamendments,whengranted,shouldbepaidforincosts.Hewhoseeksafavorshoulddoafavor.Whenoneoftwoinnocentpersonsmustsufferaloss,hemustbearitwhoseact,orneglect,causedtheloss.Thepartycontinuingoramendingcausesanincrease3The"law'sdelay"isoneofthewailsoftheworld;ithasfilledalltheagesofhistory.Com-plainantsinauguratedthiswail,andhavekept_italivethroughallthethousandsofyearsofitsexist-ence.Hence,complainantsshouldalwaysputforthextraordinarydiligence,andnotbethemselvesguiltyofthatdelayforwhichtheyhaveanathematizedtheCourts,andinvokedthewrathofheavenupontheirJudges.4ThelawofmancannotbemorejustthanthelawofGod.Bothlawsaremadetodothegreatestgoodtothegreatestnumber.UnderthelawofGodthedilatorysuffer;thenwhyshouldtheynotsufferunderthelawofman?Thefourseasonscomeandgo:andhewhoisnotreadvforeachseason
time^isnotdelayed^becausethefarmerwasnegligent,orsick,orotherwiseburdened.UnderthelawsofNature,eachcaseistriedwhenreached,andtherearenocontinuances;andyetnooneblamesthelawsofNature.Theveryreasonthatpartiesareneg-ligentinpreparingfortrialis,becausetheybelievetheywillbeabletogetacontinuance.Whentheyrealizethatnocontinuanceswillbegranted,exceptforthemostextraordinarycauses,thentheywillprepareforthesessionsoftheCourtastheywillpre-parefortheseasonsofnature;andcontinuanceswillbecomeexceedinglyrare.AndthenwillcometopassthatprophecyofourConstitution:"TheCourtsshallbeopen,andrightandjusticeadministered,withoutsale,denial,ordelav."

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§528 SUGGESTIONSTOPREVENTDELAYS.424ofcostsandexpenses,andshouldbeartheburdenthereof.Iftherehasbeenampletimetopreparefortrial,thepartycontinuingoramendingshouldbetaxedwithallthecostsofthecause:inanyevent,heshould,insuchease,betaxedwiththecostsofallproofthereafterfiled.Partiesdisliketopaycostsbeforefinaldecree;andSolicitorsarefullyawareofthisdislike.Theeffectofthisdislikeandknowledgeistogreatlystimulatediligence,bothonthepartofSolicitorsandtheirclients.Partieswhoknowthattheywillhavetopayforfavorswillbeslowtoaskthem,andquicktoavoidthenecessityofasking.Theresultis,greatpromptnessinpreparingfortrial.Theapplicationofthetwoforegoingmaxims,(HewhoseeksEquitymustdoEquity,and,Hewhocausesthelossshouldbeartheloss,)regulatesthediscre-tionoftheCourtonthesubjectofcontinuancesandamendments,byfixedequitableprinciples,readilyunderstood,andeasilyapplied.Thepartyaskingthefavorgetsit,and,therefore,cannotsayhewasdeniedthechancetopresenthiscaseorprooffairlyandfullybeforetheCourt;andthepartyresistingtheapplicationtocontinueoramend,cannotsaythathewasmadeliableforthecostsoccasionedbythefavorgrantedtohisadversary—andthusjusticeisdonetoall,andinjusticetonone.§528.ExceptionstotheForegoingRulesastoCosts.—When,however,thesuitisagainstanexecutor,administrator,guardian,partner,agent,trustee,orotherpersonoccupyingafiduciaryrelationtowardthecomplainant,andthetillchargesabreachoftrust,itwouldbeprudentfortheCourt,whenthecomplainantisgrantedacontinuance,orleavetoamend,toreservetheadjudi-cationofcostsuntilthehearing;andif,atthehearing,thedefendantshouldbefoundinthewrong,thecostsincidenttothefavorgrantedshouldnotordi-narilybeadjudgedagainstthecomplainant.Thereasonofthisexceptionis,thatnooneshouldbeallowedtotakeadvantageofhisownwrong.Itisthedutyofafiduciarytofullydisclosetothebeneficiaryeverymatterconnectedwiththetrust;andif,byreasonofhisfailureorrefusalsotodo,asuitisbrought,andacontinuanceoranamendmentbecomesnecessary,suchdefault-ingtrusteeshouldnotbeallowedtoprofitbyhisowndefault.5Where,also,acontinuanceisnecessitatedbythefraud,orcontrivance,oftheoppositeparty,asarulenocostsshouldbeadjudgedagainstthepartyap-plyingforsuchcontinuance;otherwise,thepartyguiltyofthefraudwouldderiveanadvantagefromhisownwrong.Itwouldbeafraudforapartytomakeanagreement,outofCourt,withhisadversarylookingtoacompromise,andthenrepudiatetheagreementtoolateforhisadversarytopreparefortrial.TheCourtmustnotallowitsrulestobeusedassnaresbytheartfultoentraptheunwary.-ThiswouldbetoallowJusticetobewoundedinherowntemple,andwithherownweapons.Wheretheapplicationforacontinuanceisbasedonaccidentormistake,un-mixedwithfaultornegligenceonthepartoftheapplicant,orisbasedonsomemisconductofsomeofficerofthelaw,withoutfaultonthepartoftheapplicant,thetermsimposedasthepriceofacontinuancemightbereduced,orremittedentirely.§529.ContinuancesbyConsent,6HowDealtWith.—Afterthelapseofsixmonthsafterissue,nocontinuanceshouldbeallowedonconsentofparties,unless,(1)theagreementprovidesforthepaymentofatleastone-halfoftheunadjudgedcostsofthecause;or(2)unlessatleastone-halfoftheunadjudgedcostsisdividedbetweenthepartiesbyorderoftheCourt.ThereshouldbearuleofCourttothiseffect.Continuancesbyconsent,withoutthepaymentofcosts,shouldnotbeallowed
:
5Lovemanv.Taylor,1Pick.,1. IcalledsessionoftheLegislature,andtheActis6ChanceryRuleVIII,§1,wasrepealedata|probablyunconstitutional.See,post,§1197.

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§530HEARINGBYTHECHANCELLOR.426
CHAPTERXXVII.THEHEARING,ORTRIALOFTHECAUSE.ArticleI.TheHearingbytheChancellor.ArticleII.IncidentsoftheHearing.ArticleIII.TrialbyJury.ARTICLEI.THEHEARINGBYTHECHANCELLOR.§536.HearingonaMatterAppealedFromthe'CountyCourt.§537.TheArgumentofCounsel.§538.HowExceptionstoEvidence,andtheChancellor'sRulingsThereon,areMadeaPartoftheRecordforPurposesofReview.
§530.TheRationaleofCourtsandTheir'Jurisdiction.§531.WhenaCauseisReadyforaHear-ing.§532.TheOrdinaryRoutineoftheCourt.§533.WhenaCauseStandsforTrial.§534.HowCausesareHeard.§535.ObjectionstoEvidenceattheHear-ing.§530.TheRationaleofCourts,andoftheirJurisdiction.—TheStatehavingprohibitedpartiesfromsettlingtheirdisputesbyfraudorforceis,therefore,underobligationstodeviseabettermethodofsettlingthem.Shehas,accord-ingly,providedCourtsandtheirwaysandmeansofenablingacomplainanttoasserthisjustrights,andofgivingadefendantafairopportunityofdisputinganunjustclaim;andhasempoweredherjudicialofficerstodecidetheissuesraisedbythepartiesontheirpleadingsandproofs,andtorightallwrongs,andtogivetoeachpartywhatishisdue,andtorequirefromeachpartywhatiscluefromhimtotheother.Parties,havingthusanopportunitytohavetheirrightsredressed,ortoresistunjustdemands,iftheyfailtotakedueadvantagethereof,eitherbyfaultsintheirpleading,ordeficienciesintheirproof,orbynegligenceinpreparationfortrial,forfeitallrighttocomplainofthedecreepronouncedagainstthem,whensuchdecreeisbasedonthecaseastheCourtfoundit,andthedayforitsdeterminationhadarrivedinadueand'orderlycourseofprocedure,suchcasebeingmadebythemselves,andeachwithfullandequallibertytopresentevery-thinghedesired,orconsideredofvaluetohiscontention.HenceitisthatalldisinterestedmenrespectthevastmajorityofCourtdecis-ions,andconsiderCourtsthebestmeansofsettlingthecontentionsthatariseamongmen.§531.WhenaCauseisReadyforaHearing.—Hearingstakeplacewhen-everanymatterisreadytobedisposedofbytheChancellor,andtheCourtisinsession.Mattersareoftenapparentlyreadyforsuchdisposition,whensomeoneormoreofthepartiesarenotready,sothatitisimportanttoknowwhenamatterisreadyfortheactionoftheChancellor.1.ADemurrerisReadytobeHeardassoonasitisfiled,ifCourtisinses-sion;and,ifnotinsession,assoonasCourtmeets;andcontinuesreadytobehearduntiltheChancellortakesitupanddisposesofit;andthishemaydowhenthecauseisregularlyreachedonthecallofthedocket,orwhenmotionsareinorderandoneofthepartiescallsitupfortheactionoftheCourt;oratChambers,onduenotice.

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427 HEARINGBYTHECHANCELLOR.§5322.APleaisBeadytobeHeard,astoitssufficiency,assoonasfiled,andcon-tinuessoreadyfortwentydays,andifnotthenheardorsetforargument,its
,
sufficiencyisdeemedtobeadmitted.Afterreplicationfiled,apleaisreadytobeheardontheissueoffactatthefirsttermoftheCourtafteritsfiling,andcontinuesreadythereafter,whenreachedonaregularcallofthedocket,untilheard;ormaybeheardatChambers,onduenotice.3.ACauseisHeadyforHearingonBillandAnswer,afterbeingspeciallySOset,wheneverregularlyreachedonthecallofthedocket.Insuchacasenoproofisheard,excepttheexhibitstothepleadings,ifany;ormaybeheardatChambers,byconsentofparties.4.ACauseisReadyforaFinalHearingatthefirsttermoftheCourtafterthebillhasbeenanswered,andcontinuesreadyforahearingateverytermoftheCourtthereafter,ifnotthenheard.1Ifanyofthedefendantshavenotanswered,andaproconfessohasnotbeenenteredagainstthem,itshouldbetakenwhenthecauseisreachedonthedocketforhearing,forstrictlyacauseisnotreadyforafinalhearinguntilallofthedefendantshaveansweredorbeenproconfessoed.Acausemay,also,beheardatChambersbyconsentofparties.5.ACauseisBeadyforHearingontheMaster'sEeport.wheneverregularlyreachedonthecallofthedocket.Ifthereporthasbeenexceptedtosuchex-ceptionsmaybeheardanddisposedofwhenevermotionsmaybeheard.2Ifnotexceptedtothereportmaybeconfirmed,onmotion,atanytimeaftertheseconddayoftheterm,whenmotionsareinorder.6.ACauseisK-eadyforMotionstobeEnteredandHeardatsuchtimesastherulesoftheCourtwhereinthecauseispendingpermit.3§532.TheOrdinaryRoutineoftheCourt.—WhenthehourforthemeetingoftheCourtarrives,theChancellortakesthebench,andrappingforattention,directstheSherifftomakeproclamationthattheCourtisopen.4TheSheriff,thereupon,criesout:"Oyez!oyez!oyez!5TheChanceryCourtforKnoxCountyisnowopenforthedispatchofbusiness.'"TheClerkandMasterthendeliverstotheChancellortheCourtdocket,unlessthesameisalreadyonhisdesk.Ifitisthefirstdayoftheterm,theClerkandMasterwillalsodelivertotheChancellorhisFinancialReport6ofmoneyonhand,andhisReportofSupremeCourtReports7onhand;andwillacquainttheChancellorwithanydefectinanyofhisbondsbyreasonofthedeath,insolvency,orremoval,ofanyofthesureties.8Iftherebeminutestoberead,theClerkwillthendelivertotheChancellor,ortosomeSolicitor,theordersanddecreesthathavebeenenteredontheminutes,andwilleitherreadtheminuteshimself,orhavesomeothercompetentpersonreadthem,whiletheChancellor,orSolicitor,havingtheordersanddecrees,comparesthemwiththeminutesasthelatterarebeingread.9Theminutesofthefirstdayofthetermshouldbeprecededbyacaption,93,insubstance,asfollows
:
1Code,§4432;see,post,§533.2Ch.RuleIV,§15;§1193,sub-sec.15.3EachCourthasitsownrulesforhearingmo-tions,demurrers,exceptionstopleas,appealsfromtheMaster,andotherpreliminarymatters.4TheConstitutionsaysthatallCourtsshallbeopen.Tenn.Const.,Art.1,§17.Thismeans:1,ThattheCourtsarealwaysopenforthefilingofpleadings,andevenforthefilingofpetitionswhennecessarytosavethebarofthestatuteoflimita-tions.Bledsoev.Wright,2Bax.,471.2,ThatthebusinessoftheCourtshouldbetransacted,andtheminutesreadandsigned,intheCourtHouse,andinpublicview;or,atleast,inaplacewherethepeoplemayattendatpleasure.Code,§4101;BassV.State,6Bax.,583.Butbyconsent,divorcesuits
5ThesewordsareFrench,andmean:"Hearyelhearye!hearye!"Frenchwas,atonetime,thelanguageoftheCourtsofEngland.6See,post,§1161.7See,post,§1162.8Code,§335a.9This_comparisonoftheoriginalordersandde-creeswiththeminutesisindispensabletotheac-curacyofthelatter,especiallyinthematterofnames,dates,amounts,metesandboundsoflands,sharesincaseofpartition,andothermattersnotin-ferablefromthecontext.9aThis,technically,isalsothecaptionofeveryorderanddecreemadeduringtheterm;andwhenanorderordecreeiscertifiedforanypurposeitshouldbeprecededbythecaptionsoftheterm,and

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§533HEARINGBYTHECHANCELLOR.428CAPTIONOPTHEMINUTESOPTHETEEM.nbStateofTennessee
:
Beitrememberedthat,ataregular[or,special,]termoftheChanceryCourt,forKnoxcounty,begunandheldattheCourtHouseinKnoxville,onthefirstMondayinJanuary,1885,presentandpresidingHon.WilliamB.Staley,ChancelloroftheSecondChanceryDivision,thefollowingproceedingswerehad
:
TheproceedingsoftheCourtwillfollowthiscaptionintheorderoftime,asnearlyaspracticable.Thecaptionoftheminutesofsubsequentdaysofthetermmaybeinthisform
:
CAPTIONOPTHEDAY'SMINUTES.TUESDAY,JANUARY5TH,1885.Courtmetpursuanttoadjournment,presentandpresidingChancellorWilliamB.Staley.Theminutesofyesterday[or,oflastWednesday,]werereadandsigned,andthefollowingfurtherproceedingshad
:
Thenfollowtheproceedingsinorderoftimeasnearaspossible.Aftertheminutesofthedayhavebeenread,andcorrected,theadjourningorderiswritten,unlessithasalreadybeenwritten,andtheChancelloratteststheaccuracyoftheminutesbysigningthemofficially,justbelowtheentryofadjournment.Suchentryandsignature,are,ordinarily,asfollows
:
ENTRYOPADJOURNMENT.TheCourt,thereupon,adjourneduntiltomorrowmorningat8o'clock,1"[or,untilthenextterm.] W.B.Staley,Chancellor.AftertheminuteshavebeensignedbytheChancellor,heusuallyannounceshisconclusionsastothemattersandcausesthatweresubmittedtohimforhisdeterminationonthepreviousday.TheClerkisthendirectedtocalltherollofSolicitorsinorderthattheymaymakemotions,readtheirdraftsofdecreespreparedforentryontheminutes,andbringbeforetheCourtsuchothermat-tersastheymaydesiretohavetheCourtpasson.Thehearingofmotionshasbeenelsewhereconsidered,11andwillnotberepeatedhere;butiftherebeanyexceptionstodepositionstobeactedon,oranyappealsfromtherulingoftheClerkonsuchexceptions,oranynoticesoftheintroductionofdocumentaryevidencetobegiven,oranyothermatterthatmustbedonebeforethehearingofacauseisbegun,thisisagoodopportunitytoattendtosuchmatters.Afterallmotionshavebeendisposedof,thedocketiscalled;and,aseachcaseiscalled,itiscontinued,orsetforagivenday,orheard.§533.WhenaCauseStandsforTrial.—Acausestandsfortrialatthefirsttermafteritbecomesatissue.Wheretherearenoexceptionsfiledtoanan-swer,acauseisatissueattheendoftwentydaysafterthecomplainant'sSolic-itorhasnoticeofthefilingoftheanswer,andsuchnoticewillbepresumed,inabsenceofanyquestionraised,tohavebeenreceivedonthedaytheanswerwasfiled.Itmay,therefore,bestatedasageneralrule,thatacauseisatissueattheendoftwentydaysafterthefilingoftheanswer,in'casenoexceptionstotheanswerareputin.12TheCode,inatleastthreesections,declaresthatacauseshallstandfortrialat.thefirsttermafteranswerfiled.13Construingthesesectionsalongwiththoseallowingtwentydayswithinwhichtoexcepttoananswer,theconclusionisreached(1)thatacausestandsfortrialatthefirsttermcomingtwentyormoredaysafterthecomplainant'sSolicitorhasnotice14ofthefilingoftheanswer,ifnoexceptionstotheanswerareputinwithinthattime;and(2)9bSeenote9a,onprecedingpage.10Forothercaptionsoftheminutes,see,post,§1138.11Ante,§§514-521.AndseeChapteronMotions,post,§§739-769.12Code,§§4328;4401,saysthat,ifnoexceptionstotheanswerarefiled,thecauseshallstandfortrialatthefirsttermafteranswerfiled;buthowcanitbeknownthatnoexceptionswinbefiled,withoutwaitingforthetwentydaystoexpire?Sup-poseatermshouldbeginwithintwentydaysafteranswerfiled,wouldnotthecomplainant,neverthe-less,havethewholeofthetwentydayswithinwhich
toexcept?Mostcertainly.Thestatutethenmustmeanthatthecauseisatissueattheendoftwentydaysafternoticetocomplainant'sSolicitor,whennoexceptionsarefiledwithinthatperiod.Ante,§§420-424. ,IT13Code,§§4328;4401;4432;ante,%439.InHar-risv.Bogle,7Cates,701,itissaidthatwherethetermsofCourt-arelong,issuewillbemade,prooftaken,andthecausestandfortrial,allwithintheperiodofasingleterm. . ,14NoticewillbepresumedtohavebeenreceivedbytheSolicitoronthedaytheanswerisfiledunlessthecontraryappears.

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429 HEARINGBYTHECHANCELLOR.§534thatifexceptionsareputin,acausestandsfortrialatthefirsttermaftertheyaredisallowed,or(3)ifallowed,atthefirsttermafterthefilingofasufficientanswer.But,althoughacausethusstandsfortrialatthefirsttermafteritisatissue,itdoesnotbyanymeansfollowthatitwillbetriedatthatterm.Nevertheless,itisthedutyoftheClerkandMastertosetthecauseforhearing,andtransferittothetrialdocket;1Bandwhencalledwillbesubjecttobetried,orcontinued,astotheChancellormayappearproper.16§534.HowCausesareHeard.—Thecausehavingbeencalledonthedocket,andbothpartieshavingannouncedtheirreadinessfortrial,orthemotionforacontinuancehavingbeenoverruled,theChancellordirectsthatthecasebetakenup.17Thecomplainant'sSolicitor,thereupon,makesabriefstatementofthenatureofhisbill.Thedefendant'sSolicitorthenstateshisdefence,orreadsthematerialpartofhisanswer.18Iftherebeanydefendantsindefault,astowhomnojudgmentproconfessohasbeenentered,thecomplainantmayuowhaveaproconfessoenteredagainstthem.Theevidenceisthenreadinthefollowingorder:1st,,theevidenceinsupportofthebillisreadbythecom-plainant'sSolicitor;2d,theevidenceofthedefendantisreadbyhisSolicitor;and3d,ifthecomplainanthasanyrebuttingevidenceitisreadlast.19Theevidencehavingbeenallread,thejuniorcounselforthecomplainantopenstheargument;heisfollowedbythejuniorandseniorcounselforthedefendantinturn;andthentheseniorcounselforthecomplainantisheardinreply.20Ontheconclusionoftheargument,theChancellorannounceshisdecision,ifhehasreachedone;ifnot,hereserveshisdecisionuntilafutureday,andthepapersandbriefsofcounselandauthoritiesreliedon,aresenttohisChambers
;
orhemayholdthecaseunderadvisementforthirtydaysaftertheadjournmentoftheCourt.21§535.ObjectionstoEvidenceattheHearing.—Objectionstoadepositionasawholebecause(1)ofwantofduenoticeofthetaking;or(2)becauseofsomedefectinthecaption,orcertificate;or(3)becausenottaken,orwritten,byapersondulyauthorized;or(4)becausenotproperlytransmittedtotheClerk;or(5)becausetakenafterthetaker'stimefortakingproofhadexpired;or(6)becauseretakentothesamematterswithoutanorder;or(7)foranyothercausegoingtotheadmissibilityofthedeposition,andnottothecom-petencyofthewitness,orhisevidence,mustbemadeanddisposedofbeforethecommencementofthehearing,ortrial,otherwisetheywillbeconsideredaswaived.22Nosuchobjectioncanberaisedwhenthedepositionisread,orofferedtoberead,atthehearing.Thefollowingobjectionstotheevidencemust,however,bemadewhentheevidenceisofferedatthehearing
:
15Code,§4431.16Ratherv.Williams,10Pick.,S43,citing§463,(now§465,)ofthisbook.17lnChancery,causesarenotalwaysheardinpublic.Whentherearevalidobjectionstoapublichearing,thecausemaybeheardprivatelyintheChancellor'sroomintheCourtHouse,whenbothpartiesconsentthereto.ThishasbeentheuniformpracticeoftheCourtincaseoffamilydisputes,andothermattersofadelicatenature,unfitforpubli-cation.Aprivatehearingmaybegivenevenagainsttheconsentofoneoftheparties.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,984;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,319.InTennessee,theChan-cellorwouldnotgrantaprivatehearingexceptbyconsentofparties.Andnottheninacaseofpublicimportance.Indivorcesuits,aprivatehearingisoftenallowedonapplicationofeitherparty,theothernotobjecting.18Inreadingpleadingsanddepositions,omitallformalparts,suchascaptions,certificates,andaffidn-vits,alsotheboundariesoflands,fiats,anddatesoffiling,unlessspecialreasonsexistforcallingthe
19Inreadingtheevidence,begin,ordinarily,withyourclient'sowndepositionifhegivesafullhis-toryofthecase;ifnot,readfirstthatdepositionwhichcoversmostofthefactsofthecase.20Therighttoopenand-closetheargumentdoesnot,however,alwaysbelongtothecomplainant.Itbelongstothedefendantwhentheentireburdenofproofrestsuponthelatter.Therighttoopenandclosetheargumentbelongstothepartywho(1)pleadsaffirmativematterinabatement;or(2)whomovestodismiss;or(3)whodemurs;or(4)whopleadsaffirmativematterinbar;or(5)whoexceptstoananswer,deposition,orMaster'sreport;or(6)whoobjectstoawitness,ortohisevidence;or(7)whomaintainstheaffirmativeofanygivenquestion;or(8)whohastheentireburdenofprooftobear'See,Best,Pr.Ev.,§637.21See,post,§544.22Ch.Rule,II,§5;post,§1191,sub-sec.5;seeante,§501.

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§536 HEARINGBYTHECHANCELLOR.4301.ObjectionstotheCompetencyoftheWitness,because(1)heisaninfantidiot,orlunatic,withoutsufficientunderstandingtoapprehendtheobligationsofanoath,andgivecorrectanswerstoquestionsput;or(2)becausethewit-nesswasintoxicatedwhiletestifying;or(3)becausethewitnessisdeafanddumb,orunabletospeak,orwrite,intheEnglishlanguage,andtheinterpreterwasnotsworn;or(4)becausethewitnessisinfamousbythejudgmentofaCourt,anddisqualified,totestify;or(5)becausethewitnessisahusband,orwife,ofthepartyobjecting,oroftheoppositeparty,andtheevidenceisastoamatterthatoccurredbetweenthem,byvirtue,orinconsquence,ofthemari-talrelation;or(6)becausethewitnessisanexecutor,administrator,orguar-dian,andhisevidenceisastotransactionswith,orstatementsby,thetestator,intestate,orward;or(7)becausethewitnessisaparty,andhisevidenceisastoatransactionorconversationwith,orastatementby,theoppositeparty,whoisofunsoundmind.232.ObjectionstotheCompetencyoftheEvidence,because(1)notrelevanttotheissuesinvolved,or,immaterial;or(2)becausenotthebestevidence,beinghearsay,oracopy,orparolevidenceofthecontentsofawriting;or(3)be-causeaprivilegedcommunication;or(4)becauseatranscriptnotdulycerti-fied;or(5)becauseadeednotregistered;or(6)becauseonlyapartofarecord,orwriting.243.ObjectionstotheFormoftheEvidence,because(1)thequestionsoftheadversepartytohisownwitnesswereleading;(2)becausetheanswerofthewitnesswasnotresponsivetotheobjector'squestion.254.ObjectionstoEvidenceMustbeSpecific,ortheCourtisnotrequiredtono-ticethem.Generalexceptionstoadeposition,witness,paper,questionoran-swerneednotbenoticedbytheChancellor,andwillnotbenoticedintheSu-premeCourt.Ifapartythinkshehasgroundofexceptiontoanyevidenceorwitnesshemustspecifyit,andnotrequiretheCourttoguessit.Ageneralexceptionisnoexception.26§536.HearingonaMatterAppealedfromtheCountyCourt.—TheCodeprovidesthatanypersoninterestedintheestatemayexcepttotheaccounttakenandstatedbytheCountyCourtClerkwithanadministratororexecu-tor;andthatwhensuchanaccounthasbeenfinallysettledbytheCountyCourt,eitherpartymayappealfromthejudgmentoftheCourttotheChanceryorCircuitCourt;andtheappealshallbebroughtbeforetheChancellororCir-cuitJudgeathisfirstsessioninsuchcountyordistrict,anditshallbesufficienttotakeuponsaidappealonlysomuchoftherecordaswillsufficetopresentthemattercomplainedofinthedecisionbelow.26aThemattersindispute,insuchacase,wouldordinarilybeheardupontheexceptionstakentotheaccountintheCourtbelow.But,ifthecaseisofsuchanaturethatjusticecannotwellbedoneontheCountyCourtrecord,theChan-cellorwould,probably,havethepowertoreferthemattersindisputetotheMaster,underproperinstructions;orhemightremandthecasewithproperinstructionstotheCountyCourt.26b§537.TheArgumentofCounsel.—TheonepurposeofargumentistoaidtheCourt(1)inreachingacorrectconclusionfromtheevidenceastothetruthofthefactsallegedinthepleadings;and(2)toaidtheCourtinapplyingtherightlawtothefactsasfound.Counselforthecomplainant,therefore,shouldendeavortoshow(1)howtheevidencesustainshisbill,and(2)howitdis-provesthedefencessetup;andcounselforthedefendantshouldendeavortoshowhowtheevidencecontradictsthebillandsupportstheanswer.Counsel23M.&V.'sCode,§§4563-4565.24Objectionstotheadmissibilityofevidence,madebeforetheCommissioner,mustberenewedandruledoninCourtwhenthedepositionisread,ortheywillbedeemedtobewaived.Sahlienv.Bank,6Pick.,221.25Butinsuchcase,theobjectionswillgofornaught,unlesstheyaremadeinwritingatthevery
timetheleadingquestionisput,ortheirresponsiveanswerismade.See,ante,§496.26Powersv.McKenzie,6Pick.,167.26aCode,§§2302-2304.2CbSuchpowerwouldbewithinthespiritofCode,§§3152and3170.Onsuchareferenceaddi-tionalevidencemightbeheardandtheaccountre-cast.

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431 HEARINGBYTHECHANCELLOR.§538onbothsidesshouldpointouttheinconsistenciesandincredibilityoftheevi-dence,oranypartthereof,andwhyandwhereinawitnessisorisnottobe.credited.Iftherebeanydisputedquestionsoflawinvolvedinthecause,counseloneachsideshouldfileawrittenbriefoftheauthoritiesbythemreliedon,andshouldsendthebookstotheChancellor'sroom.27InarguinganymatterbeforetheChancellor,itshouldalwaysbekeptinmindthatnothingsocommendsbothcounselandhiscauseasasmooth,clear,lmimpassioned,andcandid,presentationofthelawandfactsofthecase,whollyunmixedwithungenerousorunkindallusionstooppositecounsel,ortohisarguments;andthatnothingsoharmsbothcounselandcause,intheestimationoftheChancellor,asmanifestmisquotationsoflaworevidence,unjustcriticismofparties28orwitnesses,unwarranteddeductionsfromtheevidence,unfairstatementsoftheargumentsoftheotherside,orunnecessaryexhibitionsoftemper.§538.HowExceptionstoEvidence,andtheChancellor'sRulingsThereon,areMadeaPartoftheRecordforPurposesofReview.—Formerly,whereex-ceptionstoevidenceweresustainedbytheChancellor,oranymatterofevi-dencewasexcludedbyhim,atthehearing,abillofexceptionswasnecessarytogivetheSupremeCourtjurisdictionoftheevidencesoruledout;butnow,whereexceptionstoevidenceareeithersustainedoroverruled,itisnotneces-saryuponanappealofthecase,toembodytherulingsoftheChancellor,theexceptionandtheexcludedevidence,inabillofexceptions,iftherulingsoftheChancellor,theexceptionsandtheexcludedevidencearesetoutinthebodyofthedepositionandproperlyauthenticatedbytheChancellor.29So,whereanydocument,depositionorexhibittoadeposition,oranyotherpaper,isexcluded,inpartorasawhole,itisnolongernecessaryonappealtoembodythesame,theexceptionstheretoandtherulingsoftheChancellor,inaseparatebillofexceptions,wheretheactionoftheCourtontheparts,orthewholedocuments,depositions,exhibits30thereto,orotherpapers,isdulynotedthereonbytheChancellor,suchactionbytheChancellorconstitutingthesameapartoftherecord,inlieuofabillofexceptions.31Thestatutedeclaresthattheserulesshallnotapplywherethetestimonyisoral,32bywhichismeantthatwherewitnessesareexaminedorallyinopenCourt,atthehearing,asonatrialbyjury,theexceptionstothetestimonyofthewitnessessoexamined,andtherulingsoftheChancellorthereonmustbeperpetuatedbyabillofexceptionsaswasthepracticebeforethestatute.ACTIONOFCHANCELLORONEXCEPTIONSTOEVIDENCEINDEPOSITIONS.[Thisactiontobewrittenonthefaceofthedeposition.]Abovequestion[oranswer]objectedtobydefendant,[orcomplainant,]because[heresetoutthegroundofobjection.']Objectionsustained,[oroverruled,]andanswerexcluded[oradmitted.]April3,1906. A.B.,Chancellor.27Inarguingacause,lawyersshouldkeepinmindthataJusticeofthePeaceneedslessargumentthanajuror,thataCircuitJudgeneedslessthanaJusticeofthePeace,thataChancellorneedslessthanaCircuitJudge,andthataSupremeJudgeneedslessthanaChancellor.Nevertheless,theyareallbenefitedbysoundargument,andespeciallybytheproductionofpertinentlaw.ThebestJudges,asarule,desiretohearargument.Inearlytimes,thesamecaseswereoftenarguedagainandagain.Thecaseof.StowellV.Zouche,inPlowden,wasar-guedfourtimes;Manby&Richardsv.Scott,inIvevinz,wasarguedfourtimes;andthereisacaseinWille'sReportswhichwasarguedfivetimes,andatfivedifferentterms.Thesere-argumentswereoftenbeforealltheJudgesofEngland,andbytheablestlawyers.1Kent'sCom.,487.ThecaseofMossv.Averill,10NewYork,449,wasarguedthreetimes;HoltV.Ward,2Strange,938,wasar-guedfourtimes;andTookev.Hollingsworth,5..C1OLT?_
tosaythatjusticeandreasonseldomsufferfromthoroughargumentation;whereas,injusticealwaysdreadsinvestigation,andabhorsdiscussion.Thevalueofthoroughargumentation,asanaidinat-tainingjustice,isillustratedinourownStatebythefollowingcases:Nicholsonv.Patterson,6Hum.,394;Sevierv.TheJustices,Peck,362;FoggV.Williams,2Head,474;andSenter1).Bowman,5Heisk.,15.SeeLindsleyv.Thompson,1Tenn.Ch.,272,275.See,post,§1319,note20.28Themotivesoflitigantsareimmaterial,andcannotbeinquiredinto,andshouldnotbecom-mentedon.Maeeyv.Childress,2Tenn.Ch.,442;State,exrel.v.Williams,2Cates,590.28Actof1905,ch.49.sec.I.AprudentSolicitorwill,however,oftenprefertosetallthesemattersupinabillofexceptions.30Thestatuteomitstheword"exhibits,"butthisisevidentlyatypographicalerror.31Actof1905,ch.49,sec.2.

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s INCIDENTSOFTHEHEARING.432ACTIONOFCHANCELLORONEXCEPTIONSTODEPOSITIONS.[Thisactiontobewrittenatthefootofthedeposition.]Foregoingdepositionread,notwithstanding[or,ruledoutbecauseof]foregoingexcep-tionAs-33,,^ A-B->Chancellor.April3,1906.ACTIONOFCHANCELLORONEXCEPTIONSTOADOCUMENT.[Thisactiontobeendorsedonthedocumentitself.si]Thisdeed[orotherdocument]objectedtobycomplainant,[ordefendant,]because[spec-ifyingthegroundofobjection.]Objectionoverruled,[orsustained,]anddeedread[orexcluded] A.B.,Chancellor.April3,1906.
ARTICLEII.
§540.§541.§542.
INCIDENTSOFTHEHEARING.§543.AnnouncementoftheDecree.§544.TakingaCaseUnderAdvisement.§545.DrawingofOrdersandDecrees.§546.LeavingtheRecordUnadjourned.
§539.AmendmentofPleadingsWhenAl-lowedattheHearing.WhatDefectsintheProofMaybeRemediedattheHearing.RemandingaCauseforFurtherProof.NoObjectiontoReliefattheHearing,When.§539.AmendmentofPleadingswhenAllowedattheHearing.—Whenever,atthehearing,itappearsimpossibletotheCourttodocompletejustice,ortodeterminethewholecontroversy,withoutanamendmentofthebillorcross-bill,makingnewallegations,ornewprayers,ornewparties,theCourtmay,onitsownmotion,oronmotionofaparty,allowthecausetostandover,withleavetomakethenecessaryamendments,ornewparties,orboth.1Inallsucheases,however,thepartyindefaultshouldbetaxedwithall,oralargepart,ofthecostsofthecause.2If,aftersuchamendments,eitherpartydesiretotakefurtherproofontheissuesraisedbytheamendments,thecauseshouldberemandedtotherulesforthatpurpose,butnotforproofgenerally.ORDERFORACAUSETOSTANDOVERTOMAKENEWPARTIES.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe.Thiscausecomingontobeheardthisday,andtherecordhavingbeenread[orthepleadingshavingbeenread,]andargumentofcounsel[inpart]heard;anditappearingtotheCourtthatRobertRoe,andhiswife,RachelRoe,arenecessarypartiesdefendanttothiscause,onmotionofthecomplainant,itisorderedthatthecausedostandover,totheendthatthecomplainantmaysoamendhisbillastomakesaidRobertRoeandRachelRoepartiesdefendantthereto.ThecomplainantandDavidDoe,hisprosecutionsurety,willpayallthecostsaccruinginthecausebetweennowandthefinaldecree,saidcoststobehere-aftertaxed.§540.WhatDefectsintheProofmaybeRemediedattheHearing.—Fromtheearliesttimes,CourtsofEquityhaverelievedagainstmereerrorsofCom-missioners,witnessesandSolicitors;andwhentherehasbeenanaccidentalde-fectinevidence,have,beforethehearing,atthehearing,andatthere-hearingofacause,allowedthedefecttobesupplied.3Thus,leavehasbeengivenat33Thatis,theexceptionstothedepositionforwantofnoticeorproperformalities.See,ante,§§497-501.Theseexceptionsmustofcourse,havebeenruledonbytheMasterand,onappeal,actedonbytheChancellor.34Ifnoroomonadocumentordepositiontoen-dorsetheexception,andactionoftheChancellor,theendorsementmaybemadeonapaperattachedtothedocumentordeposition,andexhibitedtheretobylettersorfiguresofidentification.
1Sto.Eq.PI.,§333,note.Whenitismanifestthatjusticecannotbedonewithoutamendingthepleadingssoastomakethenecessaryallegationsorparties,theChancellorshouldallowthecausetostandoverforthatpurpose.TheSupremeCourtoftenremandscausesonitsownmotionforsuch-purposes.See,post,§1318.2See,ante,§§526-528.3Gres.Eq.Ev.,196.

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433 INCIDENTSOFTHE)HEARING.§541thehearing:(1)toprovetheexecutionofadeedonfile;(2)tostampanin-strument;(3)toprovethelossofadeedsoastoletinacopy;(4)toprovethedeathofawitnesstoaninstrument;(5)toprovethatthedefendantisamar-riedwoman;(6)toprovethedeathofaparty;(7)toprovethatthedefendantisoutoithejurisdictionoftheCourt;and(8)inanycaseofdefectsoromis-sionsofproof,whetherbroughttolightandbecomematerialinconsequenceofsomethingwhicharisesunexpectedlyinthecourseofthehearing,orcausedbyaccidentorinadvertence.4AndtheCourtwillbespeciallylenientinsuchcases,whenminorsorpersonsofunsoundmindwouldotherwisebeinjured.Ifnecessary,theCourtwillremandthecause,orpostponethehearing,withlibertytosupplytherequisiteproof.Andso,iftheCourtseeinanysuchcasethattheoppositepartyisliabletobeprejudicedbyitsaction,thecausewillberemandedtoenablehimtorebut.ORDERFOE,ACAUSETOSTANDOVERTOSUPPLYPROOF.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etal..
Thiscausecomingonthisdaytobehearduponthepleadingsandproofs,andtherecordhavingbeenread,andtheargumentinpartheard,anditappearingtotheCourtthatthecomplainanthasinadvertentlyomittedtoprovetheexecutionofthetitle-bondbyHenryBrowntothedefendant,RichardRoe,[orhasinadvertentlyomittedtoprovesomeothermanifestlinkinhischainofevidence,}itisordered,onmotionofthecomplainant,thatthiscausedostandoverwithleavetohimtoprovetheexecutionofsaidbond;butforthisleavehewillpayone-fourthofalltheaccruedcostsofthecause,forwhichanexecutionmayissue.§541.RemandingaCauseforFurtherProof.—WhiletheChancellorisusu-allycontenttodeterminethecauseuponsuchproofsasthepartiesmaychoosetoread,heisundernocompulsiontodoso,asisaJudgeofaCourtoflaw.TheChancellormaynotonlypostponehisdecision,but,ifhedeemstheevi-denceunsatisfactory,ordefective,orifheisunabletosolvethequestionsinis-sueupontheproofsreadatthehearing,hemayrequirefurtherevidence.5ThisrightoftheChancellorisinherentinhisofficeanddoesnotdependonanycon-sentoftheparties.Thus,afterorduringthehearing,theChancellormayre-mandthecauseforfurtherevidenceonparticularpoints,ormayremanditfor1
furtherproofgenerally,ormayreferittotheMastertoreportastocertainfactsaboutwhichtherearedefectsorfailuresinevidence,orhemayorderatrialbyjury.8Whereinanycase,theCourtcanseethatapartyhasaclearrightsothatinjusticewillbedonebydismissinghisbill,buthissuitfailsfromsomeover-sightorneglectnotculpable,itisthedutyoftheCourttoremandthecauseforfurtherproof,thatjusticemaybedone.TheSupremeCourtwillremandacause,onitsownmotion,totheendthatfurtherproofmaybetaken,whenitappearsprobablethatadecisionupontheevidencethenintherecordwillworkinjustice,7and,foragreaterreason,theChanceryCourtwillremandunderthesamecircumstances.Andso,ifitshouldclearlyappearthatadefendanthasagooddefenceinwhole,orinpart,whichbysomeoversightnotculpablehehasfailedtoprove,theCourt,applyingtheforegoingrulesimpartially,would,onhisapplication,remandthecausewithleavetomaketheproof.8§542.NoObjectionstoReliefattheHearing,When.—Noobjectionsbe-causeofthenon-joinderormis-joinderofparties,complainantordefendant,or
i1Dan.Ch.Pr„858,note.53Greenl.Ev.,§330-337;Gres.Eq.Ev.,489.«Ibid;Mosesr.OcoeeBank,1Lea,415.TSee,post,§1318.8Butremandments,whetherforthebenefitofonepartyortheother,shouldbeonlyonthepaymentofall,oralargepart,ofthecostsofthecause.See,ante,%527.Hearstr.Proffitt,7Cates,560;
Itistheexperienceoftheauthor,thatitisimpol-itictoremandacauseforfurtherproofonapointastowhichtheevidenceisconflicting;fortherea-sonthatthereisastrongtemptationtointroducefalsetestimonywhenthepartiesrealizethatthecasewillturnonthedecisionofadisputedpoint.Causesshouldberemanded,notformoreproofona^disputedquestion,butforproofonsomequestion

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§543INCIDENTSOFTHEHEARING.434becauseofmultifariousness,canbemadeatthehearing,buttheCourtinsuchcasewilldecreeuponthemerits.9Ifthedefendant,atthehearing,objectforwantofparties,nothavingpreviouslytakentheobjectionbyplea,answer,ordemurrer,theCourtmayrenderadecreesavingtherightsofthepartiesnotbeforeit,orgrantleavetoamendontermsnotextendingbeyondthepaymentofcosts.10ThejurisdictionoftheCourtcannotbeobjectedtoatthehearing,ifthedefendanthasansweredj11unless,indeed,thecasebeonewhollyunfittobedeterminedinaCourtofEquity.12§543.AnnouncementofDecree.—Theevidenceinthecausehavingbeenread,andtheSolicitorsofthepartieshavingconcludedtheirargument,thepapersinthecauseandthebriefsofcounsel,allproperlyassortedandar-rangedforconvenientreference,aresenttotheChancellor'schambersforhisfurtherconsideration.Ifanyauthoritieshavebeenreliedonspeciallybycounselthey,also,shouldbesentalongwiththepapersinthecause.TheChancellor,thereupon,proceedstofurtherconsiderthecase,lookingfirsttothepleadingstobesureoftheissuesinvolved,thentosuchpertinentevidenceashisnotesofthehearingindicatetobeimportant,andlastlytothebriefsofcounselandtheauthoritiescited.13Afterreachingaconclusion,theChancellorpreparesamemorandumofhisfindingsoflawandfact,ifthecaseisofimportanceandcomplicated;and,ifthecaseisofspecialimportanceorcomplication,hemaywriteouthisopinioninwholeorinpart.Ifthecaseisoneoffrequentoccurrencehewill,ordinar-ily,announcehisconclusionsorally.14TheChancellorisnotrequiredtogivehisreasonsforhisdecisions,andinmanycasesitiswisestnottodoso.15§544.TakingaCaseUnderAdvisement.—IftheChancellordesirestimetoinvestigateacaseafterthehearing,orifhedesirestoconsultauthoritiesnotac-cessible,orifunpreparedforanyotherreason,toannouncehisdecision,hemayholdthecaseunderadvisement,orhemaycallonthepartiesforadditionalbriefs,orforfurtherargumentonparticularmatters.IfhewishestoholdthecaseunderadvisementheshouldsostateontheminutesoftheCourt;16butinsuchcasehemustforwardhisdecreetotheClerkandMasteroftheCourtinthirtydays,unlessbyconsentofcounsel,furthertimeisallowedhim.17ENTRYINCAUSETAKENUNDERADVISEMENT.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etat.,ThiscausecameonthisJuly24,1905,forfinalhearingonthepleadingsandproofsinthecauseandargumentofcounsel,andtheChancellordesiringtimeforfurtherconsidera-tiontakesthecaseunderadvisement,[andbyconsentofcounselheisallowedsixtydaysinwhichtofilehisdecree.]9Code,§§4338;4325.Theseobjectionsmustbemadebymotiontodismiss,orbydemurrer;andifthemis-joinder,ornon-joinder,ofpartiesdoesnotappearonthefaceofbill,theobjectionmaybemadebyplea.Code,§§4325;4386-4388.10Code,§4337.11Code,§§4309;4321;4385.Thishaslongbeenthelaw.Actsof1801,ch.6;LeRoyr.Piatt,4Paige,(N.Y.),77.12Thetruemeaningofthisruleis,thatafteranswerfiled,noexceptioncanbetaken(1)tothelocaljurisdictionoftheCourtovertheperson,oroverthesubject-matter,and(2)thatnoobjectioncanbetakentothegeneraljurisdictionbecauseofaperfectremedyatlaw.Itdoesnotmeanthatbe-causeananswerhasbeenfiledtheCourtisboundtopronounceadecreeinacaseunfitforEquity.See,ante,§177,notes17and30;and§290.13See,post,§1141,sub-sec.10.14TheChancellorusuallyannounceshisdecisiononthedayfollowingtheconclusionofthehearing,oronadaylater,becauseherequiressometimetoconsiderthemattersinissue,andbesides,counselareinaconditionmoredispassionately^tohearhisviews.Asarule,itisunwisetodecideanycasethathasbeenvigorouslycontested,assoonasthe
argumentisclosed;thewinningsideisapttobetoojubilant,andthelosingsidetooresentful.15Thedecisionisthethingheisrequiredtogivebythelaw.Asounddecisionbasedonnoannouncedreasonsisinfinitelybetterthananunsound(decisionbasedonmanyreasons.Reasoningsometimesen-tanglestheconscienceandbefogstheintellect.SeeMcGuireV.Gallagher,11Pick.,349.18Actsof1905,ch.427,sec.2.Intheoldforms,theonlyentryinsuchacasewasthis:"Curiaad-visarevult."[TheCourtwishestodeliberate].Thepowertotakeacaseunderadvisementisonethatexistsindependentlyofthestatute,theonlyeffectofthestatutebeingtolimitthetimethecasemaybesoheld,andtoprovidefortheentryofthede-creeinvacation.17ThispartoftheActismerelydirectory,andadecreewithheldbeyondthestatutorytime,orbe-yondtheextension,wouldbevalidandproofagainstanyexceptiononthataccount.WhenacaseisthustakenunderadvisementtherecordoftheCourtshouldbeleftunadjourned,andtheminutesunclosed,sothatthedecreeandanyprayerfor,andgrantof,anappealmaybeenteredthereon.See,post,§546.

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435 TRIALBYJURY. §545§545.DrawingofOrdersandDecrees.—TheSolicitorofthepartyinwhosefavorthedecisionismade,isexpectedbytheCourttodrawtheorder,orde-cree.Ordersareoftenentered,afterbeingreadtoandapprovedbytheChan-cellor,withoutbeingpreviouslysubmittedtotheoppositecounsel;butthelattershouldalwaysbegiventheopportunitytoinspectandcriticizethedraftofthedecree,beforeitisreadtotheChancellor.18Iftheoppositecounselobjecttothedecree,heshouldforthwithbringthematterofhisobjectionbe-foretheChancellor,inorderthatthedecreemaybesettledatonce.Indrawingdecrees,careshouldbetakentohavethemfollowthepleadings,andthespecificprayerforrelief,unlessreliefhasbeengrantedunderthegen-eralprayer.TheChancellorshouldneverallowanorderordecreetobeenteredontheminutesuntilafterithasbeenexpresslyapprovedbyhim.Thispracticein-flexiblyadheredtowillenabletheClerktokeephisminutesfreefrominter-lineations,erasures,andotheralterations.§546.LeavingtheRecordUnadjourned.—TheChancellormayleavetherecordofthetermunadjourneduntilCourtincourse;inwhichcasethemin-utesbeingopen,ordersanddecreesmadeinvacationmaybeenteredthereinasintermtime.19Allentriesmadeintheopenminutesafterthecloseoftheterm,shouldbecomparedwiththeoriginalsbytheChancellorandapprovedbyhim,assoonaftertheentryismadeasconvenient,butinnoeventlaterthanthenextregulartermoftheCourt.20Allordersanddecreesenteredontheopenminutesareaseffectiveasthosemadeandenteredintermtime.21WhilenotnecessaryitmaybewellfortheChancellortomakeanentryontheminutesshowingtheminutesareintentionallyleftopen,thus
:
ENTRYSHOWTNOrTHEMINUTESLEFTOPEN.Thebusinessofthetermreadyforhearingbeingdisposedof,butthatdecreesincasesheldunderadvisement,anddecreesandordersmadeatChambers,maybethemoreconven-ientlyenteredofrecord,therecordisleftunadjournedandtheminutesleftopenuntilthenextregularterm. HalH.HaynES,Chancellor.
ARTICLEIII.TRIALBYJURY.§552.EffectofaVerdict.§553.SomeSuggestionsinReferencetoDe-mandingaJury.TermtobeExtendedWhenTrialNotConcluded.554.
§547.WhenaTrialbyJuryMaybeHad.§548.WhenaTrialbyJuryisAppropriate.§549.FrameofIssuesofFact.§550.FormoftheIssues,andoftheVer-dict.§551.HowtheTrialisConducted.§547.WhenaTrialbyJuryMaybeHad.—OrdinarilyintheChanceryCourt,theChancellordeterminesallissueswhetheroflaw,oroffact;1but'eitherpartytoasuitis,uponapplicationthereforindueseason,entitledtoajurytotryanddetermineanymaterialissueoffact:allissuesoffactinanycaseshall,however,besubmittedtoonejury.2
182Dan.Ch.Pr.,1009;Crowv.Blythe,3Hay.,236;Whitneyv.Belden,4Paige,(N.Y.),140.19Actsof1905,ch.427,sec.2.See,post,§§771-775.20Ibid.Iftheentriesdifferfromthe_originalstheymustbemadetoconformtothem.Ibid,sec.9.21Ibid-lCode,§32953;2955.
Chanceryhasalwaysbeeninsignificant.Cooperv.Stockard,16Lea,145.ItissometimessupposedthateitherpartytoaChancerysuithasaConstitutionalrighttoatrialbyjury.Thissuppositionisbasedonamisapprehen-sion.TheConstitutionalprovisionthat"therightoftrialbyjuryshallremaininviolate,"(Art.I,§6,)referstotrialsatcommonlaw;Neelyv.State,4

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§548 TRIALBYJURY. 436Thedemandforajurymaybemadeinthepleadings,oratthebarafterthecauseisatissue.Ifthedemandismadeinthepleadings,thecausewillstandlortrialatthefirsttermbeforeajurysummonedinstanter.3Eitherpartymaydemandajuryatanytimebeforethehearingisactuallybegun.4TheCourtmay,however,makearulerequiringthedemandforajurytobemade,inopenCourt,onsomepreviousdayofthetrialterm,inordertohavetimetoobtainajury,andtogivetheoppositesidenoticeofthedemand.5Thedemandforajurymaybemadeinthebill,answerorplea,byinsertingtherein,ordinarilyatitsconclusionandjustbeforethesignatureoftheSolic-itor,thefollowing:"Andthecomplainant,[ordefendant,asthecasemaybe,]demandsajurytotryalltheissuesoffactinthiscause."Thedemand,ifmadebelowapleading,mustbedatedandsigned;andshouldbemarked"filed"bytheClerk.Ifthedemandismadeafterthepleadingisfiled,itmustbemadeinopenCourt,oratChambers,andenteredontheminutes,thus
:
DEMANDFORAJURY.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe.Thecomplainant[ordefendant,]demandsajurytotryalltheissuesoffactinthiscause.§548.WhenaJuryTrialisAppropriate.—Thefollowingaretheprincipalcaseswhereinatrialbyjuryisappropriate:1,Wheretheevidenceissocontra-dictory,orsonearlybalanced,thatanopenandrigidcross-examinationofthewitnessesbeforeajuryisnecessaryfortheascertainmentofthetruth;2,Wherethegenuinenessofadeed,will,noteofhand,billofsale,orotherwritteninstrumentisinissue;3,Wherequestionsofsanity,duress,fraud,usury,andfailureofconsideration,areinvolved;4,Wherethedefenceofadverseposses-sionisinterposedinanejectmentsuit;5,Wherethequestioninissueisthedividinglinebetweentwotractsorlotsofland;6,Whereunliquidateddamagesaretobeassessed;7,Whereadeed,orbillofsale,isallegedtohavebee.ngivenasameremortgage;8,Wherethefactofmarriage,orthelegitimacyofchil-dren,isinissue;6and9,Where,inadivorcesuit,mattersoffactarechargedinthebillanddeniedintheanswer.7Butinalltheforegoingcases,themainreasonforatrialbyjuryisthecon-tradictorycharacteroftheevidence,ortheimportanceofanopenandrigidcross-examinationofthewitnessesinthepresenceoftheCourtandjury.8TheChancellormay,onhisownmotion,submitanydisputedquestionoffacttoajury,inordertohavetheirverdictthereonforhisowninformation:andthishewillordinarilydowhentheevidenceissoconflictingthatitisdifficulttoascertainthetruth.9§549.FrameofIssuesofFact.—Theissuesoffact,tobedeterminedbythejury,aremadeupbythepartiesunderthedirectionoftheCourt;andthey
State,9Hum.,53;Goddardv.State,2Yerg.,99;Jacksonv.Nimmo,3Lea,613;3A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,719.Indeed,eveninthosecasesinChancerywhereinajuryisdemanded,thesuit,strictlyspeak-ing,isnottriedbythejury,inasmuchastheymerelyanswercertainquestionsoffactsubmittedtothem.CooperV.Stockard,16Lea,144.Itwouldseem,however,thatwherethejurisdictionoftheChan-ceryCourthasbeenextended_bystatutesoastoincludeactionsformerlycognizableexclusivelyatcommonlaw,theConstitutionalrightoftrialbyjurywouldremain,atleastwhendemandedbythede-fendant.Trigallyv.Memphis,6Cold,385.3Code,§4466.Ifnotdemandedinthepleadingsitcannotbedemandeduntiltheotherpartyhashadtimetotakeproof.Harrisv.Bogle,7Cates,701.ChanceryRule2,§4,astothetimefortakingproof,doesnotapplywhenajuryisdemandedinthepleadings.Ibid.4Allenv.Saulpaw,6Lea,477.5StadlerV.Hertz,13Lea,315.InthiscausetheSupremeCourtsustainedarulewhichrequiredthedemandforajurytobemadeonorbefore
Tuesdayofthetrialterm.Cheathamv.Pearce,5Pick.,668.Ifajurytrialbenotdemandedatthefirsttrialtermitmaybedemandedatanysubse-quenttrialterm.Harrisl\Bogle,7Cates,701.Awaiverofajuryatonetermdoesnotprecludeapartyfromdemandingajuryatasucceedingterm.Worthingtonv.Railroad,6Cates,182.ButapplyingforandobtainingareferencetotheMasterisawaiverofademandforajury.Harrisr.Bogle,7Cates,701.Thestatutesprescribingwhenandhowjuriesshallbedemanded,(Actsof1875,ch.4,andActsof1889,ch.220,)donotapplytotheChanceryCourt.CooperV.Stockard,16Lea,140;Cheathamv.Pearce,5Pick.,668."2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1073,note.7Code,§2458.8Townsendf.Graves,3PaigeCh.,(N.Y.),453;Hammondv.Fuller,1PaigeCh.,197,Desty'snotes;VanderheydenV.Reid,Hqpk.Ch.,(N.Y.),408.Munsonv.Reed,Clarke'sCh.,(N.Y.),580;Allenr.Saulpaw,6Lea,482.9State».Allen,2Tenn.Ch.,46.

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437 TRIALBYJURY. §550shouldsetforth,brieflyandclearly,thetruequestionsoffacttobetried.10TheChancellorhasthepoweranditishisdutytososhapetheissuessubmittedbythepartiesastopresentthematerialanddeterminativequestionsoffactmadebythepleadings,brieflyandclearly.11Theseissuesmust,ofcourse,beresponsivetothepleadings/2andmustbesocomprehensiveofthequestionsoffactputinissuebythepleadingsthat,whendeterminedbythejury,theCourtwillbeable,uponthefindingsofthejury,andthebalanceoftherecord,topronounceafullandcompletefinaldecreeonallthematerialmattersinvolvedinthecontroversy.13Theissuesshouldberesponsivetothepleadings,andshouldraisenoquestionsoffactnotraisedbythepleadings.14Thepartyapplyingforajurytrialmustsubmitmaterialissues;andifheiailssotodotheverdictwillbeimmaterial,andtheCourtmay,thereupon,determinethecaseasthoughnojurytrialhadtakenplace,iftherecordisinaconditiontojustifythatcourse.15Butwheretheissuesarematerial,ontheverdictbeingsetaside,whetherbytheChanceryortheSupremeCourt,neitherCourtcandeterminethefactsanddecidethecausethereon,butthecausemustbere-triedbyajury.18§550.FormofIssues,andoftheVerdict.—Theissuesmaybeintheformofpleadingsatlaw;17butthebetterpractice,perhaps,istoresolvetheissuesmadebythepleadingsintotheformofquestions,13tobeanswered,"yes"or"no,"orbydates,amounts,quantities,orboundaries,asthecasemaybe.Thus,onanejectmentbill,towhichisinterposedthedefenceofadversepos-session,andthestatuteoflimitations,thefollowingissuesmightbesubmittedtothejury: ISSUE'SOFFACT.JohnDoe,1vs.\No.213.RichardRoe.JThefollowingissuesoffactaremadeupbytheparties,underthedirectionoftheCourt,tobesubmittedtothejury
:
i.Asidefromanyofthedefencessetupbythedefendant'sanswer,doesthecomplainantowninfeethetractoflandhesuesforinhisbill?II.Orifheownsaportiononlyofsaidtract,statewhatportion,givingthemetesandbounds.
10Code\§4468.11Burtonv.Farmers*Association,20Pick.,414.12Jamesv.Brooks,6Heisk.,150;Ragsdalev.Gossett,2Lea,729.13Connoru.Frierson,14Pick.,183.14Burtonv.Farmers'Association,20Pick.,414.15Gassv.Mason,4Sneed,509;Ragsdalev.Gos-sett,2Lea,729;FirstN.Bankv.Oldham,6Lea,729;Millsv.Faris,12Heisk.,452;NelsonV.Clay-brooke,4Lea,687.Iftheissuetenderedbyapartybeimmaterial,theChancellormayrefusetosubmitit,andproceedwiththehearingwithoutajury,andmakeadecreeasthoughnojuryhadbeendemanded.Dan.Ch.Pr.,1079,note.If,however,hedoessubmitanimma-terialissue,itishisdutytodisregardthefindingofthejurythereon,andifalltheproofbeinwriting,heshouldatoncefindthefactsforhimself,andpronounceadecreethereon.Gassv.Mason,4Sneed,509;Ragsdalev.Gossett,2Lea,730.AruleofCourtrequiringissuestobefiledonorbeforeaspecified^time,andthateachshouldembraceonlyonequestionoffact,isproperandreasonable.Cheathamv.Pearce&Ryan,5Pick.,668.16FirstN.Bankv.Oldham,6Lea,718.17Jamesv.Brooks,6Heisk.,150.InLancasterv.Ward,1Tenn.,(Overt.),430,theissueswereasfollows:
_."First,Whetherthebillsinglefor$860,exhibitedinthecomplainant'sbill,wasprocuredfromJohnLancaster,thedeceased,bythedefendantWard,byfraud,misrepresentation,andundueinfluence,asstatedincomplainant'sbill."Second,WhetherthedefendantWardpaidtothedeceasedanyconsiderationforthesaidbillsin-™la.„.,Ji£ tx :ji.j1 :-J»»
Lea,144.Inthiscase,ChiefJusticeDeaderick,inspeakingofthequestionstobetriedbyajuryinChancery,said,"Inpractice,thesequestionsarelit-erallyquestionspropoundedtothejury,which,intheirverdict,theyarerequiredtoansweraffirma-tively,ornegatively."Sincethesystemofspecialpleadinghasbeenpracticallyabandoned,andthegeneralissueoflawandfactsubstitutedforit,juriesintheCircuitCourthavebecome,ineffect,abenchoftwelveChancellors,whodecidethecaseonill-defined,andoftenill-conceivednotionsoflawandgeneralEquity,thesenotionsoftheindividual^jurorsoftendifferingasmuchastheirfaces,clothing,andhabitsofthought.TheCircuitJudgecanadvisethesetwelveChancel-lors,inageneralway,astowhatthelawis;and,iftheyfindcontrarytohisjudgment,allhecandoistoreferthecasetoanotherbenchoftwelveChan-cellors,tobetriedanewinthesamegeneralway,andonthesamegeneralandincongruousnotions;andiftheirverdictaccordswiththeformerverdict,thepoweroftheJudgeis,ordinarily,atanend;andthesecondverdictmust,ordinarily,stand,howeverstronglytheJudgemaydissent,andhowevergrosslythelawmayhavebeenviolatedandjusticeout-raged.But,intheChanceryCourt,iftheissuesareproperlyprepared,theyaccomplishinpartthepur-poseofspecialpleading,byrestrictingthefindingsofthejurytopurequestionsoffact.TheverdictinissuesinChanceryisinthenatureofaspecialverdict.Thejurydoesnot,ordinarily,passonanyquestionoflaw,andtheChancellorshouldseethattheissuesaresoframedastorestrictthemtopureQuestionsoffact,thusconfiningthejurytotheir.cj_r

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§551 TRIAL,BYJURY. 438Hadthedefendantbeeninactualandadversepossessionofanypartofthetractsuedfor,openly,notoriously,andcontinuously,foraperiodofsevenormoreyearsnextbeforethebillwasfiled? IV.Ifthedefendanthadhadsuchpossession,statewhatcoloroftitleheheldunder,ifany.v.Ifthedefendant'spossessionwasnotheldunderanycoloroftitle,statethemetesandboundsofhispossessionheldforsevenormoreyearsnextbeforethebillwasfiled.InRagsdale&Mabryv.Gossett,19JudgeCooperheldthattheissuesshouldhavebeenasfollows
:
ISSUESOFFACT.GeorgeH.Ragsdale,etavs.V.F.Gossett,etal.Inthiscause,thefollowingissuesoffactaretenderedbythecomplainantstobesub-mittedtothejury: i.WasthemoneyborrowedfromMcintoshandJohnsontheseparateestateofthewife?H.Ifso,wasanypartofitusedinthepurchaseofthechattelsincontroversy,forhersep-arateuse? in.Wasthesaleofthesechattels,andthepurchaseasmade,intendedasafraudulentdevicetoprotectthehusband'spropertyfromhiscreditors?InHunterv.Wallace,20theissuessubmittedtothejurywereintheformofquestions,andinsubstanceasfollows
:
ISSUESOFFACT.1st.HadFinleynoticeofthesaletotheplaintiffatthetimehepaidthepurchase-money,orprocuredhisconveyance?2d.Whatwasthevalueoftheimprovementsmadebytheplaintiff?3d.DidKnoxempowerWallace,eitherbyletterorverbally,tomakethecontractwiththeplaintiff?Iftheissuesareintheformofquestionspropoundedtothejury,(whichisthebetterpractice,)theirverdictisanaffirmativeornegativeanswer.Thejurydonot,asarule,returnaverdictinfavorofthecomplainantforthemoneyorthingsuedfor,orinfavorofthedefendantgenerally,buttheysaysuchandsuchallegations,orpropositions.offact,aretrue,orfalse.Thejurydonottrythesuit,buttrysuchquestionsonlyasaresubmittedtothem.TheChancellortriesanddecidesthesuit,aidedbythefindingofthejury.21§551.HowtheTrialisConducted.—AjurytrialintheChanceryCourtisconductedinthesamemannerasintheCircuitCourt:--thepartiessummontheirwitnessesandenforcetheirattendance,23andthewitnessesaresworn,putundertheruleandexamined,asinaCourtoflaw.24JurorsaredesignatedbytheCourt,andsummonedbytheSheriff,andaretried,empanelledandsworn,asintheCircuitCourt.25TheChancellorpassesonallquestionsofevi-dence,andonthecompetencyofwitnesses,andaftertheproofisallinonbothsides,thecauseisarguedtothejurybytherespectivecounsel,andthejuryisthenchargedbytheChancellor.ThechargeoftheChancellormaybere-quiredbyeitherpartytobereducedtowritingbeforedelivered.Thejuryshouldbedirectedtoreducetheirfindingstowriting;butthisisnotessentia).TheverdictofthejurymaybesetasideonanygroundthatwouldvitiateitifintheCircuitCourt,andtheChancellorhasthesamepowertograntnewtrialsasispossessedbyCourtsoflaw.Indeed,thewholeproceedings,fromthetimethedemandforajuryismadeuntiltheirverdictisapproved,orsetaside,by
192Lea,737.20Term.,(Overt.,)239.21Cooperv.Stockard,16Lea,144.22Code,§4466.23Code,§4470.24WhenatrialbyjuryisdemandedintheChan-ceryCourtitisnotnecessarytonotifytheadverse
partythatvivavocetestimonywillbeintroduced.Johnsonv.Warden,1Shan.Cas.,670.25TheCourtshalldesignategoodandlawfulmentoserveasjurors,anddirecttheSherifftosummontheminstanter.Code,§§3996;3993.JurorsintheChanceryCourtmusthavethesamequalifications,aresubjecttothesamerules,andreceivethesamepay,asregularjurorsintheCircuitCourt.

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439 TRIALBYJURY. §552theChancellorare,inallrespects,thesameasinjurytrialsintheCircuitCourt,26andsoisthemannerofmakingoutabillofexceptions,andprayingandprosecutinganappealtotheSupremeCourt.DEMANDFOB,AJURY,ISSUES,VERDICT,ANDFINALDECREE.JohnDoe,)
vs.\No.683.RichardRoe.JInthiscause,thedefendantdemandedajurytotrytheissuesoffactinvolvedinthepleadings,whichdemandwasgranted;andthefollowingissuesoffactwerethereuponmadeupbytheparties,underthedirectionoftheCourt,tobesubmittedtothejury:1.Wasthenotesuedonexecutedbythedefendant?2.Ifnot,howmuchdoesthedefendantowethecomplainantontheaccountexhibitedtothebill,ifanything?3.Ifthedefendantisindebtedonsaidaccount,shouldinterestbeadded?Ifso,fromwhatdate?Andthereuponcamethefollowingjury,allgoodandlawfulmen,[namingthem,]whoweredulyswornwellandtrulytotrysaidissues,andatrueverdicttorenderthereon,accordingtothelawandtheevidence;andtheevidence[or,argument]jiotbeingconcluded,thejurywasrespiteduntiltomorrow,[or,andtheevidence,andargument,andthechargetotheCourt,havingbeenheard,thesaidjurors,upontheiroathsaforesaid,say:Tothefirstquestiontheyanswer,"Yes."Toalltheotherquestionstheyanswer,"No."Whereupon,thedefendantmovedtheCourttosetthesaidfindingsofthejuryaside,andyranthimanewtrialonsaidissues,whichmotionondueconsiderationthereof,wasbytheCourtoverruled.And,thereupon,thecausecomingontobefurtherandfinallyheardthisday,uponthepleadingsandthesaidfindingsofthejury,onconsiderationthereof,itisordered,adjudged,anddecreedbytheCourtthat[HereinserttheadjudicationsoftheCourtandtheawardofAnalprocess.See,post,§§567-568.]§552.EffectofaVerdict.—WhenaChancellorordersajuryonhisownmotion,hisobjectistogettheopinionofthejuryonadifficultquestionoffact,sothathemaytherebybeaidedinreachingaconclusionsatisfactorytohisjudgment;or,asthebooksexpressit,theobjectoftheverdictistoinformandsatisfytheconscienceoftheChancellor.Inallsuchcases,theverdictismerelyadyisory,andifitdoesnotsatisfytheconscienceoftheChancellor,hemaydisregardit,andfindthefactsforhimself.27Hewill,however,givetheverdictdueconsideration,andwillnotsetitasideunlessclearlyerroneous.Butwheneitherpartydemandsajury,theirverdictisconclusiveupontheChancellor,unlesshegrantsanewtrial,orunlesstheissiietenderedbeimma-terial.Theobjectofthestatute,inallowingapartytodemandajuryintheChanceryCourt,istogivehimallthebenefitsandrightsresultingfromsuchatrialinaCourtoflaw.28Thejuryhavingdeterminedtheissuessubmittedtothem,theChancellor,ifheallowstheverdicttostand,considersthefactsfoundbythejurytobetrue,anddeterminestherightsofthepartiesashedeemsjustandrightinviewofthefactsfound.Inotherwords,thejuryreporttheiropinionupontheques-tionssubmittedtothem,andtheChancellortriesanddeterminesthesuitbe-tweenthepartiesuponthefactsreportedbythejury,andtheotherfactsbe-forehim,andthelawgoverningthecase.29If,byagreementofparties,theChancellorhearsthecaseonoraltestimony,hisdecisionhasalltheforceandeffectoftheverdictofajury.30§553.SomeSuggestionsinReferencetoDemandingaJury.—If,inanycaseafteryouhavetakenyourproof,youfeelthattherealfactsarewithyou,butthat(1)byfalseswearing,or(2)bytherefusalofobstinatewitnessestoanswerfully,or(3)bythecollusionofwitnesses,or(4)bytheevasionof26Code,§§4466-4470.ThepracticeinjurytrialsisfullyandadmirablysetforthinCaruther'sLaw-suit.Abillofexceptionsisprepared,signedandfiled,andarecordthereofmadeontheminutes,inthesamemannerasintheCircuitCourt.Foraformofabillofexceptions,see,post,§1214.OTnT\/-M-Tl_1ATT1ATO.IIOI.r*..'MT
28Jamesv.Brooks,6Heisk.,150;Morrisv.Swa-ney,7Heisk.,591:Code,§4469.TheverdictwillnotbedisturbedbytheSupremeCourtiftherebeanyevidencetosupportit.Scruggsv.Heiskell,11Pick.,455;McElynv.Hill,21Pick.,319.29Cooperv.Stockard„16Lea,144.oaf—«....a.A+iiT>:_1.im

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§554 TRIALBYJURY. 440unwillingorhostilewitnesses,youhavebeenunabletogetoutthefactsfullyenoughtoriskatrialbeforetheChancelloronyourdepositions,thenconsiderwhetheritwouldnotbewelltodemandajury,andhavethewitnessessub-poenaedandexaminedinopenCourt.Avigorousoralexaminationofawit-ness,inopenCourtbeforeajury,willoftenelicittruthimpossibleofextractionbymeansofadeposition.Thisisespeciallytrueofthedirectexaminationofyourownwitnesses,whentheyarehostile;andofthecross-examinationofjouradversary'switnessess,whentheyareunwillingtotellthewholetruth.ASolicitor,however,shouldneverdemandajurymerelybecausehisclientbelieves(1)thatthereisalocalprejudiceinhisfavor,or(2)thattheotherpartyisacorporationlaboringunderlocalprejudice,or(3)thatajurywillallowmoredamagesthanwilltheChancellor,or(4)thatthereisachancetodefeatjustice,ortodoinjustice,bymeansoflocalorotherprejudice,orbyanyartifice.AnySolicitorwhoaidsorabetshisclientindemandingajuryforanysuchpurposes,lowershimselfintheestimationoftheCourt,prostitutesthemachineryofjustice,anddegradesatoncetheprofessiontowhichhebe-longs,andtheCourtinwhichhepractices."Lawisneitheratradenorasolemnjugglery,"butthescienceofjustice;andaCourtofConscienceisnottheforumforanyunconscientiouspractices.§554.TermtobeExtendedWhenTrialNotConcluded.—WheneveracaseispendingandontrialbytheCourt,orajury,andundeterminedatthetimewhenthetermatwhichitispendingexpires,onaccountof[lapseof]time,andonaccountofthearrivalofthesucceedingterm,thetermshallbeex-tendedandcontinuedintosuchsucceedingtermforallthepurposesoftrying,disposingof,andreturningverdictandrenderingjudgmentin,suchcasesopendingandontrial,thesameasifsuchnewtermhadnotarrived.Andthejurytryingsuchcaseshallnotbedischargedbecauseoftheexpirationoftheterm.3131Actsof1899,ch.40.UnderthisActtheCourtIingappeals.R.R.andTelephoneCos.i;.Simmons,maycontinueandextendatermforthepurpose23Pick.,392.ofdisposingofmotionsforanewtrialanagrant-I

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441NATUREANDEXTENTOFRELIEFGRANTED.§555
PARTV.PROCEEDINGSINASUITINCHANCERYFROMTHECONCLUSIONOFTHEHEARINGTOTHEENFORCEMENTOFTHEDECREE.CHAPTERXXVIII.DECREESONTHEMERITS.Article1.NatureandExtentoftheReliefGranted.ArticleII.DecreesGenerallyConsidered.ArticleIII.KindsofDecrees.ArticleIV.PracticalSuggestionsastoDecrees.
ARTICLEI.NATUREANDEXTENTOFTHERELIEFGRANTED.555.GroundsofaDecree.556.ExtentoftheReliefGranted.557.ReliefUndertheGeneralPrayer.558.WhenReliefMaybeBasedontheAnswer.559.WhatReliefaDefendantMayHave.560.ReliefWhenGrantedBetweenCo-fendants.
561.WhenReliefAgainstaDefendantisDefeatedbyaCo-defendant.562.WhenPersonsNotPartiesMayTakeBenefitsUnderaDecree.563.WhenInterestWillbeAllowedinaDecree.
§555.GroundsofaDecree.—Thebillanddecreeinacausearesyllogisticintheirnature,thelawconstitutingthemajorpremiseofthesyllogism,andhenceseldomexpressed,thebillconstitutingtheminorpremise,andthedecreeconstitutingtheconclusionofthesyllogism.Forthisreason,whichisassoundinlawasinlogic,thedecreemustbealegitimatedeductionfromthebill1andthelaw,oritwillbeerroneousonitsface.2Andifthefactsallegedinthebillaredeniedintheanswer,andnotproved,anydecreebasedonsuchabillwillbeerroneousinfact.3Itfollowsfromthesepremises,thataproperdecreemustbebasedeitheronthebillandthe'admissionsintheanswer,oronthebillandtheproofsinthecausesustainingit,andthatadecreenotsobasedisnecessarilyerroneous.Adecreemustbefoundedon,andsustainedby,boththematerialallegationsandthepertinentproofsinthecause;itcannotbebasedonallegationswithoutpertinentproofs,noronproofswithoutcorre-
lOccasionallydecreesarebasedontheadmissionscontainedin.theanswer.Thecomplainantmightamendhisbill,andchargethefactsthusadmitted,inwhichcase,theCourtwoulddecreeontheadmis-sion;butasCourtsofEquitylookatthesubstanceand-notatceremony,theydealwithsuchananswerasthoughthefactsadmittedhadbeenchargedinanamendedhill,andthi»nn^mitt^rlKvthpApirnri-
deemedasbasedonallegationsadmitted.See,post,§558.2Suchanerroneousdecreemaybereversedonappeal,orbywritoferror,orbyabillofreviewforerrorapparent;and,ifwhollyoutsideofthepleadings,isvoid.See,post,§§565;814,note43.3Suchadecreemaybereversedonappeal,orby

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§556NATUREANDEXTENTOPRELIEFGRANTED.442spondingallegations,butmustconformtothematerialallegationsintheplead-ings,aswellastothepertinentproofsinthecause.4ACourtofChanceryhasnojurisdictionofanymatternotsubmittedtoitinapleadingforadjudication;norcanthedefendantbecalledontorespondtoanythingnotallegedagainsthim.NeithercanaCourtconsideranyevi-dencewhichdoesnotdirectly,orindirectly,tendtoprove,ordisprove,theavermentscontainedinthepleadings.Adecreecanneitherbebasedonallega-tionswithoutcorrespondingproof,noronproofwithoutcorrespondingallega-tions;5butalldecreesmustbetheconcurringresultofallegationsjustifiedbyproof,andproofjustifiedbyallegations.8Adecreebasedonpleadings,with-outproof,willbereversedonappealorwritoferror,butwillbegoodagainstcollateralattack;whileadecreebasedonproof,withoutpleadings,willnotonlybereversedonappealorwritoferror,butwill,also,yieldtoacollateralattack;forsuchadecreeiscoramnonjudice,andabsolutelyvoid.7Thejuris-dictionoftheCourtiscircumscribedbythepleadings,andthepleadingsarecircumscribedbythelaw.8§556.ExtentofReliefGranted.—ItisafundamentalruleofCourtsofEquitytomakeascompleteadecision,uponallthepointsembracedinacause,asthenatureofthecasewilladmit;soastopreclude,notonlyallfurtherliti-gationbetweenthesameparties,andthepossibilityofthesamepartiesbeing,atanyfutureperiod,disturbedorharrassedbyotherpartiesclaimingthesamematter,butalsotoprecludeanydangerofinjusticetopersonswhoarenotbeforetheCourt.9Actinguponthisfundamentalrule,CourtsofEquitynotonlyrequirethepleadingstosopresentallthemattersincontroversy,thattheymaybeproperlyandfullyadjudicated,10butthey,also,requireallper-sonshavinganyinterestinthesubject-matterofthecontroversytobemadeparties,totheendthattheymayeitherhavetheirrightsascertained,ortheirdutiesdeclared,ortheirclaimsadjudged,ortheirtitlesbound.11AndtheextentoftherelieftheCourtwillgrantis,therefore,commensuratewithalltherights,alltheduties,alltheclaims,andallthetitles,ofallthepartiestothesuitinandtothesubject-matterofthecontroversy,sofarasthoserights,duties,claimsandtitlesappearinthepleadingsandinthepertinentproof.Thepleadingsmustconformtothelaw,theproofmustconformtotheplead-ings,andthedecreemustconformtothemall:itmustbewithinthelawandthepleadings,andbesustainedbytheproof.Ifadecreeisoutsidetheplead-ings,itisvoid;ifinsidethepleadingsbutoutsidetheproof,itisvoidableonappealorwritoferror,butisotherwisevalid.§557.ReliefUndertheGeneralPrayer.—Asarule,noreliefcanbegrantedifnoneisprayedfor;12andnoreliefwillbegrantedinconsistentwiththatprayedfor.Thedecreeordinarilyfollowsthespecialreliefsoughtbythebill,ifthepleadingsandproofwillwarrantit.13Ifthecomplainantisnotentitledtothespecificreliefheprays,hemay,underthegeneralprayer,havesuchotherreliefas,onthepleadingsandproof,12Dan.Ch.Pr.,1003,note.Adecreemustbebaseduponboththepleadingsandtheproof,andmustbelogicallyresponsivethereto.Thecomplain-antcannotrecoveronacasedifferentfromthatal-legedinhisbill.Neitherallegationswithoutproof,norproofwithoutallegations,norproofandallega-tionswhichdonotsubstantiallycorrespond,willen-titlethecomplainanttorelief.Theproofmustfol-lowthebill,andthedecreemustfollowboth.1Dan.Ch.Pr.;361;861;4Bax.,296;4Heisk.,209;609:3Bax.,302;9Lea,63;9Heisk.,679;746;3Tenn.Ch.,118;4Hum.,417;12Heisk.,700;2Tenn.Ch.,174;4Sneed,625;1Pick.,87.Adecreewhollyoutsideoftheissuesraisedbythepleadingsiscoramnonjudice,andvoidevenwhencollaterallyattacked.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,853,Mayov.Harding.3Tenn.Ch.,237.See,also,Kinev.Rowan,10Heisk.,677;Wilcoxv.Blackwell,15Pick.,352.5Gerntv.Cusack.22Pick.,141;Bradshawr.VanValkenberg,13Pick.,316.6AndtheCourtisabsolutelyboundbytheallega-
tionsoftheparties,andcannotgooutsideofthemeventodosubstantialjustice.Thepartiesmaketheissuesintheirpleadings.Teaguev.Teague,2Ch.Apps.,376.Judicisestjudicaresecundumallegataetprobata.(ItisthedutyofaJudgetomakehisjudgmentinaccordancewiththeallegationsandtheproofs).7Unlessmadebyconsentofparties.See,post,{565.8Seenote4,supra.92Dan.Ch.Pr.,990;see,ante,§§36;38.10See,ante,§146.11See,ante,§§90-95.12Butwhereabillisfiledunderastatutepre-scribingtherelief,itmaybegrantedwithoutaprayer,asinattachmentcaseswheretheattachedpropertymavbesoldwithoutasalebeingprayedfor.Eatonv.Breathett,8Hum.,536;Code,§3536;Ouinv.Leake,1Tenn.Ch.,73.13Pillowv.Pillow,5Yerg.,420.

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443NATUREANDEXTENTOFRELIEFGRANTED.558heisfairlyentitledto,14provideditisnotofacharactertotakethedefendantbysurprise.16Thereliefunderthegeneralprayermustbesuchasfollows,ordinarilyandlogically,fromthepleadingsandtheproof.Ifthebillpraysforgeneralreliefonly,thecomplainantcanorallypray,atthehearing,forthespecificreliefheisentitledto,onthecasemadeoutbythepleadingsandproof.18§558.WhenReliefMaybeBasedontheAnswer.—Wheretheanswerde-niestheprecisecaseallegedinthebill,andsetsupadifferentcase,ifthecom-plainantfailtoprovethecasehealleges,andhebeentitledtoanyreliefontheeasesetupintheanswer,theCourtwillgranthimsuchrelief.17Itwouldbemoreregularinsuchcases,however,forthecomplainanttoamendhisbillandchargethecasemadeintheanswer;but,asCourtsofChancerydisregardform,adecreewillberenderedasthoughsuchanamendmenthadbeenmade.18Butwhenreliefisbaseduponananswer,thewholeanswermustbetakentogether,themattersofdischargeaswellasthemattersofcharge;andwhensoconsid-ered,mustshowthatthecomplainantisentitledtorelief,ornonewillbegrantedontheansweralone.19Incasetheanswersetsupadischarge,also,ifthecomplainantwishestoavailhimselfofthemattersofchargeanddisprovethemattersofdischarge,hemustamendhisbill,andallegetheformeranddenythelatter.20§559.WhatReliefaDefendantMayHave.—While,asarule,adefendanttoasuitisnotentitledtoanyaffirmativerelief,unlessheobtainsitbymeansofacross-bill,orananswerfiledasacross-bill,(andeventhenheobtainsitasacomplainant,andnotasadefendant,)nevertheless,thereareimportantex-ceptionstothisrule;andwhenadefendant'sequitiesarethesameasthecom-plainant's,theCourtwillgranttheformerthesamereliefasisgrantedthelatter,ifthebillsoprays.21And,ashewhoseeksEquitymust,also,doEquity,theCourtwillgivethedefendantanyreliefhemaybeentitledtoingoodconscience,asagainstthecomplainant,astoanymatterconnectedwiththesubject-matterofthelitiga-tion.22Thus,adefendantwill(1)beallowedaset-off,or(2)willbeallowedthevalueofhisimprovementsmadeingoodfaithandwithoutnoticewhencomplainantrecoverstheland,or(3)willbeallowedtheprincipalofhisdebtwhencomplainanthasanusuriousorinequitableinstrumentcancelled,or(41)
willbeallowedtheliensbyhimremovedwhenapartitionissought.23Onabillforanaccount,adecreemayberenderedinfavorofthedefendantforthebalancefoundduehim,andacross-billisnotnecessarytoentitlethedefendanttosuchadecree.24So,onabilltoenjoinamortgagesale,andforanaccounttoascertainthetruebalanceofthemortgagedebt,adecreemayberenderedinthedefendant'sfavorforsuchbalance,andthemortgagedlandsold,with-outacross-bill.25§560.ReliefWhenGrantedBetweenCo-defendants.—Asageneralrule,theCourtwillnotmakeadecreebetweenco-defendants,butwillcontentitselfbygrantingthecomplainantthereliefhemaybeentitledto,orbydismissinghisbill.Tothisrulethereare,however,frequentandimportantexceptions
;
anditisasettleddoctrineofadjudicationthatwhenever,inaCourtofEquity,liPetersonV.Turney,2Ch.Apps.,519;Tennes-seeIceCo.o.Paine,23Pick.,151;Dollmanv.Collier,8Pick.,660.15Allumv.Stockbridge,8Bax.,356.16Doddv.Benthall,4Heisk.,609.IT1Dan.Ch.Pr.,361;Rosev.Mynatt,7Yerg.,30;MauryV.Lewis,10Yerg..118;Baileyv.Bailey,8Hum.,230;ShannonV.Erwin,11Heisk.,340;Coxv.Waggoner,5Sneed,543.18Ortheamendmentmaybemadeatthehearing,1Dan.Ch.Pr..861.See,ante,%555,note1.19Nealn.Eobinson,8Hum.,435;Mulloyr.Young,10Hum.,298.20Tamcsnni!SbplW9."Rirm1QR
22Underthismaxim,anequitablerightmaybesecured,oranequitablereliefawarded,tothede-fendant,whichhecouldnothaveobtainedinasuitbroughtbyhimforthatpurpose.1Pom.Eq.Tur.,§§385-387;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§64e;ante,§39.23See,ante,§39;andpost,§560.242Dan.Ch.Pr.,992,note;Fisherv.Stovall,1Pick.,316;CroftV.Johnson,8Bax.,390;AllenV.Allen,11Heisk.,387.25PolkV.Mitchell.1Pick.,364.Butacross-billisnecessaryifthedefendantwishestoenforcehismortgageonabillfiledforanaccounting.GriffithV.SecurityAssociation,16Pick.,410.See,Lewisvfllaas.RPirk147

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§561NATUREANDEXTENTOFRELIEFGRANTED.444acaseismadeoutbetweendefendants,byevidencearisingfromthepleadingsandproofsbetweenthecomplainantsandthedefendants,theCourtisnotonlyentitledtomakeadecreebetweenthedefendants,butisboundtodoso.2'9ThetendencyoftheCourtisinfavorofthemorefrequentexerciseofthisjurisdiction;andtomakedecreesbetweenco-defendantsinallcases,astoallmatterscontainedinthepleadingsthatifleftundeterminedwouldleaverootsoffuturecontroversy;theobjectoftheCourtbeingtopreventamultiplicityofsuits,andtobringlitigationtoanend.27Andtoeffectuallydothis,theCourtwillsodecreeas(1)tosettleallequitiesbetweenthepartiesarisingoutofthepleadings,regardlessoftheirattitudesascomplainantsordefendants,and(2)tomakeafinaldispositionoftheentiresubject-matteroftheliti-gation.28Thecasesinwhichadecreemaybemadeinfavorofonedefendantagainstanotherare
:
1.Wherethedecree,madeinfavorofthecomplainantagainstoneormoreofthedefendants,operatestocreatearight,orequity,infavorofonede-fendantagainstanotherwhichcanbeadjustedorprotectedinthesamesuit;suchright,orequity,however,mustariseoutofthedecreeitself,andnotfromastateoffactsoutsideofthedecree.292.Wherethecomplainantandoneormoredefendantshaverightsofthesamenatiire,andgrowingoutofthesamefacts,againsttheotherdefendantordefendants,sothatthesamedecreemaydeclareandenforcetherightsofthecomplainantandofthedefendant,ordefendants,whoseinterestsarethesameashis.303.Wheretherelieftowhichthecomplainantisentitledcannotbegrantedwithoutfirstdeterminingtherightsandequitiesexistingbetweenthedefend-ants,andgrowingoutoffactschargedinthebill.31§561.WhenReliefAgainstaDefendantisDefeatedbyaGo-defendant.ACourtofChanceryseekstodoEquitytoandbetweenallthepartiestoasuitasfaraspossibleunderthepleadingsandproofs,regardlessoftheiratti-tudeascomplainantsordefendants;andallowsnoformsofpleadingandnotechnicalitiesofpracticetostayitshandindoingsuchcompletejusticetoeachpartyasgoodreasonandgoodconsciencerequire;and,whennecessaryfor
262Dan.Ch.Pr.,1371,note;Henshawv.Ward,9Hum.,568;AllenV.Baugus,1Swan,404;Ingramv.Smith,1Head,428:LaGrangev.M.&C.R.R.Co.,7Cold.,420;Davisv.Reaves,7Lea.585.See,also,Code,§2974;andSto.Eq.PL,§§392-394.27Barb.Ch.Pr.,339;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1371;Code,§2974.Bontjudicisestlitesdirimerenelisexliteoriatur,etinterestreipublicautsint-fineslitium.28Allenv.Baugus,1Swan,406;Birdsongv.Bird-song,2Head,302;LaGrangev.Rainey;7Cold.,457.Suchrelief,however,mustbeconfinedtothetmattersarisingoutof,orconnectedwith,theques-*tionsraisedbythepleadings,orthedeterminationscontainedinthedecree,andcannotbegroundedontheproofalone.Iftheproofshowthedefendanttobeentitledtoreliefagainstaco-defendant,oragainstthecomplainantastomattersnotsetupinthepleadings,thedefendantseekingsuchreliefmustresorttoacross-bill,ortoanoriginalbill,accordingtothenatureofthecase.SeeMcKeev.Dail,1Ch.Apps.,689,whichcitestheabovesection,(then§544.)29L.&M.R.R.Co.-o.Rainey,7Cold.,457;Keelingv.Heard,3Head.592.30Ingramv.Smith.1Head,411;Gentryv.Gen-try,1Sneed,87;Allenv.Baugus,1Swan,404:Davisr>.Reaves.7Lea,585.Thesecasesshowthatwherethecomplainantandoneormoreofthede-fendantshaveaninterestinthesameproperty,realorpersonal,againsttheotherdefendants,theCourtwilldetermineandenforcetherightsofallthepar-tiestosuchproperty,regardlessoftheiraltitudeascomplainantsordefendants;andwillsodecreeasthoughthebillhadbeenfiledonbehalfofthede-fendantshavingconrurrentrightswiththecom-plainant,orasthoughsuchdefendantswerereally
co-complainants.Thusonabill(1)toredeemland,or(2)topartitionland,or(3)toselllandforpar-tition,or(4)tosetuptitletospecificrealorper-sonalproperty,or(5)torecoveratrustfund,or(6)tocompelanexecutor,administrator,guardianorothertrusteetoaccount,or(7)toselllandtopaydebts,or(8)towindupaninsolventestate,part-nershiporcorporation,or(9)tohaveageneralac-counting,theCourtwillrenderacompletedecree,andsomoulditastomakeafinalandfulldisposi-tionoftheentire,subject-matter,andoftherightsofallthepartieshavinganinteresttherein,regard-lessoftheirattitudesascomplainantsordefendants.Insuchcases,adefendant,whoserightorinterestsareconcurrentwiththoseofthecomplainant,#willbegiventhesamesortofrecovery,andhisrightsandinterestswillbeprotectedandenforcedinthesamemannerasthoughhewereaco-complainant,andespeciallyifhebeaninfant,orpersonofun-soundmind.31Henshawv.Wells,9Hum..568.BlindedJus-tice,withswordinonehandandscalesintheother,condemningallinonescaleandrewardingallintheotherscale,isthedivinityoftheCourtsoflaw.ThedivinityoftheCourtsofChancery,ontheotherhand,isopen-eyedEquity,havingneitherswordnorscales,wearingthebreast-platesofgoodreasonandgoodconscience,usingbothhandstoremoveallforms,cloaks,veils,technicalitiesandsubterfuges,thatconcealordistorttherealfactsandcircum-stancesofthecasebeforeher,separatingthepuregrainsoftruthfromthestrawandchaffoffraudandartifice,and-apportioningtoeachparty,whethercomplainantordefendant,whatingoodreasonandgoodconscienceishisjustdue.

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445nature;andextentofRELIEFgranted.§562thispurpose,theCourtwillrequirepleadingstobeamended,newpartiestobemade,andadditionalprooftobefiled.Undertheoperationofitsruleofdoingcompleteandnothalfjustice,32when,fromdefencesmadebyonepartythenon-liabilityofanon-defendingpartyappears,theCourtwillnotadjudgethelattertobeliable,notevenwhenaproconfessohasbeenenteredagainsthim.33Thus,wherethereisprivitybetweendefendants,agooddefencebyoneoftheprivieswillprotectaco-defendantwhoisaco-heir,co-legatee,co-partner,co-principal,co-surety,tenantincommon,co-trustee,co-director,co-guardian,co-executor,co-administrator,beneficiaryortrustee,principaloragent,orvendororvendee,fromtheconse-quencesofaproconfesso.When,onthepleadingsalone,oronbothpleadingsandproof,itappearsthatthecomplainantisnotentitledtoanyrecovery,whatjusticeisthereingivinghimadecreeagainstaninnocentmanbecauseasadefendanthehasfailedtomakeanydefense?TheChanceryCourtdeclinestoenforcefor-feituresandrelievesagainstpenalties,andwhileitmaypunishsuchade-fendantbytaxinghimwithsomeofthecostsitwillnotholdthathehasfor-feitedallrightsandincurredallpenaltiesbyfailingtoanswerthebillwhenitappearsofrecordinthecausethatheisnotliable,forthatwouldbetocrucifyaninnocentmanonatechnicality,34andaidaguiltymantoperpetrateaniniquitybymeansoftheformsofprocedure.Therefore,ithasbeenadjudicated,(1,)thatadefencebyanheirorlegateewillenuretothebenefitoftheexcutorsoftheestate;35(2,)thatadefencebyonepartnerwillenuretothebenefitofanotherpartner;36(3,)thatadefencebyatrusteewillprotectthebeneficiary;37(4,)thatadefencebyhisvendorwillsaveavendeefromaproconfessoagainsthim;38and(5,)whereoneper-sonalrepresentativesuccessfullydefendshetherebyrelievestherepresentativesfromtheeffectsofajudgmentbydefaultinaCourtoflaw;39sothatthegen-eralrulestatedinthesecondparagraphofthissectionmaybeconsideredapartofourjurisprudence.40But,onthecontrary,wherethereisnoprivity,nojointliability,ornocommoninterestbetweentwodefendants,theansweranddefenceofonewillnotenuretothebenefitoftheotherwhohasbeenproconfessoed,andwillnotprotecthimfromtheliabilityallegedinthebill.41§562.WhenPersonsNotPartiesMayTakeBenefitsUnderaDecree.—Itoftenhappensthatpersonswhoarenotpartiesareentitledtotakebenefitsunderadecree:thishappenswhentheyareinterestedinthesubject-matterofthesuit,buthavenotbeenmadepartiesbecause(1)toonumerous,or(2)becausetheirinterestsornameswerenotknown;or(3)becausethebillisfiledfortheirbenefitinpart.Themostordinarycasesofarighttocomeinunderadecreearethefollowing:1,Whereadecreedirectsafundbelongingtoanestate,ortoatrust,tobepaidouttothoseentitled,inwhichcase,lega-tees,distributees,andcreditorsmaycomeinatanytimebeforefinaldistribu-tionofthefunds.2,Whereafemalepartymarriespendingthesuit,andnonoticethereofistakenbytheCourt,thehusbandmaycomeinunderthedecreeintherightofhiswife;3,Wherethepersonsentitledarenumerous,andthebillisfiledforthebenefitofallconcerned:4,Wherethedecreeinapartition,orsimilarcase,adjudgesthatcertainunknownheirshaveaninterest,theseheirsmaysetupthatinterestunderthedecree;5,Whereapersonhasacquiredbypurchase,descentorotherwise,theinterestofapartvinthedecree;and6,Where,inanycase,apersonnotapartyhasaninterestinthefundtobedis-tributed,andthescopeofthedecreeincludeshimandhisinterest.4232See.ante.§38.33McDanielv.Goodall,2Cold.,395.34Aproconfessoisonlyatechnicalconfessionofliability.35Allen&Hill,exrs.v.Shanks,6Pick.,359.36Cheathamv.Pearce&Ryan,5Pick.,668.Evenaftera.proconfesso.Butlere.Kenzie,6Pick.,31.
38Hennesseev.Ford,8Hum.,499.39Brienv.Patterson,3Head,499.40See,ante,§§210;369,forotherillustrationsoftheoperationsofthisrule.41Phillipsv.Hollister,2Cold.,269.421Barb.Ch.Pr.,335-336;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1209.1214.

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§563NATUREANDEXTENTOFRELIEFGRANTED.446Inallsuchcases,theproperproceduretoobtainthebenefitofadecreeisbyaswornpetition,settingforthclearlythefactsonwhichtheclaimisbased,andprayingtobemadeapartytothecause,andtobeallowedtocomeinandprovethepetitioner'sclaimunderthedecree.Suchpetition,however,cannotbeusedtoattackthedecree,nortosetuprights,claims,orinterestsinconflicttherewith;thiscanbedonebyabillonly.Ifsuchadecreeismerelyinterlocutory,therightsandprivilegesofsuchthirdpersonsaregreater,andtheymayhavetheirrightsexpresslyprotectedinthefinaldecree,andmaycontesttheclaimsofotherclaimants.§563.WhenInterestWillbeAllowedinaDecree.—Interestisthecom-pensationwhichmaybedemandedbythelenderfromtheborrower,orthecreditorfromthedebtor,fortheuseofmoney,theratenottoexceedsixpercentum:anyexcessoverthatrateisusury.43Interestwasnotallowedatcom-monlaw,44buttheLegislatureandtheCourtshavemademanyinstanceswhereinterestislegal.Thus,allbillssingle,bonds,notes,billsofexchange,andliquidatedandsettledaccounts,signedbythedebtor,bearinterestfromthetimetheybecomedue,unlessotherwisespecifiedinthewriting;45andalljudgmentsanddecreesdrawinterestfromtheirdate.40Inallothercases,Chancellorsandjuriesaregivenanequitablepowertoallowinterestintheformofdamages,iftheythinkitjust.47Thegeneralruleistoallowinterestinallcaseswheretheamountofthedebtiscertain,andnotdisputedonreason-ablegrounds.TheClerkandMasterwillallowinterestinstatinganaccountwhensodirectedintheorderofreference.48Interestmaybeallowedontheseparateitemsofadebtfromtheperiodsatwhichtheyrespectivelyfelldue.4''
Andwheredamagesareallowedforabreachofcontracttodeliverspecifiearticlesonagivendayatacertainprice,interestmaybeallowedonsuchdamagesfromthebreachofthecontracttothedateofthedecree.50Interestisallowableonadebtadmitted,andagreedtobepaid,51andonanaccountrenderedandnotdisputedinareasonabletime.Interestisnotordinarilyallowableonunliquidateddemands,unlessthereissomeprecisetimefixedforpayment,oranaccounthasbeenrenderedorademandmade,orsomecustomorusagewarrantit;52butwherethedebtisforpropertysoldorservicesrenderedormoneyloanedtothedefendant,orajustdebtpaidforhim,andthetransactionreasonable,andnoequitiesormeritor-iousdefences,interestisordinarilyallowable.Interestisanincidentofadebtafteritsmaturity,becauseitiseithergivenbypositivelaw,or,intheabsenceofcountervailingEquity,bytheequitableverdictofthejury,orbytheCourtactinginplaceofthejury;butwherethedebttobepaid,orthedutytobeperformed,isuncertain,nointerestoughttobeallowed."WhentheCourthasdiscretionarypowertoallowinterestitmaymaketheallowancefromthematurityofthedebt,orfromdateofdemandmadeondefendantforpayment,orfromdateofacknowledgmentofdebtbythedefendant,orfromthedaythesuitwascommencedtocollectit,whichisdeemedademand.IntheCodeformofdeclarationonthecommoncounts,itisallegedthat"theseveralsumsofmoney,withinterestthereon,arenowdue;"53whichseemstoimplythatinsuitsformoneyduebyaccount,openorstated,ordueformoneyloaned,orforgoods,waresandmerchandise,orforspecifiearticlesofpersonal
43Code,§§1943-1944.44Cherryv.Mann,Cooke,268;Caruthersv.An-drews,2Cold.,381;OvertonV.Bolton,9Heisk.,766.InthisrespecttheLawofMoseswasfollowed,whereinterestistermedusury.Lev.25:36-37.45Code,§1945.48Code,§1948.47Colev.Sands,1Tenn.,(Overt.,)106:Williamsv.Inman,5Cold.,269;Haralsonv.McGavock,10Lea,726;ColeMfg.Co.v.Collier.7Pick.,525.48ShepardV.Akers,2Tenn.Ch.,627;or,inapropercase,hemaychargeinterestwhenthedecree
issilentonthesubject.Shepardv.Akers,2Tenn.Ch„627.46Thompsonv.French.10Yerg.,458.soNoev.Hodges,5Hum.,103.51Millsv.Mills,3Head,709.52Dan.Ch.Pr.,1258,note4.53Code,§2939,Form,No.8.Theseformsallowinterestinnoothersuitsexceptthoseonwritten<
evidencesofdebtsignedbythedefendant,thusplacingmoneydueonacommoncountonthesamefootingasmoneydueonanoteofhand,orotherevidenceofdebtsignedbythedefendant.

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447 DECREESGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§564property,orformoneypaidforthedefendantathisrequest,orforworkandlabordoneforthedefendant,interest-istobeallowedontherecoveryfromthedayitbecamedue.Hence,itissafetosay,thatinallsuchcasesinterestshouldbeallowedfromthedaythecomplainanthadtherighttothemoneyhesuesfor.Theruleforcastinginterest,whenpartialpaymentshavebeenmade,istoapplythepayment,inthefirstplace,tothedischargeoftheinterestthendue.Ifthepaymentexceedstheinterest,thesurplusgoestowardsdischargingtheprincipal,andthesubsequentinterestistobecomputedonthebalanceoftheprincipalremainingdue.Ifthepaymentbelessthantheinterest,thesurplusofinterestmustnotbetakentoaugmenttheprincipal,butinterestcontinuesontheformerprincipaluntiltheperiadwhenthepayments,takentogether,exceedtheinterestdue,andthenthesurplusistobeappliedtodischargingtheprincipal;andinterestistobecomputedonthebalanceasaforesaid.54
ARTICLEII.DECREESGENERALLYCONSIDERED,564.565.566.567.568.569.570.
Nature,Office,andEffect,ofaDecree.EssentialsofaValidDecree.FrameofaDecree.FormalPartsofaDecree.FormsofDecrees.DismissingBillsattheHearing.WhenaBillWillbeDismissedWith-outPrejudice.
571.TheDrawing,andEntering,ofOrdersandDecrees.§572.WhenaDecreeMaybeChanged.§573.WhenandHowDecreesMayAmended.§574.'iheRevivorofDecrees.be
§564.Nature,Office,andEffectofaDecree.1—Adecreeisthedetermina-tionoftherightsofthepartiesastothemattersincontroversybeforetheCourt,dulypronouncedbytheChancellor,andenteredontheminutesoftheCourt.2AstheofficeofpleadingsistopresenttotheCourttheissuesoflawandfactthepartiesdesiretohaveadjudicated,andastheofficeofproofistosustainbyfactstherespectivecontentionsoftheparties,sotheofficeofade-creeistoclosethecontroversyandadjudgetheconclusionsoflawandfactreachedbytheCourtastotherespectiverights,duties,andliabilitiesoftheparties.Asarule,decreesdeterminetherightsofallthepartiestothesuitaccordingtoEquityandgoodconscience,andarepronouncedonlyafterhear-ingandunderstandingallthepointsinissue;3butadecreeisnonethelessadecree,andnonethelessvalid,althoughpronouncedwithoutsuchahearingandunderstanding,andinviolationofEquityandgoodconscience.4Theforceandeffectofadecree,whenunappealedfromandunreversed,isnotimpairedbythefactthatthedecreeisunjust,andmighthavebeenreversedonappeal,orbywritoferror.Solongasthepartiesaggrievedacquiesceinit,solongis
54ThisistherulelaiddownbyChancellorKent,inJacksoni).Connecticut,1Johns.Ch.R.17,andapprovedbyourSupremeCourt.Tonesv.Ward,10Yerg.,160;Scanlanv.Houston,5Yerg,,310;UnionBankv.Williams,3Cold.,582;Thompsonv.Chil-dress,1Tenn.Ch.369;Smithv.Thomas,8Bax.,417;Curd».Davis,1Heisk.,576.Therulemay,perhaps,bemorebrieflystatedthus;1.Wherethepaymentequalsorexceedstheaccruedinterestsuchpaymentisdeductedfromtheaggre-gateofprincipalandaccruedinterest,andthebal-ancebecomesanewprincipaluponwhichsubsequentinterestwillbecomputed.2.Wherethepaymentislessthantheaccruedinterestsuchpaymentisnotcomputeduntilitandsubsequentpaymentsequalor
ductedfromtheaggregateofprincipalandaccruedinterest,andthebalancebecomesanewprincipaluponwhichsubsequentinterestwillbecomputed.1Decretumestsententialatasuperlegem.(Adecreeisadecisionbasedonlaw.)2Adecreeisdefinedbyourstatutestobe"ade-terminationoftherightsofthepartiesinasuitinEquity."Code,§2970.Adecreeproperlysocalled,isordinairlymadeuponahearingofthecause,andisadeterminationoftheprinciplesorissuesin-volved.Ordersmadeuponmotionsorpetitions,arenotdecrees,thoughinthenatureofdecrees;theyareusuallytermeddecretalorders.1Barb.Ch.Pr.,336.32Dan.Ch.Pr.,986.

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§565DECREESGENERALLYCONSIDERED,448itvalidandbinding,norcanitbeincidentallyorcollaterallyassailed.UntilreversedbyanappellateCourt,orimpeachedbyanoriginalbillforfraud,orsetasideuponabillofreview,adecree,howevererroneous,isabsolutelycon-clusiveuponthepartiestothesuitandtheirprivies,providedtheCourthadjurisdictionofthesubject-matter.5InTennessee,adecreeinEquityisforallpurposesashighindignity,andasconclusiveineffect,asajudgmentatlaw,andaseffectuallyterminatesthelitigationinwhichitispronounced.Adecreeisoperativeandbindinguponallthepartiestothesuit,whethertheybenaturalorartificialpersons,andwhetherunderdisabilityornot."Personsunderdisabilityhavealongerperiodinwhichtosueoutawritoferror,ortofileabillofreview,orabilltoimpeachadecreeforfraud,butnonethelessistheoriginaldecreeconclusiveuponthemuntilsetaside,modifiedorannulled,byaproperprocedure.InfantshavenolongeradayinCourt,afterattainingmajority,toshowcausewhytheyshouldnotbeboundbyadecree.7Adecreeisnotbinding,howeveruponapersonnotmadeaparty,noruponapartynotbroughtbeforetheCourt,8unlesssuchapersonwasamemberofaclasswhoseinterestsandrightsweredulyandexpresslypresentedforadjudi-cation.9§565.EssentialsofaValidDecree.—TheChanceryCourtisaSuperiorCourtofgeneralEquityjurisdiction,10andallofitsdecreesarepresumedtobevalid,andthispresumptionisconclusiveagainstcollateralattack,11unlessitaffirmativelyappear,onthefaceoftherecorditself:121.ThattheCourtTiadnogeneraljurisdictionofthesubject-matterofthelitigation:13or2.Thatthedecreeitselfiswhollyoutsideofthepleadings,14andnobindingconsenttheretoisshownintherecord;13or3.ThattheCourthadnojurisdictionofthepartycomplaining,inpersonorbyrepresentationofinterest:inwhichcaseitisvoidonlyastosuchparty,orhisprivies.16
52Dan.Ch.Pr.,986,note.And,ifalltheper-sonsinbeingwhohaveaninterestinthesubject-matterofthesuitaremadeparties,thedecreewillbindthosesubsequentlybornwhohaveaninterest.Parkerv.Peters,2Shan.Cas.,636;Ridleyv.Halli-day,22Pick.,607.61Barb.Ch.Pr.,'334;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,986.Thedecreeisbindingonthosewhoclaimunderthepar-tiestothesuit.Russellv.Houston,7Cates,536.7Winchestertf.Winchester,1Head,_460.InfantswereformerlyallowedadayinCourt,toshowwhytheyshouldnotbecompelledtomakeadeed;butnowourCourtsdivestthetitlepropriavigorsoutoftheinfant,andnodeedbyhimisnec-essary,andhencenodayinCourtisnecessary.Wilsonv.Schaefer,23Pick.,300.82Dan.Ch.Pr.,986,note;Davisv.Reaves,7Lea,588.9Seenote5,supra.10See,ante,§§16-19;23. /11Popev.Harrison,16Lea,82;Reinhardtv.Nealis,17Pick.,169.ACourtofgeneraljurisdictionispresumed_tohaveactedcorrectly,andtheburdenofshowingthecontraryrestsuponhimwhoallegesit.Everyintendmentisinfavorofitsdecrees.Irregularitiesintheproceedings,orerroneousdeductionsfromtheevidence,willnotaffecttheirvalidity,iftheCourthadjurisdictionofthesubject-matterandoftheperson.Ifsuchjurisdictionbeshownbytherecord,allirregularitiesgofornaught;ifsuchjurisdictionbenotshowntheproceedingsarevoid,howeverreg-ularinallotherrespects.ProceedingsinsuitsmaybeveryirregularandeasilyreversibleintheSupremeCourt,onappeal,orwritoferror,andyetinvulner-abletocollateralattack.Courtshesitatelong,andinsistuponaclearcase,beforepronouncingade-creevoid.IftheCourthadjurisdictionofthesub-jectandoftheparty,thatisenoughtomakethedecreeproofagainstcollateralattack,evenincaseswherethedecreewouldhavebeeneasilyreversedonanappeal,oronawritoferror.Eppersonv.Robert-son,7Pick..407;Campbellv.Bryant.2Shan.Cas.,146;Kindellr.Titus,9Heisk.,727.Interestreipub-
licceresjudicatanonrescinds(Itistotheinterestof--theStatethatadjudicationsbenotnullified).Russellv.Houston,7Cates,536^See,4Yerg.,166;7Heisk.,246;12Heisk.,629;4Sneed,379;5Hum.,319;6Hum.,445;1Head,555;2Bax.,484;6Bax.,274;8Bax.,80;152;467;1Lea,466;9Lea,710;16Lea,82:1Pick.,171;andmanyothercasescitedintheDigests.See,post,§1302;649;ante,§§446.12Reinhardtv.Nealis,17Pick.,169.13Jurisdictionofthesubject-mattercannotbegivenbyconsent,exceptwherethatjurisdictionde-pendsonthevenue.IftheCourthasnojurisdic-tionofthesubject-matter,andnorighttodetermineit,orpronounceadecreetherein,allitsordersanddecreesarenullities,aridmaybesotreated,onacollaterialattack;andthefactthatthedefendantap-pearedandmadenoobjectiontothejurisdiction,orconsentedtothedecree,-willnotvalidatethepro--ceedings.Ageev.Dement,1Hum.,331;WhiteV.Buchanan,6Cold.,32;NoelV.Scoby,2Heisk.,28;Ferrisv.Fort,2Tenn.Ch.,150;BoardV.BodkinBros.,24Pick.,700;Bakerv.Mitchell,21Pick.,610.See,ante,§177,notes17and30;and§290.14Adecreewhollyforeigntothepleadingswouldbecoramnonjudice,andabsolutelyvoid.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,853;Dillardv.Harris,2Tenn.Ch.,193;Mayov.Harding,3Tenn.Ch.,237;Easleyv.Tarkington,5Bax.,592.PennimanV.Smith,5Lea,130;Thomp-sonu.Keck,23Pick.,451;Gilreathv.Gilliland,11Pick.,383;TeagueV.Teague,2Ch.Apps.,376.Theappearanceofthedefendant,andthatthedecreeisjustifiedbythepleadings,willbepresumed,however,afteraconsiderablelapseoftime,andwhentherecordisimperfect.PopeV.Harrison,16Lea,82.Andconsentofpartieswillvalidatesuchadecree.Seenextnote.Wilsonv.Schaefer,23Pick.,300;Johnsonv.Osment,24Pick.,32;BigleyV.Watson,14Pick.,353. , ,15Reinhardtv.Nealis,17Pick.,169.Adecreewhollyoutsidethepleadingsisvalidatedbythe;con-sentofthepartiesappearinginthedecree.Ibid.16Ifapersonisnotdulymadeapartytoasuit

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449 DECREESGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§566Adecreeisabsolutelyvoidifitappearonthefaceof.therecorditselfeither(1,)thattheCourthadnogeneraljurisdictionofthesubject-matter,or(2,)thatthedecreeiswhollyoutsideofthepleadings,andnoconsenttheretoap-pears;andadecreeisvoidastoanypersonshownbytherecorditselfnottohavebeenbeforetheCourtinperson,orbyrepresentation.Alldecrees,notthusappearingontheirfacetobevoid,arevalidandbinding,untileither;1,)reversedintheSupremeCourt,orintheCourtofChanceryAppeals,onappealorwritoferror,or(2,)arereversedonabillofreview,or(3,)aresetasideonabillfiledtoimpeachit.Alldecreesnotthusappearingontheirfacetobevoidareabsolutelyproofagainstcollateralattack,andnoparolproofisadmissibleonsuchanattacktoshowanydefectintheproceedings,orinthedecree.17§566.FrameofaDecree.—Decreescommonlyconsistoffiveparts:1st,Thestyleofthecauseinwhichitispronounced;2d,Thecommencement,whichusuallygivesthedateofthedecree,andthenameoftheChancellorbywhomitispronounced;3d,Therecitals,whichstatethefactsonwhichthedecreeisbased;4th,Thedeclaratorypart,whichsetsforththerightsoftheparties,and5th,Theordering,ormandatorypart,whichspecifieswhatshallbedone,when,how,where,bywhom,andtoorforwhom.18Thefirstandfifthpartsonlyareabsolutelyessential,asthefourthpartmaybelargelyincorporatedintothefifth.Thesefivepartswillbeconsideredmorefully.1.TheTitle,StyleoftheCause.Thedecreeshouldshow,initsstyle,orelse-whereonitsface,thenamesofallthepartiestothecause,bothcomplainantanddefendant;and,also,thecharacterorcapacityinwhichanyofthepartiessuesorissued,wheninotherrightthaninhisown,19aswhenhesuesorissuedasexecutor,administrator,nextfriend,guardian,trustee,assignee,andthelike.Thebetterpracticeistoincorporatealloftheirnamesinthebodyofthedecree,especiallythenamesofthedefendants,whenmorethanone.202.TheCommencementofaDecree.Itisoftenimportant,andnearlyalwaysconvenient,toknowthedateofthedecree,andthenameoftheChancellorpronouncingit.Thedateissometimesessential,especiallywhenadecreeisenterednuncprotunc,astheparties'rightssometimesdependonthedatewhenadecreeispronounced.Thefollowingformofcommencement,thoughbrief,isadequate: ''ThiscausewasheardonthisMay20,1890,beforeChancellorJohnP.Smith,upon"—.Unlesstherebesomespecialreasonforhavingthedecreebearthedatewhenactuallypronounced,itwillbesodatedastoconformtothedateoftheminutesinwhichitisentered;andifitbearapriordate,itshouldshowonitsfacethatitisenterednuncprotunc.213.TheRecitalsinaDecree.Formerly,anabstractofthepleadingsandprooffollowedtheintroductorypartofadecree,andconstitutedthepremisesofthedeclaratorypart;butnowtherecitalsareconfinedtoaplainandsuccinctstate-byservice'ofsubpoena,publication,orappearance,orisnotdulyin.Courtbyrepresentationofinterest,orbyaprivy,heisnotboundbyanydecreeinsuchsuit.ButiftheCourthas,jurisdictionofthepersonoftheparties,allpersonsclaimingunderthemareboundbythedecree,ifitisotherwisevalid.AdecreeagainstapersonnotbeforetheCourt,isanullityasto.himandallclaimingunderhim;butsuchadecreeisnbnethelessvalidandbindingastootherpartiesactuallybroughtbeforetheCourt.2Dan.Ch.Pr„986,note.Astorepre-sentationofinterest,seeParkerv.Peters,2Shan.Cas„,636;Ridleyv.Halliday,22Pick.,607..Ade-creeonabillfiledinthewrongcountyinalocalsuitisvoid,evenwhenthejurisdictionisnotob-jectedto.Nashvillev.Webb,6Gates,432;Mills».Haley,MSS.,Nashville,1906.17See,ante,§446.Adecreeiscollaterallyat-tacked,whenobjectedtoasevidenceinanothercause.Popev..Harrison,16Lea,90.Ohsuchanattackthejustnessofthedecree,andwhetheritisfreefrnmprrnrorenctninpilhvthppvirlenre.rannnthe
questioned:thesearematterstobeinquiredintoonlybytheSupremeCourtonappeal,orwritoferror.SeeFreem.onJudgments,§§120;124.182Dan.Ch.Pr.,1001-1004.)92Dan.Ch.Pr.,1002.20Thisisamatterofnolittleimportance.Inas-muchasthepleadingsarenolongerenrolled,andfrequentlygetlostormislaid,andastheruledocketsarenotalwayskeptindueform,theremaybenoth-ingonrecordtoshowwhothepartiestoacauseare,andinwhatcharactertheysueoraresued,unlessthedecreeshouldsoshowonitsface.AcarefulSolicitorwillnot,inordertosavea"min-ute'stime,jeopardhisclient'sinterestsbyfailingtoinsertallthenamesofthepartiesinthestyle,orbody,ofafinaldecree.Adecreewhichdoesnotgive,initsstyleorelsewhereonitsface,thenamesandcharacterofallthepartiestothesuit,isfre-quentlyabsolutelyunintelligible,andifthepleading'sarelost,maybevaluelesswithoutfurtherlitigation211Barb.Ch.Pr.,337;2DanCh.Pr.,1002,note!

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§566 DECREESGENERALLYCONSIDERED.450rnentofthefactswithoutanyabstractofthepleadings,22andmaybedispensedwithaltogether,unlesstheCourtotherwisedirect.23Everyfinaldecree,how-ever,shouldatleastshowthatthecausewashearduponthebill,theanswersofthoseanswering,theorderproconfessoastothoseproconfessoed;theexhibits,ifany,theotherordersandreports,ifany,andtheproof,includinganyagree-ments.24Itisofmaterialimportancethatthedecreeshouldshowwhatevi-dencewasobjectedtoatthehearing,andtherulingoftheCourtthereon;25andifanyverbalagreementsmadeatthebar'areconsideredbytheCourt,theseshouldberecitedinthedecree.Wheneveradecreeismadebyconsent,itshouldbesostatedonitsface.4.TheDeclaratoryPartofaDecree.Afterrecitingthatthecausewashearduponthepleadings,specifyingthemwhennecessary,theordersproconfesso,ifany,andtheotherorders,ifany;thereportsoftheMaster,ifany;theex-hibits,ifany,andtheproof,includinganyverbalagreementsmadeinopenCourt,thedecreeshoulddeclarewhat,afterconsideringallthese,andtheargu-mentsofcounsel,theCourtisofopinionthefacts,26andtherightsanddutiesoftherespectiveparties,are.Thispartofthedecreeisasortofpremise27oftheordering,ormandatory,partofthedecree,andmakesthemeaningofthelatterclearer,anditsequitymoremanifest.28Thedeclaratorypartofadecreeshould,asarule,followthepremises,oressentialallegationsofthebill.5.TheOrdering,orMandatoryPart,ofaDecree.Thispartandthetitle,orstyleofthecause,aretheonlyabsolutelyessentialpartsofadecree.Theman-datesofaCourtareitsultimateconclusionsandfinalresolutions,allelseinthedecree,exceptthestyleofthecause,beingmerelypreamblesandinducements.Themandatorypartofadecreeisitsvitalandvirilepart,andcontainsthespecificordersanddirectionsoftheCourt,andpointsoutwithclearnessandemphasiswhatshallbedone,when,how,where,bywhom,andtoorforwhom.Theorderingpartofthedecreemustconformtothepleadings,andberespons-ivetothem,leavingnomatterundetermined,andnorootsforfurtherlitigation
:
itshouldbepreciseanddefinite,freefromvagueness,andcapableofbeingexecutedwithcertainty.26Themandatorypartofadecreeisasfollows
:
"Itis;therefore,ordered,adjudged,anddecreedbytheCourtthat"[the(1)defendantpaythecomplainanttheamountofmoneydue,or(2)thatthecomplainantrecoverthe(3)land,or(4)sumofmoney,or(5)otherrighthesuesfor,or(6)thatheisentitledtotheHen,orright,orinterest,heclaims,or(7)thatthecontractbereformed,orrescinded,or.specificallyperformed,or(8)thatthedefendantbeperpetuallyenjoinedfromdoinganyoftheactscomplainedof,or(9)thatheberequiredtodotheparticularthingsoughtbythebill,or(10)thatthecloudberemoved,or(11)thetitlebedivestedandvested,or(12)thatthecomplainanthavesuchotherreliefashe-praysfor,andmaybeentitledto,and(13)thatthecostsbepaidbysuchandsuchparties,and(14)thattheproperfinalprocessissue.]ThereisamarkeddifferencebetweenatechnicaldecreeinChanceryandajudgmentatlaw.Ajudgmentgivestheplaintiffarecoverywithoutanyother22Sincethediscontinuanceofthepracticeofen-rollingthepleadings,ithasbecomeofmoreimport-ancetoreciteinadecreethesubstantialfactsonwhichthedecreeisbased,becauseinthiswaythefactsareperpetuatedofrecord,incasethepleadingsandproofshouldbelostormislaid.23Code,§§4476-4477;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,338.24Thisrecitalisvaluableasaperpetuationofthefacts,forreasonsstatedintheprecedingnotestothissection.252Dan.Ch.Pr.,1003.26Decreesneednotrecitethefactsonwhichtheyarebased,butonlytheconclusionstowhichtheCourthascome.TheCode,however,doesnotpro-hibitaplainandsuccinctstatementofthefactsinadecree;Code,§§4476-4477;andsuchastate-mentisoftenimportant,andmaybeproperlymadeinthedeclaratorypartofadecree.27Therecitalsofadecreearethepremisesofthedeclaratorypartofadecree,thedeclaratorypartisthepremiseofthemandatorypart,andtheman-datorypartisthepremiseofthefinalprocess,in-cludingordersofsale,whichareasortoffinalpro-cess.Thedraftsman,whoremembersthislogical
sequenceofthedifferentpartsofadecree,willhavenodifficultyindrawingalucidandconcisedecree,suchadecreebeingoneofthehighestevidencesofgenuinelegalskillandability.AsheisatimidChancellorwhogivesnoreasonsforhisdecrees,soheisatimidorunskilledSolicitorwhoomitsthede-claratorypartindrawingadecree.28Thedeclaratorypartofadecreeisinthena-tureofapreambletoaresolution,givingthereasonsandconsiderationsmovingtheChancellortothemandatoryconclusionshereaches.202Dan.Ch.Pr.,1004-1006.Adecreeshould(1)specifythepreciseamountofmoneytobepaid;(2)theprecisetractoflandtobesold,identifyingit;(3)theprecisepersonsbywhomandtowhommoneyshouldbepaid;(4)thepreciseactstobedone,bywhom,when,where,andforwhom,and(5)shouldleavenothingtobedeterminedbyanyotherperson,ortobeascertainedbycalculation,ex-ceptwhenareferencetotheMasterisexpresslymade.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1004,notes.Themandatorypartofadecree,should,asarule,conformtothespecialprayersofthebill.

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451 DECREES1GENERALLYCONSIDERED.§567reasonthanthatthejuryhasfoundinhisfavor,29awhereasatechnicaldecreeinChancerygivesasummaryofthepleadingsandthefindingsoffactsbytheChancellorandthencommandsthedefendanttodotheparticularact,paythemoneydecreedtobeduefromhim,executetheinstrumentrequired,specificallyperformthecontractnamed,delivertherealorpersonalproperty,orthedeeds,papersorotherinstrumentsdescribed,orenjoinsandprohibitsthedefendantfromdoingtheactscomplainedof.Incaseofamoneyrecovery,enforceablebyexecution,manySolicitors,indrawingdecrees,pursuetheformsofjudgmentsatlawinasimilarcase,andthereisnogoodobjectiontothispractice,andithasbeenoftenfollowedinthisTreatise.Ifthedecreeleavesanymatterundisposedof,thereshouldbeaddedtoitaspecialorgeneralreservationofsuchmatters,thegeneralreservationorderbeing,''othermattersarereserved.''30Ifthedecreeisenterednuncprotunc,itshouldsostate.IffurtherapplicationtotheCourtforsomeorderinthecasebeprobablethedecreeshouldconcludeasfollows:"AndeitherpartyistobeatlibertytoapplytotheCourtasoccasionmayrequire."81§567.FormalPartsofDecrees.—Toillustratetheprecedingsection,theformalpartsofdecreesareheresetout.ThesepartswillbeoftenreferredtointheformsofdecreesgiveninthisTreatise,theybeingomittedinmanyformsinordertoeconomizespaceandavoidunnecessaryrepetition.THEFORMALPARTSOFADECREE.TheTitle,StyleoftheCause.32ABandCD,1vs. }No.1313EF,GHandIJ.J TheCommencement.ThiscausecameontobeheardthisAugust25,1890,beforeChancellorJohnP.Smith[or,JudgeWilliamR.Hicks,sittingbyinterchangewithChancellorJohnP.Smith,]uponTheRecitals.thebill[or,theoriginalandamendedbills],theanswersofthedefendants,EFandIJ,thelatterbyKL,hisgeneralguardian[or,guardianadlitem,]andthejudgmentproconfessoheretoforetakenandenteredagainstthedefendantGH,83[astoboththeoriginalandamendedbills,]anduponthewrittenagreementexhibitedtothe[original]bill,andtheotherproofinthecause,andargumentofcounsel.TheDeclaratoryPart.34fromallofwhichitappearstotheCourtthat[Hereinsertsuchoftheessentialallegationsofthebillasaresustainedbytheproof,oradmittedbytheanswers.]TheOrdering,orMandatoryPart.Itisthereforeordered,adjudgedanddecreedbytheCourt
:
1.That[HereinsertwhattheCourthasdecreed,following,asarule,thespecificprayersvfthebill,unlesstheCourt'sdecreeisdifferent.]vationoflibertytoapplydoesnotalterthefinalnatureofthedecree.Suchadecreecanbeappealedfromasamatterofright,andmaybepleadedinbartoanothersuit,forthesamematter.Thislibertytoapplyistakenadvantageofbymotionorpetition,butineithercaseallpartiesconcernedshouldhavenotice,andanopportunitytobeheard.-1Barb.Ch.Pr.,333;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,996.See,post,§579,onSupplementalDecrees.32Givethecorrectstyleofthecause,ordinarilythestyleendorsedonbackofthebill.See,ante,§178.'Technically,everydecreehasacaptioniden-ticalwiththatofthefirstday'sminutes;butthepracticeistoconsiderthecaptionofthefirstday'sminutesasthecaptionofeveryorderanddecreemadeduringtheterm.See,ante,§532.33Givethenamesofallthedefendants,andshowwhichonesansweredandwhichwereproconfessoed.34Thispartofthedecreeisimportant,butnotessential;andmaybeomitted.Code,§4476.Insuchcasethefollowingformisoftenusedaftertherecital:Onconsiderationwhereofitisordered,ad-,judgedanddecreedbytheCourt:
29aAjudgmentatlawisasfollows,omittingtheverdictofthejury:"ItisthereforeconsideredbytheCourtthattheplaintiffrecoverofthedefendantfivehundreddollars[or,thepremisesspecifiedinthedeclaration,]andthecostsofthesuit,forwhichanexecution[andwritofpossession]willissue."302Dan.Ch.Pr.,1366-1375.InShepardv.Akers,2Tenn.Ch.,627,interestwasallowedinasubsequentdecree,withoutanyreservationintheformerdecree.Theformerdecreewas,however,foranaccountbetween,theparties.31State,exre!.,v.Williams,2Cates,597.Thisreservationoflibertyto'applyisaprudentprecau-tion:1st,Whenthedecreeisofsuchacharacterthat,uponthedeathofaparty,otherpartiesmayhaverightsunderthedecreerequiringactionbytheCourt;2d,Whenpartiesbyrepresentationnotinessewhenthedecreewaspronouncedmaybeborn,andsomeactionoftheCourtmaybenecessaryfortheprotectionoftheirrights;3d,Whenpartiesarerequiredbythedecreetodosomespecificact,andfurtherordersmaybecomenecessaryfortheenforce-mentofthedecree;4th,When,.in,anyothercase,

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§568 DECREESGENERALLYCONSIDERED.4522.That[Hereorderthesaleofanypropertysoughttobesolddescribedinthebill,orleviedonbyattachment.]3.That[Heremaketheinjunction,ifany,perpetual,ifdesiredandproper.]4.ThatthecostsofthecausebepaidbythedefendantsEFandGH,andIJ,forwhichanexecutionwillissue.[Or,adjudgethecostsotherwise,iftheCourtsodetermines.]5.Thatallothermattersarereserved,[ifanyarereserved!]Thisdecreewasmadeonthe20thinstant,andisenterednowforthen.[Insertthis,ifafact,andespeciallyifnecessarytoobtainpriorityoflienorofsatisfaction.]§568.FormsofDecrees.—Theframeofdecreesassetforthinthepreced-ingsectionwillbemorefullyillustratedbythefollowingforms
:
GENEIRALFORMOFADECREE.TheTitle,orStyle,oftheCause.AB, 1vs. \No.618.CD,etal.J TheCommencement.Thiscausewasheardonthis24thdayofJune,1891,beforeChancellorMN,[or,beforeHon.KL,JudgeoftheSthCircuit,sittingbyinterchangewithChancellorMN.]TheRecitals.Upontheoriginalandamendedbills,theanswersofthedefendant,CD,andoftheminordefendant,ED,byOP,hisguardianadlitem,tobothofsaidbills,thejudgmentproconfessoheretoforeenteredagainstthedefendant,DD,astobothofsaidbills,theexhibitstotheoriginalandamendedbills,thestipulationbetweenthecomplainantandthedefendant,CD,andtheotherproofinthecause,[showingindetailthevariousbills,answers,exhibits,andstipulationsMed,andproconfessostaken.Ortherecitalmaybegeneral,thus:uponthepleadingsandproofinthecause,andtheproconfessoagainstthedefendant,DD.]TheDeclaratoryPart.FromallwhichitappearstotheCourtthat[givingthegeneralfactsallegedinthebill,andsustainedbytheproof.]TheMandatoryPart.Itis,therefore,ordered,adjudged,anddecreedbytheCourtthatthecomplainanthaveandrecoverofthedefendants,CDandEF,thesumofonethousanddollars,andallthecostsofthecause;[or,thepropertydescribedinthebill;or,thatcomplainant'srightsaresoandso;or,thatthedefendantsberequiredtodosoandso;or,thattheybeperpetuallyenjoinedfromdoingsoandso;—following,asarule,inthispartofthedecree,theprayerinthebillforspecificrelief.]Thecostsofthecausewillbepaidbythedefendant,CD,forwhichanexecutionwillissueagainsthim;[or,thecostsofthecausewillbepaidoutofthefundinthecause,oroutoftheproceedsofsaidsale;or,willbepaidone-halfbythecomplainantandtheotherhalfbythedefendant,orasotherwisedecreed.]AwritofpossessionwillissuetoputABinpossessionofsaidtractofland.[Ifareportisordered,specifythematterstobereported,thenadd:]saidreportwillbemadetothepresent[or,next,]termoftheCourt,untilwhichtimeallothermattersarereserved.FORMOFANINTERLOCUTORYDECREE.TheTitle,orStyle,oftheCause.JohnSmithandHenrySmith,\
DavidSmith,MarySmith,\No'226'
DanielSmithandGeorgeJones.JTheCommencement.ThiscausewasheardthisMay20,1890,beforeHon.JohnP.Smith,Chancellor,[or,beforeJudgeWilliamR.Hicks,sittingbyinterchangewithChancellorJohnP.Smith,]uponTheRecitals.theoriginalandamendedbills,andtheanswersofDavidSmithandMarySmithinperson,andofDanielSmith,aminor,byG.Mc.Henderson,hisguardianadlitem,andtheprocon-fessoheretoforetakenandenteredagainstthedefendantGeorgeJones,thetwodeedsex-hibitedtothebill,andtheotherproofinthecause,fromallwhichTheDeclaratoryPart.itappearsthatthecomplainantsJohnSmithandHenrySmith,andthedefendantsDavidSmith,MarySmith,andDanielSmith,aschildrenandheirsatlawofWilliamSmith,de-ceased,aretenantsincommon,andequalowners,shareandsharealike,ofthetractofland('escribedinthebill,situatedinthe4thcivildistrictofGraingercounty,andboundedasfollows:Beginningonalargepoplar,[givingdescriptionbymetesandbounds.]Andit

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453 DECREESGENERALLYCONSIDERED.569furtherappearingthatSusanJones,bornSmith,formerlythewifeofthedefendant,GeorgeJones,diedinthelifetimeofherfather,thesaidWilliamSmith,leavingnochildren.TheOrdering,orMandatory,Part.Itisthereforeordered,adjudgedanddecreedbytheCourt:1.ThatsaidJohnSmith,HenrySmith,DavidSmith,MarySmith,andDanielSmithareiachentitled,asequaltenantsincommon,toanundividedone-fifthofsaidtractofland,andassuchareentitledtohavesaidtractpartitioned,orsold.2.ThatGeorgeJoneshasnotitleorinterestinsaidland,orinanypartthereof,eitherinhisownright,orintherightofhisdeceasedwife.3.ThattheMasterhearproofandreporttothepresentterm,ifpracticable,andifnot,tothenextterm
:
(1)Whethersaidtractoflandissosituatedthatadvantageouspartitionthereofcanbemade;or(2)Whetheritwouldbemanifestlyfortheadvantageofthepartiesthatthetractshouldbesoldinsteadofpartitioned.4.Theadjudicationofcosts,andcounselfees,andallothermatters,arereserved.5.ThisdecreewasmadeonMay10,1890,andisenterednowforthen.Themandatorypartofeverydecreeshouldbedividedintoparagraphs,andeachparagraphconsecutivelynumbered.Thesenumbersmaybeplacedatthebeginningoftheparagraphs,asshownabove,ortheymaybeputinthecenterofaseparatelineabovetheparagraphs.Theformofafinaldecreeissubstantiallythesameasthatofaninterlocutorydecree,exceptnomatterisreserved,andthereisnoreferencetotheMasterastoanymatter.FORMOPAFINALDECREE.TheTitle,orStyle,oftheCause.JohnJones, 1vs. S-No.953.HenryThomasandGeorgeStokes.JTheCommencement.ThiscausecameontobeheardthisAugust25,1890,beforeChancellorJohnP.Smith,[or,JudgeWilliamR.Hicks,sittingbyinterchangewithChancellorJohnP.Smith,]uponTheRecitals.theoriginalandamendedbills,theanswersofthedefendantHenryThomastobothbills,andthejudgmentproconfessoheretoforeenteredagainstthedefendantGeorgeStokesastobothbills,andthewrittenagreementexhibitedtotheamendedbill,andtheotherproofinthecause,36fromallofwhichTheDeclaratoryPart.itappears36thatthedefendants,HenryThomasandGeorgeStokes,did,onDecember12,1888,executesaidwrittenagreement,givingthecomplainantalienonthesaw-mill,engine,boilerandfixturesdescribedinthebill,andsituatedonthefarmofWilliamCook,inthe2dcivildistrictofGraingercounty,tosecurethepaymentofsixhundreddollars,onorbeforeApril25,1890;andthatthedefendantGeorgeStokes,didinandbysaidagreementguaranteetopaycomplainantanybalancedueonsaidwrittenagreementincasetheproceedsofsaidpropertydonotsatisfythesame;anditfurtherappearingthatthereisnowdueonsaidagreementprincipalandinterestthesumofsixhundredandforty-eightdollars;andthatallofsaidpropertyhasbeenattachedtosecurethepaymentofthesame;TheOrdering,orMandatory,Part.Itisthereforeordered,adjudgedanddecreedbytheCourt:371.Thatcomplainanthaveandrecoverofthedefendants,,HenryThomasandGeorgeStokes,saidsumofsixhundredandforty-eightdollars,andallthecostsofthiscause.2.Thatifsaidsumandcostsarenotpaidwithinsixtydays,theSheriff[orMaster]will,aftergivinglegalnotice,sellsaidsaw-mill,engine,boilerandfixturesforcashinhand,tothehighestandbestbidder;andanorderofsalewillissueaccordingly.Iftheproceedsofsaidsalebeinsufficienttosatisfythisdecree,3.Anexecutionwillissueagainstbothdefendantsforthebalanceremainingunpaid.4.Thecostsofthecausewillbepaidinthefirstinstanceoutoftheproceedsofsaidsale.§569.DismissingBillsattheHearing:.—If,atthehearing,itappearthatthecomplainantisnotentitledtoanyrelief,eitherunderhisspecialprayers,orunderhisgeneralprayer,hisbillwillbedismissed;if,however,heisentitled35Whenthevariouspleadingsandimportant36Thedeclaratorypartshouldfollow,asarule,proofsarerecited,thereislessdangerofconfusiontheessentialallegationsofthebill,arising,especiallyonappeal,frompapersgetting37Theorderingpartofadecreeshould,asarule,

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§570 DECREESGENERALLYCONSIDERED.454toreliefastosomematters,orastosomeoftheparties,hewillbegrantedap-propriatereliefastosuchmatters,orastosuchparties;andastoallothermattersandallotherparties,thebillwillbedismissed.Ifthecomplainantisentitledtoreliefonthecasesetupintheanswer,hewillbegrantedsuchrelief,eventhoughentitledtononeonhisownbill.38ThesemattershavebeenfullytreatedintheprevioussectionsofthisChapter.39Thefollowingistheformofa DECREEDISMISSINGABILL.D.C.&J.W.Hubbard,
}
vs. \No.842.J.W.Fravell,etal.JThiscausecomingontobeheard,thisJune25,1882,beforeChancellorW.G.Croley,uponthebill,theanswersofthedefendants,andtheproof,fromconsiderationofallwhichitappearstotheCourtthattheequities[or,causesofaction,]allegedinthebillarefullymetanddeniedbytheanswers,andarenotsustainedbytheproof.Itis,therefore,ordered,adjudged,anddecreedbytheCourt,thatthebillbedismissed,andthatthecomplainants,andJohnSmith,theirprosecutionsurety,payallthecostsofthecause,forwhichletanexecutionissue.40§570.WhenaBillWillbeDismissedWithoutPrejudice.—Whenabillisdismissed(1)becauseofsomeslipormistakeinthepleadingsorproof,or(2)becauseoffailuretogivesomerequiredbond,or(3)forwantofanyoftheprerequisitesofthewrit,or(4)forwantofnecessaryparties,or(5)foranyotherreasonnotinvolvingthemeritsofthecontroversy,itshouldgenerallybedismissedwithoutprejudicetocomplainant'srightstofileanotherbill.Andevenwhenthereisanadjudicationuponthemerits,anditappearsprobablefromthepleadings,orproof,thatinanewsuitbetteradaptedtotheequitiessoughttobesetup,reliefmaybehad;orthat,inasubsequentsuit,evidencenotnowattainablemaybeproduced,theCourtwill,onapplication,inclinetodismissthebillwithoutprejudice,ifthecomplainantisguiltyofnonegligenceorbadfaith.41Where,however,thedefendanthastakenhisproofonthemerits,andthecomplainanthaseithertakennoproof,orisunwillingtohavethecauseheardontheproofonfile,heshouldnotbeallowedtodismisshisbillwithoutpreju-dice;andthusbegivenfullleavetoagainrelitigatethesamematterswiththesameparties.Insuchcasethecomplainantmay,subjecttotherulesheretoforelaiddowninthisChapter,dismisshisbill,butsuchdismissalmustbesubjecttoalltheconsequencesincidenttoadismissalwithprejudice.42§571.TheDrawingandEnteringofOrders,andDecrees.—AftertheChan-cellorhasdeliveredhisopinion,thedutyofdrawingtheconsequentorderordecreegenerallydevolvesontheSolicitorsofthewinningparty.TheChan-cellorfrequentlyfurnishesthedraftsmanwithamemorandumofthechiefpointsofhis.adjudication.Indrawingthedecree,thedraftsmanshould,notonlyinthedeclaratorypart,carefullyandconscientiouslyfollowtheChan-cellor'sopinion,butshould,inthemandatorypart,earnestlyendeavortohavehisdraftfullyandfairlyexpresstheChancellor'sconclusions.IftheChancellorhasinadvertentlyfailedtoadjudicateanyquestionraisedbythepleadings,eitherthedraftsman,ortheoppositeparty,maycallhisattentiontoit,afternoticethereoftotheotherside,andhaveitdetermined,totheendthatitmaybeincorporatedintothedraftofthedecree.Afterthedecreehasbeenfullydrawn,itshouldbesubmittedtotheSolicitoroftheotherpartyforhisinspectionandcriticism;ifheraisesnoobjectionto38See,ante,§§406,note;555;558.39See,ante,§§555-563.40ThisdecreeisbasedonHubbardv.Fravell,1
2
Lea,315.412Dan.Ch.Pr.,994;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,331.Nosuitshouldeverbedismissedbecauseofanyslip,mistake,oromission,thatcanberemedied,correctedorsuppliedintheCourtwherethebillispending.Thebetterpracticeistoallowthecomplainanttoamendhisbill,ortofileasupplementalbill,orto
remandthecauseforfurtherproof,astheexigencymayrequire.Insuchcase,however,thecomplain-antsshouldbetaxedwithallthecostsofthecause;for,otherwise,thecomplainantwillobtainanad-vantagefromhisownwantofdiligence.Theinter-locutorytaxationofcostsisthebestspurtodili-gence,andthebestpreventiveofdelay.42SeeParkesV.Clift,9Lea,524;andcasestherecited;2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§1523.

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455 DECREESGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§572
it,orifhisobjectionsareacquiescedin,orremoved,thedraftisthenreadtotheChancellorinopenCourt,oratChambers,andifapprovedbyhim,isde-liveredtotheClerkforentryupontheminutes.43IftherespectiveSolicitorscannotagreeuponthedraftofthedecree,theymustsubmittheirdifferencestotheChancellorinopenCourt,oratChambers,andhewilldeterminethem,andsettlethedecree.44Thedecreemustbewrittenuponnotlessthanhalfasheetofpaper,andinink.45Untiladecreehasbeensettledandenteredontheminutes,itisconsideredasonlyinchoate,andneitherpartycanhaveanybenefitfromthedecision.46A(i.ecree,however,isconsideredasenteredfromthetimeitisleftwiththeClerkforthatpurpose,although,fromapressofbusiness,itmaynotbeactuallycopiedintotheminute-bookforsomedaysafterward.IftheChancellorshoulddie,orresign,beforeadecreehasbeenenteredontheminutes,suchadecreewouldbeanullity,andthecausewouldremainonthedocketfortrial,asthoughithadnotbeenheard.47§572.WhenaDecreeMaybeChanged.—Adecreeisinchoate,andhasnoforcewhatever,untilithasbeenenteredontheminutes;48andevenafterithasbeenenteredontheminutes,andtheminutessigned,itiscompletelywithinthepoweroftheChancelloruntiltheendoftheterm,unlessthetermcontinueslongerthanthirtydaysaftertheentryofthedecree,andthenuntiltheendofthirtydays.49Duringthisperiod,theChancellormaymodify,amend,addto,subtractfrom,ormakeanyotherchangein,thedecreehemaydeemproper,andmayevenabsolutelyvacateit,andrestorethecausetothedocket;orhemayvacatethedecreeandhaveoneenteredinfavoroftheotherparty.80Thesechanges,orreversals,ofthedecreemaybeontheChancellor'sownmotion,oronreargumentorreconsideration,oronaformalrehearingonapetitionfiledforthatpurpose.61ORDERVACATINGADECREE.Ordervacatingdecree.JohnDoe,1vs. }RichardRoe,etal.JOnmotionofthedefendants,supportedbytheaffidavitofGeorgeSlow,theirSolicitor,[or,forsatisfactoryreasonsappearingtotheCourt,or,byconsentofparties,]thedecreepro-nouncedinthiscauseonthedayof,19....[gwingthedate,]infavorofthecomplain-ant[orthedefendants,]isherebyrecalled,vacatedandannulled,andthecauseisreinstatedonthetrialdocket,tobefurtherproceededinasthoughsaiddecreehadneverbeenmade.Themostusualmattersinwhichdecreesareamendedbeforeadjournment,arethefollowing:(1).wheretherearemiscalculationsofamounts,orofinter-est;(2)wherethecostshavenotbeenadjudged,orhavebeenmisjudged;(3)wherethereareerrors,oromissions,inreferencetotheMaster'sreport;(4)wherethereareerrors,oromissions,intherecitalsofthedecree;(5)where43ThelawdoesnotrecognizeanyorderordecreemadebytheChancellor,untilithasbeenenteredupontheminutesoftheCourt.TheminutesarenotinvalidatedbythefailureoftheChancellortosignthem,becauseofdeath,sickness,orotherrea-son.Moorev.State,3Heisk.,493;Jacksonv.Jackson,3Shan.Cas.,18;Pickettv.State,MSS.,Knoxville,1906.44TheChancellormayrequiretheSolicitorobject-ingtothedrafttomakeadraftofhisown,orhemayhimselfcorrectthedecree,ordrawthedecreedenovo,45Ch.Rule,III,§1;post,§1192.Asheetoflegalcapcontainsfourpages,andahalfsheetcon-tainstwopages.ManycarelessorpenuriousSolic-itorswritedecreesonapartofahalfsheet.Thisshouldnotbeallowed;itresultsininterlining,incrowdingthemargins,andinmuchillegibilityforwantofduespace.Decreeswrittenwithaleadpen-cilshouldbedeemednullities,andtheMastershouldbedirectedtoreturn.them.ASolicitorwhodoesnotdeemthedecreeworthyofhiscareshoulddis-misshiehill
47Frakerv.Brazleton,12Lea,278.481Barb.Ch.Pr.,341.49Actsof1885,ch.65;Railroadv.Johnson,16Lea,387.502Dan.Ch.Pr.,1018-1028.Duringtheperiodstatedinthetext,therecordoftheCourt,eventhoughenteredontheminutes,issaidtobe"inthebreastoftheJudge,"andisabsolutelyunderhiscontrol.Statev.Disney,5Sneed,598;Hallv.Bewley,11Hum.,105;DavisV.Jones,3Head,604;Timmonsv.Garrison,4Hum.,148;Abbottv.Fagg,1Heisk.,749;Statev.Dalton,1Cates,544.51Itmaybe(1).thatthedecreewaspronouncedwithoutargument;or(2)underamisapprehension,bytheChancellor,ofsomeadmissionorstatementbycounsel;or(3)thatsomeallegation,orpleading,orproof,wasoverlookedormisunderstood;or(4)thattheChancellorwas,insomeway,misled;or(5)thatforanyotherreason,injusticehasbeenin-advertentlydone..WhileChancellorsshouldbefarremovedfrominstabilityofjudgment;neverthe-less,nosentimentofprideshouldstayfheiraction,ncf-i,n'rpcthat .),..

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§573DECREESGENERALLYCONSIDERED.456thereareerrors,oromissions,inthemetesandboundsofatractoflandmen-tionedinthedecree;(6)wherethereareblanksinthedecree,tobefilledbydates,names,amounts,orotherwise;(7)wheretheprayerforanappealwasnotentered,orwasmisentered;and(8)wherethedecreewasorderedtobeenterednuncprotunc,anditdoesnotcontaintheorder.Butafterthe'lapseofthethirtydaysafteritsentry,orafterthecloseoftheterm,theChancellor'spowertomakeanyrevisionofadecreesettlingrightsisforeverended,52exceptonabillofreview,oronabilltoimpeachthedecreeforfraud,nomatterhowmanifestandgrosstheerror,norhowcertainhemaybeofitsexistence.53ThedecreesofFatearenotmorebeyondhispowerofchange.Hisrightthereaftertorectifyadecree,asshowninthenextsection,isratherclericalinitsnaturethanjudicial,suchrectificationnotrequiringanyexerciseofdiscretion,andnotembracinganyredeterminationofanymatter.54Anorderordecreemadebyconsentcannotbemodifiedorvaried,inanes-sentialpart,withouttheassentofalltheconsentingparties.55TheCourtmay,liowever,upontheapplicationofeitherparty,givesuchfurtherdirectionsasshallbecomenecessaryforthepurposeofcarryingsuchorderordecreeintoeffect,accordingtoitsspiritandintent.56Aninterlocutoryorderordecreethatsettlesaprinciple,adjudgesaright,ordeterminesanissue,especiallyifmadeuponahearingofthecause,is,afterthelapseofthirtydays,oraftertheadjournmentoftheterm,asmuchbeyondthepoweroftheCourttochangeitasisafinaldecree;57butaninterlocutoryorderordecreesettlingnorights,butmerelyorderinganinjunction,ormakingaref-erencetotheMaster,orappointingareceiver,orgivingdirectionstoare-ceiver,ortotheMaster,ororderingasaleofproperty,orprovidingforthesafe-keepingorotherdispositionofpropertyinthecustodyoftheCourt,orrulingonmotionsinreferencetoproof,orothermatterspreparatorytoatrial,maybesetaside,overruled,ordisregarded,atasubsequentterm,providedsuchactiondoesnottakeanypartybysurprise,ordepriveanypartyofavestedright.58§573.WhenandHowDecreesMaybeAmended.—Asalreadystated,de-creesareentirelywithinthepoweroftheChancellorforthirtydays,orduringthetermifitcontinuelessthanthirtydays;andhemay,duringthisperiod,makeanychangesinthemhemaydeemnecessarytothefurtheranceofjustice.Aftertheexpirationofsaidperiod,however,adecreecannotbeinanywaychanged,exceptinthemannerandtotheextentprovidedbythestatute.The52Andhehasnomoreauthoritythananythirdpersontomakealterationsandadditions.Kennedyt>.Kennedy,13Lea,25.TheinstantheaffixeshissignaturetotheentryadjourninghisCourttothenexttermthatinstanthispowertomakeanychangesintherecordisforevergone.53AllenV.Barksdale,1Head,240.Meekv.Mathis,1Heisk.,536.BerdanattiV.Sexton,2Tenn.Ch.,702.Theonlyremediesincaseofsucherrorsare:(1)anappeal,takenwithintheChancellor'spowertograntit;(2)awritoferrorcoramnobis;(3)abillofreview;(4)awritorerror;and(5)abilltoimpeachthedecreeforfraud;thelastfourarefiledafterthelapseofsaidlimit.Whenade-creeismadeitspeaksforitself,andcannotbeen-larged,restricted,ormodifiedbyparolproof.Bankv.Memphis,23Pick.,66.54Post,§573.AndseeElliotv.Cochran,1Cold.,389;Statev.Bank,12Pick.,591.55InAndersonV.Thompson,7Lea,259,ama-jorityoftheSupremeCourtheldthatafinaljudg-mentoftheCircuitCourtcouldnotbesetasideatasubsequentterm,andthepleadingsamendedbyconsent;butthedissentingopinionsofJudgesFree-manandTurneygreatlyweakentheforceofthedecision.Consensusfocitlegematquetolliterrorem.561Barb.Ch.Pr.,351;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1030,note.57Grimsteadv.Huggins,13Lea,728;AllenI).Shanks,6Pick.,359;Vaccarov.Cicalla,5Pick.,163.58ThereissomeconfusioninourReports,and
someconflictbetweenthemandthetextbooks,inregardtothepowerofaCourttochangeanin-terlocutorydecreeatasubsequentterm.Thegen-eralruleis,thatadecretalorinterlocutoryordermay,onfinalhearing,bealtered,modified,orva-cated.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1371,note.OurSupremeCourt,however,hasfrequentlyheldexactlythere-verse.Johnsonv.Hannah,2Lea,10;MeekV.Mathis,1Heisk.,536.Thereare,also,decisioninaccordancewiththegeneralrule.MorrisV.Rich-ardson,11Hum.,389.See,also,FranklinV.Frank-lin,2Swan,525;Shawv.Patterson,2Tenn.Ch.,174;Bankv.Bilbrey,3Bax.,10.Thisconfusionhasgrownoutofthefactthat,byvariousgradations,interlocutorydecreesapproachfinaldecrees,untilthelineofdistinctionbecomesimperceptible.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,986,note.Ourcasesmayallbereconciledwiththemselvesandwiththetextbooksbyobservingthedistinctionmadeinthetextbetweenthe_twokindsofinterlocutorydecrees;thekindthatadjudi-catesnoquestionraisedbythepleadingsandset-tlesnorights,beingsubjecttoalterationorvacationatasubsequentterm,oratthefinalhearing;andallotherinterlocutoryordersanddecreesbeingfinalintheirnatureandnotsubjecttobechanged#atasubsequentterm,thusconformingtothemaximofBacon:Sententiainterlocutoriarevocaripotest,defi-nitive!nonpotest.Butafterall,iftheChancellorsfinaldecreeberightitwillbeaffirmedbytheSu-premeCourt,regardlessofhiserrorsinoverrulinginterlocutorydecrees.BankV.Bilbrey,3Bax.,11;Allenv.Shanks,6Pick.,359.

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457 DECREESGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§574Chancellormay,atanytimewithintwelvemonthsafterfinaldecree,andwhilethecauseisstillinhisCourt,amendanyclericalerror,mistakeinthecalcula-tionofinterest,orothermistakeoromissioninthedecree,wherethereissuffi-cientmatterapparentontherecord,thepapersinthecause,orentriesbythepresidingChancellor,toamendby.59Everymistake,apparentonthefaceoftherecord,maybecorrectedbytheCourtatanytimeafterfinaljudgment,atthediscretionoftheCourt.60Thepartyseekingtohaveadecreeamended,afterthecausehasbeenfinallydisposedof,mustgivetheoppositepartytendays'noticeofhisintentiontomovetheCourtforacorrectionofthesupposedmistake;61and,onthedayspecifiedinsuchnotice,themotionshouldbeenteredontheminutesoftheCourt.If,atthehearingofthemotion,themistakecomplainedofisapparentonthefaceoftherecord,thecorrectionwillbemadeasamatterofcourse;62if,however,themistakeisnotapparentontherecord,thepartymakingthemotionmustbeabletoshowthemistakebythepapersinthecause,orbytheentriesoftheChancelloronhisdocket.Theproofofthemistakemustappearofrecord,orbysomematterinthenatureofarecord,andparolevidenceisabsolutelyinadmissible,nomatterhowstrong,orhowclear;andevenwhentheevidenceconformstotherequirementsofthestatute,itshouldbesocon-clusiveastoleavenoreasonabledoubt,63(1)thatthemistakeoromissionallegedinthenoticeactuallyexists,and(2)astowhatcorrectionshouldinfactbemade.§574.TheRevivorofDecrees.—Adecreecontinuesinfullforcefromthedayitismade,untilitissatisfied,orisbarredbythestatuteoflimitations;oruntilitismodified,vacated,reversed,orannulled,onproperproceedingsforthatpurpose;andanexecution,orotherproperprocess,mayissueonitatanytime,aslongasitisinforce.64Ifthecomplainantdie,itmustberevivedinthenameofthepersonentitledtoitsbenefits.Ifthedefendantdie,itmustberevivedagainsthissuccessorinliability.Iftherearemoredefendantsthanone,andanyofthemdie,leavingtheco-defendantorco-defendantssurviving,thiswillnotdebarthecomplainantfromenforcinghisdecreebyexecution,orotherwise,againstthesurvivororsurvivors,65totheextentoftheirliability;or,hemay,insuchcase,revivebyscirefacias,orbyabillofrevivor,againstthosestandinginthedecedent'sshoes.66Decreesarerevivedbyandagainstthesamepartiesbyandagainstwhomthesuitwouldhavebeenrevivedhadthedecedentdiedbeforethedecreewaspronounced;andwhathaselsewherebeensaidabouttherevivalofsuitsincaseofdeath,appliesinallrespectstotherevivalofdecreesincaseofdeath;therulesastotheproperpartiestoreviveorreviveagainstbeingthesameinbothcases.Onaproceedingtoreviveadecree,whetherbyabillofrevivor,orbyascirefacias,thedefendantmaypleadandproveanyfactthathastranspiredsincetherenditionofthedecreethatwouldbarthedecree,ormakeitinequitabletoreviveit:hemaypleadthebarofthestatuteoflimitations,arelease,apay-ment,oranyothermatterthatisadischarge,orsatisfaction,ofthedecree.67
59Code,§2877.WhatisheremeantbythecausebeingstillinCourt,isthatithasnotbeenremovedtotheSupremeCourtoftheStatebyappeal,orwritoferror,ortoaU.S.CourtinpursuanceofsomeFederalstatute.Dictatingdecreestotypewritersandstenographerscausesmanyerrors.See§502.60Code,%2878.See1Barb.Ch.Pr.,349-352;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1013;1029-1032.61Code,§2879.62Itwouldseemthattheproperwaytomakethisamendment,orcorrection,wouldbe,(1)toentertheproperorderordecreeontheminutesofthetermatwhichthemotionfortheamendmentorcorrectionismade,and(2)tonoteonthemarginofthedecreeamendedorcorrected,thefactanddateoftheampnHmpfitnrrnrrpMinn.theChancellorto
decreeamended[corrected,orrectified,]August25,1890.SeeMinuteBookO,page246.AB,Chan-cellor."1Barb.Ch.Pr.,352;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1031.63Therecordisofsuchdignityandveritythatnothingbutthecleareststatutoryproofshouldbeallowedtoprevailagainstit—proofcogentenoughtoremovealldoubtofthetruthoftheamendmentsoughttobemade.64Code,§2987.Executionissuedafterthelapseoftenvearswillbequashed.CannonV.La-man,7Lea,513.65Code,§2988.Forproceedingstorevive,seeChapteronAbatementandRevivor.66Bankv.Marr,13Lea,108.67Adecreecannotberevivedbyscirefaciasafterthelanseoftenvears.Rnirersii-TTnllinore-

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§575 KINDSOFDECREES.458
ARTICLEIII.KINDSOFDECREES.§575.InterlocutoryDecrees.§576.FinalDecrees.§577.ConsentDecrees.§578.NuncproTuncDecrees.§579.SupplementalDecrees.§575.InterlocutoryDecrees.—Aninterlocutorydecreeis'onewhichex-pressly,orbynecessaryimplication,reservessomeparticularmatterormattersforfurtherconsideration,orreservesthefurtherconsiderationofthecausegenerallyuntilafuturehearing.1Alldecreeswhichprecedethefinaldecreeareinterlocutory;afinaldecreebeingonewhichterminatesthelitigation,andfromwhichanappealwilllieasamatterofright.2Anyorderordecreepre-paratorytoafinaldecisionofthecauseisinterlocutory.3Alldecreesoverrulingmotionstodismissthebill,andoverrulingdemurrersandpleas;alldecreesreferringmatterstotheMasterforhisactionandreport
;
alldecreesremandingcausestotherulesforfurtherproof;alldecreesdeter-miningexceptionstodepositionsandtoreports;alldecreesdeterminingappli-cationstoamend,orfileadditionalpleadings;alldecreesorderingsalesofland,orotherproperty;alldecreesallowingordisallowingmotionsofallkindswhatsoever;alldecreesonpreliminarymatters,ormatterspreparatoryforahearingonthemainissues;andallotherdecreesthatexpresslyreservemattersforfutureconsideration,areinterlocutorydecrees.4§576.FinalDecrees.—Afinaldecreeisonethat(1)decidesanddisposesofthewholemeritsofthecause;and(2)reservesonitsfacenofurtherques-tions,ordirections,forthefuturejudgmentoftheCourt.5Afinaldecree,asthetermnecessarilyimplies,putsanendtothelitigation,leavingnoneoftheissuesopenforfurtherconsideration,oraction;andthisitmaydo,(1)bydis-missingthebill,or(2)bygrantingthereliefprayed,inwholeorinpart,and,
13)ineithercase,adjudgingthecosts,andawardingfinalprocess.Adecreemaybefinalwithoutbeingcomplete.Acompletefinaldecreedetermineseveryquestionproperlyraisedbythepleadings,andleavesnorootsofthesubject-matterofthelitigation,outofwhichothercontroversiescanarise:itfinallyandforeverclosesandbarsthedoorsagainstanyreopeningofthemattersindispute,andconcludesandendsthecontroversy.Adecreewhich,thoughnotcomplete,isfinalinitsnature,reservesnothingforthefurtheractionoftheCourt,adjudgescosts,andawardsfinalprocess,isneverthelessafinaldecree.Whenonlyapartofthereliefprayedisgranted,oronlyapartoftheissuesaredetermined,andthedecree,thoughfinal,issilentastotheresidue,theeffectisthesameasthoughthebillhadbeenexpresslydismissedastotheresidueofthereliefsought,andasthoughtheissuesundecidedhadbeenexpresslyad-judgedagainstthepartymaintainingtheaffirmativethereof.Butadecreeisnotfinalwhichleavesmattersundisposedofastooneormoreofthede-fendants.6 i12Dan.Ch.Pr„986,note.Whetheradecreeisfinal,orinterlocutory,istobedeterminedbyitssubject-matterandsubstantialpurport.Code,§2971.2See,post,§576.ThereaderofthisbookmustalwayskeepinmindthefactthatthepurposeoftheauthoristogivethepracticeinTennessee,andnotthegeneralpracticeelsewhere.3Delapv.Hunter,1Sneed,101;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,326.42Dan.Ch.Pr.,986.Instrictness,allfinalde-creesareinterlocutoryuntilthetermends,orthirtydayselapse;foruntilthentheymaybe
changed,orsetaside.Gilb.For.Rom.,183;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1019.5PondV.Trigg,5Heisk.,539;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,993,note.Adecreeisfinalevenwhen(1)itfailstoadjudgethecosts;Brownv.Wright,1Ch.Apps.,160;or(2)failstoawardanexecutioninacaseofmoneyrecovery.HyderV.Butler,19Pick.,289.Thelawadjudgesthecostsintheformercaseagainstthelosingparty,andinthelattercaseawardsanexecution.Ibid.eLangv.IngallsZincCo.,15Pick.,476;Bankv.Matson,11Pick.,632.

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459 KINDSOFDECREES.§577Inourpractice,adecreewhichdeterminestheprinciplesinvolvedinthecon-troversy,and(1)ordersanaccount,or(2)asale,or(3)apartition,isnotafinaldecree;7andcannot,therefore,beappealedfromwithoutleaveoftheCourt;andcannotbereviewedatallonawritoferror.8Adecreedismissingabilluponitsmeritsisfinalandconclusiveuntilre-versed,andmaybepleadedinbartoasecondbillforthesamereliefonthesamesubject-matter,betweenthesameparties,unlessthedecreeofdismissalshowsonitsfacethatthedismissaliswithoutprejudicetocomplainant'srighttofileanotherbill.9Adecreemaybefinalastooneparty,andnotfinalastotheother:thus,adecreedeterminingthecontroversyastooneofthedefendants,whoseinterestsarenotconnectedwiththeothers,andadjudgingthecostsastohim,isafinaldecree;10andfromsuchadecree,theChancellormay,inhisdiscretion,allowanappeal.11Afinaldecreemay,however,bechanged,oroverruledandvacated,bytheChancellor,evenafterithasbeenenteredandtheminutesofthedaysigned,providedsuchchange,orvacation,ismadewithinthirtydaysfromthedecree,ifthetermholdssolong,otherwise,beforetheadjournmentoftheterm.Afterthelapseofsaidperiodofthirtydays,oraftertheadjournmentoftheterm,thedecreebecomesstrictlyfinal,andpassesbeyondthecontroloftheCourt,12andcanonlybechanged,oroverruled,(1)bytheChancellor,uponabillofreview,orabilltoimpeachthedecreeforfraud,or(2)bytheSupremeCourt,onappealorwritoferror.DecreesinourChanceryCourtsarenotenrolledintheEnglishsense,butwithusadecreeisdeemedtobeenrolledassoonastheChancellor'srighttochangeithasterminated.§577.ConsentDecrees.—Adecreeisfrequentlymadebyconsentofparties.Insuchacase,theCourtdoesnotinquireintothemeritsorequitiesofthedecree*,norwhetheritissustainedbythepleadings.13Theonlyquestionsfor'theCourttodetermineare:(1)Arethepartiescapableofbindingthemselvesbyconsent;and(2)whethertheyhaveconsented,ordonowconsent,totheproposeddecree.Thesetwofactsappearing,theCourtordersthedecreetobeentered,providedthatitshowsuponitsfacethatitisaconsentdecree.Ifitdoesnotsoshowuponitsface,itisnotaconsentdecree,eventhoughinfactitwasconsentedto;butitisadecreeoftheCourtininvitum,andsubjecttoalltheremediesforitscorrectionallowableincaseofcontesteddecrees.Adecreebyconsentisinthenatureofasolemncontract;andis,ineffect,anadmissionbythepartiesthatthedecreeisajustdeterminationoftheirrightsupontherealfactsofthecase,hadsuchbeenproved.Asaresult,suchadecreeissobindingastobeabsolutelyconclusiveupontheconsentingparties,anditcanneitherbeamended,orinanywayvaried,withoutalikeconsent,norcanitbereheard,appealedfrom,orrevieweduponawritoferror.14Theoneonlywayinwhichitcanbeattacked,orimpeached,isbyanoriginalbillallegingfraudinsecuringtheconsent.15Where,however,adecreeisbaseduponawritingauthorizingaparticulardecreetobemade,orotherwiseadjustingthecontroversy,ifthedecreeisnotjustifiedbysuchwriting,tothatextentitiserroneous,andmay,therefore,bflreheard,appealedfrom,orotherwisereviewed,asincaseofacontesteddecree
:
ortheCourtmay,onmotion,amendorrectifythedecree.167Code,§3157.ThisstatutechangedtheformerruleoftheCourtastowhatconstitutesafinalde-cree;andthedecisionsofourCourtspriortotheCodeareapttomislead.AbbottV.Fagg,1Heisk.,742.sGibsonV.Widener,1Pick.,16;Bartonv.Tur-ley,11Lea,600;TerrellV.Ingersoll,.10Lea,77.92Dan.Ch.Pr.,994.Astowhenabillwillbedismissedwithoutprejudice,see,ante,§570.101Barb.Ch.Pr.,331.11Code,§3157.12Actsof18R5.ch.fi5rRailroadv.Tohnson.16
Osment,24Pick.,32;Bigleyv.Watson,14Pick.,353.14Williamsv.Neil,4Heisk.,279;Jonesv.Wil-liamson,5Cold.,371;Boycev.Stanton,15Lea,346.151Barb.Ch.Pr.,373;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,974;1460,notes.Incaseofconsentdecreesthefollowingmax-imsapply:t(1)Conventiovincitlegem;(2)VolentinonHtinjuria;(3)Consensustolliterrorem.Mus-grovev.Lusk,2Tenn.Ch.,580.Thestatutepro-videsforanappealonlywhenapartyis"dissatisfiedwithadecree;"andapartycannotbedissatisfiedWithadprrPPtlintTipmneonlct*\it<...."*..«.'»r*„J-

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§578 KINDSOFDECREES.460TheCourtwillnot,ordinarily,makeadecreebyconsentwhereinfantsareconcerned,withoutreferringittotheMastertoinquirewhetheritbefor.theirbenefit;yet,ifsuchadecreeismade,theinfantswillbeboundbyit.17Theconsentofcounseltoadecreeistobegivenupontheirownconceptionoftheirauthority;andiftheirclientisinjuredbysuchconsent,hisremedyisagainstbiscounsel,unlesshiscounsel'sconsentwasprocuredbyfraud.18Adecreeforanabsoluteorlimiteddivorcecannotbeenteredbyconsent;butadecreeforalimonymaybe.Amereproformadecreeshouldnotbeallowedtobeentered,andifenteredwillbedismissedintheSupremeCourt,regardlessofitsmerits.19§578.NuncProTuncDecrees.—Ordinarily,thereisnothingtobegainedbyhavingadecreedatedontheverydaythecausewasheard,ortheChan-cellor'sopiniondelivered;andforthisreason,decreesusuallybearevendatewiththeminutesoftheCourtinwhichtheyareentered.Butpartieshavetherighttohavethedecreeenteredasofthedateofthehearing,andwhenthede-layoftheChancellorindecidingthecauseafterthehearing,orthedelayofcounsel,ortheClerk,indrawingorenteringthedecreeafterthedecision,worksaninjurytoanyparty,andespeciallytothewinningparty,theCourtwill,onapplicationbythepartyinterested,orderthedecreetobearevendatewiththehearing,orwiththedecision,asthepartyininterestmayelect.Suchadecreeissaidtobeenterednuncprotunc.20Decreesnuncprotuncareoftenenteredinthefollowingcases:1,Whereeitherpartydiedafterthehearing,andbeforethedecreeisentered;212,"Where,afterdecisionmade,andbeforedecreeentered,thedefendantmadeaconveyanceofhisrealty;3,Whereareport,orasale,hasbeenmadebyaMas-teroraSpecialCommissioner,orapartitionhasbeenmadebyCommissioners,andthedecreeorderingthesamehasnotbeenentered:insuchacase,anentry
1
nuncprotuncwillrelatebacktothetimethedecreewasmade,andwillmakevalidtheintermediateproceedingsauthorizedbythedecree;and4,Where,inanycase,theactoftheChancellorafterthehearing,ortheconductofoppositecounsel,ortheneglectoftheClerk,hasresultedindelayingtheentryofadecree,andthedelaymayinjuriouslyaffectanyoftheparties,itisthedutyoftheCourt,onapplicationofsuchparty,tohavesuchdecreeenteredasofitsproperdate;22anditisnogroundforrefusingsuchapplication,thattherightsofthirdpartieswillbeinjuriouslyaffectedthereby.23Theusualformulaincaseofnuncprotuncdecreesis:"Thisdecreewasmadeonthe(namingthedaythecausewasheard),andisenterednowforthen,byorderoftheCourt."Anuncprotuncorderordecreeoughtnottobeenteredexceptupontheclear-est,evidence,suchas(1)thedistinctrecollectionofthepresidingChancellor;or,(2)somememorandumbyhim,orbytheClerkandMaster;or,(3)theagreementofcounsel.24Tojustifyanuncprotuncorderorentry,atasubse-quentterm,theremustbesomematterinthenatureofarecordtobaseitupon,suchas(1)adecreeactuallydrawnatthetime,but,bymistake,notentered;or,(2)anentryontheChancellor'sdocket;or(3)amemorandum,oropinioninwriting,bytheChancellor.25Courtscanmaketheirrecordsspeakthetruthastothingsdone;andshoulddosobyentriesnuncprotunc,evenafteranappealhasbeenprayedandgranted.26ButafterthejurisdictionoftheCourtoverthecauseislost,no
171Barb.Ch.Pr.,373;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,975;Mus-grovev.Lusk,2Tenn.Ch.,576;Millyv.Harrison,7Cold.,199,TheCourtshouldlookcloselyintosuchdecrees,andseethattheydonotprejudicetheinfant.Ibid.181Barb.Ch.Pr.,374;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,575.19Wardv.Alsup,16Pick.,738.20Freem.onJudgts.,§§56-58;Sto.F,.PI.,5363,note.21McLeanv.State,8Heisk.,288;Mayfieldv.Stephenson,6Bax.,403.
22Freem.onJudgts.,§§56-58;Davisv.Jones,3Head.603.ActusCurianeminemgravabit.232Dan.Ch.Pr.,1017,note.24Sheav.Mabry,1Lea,319;Carterv.McBroom,1Pick.,377.SeeKearneyv.Jackson,1Yerg.,295.26McGavockr.Puryear,6Cold.,34;FarnsV.Kilpatrick,1Hum.,379;Newlandv.Gaines,1Heisk.,720;M.&O.R.R.v.Dowd,9Heisk..179.26Davisv.Jones,3Head,603;Pondv.Trigg,5Heisk.,536;Newlandv.Gaines,1Heisk.,720.

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461 SUGGESTIONSASTODECREES.§579nuncprotimeordercanbemade,37withoutapetition,andnoticetopartiesadverselyinterested.Suchapetitionmaybefiledbyathirdpartyinterested-inthedecree.28§579.SupplementalDecrees.—Itfrequentlyhappensthat,afteralltheissuesraisedbythepleadingshavebeendetermined,orafterafinaldecreeonthemeritsofthecontroversy,eitherdismissingthebillorgrantingrelief,somefurtherorderordecreeisnecessaryinordertocompletelyadjustallthemat-tersincidentaltothelitigation.Thus,1,Thedefendantmaybeentitledtoateferenceanddecreeonthequestionofdamages,whenanattachmentorin-junctionbillisdismissed;or2,Itmaybenecessarytotakejudgmentonpur-chase-moneynotes,executedtotheMasterorSpecialCommissioner,ortore-sellthelandinenforcementofthelienforpurchase-money;or3,Itmaybenecessarytomakeordersanddecreesrelativetosettlementswithreceivers,andtotakejudgmentontheirbonds;or4,Itmaybenecessarytomakeordersinreferencetocallinginloanedmoney,orinreferencetoloaningoutmoney
;
or5,QuestionsmayariseastotheproperdistributionoffundsinthehandsoftheMaster;or6,Anorderofsalemaybenecessaryinconsequenceofalevyonlandtoolatetomakeasale;29or7,Itmaybenecessarytoreviveadecree;or8,Tosetasidethesatisfactionofadecree;30or,9,Tosubstituteasurety,orapurchaser,totherightsofacomplainantunderadecree;31or10,Itmaybenecessarytoattachapartyforviolationofaperpetualinjunction;or11,Tomakesomeotherorderinenforcementorexecutionofafinaldecree,orinad-justmentoftheconsequentialrightsordutiesofparties,orofficersoftheCourt,thereunder.Inasmuchastheforegoingordersanddecreesaresupplementalintheirnatureandoffice,theyaredenominatedsupplementalordersandde-crees.32
ARTICLEIV.PRACTICALSUGGESTIONSASTODECREES.580.SuggestionsastotheSubstanceofDecrees. §581.SuggestionsastotheWritingandEntryofDecrees.§580.SuggestionsastotheSubstanceofDecrees.—Inthefirstplace,besurethatyourdecreeissupportedbythepleadings,andthatitisbothalogicalandalegaldeductionfromthepleadings.Indrawingyourde'eree,keepinmindthefollowingparticulars
:
1.Iftherearedefendantsunderdisabilityofinfancyormentalunsoundness,reciteinyourdecreethefactthatthecausewasheardonthepleadings,includ-ingtheiranswersbyregularguardian,orguardianadlitem.2.Ifanydefendanthasbeenproconfessoedatrules,recitethatfactinthedecree.3.Ifanyoralagreementsweremadeatthehearing,incorporatetheminthedecree;otherwise,youwilllosetheirbenefitifthecaseshouldgototheSu-premeCourt.4.Ifyouexceptedtoanyevidenceatthehearing,showthoseexceptionsinthedecree,orinwriting,authenticatedbytheChancellor,orinabillofexcep-tions,oryouwilllosethebenefitofthemintheSupremeCourt.1
27Staggsv.State,3Hum.,372;Hillv.Bowers,4Heisk.,272.28Rushv.Rush,13Pick.,279.Inthiscaseanuncprotuncdivorcedecreewasenteredatasub-sequenttermonpetitionofastrangerinjuredbythenon-entryofthedecree,thepartydivorcedhav-ingdied.ThpTnHtrp'srlnptprrnntainpdthpspwords;
29Pondv.Trieg,5Heisk.,532.30Code,§2990,amendedbytheActsof1875,ch.3.31Code,§§2994-2996.32See,ante,§566,note31,on"leavetoapply."1See,ante,§538.

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§581 SUGGESTIONSASTODECREES.4625.Ifyouexceptedtoanyruling,ororder,oftheCourtmadeatthehearing,incorporatethatfactinthedecree,andfileabillofexceptions,ifnecessary,to'showallthefacts.6.Ifyourclienthasobtainedamoneyrecovery,statetheamountthereofinwords;anddonot,inyourhaste,expresstheamountinfiguresonly.Figuresaretooeasilychanged,andtooliabletobemisunderstood.Youmayusebothwordsandfigures.7.Ifthedecreedirectsasaleofland,orremovesacloud,ortransfersthepossessionortitleofland,oradjudicatesthetitle,describethelandbymetesandboundsinthedecree.Thiswillthenbeapermanentrecordoftitle,whereasthefilemaygetlost.8.Ifthedecreeaffectsthetitletoland,oraffectsotherimportantmatters,givethenamesofallthedefendantsinthebodyofthedecree.Thepleadingsmayget'lost.9.Alwaysseethatproperfinalprocessisawarded.Ifyourclientisadjudgedthepossessionofanyproperty,donotfailtohaveawritofpossessionawarded.Ifyouareentitledtoaperpetualinjunction,haveitsodecreed.Seethatyourdecreeawardsanexecutionforthecosts.10.Ifthedecreeisnotsatisfactory,prayanappeal,evenincaseswhereanappealwillnotlieasamatterofright.Suchaprayer,whendisallowed,mayimproveyourstandingwhenthecasefinallygetsintotheSupremeCourt:itwillbeevidencethatyoudidnotwillinglysubmittothedecree.11.Ifyouareallowedanappeal,andareunabletogetyourbillofexcep-tions,ifany,madeout,signedandfiled,besuretogetanextensionoftime,andthenbesuretofileitwithinsuchextension.12.DonotfailtodisposeofanyfundinCourt,orinthehandsofaEeceiver
;
ortomakeaninjunction,ifany,perpetual,inapropercase;ortoorderat-tachedpropertytobesoldassuch,ifany.13.Ifthedecreebefinalandinyourfavorhavethecostsadjudged,finalprocessawarded,andaliendeclaredinyourfavorontherecovery.§581.SuggestionsastotheWritingandEntryofDecrees.—Indrawingdecrees,thefollowingmattersareworthyofconsideration
:
1.Writeyourdecreesinink,onlegalcappaper,neverusinglessthanhalfasheet(twofullpages-)ofpaper.2.Divideyourdecreeintoparagraphs,aselsewhereshown,andnumberyourparagraphs.IfthedecreedirectsareferencetotheMaster,paragraphandnumberthemattersreferred.3.Takepainsandduedeliberationindrawingyourdecree;avoidinterlinea-tions,erasuresandotheralterations.Consultandfollowtheformsgiveninthebooks;anddonotrelyonyourownskilluntilyouhavebecomeanexpertdraftsman.4.PresentyourdecreesinopenCourt,indueseason,firstshowingthemtoadversecounsel,ifpracticable.5.Neverallowtheminutesofatermtobeclosedwithoutbeingsurethatyourordersanddecreeshaveallbeendulyentered.

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463 DECREESASTOCOSTS,§582
CHAPTERXXIX.DECREESASTOCOSTS.ArticleI.Cos.tsGenerallyConsidered.ArticleII.TheAdjudicationofCosts.
ARTICLEI.COSTSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.582.WhatareCosts.583.GeneralRulesastotheTaxationofCosts. S584.StatutoryRequirementsastoCosts.§585.Taxation,andRetaxation,ofCosts.§582.WhatareCosts.—Costsaretheexpensesincidenttoasuit;andcon-sist(1)ofthefeesandpostage1allowedbythestatutetotheofficersoftheCourtforvariousspecifiedactsandservicesconnectedwithaprocedureinCourt;(2)ofthefees,mileageandferriageallowedwitnessesinthecause;(3)ofnecessaryfeespaidbythesuccessfulparty,forcopiesofdeeds,bonds,wills,orotherrecords,filedaspartofthetestimony;2(4)oftheexpensesnecessarilyincurred,andallowedbytheCourt,intheprogressofacause,suchasexpensesforprotectingorpreservingproperty,formakingsurveysandplats,andforadvertisingproperty;(5)oftheexpensesincidenttoareceiver-ship,ortoasequestration;and(6)ofcounselandguardianadlitemfees.§583.GeneralRulesastoTaxationofCosts.—CostsinChancery,exceptashereinaftershown,aretaxedagainstsuchparty,orparties,astheCourt,initsdiscretion,maydeemequitablyliabletherefor,inviewofallthecircumstancesofthesuit.3ThediscretionexercisedbytheCourtinadjudgingcostsisnotanarbitrary,capricious,blinddiscretion,butanequitablediscretion,resultingfromaconsiderationoftheentirecase,andallitscircumstances,andthesitua-tionandconductoftheparties,inconnectionwiththeprinciplesandpracticeinreferencetothetaxationofcoststhathavebeenactedoninanalogouscases.4ThediscretionoftheCourtinadjudgingcostsissubjecttoreviewintheSupremeCourt;5butwillnotbereversedexceptincaseofclearabuse.6Asarule,costsfollowtheresultofthesuit;7butthisisbecause,asarule,itisequitablethattheyshould.Thisruleisseldomdepartedfrom,exceptwhenitwouldbeinequitabletofollowit.Parties,thoughunsuccessful,aresome-timesexoneratedfromcosts,becauseoftheirgoodconduct,orsomeEquity;andontheotherhand,successfulpartiesaresometimestaxedwithcosts,be-causeoftheirbadconduct.8Acomplainantmaybeentitledtothereliefheprays,andyetbeguiltyofsomeconductconnectedwiththesuit,orthe1Code,§3207.2Code,§3206.3Code,§4493;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1376.Andtheprosecutionsuretymaybeheldliable,eventhoughhisprincipalissuccessful.Allisonv.Stephens,2Head,251;Ogg«.Leinart,1Heisk.,40.iClarkv.Clark,4Hay.,36.Perkinsv.McGav-ock,3Hay.,255.2Barb.Ch.Pr.,322.Discretionheredoesnotmeananarbitrarydiscretion,butasoundandreasonablediscretion,secundumarbitrittmbonijudicis.1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§693.Whoeverhathpowertoactatdiscretionis_bound_bythe_ruleof
perlegemquidsitjustum.(Discretionistodiscernbyaidofthelawwhatisjust.)5Snappe.Purcell,13Lea,693.6StateV.Lewis,10Lea,168;Grosvenorv.Bethel,9Pick.,577;Tyler«.Walker,17Pick.,306.7Rahtv.MiningCo.,5Lea,79.Ubidamnadan-turvictusvictoriinexpensiscondemnaridebet.CivilLaw.Andifafinaldecreefailtoadjudgethecoststhelawadjudgesthemagainstthelosingparty.Brownv.Wright,1Ch.Apps.,160.82Dan.Ch.Pr.,1397;Hunter».Gardenhire,13Lea,658;Durantv.Davis,10Heisk.,524.

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§584 DECREESASTOCOSTS. 464subject-matter,thatoffendstheconscienceoftheCourt;andso,adefendantmayloseasuit,andyetcommendhimselftothefavorofaconscientiousChan-cellor;insuchcases,theCourtwilladjudgethecostssoastomeettherequire-mentsofEquity,andconformtothepracticeoftheCourtinsuchmatters.9§584.StatutoryRequirementsastoCosts.—ThefollowingarestatutoryexceptionstotherulethatthetaxationofcostsisdiscretionarywiththeCourt
:
1.Whenacomplainantamendshisbillaftercopyissued,hemustpayallthecostsoccasionedthereby.2.Whenadefendant'sanswerisexceptedtoforinsufficiency,andhefilesasufficientanswerwithinamonthonarulesorequiring,hewillnotbeliabletocosts;butifhefailsotodo,nofurtheranswershallbereceivedexceptuponcosts.3.Theunsuccessfulpartymustpaytheotherthreedollarswhenaplea,ordemurrer,oranexceptiontoananswer,isoverruledorallowed.104.Thecomplainantmustpaythecostswhenhisbillisdismissedforwantofprosecution.115.Theapplicantinasuittohavedowerassignedmustpaythecosts.126.Thecomplainant,whofailstosetasideaconveyanceallegedtobefraud-ulent,mustpayallthecostsexceptthoseincidenttothetakingofjudgmentonhisclaim,ifheobtainsuchjudgment.137.Afemaleinwhosefavoradivorcedecreeismadecannotbetaxedwiththecosts.148.TheChanceryCourtswillfollowthelawoftheCircuitCourtsinthetax-ationofcostsinanalogouscases.Thus,(1)incaseoftheabatementofasuitbythedeathofthecomplainant,thedefendantwillbeconsideredthesiiccessfulparty;15and(2)whenadefendantfailsonapleadingtothemeritspreviouslytiled,butsucceedsonapleadinginthenatureofapleasincethelastcontin-uance,hewill,ordinarily,betaxedwiththecostswhichaccruedprevioustothefilingofhislastpleading,whethersuchpleadingbeasupplementalanswer,oracrossbill.16§585.Taxation,andRetaxation,ofCosts.—TheClerkandMastermakesoutthebillofcosts,aftertheyhavebeenadjudgedbytheCourt.Thedefend-antsagainstwhomjudgmenthasbeenrecovered,areentitled,asbetweenthem-selves,toataxationofthecostsofwitnesseswhosetestimonywasobtainedattheinstanceofoneofthedefendants,andinuredexclusivelytohisbenefit.17Costsomittedintaxingthebillofcostsmayberetaxed,atanytime,uponapplicationtotheCourt;butifthejudgmentforcostshasbeenpaid,thepartyagainstwhomtheretaxationisasked,shallhavefivedays'noticeoftheappli-cation.Ifthetaxationofcostsbe.excessive,bychargingthecostsofwitnesseswhowerenotexamined,orbychargingcoststoanimproperparty,ortaxingcostscontrarytolaw,or,thetaxationisotherwiseerroneous,thepartyag-grievedmaymovetheCourtforaretaxation,settingforththeparticularsinwhichtheClerkhaserred.18Notmorethantwowitnessescalledtoprovethesamefactshallbetaxedinanybillofcostsagainstthelosingparty,exceptincaseofwitnessescalledtoattackorsustainthecharacterofawitnessorparty.Ifmorethanthenum-berofwitnessesallowedareexaminedinproofofanyparticularfact,amotion
9SeenextArticleforafullertreatmentofthissubject,§§587-593.10Code,§§4492;4405;4397.11Code,§4494.12Code,§2418.13Code,§4292.14Code,§2477.15Code,§3201.16Code,§3208.17Code,§3210.Thedecreeisforcosts,gener-ally,theirtaxationindetailbeinglefttotheClerk.IftheClerkmistaxthecosts,theCourt,onproper
application,willretaxthem.State,exrel.,v.Alex-ander,7Cates,156.18Code,§3211-3212.Amotiontoretaxcostsisinthenatureofabilltosurchargeandfalsify,andshouldputitsfingeroneveryerrorofcommission,andspecifyeveryomission.'
IfthefactthatcostshavebeenmistaxedagainstapartycomestohisknowledgeaftertheCourthasadjournedhemajrhavetheexecutionstayedastotheerrorscomplainedof,onpresentingapetitiontotheChancelloratChambers,andhaveanadjudicationthereonatthenextterm.

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465 ADJUDICATIONOFCOSTS.§586shouldbemadeatthetermatwhichthecauseistried,andtheCourtwillinstructtheClerkastothetaxationofcosts:suchmotioncannotbemadeafterwards,withoutgoodcauseshown.19ThelosingpartymaymovetheCourtatthetrialterm,todirecttheClerkastohowdisputedcostsshouldbetaxed;orhowcostsshouldbetaxedasbetweenparties,whenseveralofthemaremadevariouslyliableforthecosts.
ARTICLEII.THEADJUDICATIONOFCOSTS.586.TheAdjudicationofCostsGenerallyConsidered.587.WhenaSuccessfulComplainantMaybeTaxedWithCosts.588.WhenaSuccessfulDefendantWillbeTaxedWithCosts.589.WhenEachPartyMustPayHisOwnCosts.
§590.WhentheCostsWillbeApportioned.§591.WhenAdministrators,Guardians,andOtherTrustees,WillbeTaxedWithCosts.§592.CostsonInterlocutoryProceedings.§593.WhenCostsWillbePaidOutoftheFund.§586.TheAdjudicationofCostsGenerallyConsidered.—Byboththecivilandthecommonlawtheunsuccessfulpartywastaxedwiththecostsofthelitigation-,1andbyourCode,thesuccessfulpartyinacivilsuitatlawisentitledtofullcostsunlessotherwisedirectedbylaw;2butintheChanceryCourt,bothbyusage3andbystatute,4costsareadjudgedaccordingtothediscretionoftheCourt,ashereinaftershown.Nevertheless,eveninChancery,asaruletheunsuccessfulpartypaysthecosts;5and,ifadecreeotherwisefinalfailstoad-judgethecosts,thelawadjudgesthemagainstthelosingparty,6andawardsanexecutionthereforiftherebeamoneyrecovery.7§587.WhenaSuccessfulComplainantMaybeTaxedWithCosts.—Itisnotenoughthatacomplainantobtainsadecree:hemust,also,bewithoutfault,ifhewouldescapecosts.Andsoacomplainantmaybesuccessfulandwithoutfault,andyetthedefendantmay,also,bewhollywithoutfault,inwhichcaseitwouldbemanifestlyinequitabletoburdenthelatterwithallthecostsofasuitinstitutedforthecomplainant'sbenefit.Thefollowingarecaseswherethecomplainant,thoughsuccessful,maybechargedwiththecosts,ifthedefendantbefreefromwrong:1,Inasuitbycomplainanttoquiethistitle,defendantsclaimingnothing;82,Wherethede-fendantisamerestake-holder;3,Wherethecomplainantseekstoredeemaftermortgageforfeited;4,Whereafulltenderwasmadebeforesuit;5,Wherethedefendantisadministratororexecutorwithoutassets,andthecomplainantknewthatfact;96,Wherethedefendantsareheirs,claimingnothing,andespeciallyiftheyareminors;87,Whereaninfantonattainingmajoritysuestohavehisdeedsetaside,thedefendantbeingguiltyofnofraud;108,Whereamarriedwomantakesadvantageofhercovertureandrecovers,thedefendanthavingdonenothinginequitable-,119,Whereavendorcompelsaspecificper-formance,buthadnotshownagoodtitle'beforesuit;1210,Whereawidowseeksanassignmentofdower;1311,Wherecomplainantwasgreatlyinfault,butthestrictlawwasinhisfavor;12,Wherecomplainanthasobtainedabar-19Code,§§3213-3214.12Dan.Ch.Pr.,1376;1381.2Code,§3197.32Dan.Ch.Pr.,1376.4Code,§4493.5RahtV.MiningCo.,5Lea,79.
8Armstrongu.Douglass,5Pick.,230:PattonvDixon,21Pick.,97.92Dan.Ch.Pr.,1381-1400.ioBarkerv.Wilson,4Heisk.,27111DurantV.Davis,10Heisk.,52412AdamsEa..389.

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§588ADJUDICATIONOFCOSTS.466gainoppressivetothedefendant;13,"Wherethecomplainantrecovers,butclaimedgreatlytoomuch;1414,Wherethedefendantofferedareasonableset-tlementbeforesuit;15and15,Whereacomplainanthasbeenguiltyoflaches,™orhismistakecausedthesuit;1716,Wherehefiledanoriginalbillwhenhecouldhaveobtainedthesamereliefbycrossbillinapendingsuit;1817,Wherehebroughtanunnecessary,foreclosuresuit;1918,Wherehisownmis-conductnecessitatedthesuit;20and19,Wherehisrecoveryislessthanfiftydollars.21Inalmostallcaseswherethecomplainantobtainsreliefandthedefendantisinsolvent,theCourtwillrequirethecomplainanttopaythecostsduetheofficersoftheCourt,andhisownwitnesses,inthefirstinstance;andgivehimajudgmentoveragainstthedefendantforsuchcosts.§588.WhenaSuccessfulDefendantWillbeTaxedWithCosts.—Adefend-antnotunfrequentlyisguiltyofsuchunconscientiousconductinconnectionwiththelitigation,that,thoughsuccessful,itwouldbeinequitabletoburdenthecomplainantwiththecosts.Thefollowingarecaseswherethedefendant,thoughsuccessful,shouldbechargedwiththecosts:1,Whereasadministrator,executor,guardian,ortrustee,hefailedtofileproperinventories,ormakethesettlementsrequiredbylaw,inconsequencewhereofsuitwasbroughtforanaccount;222,Wherethesuitwascausedbythedefendantfalselyclaimingtobeheir,executor,partner,orthelike;233,Where,inadivorcecase,hisconductwasveryimproper;2*4,Whereasuitforspecificperformancewasdismissed,becausethedefendanthadnotitle;255,Wherehisvacillatingconductcaused,orprolonged,theliti-gation,heobtainingbenefitsonceinformallyrenounced;266,Wherehisnegli-gence,ormistakeoflaw,causedthelitigation;277,WherehesucceedsonthepJeaofbankruptcy;28or8,onthedefenceofformeradjudicationsetupinhisanswer,butwithoutmerits;29or9,Wherehisdefencewastechnical,andwith-outmerits;4010,Whereheintroducedanunnecessaryamountoftestimony;3111,Wherehesucceededonacrossbill,buthisnegligencecausedthelitiga-tion;32or12,Where,asagent,hismisconductcausedthesuit.33§589.WhenEachPartyMustPayHisOwnCosts.—TherearecaseswheretheCourtwillmakeeachpartypayhisowncosts,mostofthembeingcaseswherebothpartiesareequallyatfault,orequallywithoutfault,orwherethedefendantsucceeds,butwithoutmerits.Inthefollowingcaseseachpartyshouldpayhisowncosts:1,WherethesuitisadjustedoutofCourt,thedefendantobtainingset-offsorreductions,andthecostsnotbeingdisposedof;342,Wherecomplainantfailedbecauseofhismisunderstandingofthecon-tract,butwithoutfaultonhispart;353,Where,inadoubtfulcase,thecom-plainant,thoughsuccessful,refusedafairofferofadjustment;4,Wherebothpartiesareatfault;36or5,areequallyinnocent;376,Wherethesuitiscause!bythemisconductofathirdperson,bothpartiesbeingwithoutfault;387,Wherethedefendantsucceeds,butwithoutmeritsofhisown;398,Where,inconsequenceofthepeculiarhardshipofthecase,theunsuccessfulpartyshould
142Dan.Ch.Pr.,1398-1399.162Dan.Ch.Pr.,1394-1396;CoalCreek,M.&M.Co.v.Moses,15Lea311;Perkinsv.McGavock,3Hay.,257.182Dan.Ch.Pr.,1398;BrackenB.Martin,3Yerg.,55.17HelmV.Wright,2Hum.,72.18ParkerV.Britt.,4Heisk.,243.19Clarkv.Jones,9Pick.,639.20Huffmanv.Huffman,1Lea,497.21Smetsv.Williams,4Paige,(N.Y.)364.222Dan.Ch.Pr.,1416-1417.23AdamsEq.,389;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1405;Piguev.Young,1Pick.,263.24Shellv.Shell,2Sneed,729.25AdamsEq.,389.26Gentryv.Gentry,1Sneed,87.
27Frakerv.Brazleton,12Lea,281;Wrayv.Wil-liams,2Yerg.,302.28Paynev.Beech,2Tenn.Ch.,711.29Arnoldv.Kyle,8Bax.,319.30McKoinV.Cooley,3Hum.,561.31Lassaterv.Garrett,4Bax.,375.32CrankV.Flowers,4Heisk.,638.33Rayv.Haag,1Ch.Apps.,249.34EastburnV.Kirk,2John.Ch.,317;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,795;2Ibid.,1382.352Dan.Ch.Pr.,1398.30Knuckollsv.Lea,10Hum.,577.372Dan.Ch.Pr.,1400-1402;Hicksv.Porter,6Pick.,1.38PenaletonV.Eaton,3John.Ch.,69,89Peckv.Peck,9Yerg.,305;Nicollv.Trustees,1Tohn.Ch.,166;Finleyv.Gant,8Bax.,115.

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467 ADJUDICATIONOFCOSTS.§590berelievedfrompartofthecosts;409,Wherethedefendantsucceedsonthegroundthatthecomplainantparticipatedintheinequitableconducthecom-plainsof;4110,Whereproofisveryconflicting,butnosatisfactoryprepon-deranceinfavorofthecomplainant;42and11,WhereacauseisremandedbytheSupremeCourtforproofofcomplainant'scorporatecharacter.43§590.WhentheCostsWillbeApportioned.—Therearecaseswhereitwouldbehardlyequitabletoonerateeitherpartywithallthecosts,andyetwhereitwouldnotbeequitabletoonerateoneofthepartieswithallofhisowncosts.InsuchcasestheCourtapportionsthecosts.Thefollowingarecaseswherecostsareordinarilyapportioned:1,Wherethereareseveralissues,orclaims,andthecomplainantfailsonsome,andsucceedsonothers;442,Wherethecomplainantfailstomaintainsomeallegedequities;3,Wherethesuitwasbroughtforanaccountandsustained;454,Wherethecomplainantfailstoproveanallegedfraudulentconveyance,butestablisheshisdebt;465,Wherethedefendantansweredwhenhemighthaveendedthesuitbydemurrer,orplea,andtherebysavedcostsanddelay;476,Wherethecomplainantfails,butwasdeceivedbythedefendant'sconduct;487,Wherethecomplainantobtainsadecree,butmadeunfoundedchargesoffraud;498,Wherethebillisdismissedbecausebothpartiesareguiltyofiniquity;49a9,Wherethecomplainantsuc-ceeds,butwasnegligentofmattersaffectingtheinterestsofthedefendant,whowasanimfocentsuffererinthetransaction;5010,Whereacomplainantsucceedsbutcouldhaveobtainedthesamereliefbycrossbillinanothercause;5111,Wherenoneofthepartieshavemerits;52and12,Wheretheyareapportionedamongthepartiesinproportiontotheirrespectiveinterests.53§591.WhenAdministrators,Executors,GuardiansandOtherTrustees,andOfficers,WillbeTaxedWithCosts.—Itismanifestlyinequitablethataninno-centpersonshouldsufferbecauseofthenegligence,fraudorothermisconductofanother,especiallyifthelatterischargedwiththedutyofcaringfortheinterestsoftheformer.Forthisreason,Courtschargeexecutors,adminis-trators,guardiansandothertrustees,personallywiththecostsofimproperproceedingsinstitutedbythem,andofproperproceedingsinstitutedagainstthem.54Thefollowingwillserveasillustrationsofthisgeneralrule;1,Whereanadministrator'sbilltoselllandtopaydebtsisdismissed,becausenotsus-tainedbyproperproofs;552,Whereanadministratorfailedtopleadthestatuteoflimitations,althoughonthehearingnoassetswerefoundinhishands;563,Whereatrusteeisseekingtoenforceanimpropercompromise;574,Whereadministrators,executors,guardiansortrusteesareheldpersonallyliablefortailingtodischargeaduty;5,Whereanadministratorsuedtorecoverland,thetitletowhichwasinhisintestate'sheirs;58and6,aJudgeactingcoramnonjudicemaybetaxedwiththecostsofasuccessfulmandamussuitagainsthim.5i*
§592.CostsonInterlocutoryProceedings.—TheChancellorfrequentlyad-judgescostsinaninterlocutoryordergrantingleavetoamendpleadings,orsettingasideaproconfesso,orextendingthetimefortakingproof,oroverrulingapleaordemurrer,orgrantingacontinuance,orallowingtherehearingofa
402Dan.Ch.Pr.,1404.412Dan.Ch.Pr.,1397.42Humphreysv.McCloud,3Head,235.45Bankv.Jefferson,8Pick.,537.442Dan.Ch.Pr.,1407;AdamsEq.,389;Rahtr.MiningCo.,2Lea,80.462Dan.Ch.Pr.,1407-1408.46Code,§4292.Insuchacase,complainantmustpayallthecostsdowntothedecreeadjudgingthattheconveyanceisnotfraudulent.Thisprovisionofthestatuteoftenoperatesinfavorofdishonestdebt-ors,andshouldberepealed.SeeBumponFraud.Con.,572-573.472Dan.Ch.Pr.,1394;Reedv.Noe,9Yerg.,283;Code,§4320.
49aCarrickV.Armstrong,2Cold.,268.Inthiscase,thebillwasdismissed,andeachpartytaxedwithhalfthecosts.50IrwinV.Burnett,6Hum.,344.51ParkerV.Britt,4Heisk.,249.52Peckv.Peck,9Yerg.,301.53TraughberV.Smelser,24Pick.,347.542Dan.Ch.Pr.,1416-1419;Wadev.Fisher,10Heisk.,490.55Wadev.Fisher,10Heisk.,490;Porterfieldv.Taliaferro,9Lea,242.56AppersonV.Harris,7Lea,323;Wrayv.Wil-liams,2Yerg.,302.57DeGraffenreidv.Green,1Cold.,110.58CothamV.Britt,10Heisk.,469.

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§593ADJUDICATIONOFCOSTS.468cause,orgrantinganewtrialbyjury.Inallsuchcases,thecontrollingcon-siderationsshouldbe:1,Hastheapplicantmanifestedgoodfaithandduedili-gence?and2,Willtheallowanceoftheapplicationresultinanincreaseofthecosts,orinanywayoperatetothedisadvantageoftheoppositeparty?60Thefollowinggeneralruleswillserveasaguideintaxingcostsoninterlocu-toryproceedings
:
1.AProConfessoshouldbeSetAsideonlyuponthepaymentofthecostsofthecause,exceptincasesheretoforespecified.603,2.AnAmendmenttoaPleadingthatcausesacontinuanceshouldnotbeal-lowed,exceptuponthepaymentofthesamecostsaswouldbeimposedonacontinuance.3.AnExtensionoftheTimeforTakingProofshouldnotbeallowed,exceptuponthepaymentofthecostsofalldepositions,orotherproofs,thereaftertakenorfiledbyeitherparty.4.AContinuanceshouldnotbegranted,aftertheexpirationofthestatutorylimefortakingproof,exceptonpaymentofalltheunadjudgedcostsofthecause.5.ABehearing,oraNewTrialshouldnotbegrantedinordertoletinnewevidence,exceptonpaymentofalltheadjudgedcostsofthecause.6.AffidavitsShowingGoodCause60bforgrantingtheapplicationshouldbeim-perativelyrequiredineachoftheforegoingcases,andoralstatements,asonaffidavit,shouldnotbeheard,evenbyconsent.7.MoCostsshouldbeTaxedinanyoftheforegoingcaseswhentheapplica-tionistheresultoftheactofanofficeroftheCourt,orofthefraudoftheoppo-siteside,orofaccidentormistake,unmixedwithnegligenceonthepartoftheapplicant,hisSolicitororagent.8.OnOverrulingaDemurrer,orPlea,deemedfrivolous,thedefendantshouldbetaxedwithallthecostsofthecause,ifsuchdemurrerorpleawasfiledmorethantwomonthsbeforethefirstdayoftheterm.61§593.WhenCostswillbePaidOutoftheFund.—TheChanceryCourtisfrequentlycalledontoadministerafund,oranestate;ortoaidexecutors,administrators,guardiansorothertrustees,intheadministrationoftheirtrusts;ortowindupestates,corporationsandpartnershipsthatareinsolvent.Insuchcases,wherenopartyhasbeenguiltyofinequitableconduct,orhascausedunnecessarycosts,theCourtordinarilyordersthecosts'tobepaidoutofthefundbeingadministered.Thefollowingarecasesofthischaracter:1,Whereanestate,orfund,isbeingadministeredbytheCourt:butthecostsofunnecessaryproceedingswillbepaidbythepartycausingthem.622,Whereexecutors,administrators,guardians,receivers,trustees,andagents,fairlyaccountandpayover,andactingoodfaith,andthesuitisnotcausedbytheirmisconduct;633,WhereanexecutorproperlyseekstheaidoftheCourt,inconstruing,executingorsustainingawill;644,Wherethesuitisnecessarytotheexecutionofatrust;655,Wherethesuitisbroughtbyoneormorecreditorsforthebenefitofall;6,Wherethesuitistoadministeracharity,iftheparties60Therulesthatimposeinterlocutorycostsaregenerallybasedontheprincipleofcompensation^Thelawhasnofavoritesasbetweenequals,exceptinsofarasitfavorsthosewhoarediligent;andaCourthasnorighttograntafavortoonepartyattheexpenseofanotherparty.Favorsshouldbepaidforincosts;otherwisethepartyindefaultisre-warded,andthepartywhohasdonehisdutyispunished.AshewhoseeksEquitymustdoEquity,sohewhoseeksafavoroftheCourtshouldaccom-panyhisapplicationwithanoffertopaysuchcostsastheCourtmayimpose.Norulesogreatlyen-couragesdiligenceandpreventsnegligence,astheuniformtaxationofcostsagainstpartiesseekingfavors.Thesubjectofthetaxationofcostsincasesofamendmentsandcontinuanceshasbeenalreadyfully-onsidered.Ante,§§429;526-529.60aSee,ante,§207.sobSee,ante,§62,sub-sec.8.
61Code,§§2938;3203.Code,§2934,iscon-struedasapplicabletotheChanceryCourts;Kirk-manv.Snodgrass,3Head,370;thenwhynot§2938,inthesameArticle?Thethreedollarsad-judgedagainsttheunsuccessfulpartyontheargu-mentofdemurrersandpleas,Code,§§4397;4405;4492,areinthenatureofaforfeit,orpenalty,andarenotcostsintheordinarysense.ThereisnonecessaryconflictbetweenthevarioussectionsoftheCodeonthissubject;andEquity_shouldfollowthelawinuprootingfrivolouspleadingsfiledformeredelay.622Dan.Ch.Pr.,1377;1411.632Dan.Ch.Pr.,1411-1418.64Bennettv.Bradford,1Cold.,472;Rogersv.Ross,4John.Ch.,608;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1427;Frank-linv.Armfield,1Cold.,638.65AdamsEq.,389,DeGraffenreidt).Green,1Cold.,110.

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§.594REFERENCESTOTHEMASTER.470
CHAPTERXXX.REFERENCESTOTHEMASTER,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.AkticleI.WhenReferencesareNecessary,orProper.ArticleII.ProceedingsuponaReference.ArticleIII.TheMaster'sReport.ArticleIVProceedingsuponaMaster'sReport.
ARTICLEI.WHENREFERENCESARENECESSARY,ORPROPER.594.ObjectofaReferencetotheMaster.595.WhatMattersMaybeReferredtotheMaster.596.MattersNotPropertobeReferredtotheMaster.597.WhenReferencestotheMasterareNecessary.
§598.WhenReferencestotheMasterareProper.§599.HowandWhenReferencesareMade.§600.FrameofaReference.§601.FormofaReference.§602.ReferenceonFurtherDirections.§594.ObjectofaReferencetotheMaster—Thereareoften(1)inquiriestobemadeduringthependencyofasuit,or(2)accountstobetaken,or(3)calculationstobemade,or(4)settlementstobeinvestigated,or(5)particularsLobeascertained,or(6)specialministerialactstobeperformed,or(7)othermatterstobeattendedto,whichrequiretheskillofabookkeeper,accountant,oramanofbusiness,ratherthanthejudgmentofaChancellor;andiftheChancellorwasobligedtoattendtoallofthesemattersofinquiryanddetail,thesessionsoftheCourtwouldbegreatlyprolonged,andthenumberofChan-cellorswouldhavetobegreatlyincreased.Toremedythisdifficulty,andenabletheChancellortodevotehistimetothefindingandadjudicationofthemoreimportantmattersinlitigation,andtothedeterminationoftheprinciplesgoverningthecontroversy,EquityCourtshaveanofficer,calledaMasterinChancery,speciallyfittedtoaidtheChancellor,bytakingoffhisshoulderstheburdenofmanydetails,themakingofmanyinquiries,andtheascertainmentofmanyfacts.Thecharacter,powers,anddutiesofthisofficer.areshownelsewhere.1ThefindingsoftheMasterareanalagoustoaspecialverdictinaCourtoflaw,anditmaybestatedgenerally,thatwhatajuryistotheCircuitCourt,theMasteristotheChanceryCourt,withtheseadvantagesinfavoroftheChancerypractice:(1)theMaster'sreportsarefarmoredefinite,precise,andthoroughthantheverdictsofajury;(2)theMaster'sreports,asarule,aremorecorrectandotherwisemoresatisfactorythanverdicts;(3)theMaster'serrorsaremoremanifest,andmoreeasilycorrectedthantheerrorsofajury;2and(4)therearemattersofaccount,ofdetailsofcalculation,oftabulation,andofclassification,withwhichjuriesarewhollyunfittedtodeal.3Hence,itmaybestatedthattheobjectsofareferencetotheMasterare:1,TorelievetheChancellorofthedetailsandminormattersinvolvedinalitiga-
1SeeChapterontheClerkandMaster,post,§§1153-1172.2TheMaster'sreportgivesitemsanddetailsspec-ifically,whereastheverdictofajuryisingross,anditcannotoftenbeknownwhetheranyparticularitemwasallowedornot.
8Howcouldajurybymeansoforalexplanationspassonthemanyitemsofcrossaccountscontainedinvariousbooksormemoranda,andrunningthroughmanyyears?

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471 REFERENCESTOTHEMASTER.§595tion,totheendthattheChancellormayhavemoretimetodevotetothecon-siderationofthelargermatters;4and2,Topresentthedetails,orminormat-tersinsuchaformastoenablethepartiestoscrutinizethem,andpointoutallsupposederrors.§595.WhatMattersmaybeReferredtotheMaster.—ThemattersreferredtotheMasterarealmostasnumerousasthematterssubjecttothejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourt;andincludethefollowing:1,Whetheritistotheinterestoftheownerstosellatractoflandforpartition;2,Whetheritistothemanifestinterestofminors,ormarriedwomen,toselltheirproperty;3,Whetheritisnecessarytoselladecedent'slandstopayhisdebts;4,Whetherthetitletolandsold,orabouttobesold,or.purchased,isgood;5,Whetherthereareanytaxliens,mortgages,trustdeeds,lifeestates,orotherliensonlandsold,orabouttobepurchased,byorderoftheCourt;6,Whataretherssetsandliabilitiesofadecedent,apartnership,corporation,orotherperson,whoseassetsareinthecustodyoftheCourt;7,Whataretherelativerightsandprioritiesofvariouscreditors,orclaimants,ofthesamefund;8,Whatisthestateoftheaccountbetweenaguardian,personalrepresentative,receiverorothertrustee,andthebeneficiaries;orbetweenpersonshavingmutualdeal-ings;9,Thevalidityandamountofanyparticularliability;10,Thecompensa-tionofguardians,personalrepresentatives,receivers,trustees,guardiansadlitem,-Solicitors,andothers;11,Theproperallowanceforthemaintenanceofamarriedwoman,infantorpersonofunsoundmind,orfortheeducationofaninfant;12,Theinvestmentofmoneybelongingtopersonsunderdisability,orbelongingtopersonswhofailtodrawthesameoutofCourt;13,Theascer-tainmentofheirs,orlegatees,ordistributees,whoseestatesareinCourt;andtheirresidences,whentheirnamesandabodesareunknown;14,Theassess-mentofdamagesinanycasewhereproperlyallowable;15,Theascertainmentofthevalueofanyproperty,realorpersonal,orofanybettermentorperma-nentimprovement;and16,whetherinanypleading,petitionordeposition,thereisany,andwhat,scandalous,impertinentorunnecessarymatter.Indeed,itmaybestatedthat,ingeneral,thereisnoquestionofunknownordisputedfactwhichmaynotbereferredtotheMaster,totheendthattheChancellorandthepartiesmayhavethebenefitofhisinvestigationsandfindings.5Whereaquestionarisesincidentally(1)astothetitletopropertyabouttobepurchased,orsold,undertheordersoftheCourt,or(2)astowhoownscertainpropertyinvolvedinthelitigation,or(3)astowhatintereststhepar-ties,orothersnotparties,haveinsuchproperty,or(4)astowhatencumb-rancesrestuponpropertyabouttobepurchasedorsoldundertheordersofTheCourt,inanyandallsuchcasesitispropertorefersuchmatterstotheMaster;6butwherethesuitisbroughtexpresslytorecoverpropertyonthestrengthofcomplainant'stitle,theCourtmustthendeterminethetitle;andthetruthofcomplainant'sallegationsofownershipinsuchacaseisnotapropermattertobereferredtotheMaster.7§596.MattersnotPropertobeReferredtotheMaster.—Thelineofdivis-ion,betweenmatterspropertobereferredtotheMaster,andmattersnotpropertobereferred,isnotwelldefined;butitmaybestated,generally,thatthemainissuesofthecontroversy,8andtheprinciplesonwhichtheseissuesaretobeadjudicated,mustbedeterminedbytheChancellor,9whilecollateral,sub-ordinate,andincidentalissues,andtheascertainmentoffactsancillarytothedeterminationofthemainissues,ortotheexecutionofthedecree,maybereferredtotheMaster.Itispotpropertoreferaquestionoflaw,orthedeter-4Seenote12,infra.51Smith'sCh.Pr.,9-11.<i2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1215;1283;1Barb.Ch.Pr..519;Code,§3310.MoredockV,Williams,1Tenn.,(Over.,)325;Buchananv.Alwell,8Hum.,516.7Woodsonv.Smith.1Head.277.Thiscaseis
Mastertodetermineaquestionoftitlecanbemadeinnocase.Itdoesnotsodecide.Thedecisionisentirelyinaccordwiththegeneraldoctrinelaiddowninthetext.SeeBuchananv.Alwell,8Hum.,516,JudgeMcKinneywritingbothopinions.82Dan.Ch.Pr..1168.note.

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§597REFERENCESTOTHEMASTER.472urinationofaquestionoflaw,totheMaster,butamixedquestionoflawandfactmaybereferred.10Referencesinoldcasesastooldmatters,andastowhathasbeendoneintheease,orwhatitspresentconditionis,oughtnottobegranted:thisistheworkofcounsel.11§597.WhenReferencestotheMasterareNecessary.—ReferencestotheMasterarenecessaryinthefollowingcases:1,Wheninanycaseitisnecessarytotakeandstateanaccountbetweentheparties,coveringnumerousitems;2,Whentheassetsofadecedent,apartnership,acorporation,orotherperson,arebeingadministeredinCourt,anditbecomesnecessarytoascertainthekind,itemsandamountofsuchassets,andthenames,prioritiesandequities,ofthecreditors,andtheamountdueeach;3,Whenitbecomesnecessarytoshowadeficiencyofpersonalassets,inordertojustifythesaleofadecedent'slandstopayhisdebts;4,WhenaninsolventestateisbeingwoundupinChancery,anditbecomesnecessarytoascertainthecharacterandamountoftheassets,andthenames,prioritiesandequities,ofthevariouscreditorsandclaimants,andtheamountsdueeach;5,Whenitbecomesnecessarytoascertainwhetherany,andwhat,taxliens,mortgages,trustdeeds,lifeestates,andotherencumbrances,existonlandsold,abouttobesold,orabouttobepurchasedbytheCourt;6,WhenthedutydevolvesontheCourtofinvestingmoneybe-longingtopersonsunderdisability,anditbecomesnecessarytofindabar-gainor,oraborrower;7,Whenitbecomesnecessarytomakeinquiryfor.heirs,distributees,legatees,orpersonsentitledtoafundinCourt.Referencesarenecessaryinthe1st,2d,3d,and4thoftheforegoingcases
:
1,Becausetheynecessitatelong,minuteandtediousarithmeticalcalculations
;
2,Becausethedutiesconnectedwiththemareclericalratherthanjudicial;3,Becausetheaccountsareoftensolongandsocomplicatedthaterrorsandomissionsarealmostunavoidable;4,Becauseallpartiesininterestshouldhaveanopportunitytoscantheaccountwhentaken,totheendthattheymaypointoutanyandallerrors,oromissions,therein;and5,BecausebybringingthecaseonforhearingontheMaster'sreport,andtheexceptionsthereto,ailclericalmattersareeliminated,orgreatlyreduced,andthecontroversyisnar-roweddowntotherealpointsinissue,andtothosemattersonlyinthecasethatrequirejudicialdetermination.12Referencesarenecessaryinthe5th,6th,and7thoftheforegoingcases:1,BecausethedutiesimposedinsuchcasesontheMasterareincompatiblewiththeofficeofJudge;2,BecausethedutyofaChancellorisnottohuntforfactsoutsideoftherecord,buttodeclaretherightsofthepartiesontherecordaspresentedbythem;and3,BecausethedutiesimposedbythereferencerequiresomuchtimethattheycouldnotwellbeattendedtowhileCourtisinsession.§588.WhenReferencestotheMasterareProper.—TherearemattersastowhichreferencestotheMasterarepropertobemade,butarenotimperative
;
matterswhichtheChancellormayrefertotheMasterforareport,orwhichhemaydeterminewithoutareference.Inthesecases,theChancellorexerciseshisdiscretion,anddirectsareference,oradjudicateswithoutareference,astheexigencymayrequire.Inexercisinghisdiscretioninsuchmatters,theChan-cellorwillconsider:1,WhethertheMaster'sdutiesonareferencewillbeappropriatetohisoffice;2,Whethermoreproofwillberequired,orisdesired
;
3,WhetherareportbytheMasterwillnarrow,simplify,ormoreclearlydefine,102Dan.Ch.Pr.,1203;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,516.11Eubankv.Wright,2Tenn.Ch.,538.12Whitev.Cox,4Hay.,214.Besides,whileaChancellormightbewillinghimselftoperformthedrudgeryoftakingandstatinganaccountafterahearing,hehasnorighttooneratetheJudgesoftheSupremeCourtwithsuchdrudgeryaswouldnecessarilyresultfromthepracticeofdecidingsuchsuitswithoutareferenceandareport.AChan-cellorwhowouldundertaketodecideacomplicatedaccount,withoutareferenceandareport,wouldfindhimselfoverwhelmedbysuchaconfusionofdetails
thattheargumentofcounselwouldonly"darkenbyitselucidations,andpuzzlebyitsexplanations;"hisdecree,whenrendered,wouldbebutlittle,ifany,betterthanaMaster'sreport;and,onappealtotheSupremeCourt,theassignmentoferrorswouldbemerelyexceptionstotheChancellor'sre-port.TheSupremeCourtshouldnottoleratesuchapractice.ButinGrayu.StateitwasheldthatthetrialJudgeintheCircuitCourtmightstateanac-countwithoutreferringittotheClerk.11Pick.,317.

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473 REFERENCESTOTHEMASTER.§599themattersincontroversy;and4,WhetherareportwillenableeitherorbothpartiestopresenttheircasesmoresatisfactorilytotheCourt.Iftheseques-tionsareansweredintheaffirmative,theChancellorwillgenerallyorderaref-erence;if,however,theprobabilitiesarethattheMaster'sreportwillsettlenothing,butthatonexceptionstheretothewholecontroversywillcomeonforredeterminationbeforetheCourt,insuchacaseareferencewillnotbemade.TheinclinationoftheChancelloristoorderareferencewheneitherpartydesiresit,unlessthedesireisbasedonadispositiontodelaythefinaldeter-minationofthesuit.13Subjecttothesegeneralrules,referencesareproperwhenthequestionis:1,whetheratractoflandshouldbesoldforpartition;or,2,whetheritismani-festlytotheinterestofminors,ormarriedwomen,tbselltheirpropertyforreinvestment,orfortheirmaintenanceoreducation;or,3,whetheraparticularclaimisvalid,anditsamount;or,4,whatisareasonablecompensationforaguardian,personalrepresentative,receiver,trustee,guardianadlitem,Solic-itor,14oranyotherpersonentitledtocompensation;or,5,whatisaproperallowanceforthemaintenanceofamarriedwoman,infant,orpersonofun-soundmind,orfortheeducationofaninfant;or,6,whatamountofdamagesisproperlyallowableinagivencase;or,7,whatisthereasonablevalueofanyproperty,realorpersonal,orofanybettermentsorpermanentimprove-ments;or,8,whatisthepresentcashvalueofahomestead,dower,orotherlifeestate;or,9,whetherapartyhasatitletopropertyincontroversy;15or,10,whetheranypleading,petition,ordepositioncontainsany,andwhat,scandal-ous,impertinent,orunnecessarymatter.§599.HowandWhenReferencesareMade.—Asareferenceisastepintheprogressofasuit,itisgenerallymadeonmotionofthecomplainant:some-times,however,itismadeonmotionofthedefendant;andsometimestheChan-cellormakesareferenceonhisownmotion,forhisownguidanceorinforma-tion.Areferenceisusuallymadeafterapreliminaryhearingonthemainquestionsincontroversy,andafteradecreesettlingthosequestions;therefer-enceinsuchcasesbeingmainlyinfurtheranceofthedecree,andbeingbasedontheadjudicationmade,andtheprinciplesdeclared.16Sometimes,however,thepleadingsthemselvesshowthatareportwillbenecessary;andwhen,insuchacase,areferencecanbemade,plainly,pointingouttotheMasterwhathemustreporton,andbywhatruleshemustbeguided,areferencewillbeorderedwithoutwaitingforanyhearingontheproof,leavingthepartiestointroducetheirproofbeforetheMaster,andtocontestanymatterindisputebyexceptionstotheMaster'sreport.Otherreferencesaremadeonpetitionofthirdparties,oraremadeasinci-dentaltothemainlitigation,oraselucidatoryofsomesideissue,orasneces-sarytoacompletedecree,orasameansofavoidingfurtherlitigationconnectedwiththesubject-matterofthesuit.Areferencemaybehadatanytimebetweenthefilingofananswerandthefinaldispositionofthecause,evenafteradecreeandthereturnofanexecutionsatisfied,orafterasalemadeandconfirmed.Inshort,areferencewillbeorderedwhenevernecessarytoenabletheCourttodojusticeinanymatterconnectedwiththelitigation,orconnectedwiththeenforcementofthedecree,13Thedevicesofcounseltosecuredesireddelaysaremultitudinous;theformsinwhichthesedelaysaresoughtareProtean;thereasonsbywhichtheirapplicationsfordelayaresupportedareplausibleandseductive;andtheirprotestationsthattheyde-sirethespeediestpossibletrialconsistentwithjusticearevehementandperplexing.14TheChancellorshouldalwaysdeterminethecompensationofaguardianadlitemandSolicitor,wherealltheservicesbythemwererenderedinthegivencase,andareevidencedbytherecord,orjudiciallyknowntotheCourt.Areferencetothe
15AreferenceisfrequentlymadetotheMastertoinquireintothetitleofapartytopropertyinquestioninacause.Referencesofthisnatureareprincipallymadeinsuitsforthespecificperformanceofcontractsforthesale,orpurchase,ofrealestate;butsuchreferencesarenotconfinedtosuchcases.Apurchasermayhaveareferencebeforethesaleisconfirmedtohim;orevenafterconfirmationandbeforehepaysthepurchase-money.2Dan..Ch.Pr..1215-1220.10Theorderofreferencemustbefoundedonthepleadingsandproofs,andcannotbemoreextensive

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§600 REFERENCESTOTHEMASTER.474orthedistributionoftheproceedsofadecree.Areference,however,shouldneverbemadeastomattersofaccount,unlesstheCourtisable,eitherfromtheadmissionsoftheanswer,orfromtheproof,tosospecifytheprinciplesandrulesonwhichtheaccountistobetakenastolimittherangeofinquiry,andreducethematterstobereportedon,tothosepointsessentialtothedetermina-tionofthelitigation.Generalandindefinitereferencesforanaccount,withoutdetermininganyprinciples,orgivinganyspecialdirectionsfortheguidanceoftheMaster,shouldneverbemade,astheygenerallyresultinunnecessaryproof,andaninconclusiveandunprofitablereport,productiveonlyofcosts,confusion,disappointmentanddelay.17Indecreeinganaccount,theCourtshouldsettleandspecifytheprinciplesonwhichtheaccountistobetaken;and,whenpracticable,shoulddefinethepowersanddutiesoftheMaster,andindicate,inageneralway,whatheisrequiredtodoineachparticularmatterreferredtohim.18Theobjectofsuchrulingsanddirectionsistonarrowtherangeofinquiry,topointouttotheMasterthepathsforhimtopursueinhisinvestigations,andtherebypreventtheunnecessaryaccumulationofcosts.TheCourtshould,also,ruleondis-putedmattersofevidence,andspecifywhatbooksofaccount,orotherevi-dencesofaccount,whatsettlements,andwhatotherproofs,theMastermay-consider,andwhatweightheshouldgivethem,andwhatrightsofsurchargeandfalsification,orwhatotherlibertiesthevariouspartiesmayexercise.IftheChancellor,atthehearing,hasreachedadefiniteconclusionastoanylargeitemsoftheaccount,heshouldsofind,anddirecttheMastertotakesuchitemsasprimafacie,orabsolutelycorrect,ortototallyrejectthem,asthecasemaybe.19Iftherebeagreementstobeconstrued,orinstrumentstobepassedon,thedecreeofreferenceshouldsettletheconstructionandeffectofsuchagree-ments,anddeterminethevalidityandmeaningofsuchinstruments,sothattheMastermaybeneitherentanglednorembarrassedbysuchquestions.20References,however,maybemadebyconsent,withoutanypreliminarydeter-minationofprinciples.21§600.TheFrameofaReference.—Iftheorderofreferenceistoelucidatesomematterincontroversy,itmustnecessarilyconformtotheissuesraisedbythepleadings;ifthereferenceisnotforthepurposeofaidinginthedeterminationofthemattersincontroversy,itmust,nevertheless,relatetosomematterpertinenttothepleadings,ortothedecrees,ortothesubject-matter,ortothefundsorpropertyinthecustodyoftheCourt.Theorderofreferenceshouldclearlyindicatethemattertobereportedon,andifanyrulesordirectionsarenecessaryforthegiiidanceoftheMaster,theyshouldbespecified.TheordershouldnotonlycontainallthespecificdirectionsnecessarytoenabletheMastertounderstandwhatheisexpectedtodo,butshouldlaydownwithparticularitytheprinciplesonwhichheistoact,totheendthattheinquirymaybemadeasnarrowaspossible,andallimpertinentandunnecessarymattersmaybeexcluded.22Ifanybookofaccount,orsettlementbetweenthepartiesisdeemedprimafaciecorrectbytheCourt,theorderofreferenceshouldsostate,andleavebegiventheattackingpartytosurchargeandfalsifysuchbookofaccount,orsettlement;23butifsuchsettlementiswhollysetaside,andanaccountdenovoordered,thedecreeshouldsostate.17Careyv.Williams,1Lea,51;Pattonv.Cone,1Lea,14;Terrellv.Ingersoll,10Lea,77.182Dan.Ch.Pr.,1221,note;Cobbo.Jameson,1Tenn.Ch.,604;Jonesv.Douglass,1Tenn.Ch.,357.19Thedecreeofreferenceshouldspecifywhataccountsandsettlements,ifany,shouldbetakenasprimafaciecorrect.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1232,note.202Dan.Ch.Pr.,1233,notes.Inshort,thede-creeofreferenceshould,asfaraspossible,blazeouttheMaster'sroad,andmile-markit,andputupfinger-boardsattheforks,andindicatethepathstobeavoidedandtheshortcutsthatmaybetakenwithsafety.
211Dan.Ch.Pr.,857,note;2Ibid,992;Wes-sellsv.Wessells,1Tenn.Ch.,58;TrimbleV.Dodd,2Tenn.Ch.,500.Wheretheadultpartiesconsenttoanaccountbeforeahearing,theChancellormay,inapropercase,consentforthepartiesunderdis-ability.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,857.Butinsuchcases,thereferenceshouldbeexpresslywithoutprejudicetoany_questioninthecaseaffectingthoseunderdisability.22Cobbv.Jameson,1Tenn.Ch..604;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1221,note.282Dan.Ch.Pr.,1232,note.

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475 REFERENCESTOTHEMASTER.§601Ineaseofareferenceforanaccount,orforareferenceastomoremattersthanone,theordershouldbedividedintoparts,eachpartcontainedinasepa-rateparagraph,andcoveringasubdivisionoftheaccount,orasinglematter
;
andeachparagraphshouldbegiveninitsproperlogicalorder,orlegalse-quence,andbeconsecutivelynumbered.Theparagraphingandconsecutivenumberingofanorderofreferenceisnecessarytoanorderlyandintelligiblereport.24Theorderofreferencemayspecifywhenareportshallbemade,andwhenfled,andmaystatewhatnoticesofthetakingoftheaccountshallbegiven,andonwhomserved.25Theordershould,also,statewhetheranyandwhatevidenceonfilemaybeconsideredintakingtheaccount,andwhetheranyandwhatnewevidencemaybefiledbytheparties,andmaystatewhatevidenceshallnotbeconsidered.TheCourtmay,also,makeallnecessaryordersastotheproductionofdocuments,books,vouchers,orotherevidenceinpossessionoftheparties.Eachpartyshouldberequired,beforethetakingofproofonareferencebegins,tofilewiththeMasterastatementofallhisitemsofchargeagainsttheotherparty,andnoitemnotcontainedinsuchstatementshouldbecon-
.sidered.26ManyformsofreferenceswillbegiveninsubsequentpagesofthistreatisewhichcanreadilybefoundbytheIndex.§601.FormofaReference.—Thefollowinggeneralformisgiven,toaidindrawingareference.Beforedrawingthereferenceitwouldbewelltoconsidertheprecedingsection
:
ORDEROFREFERENCE.JohnDoe,]vs. \No.619RichardRoe,et.al.JThiscausecameontobeheardthisDecember1st,1906,beforeChancellorHughG.Kyle,uponthebill,theanswersofallthedefendantsthereto,thecross-billofthedefendantSarahRoeandtheanswerthereto,andtheproofinthecause,[includingtheagreementsignedbyalltheparties,exceptSarahRoe,whichisfiledandmarkedA;]andargumentofcounselhavingbeenheard,theChancellorisofopinionthatthisisapropercaseforareferencetotheMaster.[Or,inapropercase,thedecreemaydeclaretherightsandliabilitiesoftheparties,andlaydowntherulesandprinciplestogoverntheMasterinstatingtheaccount,orStakingthereport.See,post,§1040.]TheMasteris,therefore,directedtohearproof,includingthatonfile,andreporttothenexttermoftheCourt
:
1st,What[&c,settingoutthematterstobereportedon,puttingeachheadinaseparateparagraph,ifpossible,andnumberingtheparagraphsconsecutively.See,post,§§975;1040.]2d,Whether[&c,SeeIndex,forvariousordersofreference.}TheMasterwill[&c,HeresetoutanyspecialrulesfortheguidanceoftheMasterastoevidence,ortheforceandeffectofdocuments,settlements,previousreports,oragreementsbetweentheparties,orastorequiringthepartiestofiletheirrespectivechargersordischarges.See,post,§958.]AllothermattersarereserveduntiltheincomingoftheMaster'sreport.§602.ReferenceonFurtherDirections.—OntheincomingoftheMaster'sreporttheChancellormayconfirmit,inwholeorinpart,orhemayrecommititinwholeorinpart,orhemayrecommititwithfurtherdirections.Itisnotnecessaryintheoriginalorderofreferencetoreservetherighttogivefurtherdirections.27TheChancellorisnotboundbyanydirectionscontainedinanorderofreference.Referencesaremadetoobtainfacts,andtheChancellormaymakesuchchangesinhisreferences,andsuchadditionsthereto,ashemaydeempropertoobtainthefactsnecessaryforacompleteadjudicationofallthemattersincontroversy.24Thedeficiencies,disordersandgeneralconfus-ionsometimesfoundinMaster'sreports,areasmuchthefaultoftheSolicitorwhodrewtheorderofreferenceasoftheMasterwhomadethereport.Confused,illogical,andchaoticreferences,neitherparaexaDhednor'numbered,oftenresultinsimilar
wonderfulhowmuchorderandlucidityaskillfulanddiligentMasterwilldeducefromachaosofunmethodicalordersandheterogeneousevidence.25Ch.Rule,IV,§1;post,§1193.26Ofcourse,suchstatementswouldbeamendablelikeanyotherpleading.See,post.§958.

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§603 PROCEEDINGSUPONAREFERENCE.476REFERENCEONFURTHERDIRECTIONS.JohnDen,]vs.\No.723RichardFen,J[Followthedecreeonexceptionstoareport,in§616,post,downtothewords,"allothermatters,"andadd:TheMasterisfurtherdirectedtoreportwhetheranytreeswerecutandremovedfromsaidlandbythedefendant,andifso,whencutandthevaluethereof;andhemayhearaddi-tionalproofonthispoint.
ARTICLEII.PROCEEDINGSUPONAREFERENCE.S603.WhenandWhereaReferenceistobeExecuted.§604.NoticeoftheTimeandPlaceofTak-inganAccount.§605.MeetingoftheParties,andAdjourn-ments.
§606.OpeningtheAccount.§607.ExaminationoftheWitnesses.§608.TheProductionofDocuments.§609.CharacteroftheEvidence.§610.FilingClaimsBeforetheMasterUn-deraDecree.§603.WhenandWhereaReferenceistobeExecuted.—TheCourtmayfixxlietimewhenanaccountshallbetakenandthereportbemade;butwhenth3timeisnotsofixed,theMasterfixesthetimeandplace.Ifthereferenceisnot.l'oranaccount,butforareportastosomeothermatter,theCourtusuallyleavesittotheMastertodeterminewhenhewillmakehisreport.ButinaJleaseswhereanyofthepartiesisrequiredorexpectedtofurnishprooftobeusedinmakingthereport,atimeshouldbefixedbytheMasterformakingbisreport,andthepartiesinteresteddulynotifiedthereof,totheendthattheymayhavetheirwitnessespresent,ortheirproofonfileindueseason.Whenthedecreedoesnotfixthetimeinwhichthereportshallbemade,theCoderequirestheMastertoproceedwiththeleastpracticabledelaytocomplywiththetermsofthereference;xandanyneglectofdutyinthisrespectispunish-ablebyafineoffiftydollars,andtheMasterisalsoguiltyofamisdemeanor,andsubjecttoremovalfromoffice.2TheordinaryplacefortakinganaccountistheofficeoftheMaster;buthewouldbeauthorizedtotakeitatanotherplace,ifmoreconvenienttotheparties,orifanyothergoodreasonjustifiedsuchaction.3§604.NoticeoftheTimeandPlaceofTakinganAccount.—Thetimeandplacefortakingtheaccounthavingbeenfixed,eitherbytheCourt,ortheMaster,thenextsteptobetakenistogivethenoticethereof.Thisnoticeisgivennotonlytothepartiesinterestedintheaccount,andtobeaffectedbyit,but,also,totheirrespectiveSolicitors,ifboththepartyandSolicitorsresideinthecounty;ifbothdonotresideinthecounty,thennoticeshallbegiventotheonethatdoesresideinthecounty,whetherhebetheparty,orhisSolicitor,inallcasesinwhichapartyisanon-resident,thenoticemustbeservedonhisSolicitor.Ifthepartiesarenumerous,thenoticemustbeserveduponsuchofthemasthedecree,orMaster,maydesignate.Thenoticeshallbeexecutedfivedaysbeforethedayassignedfortakingtheaccount,andthenoticeshould,on
1Code,§4474. thePartofllis<*iefofficer.TheCodesaysthe2Code'§§4472-4473;Ch.Rule,VII,§9,post,Chancellor"shallpunishsuchneglect,"notmay§1196sub-sec,9.Theseseverepenaltiesindicatepunish.MastersshouldbegintakingprooffortheirthatMastershave,inthepast,beenveryremissinreportswithinthirtydaysaftertheorderismade,complyingwithordersofreference.Suchremiss-andshouldhavethelastoneoftheirreportsonhienessgreatlyretardsthefinaldeterminationofasuit,atleastfivedaysbeforethenextterm.Ui.Kule,andtendstobringtheCourtintodisrepute.TheIV,§8,post,8H93.„,,„,Chancellor,whorequiresdiligenceonthepartof3Ch.Rule,IV,§2;post,§1193.alllitigants,shouldcountenancenonegligenceon

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477 PROCEEDINGSUPONAREFERENCE.§605itsface,warnthepersonnotifiedthatifhefailtoattend,theaccountwillbeproceededwithexparte*TherulethatallpartiesinterestedintheresultofanaccountareentitledtoattendbeforetheMasteratthetaking,appliesnotonlytothosewhoarepar-ties,butalsotothosewhoarequasiparties,5suchas(1)creditorswhoseekcithertoproveaclaimoftheirown,ortodisprovetheclaimofanother;(2)claimantsofanyfundorpropertyinvolvedinthelitigation,orinthecustodyoftheCourt;and(3)purchasersofpropertysoldbyorderoftheCourt,whentheirrightsthereinortheretoareinquestion.ThefollowingwillserveasaformofNOTICEOFTHETAKINGOFANACCOUNT.JohnDoe,]vs. [ InChancery,atDandridge.RichardRoe,etal.JTakenotice,that,onthe2dofJunenext,at10a.m.,atmyofficeinDandridge,Iwillbeginthetakingoftheaccountorderedinsaidcauseatthelast[or,present,]term,whenandwhereyouwillattendwithyourproof,ortheaccountwillbeproceededwithexparted
IYouwillproduceatsaidtimeandplacethefollowingbooks,or,papers:{describingthem,)tobeusedasevidenceinthetakingofsaidaccount.]May10,1891. DanH.Meek,C.&M.ToMr.RichardRoe.§605.MeetingoftheParties,andAdjournments.—If,onthedaydesig-natedinthenotice,theparties,oranyofthem,attend,theMasterwillproceedwiththetakingoftheaccount,unless,uponaffidavitofeitherpartyshowingsufficientcause,headjournthematterfromdaytoday,ortoanotherdaypriortothetimeheisrequiredtofilehisreport,atwhichtime,unlessheagainad-journthesame,hewillproceedtotaketheaccount,andmakethereport.Ifthereisnoadjournment,theMasterwillproceedforthwithtoexaminethewitnessesandotherproofintroduced;andwhenhehasconcludedhisexamina-tion,theaccountshallbeclosed,notwithstandingapartymayfailtoattend.7§606.OpeningtheAccount.—Ifeitherfailtoattend,theaccountshallbeclosed,andnootherevidenceshallbeintroducedorheard,8unlessthepartyofferingitshall,withintendaysbyspecialaffidavit,9showthathehasmaterialevidence,whichwasnotbeforetheMasteratthetimefixedfortakingtheaccount,andwhichhecouldnotbyproperdiligencehaveproducedatthetimesetfortakingtheaccount;inwhichcasetheMastermayopentheaccountforthereceptionoffurtherevidencebybothpartiesuponthesamenoticepre-scribedfortheoriginalaccount.10TheCourt,also,mayatanytimebeforeconfirmation,opentheaccountforadditionalevidence.11§607.ExaminationoftheWitnesses.—Whenthehourarrivesforthetak-ingoftheaccount,theMasterwillbegintheexaminationofthewitnessesof4Ch.Rule,IV,§§2-5,§1193.Thenoticeshouldbeservedbyleavingacopywiththepersontobenotified,andreturningtheoriginal,withareturnthereon,totheMaster.Ifthepartiesarenumerous,theMastershould,byanentryonhisruledocket,designatethosetobenotified.Ifthereportstatesthatduenoticewasgivenofthetimeandplaceoftakingtheaccount,thatissufficientevidenceofthefact,intheabsenceofanyevidencetothecontrary.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1171,note.52Dan.Ch.Pr.,1174;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,477.6Ch.Rule,IV,§3.Iftheorderofreferencerequiresanypartytoproducebooks,deeds,writings,orotherdocuments,thenoticetohimshouldsostate.7Ch.Rule,IV,§§4-9;§1193.8ThemeaningofthispartofChanceryRule,IV,§9,thoughsomewhatobscure,evidentlyis:(1)thatifneitherpartyattends,theMasterwillclosetheaccount,usingsuchproofasmaythenbeintherecord;(2)ifonlyonepartyattends,theMasterwillnotwaitfortheotherparty,butaftertakingtheproofoftheattendingparty,willclosetheac-count,withoutwaitingfortheother,party;and,(3)thatwhenanaccounthasoncebeenclosed,whether
heard,exceptuponspecialaffidavitshowingsufficientcause.9Thespecialaffidavit,likeaspecialaffidavitforacontinuance,should(1)givethenamesofthewit-nesses,orthecharacterofthedocuments;should(2)specifywhatthewitnessesordocumentswillprove,andshould(3)showthattherewasnowantofduediligenceonaffiant'spart,andnonegligenceinnotproducingthisevidencebeforetheMasteratthepropertime,and(4)thathecanandwillhavethisevidencebeforetheMasteriftheaccountisopened.Iftheevidencespecifiedintheaffidavitismaterial,andproperdiligencebeshown,theMastermay,inhisdiscretion,opentheaccountforaddi-tionalevidence.Ch.Rule,IV,§9;§1193.10Ch.Rule,IV,§9;StullV.Goode,10Heisk.,58.Whentheaccountisopened^itshouldbeopenednotonlyfortheintroductionoftheevidencespecifiedintheaffidavit,butforsuchrebuttingevi-denceastheotherpartymaybringforward.TheMastershouldnotopentheaccountgenerally,asarule,butshouldopenitonlyfortheparticularevi-dencereferredtointheaffidavit,andforevidenceinrebuttalthereof.11Ch.Rule,IV,§9,post,§1193;Stullv.Goode,

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§608PROCEEDINGSUPONAREFERENCE.478thepartyonwhomreststheburdenoftheproof;and,aftertheyhavebeenallexamined,hewillheartheevidenceofferedbytheotherparty;afterwhichhewillallowrebuttingproof.TheMastermay,however,byconsentofparties,orforgoodcause,varythisorderfortheexaminationofwitnesses.Intheexam-inationofawitness,alldueformalitiesshouldbeobserved,12asincaseoftak-ingdepositions.Awitnesswhosedepositionwastakeninchiefbeforethehearing,astoanymatter,cannotuponareferencebeexaminedas,tothesamematter,byeithertheMasterorthepartywhosewitnessheis,withoutanorderoftheCourt,oroftheMaster,uponaffidavitshowingcausetherefor;buthemaybeexam-inedtouchinganyothermatter.Awitnesswhowasnotexaminedbeforethehearing,butwhowasfirstexaminedbytheMasteratthetakingoftheaccount,maybere-examinedbytheMasterathisdiscretion.13So,also,awitnesswholiasbeenexaminedonbehalfofoneparty,maybeexaminedbytheotherpartywithoutanorder.14AwitnesswhofailstoappearbeforetheMasterwhendulysummonedmaybeattached;andawitnesswhoappearsandrefusestoanswerlegalinterroga-toriesshallbecommittedbytheMastertothecountyjailuntilheconsentstogivehistestimony.15TheMasterhas,also,allthepowersofacommissionerintakingdepositions.16
§608.TheProductionofDocuments.—TheorderofreferencefrequentlyrequiressomeorallofthepartiestoproducebeforetheMaster,alldeeds,books,papersandwritings,intheircustodyorundertheircontrol,relatingtothemattersofreference,totheendthattheymaybeusedinthetakingoftheac-count,orinmakingthereportordered.Insuchcases,theMasterwillnotifythepartiestoproducesuchdocuments,atthesametimehenotifiesthemofthetimeandplaceoftakingtheaccount.17Iftheorderofreferencedoesnotlequiretheproductionofdocumentsbytheparties,orifotherpersonshavebooks,documents,orotherwritingsundertheircontrol,theproductionofsuchbooks,documents,orotherwritings,maybeenforcedbyasubpoenaducestecum.1*Documents,whenintroduced,maybeinspectedbyanypartyinter-estedinthereference.§609.CharacteroftheEvidence.—Intakinganaccount,theorderofref-orenceshowswhatmatterstheMasteriscalledontoconsider;andtheplead-ingscannotbelookedtoexceptasanexplanationofthetruemeaningoftheorderofreference.NoevidenceshouldbeheardbytheMaster,unlessitwilllegitimatelyaidhiminreachingaconclusiononthematterscoveredbythereference.Onthetakingofanaccount,neitherpartyshouldbeallowedtointroduceproofastomattersnotreferredtotheMaster,evenwhensuchmat-tersareputinissuebythepleading;becausetheMasterisnottryingthecause,orpreparingitfortrial,ontheissuesraisedbythepleadings,19butexclusivelyontheissuesraisedbytheorderofreference.20Ifonepartyisallowedtotraveloutsideoftheorderofreference,theotherpartywillwanttofollowhim,andtheresultwillbethatthecostswillbegreatlyincreased,thetime12TheMasterwillfinditnecessary,tothepromptandorderlyconductofaccounts,toinsistontheenforcementoftheregularrulesofprocedureintakingproof,requiringeachpartyto#introducehisproofinthesameorderasonatrialbeforetheChancellor,andrequiringeachwitnesstobeexam-inedinthesamemanner.13Ch.Rule,IV,§§10-11;§1193,post.TheMas-termustkeepinmindthathisdutyistoreachtheinnertruthofthecontroversy,andwhereawitnessisintelligent,truthful,andfamiliarwiththefacts,thesecharacteristicsshouldbeconsideredwhenhisre-examinationisrequested.Ontheotherhand,anunreliablewitnessshouldneverbere-examined,whereotherevidenceastothesamematterisacces-sible.Lightdoesnotcomefromsmoke,andpurewatercannotflowfromanimpurefountain.142Dan.Ch.Pr.,1191.Thereasonswhichre-quireaspecialordertoauthorizethere-examination
ofawitnessare,(1)thedangerofperjurybythewitnesswhenheknowswherethecausepinches,andhowhistestimonyboreuponit;and(2)theanxietyoftheCourt,orMaster,topreventimpropertam-peringwiththewitnesstoinducehimtoretract,orcontradict,orexplainaway,whathesworeinhisformerexamination.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1192.15Ch.Rule,VII,§§6-7.See,post,§1196.16See,ante,§§492-496.172Dan.Ch.Pr.,1176.18Code,§3814.Afailuretoproducedocuments,whenrequiredbytheCourt,orbyasubpeenaducestecum,isacontempt,andpunishableassuch.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1179.Foraformofasubpeenaducestecum,see,ante,§492.192Dan.Ch.Pr.,1187;1269,notes.20Mauryv.Lewis,10Yerg.,115;Markhamt>.Townsend,2Tenn.Ch.,718.

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479 PROCEEDINGSUPONAREFERENCE.§610fortakingproofgreatlyprolonged,andtheMastergreatlyperplexed,andper-hapsoverwhelmed,byamassofimmaterial,irrelevantandimpertinenttesti-mony.Therulesofevidenceintakingtheaccountare,innoparticular,differ-entfromtherulesofevidenceinpreparingthecaseforhearingbeforetheChancellor.,"Whenincompetentevidenceisoffereditmustbethenandthereobjectedto,oratleastobjectedtobeforetheevidenceisclosedbytheoppositeparty,ortheobjectorwillbedeemedtohavewaivedanyobjections.Suchob-jectionsshouldbeinwritingandbroughttotheattentionoftheMaster,andthepartyofferingtheevidence.1.WhatEvidencemaybeConsidered.Thepartieshavetheliberty,inanyreferencetotheMaster,tomakeuseofallthepleadings,depositionsanddocu-mentaryevidence,onfiieinthecausewhentheorderofreferencewasmade.2'
TheMastermustconsider,also,alldepositionsanddocumentaryevidencetakenandfiledbyanyofthepartiesbeforehebeginstomakeuphisreport.Andwhenthereferenceisforanaccount,thepartiesmay,inadditiontoalltheforegoingevidence,introducewitnessestobeexaminedbytheMasterinperson,orbyhisdeputy.2.AgreementsbytheParties.BeforetheMasterbeginstheexaminationofthewitnesses,heshouldcallonthepartiestoknowwhatmattersreferredtohimarewhollyorinpartagreedon,whatareadmitted,andwhatdenied.22Inthisway,therangeofinvestigationmayoftenbegreatlynarrowed,andthemattersreallycontrovertedspecificallydefined,thusgreatlylesseningboththelaborandtheexpenseoftakingtheproof,andmakingthereport.Allsuchagreementsshouldbereducedtowriting,signedandfiled.?3§610.FilingClaimsBeforetheMaster,UnderaDecree.—WhenevertherefireassetsorfundsinCourttobeadministeredordistributed,andtheMaster,byorderoftheCourt,isdirectedtoreportthepartieshavinginteresttherein,orclaimsthereto,ascreditors,legatees,distributees,beneficiariesorotherwise,anysuchperson,evenwhennotapartytothesuit,isauthorized,undersuchanorder,tosetuphisclaimtosuchassetsorfunds.Todothisinproperform,hemustpresenthispetition,eitherinopenCourt,orbeforetheMaster,prayingtobeallowedtocomeinunderthedecree,andfileandprovehisclaim.24Thispetitionshoulddetailtheparticularsoftheclaim,andthecircumstancesunderwhichitarises;andshouldbeaccompaniedbyanywrittenevidenceoftheclaimorclaimsspecified.25Thepetitionshouldbesworntoasanevidenceofthegoodfaithofthepetitioner.26Onthefilingofsuchapetition,thepetitionerisentitledtoalltherightsofanyotherparty,sofarasisnecessarytoproveordefendhis.claimordebt,andisentitledtotheproductionofalldocumentsinthepossessionorpowerofanyofthepartiestothesuitrelatingtohisclaim;and,conversely,theotherpartiesareentitledtothelikeproductionofdocumentsinhispowerorpossession.27Wherepublicationismaderequiringpersonstopresentandprovetheirdebtsorclaimswithinacertaintime,orbeforeverbarred,suchapublicationwillnotprecludeapersonfromprovinghisdebtorclaimatanytimewhilethefundisinCourt.Suchpersonmust,however,,presentaswornpetitionshowingmerits,andexplainingsatisfactorilyhisdelay.28Ordinarily,acreditororclaimant,whenacompetentwitness,mayprovehisclaimbyhisowndeposition,whenitisnotcontested.Itmustberemembered,212Dan.Ch.Pr.,1188.222Dan.Ch.Pr.,"1222,note.See,post,§9S8.23Counselshouldalwaysendeavortolessenthecostsandlaboroftakingtheaccounts,byagreeingto_suchmattersascannotbecontested.Ashoitstipulationastodeeds,contentsofrecords,books,orotherdocumentswilloftensavegreatcosts;aswillagreementsinreferencetodates,namesofheirs,andagesofparties.24Theanswerofthecomplainantunderoathto
26Millerv.Taylor,2Shan.Cas.,462.See,post,§1003.•26Theswornpetitionwillnot,however,beanevidenceofthejustnessoftheclaim;theclaimmustbeotherwiseproved.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1209.2T2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1209,note.IftheMasterdis-allowshisclaim,hemayexcept.Ibid,1212.282Dan.Ch.Pr.,1204-1205.Suchacreditorwill,ordinarily,berequiredtopayanycostsoccas-ionedbythefilingofhispetition.Ibid.

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§611 THEMASTER'SREPORT.480however,thatthepartyrepresentingtheestateagainstwhichtheclaimismade,hasarighttothebenefitofanydefencewhichhecouldhavemadetotheclaim'hadabillbeenfiledagainsthimbytheclaimanttoestablishsuchclaim;hemaypleadthestatuteoflimitations,failureofconsideration,set-off,paymentoranyotherdefence.Somayonecreditororclaimantcontestthevalidityoftheclaimofanyothercreditororclaimant.29
ARTICLEIII.THEMASTER'SREPORT.§611.TheMaster'sReport,andWhatitShouldContain.§612.FrameofaMaster'sReport.§613.FormofaMaster'sReport.§614.WhenaReportMustbeFiled.§611.TheMaster'sReport,andWhatitShouldContain.—Areportisordi-narilyeither(1)aformalstatementbytheMastershowinghow.thefactsormattersreferredtohimare;or(2)aformalstatementofhowhehasdischargedsomedutyimposeduponhimbytheCourt.1Itis,therefore,essentialtoacom-pletereportthattheMastershallfullyanddefinitelyrespondtoeverymatterreferredtohim,totheendthathisreportmaysupplytheCourtwithallthefactscalledfor,orinquiredabout;andinallrespectsshowthattheMasterhasfullyandproperlydischargedeverydutyimposedonhimbytheorderofreference.Aperfectreportmustnotonlycontaineverythingcalledfor,andshowthateverydutyimposedhasbeenperformed,butitmustalsocontainnorecitaloffactsnotcalledfor,andnostatementofactsnotrequiredtobedone.Inmakinghisreport,theMastermustconfinehimselftothemattersreferredtohim:thosematterscircumscribehisauthorityandlimithisjurisdiction.Allothermatterscontainedinhisreportaremeresurplusageandimpertinence;andtheCourtwillpaynoattentiontothem,unlesstoorderthemtobestrickenout.2Thereportmustnotonlyrespondtoalltherequirementsoftheorderofreference,butitmustbepositive,definite,andcorrect;notinferential,hypo-thetical,orinthealternativeastoanymatter.TheChancellorwantstheMaster'sfindingsastothefacts,.andhispositiveandaffirmativeconclusionsastomattersofjudgment,oropinion.Areport,givingalternativestatesoffacts,oralternativeconclusions,isnoreportatall,andwillbesetasideonmotion.Thefactscalledformustbesetforthinthereportwithsuchprecisionandparticularity,andthedutyimposedbythereferencemustbeperformedwithsuchfullnessandcompleteness,thattheCourtwillhavenodifficultyinbasingonthereportanadjudicationastoallandeverymatterspecifiedintheorderofreference.TheCourtwillnotallowanythinginanaccountunderthenameofgeneralexpenses:thepartymustspecifytheparticulars.3Sumsingrosswillnotbeallowedinanycase;forthepartychargedtherewithhastherighttoknowtheitems;andlumpingchargesaregenerallynotonlyexcessive,butaresome-timescloaksforfrauds.4Areport,forthesereasons,shouldcontainnolump-ingcharges,andnolumpingcredits,butshouldspecifyeveryitemofchargeorcredit.292Dan.Ch.Pr.,1211,note.12Dan.Ch.Pr.,1294.Inasmuchasthetakingofanaccountinvolvestheexerciseofjudgmentanddiscretion,theMastercannotdelegatethisdutytoanother,norcanheadoptanaccountstatedbyan-other,eitherinthesameorinanothersuit.2Dan.
Ch.Pr.,1295,note.Ofcourse,hisregulardeputymaymakeandsignareport,22Dan.Ch.Pr.,1296-1297.s2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1232.4Dolosusversaturingeneralibus.

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481 THEMASTER'SREPORT.§612§612.FrameofaMaster'sReport.—Theframeofareportisasimportantasitscontents;forareportmaycontaineverythingcalledforbytheorderofreference,andyetitsstatementsmaybesounmethodical,anditsarrangementsounsystematical,anditsconstructionsoirregularandchaotic,thatnodecreecanbepredicateduponitwithoutrearrangingandrestatingitscontents.Aseveryorderofreferenceshouldnotonlyspecify,inaseparateparagraph,eachparticularmattertobereportedon,butshouldalsogiveeachitemoftheref-erenceinitsproperlogicalorder,orlegalsequence,andconsecutivelynum-bered;soareportshould,notonlyrespondfullyanddirectlytoeachoftheparticularmattersofreference,butshouldalsorespondtothemintheorderinwhichtheyappearinthereference,andshouldneverhaveunderoneheadwhatproperlybelongstoanotherheadofreference.Thereportshouldnotcontainanymoreofthedecreeororderofreferencethanisnecessarytoshowwhatmattershavebeenreferred;norshouldtheevidencebeeitherrecited,orsummarized.Preambles,explanations,andargu-ments,arewhollyoutofplaceinareport,asarealsoallothermattersthatimnecessarilytendtoswellitssize.WhattheChancellorcallsforarefacts,conclusionsandacts,—inaword,results,andnottheprocessesbywhichtheresultswerereached.6Thereportshouldnotbehypothetical,orinthealter-native,unlesssorequired;andthefactsfoundshouldbestatedwithsuchposi-tivenessandparticularitythatanissueastotheircorrectnessmaybereadilyraisedbyanexceptionthereto.ThereportoftheMasterisinthenatureofaspecialverdict;andhisfindingsshouldnotonlybeclearlyandfullyrespon-sivetotheorderofreference,buteachfindingmustbeclear,direct,emphaticandbrief.Andwheresumsandamountsarereportedon,heshouldgiveeachitemallowed,andnotthegrosssumoramount,forotherwiseneitherpartycouldintelligentlyexcept,notknowingwhatitemshadbeenallowedandwhatdisallowed.6Thereportmustbewritteninink,7andproperlypaged;andshouldrefer,bypage,totheparticularpagesoftherecorduponwhicheachitemisbased.8Areferencetoadeposition,ortoatranscript,istooindefinite,astheymayeon-tainmanypages.Thenumberofthequestionandanswerinadepositionmaybereferredto,aswellasthepage.§613.FormofaMaster'sReport.—TheformofaMaster'sreportcanbereadilyunderstoodfromtheforegoingsections,andfromthefollowingform.9MASTER'SREPORT.JohnDoe,j
vs. \No.619.—Master'sReporttoNov.Term,1890.RichardRoe,etal.JTheundersignedrespectfullyreportsthat,inobediencetoadecreeinthiscause,pro-nouncedatthelastterm,directingtheMastertohearproofandreport
:
1.Whatamountwasoriginallyduefromthedefendant,RichardRoe,tothecomplainant,fortheconstructionofthedwelling-housereferredtointhebill,afterdeductingpaymentsmadetocomplainant,beforetheassignmentbycomplainanttothedefendant,Stokes.
52Dan.Ch.Pr.,1298-1300,notes;EvansV.Evans,2Cold.,143.WhilethereportoftheMastershouldnot,ontheonehand,copytheproofonwhichitisbased,itshouldnot,upontheotherhand,beamereskeleton,presentingnothingbutanarrayoffigures.Eachitemshouldbenumbered,andwhentheseitemsrestuponaccounts,receipts,orothervouchers,theyshouldbenumberedcorrespond-ingly;andwheretheyaresupportedbydepositions,thepagesofthedepositionsshouldbereferredto.TheMastershouldstatethegroundsofhisactioninaconciseandintelligiblemanner,referringtothepagesofthedepositionsandofdocumentaryevi-dence,onwhichherelies.Greenv.Lanier,5Heisk.,662;Stullv.Goode,10Heisk.,58.eTheMaster'sreportshouldnotcontainanylumpingchargeorcredit,composedofseveralitems,unlessaccompaniedbyascheduleofsuchitems;be-cause,wherealumpingchargeorcreditismade,neitherpartycanwithanycertaintyordefiniteness,
exceptthereto.EveryitemallowedordisallowedbytheMaster,shouldbesetouteitherinthereport,orinaschedulethereto;andtheMastershouldun-dereachitemgivethepreciseplaceintherecordwhereheobtainedtheproofinreferencethereto,givingthedocumentandpage,andifadeposition,thenameofthewitness,thepageandnumberoftheanswer.Ageneralreferencetoadocument,pleadingordeposition,isbutlittlebetterthannoreferenceatall.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1301,notes.7Theinkshouldbeblack,andthepapershouldbelegalcap.Fancyinksandfancypaperareabomina-tionsinCourtproceedings;andasuresignofsomeinfirmityonthepartoftheofficerorSolicitorvol-untarilyusingthem.8Ch.Rule,IV,§§6-7;post,1193.9ForotherformsofReports,see,post,§§916;994;976.TheaboveformisintendedtoconformtotherequirementsgivenbyJudgeNelson,inGreenev.Lanier,5Heisk.,671.

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§613 themaster'sreport.4822.Howmuchofthedebtduefromthecomplainanttothedefendant,CharlesStokes,didthedefendant,RichardRoe,pay,andunderwhatcontract;andwhatpaymentsdefendant,RichardRoe,madetosaidStokesthereunder.3.Wassaiddwelling-houseconstructedaccordingtocontract;andifnot,whatdeductionshouldreasonablybemadefromthecontractprice.4.Whatamountdoesthedefendant,RichardRoe,owecomplainantforbuildingtheout-housesandfencesonthelotcontainingsaiddwelling-house,afterdeductingallpaymentsmade,andallothercredits.5.Whatbalanceisduefromthedefendant,RichardRoe,andwhatpartofsaidbalancebelongstocomplainant,andwhatparttothedefendant,CharlesStokes.i.Astothe1stheadtobereportedon,Ireportthatthedefendant,RichardRoe,originallyowedthecomplainantthefullcontractpriceforthebuildingofsaiddwellinghouse,to-\tit: • $2,100,00{Writtencontract,p.3.)Lessthefollowingpayments:
(1)PaidJanuary2,1890, $400.00{ExhibitNo.I,tothedep.ofRichardRoe;anddep.ofJohnDoe,p.41.)(2)PaidJanuary18,1890 600.001,000.00{ExhibitNo.2,todep.ofRichardRoe;anddep.ofJohnDoe,P-42-)Balanceoriginallyduethecomplainantforthebuildingofsaidhouse....$1,100.00Ifindthatthepaymentof$300.00setupintheanswerwasnotinfactmade,forthereasonthatthecheckbywhichitwassoughttobemade,wasnevercashed,andcouldnothavebeen,becausethedefendant,Roe,hadnomoneyinthebanksubjecttosuchcheck.{Seedep.oftheCashier,JohnJones,pp.1-2;anddep.ofJohnDoe,p.8;andthesaidcheck,exhibit3,toJohnDoe'sdep.) 11.
Astothe2dheadtobereportedon,Ireportthatthecomplainantoweddefendant,CharlesStokes,$2,300.00;andthathe,onJanuary20,1890,gavesaidStokesanorderinwritingonthedefendant,RichardRoe,forallthebalanceduecomplainantforconstructingsaidhouse.{Seedep.ofJohnDoe,p.8;anddep.ofRichardRoe,p.5.)Thisorderwasacceptedbythedefendant,Roe,andonithehasmadethefollowingpayments:•
PaidCharlesStokes,Jan.21,1890, $400.00{Dep.ofStokes,p.3;dep.ofRoe,p.6.)PaidCharlesStokes,Feb.25,1890, 300.00{Dep.ofStokes,p.4;dep.ofRoe,p.7.)Totalamountpaidbythedefendant,Roe,toStokes,onsaidorder$700.00III.Astothe3dheadofreference,Ireportthatwhilethehousewasnotconstructedstrictlyaccordingtotheoriginalcontract,yetthedefendant,Roe,agreedtoacceptit,anddidacceptit,asthoughithadbeensoconstructed;andthatsuchacceptancewasbasedonasufficientconsideration,consistingofadditionalworkdoneandmaterialsfurnishedbycomplainant,andofdelayscausedbyRichardRoe,himself..{Deps.ofJohnDoe,p.12;andJamesJohnson,p.4.)IV.Astothe4thheadofreference,Ireportthatthedefendant,Roe,owescomplainantforbuildingthesaidout-housesandafenceabalanceof $218.00Asfollows
:
Totalcostofmaterialsandlabor, $480.00{Dep.ofJohnDoe,p.18;andexhibit5tohisdep.)PaidCharlesStokesonsaidorder, 262.00{Deps.Stokes,p.3,andRoe,p.12.)Thedefendant,Roe,claimsadeductionof$20.00becausethefenceisnotstraight.ThisclaimIdisallow:1st,becauseitwasstraightwhenbuiltandaccepted,{Dep.ofDoe,p.18;)and2d,thecrooksinitwerecausedbydefendant,Roe's,clothes'linesbeingtiedtothefenceinwetweather{Dep.ofSarahCook,pp.2-3.)DefendantStokesagreesthatthesaidbalanceof$218.00belongstocomplainant,andthatcomplainantoweshimnothingafterhegetsthesumof$286.13,asshownunderheadv.(Dep.ofStokes,p.6.) v.AstotheSthheadofreference,Ireportthatthedefendant,RichardRoe,owes
:
1.Onthedwellinghouse,principal, ^92-92Interest,fromJany.1,1890, 47.00{Dep.ofJohnDoe,p.14.) $34700Thisbalanceof$347.00,Ifindtobelongasfollows
:

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483PROCEEDINGSUPONAMASTERSREPORT.Todefendant,-CharlesStokes,...'
(Seedeps.ofCharlesStokes,p.8,andJohnDoe,p.14.)Tocomplainant,-JohnDoe,,
(Seesamedeps.andpagesasnextabove.)
§614$286.1360.87$347.00Byagreementbetweendefendant,Stokes,andcomplainant,thesaidbalancewastobeusedtopaywhateversumcomplainantyetowedhim,Stokes,andtheyagreethatsaidsumis$286.13,andtheremainderofsaid$347.00isthepropertyofcomplainant.(Dep.ofCharlesStokes,p.3.)2.Balanceowingbydefendant,RichardRoe,ontheout-housesandfence..$218.00(Dep.ofStokes,p.6.)TotalBalanceduefromdefendant,RichardRoe, $565.00Ofwhichthereisduedefendant,Stokes, $286.13Andduecomplainant,Doe, 278.87565.00Allofwhichisrespectfullysubmitted,thisOct.13,1890.W.L.Trent,C.&M.§614.WhenaReportmustbeFiled.—Iftheorderordecreeprescribesalimewhenareportshallbefiled,thereportmustbefiledwithinsuchtime,orasatisfactoryexcusegiveninwritingtotheChancellor,bythesametime,inlieuofsuchreport;10andafailuresotodomakestheMasterliabletoseverepen-alties.11Ifthetimeforfilingthereportisnotprescribedbytheorderofref-erence,thereportmustbefiledfivedaysbeforethefirstdayofthetermsuc-ceedingtheorderofreference.12TheobjectofhavingthereportfiledbeforethefirstdayofthetermistoenabletheSolicitorsofthepartiestoexamineit,andfilesuchexceptionstoitastheymaydesire:theseexceptionsmustbefiledonorbeforetheseconddayoftheterm,orsoonerifthecauseissoonerreachedonthedocket;13andhencethenecessityofhavingtheMaster'sreportonfileatasearlyadayaspossible.14IftheMasterfailstofilehisreportwithinthetimerequired,hemustfile,inlieu,avalidexcuseinwriting,dulyverifiedbyhisoath.15TheMastermustnoteuponthehearingdocket,andalsoupontheChancellor'sdocket,oppositethecause,thefactthathisreporthasbeenfiled.16
ARTICLEIV.PROCEEDINGSUPONAMASTER'SREPORT.615.ExceptionstoaMaster'sReport.616.FormofExceptionstoaMaster'sRe-port,andDecreeThereon.617.WhenandHowExceptionsareDis-posedof.
§618.WhenandHowtoCorrectErrorsNotReachedbyExceptions.§619.EffectofaMaster'sReport.§620.EffectofConfirmationofaMaster'
5
Report.§615.ExceptionstoaMaster'sReport.—Afterareporthasbeenfiled,thefactshouldbenotedatonceonthedocketsofthebarandtheChancellor,oppositethecause,1sothatthepartiesinterestedmayhavenoticeofthefiling,andthusbeenabledtoexaminethereport.Ifanypartyisdissatisfiedwithareportonthe.groundthathehasmaterialevidencenot"beforetheMaster,andwhichhecouldnotbyproperdiligencehaveproduced,hemay,withintendays10Code,§4471.11Ante,§603.12Ch.Rule,IV,§8;post,§1193.13Ch.Rule,IV,§12;post,§1193.l*Notwithstandingtheimperativelanguageofthestatute,anditsperemptoryrepetitions;notwith-standingtheseverepenaltiesimposed,cumulativeintheircharacter;andnotwithstandingtheexhorta-tionsoftheChancellorandofcounsel,therearesome'Masterswhowillpersistinsodelayingtocomplywithanorderofreference,thattheterm
Suchlaggardnesssointerfereswiththeadministra-tionofjusticethatitshouldbestimulatedintostat-utoryactivitybytherigidapplicationofthestatu-torypenalties.Mastersmustunderstandthatitis.notonlyagrossneglectofduty,but,also,acon-temptofCourt,andaviolationoflaw,tofailtofileacompletereport,oraswornexcuse,withinthetimerequired.Code,§§4471-4474;Ch.Rule.VII§9.15Code,§4472;Ch.Rule,VII,§9;post,S119618Ch.RuleTVSB-A/irfS110?

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§615PROCEEDINGSUPONAMASTER'SREPORT.484afterclosingtheaccount,fileaspecialaffidavitshowingthesefacts,andmovetheMastertoopentheaccount.2If,however,apartyhasnoadditionalevi-dence,oriftendayshaveelapsed,hemustexcepttothereportifdissatisfiedwithit.ExceptionstoaMaster'sreportareproperonlyinthosecaseswhichhehascometoawrongconclusionuponthemattersreferredtohim.Wherehepro-ceedsirregularly,3orneglectstoreportuponallthemattersreferredtohim,orfailedtogivenotice,orheardimproperproof,improperlyrefusedtore-opentheaccount,ortograntacontinuance,orotherwisedeniedapartyhis-
justrights,thepropercoursefortheaggrievedpartyistoapplytotheCourttosetasidethereport,andreferitbacktotheMaster,withproperdirections,4supportinghisapplicationbyaffidavitofthefacts,whentheydonototherwisesufficientlyappear._Exceptionsareinthenatureofspecialdemurrerstothereport,andmustbebaseduponthereport,andnotonmattersoutsideofthereport;5andmustclearlyanddistinctlyspecifythematter,oritem,exceptedto,6andwhyexceptedto.Theexceptionsmustbenumbered,andrefertothepageorpagesofthereport"whichshowtheitemormatterexceptedto;and,also,refertothepageorpagesofthedepositions,orotherpartsoftherecord,bywhichtheMaster'sreportissoughttobeimpeached.7Exceptionsshouldnotbeprolix,orargumentative,butshouldstateconciselythefaultimputedtothereport;8andshouldshowwhatthereportshouldhavebeen,onthematterexceptedto.Andwhenapartyexceptstoareportwhichcontainsanumberofitems,hemustspecifytheparticularitemsofwhichhecomplains.HecannotbyageneralexceptionimposeupontheCourttheburdenofexaminingeveryiteminthereportinordertoascertaintheerror.9AgeneralexceptiontoaMaster'sreportwillnotbenoticed;neitherwillaspecificexceptionunlessproperreferenceismadetothepageorpagesofthedeposition,orotherevidence,bywhichtheexceptionissoughttobesus-tained;fortheexceptantcannot,eitherbygeneralexceptions,orbygeneralreferencestotheproof,imposeontheCourttheburdenofhuntingforerrors,orforprooftosustainexceptions.10Thereportispresumedtobecorrect,andthepartywhodisputesthatcorrectness,mustclearlyandspecificallydesig-natethepreciseerrorshecomplainsof,andthepreciseproofintherecordshowingsucherrors:inshort,hemustputhisfingerbothontheerrorandtheproofoftheerror.11Apartycannot,bymeansofexceptionstoareport,reopenanymatteradju-dieatedpriortothereport.TheMaster,inmakinghisreport,isboundbythedecreeorderingthereport,andbytheformerdecrees,ifany;andsoaretheparties.Apartycannot,therefore,havethebenefitofarehearing,orofabillofreview,orofanappeal,orofawritoferror,orofanoriginalbill,byfilingexceptionstoareport.12Theformerproceedingsareconclusiveastothemattersofreference.Exceptionstoareportmustbeconfinedtothereportiiself,andtotheevidenceonwhichitisbased.IftheMasterhasobeyedtheorderofreference,andhisreportissustainedbythefactsintherecord,excep-tionsareofnoavail.13TheofficeofexceptionsistoshowthattheMasterhasnotfollowedtheorderofreference,orhasnotmadeproperdeductionsfromtheevidenceinthecase.2Ch.Rule,IV,§9.Creditors,claimants,andotherquasiparties,mayhaveanaccountopened,ormayfileexceptions,inthesamemanner,and_onthesameterms,aspartiestotherecord:butiftheirclaimsaredisallowed,andnotreferredtointhere-port,theyshouldfirstobtainleaveoftheCourttofileexceptions.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1311.3ThefactthattheMasteremployedapartyasanamanuensisinmakinghisreportisnogroundofexception,noimproperconductbeingshown.Long-rcirev.Fain,5Pick.,393.42Dan.Ch.Pr.,1309,note.See,post,§618.5Musgrovev.Lusk,2Tenn.Ch.,576.oRidleyv.Ridley,1Cold.,323;Goddard".Cox,1Lea.112;Musgrovel'.Lusk,2Tenn.Ch..576.
TCh.Rule,IV,§13;post,1193;Greenv.Lanier,5ITeisk.,670.82Dan.ChIV.,1309.note.92Dan.Ch.Pr.,1315,note.See,also,Whiter.Cox,4Hay.,213.102Dan.Ch.Pr.,1315,note.Areferencetoadepositionistooindefinite.Thereferencemustgivethepageofthedeposition,orthenumberofthequestionandanswer.11TheCourtwillnotnoticeanyexceptionstoaMasters'report,exceptthosethatpointtothepar-ticularitemormatterexceptedto.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1815,note.12Mauryv.Lewis,10Yerg.,119.13MusgroveV.Lusk,2Tenn.Ch.,576.

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485PROCEEDINGSUPONAMASTER'SREPORT.§616Anypersonwhoisaparty,oraquasiparty,tothesuit,maytakeexceptionstoareport.Creditorsandclaimants,whosedebtsandclaimshavebeenal-lowed,ordisallowed,mayexcepteitherastomattersconnectedwiththeirownclaims,orastoallowancesmadetoothercreditorsorclaimants.Iftherebenothinginthereport,orintheproof,thatwillsupportanexceptionbyacreditororclaimantwhoseclaimhasbeenunjustlydisallowed,heshouldfileanaffidavit,orpresentaswornpetition,showingthefacts,andhavethereportrecommittedastohisclaim,withproperdirections.14Noonecanexceptunlesshehasbeenaggrieved;hecannotexceptbecauseanotherparty,evenaninfant,hasbeenaggrieved.15§616.FormofExceptionstoaMaster'sReport,andDecreeThereon.—IndrawingexceptionstoaMaster'sreport,notechnicalsetformisindispensable
:
theessentialmatteristhattheexceptionsshouldclearlyanddistinctlystatethematteroritemexceptedto,andalsorefertothepageorpagesoftheevi-dencesustainingtheexceptionandimpeachingthereport.16ThefollowingistheusualformofEXCEPTIONSTOAMASTER'SREPORT.JohnDoe,]vs. VNo.619RichardRoe,etal.JExceptionsofthedefendant,RichardRoe,tothereportoftheMasterfiledinthiscauseonOct.13,1890
:
1st.TheMasterhas,underthe1stheadofhisreport,(page4,)chargedthisdefendantwith$2,100.00,asthecontractpriceofthedwelling-house,whereastheweightoftheproofisthatcomplainantsubsequentlyagreedtodoallthework,andfurnishallthematerials,for$2,000.00.(Deps.ofRichardRoe,p.8;SarahRoe,p.6;andWm.George,p.j.)2d.TheMasterunderthe3dheadofhisreport,(page6,)reportsthatthisdefendantagreedtoacceptthehouseasthoughithadbeenconstructedaccordingtocontract,andfailstoallowanydeductionfordefectiveworkandmaterials,andforworknotdone;whereasheshouldhavereportedthefollowingdeductions
:
(1)Defectivechimneys, $40.00{Dep.ofWm.George,p.$,q.13.)(2)Defectivestair-case,.. - •• 18.00{Dep.ofJas.Neal,p.3,q.7.)(3)Defectivedoors 14.00(Dep.las.Neal,p.4,q.9.)(4)Defectiveplastering, 25.00(Dep.ofRichardRoe,p.9;andJas.Neal,p.5,q.12.)3d.TheMasterfailstoallowunderthe4thhead,(p.8,)anydeductionfordefectsinthefence,whereasheshouldhaveallowed$20.00,thecostofstraighteningit.(Deps.ofJohnDike,p.3;andRichardRoe,p.12,q.18.)4th.TheMasterreportsunderthe5thheadofhisreport,(p.10,)atotalbalanceduefromthisdefendantof$565.00;whereassaidbalanceisonly$348.00,being$217.00lessthanthereport.[Thisamountof$217.00iscomposedoftheadditionalcreditsclaimedintheprecedingexceptions.)Wherefore,thisdefendantexceptstosaidreport,andappealstherefromtotheCourt.HenryH.Ingersoll,Solicitor.ThefollowingistheformofadecreedisposingoftheforegoingexceptionstotheMaster'sreport,showingthevariousrulingsoftheCourtonthevariousexceptions
:
DECREEONEXCEPTIONSTOAREPORT.JohnDoe,1vs. \No.619RichardRoe,etal.JThiscausecomingonfthisdaytobeheardbeforeHon.T.S.Logan,Judge,sittingbyinter-change,uponthewholerecordinthecause,butespeciallyupontheReportoftheMaster,filedOct.13,1890,andtheexceptionsofthedefendant,RichardRoe,tosaidreport;andar-gumentofcounselhavingbeenheard,andthepremisesunderstoodbytheCourt,theCourtoverrulesanddisallowsthefirstofsaidexceptions,andsustainsandallowsthethirdofsaidexceptions;andastothesecondandfourthexceptions,thereportisrecommitted,andboth142Dan.Ch.Pr.,1311. mandforareportoncorrectprinciples.Hardwick„_l_BtMusgrovev.Lusk,2Tenn.Ch.,576..Whena|V.Can.Co.,.5Gates,657. "arawick

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§617PROCEEDINGSUPONAMASTERSREPORT.486partiesareallowedtendaystofileadditionalproofastothemattersreferredtoinsaidsecondexception.AttheendofsaidtendaystheMasterwillmakeandfilehisreportinreferencetosaidmatters,andwillshowthebalanceduefromtheexceptant,RichardRoe.Allothermattersarereserveduntiltheincomingofsaidreport.Theforegoingformsillustratemostofthefeaturesusuallyfoundinexcep-tionstoreports,andindecreesrulingonsuchexceptions;butthefollowingformwillserveasafurtherillustrationofsuchexceptionsanddecrees
:
EXCEPTIONSTOAREPORT.JohnDen,]vs. \No.723.RichardFen.JExceptionstakenbythesaiddefendanttothereportoftheMastermadeinthiscausetothepresenttermoftheCourt
:
1stException.ForthattheMasterhasinandbyhissaidreport,(ItemI,page2,)statedthatthesaidcomplainantpaidsaiddefendant,onthe5thofDecember,1887,$5,000,andchargesthisdefendantwiththesame,andinterestthereon,whereastheproofdoesnotshowthatsuchpaymentwas,infact,evermade.2ndException.ForthattheMasterhasinhissaidreport,(ItemV,page10,)statedthatthevalueoftherentsandprofitsofthetractoflandincontroversyinthissuit,whileoccu-piedbythecomplainant,atonly$50.00ayear,whereastheproofshowsthemtohavebeenoftheyearlyvalueof$100.00.{Seedep.ofFrankFen,page12,q.21.)3rdException.ForthattheMasterhasinhissaidreport,(ItemVII,page12,)statedthatthevalueofthepermanentimprovementserectedbythecomplainantonsaidtractoflandat$1,000,whereas,accordingtotheweightoftheevidence,theyarenotworthmorethan$600.00.(Seedep.ofGeo.Bird,pp.pto12;anddep.ofThos.Cate,p.8,q.10.)4thException.ForthattheMastershould,inhissaidreport,haveallowedthedefendant$200.00,theamountofthecheckreferredtointheanswer.Thereportwhollyignoressaidcheck.(Seedep.ofRichardFen;andtheaffidavitsofJohnCarrandJamesCrow,herewithHied,andmarkedrespectivelyexhibitA,andexhibitB,totheseexceptions.)Inallofwhichparticulars,thedefendantexceptstosaidreport,andappealstherefromtothejudgmentoftheCourt. T.S.Webb,Solicitor.DECREEONEXCEPTIONSTOAREPORT.JohnDen,1vs. \No.723.RichardFen.JOnthis10thdayofJune,1891,beforetheHon.B.M.Estes,Chancellor,cameonforargu-ment,theexceptionstakenbythedefendanttothereportoftheMaster,madeinthiscausetothepresenttermoftheCourt;andtheCourthavingheardreadthereport,theproofreferredtotherein,andtheexceptions,andbeingoftheopinionthatthefirstexceptiontakenasaforesaid,beingforthattheMaster,inandbyhissaidreport,hasstatedthatthecomplainantpaidsaiddefendant,onthe5thdayofDecember,1887,thesumoffivethousanddollars,andchargesthedefendantwiththesame,andinterestthereon,iswelltaken,thesameissustained.AndtheCourtbeingofopinionthatthesecondexceptiontakenasaforesaid,beingforthattheMasterinandbysaidreport,statedthevalueofthepermanentimprove-mentserectedbythecomplainantonthetractoflandincontroversy,inhissuitatonethousanddollars,theCourtordersthateighthundreddollars,andnomore,beallowedforsaidim-provements,thatappearingtotheCourttobetheirreasonablevalue,andsaidthirdexceptionis,tothatextent,sustainedandallowed.Thematterscontainedinthedefendant'sfourthexception,relativetothebankcheck,referredtointheanswer,andinthedefendant'saffida-vitsinsupportofhissaidfourthexception,notbeingsufficientlycleartotheCourt,thereportisrecommittedastosaidmatters,andtheMasterwillreportthereonattheendoftendaysherefrom,hearingtheproofonfile,andanyadditionalprooffiledbytheparties,oreitherofthem.Allothermattersarereserveduntiltheincomingofthisreport.§617.WhenandHowExceptionsareDisposedOf.—AllexceptionstoaMaster'sreportmustbefiledonorbeforetheseconddayofthetermtowhichthereportismadereturnable,unlessthecauseissoonerreachedonthedocket,inwhichevent.theexceptionsmustbefiledatthecallingofthecause;ineithercase,theexceptionsshallbeimmediatelysetdownforargument,andshallbeheardanddisposedoflikeamotion,providedtheyaredisposedofbytheCourtbeforeorwhenthecauseisreachedfortrial.17Ontheargumentofexceptions,theexceptanthastherighttoopenandcon-clude.18Thebetterpracticeistohearargumentonbothsidesastooneexcep-17Ch.Rule,IV,§§12;15;post,§1193.Excep-ImadeintheSupremeCourt.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1302,tionsnottakenintheChanceryCourtcannotbenote.
I 18Uponthehearingofexceptions,theexceptant

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487PROCEEDINGSUPONAMASTER'SREPORT.§618tionbeforetakingupthenextexception.Beforeargumenttheproofshouldberead,or,atleast,somuchofitasreferstothematterscontainedintheexceptions;ortheChancellorcanallowcounselfortheexceptanttoreaddur-inghisargumentsuchpartsoftheevidenceassustainhisexceptions,andcanallowoppositecounsel,duringhisargument,toreadsomuchoftheevidenceassustainsthereport,confiningtheexceptant'scounsel,however,tothepagesofevidencespecifiedinhisexceptions.Upontheargumentofexceptions,theCourtmaysustainsomeandoverruleothers,ormaysustaininpartandoverruleinpart.Uponsustainingoneormoreexceptions,theCourtmayeitherrecommitthereportoftheMasterwithdirectionstoreviewitastotheexceptionssustained;ortheChancellorraayhimselfcorrecttheerrorspecifiedintheexception,withoutrecommittingthereport,andthereuponconfirmthereportasbyhimcorrected,ormodified.19TheChancellorwillnot,however,duringtheargumentofexceptions,consideranygeneralexceptions,oranymatterinareportnotexceptedto.20Mattersnotexceptedtoaredeemedcorrect.ExceptionscannotbetakentoaMaster'sreportafterithasbeenconfirmed:confirmationmakesitapartofthedecree.If,therefore,apartydesirestoexcepttoareportthathasbeenconfirmed,hemustfirsthavethedecreeofconfirmationsetaside.Ifthepartyshowgroundsofexception,and,also,showthathewaspreventedfromexceptingbyfraud,surprise,ormistake,theCourt,ifithasnotlostcontrolofthedecreeofconfirmation,willsetitaside,andallowthereporttobeexceptedto.Ingeneral,however,theCourtisverycau-tiousinadmittingapplicationstoreviewaMaster'sreportafterithasbeenconfirmed;anditisonlyincasesoffraud,surprise,ormistake,thatitwillbepermitted.21 FINALDECREEONAREPORT.JohnDen,vs. No.723.—FinalDecree.RichardFen.Thiscausecomingontobefurtherandfinallyheard,thisJuly20,1891,beforeHon.B.NT.Estes,Chancellor,uponthewholerecordinthecause,andespeciallyonthereportoftheMaster,filedJune20,1891,andtheexceptionofdefendantthereto,anduponargumentofcounsel,onconsiderationofallwhich,itisordered,adjudgedanddecreed,thatsaidexcep-tionbeoverruledanddisallowed,andsaidreportconfirmed;andthatthedefendantisjustlyindebtedtothecomplainantbyreasonofthepremises,inthesumofthirteenhundreddollars.(7/thecomplainanthasnolienonanypropertytosecurehisdebt,thedecreezvillthenproceedasfollows:]forallofwhichandthecostsofthecause,whichareadjudgedagainstthedefendant,anexecutionwillissue.[Ifthedebtisalienonrealestate,concludethedecreeafterthewords"thirteenhundreddollars"asfollows:]Anditfurtherappearingthatcomplainantisentitledtohavesaidsumdeclaredalienonthetract[orlot]oflanddescribedinthebill,itissoordered,adjudgedanddecreed.AndifsaidsumofthirteenhundreddollarsandallthecostsofthecausearenotpaidintotheofficeoftheClerkandMasteroftheCourtinsatisfactionofthisdecreewithinsixtydays,theClerkandMasterwill,inthemannerrequiredbylaw,sellsaidtract[orlot]oflandtothehighestandbestbidder,onacreditofsix,twelve,eighteenandtwenty-fourmonths[&c.Seebalanceofdecreein§626,post.]§618.WhenandHowtoCorrectErrorsnotReachedbyExceptions.Ex-ceptionswillnotreachanyerrornotapparentinthereport,orintheaccom-panyingproofs.If,therefore,theMaster(1)takesanaccountwithoutnotice,or(2)rulesoutmaterialandadmissibleevidence,sothatitdoesnotappearintherecord,or(3)iftheMasterrefusestoexamineamaterialandcompetentwit-ness,or(4)iftheMasteradmitsillegalevidence,orrejectslegalevidence,ormustconfinehimselftotheexceptions,andwillnotbeallowedtoraiseotherobjectionstothereport,nortogobehindthedecree.Theexceptionsandtheargumentmustbefoundedonthefactsstatedinthereport,orintheaccompanyingproofs;andevi-dencewhichwasnotbeforetheMastercannotberead.Ifapartyhasnewevidence,heshouldnotexcept,butmovetheCourttoopentheaccountandrecommitthereport.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1317,notes;r*—1J1...r*-_.
Itissometimesadvisabletotakeupanddisposeofanimportantexceptionbeforetakingupthenextfirsthearingthepartofthereportexceptedto,thentheexceptiontosuchpart,andlastlyargumentforandagainsttheexception,eachsideinhisargu-mentreferringtotheevidenceherelieson192Dan.Ch.Pr.,1318-1319,notes.202Dan.Ch.Pr.,1315,note.->lIbid,1314,note;1321.

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§619PROCEEDINGSUPONAMASTERSREPORT.488improperlyrefusestoopentheaccountonapplicationmadetohim,or(5)iftheMastercommitsanyothererrorintakinganaccountwhichcannotbeade-quatelypresentedtotheCourtbyexceptionstothereport,thepartyinjuredmaybringthematterbeforetheChancelloratChambers,orinopenCourt,andobtainanyordernecessarytocorrecttheerror,andgivetheinjuredpartythereliefheisentitledto,supportinghismotionbyaffidavitifthefacts*dono*,otherwiseappear.Insuchcases,ifthereporthasnotbeenfiled,theChancello-may,atChambers,22orinCourtdirecttheMastertoreceivetherejectedevi-dence,orrejectthereceivedevidence,orheartherejectedwitness,oropentheaccount;andifthereporthasbeenfiled,itmayberecommitted,withproperinstructionstotheMaster.Incasesofthissort,exceptionswillnotenablethepartyinjuredtoobtainthereliefheisentitledto.23IftheMasterwasprejudicedagainstaparty,orhadexpressedanopinion,orwasnearlyrelatedtooneoftheparties,orwasinterestedinthelitigation,onsuchfactbeingmadeknowntotheChancellor,eitherinvacation,orintermtime,hemayappointacommissionertotaketheaccount,24theapplicationforfcuchappointmentbeingmadeindueseason,andtheapplicantnothavingwaivedtheMaster'sincompetency.ThepartyinjuredbyanyactoftheMasterspecifiedinthissectionshouldbringthematterbeforetheChancelloratthefirstopportunity.Actsolacqui-escence,afterknowledge,willbedeemedawaiverofanyerror,ordisability,oftheMaster.Ifaparty,orquasiparty,desirestointroducenewevidence,hemustfileaspecialaffidavit,detailingsuchevidence,showingclearlyitsmateriality,andcogency,explainingsatisfactorilywhyitwasnotintroducedbeforetheMaster,andwhyapplicationtoopentheaccountwasnotmadetotheMaster;onsuchanaffidavittheCourtmayrecommitthereporttotheMaster,onsuchtermsandwithsuchdirectionsaswilleffectuatetheendsofjustice.25§619.EffectofaMaster'sReport.—AMaster'sreportisinthenatureofaspecialverdict,andexceptionstoitareinthenatureofamotionforanewtrial;andtheCourtwillnotoverruleitunlesstheevidenceclearlypreponder-atesagainstit.Theburdenisonthepartyexcepting,toestablishthemistake,ormisconduct,ordisability,alleged.Whereamatteroffact,dependingonconflictingtestimony,andthecredibilityofwitnesses,hasbeenreferredtotheMaster,hisdecisionwillnotbeinterferedwith,unlessitisaplaincaseoferror,ormistake,especiallywhenthewitnesseswereexaminedbeforehim.26Theresultis,theCourtwillnotallowanexceptiontotheMaster'sreport,unlesstheexceptionisclearlysustainedbytheweightoftheevidence,orotherwiseaffirmativelyappearstobewelltaken.TheeffectofconfirmingareportisthesameasthoughthefactscontainedinthereporthadbeenascertainedbytheCourt,uponargumentandduecon-siderationoftherecordinthecause.Indeed,ifareportisconfirmedwithoutexceptionsfiled,thefactsfoundbytheMasterwill,onappealtotheSupremeCourt,beconclusive;whereas,iftheChancellorhaduponargumentfoundthesamefacts,hisfindingwouldbeinconclusive,andsubjecttomodification,orreversal,onappealorwritoferror.§620.EffectofConfirmationofaMaster'sReport.—AMaster'sreportwhenunexceptedtoisconfessedtobetrueandcorrect,insofarassaidreportisresponsivetotheorderofreference;andadecreeconfirmingitisconclusiveuponallparties,includingminorsproperlyrepresented,afterthetermispassed.27NeithercansuchareportwhensoconfirmedbesetasideintheSupremeCourt,evenwhenthereportiserroneousontheproof;28butmaybe
22Code,§§4410;4416.232Dan.Ch.Pr.,1309;1317-1319,notes.24Code,§4414.•jr.Ch.Rule,IV,§9.282Dan.Ch.Pr.,1298;1321,notes.WhentheMasterseesandhearsthewitnesses,heisabetter
judgeoftheircredibilitythanistheChancellor.SeeBrownv.Dailey,1Pick.,218;andTurleyV.Turley,1Pick.,251.27Allen&Hill,exrs.,v.Shanks,6Pick.,359;Grimsteadr.Huggins,13Lea,728.28Ibid.

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ij621 DECREESOFSALE. 490
CHAPTERXXXI.DBCEBESOFSALE,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.ArticleI.SalesGenerallyConsidered.ArticleII.ReportofSale,andProceedingsThereon.ArticleIII.TheOpeningofBiddings.ArticleIV.Purchasers'Duties,Rights,andLiabilities.ArticleV.PaymentofMoneyUnderaDecreetoPartiesEntitled.ARTICLEI.SALESGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§621.WhenaSaleWillbeDecreed.§622.WhatShouldAppearofRecordWhenLandisSoldforDebt.§623.SaleofLandinBarofRedemption.§624.DutiesoftheCourtinMakingSales.
625.WhenPrivateSalesWillbeMadebytheCourt.626.FormofaDecreeofSale.627.DutiesoftheMasterinReferencetoSales.§621.WhenaSalewillbeDecreed.—TheChanceryCourtwill,bydecree,ordertheClerkandMaster,oraspecialcommissioner,orareceiverappointedforthatpurpose,tosellproperty,realorpersonal,inthefollowingcases
:
1.Wherethepropertyisdescribedinthebill;anditssaleisprayedfor,andisnecessary,toenforcesomelienortrust,createdbythecontractoftheparties,orbyoperationoflaw,orbythedecreeoftheCourt.2.Wherethebillisfiledtosell^hepropertythereindescribed:(1)forpar-titionamongtenantsincommon;(2)forreinvestmentincaseofpersonsunderdisability;(3)forthemaintenanceoreducationofpersonsunderdisability;(4)topaythedebtsofadecedent;(5)towindupaninsolventordissolvedcorporation;or(6)topaythedebtsofafraudulentvendor.3.Wherepropertydescribedinthebillhasbeenattached,orotherwiseim-pounded,duringtheprogressofthecause.4.Where,inanyothercase,thesaleofthepropertydescribedinthebillisnecessary,orproper,forthedueenforcementoftherightsofanyofthepartiestothesuit.5.Wherepropertyhasbeenleviedonbyattachmentorexecution,andforsomereasonhasnotbeensoldbytheofficerlevyingthewrit.§622.WhatShouldAppearofRecordwhenLandisSoldforDebt.—Beforelandcanbeproperlysoldfordebtthefollowingfactsshouldappearofrecord,orinthedecreeforsale:1.TheownerofthelandmustbebeforetheCourt.2.Adebtnecessitatingsuchsalemustbeestablishedbysufficientproof.13.Thepreciseamountofthisdebtmustbeascertainedandstatedinthedecree.24.Thelandtobesoldmustbedescribedinthedecree,orbyreferencetothebill,ortotheattachmentorexecutionlevy,ortosomeotherpartoftherecord,soastoidentifyit;3andsuchlandmustnotbedifferentfromthatsoughttobereachedbythebill,ifanybesosought.4
1Millerv.Taylor,2Shan.Cas.,461.2Pryorv.Coleman,2Shan.Cas.,257;Lewis1).Baker,1Head.,388;CodwiseV.Taylor,4Sneed,351;Dennyv.Steakley,2Heisk.,156.3Andwhenthelandsofpartiesunderdisability
aresoldtheacreageshouldbeknown,andsalesingrossnotallowed.Hornv.Denton,2Sneed,125.4Adecreeiscoramnonjudiceandvoidthatsellsadifferenttractfromthatdescribedinthebill.Bankv.Carpenter,13Pick.,437.

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491 DECREESOFSALE. §6235.Thehomesteadanddowershouldbecarvedoutwheneitherorbothen-cumbertheland.6.Therightofredemptionshouldbepreserved,unlessgoodreasonsexistforasaleinbarofredemption.7.Opportunityshouldbegiventothedebtortopaythedebtbeforethesale.58.Thesaleshouldbedulyadvertised.69.Iftherebemoretractsthanone,eachtractshouldbesoldseparately,unless,forsufficientreasonsappearingintherecord,theCourtshouldordertwoormoreadjoiningtractstobeconsolidatedandsoldasone.7
§623.SaleofLandinBarofRedemption.—Mannaturallylovesthelandheowns,andinallagesamongallcivilizednations,thelawhasregardedaman'shomeassacred,andhasdeclaredthatwhensolditshouldbesubjecttoredemption.1.WhentheRighttoRedeemExists,andWhenitMaybeBarred.—Ordinarily,underourlaw,realestatesoldfordebtunderanyjudicialprocedureissoldsubjecttoredemptionatanytimewithintwoyearsaftersuchsale.8Butwhere,uponaforeclosureofamortgage,ordeedoftrust,orinanycasethespecificlandtobesoldismentionedinthedecree,theCourt,uponapplicationofthecomplainant,mayorder:1.Thatthepropertybesoldonacreditofnotlessthansixmonths,normorethantwoyears.2.Thatwhenthesaleismadeandreported,andconfirmed,norightofre-demptionorrepurchaseshallexistinthedebtororhiscreditors,butthatthepurchaser'stitleshallbeabsolute.9UndertheseprovisionsoftheCodethreethingsmustbedonetomaKe-idecreedestroytherightofredemption:1st,thecomplainantmustprayinhisbillthatthelandspecifiedinthebillbesoldonacredit,andinbaroftheequityofredemption;2d,thisspecifiedlandmustbementionedinthedecreeofsale;and3d,thedecreemustorderthatthesalebeonacredit,specifying1hetime,whichmustbenotlessthansixmonths,normorethantwoyears,andthatwhenmadenorightofredemptionshallexist.10Thestatuteevidentlycontemplatedthatnopartofthepurchasepriceshould,onsuchasale,bere-quiredtobepaidincash,buttheSupremeCourthasdecidedthatif,onfactsappearingintherecord,whenthedecreeismade,acashpaymentwillnotinter-ferewiththeobtainingofafullandfairprice,theCourtmayrequireaportionofthepurchasemoneytobepaidincash.11But,ifsuchjustifyingfactsdonotsoappearintherecord,asalerequiringanyportionofthepurchasemoneytobepaidincashwillvitiatethesale;and,onappealorwritoferror,theSupremeCourtwillsetthesaleasideandorderaresale,andallowtherightofredemp-tionfromthedayofsuchresale.12ItisnotimperativeontheChancellortoorderasaleoncredit,barringtheequityofredemption,merelybecausethe
5Lewisv.Baker,1Head,388;Codwisev.Taylor,4Sneed,351.6See,post,§627.TPryorv.Coleman,2Shan.Cas.,257;Cookev.Walters,2Lea,116.8Code,§2124.9Code,§4489.10McBeeV.McBee,1Heisk.,558;ThrustonV.Belote,12Heisk.;250;Glassv.Porter,7Bax.,114;Turnerv.Argo,5Pick.,443.11HodgesV.Copely,11Heisk.,335;McBeeV.McBee,1Heisk.,558.TheMastermayberequiredtoreportwhetheracashpaymentwillpreventthelandbeingsoldforafullandfairprice.Nocashshouldeverberequired,unless:1,Thesaleismadeintheenforcementofacontractex-presslyprovidingforasaleforcash,andthenitisthedutyoftheCourttosellforcash.Knox1>.McCain,13Lea,197;or2,Somecashisimpera-tivelyrequiredtodischargetaxes,orotherpressingencumbrances;or3,Theinterestsoftheownersof
Thepartiesareallsuijuris,andconsenttosaleforcash,inwholeorinpart.Asarule,theprepaymentofanycashlessensthepricebidforthelandsomewhatinproportiontothepercentageofcashrequired;thatistosay,iftenpercent,cashisrequired,thelandwill,ordinarily,bringtenpercent,less,andthispercentageholdsgooduntilaboutthelimitof25percent.Andofwhatbenefitisittoanyone,excepttheClerks,tohavetenpercent,ofthepurchasemoneypaidincash?Neithershouldatractoflandbesoldfirstinlots,andthenasawhole,adoptingthesalebringingthelargersumintheaggregate.Insuchacase,shrewdandschemingbidderswillcombine,andnotbidwhenthelotsaresoldseparately,butwaituntiltheprop-ertyissoldasawhole,.andthenbidanominalad-vance,and,onconfirmationofthesale,partitionthepropertybetweenthem.Todefeatsuchadevice,letthepropertybesoldasawholefirst,andthensell'tinlots:thismethodoutsDoorandhonestmennn

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§624 DECREESofsale. 492complainantasksforsuchreliefinhisbill.Itisamatterofsoundlegaldiscre-tiontobeexercisedinviewofthefactsofthecase.132.WhentheRighttoRedeemDoesNotExist.Inconstruingthevarioussec-tionsoftheCoderelativetotheequityofredemption,14itisapparentthatitis_intendedtoexistincasesonlywherethelandissoldfordebtoftheowneroftheland,anditthereforedoesnotexistinthefollowingcases
:
1.WherelandisresoldbytheCourtforthepurchasemoneyduefromthepurchaserattheoriginalCourtsale,hefailingtopaythefullamountofhisbid.Insuchacase,theresalemaybemadeforcash,withouttheequityofredemption.152.Wherelandissoldinanadministrationcauseforthepaymentofthedebtsofthedecedent.163.Wherelandissoldforpartitionofproceedsamongtenantsincommon.174.Wherethelandsofmarriedwomen,infants,18idiots,lunatics,orpersonsofunsoundmind19aresoldforsupport,education,reinvestmentordivision.Whenlandissoldinanybftheforegoingcasesitisnotnecessaryforthedecreetobartheequityofredemption.§624.DutiesoftheCourtinMakingSales.—ItisanexerciseofgreatpoweronthepartofaCourttosellaman'sproperty,andespeciallyhisland,againsthiswill;and,inmakingajudicialsale,theCourtshoulddiligentlysee:1,ThattheproperpartiesarebeforetheCourttogiveagoodtitletothepurchaser
;
2.Thatthepleadingsandproofsjustifythesale;203,Thatthereisaproperdecreeofsale;214,ThatthesaleismadebytheMasterinstrictcompliancewiththedecree;5,Thatthebestpricepossibleisobtainedforthepropertysold,and6,ThatthereportofsalebytheMaster,andtheconfirmationthereof,areinregularform.TheCourtactsasasortofjudicialagentforthepartiesinmakingasale.22Inmakingsalesofproperty,realorpersonal,theCourthastwogreatdutiestodischarge;adutytotheowneroftheproperty,andadutytothebuyeroftheproperty.Thedutytotheownerofthepropertyisdischargedwhenthehighestpossiblepricehasbeenobtainedforit;23andthedutytothepurchaserisdischargedbygivinghimagoodtitletowhathebuys,or,atleast,suchatitleashehastherightinreasontoexpect.24Itsavorsofjudicialtyrannyandoppression,andiscertainlyjudicialinjustice,eithertosacrificetheowner,bysellinghispropertyforagrosslyinadequateprice,ortosacrificethebuyer,bytakinghismoneyandgivinghimnotitleorotherconsiderationinreturn.§625.WhenPrivateSaleswillbeMadebytheCourt.—WhilesalesbytheMasteraregenerallymadepublicly,andondueadvertisementofthetime,placeandterms,25nevertheless,inasmuchasaCourtofChanceryisboundbynoforms,butlookstothesubstanceofthings,andstrivestobestpromotetheinterestsofallconcerned,casesoftenarisewhentheChancellordeemsitexpe-dientforthewelfareofthepartiestoordertheMastertosellatprivatesale
;
ortheChancellormayacceptanoffermadedirectlytotheCourt,ormayratifyasalealreadymade,andthat,too,evenwhenpersonsunderdisabilityhaveaninterestintheland.ThequestionfortheconsiderationoftheCourtincaseofpersonsunderdisabilityisnothowthelandhasbeensold,butthene-13Hoyalv.Bryson,6Heisk.,142.See,post,§1141;sub-sec,6.14Code.§§2124;4489.15MosbyV.Hunt,9Heisk.,676;Holmanu.Green,4Bax.,135.16Lovev.Williams,2Lea,227.17Code,§3300.18Code,§§3323-3336.19Code,§§3716-3719.20Therearethreethingsthelawisanxiousabout;1,Thatjudgmentsshouldbeeffectual;2,Thatsalesshouldbevalid;and3,Thatdecisionsshouldbeuniform.ThesegoldenwordsarebyJudgeHay-wood,inPortern.Cocke,Peck,49.21Theexactamountofthedebtshouldbefixedinthedecree.Lewisv.Baker,1Head.,388;ifany
ofthepartiesareunderdisabilitythenumberofacresinthetractshouldbeascertainedbeforesaleismade.Hornv.Denton,2Sneed,12S;andreason-abletime,saysixtydays,giventhedefendanttopaythedebtbeforesale.LewisV.Baker,1Head,388;Codwisev.Taylor,4Sneed,351.Seeprecedingsection.22Glennv.Glenn,7Heisk.,367.23ChildressV.Hurt,2Swan,487;Glennv.Glenn,7Heisk.,-367;Owenv.Owen,5Hum.,352;Lucasv.Moore,2Lea,7;Atkinsv.Murfree,1Tenn.Ch„56;ClickV.Burris,6Heisk.,544.24See,Porterv.Cocke,Peck,49;JonesV.Doug-lass,1Tenn.Ch.,357.25Code,§§2145a-2149;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1292.

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493 DECREESOFSALE. §626cessityorinexpediencyofthesale,andtheproprietyofratifyingit,consideringthepriceoffered;inshort,thequestionis,willthewelfareofthepersonunderdisabilitybepromotedbythesale?Inallsuchcases,theCourtactsasguardianforthosenotabletoactforthemselves;andendeavorstodoforthemwhattheythemselveswouldalmostcertainlydo,ifablefreelyandintelligentlytoactforthemselves.Irregularitiesinasaleofaninfant'slandwillbedisre-garded,wheresuchsaleismanifestlyadvantageoustotheinfant.26Thus,theCourtwillratifyasalemadebyanextfriendofinfantsduringtheprogressofasuitinstitutedbyhimtoselltheirland,theCourtbeingsatisfiedthatsuchsalewasanadvantageousonefortheinfants,27theadvisabilityofthesalehavingbeenfirstdulyreferredtotheMasterforinvestigationandreport.2s
§626.FormofaDecreeofSale.—Adecreeofsaleshould(1)beprecededbysomeadjudicationwarrantingasale;(2)itshouldspecificallydescribethelandorderedtobesold,andnotrefertopleadings,deedsorotherpapers,forthedescription;(3)itshouldexpresslydeclarebywhomthesaleshallbemade;and(4)itshouldspecifywhen,where,andonwhatterms,thesaleshallbemade.Thefollowingformwillserveasaguideindrawingadecreeofsale,omittingtheantecedentadjudication
:
FORMOFADECREEOFSALE.Itis,therefore,orderedanddecreedbytheCourtthat[unlessthisdecreeissatisfiedwithinsixtydaysfromthisday,]saidtractoflandbesoldbytheClerkandMasterof'thisCourt,[or,byJonathanS.Lindsay,asspecialcommissionerofthisCourt,]tothehighestandbestbidder,onacreditofsixandtwelvemonths,takingfromthepurchasernotesforthepurchase-moneydrawinginterestfromthedateofsale,withoneormoresolventsuretiesthereto,andretainingalienonthelandasfurthersecurityforthepurchase-money.SaidsalewillbemadeinfrontoftheCourtHousedoorinKnoxville[or,onthepremises,]andonthenoticeprescribedbylaw.[//thetractoflandhasnotbeenalreadydescribedinthedecree,thenadd:]Saidtractoflandisdescribedasfollows:[Hereinsertthedescriptiongiveninthetitlepapers,orinthesurveyor'sreport^][Ifthesaleisinbarofredemption,thensay:]Andonthespecialapplicationofthecomplainant,bothinhisbillandatthebar,thatsaidlandbesoldonacreditandinbarofallrightofredemption,saidsalewillbemadeonthecreditaforesaid,andwhenmadeandconfirmedbytheCourt,norightofre-demptionorrepurchaseshallexistinthedefendants,orinanyoftheircreditors,butthetitleofthepurchasershallbeabsolute.29TheMaster[or,specialcommissioner,]willreporthisactioninthepremisestothenextregulartermoftheCourt,untilwhichtimeallothermattersarereserved.§627.DutiesoftheMasterinReferencetoSales.—TheMasterisrequiredinmakingsalestoexercisetheutmostdiligence,impartialityandgoodfaith.Itisagrossbreachofhisdutyforhimtodoanyactthatwilleitherdirectlyorindirectlyfavorapurchasertothedetrimentofthepartiesentitledtotheproceeds;butheshouldearnestlyendeavortorealizethehighestpossiblepriceforthepropertyhehasbeencommissionedtosell.Hisprincipaldutiesinref-erencetosalesarethefollowing
:
1.HeMustDulyAdveit'se.theProperty.Ifthedecreeofsalespecifiesanyparticularmethodofadvertisingtheproperty,thismethodshouldbestrictly26ElliotV.Blair,5Cold.,185;Swanr.Newman,3Head,289.27Kirkmanetat.,exparte,3Head,518.Inthiscase,theCourtsaidinsubstance,thatitwastheCourtthatmadethesaleandnotthenextfriend;thatthenextfriendwasonlythemediumthroughwhichtheoffertopurchasewasmadeknowntotheCourt;thattheoffer,beingaveryadvantageousone,theChanceryCourtcould,anddid,intheinter-estoftheinfants,properlyacceptit;andthatthepurchaseracquiredagoodtitle.ThiscaselaysdownthetruedoctrineforallcasesofChancerysales:theCourtmakesthesale;theMastermerelyreports,fortheinformationoftheCourtandtheparties,thebestbidhecangetforthepropertyorderedtobesold;andonsuchreportitisfortheCourttosaywhethersuchbidwillbeacceptedandthesalemade.InthelanguageofJudgeCaruthers,intheabovecase,"Itisthesanction'oftheCourtthatmakesthesale."Woodv.Morgan,4Hum.,371.SeeHurtV.Long.6Pick.,445.28InasmuchasChancerysalesare,generally,in
barofredemption,theCourtshoulduseeverymeanstorealizethehighestprice.Thiscannotalwaysbedonebyapublicsale,anditisoftendeemedmoreadvantageoustothepartiestosellbyprivatecon-tract.Insuchcases,theCourtmay,initsdiscretion,orderthesaletobesomade.Or,ifawould-bepurchaserhasalreadybeenobtainedwhoofferswhatisconsideredahighprice,andthepartiesininterestdesirethepropertytobesoldtohim,theCourtmayauthorizesuchasale:ifpersonsunderdisabilityareinterested,theCourtwillnot,however,acceptsuchabidwithoutareferencetotheMastertomMiireandreportwhetheranybetterbidcanbeobtai/ed,orwhetheritistothemanifestinterestofallwirt'e.3toacceptthebidoffered:iftheMasterreportsinfavorofthebid,theCourtwill,ordinarily,acceptit.29Whenthebillpraysforasaleonacreditandinbarofredemption,thecomplainantis,ordinarily,entitledtohaveitsosold.SmithV.Taylor,11Lea,738;Gibbsv.Patten,2Lea,180;Hoyalv.Bryson,6Heisk.,139.

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§627 DECREESOFSALE. 494followed.TheMasterhasnodiscretiontovaryordisregardsuchmethod,butmustimplicitlyobeythedirectionscontainedinthedecree.Inhisadvertise-mentheshouldgivethenamesofthe.complainantanddefendant,orpartiesinterested,shouldbrieflydescribetheland,andmentionthetime,place,andtermsofsale.30Ifthedecreedoesnotgiveanyspecialdirectionsinreferencetothemethodofadvertisingandsellingtheproperty,itmustbeadvertisedandsoldinthemannerprescribedbythestatute.31IftheMasterfailtosellaccordingtothedecree,ortothestatute,heisguiltyofamisdemeanor,andliableindamages
;
butthesalewillnotnecessarilybeeithervoidorvoidable.32Ifthedecreespecifywhenthepropertyshallbesold,theMastermuststrictlycomplywithsuchdirection;iftherebenosuchdirection,thelandshouldbeadvertisedintimetosellitwithinthreemonthsafterthedecreeofsale.33Theadvertisementforthesalemaybeinthefollowingform
:
CHANCERYSALEOFLAND.InobediencetoadecreeoftheChanceryCourtatKnoxville,madeinthecaseofJohnDoevs.RichardRoe,etal.,Iwill,onSaturday,June27,1891,atnoon,infrontoftheCourtHousedoorinKnoxville,[or,onthepremises,]selltothehighestandbestbidder,thetractofland,[or,townlot,]insaiddecreedescribed,beingthefarmonwhichRichardRoenowresides,inthe10thcivildistrictofKnoxcounty,containing100acres,moreorless.34Saidsalewillbe[forcashinhand,or,]onacreditofsixandtwelvemonths,[followingthetermsspecifiedinthedecree,]andinbaroftheequityofredemption.Notes,drawinginterestfromthedayofsale,withgoodpersonalsecurity,willberequiredofthepurchaser;andalienwillberetainedonthepropertysold,asfurthersecurity.June1,1891. W.L.Trent,C.&M.2.HeshouldAnnouncetheTermsoftheSale.Beforehebeginstocrytheproperty,theMastershoulddistinctlyandfullyannouncethetermsofthesale;andstatewhatamount,orpercent.,ofcashwillberequired,ifany;onwhattimethesaleistobemade,ifonacredit,andwheneachinstallmentofthepurchase-moneyistobepaid;whatsecurityisrequiredtothepurchase-moneynotes,andwheninterestwillbegintorunonsuchnotes.3.HeshouldDescribethePropertytobeSold.Ifthelandisdescribedinthedecreebymetesandbounds,thisdescriptionshouldbegivenonthedayofthesale;or,ifthedecreereferstosomeotherpaperforadescription,suchpapermustbefollowedindescribingtheland.TheMastermay,also,state,atthetimeandplaceofsale,inageneralway,thecharacterofthepropertytobesold;buthemustcarefullyavoidmakinganystatements,eitherinhisadvertisementorinhisverbalproclamation,whichwillundulyenhancethevalueoftheproperty,ormisleadthepurchaser.ACourtofEquitywillnotallowanydeceptionwhatevertobepracticeduponbidders.354.HeshouldRequirethePurchasertoComplywiththeTermsofSale.Whenthepropertyhasbeenknockeddowntothehighestbidder,theMastershouldatoncerequirehimtocomplywiththetermsofthesale,bypayingthere-quisiteamountofcash,ifanycashisrequired,andbygivingnotes,with
andch.
and
30Code,§2149.Adescriptionbymetesandboundsisnotonlywhollyunnecessary,butisdown-ughtoppressivewhenthecostsofpublicationaretherebymuchincreased.ChancellorsshouldscanthecostsofpublicationsmadebytheMaster,seethatnounnecessarycostsareincurred.31SeeCode,§§21452155;Actof1859-1860,60.32Code,§§2152-2153.83Asaleisinthenatureofanexecution,theadvertisementshouldbebegunwithinthetimeprescribedbylawfortheissuanceofexecutions.Code,§3005,asamendedbyActof1869,ch.47;andActof1871,ch.62.See,also,Actof1885,ch.65.SomeMastersdelaytheirsalesuntilthemonthbeforethetermfollowingthedecreeofsale.Thisshouldneverbedone,unlessthepartyentitledtotheproceedsofthesalesoorders,inwriting.Ifasaleispromptlymade,itbetterenablesthepartiesinter-
estedtoobtainanadvancedbidder,andthuspreventthepropertybeingsacrificed.TheMasterwhomakessuchadelayisnotonlyviolatinghisduty,but,asarule,is,also,injuringthepartiesinterestedinhavingthelandbringitsfullprice.Code,§4474.34Thelandshouldnotbedescribedintheadver-tisementbymetesandbounds,unlessthedecreeex-presslysoorders.Abriefgeneraldescription,suf-ficienttoidentifythetract,orlot,issufficient.Code,§2149.Manyadvertisementsoflandsalesareentirelytoolong.Somehavetoomuchhead,otherstoomuchbody,andstillotherstoomuchend-ing;and,asaconsequence,theprinter'sfeesareillegallyandinequitablyincreased.Clerksshouldruntheirofficesintheinterestoflitigants,andnotintheinterestofnewspapers;andChancellorsshouldtaxthemwithallunnecessaryadvertisingcosts.85Veederv.Fond,3Paige,(N.Y.),94.

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495 DECREESOFSALE. §627approvedsecurity,36forthedeferredpayments,suchnotestodrawinterestfromdateofsale.IfthepurchaserofpropertysoldattheMaster'ssalefailstomakepayment,orcomplywiththetermsofthesale,theMastermayagainexposethepropertytosale,onthesameday;or,hemayre-advertiseitandre-sellit,accordingtothedirectionscontainedinthedecree.37IftheMasterissatisfiedwiththegoodfaithandabilityofthehighestbidder,hemayallowhimareasonableopportunitytocomplywiththetermsofhisbid.38If,however,theMasterhasreasontodoubtthegoodfaithorabilityofthebidder,hemaydemandanimmediatecompliancewiththetermsofthesale.39ThefollowingisaFORMOFANOTEFORPURCHASE-MONEY.$500.00 Knoxville,Tenn.Sixmonthsafterdate,we,oreitherofus,promisetopayS.P.Evans,ClerkandMasterc»ftheChanceryCourtatKnoxville,Tennessee,orhissuccessorinoffice,thesumoffivehundreddollars,withinterestfromdatehereof.Thisnoteisgivenfor,andisalienon,thepropertypurchasedbytheundersignedWilliamJonesatasalemadebysaidClerkandMaster,underadecreepronouncedbysaidCourt,attheMayterm,1881,inthecaseofJohnDoevs.RichardRoe,etal.tNo.618,ontheRuleDocketofsaidCourt.Witnessourhandsthis20thdayofJune,1881.WilliamJones,,
GeorgeJones,(surety,)HenryJones,(surety.)5.HeshouldMakeDueReportoftheSaletotheCourt.Assoonastheprop-ertyhasbeensold,theMastermustmakeoutandsubmittotheCourtare-port,40showingthepropertysold,thepersontowhomsold,whensold,theamountofthesale,theprincipalandinterestcollectedonthesale,ifany;thenumberandamountofthenotes,,ifany,andthenamesofthesuretiesthereon,andanyothermatterconnectedwiththesalepropertobestated.Thisreportshoulddescribethelandbymetesandbounds,orotheraccuratedescrip-tion,unlesssuchadescriptioniscontainedinthedecreeofsale.41Thereportshouldbefiledbeforethefirstdayoftheterm.6.HisDutywhenthePurchaserPailstoComplywiththeTermsofSale.CourtsofChancerywillnottolerateanytriflingwithitsprocess,orwithofficersactingunderitsorders;andwhentheMasterissellingpropertyunderadecree,whoeverbidsisconclusivelypresumedtobidingoodfaith,andtheCourtwill,byattachment,compelabiddertocomplywithhisbid.If,therefore,asolvent3GIftheMasternegligentlytakesinsufficientse-curity,hewillbeheldliable,andwill,also,forfeitallfeesandcommissionsduehiminthecause.Deanv.Hale,7Lea,613.37Ch.Rule,XIV,§1;post,1203.38Thisreasonableopportunitymightbeaday,oraweek;butitshouldnotbesoextendedasnottoleavetimefortheMastertore-advertisetheprop-erty.AstothepowersoftheCourtoverabidderfailingtocomplywithhisbid,see,post,§642.39Irbyv.Irby,11Lea,165.Inthiscase,theMasterrequiredHubbard,thehighestbidder,tocomplywiththetermsofsaleinonehour.HubbardannouncedthathewouldnotbeabletocomplywiththetermsofthesaleuntilthefollowingMonday:andthereupon,theMasteratonceresoldtheprop-erty,withtheunderstandingthat,ifHubbardcom-pliedwiththetermsofthesaleaccordingtohispromise,thesalewouldbeconfirmedtohim.TheMasterthenresoldthepropertytootherpartiesforamuchlesssum,andreportedthefactstotheCourt.Hubbardfailingtocomplywiththetermsofthesale,theCourtconfirmedthesaletothenexthighestbidder.Onappeal*theSupremeCourtheldthattheMaster'sactionwasentirelycorrect,andaffirmedtheChancellor'sdecree.Thiscaseisanillustrationofthefactthatthehighestbidisnotalwaysthebestbid.Thebestbidisthehighestbidthatisincompliancewiththetermsofthesale.40Code,§4045.ThissectionstatesthattheMas-tershall,also,reporttheaggregatefundonhand,thedisbursementsmade,towhomandwhen,specify-ingthefeesallowedtotheMasterandotherofficersoftheCourt.Thesematterscannotbeincludedina
reportofsale;and,asaconsequence,theyaresel-dom,ifeverreported,unlessspeciallycalledforbyaseparateorderoftheCourt,whichwillbemade,ofcourse,onmotion.41Therehas,inthepast,beentoomuchnegli-genceindescribinglandssold,ororderedtobesold.Insomecases,nodescriptionoutsideofageneralandindefinitereferenceiscontainedeitherinthepleadings,decreeofsale,orMaster'sreportofsale;andinsomecases,theMasterhasbeenorderedtomakeadeedtothepurchaser,onthelatterfurnish-ingmetesandboundsforsuchdeed!Suchpracticeshouldnotbetolerated.1,Itresultsinpropertybringingalesspricebecauseoftheuncertaintyofdescription;2,Itsometimesrequiressubsequentliti-gationtosettletheboundaries;and3,Falseboundar-iesaresometimesgiventotheMastertobeincludedinhisdeedtothepurchaser.TheCourtshouldneverselllandsexceptbymetesandbounds,andshouldalwaysrequirethedescriptiontobecontainedinthedecreeofsale,orinthereportofsale.TheMasterthenknowswhatheisselling,thepurchaserknowswhatheisbuying,andifthefilesinthecauseareeverlost,theminutesoftheCourtwillperpetuatethedescription.Inaidofourlandtitles,theCourtsshouldsetagoodexampleofcarefulnessandaccuracy.InSimsv.Cross,10Yerg.,460,itwasdecidedthatadecreewasnotvoidforuncer-taintyinthedescriptionofthelandsold,inasmuchastheMaster'sreportofthesalereferredtoamort-gagedeed,whichwasonfile,foradescription.Nevertheless,thebetterandsaferpractice,istoin-corporatethedescriptioninthedecree,orinthereportofsale.

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§628 REPORTOPSALE. 496bidderrefusestocomplywiththetermsofhisbid,andthereisnotsufficienttimetoresellonthesameday,ortore-advertiseandresellbeforethedaythereportofthesalemustbefiled;or,iftheMasterthinkitimprobablethatsogoodabidcanbehadonaresale,ineithereventhemayreporttotheCourtthefactthatthelandwassoldtosuchabidder,andthathefailed,orrefused,tocomplywiththetermsofsale.Insuchacase,theCourtwilldealwithsuchbidderasincaseofcontempt.EveniftheMastermakesaresaleinsuchacase,beshouldneverthelessreportthefactofthefailure,orrefusal,ofsuchbidder.-itthefirstsaletocomplywiththetermsofhis.bid,anduponsuchreport,uponmotionandpetition,theCourtwouldattachsuchbidder,andholdhimresponsiblefortheextracostsoccasionedbyhisconduct,andmay,also,imposeafineandimprisonmentforhiscontempt.42Ifthehighestbidderfailtomakepayment,orcomplywiththetermsofthesale,theMastermayagainexposethepropertytosaleonthesameday,ormayre-advertiseandresellaccordingtothedecree,asthoughthefirstsalehadnevertakenplace.43
AETICLEII.REPORTOFSALE,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.§631.WhenaPartyMayHaveaSaleSetAside.§632.WhenaPurchaserMayHaveaSaleSetAside.§633.ProcedureinSettingAsideSales.
§628.TheMaster'sReportofSale.§629.ConfirmationofSale,andDivestitureofTitle.§630.FormofaDecreeConfirmingaSale.§628.TheMaster'sReportofSale.—Thepropertyhavingbeenknockeddowntothehighestbidder,complyingwiththetermsofsale,andhehavingdulyexecutedanddeliveredhisnotes,orpaidthemoney,orotherwisecompliedwiththetermsofsale,theMasterwillthenmakeouthisreportofthesale,showingthereininwhatmannerhehascompliedwiththedecreeofsale,towhomhesoldtheproperty,when,andonwhatterms.Ingeneral,itisnotnecessaryfortheMastertoshowinhisreportallthedetailsofadvertisingandgivingnotice,butageneralstatementthathedidadvertise,ordidgivethenotice,requiredbylaworthedecree,issufficient.Thereportmaybeinthethirdperson,orinthefirstperson;butareportinthefirstpersoncarrieswithitalargermeasureofpersonalresponsibility.ThefollowingisaFORMOFAMASTER'SREPORTOFSALE.No.618.—Master'sReportofSale.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etal.Irespectfullyreportthat,inobediencetoadecreeinthiscausemadeatthelastterm,commandingmetosellthepropertythereinmentioned,Iadvertised[andgavethenotice]asrequiredbythedecree,and,onthe20thdayofJune,1881,infrontoftheCourtHousedoorinKnoxville,[or,onthepremises,]soldsaidproperty,atpublicsale,inbaroftheequityofredemption,toWilliamJones,hebeingthehighestandbestbidder,atthepriceofonethousanddollars,forwhichhegavehistwopromissorynotes,eachforthesumoffivehundreddollars,datedJune20th,1881,[thedayofsale,]duerespectively,sixandtwelvemonthsafterdate,andbearinginterestfromdate,withGeorgeJonesandHenryJones,ashissuretiesthereon.Saidpropertysosoldisthatcertaintractorlotoflandinthe7thcivildistrictofKnoxcounty,Tenn.,adjoiningthelandsofGeorgeJones,HenryJonesandothers,boundedasfollows:Beginningonablackoak,HenryJones'corner,[andgivingthede-scriptioninfullbymetesandboundstobeginning;]containingonehundredacres,moreorless.42Insuchacase,apetitionshouldbefiledspeci-fyingthecontempt,anddueproceedingshadthere-on.SeeChapteronContempts,post,S921.43Ch.Rule,XIV,§1;§1203,post.TheMaster
shouldnotifythefirstpurchaserthattheresalewouldbeathiscostandrisk,andheshould,also,makereportofthesefactstotheCourt.

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497 master'sreportoesale.§629Saidnotesshowontheirfacethattheyweregivenfor,andarealienon,saidland,andareheretoexhibited.Andinobediencetosaiddecree,andonduenotice,I,also,sold,onthesameday,thefollowingpersonalpropertytothehighestandbestbidders
:
1RedcowtoJohnJones,for $25.001ThreshingmachinetoHenryBrown,for 93.001Stockofgoods,(SeeExhibitA.)* 327.00$445.00Isoldallofsaidpersonalpropertyforcash,exceptthethreshingmachine,whichIsoldonacreditofsixmonths,takinganotethereforwithsuretyandretainingalienonthemachine.Saidmoneyandnoteareinmypossession,subjecttotheorderoftheCourt.Respectfullysubmitted,thisJune20,1881. S.P.Evans,C.&M.EXHIBIT"A"TOREPORT.Isoldthestockofgoodsasfollows:1boxofsoaptoJohnBrown,for $1.001plowtoHenryJones,for., 6.001boltofdomestictoKateClark,for ... 3.00[Andsoontotheend.]June20,1881. S.P.Evans,C.&M.§629.ConfirmationofSale,andDivestitureofTitle.—WhentheMastermakesasaleofpersonalty,andreportsthesalefortheactionoftheCourt,showingthatthepurchaserhascompliedwiththetermsofthesale,uponcon-firmationofsuchsalehytheCourt,thesalebecomescomplete,andthetitletothepersonaltysosoldbecomesvestedinhim,withoutanyformaldecreedivestingandvestingtitle,subject,however,toanylienthatmayberetainedtosecurethepurchase-money,orforanyotherpurpose.2Insalesofrealty,however,themereconfirmationofthereportofsaledoesnotofitselfdivestandvestthelegaltitle:itonlycompletesthesale.Thelegaltitlemustbepassedbydecree,orbydeedinpursuanceofadecree,forthatpurpose.3Whenlandissoldonacredit,thebetterpractice,wherethesolvencyofthepurchaserandhissuretiesisdoubtful,ismerelytoconfirmthesale,thusreservingthelegaltitleuntiltheentireconsiderationmoneyhasbeenpaid.4Themoreusualpractice,however,istoconfirmthesaleinallcases,anddivestandvesttitlebythedecreeofconfirmation,reservinginthedecreeanexpresslienonthelandtosecurethepaymentoftheunpaidpurchase-money,anddirectingtheMastertomakethepurchaseradeed,orgivehimacertifiedcopyofthedecree,uponthepurchase-moneybeingallpaid.Undercertaincircumstances,hereinaftershown,theChancellormayconfirmasaleoflandatChambers.43,
§630.FormofaDecreeConfirmingaSale.—Itisaprudentprecautiontospecifyinthebodyofadecreeofconfirmationthenamesofallthepartieswhohaveanytitleto,orinterestin,theland,asthepapersinthecausemaysomedaygetlost,ormislaid,andthetitletherebybecomeclouded.Thefollowingistheformofsuchadecree,omittingthecaption
:
DECREECONFIRMINGASALE.ThiscausecameontobeheardthisdaybeforeHon.WilliamB.Staley,uponthewholerecordinthecause,includingthedecreeofsaleandtheMaster'sreportmadeinobediencethereto,whichreportisasfollows
:
[Herecopythereport,infull.6]1Whentheitemsarenumeroustheyshouldbeputinaschedule,andnotenteredinthebodyofthereport.2Gravesv.Keaton,3Cold.,13;Youngv.Thomp-son,2Cold.,596.Thesewerecaseswhereinslaveshadbeensoldunderstatutoryauthority.WheretheMasterisorderedtosellgoods,wares,andmerchan-dise,orotherpersonalty,asareceiver,unlessthedecreeotherwisedirect,hissalewouldbefinalwith-outanyconfirmationbytheCourt.InMoorev.Watson,4Cold.,64,whereasteamboatandherap-pendagesweresoldbytheMaster,thebiddingswereopened,andthesaleconfirmedtotheoriginalpur-chasers,atanadvancedbid;andafterthis,butatthesameterm,thissecondsalewassetaside,the
biddingsreopened,andanadvancedbidreceived.Thissalewasmadeunderanagreement,thetermsofwhichdonotappear.Topreventconfusion,thedecreeorderingtheMastertosellpersonaltyshouldspecifyonitsfacewhetherthesalewouldrequireconfirmationbytheCourt^ornot.3WebsterV.Hill,3Sneed,333;BryantV.Mc-Callum,4Heisk.,517;Waynev.Fouts,24Pick.,145.iWebsterv.Hill,3Sneed,333;Bryantv.Mc-Callum,4Heisk.,517.4aSee,post,§772.5Thestatuterequiresthisreportto"beembodiedinadecreetobeenteredontheminutesoftheCourt."Code,§4047.

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§631MASTERSREPORTOESALE. 498Andsaidreport,beingunexceptedto,isbytheCourt,onmotionofthecomplainant[ordefendant,orpurchaser,]inallthingsconfirmed.Itis,therefore,ordered,adjudged,anddecreed,bytheCourtthatalltheright,titleandinterest,ofthedefendantsRichardRoe,RolandRoe,RobertRoeandRomeoRoe,andofalltheotherpartiestothissuit,6inandtosaidtractofland,[inbothlawandEquity,]bedivestedoutofthemandeachofthem,andbevestedinthesaidpurchaser,WilliamJones,asanindefeasibleinheritanceinfeesimpleforever[or,forandduringthenaturallifeofthedefendants,orasthecasemaybe;][subjecttothelienaforesaidfortheunpaidpurchase-money.]Andwhensaidpurchase-moneyshallhavebeenfullypaid,theClerkandMasterwillmake,acknowledgeforregistration,anddelivertosaidWilliamJones,adeedconveyingsaidtractoflandtohim,asaforesaid,orwillgivehimadulycertifiedcopyofthisdecree,asamunimentoftitle,athiselection,hepayingthelegalfeestherefor.Onapplicationofthepurchaserawritofpossessionwillbeissuedtoputhimintothepossessionofsaidtractofland.[Thenordinarilyfollowsomedirectionsrelatingtothedistributionoftheproceeds,orsomeothermatters.']§631.WhenaPartyMayHaveaSaleSetAside.—Apartymayhaveasalesetasidewheneverthepropertyhasnotsoldforafairprice,andtherehasbeen.-(1)somefailureoftheMastertoadvertisethelandproperly;or(2)tosellattherighttime,orattherightplace;or(3)theMasterhasbeenguiltyofsomeothermisconduct,orirregularity,injurioustothesale;or(4)thepur-chaserhasbeenguiltyofsomemisconducttendingtodiminishtheprice,ordiscouragebidding;or(5)othershavebeenguiltyofcombinations,orotheractsinjuriouslyaffectingthesale;or(6)theweatherwassoexceedinglyin-clement,orthewaterssohigh,orinsomeotherwaybidderswereprevented,ordeterred,fromattendingthesale;or(7)forsomeotherreason,notthefaultofthepartycomplaining,afairsalewasnothad.Mereinadequacyofprice,however,withoutmore,willnotjustifyaCourtinsettingasideasale,unlessanadvancebidbetendered.TheonlytestaCourtcanhaveofthevalueofpropertysoldataforcedsale,isthepriceitwillbringonduenotice,atapublicsalefairlyconducted.7Ifthepropertyhassoldforsogoodapricethataresalewouldprobablyavailnothing,theCourtmaydisregardallirregularitiesinthesale,especiallywherepersonsunderdisabilityareconcerned.8Thefullnessofthepriceinsuchcases,however,shouldbemadeaffirmativelytoappear,byreferencetotheMaster,orotherwise.§632.WhenaPurchaserMayHavetheSaleSetAside.—Apurchasermayhavethesalesetasideatanytimebeforethetitleisvestedinhimandthetermpassed,if(1)thepartieshavenotitletotheproperty,or(2)iftheirtitleisseriouslyclouded,9or(3)ifthepropertyisnotsuchinquality,size,10situa-tion,characterorvalue,asitwasdescribedtobe,or(4)iffromsomewantofnecessaryparties,orotherfataldefectintheproceedings,orinthejurisdictionoftheCourt,thesalewouldbevoid,11or(5)if,foranyotherreasonthepur-chaserwouldnotgetsuchatitle,orpropertyofsuchquality,situation,dimen-sionsorvalue,ashehadarighttoexpect,oraswasauthoritativelyrepresentedat,orbefore,thesale,12or(6)if,afterthesaleandbeforeconfirmation,thepropertyshouldbedestroyedorotherwisebemateriallyinjured,orgreatlyim-pairedinvalue.13Butapurchaserwillnotberelievedunlessheapplyindueseason,andis
6Itisaprudentprecautiontoincludeallthepar-ties,whensomearespecified.7Atkissonv.Murfree,3Tenn.Ch.,728;Irbyv.Irby,11Lea,165.Tantumbonavalentquantumvendipossunt.8Bryantv.McCallum,4Heisk.,511;Swanv.Newman,3Head,289.Butavoidsalewillnotbeconfirmed,ifthesalebeattacked.Andrewsv.An-drews,7Heisk.,234.9Readv.Fite,8Hum.,328;Deadericku.Smith,6Hum.,138.10Ifthesaleisbytheacre,thepurchaserisen-titledtoanabatementforthedeficiency.Myersv.Lindsay,5Lea,331.Butwherethelandissoldingross,notbytheacre,andwithoutanystipulation
astoquantity,andtheboundariesarecorrectlygiven,thepurchasertakestheriskastoquantity,unlesstherebefraud,orsogreatadeficiencyastocreatethepresumptionoffraud.Mosesv.Wallace,7Lea,413.Asacorrelativeofthisrule,ifapur-chaserbytheacre,bymistakeobtainsasubstantialsurplus,overwhathesupposesheisbuying,andtheotherpartysupposesheisselling,suchpurchaserwillbecompelledtopayfor,orreturn,suchsurplus.Statev.Kellar,11Lea,399.11Crabtreev.Niblett,11Hum.,488;Kindellv.Titus,9Heisk.,737.12Pearsonv.Johnson,2Sneed,>580.ISEakinv.Herbert,4.Cold.,119;Childressv.Hurt,2Swan,487;Gravesv.Keaton,3Cold.,8.

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499 master'sreportOFSALE.§633unaffectedbynegligenceorotherinequitableconduct.Ifhebuys,orallowsthesaletobeconfirmedtohim,withknowledgeofthefactssetoutinhispeti-tionforrelief,hewillnotbereleased.14ThereisoneprevailingrulerunningthroughallourReports,andthatis,thattheCourtwillnotsetaside,forirregularitiesmerely,thesaleofaninfant'sestate,whereitisadvantageoustotheinfant,15providedthepurchaserwillgetagoodtitle.10Therightsandliabilitiesofpurchaserswillbeconsideredinsubsequentsections.17§633.ProcedureinSettingAsideSales.—WhentheMasterreportsthathehassoldthelandinpursuanceofthedecree,orhasadvertisedthesaleasrequiredbylaw,orbythedecree,theCourtwillpresumethathisreportistrue
;
andthetruthofthereportcannotbeputinissuebyanexceptiontotheeffectthattheMasterdidnotadvertiseasrequired,18ordidnotdoanyotherthingasreported,unlesstherebesomeevidenceinthereportitself,orexhibitedthereto,orelsewhereonfileinthecause,contradictingthereport.19Inasmuchassuchcontradictingevidenceseldomappearsofrecord,anexceptiontoareportofsalewillseldomlie;and,asaconsequence,areportofsalemustusu-allybeassailedbyaswornpetitionsettingoutindetailthegroundsonwhichthesaleisattacked.20Onsuchapetitionbeingfiled,theCourtmayorderprooftobetakensummarily,ormayreferthemattertotheMaster,oriftheMaster'sconductiscalledinquestion,mayappointaspecialcommissionertoreportonthetruthofthepetition.Whenapurchaserseeksanabatementofthepurchase-money,ortohaveanencumbranceremoved,ortoberelievedfromhispurchaseentirely,ortohavehisrightsunderhispurchaseenforced,heshouldproceedbypetition,ifthecauseisstillinCourt.21Beingalreadyaquasipartytothesuit,andentitledtobeheardinanymattergrowingoutofhispurchase,anoriginalbillisnotonlyunnecessary,butimproper,ifthecausebepending.Apurchasermayfilehispetitiontoberelievedfromasale,inwholeorinpart,atanytimebeforeaconveyanceisexecuted,22butafterthesalehasbeenconfirmed,andthetermoftheCourtatwhichconfirmationwashadispassed,asalecanonlybesetasideforfraud,accident,mistake,orothersuffi-cientground.23ApetitionattackingaChancerysalemustbepositiveinitsaverments.In-formationaloneisinsufficienttosetthemachineryoftheCourtinmotion.Apartywhoassailsajudicialproceedingmustascertaintherealfactsbeforefilinghispetition,andmustbeabletoallegethosefactswithdefinitenessandpositiveness.24
14Spencev.Armour,9Heisk.,167.15Elliottv.Blair,5Cold.,185.lflSwanv.Newman,3Head,289;Ruckerv.Moore,1Heisk.,726;Andrewsv.Andrews,7Heisk.,234.ITSee,post,§§640-643.18Childressv.Harrison,1Bax.,410.19AnexceptiontoaMaster'sreportmustbebasedonmatterappearingintherecord.Ante.§618.20Childressv.Harrison,1Bax.,414.21Readv.Fite,8Hum.,330;Blackmorev.Bar-ker,2Swan,342;Leakev.Cannon,2Hum.,169;Majorsv.McNeilly,7Heisk.,294.22Fosterv.Bradford,1Tenn.Ch.,400;Deader-ickv.Smith,6Hum.,138;Readv.Fite,8Hum.,328.23Spencev.Armour,9Heisk.,167.ThereissomeconflictinourReportsastotherightofa
purchasertocomeinforreliefbypetitionintheoriginalcause,aftertheconfirmationofthesale.Fosterv.Bradford,1Tenn.Ch.,402.Thetruerulewouldseemtobethis:IfthecauseisstillinCourt,thepurchaser,beingaquasiparty,hastherighttoreliefbypetition,eventhoughsuchpetitionbenotfileduntilafterconfirmation;butifthecausebeoutofCourt,thepurchasermustobtainreliefbyoriginalbill.Fosterv.Bradford,1Tenn.Ch.,402;Spencev.Armour,9Heisk.,167.Ifapetitioncon-tainedsufficientmerits,prayedforprocess,andbroughtallnecessarypartiesbeforetheCourt,itwouldnodoubtbeentertained,asinthenatureofanoriginalbill.ItwouldseemfromSpencev.Armour,9Heisk.,167,thatacauseisoutofCourt,astothepurchaser,afterthesalehasbeencon-firmed,andthetermoftheCourt,atwhichthecon-firmationishad,haspassed.24Fosterv.Bradford,ITenn.Ch.,400.

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§634OPENINGOFBIDDINGS.500
ARTICLEIII.OPENINGOFBIDDINGS.634.WhenBiddingsWillbeOpened.635.WhentheMasterMayOpentheBid-dings.636.HowBiddingsareOpenedbytheCourt.
§637.FormsIncidenttotheOpening"ofBiddings.§638.ProceedingsWhenBiddingsareOpened.§639.WhenandHowBiddingsWillbeRe-opened.§634.WhenBiddingswillbeOpened.—Inasmuchasasale1oflandbytheMasterisconditioneduponitsconfirmationbytheCourt,andinasmuchasthechiefaimoftheCourtistoobtainasgreatapriceforthepropertyaspossible,itistheregularpracticeoftheCourtto"openthebiddings;"thatis,toallowapersontoofferalargerpricethantheestatewasoriginallysoldforbytheMaster,anduponsuchofferbeingmade,andthetermsoftheoriginalsalecom-pliedwith,todirectare-saleoftheproperty.2BiddingswillbeopenedatanytimebeforeaconfirmationoftheMaster'sreportofsale,uponproperappli-cationbeingmade,andatenderofanadvanceofatleasttenpercent.3TheCourtwillexercisemoreliberalityinopeningbiddingswhenpersonsunderdisabilityareinterestedinthepropertysold,thanwhenallthepartiesareadultsandsuijuris*But,inasmuchasthesaleismadeforthebenefitofthepartiestothesuit,andisundertheircontrol,theCourtwillnot,whentheyareallsuijurisandcontentwithasale,openthebiddingsattheinstanceofathirdpartywhohasnointerestintheland,orinitsproceeds,butmerelywantstopurchasetheproperty.5Where,however,therearepartiesunderdisability
1Althoughusuallytermedasale,theproceedingsbeforetheMasterarereallynotasale,orattheveryuttermostonlyaconditionalsale.InWoodv.Morgan,4Hum.,371,JudgeGreensays,"ThereisnosaleuntiltheoffermadetotheMasterissanc-tionedbytheCourtandconfirmed.***Howcanthatbeasalewhichisnotobligatoryupontheparties?Itisabid,anofferbythepurchaser,andiftheCourtissatisfiedwithit,itisobligatoryuponthepartiesmakingit,and,beingconfirmedbytheCourt,vestsinthepurchaserarighttotheprop-erty."So,Kirkman,exparte,3Head,518;Arm-strongv.McClure,4Heisk.,80.See,ante,§§629-633.2TheimpliedcontractofsalebytheMasteris,thatthesaleistobeconfirmedunless,(1)theCourthasgoodreasontobedissatisfiedwithit;or(2)thepurchaserhasgoodreasontobedissatisfiedwithit;andthepurchaserhasnomorerighttocomplainoftheCourtforacceptingahigherbid,thanhastheCourttherighttocomplainofthepurchaserforwantingtoberelievedofhispurchase,whenhefailstogetatitle,orhasothersufficientground.Andastothepolicyofopeningbiddings,theauthorhaslongbeenprofoundlyconvincedofitsjusticeandwisdom.NearlyallofthecomplaintsaremadebyMastersandpurchasers:theMasterscomplainbecauseoftheincreasedtroubleofasecondsalewithoutacorrespondingincreaseofcompensation,andthepurchaserscomplainbecauseoftheirdisap-pointmentinnotgettingthepropertyattheirbid,aftercomplyingwiththetermsofthesale.Itis,alsourgedthatthefactthatthebiddingsareliabletobeopenedoftendetersbiddingataMaster'ssale.Thereistruthinalltheseobjections,buttheques-tionisnotwhetherthepracticeisfreefromobjec-tions,orwhetheritdoesnotoccasionallyworkun-justlyorinjuriously,butwhetheritisnot,inthemain,preferabletothepracticeofmakingMaster'ssalesabsolute.Ifthelatterpracticeprevailed,itwouldsoonresultinastatutemakingallChancerysalessubjecttoredemption,becausesuchsaleswouldsooftenbemereruthlesssacrificesofproperty,andwouldsooftenmakethedebtorthevictimofa
mercilesscreditor,orofcombinationsamongbidders,thatthecryofthepeopleagainstsuchoutrage,in-justiceandoppressionwouldpenetratetothehallsoflegislation.Itissafetosay,thatthepracticeofopeningbiddingshasthesemostbeneficialresults:1st,itenablestheownerofthelandtosecurethehighestpossiblebidder;2d,itprevents,orgreatlythwarts,combinationsamongbidders;3d,itenablestheCourtmoreeffectuallytoremedyirregularitiesattheMaster'ssale;4th,itgreatlyincreasestheloweroftheCourttodojusticebothtothebidderandtheowner,and5th,inagreatmanycases,pre-ventspropertyfrombeingsoldatgrosslyinadequateprices.Ifbiddingswerenotopened,andredemp-tionnotallowed,Courtswouldoftenbecomemeredeslroyersoftheestatesofdebtors.Onthisgeneralsubject,seeAtkissonv.Murfree,1Tenn.Ch.,51.Besides,abidderhasnorighttocomplain:1st,be-causetheopeningofthebiddingsisapartoftheimpliedcontractunderwhichhebids;2d,herunsnoriskuntilthesaleisconfirmed,andiftheprop-ertyisdestroyeditisnothisloss;and3d,hehasuntilconfirmationtoinvestigatethetitlehewillget,andtoascertainwhetherthepropertyiswhatitwasrepresentedtobe.Atkissonv.Murfree,1Tenn.Ch.,53.3Clickv.Burriss,4Heisk.,539;Atkissonv.Mur-free,1Tenn.Ch.,51;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1286.Where,however,theamountofthebidislarge,sayover$10,000,theCourtmayopenthebiddingsinordertoobtainanadvanceaslowasfivepercent.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1287.Andwhentheamountofthebidissmall,sayunder$10,theCourtmayrefusetoopenthebiddingsevenonanofferoftenpercent.4Glennv.Glenn,7Heisk.,367.5Brightv.Bright,12Lea,630;MayoV.Harding,3Tenn.Ch.,237;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1288.TheCourtwill,however,allowacreditortofileapetitiontohavebiddingsopened,evenwhenalltheparties^tothesuitarecontentwiththesale,thecreditorhavingajudgmentagainsttheownerofthelandsold,andexecutiononhisjudgmenthavingbeenreturnednullabona.Childressv.Hurt,2Swan,488.

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501 OPENINGOFBIDDINGS.§635interestedintheproceedsoftheland,theCourtwillallowastrangertopeti-tionforanorderopeningthebiddings,whentheinterestofsuchpartieswillbepromotedthereby.Itisnotnecessaryforapartytomakeanadvancedbid;anyonehastherighttodoso,6andanypersoninterestedintheproceedsofthesale,althoughnotaparty,mayfileapetitiontohavethebiddingsopened.7ThepropertimeforopeningbiddingsisbeforetheMaster'sreportofsalehasbeenconfirmedabsolutely:afterthat,increaseofpricealone,howeverlarge,isnotsufficienttoinducetheCourttogranttheapplication,althoughitisastrongauxiliaryargumentwhenthereareothergrounds.Afterconfir-mationandthecloseoftheterm,thepurchaseristoberegardedastheowneroftheestateaccordingtohispurchase,andhistitlewillnotbedisturbedbyopeningthebiddings,exceptincaseoffraud,accident,mistake,ortheexist-enceofarelationoftrust;8andthenonlyonanoriginalbill,settingforththeequitiesreliedon,andmakingtheproperpartiesandtheproperprayers,sothatissuesoflawandfactmayberegularlymadeanddetermined.9
'Onapplicationstoopenbiddings,theCourtshouldsoruleastosecurethehighestpossiblepriceforthelanditsells,providedthatsuchrulingdoesnot(1)undulydelaytheprogressofthesuit,(2)doesnotencourageorrewardnegligence,onthepartofthoseinterestedinbidding,orprocuringbidders,and(3)doesnottendtogenerallydiscouragebiddingatthetimeandplaceoftheoriginalsalebytheMaster.10ThepolicyofthelawistomaketheoriginalsalebytheMasterafinality,andnotanexperiment;andthereserva-tionoftherighttosetasidesuchasale,andtoopenthebiddings,isameresafeguardandaprecautionagainstcircumstancesandirregularitiestendingtolessenorpreventduecompetition;andanoffertoadvancethereportedbidtenpercent,isdeemedbytheCourtpresumptiveevidenceofsomesuchcircum-stanceorirregularity.§635.WhentheMasterMayOpentheBiddings.—Whereanadvancebidofasmuch,astenpercent,oftheoriginalbidismadeinvacation,theClerkandMaster,withoutanyorderordecreeauthorizinghim,mayacceptsuchadvancebid,andreopenthebiddingsonsuchsale,andreceiveadditionalbids,andholdthebiddingsopenforotheradvancebidstosomedaybyhimdesig-nated.HemustgivethepurchaserattheoriginalsaleandthepartiesortheirSolicitorsofrecord,noticeofhisreopeningofthebiddings,andreporthisactiontotheCourtforconfirmation.ButthisactionandauthorityoftheClerkandMasterinnowayabridgetherightandjurisdictionoftheChancellortoreopenthebiddingsonsuchtermsashemaydeemright.loaTheproceedingsintheMaster'sofficeunderthissectionshouldconformsubstantiallytothosesetoutinthefollowingsection.§636.HowBiddingsareOpenedbytheCourt.—TheprocedureinCourtinopeningbiddingsisasfollows:1,AwrittenoffermustbemadetoadvancethebidreportedbytheMasteratleasttenpercent.,andtocomplywithallthetermsofthesale.2,Ifthesaleisforcash,whollyorpartly,theproposedbiddermustdepositwiththeMasterthewholeamountofcashrequiredbyhisbid,includingtheadditionalpercent.3,Ifthesaleisontime,inwhole,orinpart,andsecurednotesarerequired,hemustexecutethenotesandsecuretheminstrictcompliancewiththetermsofthedecreeofsale,11datingthe
6Wilsonv.Shields,3Bax.,65.7Childressv.Hurt,2Swan,488.8Houstonv.Aycock,5Sneed,406;Spencee.Armour,9Heisk.,169.Butifanapplicationtoopenthebiddingsbeforeconfirmationwaspreventedbysurprise,accidentormistake,orbythefraudofthepurchaser,theCourtwillsetasidetheconfirma-tion,andallowtheapplication,ifregularinallother•respects.9McMinnv.Phipps,3Sneed,196;Spencev.Ar-mour,9Heisk.,167.
10Mortonv.Sloan,11Hum.,278.Applicationstoopenbiddingsshouldbefavorablyconsidered,andeverydueeffortmadetorealizethebestprice.Ivucasv.Moore,2Lea,7.10aActof1899,ch.37.11Glennv.Glenn,7Heisk.,367.Ifsecurednotesbenotgiven,theCourtmightloseagoodpurchaserwhiletryingtogetabetterone,andthus,bygrasp-ingataprobability,loseareality.MoundCityML.Ins.Co.v.Hamilton,3Tenn.Ch.,230;Childressv.Harrison,1Bax.,415.

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§637OPENINGOFBIDDINGS.502notesbacktothedayoftheMaster'ssale.124,TheMaster'scertificationofthesufficiencyofthesecuritytenderedmustbewrittenunderthenotes;orthesuretiesmaysignthewrittenoffertoadvancethebid,andjoinintheoffertocomplywiththetermsofsale,andtheMastermaycertifytheirsufficiencybeneaththeirsignatures.5,ApetitionmustthenbepresentedtotheCourt,bysomepersoninterested13intheproceedsofthesale,recitingtheforegoingfacts,andexhibitingtheforegoingpapers,andprayingtheCourttoopenthebiddings,andkeepthemopenuntilsomesetdayandhour.6,Reasonablenoticeofthetime,whensuchpetitionwillbepresented,andthemotiontoopenthebiddingsmade,mustbegiventothepurchaserattheMaster'ssale.147,Onalltheprecedingstepsbeingdulytaken,15theCourtwillmakeanorderopen-ingthebiddings,anddirectingthemtostandopenuntiladayandhournamed,whentheywillbeclosed,16anddirectingtheMastertostartthebiddingwiththeadvancedbidspecifiedinthepetition.If,however,thepurchaserattheoriginalsaleconsent,andallofthepartiesconsent,thebiddingsmaybeopenedwithoutthefilingofanypetition,ortheexecutionofanynotes,theordershowingonitsfacesuchconsent.TheCourt,should,however,whenanyofthepartiesareunderdisability,becarefulnottoopenbiddings,byconsentofthepurchaser,untiltheproposedadvancebidderhassecuredhisbidbyadequatesecurityinabindingform,otherwiseagoodsalemaybelostthroughtheinsolvencyoftheadvancebidder.Whennoobjectionismade;andnoneappearstotheCourt,theCourtmayallowthebiddingstobeopened,informally,withoutanypetition,motion,oror-der,allpartiesininterest,includingthepurchaser,consenting;andtheMaster,insuchcase,maysurrendertotheoriginalpurchaserhisnotes,ormoney,andsubstituteforhisname,inhisoriginalreportofsale,thenameofthenewpur-chaser,actingthroughoutasthoughsuchnewpurchaserhadbeenthepurchaserattheoriginalsale.Whenpropercautionisexercised,andallpartiesconsent,noobjectioncanbeseentothispractice;itfacilitatesthedispatchofbusiness,savescosts,andworksinjurytonoone.§637.FormsIncidenttotheOpeningofBiddings.—ThefollowingformsmaybeofbenefittotheyoungSolicitor,andtotheMaster,whenurgencypre-ventsduedeliberationindrawingtherequiredpaper:PETITIONTOOPENBIDDINGS.JohnDoe,vs. InChanceryatKnoxville,Tenn.RichardRoe,etal.TotheHon.WilliamB.Staley,Chancellor:Yourpetitioner,RichardRoe,respectfullyshowstoyourHonorthatJohnGibbs,are-sponsibleman,offers,inwriting,togiveelevenhundreddollarsforthetractoflandsoldbytheMastertoWilliamJonesforonethousanddollars,undertheinterlocutorydecreerenderedinthiscauseattheMayterm,1881.SaidGibbstenderssufficientsureties,and.offerstofullycomplywiththetermsofsalesetoutinsaiddecree.Hissaidoffer,markedExhibitA,isherewithfiled,andprayedtobetakenasapartofthispetition.ThesaidWil-liamJoneshasnoticeofthesaidoffer,andofthispetition.YourpetitionerpraysthatsaidsaletosaidWilliamJonesbesetaside,andthatthebid-bingsforsaid.propertybeopened. GeorgeAndrews,Solicitor.StateofTennessee,}CountyofKnox.f12Thereasonofthisis,thatincontemplationoflaw,thesaleisamerecontinuationoftheMaster'ssale,andrelatestoit.Besides,therightsofcred-itors,orotherpartiesentitledtotheproceedsofthesalewouldbeinjuriouslyaffectedifthenotesweredatedonthedayofre-sale.Atkissonv.Murfree,1Tenn.Ch.,57.13Whereanypartyisunderdisability,theCourtwillallowastranger,ortheproposedbidderhimself,topresentthepetition,regardinghimasaquasinextfriend.14Asthepurchaserisaquasipartyastoallmat-tersconnectedwithhisbid,heisnotsoentitledtoactualnoticethatitwouldbeerrortoopenbiddingswithoutsuchnotice,iftheserviceofnoticewould
bedifficult,orcauseinjuriousdelay.Nevertheless,theCourtshouldalwaysrequireactualnoticetobegiventhepurchaser,notonlytoenablehimthemoreeffectuallytoprotecthisrights,butalsotoenablehimtobidforthepropertyattheopenedsale.15Applicationstoopenbiddings,madeingoodfaith,shouldbefavorablyreceivedandliberallyactedupon,theobjectoftheCourtalwaysbeingtorealizethebestpossiblepricefortheproperty.Anapplicantshouldnotberepelledmerelybecausehisapplicationisnotindueform,buttheCourtshouldgivesuchdirectionsaswillenablehimtoconformtoitspractice,andsecuretheright.LucasV.Moore,2Lea,7.16Atkissonv.Murfree,1Tenn.Ch.,57.

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IntheChanceryCourt,atKnoxville.
503 OPENINGOFBIDDINGS.§637RichardRoemakesoaththatthestatementsinhisforegoingpetitionaretrue.RichardRoe.Sworntoandsubscribedbeforeme,thisJuly6,1881.W.A.Galbraith,D.C.&M.j
Thispetitionmustbefiledbyapersonhavinganinterestintheland,orintheproceedsthereof.Ifthepartiestothesuitaresatisfiedwiththesale,andthoseinterestedinitsproceedsarecontent,amerestrangerhasnorighttohavethebiddingsopened,merelybecausehe,orsomeoneelsedesirestoowntheproperty.Anyone,however,maymakeanoffertoraisethebiddings.17EXHIBIT"A"TOTHEPETITIONOFBICHABDBOE.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etal.TotheChancellor
:
Theundersigned,JohnGibbs,herebyofferstogiveelevenhundreddollarsforthetractoflandsoldinthiscause,onJune20,1881,toWilliamJones,foronethousanddollars;and,also,offerstofullycomplywithallthetermsofsalespecifiedinthedecreeofsale;andhetendersthesuretiesnamedbelowthathewillfullyperformthisoffer,ifacceptedbytheCourt.July6,1881. JohnGibbs.IftheaboveofferofJohnGibbsisaccepted,weherebybindourselvestosignthepurchase-moneynotesashissureties;andweherebyguaranteethathewillfullycomplywithhisforegoingoffer,ifitisacceptedbytheCourt.July6,1881. FrankBrown,RobertRoe.IherebycertifythattheabovenamedFrankBrownandRobertRoearegoodandsuffi-cientsuretiesfortheperformanceofsaidoffer.July6,1881. S.P.Evans,C.&M.Ifgoodsuretieswerenotrequired,theCourtmightreleaseabidderwhosebidwaswellsecured,andacceptabidderinlieuwhowouldbeunabletocomplywiththetermsofthesale,andthuslosethesubstanceingraspingafterashadow.Thedecreeopeningthebiddingsmaybeinthefollowingform
:
DECBEEOPENINGBIDDINGS.JohnDoe,1vs. \No.618.RichardRoe,etal.\Thedefendant,RichardRoe,thisdaypresentedhispetition,andtheexhibitthereto,pray-ingthatthesaleoflandreportedbytheMastertohavebeen,madetoWilliamJonesforonethousanddollarsbesetaside,andthatthebiddingsonsaidlandbeopened
;
Anditdulyappearingfromsaidpetition,andexhibit,thatJohnGibbshasfiledawrittenoffertobidelevenhundreddollarsforsaidtractofland,andthathehastenderedgoodandsufficientsecurityforhissaidbid;anditalsodulyappearingthatsaidWilliamJoneshasbeendulynotifiedthatsaidpetitionwouldthisdaybepresentedtotheCourtforactionthereon
;
Onconsiderationofthepremises,itisorderedbytheCourt,thatthesaidsaletoWilliamJonesbesetaside,andthatthebiddingsonsaidtractoflandbeopened,andkeptopenbytheMasterathisofficeuntilnoon,onJuly26,1891,untilwhichtimehewillreceivebidsforsaidtractoflandonthetermsprescribedinthedecreeofsale,beginningwiththesaidbidofJohnGibbs,exhibitedtosaidpetition.TheMasterwillclosethebiddingsatthehourhereinspecifiedunlesstherebemorethanonepersonthenbidding,inwhichcasehewillcrythesaleuntilthehighest,lastandbestbidshallbeobtained.Hewillreportthepersonmakingsuchbidasthepurchaser,onhiscomplyingwiththetermsofsale:saidreportwillbemadetothepresent[ornext]termofthisCourt.Itmustbekeptsteadilyinview,thattheopeningofthebiddingsisamerecontinuationoftheformersale,18andthat,asaconsequence,thenotesexecuted,sndtherightsofthebidder,beardateevenwiththedateoftheoriginalsale,andrelatethereto,evenwhenitwillresultinanotebeingoverduewhenexecuted.
17See,ante,§§634-636. Iforanyreason,entirelysetaside.Onare-sale,the18Are-saletakesplacewhentheoriginalsaleis,|proceedingsaredenovo.

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§638 OPENINGOFBIDDINGS.504§638.ProceedingswhenBiddingsareOpened.—Whenthebiddingsareopened,thepurchaserisentirelydischargedfromhispurchase;andifhehaspaidadeposit,oranypartofthepurchase-money,intoCourt,hewillbeentitledtohaveitpaidbacktohim.Ifheisthepurchaserofmorelotsthanone,andthebiddingsareorderedtobeopenedastosomeoftheselots,thepurchaserwillbeallowedtohavethebiddingsopened,andtobedischargedfromhispurchase,astoallthelotswhichhehaspurchased,itbeingconsideredbutreasonable,thatifhebecamethepurchaserofasubsequentlot,incon-sequenceofhishavingbeendeclaredthebestbidderuponthepriorlot,heshould,ifheisdeprivedofthepurchaseofthefirstlot,havetheoptionofretainingorsurrenderingthesubsequentlot.Thepurchaser,inordertoentitlehimselftosuchanindulgence,shouldappearuponthemotiontoopenthebiddings,andproduceanaffidavitthathehadbidforthesubsequentlotsinconsequenceofhishavingbeendeclaredthebestbidderforthefirstlot.19Onthebiddingsbeingopened,theMasterwillreceivebidsasrequiredbytheopeningorder,andwillcontinuetoreceivethemuntilthehourfixedforclosingthem.Itisasafeandconvenientpracticetorequireeachbiddertoputhisbidinwriting,thus
:
JohnDoe,i
vs. [•OpenedBiddings.RichardRoe,etal.JTheundersignedbidtheamountsoppositeourrespectivenamesforthepropertyorderedtobesoldinthiscause
:
NAMESOPBIDDERS. AMOUNTOFBIDS.20JonathanWilliams $650.00GeorgeAnderson 675.00JonathanWilliams~.~ 700.00Atthetimeandplacespecifiedfortheclosingofthebiddingsintheorderopeningthebiddings,theMasterwillclosethebiddingsbyacceptingandre-portingthehighestbiddercomplyingwiththetermsofsale.If,atthehourofclosingthesale,therebemorethanonebidder,theMastershouldcrythepropertyuntilthehighestbidhasbeenobtained.Whenthesalehasbeenmade,thepurchaserwill,thereupon,paytheamountofhisbid,orexecutenotestherefor,withtherequiredsecurity,orotherwiseinallthingscomplywiththerequirementsofthedecreeofsale.TheMasterwillthenreportthesale.THEMASTER'SREPORTOFSALEONOPENEDBIDDINGS.JohnDoe,].Zi. >Master'sReportofSaleonOpenedBiddings.RichardRoe,etal.J '
Irespectfullyreportthat,inobediencetoanordermadeinthiscauseopeningthebid-dingsuponthepropertysoldherein,onJune20,1881,toWilliamJones,IkeptsaidbiddingsopenuntilJuly26,1881,atnoon,whenIsoldsaidproperty,inbaroftheequityofredemp-tion,toJohnGibbs,hebeingthehighestandbestbidder,atthepriceoftwelvehundreddol-lars,forwhichhegavehistwopromissorynotes,eachforthesumofsixhundreddollars,datedJune20,1881,[thedateoftheoriginalsale,]duerespectivelysixandtwelvemonthsafterdate,bearinginterestfromdate,withFrankBrownandRichardRoeashissuretiesthereon.Saidpropertysosold,isthatcertaintract[or,lot,]oflandinthe7thcivildistrictofKnoxcounty,Tenn.,[describingitasintheoriginalreport.]Saidnotesshowontheirfacethattheyweregivenfor,andarealienon,saidland,andareheretoexhibited.Respectfullysubmitted,July26,1881. S.P.Evans,C.&M.§639.WhenandHowBiddingswillbeRe-opened.—Afterthebiddingshaveoncebeenopenedandclosed,andthesale'confirmed,itisnoeasymattertohavethebiddingsre-opened.21Nevertheless,duringtheterm,therecord
192Dan.Ch.Pr.,1288.20Whenthebidsexceed$100.00,nobidlessthan$1.00shouldbereceived;whenthebidsexceed$500.00,nobidlessthan$5.00shouldbereceived;whenthebidsexceed$1,000.00,nobidlessthan$10.00shouldbereceived.Muchtimeisfritteredawaybytakingbidsof5,10,and20cents,andsim-
ilarinsignificantamounts,whenthebidsarealreadyinthehundreds,andsometimesinthethousandsofdollars.Suchinsignificantbidsfallunderthemaximdeminimisnoncuratlex,andshouldnotbetoleratedeitherbytheMaster,ortheCourt.21ClickV.Burris,6Heisk.,545.

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S05purchasers'rightsandliabilities.§640isunderthecontroloftheCourt,andifgoodcausebeshownforare-openingofthebiddings,theCourtwilldoso,-especiallywherepartiesunderdisabilitywouldotherwisesuffer.22TheCourtwillnot,however,re-openbiddingsmerelybecausetenpercent,moreisoffered.Afterconfirmation,theremustbeequitablecircumstances,aswellasanadvancedbid,tojustifytheCourtinre-openingthebiddings.23Ifthereport6fthesecondsalehasnotbeenconfirmed,thebiddingswillbere-openedonslightergroundsthanaftercon-firmation.24TheCourtwillalsorelaxtheruleswhentheinterestsofpersonsunderdisabilitywillbepromotedbyre-openingbiddings.25Afterthebid-dingshaveoncebeenre-opened,andapublicre-salehad,theCourtmay,uponanotherofferofanadvancedbidoftenpercent.,confirmthesaletothere-portedbidder,withhisconsent,atthenewadvance.26Thecourseofproceduretore-openbiddingsisthesameasonaproceedingtoopenbiddings,exceptthatmoreparticularityandastrictercompliancewiththerulesofpracticeinsuchcasesshouldberequired.
ARTICLEIV.PURCHASERS'DUTIES,RIGHTS,ANDLIABILITIES.§640.TheDutiesofaPurchaser.§641.TheRightsofaPurchaser.§642.TheLiabilitiesofaPurchaser.§643.JudgmentonPurchase-MoneyNotes.§640.TheDutiesofaPurchaser.—WhileChancerysalesareconclusiveuponallthepartiestothesuit,and,asaresult,almostuniversallyconferagoodtitleuponthepurchaser,neverthelessthereisnowarrantyoftitle,1exceptinsalesforpartition;anditisconsequentlyincumbentonapurchasertoascertain(1)thattheCourthasjurisdictionunderthepleadingstomakethesale,(2)thatthepartiestothesuithaveagoodtitletotheproperty,and(3)thatallofthepersonshaving,aninterestintheproperty,legalorequita-ble,aredulyinCourt.Ifthesethreerequisitesexist,thepurchaserwillac-quireagoodtitle,eventhoughtherebeerrorinthedecree,2orthoughthedecreebereversedonawritoferror.3Apurchaserisjustasmuchbound,inlawandinmorals,toinvestigatethetitleofpropertyabouttobesoldbyaCourt,andtheregularityandvalidityoftheproceedingsunderwhichitistobesold,asheisbound,incaseanagentofferspropertyforsale,toinquireintothetitleofhisprincipal,andtheregu-larity,validityandextentofhisauthoritytobindhisprincipal.4§641.TheRightsofaPurchaser.—ThepurchaserataChancerysalebecomesapartybyvirtueoftheMaster'sreportofsale,andmaymakeany22Mayov.Harding,3Tenn.Ch.,237.InMoorev.Watson,3Cold.,64,thesaleofasteamboatandappendageswassetasideasecondtime,andthebiddingsre-opened.23BradfordV.Hamilton,3Tenn.Ch.,344.Inthiscase,theCourtrefusedtore-openthebiddingsattheinstanceoftheowner,whowaspresentattheresale,uponamereofferofanadvanceoftenpercent.TiiecasewasaffirmedbytheSupremeCourt.24VaughnV.Smith,3Tenn.Ch.,368.25Ante,§636.26IrbyV.Irby,11tea,165.lWhenlandissoldataforcedsale,themaximcaveatemptorapplies:andtheCourthasnopowertoguaranteeagoodtitletothepurchaser.IrbyV.Irby,11Lea,165;andcasestherecited.
'22Dan.Ch.Pr.,1276,note.3If,however,adecreeconfirmingasalebeap-pealedfromandreversed,suchreversalwillnullifythesale,andentitlethepurchasertothepurchase-moneybyhimpaid.4Thereisnohardshipinrequiringapurchasertoinquire(1)intothejurisdictionoftheCourtover
thesubject-matter,(2)intothejurisdictionoftheCourtovertheparties,and(3)intothetitleofthepartiestotheland.Whoeverbuysland,ataprivatesalefromaprivateperson,isboundtoseetoitthatthetitleisgood;andthisinvestigationhemakes,orhasmade,athisownexpense.WhythenshouldnotapurchaserataChancerysaleinvestigatethetitletothelandhehasbought,beforethesaleiscon-firmedtohim?oratleastbeforehepaysthepur-chase-money?Hence,itisasettledruleinChan-cery,thatapersonpurchasingunderadecreeoftheCourt,mustnotonlyseethatthepartiestothesuithaveagoodtitletothelandsold,butthatthesaleismadeaccordingtothedecree.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1275;2Barb.Ch.Pr.,529.Butthepurchaserisnot#chargedwiththeburdenofinvestigatingthemeritsofthecontroversy;iftheCourthasjurisdic-tiontosell,andthepartiestothesalehavetitle,thepurchaserneedinquirenofurther.McGavockV.Bell,3Cold.,512.Ifthedefendant,aswhoseprop-ertythelandwassold,hadnotitle,thepurchaserwillgetnotitle.Thompsonv.Speck,2Ch.Apps.,759.

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§642PURCHASERSRIGHTSANDLIABILITIES.506motion,orfileanypetition,necessarytoprotecthisrights,orrelievehimselffromliabilitiesgrdwingoutofthesale."Thepurchaserisentitledtohavealltaxliens,mortgageliens,trust-deedliens,vendors'liens,lifeestates,orotherencumbrancesontheproperty,re-moved,orelsedischargedoutofthepurchase-moneypaidbyhimintoCourt,6andhehastherighttohaveareferencetotheMastertoascertainwhetheragoodandcleartitlecanbemadetohim;andifitappearsthatsuchtitlecan-notbemade,hewillnotbecompelledtocompletethepurchase.7ThepurchaserisentitledtorentsonlyfromtheconfirmationofthesalebytheCourt;8andheisnotentitledtothepossessionofthepropertypurchaseduntilconfirmation.Ifhetakepossessionbeforeconfirmation,andthesalebesetaside,hewillbedeemedatrespasser,andheldliableformesneprofits.9Heisnotliableforanylossorinjurybyfire,orotherwise,whichmayhappentothepropertybeforethesaletohimisconfirmed.10Ifapurchaserdesirestosubstituteanotherpersoninhisstead,theCourtwill,onmotion,makeanordertothateffect,ormayallowtheMastertomakethechangeinhisreport.11Nosuchsubstitutionshould,however,bemadewherethesubstitutehaspaidanythingfortheprivilege,andtheCourtmay,andordinarilyshould,requireanaffidavitthattherewasnounderbar-gain,andnoconsiderationpaidbythenewpurchaser,tostandintheother'sshoes.12Ifanysuchconsiderationappears,theCourtmayeitherrequirethenewpurchasertotakethepropertyattheadditionalprice,ormayorderare-sale.13Apurchasermay,onpetition,berelievedfromhispurchasebeforeconfirma-tion,ifheshowsthathewillnotgetagoodtitle,orthatthereisamaterialdeficiencyinquantity,orthatmaterialmisrepresentationsweremadeintheadvertisement,oratthesale,astothevalueorcharacteroftheproperty,orthat,foranyotherreason,itwouldbeinequitabletocompelhimtocompletethepurchasebypaymentoftheamountofhisbid.14Hewillnot,however,berelievedafterconfirmation,becauseofanencumbranceofwhichhehadknowledgeatthetimeofhisbid,andwhichhethensupposedtheestatewouldbeabletopay.15Butwhenhehasbeenpreventedfromapplyingforrelief,beforeconfirmation,bymisrepresentation,surprise,accident,mistake,orthefraudofpersonsinterestedinthesale,hewillbedischargedfromhispur-chase,evenafterthesalehasbeenconfirmed;16providedthepurchase-moneyhasnotbeenpaidanddisbursed.17Apurchaserhastherighttoappealfromanyjudgmentrenderedagainsthim,andhasalsotherighttoawritoferror.18§642.TheLiabilitiesofaPurchaser.—AsaleofrealestatebytheMasteris,whethersostatedornot,conditionaluponitsconfirmation;and,untilsuchconfirmation,maybesetaside,eitherbecauseoffraud,accidentormistake,orsomeirregularityintheproceedings,orbecauseahigherbidhasbeenob-tained.Hence,nosalebecomesabsoluteuntilconfirmationandtheadjourn-mentoftheCourt,orthelapseofthirtydaysafterconfirmationincasethe
5BlackmoreV.Barker,2Swan,340;Majorsf.McNeilly,7Heisk.,294.62Dan.Ch.Pr.,1278;ChildressV.Vance,1Bax.,406. , „,72Dan.Ch.Pr.,1283.Asarule,theChanceryCourtinnocaseundertakestosellmorethanthetitleofthepartiestothesuit;andafterconfirma-tiontheruleofcaveatemptorapplies;Housleyv.Lindsay,10Heisk.,651;StauntonV.Harris,9Heisk.,579;Fosterv.Bradford,1Tenn.Ch.,400;exceptincaseofsalesforpartition,Deadericki\Smith,6Hum.,147.8ArmstrongV.McClure,4Heisk.,80.AndifthesuitisappealedtotheSupremeCourt,thepur-chasergetsrentsonlyfromthefinalconfirmationofthesalebythatCourt.Pearsonv.Gillenwaters,15Pick.,446;andisnotentitledtoareceiverpendingtheappeal.Ibid.Itwouldbemoreequitabletogivethepurchasertherentsfromthedayofsale,
whenhispurchasenotesdrawinterestfromthedayofsale.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1277,notes.Butashepurchasesunderthetermsofthesale,hehasnorighttocomplain.n2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1278,note.inChildressv.Hurt,2Swan,487.11Newlandv.Gaines,1Heisk.,722;Fitzpatnck1.Thomas,16Lea,216.12Blake'sCh.Pr.,276;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,536.132Dan.Ch.Pr.,1285.142Dan.Ch.Pr.,1284;ChildressV.Hurt.2Swan,487;Pearsonv.Johnson,2Sneed,580;Eakinv.Herbert,4Cold.,119.Astowhenapurchasermayhaveasalesetaside,see,ante,§632.16Mountcastlev.Moore,11Heisk.j481.182Dan.Ch.Pr.,1288-1292.173Dan.Ch.Pr.,1277,notes.18Eaganv.Phister,5Sneed,298;Majors«.Mc-Neilly,7Heisk.,294.

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507PURCHASERSRIGHTSANDLIABILITIES.§643termlastslonger.19Abidderbidswiththisunderstanding,expressorimplied,andhasnojustrighttocomplain,if,forsufficientreason,thesaletohimbytheMasterissetasidebytheCourt."WhenapersonbidsataChancerysale,hetherebysubmitshimselftothejurisdictionoftheCourtastoallmattersconnectedwithsuchbid;andifhisbidisacceptedbytheMasterbeforeitiswithdrawn,andisreportedandcon-firmed,theCourtmaybyattachmentcompelthepurchasertocompletehispurchase,bypayingthepurchase-money;20ormayorderare-saleofthepropertyandissueanexecutionagainsthimandhissureties,ifany,foranylosscausedbythere-sale:21insuchcase,however,theorderofre-saleshouldonlybemadeafternoticetohimthatthere-salewillbeathisrisk.22Aper-sonwhomakesanadvancebidmay,also,beheldliableinthesameway,andtothesameextent.23Ifthepurchaserfailtomakepaymentorcomplywiththetermsofsale,theMastermayagainexposethepropertytosaleonthesameday,oronasubsequentday,andaftergivingduenoticeofthetimeandplaceaccordingtothedirectionscontainedinthedecree;24ortheMastermayreportthefactstotheCourt,whichlastwouldbe.thepropercourse,ifthepurchaserisasolventperson,andhisbidhigherthancouldprobablybeobtainedona're-sale.Wheretwoormorepersonspurchaseonelot,theymustpurchaseandpayastenantsincommon,andwillnotbeallowedtopaytheirproportionssepa-rately,becauseoftheconfusionwhichmightensue.25§643.JudgmentonPurchaseMoneyNotes.—WhereapurchaserataChancerysalefailstopayallthepurchase-money,theCourtmay,onmotion,andwithoutnoticetothepurchaserorhissureties,orderthelandtoberesoldforcash,andinbaroftheequityofredemption;andifanybalanceremainsdueaftertheconfirmationofsuchsale,theCourtmayawardanexecutionagainstthepurchaserandhissuretiesforsuchbalance.26Thefollowingistheformofajudgmentonapurchase-moneynote,omittingthecaption:JUDGMENTONAPURCHASE-MONEYNOTE.Inthiscause,onthis6thdayofJuly,1891,beforetheHon.S.A.Rodgers,sittingbyinter-changewiththeChancellor,cameA.T.Marshall,theClerkandMasterofthisCourt,andproduced,inopenCourt,thefollowingnote
:
[Heresetitoutinfull.]AndmovedtheCourtforjudgmentthereon,inhisnamefortheuseofthoseentitledtotheproceedsthereof,andfortheenforcementofthelienspecifiedonthefaceofsaidnote,andinthedecreesinthiscause.AnditappearingtotheCourtfromaninspectionofsaidnote[andthecreditsthereon,]thatthesumofeighthundredandsixty-fourdollarsandtwentycents,principalandinterest,isdueonsaidnote,itisorderedanddecreedbytheCourtthatsaidA.T.Marshall,asClerkandMasterofthisCourt,fortheuseofthoseentitled,recoverofsaidRichardRoeandhissurety,RobertRoe,saidsumofeighthundredandsixty-fourdollarsandtwentycents,andthecostsofthismotion.Anditfurtherappearingfromaninspectionofsaidnoteandoftherecordinthiscause,thatsaidnotewasgivenforthepurchase-moneyofatractoflandsoldinthiscause,andthatalienwasretainedonsaidlandtosecurethepaymentofsaidnoteandsaidpurchase-money,saidlandbeingdescribedasfollows:Atractofonehundredandsixtyacres,moreorless,lyinginthe8thcivildistrictofSeviercounty,ontheEastForkofPigeonRiver,topaythepurchase-money.Paymentcannotbere-sistedonthegroundofirregularityinthesale,afterthesalehasbeenconfirmedbytheCourt,andthetimeforthepartiestoappealhasexpired.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1281-1284.23Allenv.East,4Bax.,308.24Ch.Rule,XIV;§1203,post.252Dan.Ch.Pr.,1278.26MunsonV.Payne,9Heisk.,672;Mosby1).Hunt,9Heisk.,675.Anexecutionisfrequentlyorderedtoissuebeforetheconfirmationofthesale,butsuchapracticeisirregular,andmayproveop-pressiveincasethebidonthelandisraisedhighenoughtosatisfythedecree.Insuchacase,asuretymaybegreatlyinjuredbytheunnecessarysaleofhispropertyundertheexecution.
inTheconfirmationonlycompletesthecontractofsale,anddoesnotpassthelegaltitle:thismustbedonebyadecreedivestingandvestingtitle,orbytheMaster'sdeed,madeby*orderoftheCourt.Websterv.Hill,3Sneed,339;Code,§§4103-4105;4485.20Blackmorev.Barker,2Swan,340;Deaderickv.Smith,6Hum.,138;Mosbyv.Hunt,9Heisk.,675;VanBibberv.Sawyer,10Hum.,82.21Allenv.East,4Heisk.,308.«22Sharpv.Hess,1Tenn.Leg.Rep.,23.ItisacontemptofCourtforabiddertotriflewiththeMaster,orforanyotherpersontointerferewithaMaster'ssale,inanyway.Abidderwillnot,how-ever,beattachedforcontemptuntilthesalehasbeenconfirmedtohim,andhehasfailed,orrefused,

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§644PAYMENTOFMONEYUNDERADECREE.S08.boundedasfollows:[Givingthedescriptioninthedecreeorderingorconfirmingtheoriginalsale.]Itis,therefore,ordered,,adjudged,anddecreedthatsaidlandbesubjectedtothesatisfactionofthisdecree;and,thatunlessthisdecreeissatisfiedwithinthreemonthsfromthisdate,theMaster,afteradvertisingaccordingtolaw,willproceedtosellsaidtractoflandatpublicsale,attheCourtHousedoorinSevierville,tothehighestbidder,forcashinhand.HewillreporthisactioninthepremisestothenexttermoftheCourt,untilwhichtimeallothermattersarereserved.Itisfurtherdecreedthatintheeventthattheproceedsarisingfromthesaleofsaidtractofland,afterconfirmation,ofsaidsale,shallproveinsufficienttosatisfythisdecree,execu-tionmayissue,aftersuchconfirmation,forsuchbalanceasmayremainunsatisfied.
AKTICLBV.PAYMENTOFMONEYUNDERADECREE.TOPARTIESENTITLED.644.PaymentbytheClerkandMasterofMoneyandPropertyinHisHand?.'
645.PaymentoftheProceedsofPropertySoldinAdministeringAssets.§644.PaymentbytheClerkandMasterofMoneyandPropertyinhisHands.—AllthemoneyandotherpropertyinthehandsoftheClerkandMasterreceivedbyvirtueofhisofficeareCourtfunds,excepthisownfeesandcommissions;andheholdsthemintrust,underhisbondandoathofoffice,forthosethereuntoentitled;anditishisdutytohavesuchmoneyandotherpropertyalwaysonhandreadytobepaidoverordeliveredtothepartyenti-tled,hisagentorattorney,ortohisSolicitor,uponapplication,1accordingtothedirectionsanddecreesoftheCourt.2WhentheClerkandMasterhasdoubtsabouttheproprietyofpayingovermoneyinanygivencase,andthepartiesortheirSolicitorsdisagreeinreferencethereto,heshouldbringthemattertotheattentionoftheCourt.MoneyinthehandsoftheClerkofaCourtisincustodialegis,andsubjecttotheordersanddecreesoftheCourt;andcannotbelawfullypaidtoanyoneexceptbyorderofthe.Court.3Itcanbereachedbyattachmentorgarnish-mentonlybysuitagainstthepartyentitledtoit.4InsubsequentsectionsofthisBookwillbegivenfulldirectionstotheClerkandMasterinreferencetothepaymentofmoneyinhishandsbelongingtoraarriedwomen,5infants,6andlunatics.7§645.PaymentoftheProceedsofPropertySoldinAdministeringAssets.WhentheChanceryCourttakesjurisdictiontosellproperty,andespeciallyland,forthepurposeofdividingtheproceedsamongcreditors,itstampsuponsuchproceedsthenatureofatrust;and,asaconsequence,takesespecialcarethattheyreachthehandsofthebeneficiaries.AccordinglytheCourtmakesfullandspecificdirectionstotheClerkandMasterinreferencetopayingoutsuchproceeds,andseestoitthattheygodirectlyfromthehandoftheCourttothehandofthebeneficiary,hisagent,attorneyorSolicitor.TheCourtwill
1Code,§4043.2Code,§4475.3Craigv.Governor,3Cold.,247;YowellandWife,exparte,7Heisk.,563;SomervilleV.Somer-ville,5Heisk.,166;MasseyV.Gleaves,1Tenn.Ch.,iRailroadv.Todd,11Heisk.,556;8Am.&Eng.
Ency.ofLaw,1116-1128.SeeDraneV.McGavock,7Hum.,132;Bankv.Dibbrell,3Sneed,38«;Mayort>.PotomacCo.,2Bax.,302.5Post,§1167.6Post,§1168.7Post,§1168.

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§646HOWnECREESAREENFORCED.510
ArticleI.ArticleII.ArticleIII.ArticleIV.ArticleV.ArticleVI.
CHAPTERXXXII.HOWDECREESAREENFORCED.PinalProcessGenerallyConsidered.TransferofTitlebyDecree,orDeed.PinalProcessAgainstthePerson.PinalProcessAgainstProperty.SequestrationstoEnforceDecrees.ProceedingsinEnforcementofDecreesonRemandment.ARTICLEI.FINALPROCESSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§646.PowersoftheChanceryCourtinEn-forcingitsDecrees.S647.KindsofFinalProcess.$648.EssentialsofFinalProcess.§646.PowersoftheChanceryCourtinEnforcingitsDecrees.—CourtsofChanceryhave,inherently,allpowernecessaryeffectuallytoenforcetheirordersanddecrees;andcanexercisesuchpoweragainsteitherthepersonorpropertyofthepartyindefault.1FormerlyadecreeintheChanceryCourt,unlessitwasforland,operatedonlyinpersonam;andtheonlymodeofen-forcingitwasbywhatistermedprocessofcontemptagainstthepartydis-obeyingit,bykeepinghiminprisonuntilhefullycompliedwithallthere-quirementsofthedecree.Andwhenadisobedientparty,eithercouldnotbearrestedonprocessofcontempt,orhavingbeenarrestedremainedinprisonwithoutobeyingthedecree,thepartyentitledtothebenefitofthedecreemighthaveawritofsequestrationtoseizethedefendant'spersonalproperty,andtherentsandprofitsofhisrealestate,andapplytheproceedstothesat-isfactionofthedecree.2Theseprocesses,thoughstillauthorizedbylaw,3arenowseldomresortedto,theLegislaturehavingauthorizedtheChanceryCourtstodivestandvesttitletoproperty;andtoissueallwritsforthecol-lectionofmoney,ortoobtainpossessionofrealorpersonalproperty,inuseinthecommonlawCourts.4TheChanceryCourthasthus,initsarmory,everyprocessandwritknowneithertoLaworEquity,toenableittoenforceitsdecrees;5and,whilethecommonlawwritsandthestatutorypowersofdivestingtitle,aregenerallyusedinsteadoftheprocessofattachmentandwritsofsequestration,neverthe-less,thelatteraresometimesindispensabletoenabletheCourteffectuallytoenforceitsdecrees,andtodofulljusticeinthecause.ItisageneralrulethatCourtsofChanceryhavethepowertoissueanyprocessthatmaybenec-essarytocarrytheirdecreesintoeffectualexecution.6
12Dan.Ch.Pr.,1042;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,440;Code,§§4478-4488.22Dan.Ch.Pr.,1032.3Code,§§4478-4481;4487;3104.4Code,§§4484-4486;4488;2997-3000.Inthewaroflegalaltercation,thebillistheproclamationofwar,theansweristhedefianceoftheadversary,thewitnessesarethesoldiers,theauthoritiesaretheartillery,thehearingisthebattle,thedecreeisthevictory,andtheresultsofthefinalprocessarethespoilsorwar.5Code,§4488.Executioestfinisetfructuslegis.(Executionistheendandfruitofthelaw.)2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§874.62Dan.Ch.Pr.,1042-1070;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,440;Code,§§4478-1488;2997.AnexaminationoftheReportsofthevariousStatesoftheUnionwill
showthat,eveninthoseStateswheretherearenoseparateChanceryCourts,theauthorityoftheCourtsvestedwithEquityjurisdictiontoissueallthewritsandprocessesnecessarytoeffectuate_thatjurisdiction,isconstantlyandvigorouslymaintained,andunhesitatinglyexercisedwhenevertheexigencyrequires.Indeed,itmaybestatedinbrief,thattheChanceryCourtsofTennesseeareclothedwithfullpowertoemployanyandallprocessnecessarytocompletelycarryoutanyorderordecreetheymaylawfullymake;andtheextraordinaryrarityofun-usualprocessisanevidence,notofthewantofauthorityonthepartoftheCourt,butoftheeffect-ivenessoftheusualprocesses,andofthehonorableobedienceofthepeopletothemandatesoftheirownlaws,asadministeredbytheirownCourts.Ante,§32.SeeRussellV.Stinson,3Hay.,12.

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511 HOWDECREESAREENFORCED.§647§647.KindsofFinalProcess.—TheChanceryCourtisequippedwitheveryvarietyofwrit,necessarytoenforceitsdecrees,ortoenableittodojustice.Itcanuseitsownpeculiarprocessesagainstthepersonorpropertyofthepartyindefault,orcanusetheprocessesemployedinthecommonlawCourts,ormayusetheprocessesandpowersconferreduponitbytheLegislature.TheusualmethodsofenforcingdecreesinChancery,generallyspeaking,are(1)byprocessagainstthepersonofthepartyindefault;(2)byprocessagainstthepropertyofsuchperson,(3)bywritsofpossession,and(4)bywritsofrestitution.I.TheOrdinaryChanceryprocessestoenforcedecreesarethefollowing
:
1.InjunctionstoPerformDecrees,accompaniedbyacopyofthedecree.Thisiscommonlycalledawritofexecutionofadecree.22.AttachmentsforContempt,againstthepersonofthepartyindefault,underwhichhemaybearrestedandcommittedtojail,theretoremainuntilheper-formsthedecree.33.WritsofDistringas,againstthepropertyofcorporations,4tocompelthemtoperformadecree,ortoenforceamoneyrecovery,ortotransfertheposses-sionofpersonalproperty.4.WritsofSequestration,againsttheestateofadelinquenttocompelobedi-encetoadecree.55.WritsofAssistance,toputthepartyentitledintopossessionoftheprop-ertydecreedtohim.6Thiswritissubstantiallythesameasawritofposses-sion,andisnowgenerallycalledbythatname.II.ThecommonlawfinalprocessesusedbyourChanceryCourts7are
:
1.Executions,or,astheyaremorecorrectlycalled,writsoffierifacias,beingtheordinarywritsfortheenforcementofdecreesformoney.2.WritsofPossession,whichareusedtoputapartyintopossessionofprop-
•ertydecreedtohim.3.WritsofRestitution,whoseofficeistorestoreapartytothepossessionofpropertyofwhichhehadbeendispossessedbytheCourt,oritsofficer.Alloftheforegoingwritsare,technicallyspeaking,''executions,''executionbeingthegeneralnameofanyandeveryprocessorwritwherebythejudg-mentsanddecreesofCourtsareenforced.8III.ThestatutoryprocessesandpowersconferredupontheCourttoenableittoenforceitsdecreesarethefollowing:1.DivestitureofTitletopropertyoutofoneormoreparties,andvestingitinthoseentitled,bydecree.92.AppointmentofCommissionerstoMakeSales,andtoexecuteconveyances,releasesandacquittances,bindinguponthepartiesininterest.103.DecreesBecomingEffectivewithoutaconveyance,releaseoracquittance,whenthepartyrequiredtoexecutethesamefailssotodo.112Barton'sSuitinEquity,161.3Code,§84478-4481.4Code,§3000.Adistringasisusedatcommonlaw,also;butitis,^nevertheless,accountedaChan-cerywrit.5Code,§4487.Asequestrationcanbeeffectivelyusedagainstanon-residentorabscondingdefendant,whohaspropertyintheState,andwhoisrequiredtoconveylandsituatedinanotherState,ortoexe-cuteareleaseoracquittanceofajudgment,oralienormortgageofrecordinanotherState.1Barb.Ch.Pr.,444.Ifthelandtobeconveyed,orthemortgage,lien,orjudgmenttobedischarged,areinthisState,theCourtcan,byvirtueofitsowndecree,transferthetitle,ordischargetheobligation,andperpetuallyenjoinitsenforcements;butasthedecreeoftheCourtcannotoperateextra-territor-ially,sequestrationistheonlyavailablealternative,unlessthepersonofthedefendantcanbeseizedonprocessofattachmentforcontempt.SeeChapteronAttachmentforContempt;post,58845-848;918-923e'lBarb.Ch.Pr.,441;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1062.
tothejudgmentoftheCourt.)See"Execution"inBouv.LawDie;Blake'sCh.Pr.,163-164;469-475;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,440-445;2Ibid,475-480;Code,titleofChapter,13,preceding§2997.Blackstoneenumeratesthedifferentkindsofexe-cutionsissuedonjudgmentsincivilcases,asfol-lows:1,writofpossession;2,writofabatement(ofanuisance);3,writofrestitution(in.replevin,whenthedefendantwinsthesuit);4,writofdis-tringas(indetinue,whentheplaintiffwinsthesuit),andincaseofmoneyrecoveries;5,capiasadsatis-faciendum,(ca.sa.,toarrestanddetainthedefend-antuntilhepaidthedebt);6,fierifacias,(fi.fa.,toseizeandsellthedefendant'sgoodsandchattels)
;
7,levarifacias,(toselltherentsandprofitsofthedefendant'slandsandtenements)j8,elegit,(tosellhislands);and9,extendifacias(extent,underwhichthebody,goodsandchattels,landsandtene-ments,ofthedefendantwereallseizedatoncetosatisfythejudgment.)3Blacks.Com.,412-421.9Code,§4484.ioCode,§4485.^11Code,§4486.AdecreedirectingtheClerkand

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§648HOWPECREESAREENFORCED.512§648.EssentialsofFinalProcess.—Ifnoappealistakenfrom,afinalde-cree,thenext,andordinarilythelast,stepintheprogressofasuit,istheenforcementofthedecree.Andasthedecreeitselfawardsfinalprocess,andisauthorityforitsissuance,itisafundamentalrulethatthisfinalprocessmustconformtothedecreeinallessentials.Theessentialsof.finalprocessesareasfollows
:
1.Theprocessissued,inenforcementofadecree,mustbethekindofpro-cessawardedbythedecreeitself,orbythelaw.122.TheprocessmustruninthenameoftheStateofTennessee;itmustbeaddressedtotheproperexecutiveofficer;itmustshowwhatistobedone,bywhom,andwhen;itmustbetested,andbesignedbytheClerkandMaster,orhisdeputy.3.Theprocessmustsufficientlyidentifythesuitinwhich,andtheCourtfromwhich,itisissued,bygivingthenamesofthepartiesorthestyleofthecause,andthestyleoftheCourtpronouncingthedecree.134.Theprocessmustpursuethedecree,14notonlyinitsnature,butastotheamountofmoneytobepaidormade,andastodescriptionofpropertytobeputinpossessionofthepartyrecoveringit,andastootheractstobedone.12Thelawawardsanexecutiononadecreeforamoneyrecovery.Hyderv.Butler,19Pick.,289;andnoreasonoccurswhyitdoesnotawardawritofpossessionwhenlandisrecovered.Code,§§2997-2998;3003.See,post,§655.13Trotterv.Nelson,1Swan,7.14Theexecution,tobeabsolutelyvalid,mustnotonlybewithinthedecree,butthedecreemustbewithintheevidence,theevidencemustbewithinthepleadings,andthepleadingsmustbewithintheprocedureandjurisprudenceoftheChanceryCourt.Thismaybeillustratedbyadiagram,thus:
1.Theinmostcirclerepresentsthedecreecircum-scribingtheexecution,orfinalprocess.Iftheexe-
cutionisnotwarrantedbythedecree,itmaybesupersededandquashed.2.Thenextcirclerepresentstheevidence,circum-scribingboththedecreeandtheexecution.Ifadecreeisnotjustifiedbytheevidence,itmaybereversedbyappeal,orwritoferror,andmaybereversedevenafterexecutionhasissuedtbyawritoferror,andonasupersedeastheexecutionmaybestayedandannulled.3.Thecirclenexttotheoutmostrepresentsthepleadings,circumscribingtheevidence,thedecreeandtheexecution.Iftheevidenceisnotpertinenttothepleadings,ordoesnotsubstantiatetheplead-ing,onappealorwritoferrorthedecreewillbereversed,andifanexecutionhasissueditwillbesupersededandannulled.4.Theoutsidecirclerepresentstheprocedure^andjurisprudenceoftheChanceryCourtcircumscribingthepleadings,evidence,decreeandexecution;andifthepleadingsorevidencedonotjustifythedecreeonappealorwritoferrorthedecreewillbere-versed,andifanexecutionhasissueditwillbesupersededandannulled.Butadecreesoerroneousastobereversibleonappealorwritoferroris,unlesssoreversed,validenoughtosupportanexecutionandjustifyallthatmaybedoneunderit.Adecree,however,thatisabsolutelyvoidonitsface,willnotsupportanex-ecution;andwhoeverundertakestoenforcesuchanexecutionisatrespasser,andhislevy,saleorotheractofexecutionisvoidinlaw.Astovoidandvoidabledecrees,see,ante,§§446;565;mdpost,§814,note43.

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513TRANSFEROFTITLEBYDECREE,ORDEED.649
ARTICLEII.TRANSFEROFTITLEBYDECREE,ORDEED.
§649.VestingTitle,andExecutingInstru-ments,byDecree.§650.DeedbytheMaster,orCommissioner.
§649.VestingTitle,andExecutingInstruments,byDecree.—Originally,theChanceryCourtcompelledpartiestoexecuteconveyances,byprocessofcontemptandofsequestrationj1butnow,bystatute,theCourtmay,bydecree,divestthetitletoproperty,realorpersonal,outofanyofthepartiesandvestitinothers;andsuchadecreehasalltheforceandeffectofaconveyancebysuchpartiesexecutedindueformoflaw.TheCourtmay,also,appointaCom-missionertoexecuteallnecessaryconveyances,releases,andacquittances,eitherinhisname,orinthenameofaparty,astheCourtmaythinkproper;andtheinstrumentsoexecutedwillbeasvalidasifexecutedbytheparty.OrtheCourtmaydirectapartytoexecuteaconveyance,release,oracquittance;andifhefailorrefusesotodo,inthetimespecifiedinthedecree,orinareasonabletime,ifnotimeisthusspecified,thedecreeoperatesinallrespectsasiftheconveyance,release,oracquittancewasinfactmadebysuchpartyasdirected.2Undertheseprovisionsofthestatute,theCourtgenerallydivestsandveststitlestopropertybydecree,ordirectstheClerkandMaster,ascommissioner,tomaketheproperpartyadeedconveyingthepropertytohim.3Thedecreeisofteninthealternative.ThefollowingisaformofaDECREEVESTINGTITLE,ANDORDERINGADEED.Andsaidreportofsale,beingunexceptedto,isinallthingsconfirmed.Itistherefore,orderedanddecreedbytheCourt,thatalltheright,title,andinterestofallpartiestothisstiit*[or,ofCDandEF]inandtosaidtractofland[orotherproperty]beandthesameareherebydivestedoutofthem,andeachofthem,andvestedinsaidGH,[thepurchaser,complainant,orotherperson;}asanindefeasibleinheritanceinfeesimple,forever;andtheClerkandMasterofthisCourt,ascommissioner,willinhisownnajme,[or,inthenameoftheparties,]executeanddelivertosaidGHadeedconveyingtohim,thesaidGH,alltheright,title,andinterest,ofallthepartiestothissuit,[or,ofC.D.andEF,]inandtosaidtractofland,5[orotherproperty;]orwillgivehimacertifiedcopyofthisdecreeforregistration,ifsaid6.H.preferthesame.Thecostsofsaiddeed,orcertifieddecree,willbepaidbysaidGH;andonhisapplicationawritofpossessionwillissuetoputhiminpos-sessionofsaidtractofland.1Claiborneu,Crockett,Meigs,607;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1032.2Code,§§4484-4486;4103-4104.3TheCode,§§4485;4105,declaresthatthedecreeoftheCourtdivestingandvestingtitle,orthedeedoftheClerk,shallhavethesameforceandeffect,andwillbeasvalid,asifexecutedbythepartyinperson.Theseareall-comprehensivewords;andinLowryV.McDurmott,5Yerg.,225,interlocutoryandfinaldecrees,orderingandconfirmingasaleofland,wereallowedtobereadasevidence,withoutproducingthebilloransweruponwhichtheyweremade;andonthestrengthofsuchdecreestheplain-tiffrecoveredinejectment,thedefendantobjectingtothedecreeonthegroundthatthebillandanswerwerenotproduced.ButinWhitmorev.Johnson,10Hum.,610,itwasheldthatthedecreeisnotadmissible,withoutasupportingrecord,unlessitembodyaHthefactsnecessarytoshowtherightofthecomplainanttorelief,andthejurisdictionoftheCourttogranttherelief.Thisholdingemasculatesthestatute,andwithersitsefficacy,andshouldbeconfinedtothespecialcasedecided,theCourtevi-dentlybeinginfluencedbythefactthatthedecreeinthatcasewasbyaCircuitCourt,inacaseoverwhichthejurisdictionofthatCourtwas"new,spec-ial,andlimited."Whenthedecisionwasmade,the
practicewastoreciteindecreesenoughtoshowthejurisdictionoftheCourt,andtherightfulnessoftheconclusionreached.Now,however,theCodedeclaresthatdecreesneednotrecitethefactsuponwhichtheyarebased,butonlytheconclusionstowhichtheCourthascome.Code,§4476.Sincethepublicationoftheoriginaleditionofthisworkcontainingtheforegoingnote,theSupremeCourtinRussellv.Houston,7Cates,536,hasde-cidedthatafinaldecreeinanejectmentsuitinChanceryandtheentriesontheruledocketaread-missibleinevidencewithoutproducingthebalanceoftherecordwhenthefileofpaperscontainingthepleadingscannotbefound.See,note14to§446,ante.4Thedecreeshould,incaseofasale,ordinarilybindallofthepartiestothesuit,bydivestingthetitleoutofallofthem,andvestingitinthepur-chaser.Russell*'.Stinson,3Hay.,13.Inothercases,thetitlewillbedivestedoutofthedefendants,orsomeofthem,andvestedinthecomplainant,orinthecomplainantandsomeofthedefendants,ac-cordingtothenatureofthedecree.5Thedescriptionofthetract,orotherproperty,shouldfullyappeareitherinthedecreeordering,orthedecreeconfirming,thesale.See,ante,§§172;627,note;580.

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8650S TRANSFEROFTlTL,EBYDECREE,ORDEED.514AdecreedirectingtheClerkandMastertomakeadeedtothepurchaseroperatespropriavigoreasadeedfromitsdate.6Thedecree,ordeedoftheClerk,asthecasemaybe,hasthesameforceandeffectasaconveyancebytheparty,andmustberegistered.7Wherethesaleismadeatthevoluntaryinstanceoftheparties,thedecree,ordeedoftheClerk,impliesacovenantofseizinandwarrantyoftitlebythepartieswhoseinterestissold,theirheirsandrepresentatives,unlessotherwiseprovidedinthefaceofthedecree.8§650.DeedbytheMaster,orCommissioner.—ItisacommonpracticetoauthorizetheMaster,or.specialcommissioner,tomakeadeedtothepurchaserofland,soldbyhimunderthedecreeoftheCourt.Thefollowingisaformofa MASTER'S,ORCOMMISSIONER'S,DEED.Thisdeed9byWilliamL.Trent,ClerkandMaster[orCommissioner]toGH,[thepur-chaser,]bothofKnoxcounty,Tennessee,witnesseth
:
That,whereas,abillwasfiledintheChanceryCourtatKnoxville,Tennessee,onJanuary5,1889,byABagainstCDandEF,[givingthenamesofallthepartiesoutofzvhomtitleistobedivested,]torecoveradebtduehimfromsaiddefendants,[or,toenforceavendor'slien,or,asthecasemaybe.]And,whereas,adecreewasdulyrenderedinsaidcausebysaidCourt,atitsNovemberterm,1889,commandingme,[or,mypredecessor]tosellthefollowingtract[or,lot]ofland[orotherproperty,]situatedinthe10thcivildistrictofKnoxcounty,adjoiningthelandsofIJandKL:BeginningonalargepoplarKL'scorner[describingtheland,orotherpropertyconveyed,accordingtothedecreeorderingorconfirmingthesale.]Andwhereas,saidtract[or,lot]ofland[orotherproperty,]Wasbyme[or,saidotherperson,]soldac-cordingly,andsaidGHbecamethepurchaser,andsaidsalewasdulyconfirmedbytheCourt,atitsMayterm,1890,[andalltheright,title,andinterestofallthepartiestothesuit{or,ofallthedefendants,or,ofEF,or,asthecasemaybe,)divestedoutofthemandvestedinsaidGH,{ifsuchwasthedecree.)]And,whereas,Iwasbysaiddecreeauthorizedanddirectedtoexecuteanddeliveradeed,conveyingtosaidGHalltheright,title,andinterest,ofallthepartiestothissuit,[or,ofallthedefendants,or,ofEF,or,asthecasemaybe',]inandtosaidtract[or,lot,]ofland[orotherproperty.]Now,therefore,inconsiderationofthepremises,andofthesumofonethousanddollars[specifyingtheamountofthepurchaser'sbidandnotincludinganyinteresthemayhavipaid,]tomepaidbythesaidGH,I,WilliamL,.Trent,ClerkandMaster[orCommissioner]ofsaidCourt,byvirtueofthepowerandauthorityconferreduponmebysaiddecree,do,bythisdeed,grant,convey,andconfirm,untosaidGH,hisheirsandassignsforever,alltheright,title,andinterest,ofallthepartiestosaidsuit,[or,ofallofsaiddefendants,or,ofEF,or,asthecasemaybe,]inandtothesaidtract[or,lot,]ofland,[orotherproperty^andeverypartandparcelthereof,withtheappurtenances,asanindefeasibleinheritanceinfeesimple,forever,[or,forandduringthenaturallifeofsaidEF,or,asthecasemaybe.]Aswitnessmyhand,andtheSealofsaidCourt,thisAugust28,1890.
Witnesses
:
OP,Q,R.
1
WilliamL.Trent,ClerkandMaster[orCommissioner.]
StateofTennessee,CountyofKnox.jPersonallyappearedbeforeme,JohnW.Conner,ClerkoftheCountyCourtofsaidcounty,WilliamL.Trent,ClerkandMaster[orCommissioner]asaforesaid,withwhomandwhose6Behrnv.White,24Pick.,392.7Code,§4104.8Code,§4105.Asadecreedivestingandvestingtitleneednotrecitethefactsonwhichitisbased,_it_maywellbecontendedthataMaster's,orCommissioner's,deed,neednotrecitesuchfacts.TheabovedeedwasdrawninconformitytothecaseofWhitmorev.Johnson,10Hum.,610,referredtoinaprecedingnotetothissection.Itisbelieved,however,thatthefollowingshorterformwouldbevalid:SHORTFORMOFAMASTER'SDEED.Knowali.MenbyThesePresents,That,whereas,intheChanceryCourtatKnox-
ville,Tennessee,adecreewasmadeonthe17thdayofJune,1890,inthecauseofABvs.CDandEF,authorizingandcommandingme,WilliamL-Trent,ClerkandMasterofsaidCourt,tomaketoGH,adeedforacertaintractoflandsoldtohimbysaidCourt,insaidcause,asthepropertyofsaidCDandEF,uponthepurchase-moneythereforbeingpaid;andwhereas,saidpurchase-money,to-wit,thesumofonethousanddollars,hasbeenfullypaid.Now,therefore,inconsiderationofthepremises,andofsaidsumofonethousanddollarstomepaid,I,WilliamL>Trent[&c,asinthelongerformabovegiven,describingthelandbylocation,metesandbounds.]

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S15 FINALPROCESSAGAINSTTHEPERSON.§651
officialpositionIampersonallyacquainted,andacknowledgedtheexecutionoftheforegoing[or,within,]deed,onthedayitbearsdate,andforthepurposesthereinexpressed.Aswitnessmyhand,andtheseal10ofmyCourt,thisAugust28,1890.
L.s.} JohnW.Conner,Clerk.Aprobateintheordinarystatutoryformwouldbesufficient,buttheaboveadditionshave,perhaps,somevalue.
ARTICLEIII.FINALPROCESSAGAINSTTHEPERSON.§651.InjunctionstoPerformDecrees.§652.AttachmentstoEnforceDecrees.§651.InjunctionstoPerformDecrees.—Beforeissuinganyattachmentorsequestration,theCourtmayawardamandatoryinjunction1requiringapartytodoaparticularthing,ortorefrainfromdoingaparticularthing,spe-cifiedinthedecreeandinthewrit.2The"followingistheformof3ANINJUNCTIONTOPERFORMADECREE.TheStateofTennessee,TotheSheriffofHamiltoncounty:Whereas,onthe10thdayofJuly,1890,adecreewasmadeinourChanceryCourtatChattanooga,inthecaseofJohnDoevs.RichardRoe,thereinpending,commandingthesaidRichardRoetosign,acknowledge,anddelivertothesaidJohnDoe,adeed4conveyingtosaidDoe,infeewithcovenantsofwarrantyandseizin,lotNo.6inthetownofDecatur,Alabama,onthenorth-eastcornerofRiverandSecondStreets;andalsocommandinghimtoexecuteanddelivertosaidDoeareleaseandacquittanceofthelienretainedbyhimonthelotbyhimsoldtosaidRoe,insaidtownofDecatur,beinglotNo.7,adjoiningsaidlotNo.6onthenorth,asbysaiddecreedothmorefullyappear,acopyofwhichishereinenclosedtobedeliveredbyyoutosaidRichardRoe.Youare,therefore,herebycommandedtoservesaidcopyofsaiddecree3uponsaidRichardRoe,andmakeknowntohimthatheisstrictlyenjoinedandcommandedtodo,performandfulfillanddoallandeverythemattersandthingsinsaiddecreespecifiedandcontained,insofarasthesamerelatestohim,accordingtothetruemeaningandimportofsaiddecree,andintendaysfromtheserviceofsaidcopy;andthathehereoffailnotathisperil.Hereinfailnot,andmakereturnofthiswrit,andhowyouhaveexecutedthesame,onthe1stMondayofAugustnext,atmyoffice.Witness,J.B.Ragon,ClerkandMasterofoursaidCourt,atofficeinChattanooga,thisJuly10,1890. J.B.Ragon,C.&M.TheSheriffshouldshowinhisreturnthathereadthewrittothedefendant,andhandedhimthecopyofthedecree;andthedateofsuchservice.Itisnotnecessary,however,thatawritofinjunctionshouldissuewiththedecree,6theserviceofacopyofthedecreealoneissufficienttobindthedefendant;andifhefailsorrefusestocomplywiththetermsofthedecree,intendaysaftertheserviceofacopythereof,anattachmentmayissuebyorderoftheCourtupontheofficer'sreturnoraffidavitofserviceofsuchcopy.7Ifthedefendantinexecutionkeepsoutoftheway,orabsconds,sothata10ThesealoftheChanceryCourtisnotneededtothedeed,noristhesealoftheCountyCourtneededtotheprobate,buttheyaddtothesolemnityInddignityofbothdeedandprobate.1SeeChapteronInjunctions,post,§824.21Barb.Ch.Pr.,441;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1043;Smith's'Ch.Pr.,429.3Barton'sSuitinEq.,161.Formerlysuchwritswereaddressedtothedefendanthimself,hutnow
makeaconveyance,thedeedmaybesubjecttotheapprovaloftheClerkandMasteroftheCourt.KennedyV.Woodfolk,3Hay.,195;200.5Code,§§4479-4480.6Asamatterofpractice,thewritisseldomissued,serviceofacopyofthedecreebeingabso-lutelysufficient.Nevertheless,itmaybenothingbutfairtoadefendant,whohasnoSolicitortoadvisehim,toissuethewrittotheendthathemay

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5652PINALPROCESSAGAINSTTHpPERSON.516copyofthedecreecannotbeserveduponhim,orifheevadesreceivingthedecree,affidavitofthefact,andthatacopyofthedecreewastenderedhim,orleftathislastplaceofabode,willauthorizetheissuanceofanattachmentwithoutactualserviceofthecopyofthedecree.8IfitappeartotheCourtbyaffidavitthatserviceofacopyofthedecreecannotbehad,orislikelytobeevaded,theCourtmayawardawritofsequestrationinthefirstinstance."§652.AttachmentstoEnforceDecrees.—CourtsofEquityordinarilyactuponthepersonofthedefendant,andenforcetheirdecreesbyprocessofat-tachmentagainsthisperson,10whennecessary;butsuchistheobedienceofpar-tiestotheCourt'smandates,andsuchtheefficiencyofthecommonlawandstat-utoryprocessesforenforcingtheordersanddecreesofourChancreyCourt,thatitisseldomnecessaryfortheCourttobringintorequisitionitsownpeculiarprocess,tocompelthepaymentofasumdecreed,orthesurrenderortransferofproperty,ortheexecutionofconveyances,releasesandacquittances.Thesecommonlawandstatutoryprocessesare,however,amerelengtheningandstrengtheningofthearmoftheCourt.11Itsownpeculiarpowersandprocessforenforcingitsrules,ordersanddecrees,stillexist,andtheirefficacyis,innoway,impairedbecauseheldinreserveforextraordinaryexigencies;andtheCourtmay,inthefirstinstance,ifdeemedexpedient,compelapartytoper-formitsdecreebyprocessagainsthisperson,orbyawritofsequestrationagainsthisestate.12ButsuchistheregardoftheCourtforthelibertyofthe•citizenandhisrightsofproperty,thatitwithholdstheseprocessesforcaseswheretheyareimperativelyrequiredtopreventafailureofjustice.Thus,wherelandliesinTennessee,theCourtmay,underthestatute,13divestandvestthetitlebydecree,ormayappointaCommissionertomakethedeed,ordirecttheMastertomakeit,butifthelandissituatedinanotherState,thesecommonlawandstatutorymethodsareabsolutelyineffectual:insuchacasetheCourtwill,whenthedefendantresideswithintheterritorialjurisdictionoftheCourt,14andhasbeenservedwithsubpoena,compelhimtoexecuteaconveyancewithinaspecifiedtime,andonhisfailuresotodowillcommithimtojail,theretoremainuntilhemakesthedeed.15TheCourtwillnotonlycompeladefendanttoexecuteadeedinsuchacase,hut,whereanypropertytobeconveyed,orajudgmenttobesatisfied,oramortgage,trustdeed,orotherlientobedischarged,oradebtorobligationtobeacquitted,isinanotherState,orofsuchacharacter,orsosituated,thatadecreedivestingtitleordirectingaconveyance,release,oracquittancewouldbeineffectual,ornotfullyoperativepropriovigore;theCourtisboundtorequirethepartytomakethenecessaryconveyance,release,oracquittance,andtoenforcethisrequirementbyprocessofattachment,andbysequestration,ifnecessary.TheCourtwill,byattachment,compeladefendanttoperformanyspecifiedact,whenotherprocesswouldbeineffectual.Thus,theCourtwill,byattach-ment,enforcethepaymentofatrustfundintoCourt,16orthesurrenderofadeedorotherdocument,orchosesinaction,orotherpersonalproperty,espe-ciallypropertystampedwithatrust,orhavingsomeextrinsicvaluenottobecompensatedindamages,orwillenforcethepaymentofthewidow'syear's
8Code,§4480.9Code,§4487.10See,ante,§32.11Code,§§2997-3000;3104;4484-4488.12Code,§§4305;4478-4481;4487-4488.13Code,§§4484-4486.14Wicksv.Caruthers,13Lea,353.15MillerV.Birdsong,7Bax.,531;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1032,note;1627;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§743-744;3Pom.Eq.Jur.,§1318;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,44;Code,§4481.Nevertheless,aCourtofEquitywillnotm*keadecreethatmustbeenforcedinpersonam.whenfullandcompletereliefcannotbeenforcedexceptbytheexerciseofauthorityoverpropertywhichliesinanotherState.W.U.TelegraphCo.
i>.W.&A.Railroad,8Bax.,54;Johnsonv.Kim-bro,3Head,557.Incasesoffraud,trustandcontract,thejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtissustainableiftheCourthasjurisdictionoftheper-sonofthedefendant,althoughthelandtobeaf-fectedbythedecreeliesbeyondtheState.Kingv.Pillow,6Pick.,287;PaperCo.v.Shyer,24Pick.,444.inSeidenbachv.Denklespeil,11Lea,297.Inthiscase,thesuretyofareceiverwasrequiredbyanorderinpersonamtopayintoCourtasumofmoneybelongingtothereceivership,anddepositedwithhimbythereceiver,toindemnifyhimagainstlossassuretyonthereceiver'sbond.

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517 finalprocessagainsttheperson.§652supportbytheadministrator,17orthedepositoffundsintheStatetreasuryinasuitbytheState.18Thedecreeshould,inallsuchcases,notonlyrequirethedefendanttodothespecificact,butshouldfixtheprecisetimewithinwhichitmustbedone;19andtheChancellorhaspower,onmotion,aswellinvacationasintermtime,tomakefurtherorders,andtoissuesuchwritsandprocessesasmaybenec-essarytocarryintoeffectsuchdecreeororder,reasonablenoticeofsuchmotionbeinggiventheadverseparty,orhiscounsel.20AnattachmentissuesbyorderoftheChancellor,upontheofficer'sreturn,oraffidavit,oftheserviceofacopyofthedecreetendaysbeforehand,andthatthepartyhasfailedorrefusedtocomplywiththetermsthereof.Ifthedefendantinexecutionkeepsoutoftheway,orabsconds,sothatacopyofthedecreecannotbeserveduponhim,orifheevadesreceivingthedecree,affidavitofthefact,andthatacopyofthedecreewastenderedhim,orleftathislastplaceofabode,willauthorizetheissuanceofanattachment,withoutactualserviceofthecopy.21IftheCourtseeproperinthefirstinstance,or,ifi:ponissuanceoftheattachment,thedelinquentcannotbefound,awritofsequestrationmayissueagainsttheestateofsuchdelinquenttocompelobedi-encetothedecree.22Allattachmentsforthenon-performanceofadecreeareinthenatureofanexecution,onserviceofwhichnobailshallbetaken,butthepartyshallbecommittedtojail,theretoremainuntilheperformsthedecree;23oruntil,uponahabeascorpus,hehaspurgedhiscontempt,andbeendischargedbytheChancelloruponsuchconditionsinrespecttohiscompliancewiththedecreeastheChancellormaythinkproper.24Hecannotbedischarged,how-ever,untilhehasclearedhiscontempt,25andtheadverseparty,hisagent,orattorney,isentitledtoreasonablenoticeofthehearinguponthewritofhabeascorpus,ifintheState,andmayinterrogatethepartyincontemptuponhisoath,andcontrovertthetruthofhisstatementsbyotherproof.26ThefollowingistheformofanORDERFORANATTACHMENTFORNON-PERFORMANCEOFADECREE.JohnDoe,]vs. >OrderforanAttachment.RichardRoe.JInthiscaseitdulyappearingthatthedefendant,RichardRoe,hasnotperformedthedecreeagainsthimashewasenjoinedandcommandedtodo,andisincontempt,onmotionofcomplainant,anattachmentisawardedagainsthim,anditisorderedthathebecommittedtothecommonjailofKnoxcounty,theretoremainuntilheshallfullycomplywithandper-formsaiddecree.Onsuchanorderbeingmadeanattachmentwillissue,instanter,uponwhichthedefendantwillbearrestedandcommittedtojail.Theattachmentmaybeasfollows
:
WRITOFATTACHMENTFORCONTEMPT.StateofTennessee,1KnoxCounty.\TotheSheriffofKnoxcounty:YouareherebycommandedtoattachthebodyofRichardRoe,andhimsafelyandcloselvkeepinyourcustodyinthecommonjailofKnoxcounty,theretoremainuntilheshallhavefullycompliedwithandperformedthedecreerenderedagainsthiminandbyourChanceryITRoccoV.Cicalla,12Heisk.,508.isActsof1873,ch.78.192Dan.Ch.Pr.,1043.Thetimemaybelim-itedthus:"Onorbeforethedayof ;"or,"Withindaysafterserviceofacopyofthisdecree."Ibid.Ifnotimebefixed,theCodegivesthepartytendaysafterserviceofacopyofthedecree.Code,§4479.20Code,§§4411-4412.21Code,§§4479-4480.Whenthedefendantcan-notbefoundtheChancellormav.onanexbarte
22Code.§4487;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1047.UndertheformerEnglishpractice,awritofsequestrationmightissuewhilethedisobedientdefendantwasinjail,butourCodeseemstoimplythatprocessagainsttheperson,andprocessagainsthisproperty,willnotbothbeallowedatthesametime.Code,§4478,givesalternativeprocessagainstthepersonoragainsthisproperty;andsection4487,also,givesalternativeandnotdoubleprocess.23Code,§4481;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1046-1048.24Code.84482.

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§653PINALPROCESSAGAINSTPROPERTY.518CourtatKnoxville,infavorofJohnDoe,oruntiloursaidCourtofChanceryshallmakeanordertothecontrary.AndyouwillmakereturntothenexttermofoursaidChancerycourt,atKnoxville,onthe4thMondayofNovembernext,howyouhaveexecutedthiswrit,byproperendorsementthereon.ThisMay30,189S. W.L.Trent,C.&M.Ontheserviceofthiswritnobondwillbetaken.W.L.Trent,C.&M.Fortheproceedingsandpracticeincaseofattachmentsoftheperson,seetheArticleonAttachmenttoCompelanAnswer,27andtheChapteronCon-tempts.28
ARTICLEIV.FINALPROCESSAGAINSTPROPERTY.§653.Executions,orFieriFacias,toEn-forceDecrees§654.OrdersofSale.§655.WritsofPossession,orAssistance.
§656.WritsofDistringas.§657.WritsofRestitution,WhenIssued,andHowObtained.§653.Executions,orFieriFacias,toEnforceDecrees.—Whenadecreeispronouncedthelawawardsanappropriatewritforitsenforcement,andthiswrit,whateveritsformandeffect,istermedanexecution,1Whenthedecreeawardsamoneyrecovery,theappropriatewritisafierifacias,nowgenerallycalledanexecution,becauseitistheexecutionmostfrequentlyused.Whenthedecreeawardsthepossessionofpropertytoapartytheappropriatewritisawritofassistance,called,inCourtsoflaw,awritofpossession;andwhentheCourtawardstherestorationofproperty,theappropriatewritisawritofrestitution.Anexecution,orfierifacias,againstthegoodsandchattels,landsandtenements,ofthedefendant,isnowtheordinaryprocessforenforcingthecollectionofmoneyonadecree.2When,however,thedecreeisagainstacorporation,thecomplainantmaysueoutadistringas;ormay,athiselection,sueoutafierifaciastobeleviedaswellonthechosesinactionasonthegoods,chattels,landsandtenementsofthecorporation;andincaseoflevyonchosesinaction,theCourtmayappointareceivertocollectthesame.3ThefollowingistheordinaryformofANEXECUTION,OKFIERIFACIAS.StateofTennessee,TotheSheriffofShelbycounty:Youareherebycommandedthat,ofthegoodsandchattels,landsandtenements,4ofRichardRoeandRobertRoe,youcausetobemadethesumoffourhundredandfortydollars,andthecostshereonendorsed,tosatisfyadecreethatJohnDoe,recoveredaeainstthemintheChanceryCourtatMemphis,onJuly5,1890;andtohavesaidmoneyandthiswrit,withyourreturnthereon,atthenexttermofsaidCourt,tobeheldattheCourtHouseinMemphis,onthe4thMondayofDecembernext.Witness,E.B.McHenry,ClerkandMasterofsaidCourt,the4thMondayofJune,1890."E.B.McHenry,C.&M.27Ante,§§201-204.28Post.§§918-922.1See,ante,§647.2Code,§§2998-2999.Formerly,alldecrees,ex-ceptforland,wereenforcedinChancerybyprocessofattachment.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1032.DeaderickV.Smith,6Hum.,146.Thedecreethenrequiredthedefendanttopaythecomplainant,butnowthede-creeusuallyisthatthecomplainantrecoverofthedefendant,theamountdecreed.Anawardofanexecutionisnotnecessaryinadecreeforamoneyrecovery:thelawawardsanexecution.HyderV.Butler,19Pick.,289.3Code,§3000.Thissectiondoesnot^meanthatthedistringasistobelevied,etc.:itisthefierifaciasthatistobelevied,aswellonthechosesinactionasetc.;thusmakingthelatterwritmoreef-
fectiveasagainstcorporationswhoseassetsmaycon-sist^inwholeorinpart,ofchosesinaction.Underadistringasthepropertyisseizedanddelivered,orheld,accordingtothedemandofthewrit,andtheorderoftheCourt.4Iftheexecutionisagainstacorporationitshouldread"thatofthechosesinaction,goodsandchattels,landsandtenementsof,"etc.Code,§3000.5Theexecutionistestedofthefirstdiyofthetermnextbeforethedateofissuance.Code,§3001.Thetesteisimportantfromthefactthattheexecu-tionisalienonthedebtor'spersonalpropertyfromitsteste.Anexecutionmaybeleviedupontheper-sonaltyofajudgmentdebtoraliveonthedayofitstestebutdeadonthed<tyofitsissuance.TrustCompanyv.Weaver,18Pick.,60.

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519 FINALPROCESSAGAINSTPROPERTY.§654Iftheexecutionbeagainstanexecutor,oradministrator,inhisrepresenta-tivecapacity,thecommandshouldbe"thatofthegoodsandchattels,rightsandcreditsofIJ,deceased,inthehandsofKL,hisexecutor[or,administrator,]tobeadministered,youcausetobemadethesum[&c,asintheaboveform.}Iftheexecutionbeagainstacorporation,thecommandtotheSheriffshouldread:"Youareherebycommandedthat,ofthechosesinaction,goodsandchattels,landsandtenements,6of[thecorporation,namingit,]youcausetobemadethesum[&c,asabove.]TheprovisionsoftheCode,7andCaruther'sHistoryofaLawsuit,coversofullythelawandpracticerelativetoexecutions,(theirformandgeneralre-quisites,theirissuanceandproceedingsthereon,whatisliabletolevy,howleviesandgarnishmentsaremade,deliverybondsandproceedingsthereon,salesbyexecutionandconveyancesofrealtysold,)thatitwouldbeanunnecessaryconsumptionofspacetoconsiderfurtheranyofthosematters,thepracticeinreferencetheretobeingthesameintheChanceryasintheCircuitCourt.§654.OrdersofSale.—Iftheexecutionhasbeenleviedonlandandre-turnedwithoutasale,anorderofsalewillbeawardedonmotion.So,iftherebeanyproperty,realorpersonal,inthecustodyoftheCourt,whetherbyat-tachment,levyofexecution,orotherwise,theCourtwill,onmotion,awardanorderofsaletotheSherifftosellsuchproperty,wheneverproperinen-forcementofadecree.Suchanordermaybeasfollows
:
ORDERTOSELLPROPERTYLEVIEDON.B.M.Pond,vs. [No.3214.—OrdertoSell.MarthaL.Trigg.Inthiscause,onmotionofcomplainant'sSolicitor,anditappearingfromtheSheriff'sreturnthatanexecutionwaslevieduponthefollowinglot:[describeit,]butthatnosalethereofwasmadeforwantoftime,itisorderedanddecreedbytheCourtthattheSheriffproceedtosellsaidlotasrequiredbylaw,andthatanorderofsaleissuetohimaccordingly.Ifthepropertyhasbeenattached,orhascomeintothecustodyoftheCourtotherwisethanbythelevyofanexecutionuponit,theClerkandMastermaybeorderedtosellit.Thefollowingistheformofanorderofsale,whereanexecutionhasbeenleviedonlandandreturnedforwantoftimetosell:8ORDEROFSALE.TheStateofTennessee,TotheSheriffofShelbyCounty
:
Whereas,anexecutionissued,onMarch22,1871,fromtheChanceryCourtofShelbycounty,to^heSheriffofsaidcounty,uponadecreeinsaidCourtinfavorofB.M.PondagainstMarthaL.Trigg,forthesumoffivethousanddollarsandthecostsofthecause,whichexecutionwasreturnedasfollows:"Nopersonalpropertyofthedefendanttobefoundinmycountyuponwhichtolevythiswrit,andIthereforelevieditononelotinthecityofMemphis,Tennessee,beinglotNo.74,north-westofAdamsstreetandFrontrow,frontingtwentyfeetonFrontrowandrunningbackbetweenparallellinessixty-ninefeet,parallelwith.Adamsstreeteasttoanalley,asthepropertyofthedefendant,MarthaL,.Trigg,March24,1871,Andthislevybeingtoolatetoadvertiseandsellaccordingtolaw,Ireturnthiswritunsatisfied,andaskanorderofsale.MarcusJ.Wright,Sheriff."Andwhereas,attheApril,1871,termofsaidChanceryCourt,anorderwasbyitmadethattheSheriffofShelbycountyproceedandsellsaidlotsoleviedonasaforesaid,andthatanorderofsaleissuetohim
;
Youare,therefore,herebycommandedtoproceedandsellsaidlot,asthelawdirects,tosatisfysaiddecreeandthecosts;andhavetheproceedsofsaidsale,togetherwiththiswrit,atthenexttermofsaidCourt,tobeheldattheCourtHouseinMemphisonthefirstMon-dayinOctobernext.Witness[&c,asinanexecution;see,ante,§653.]Anorderofsaleinanattachmentsuit,andinanyothereasewherethepropertyorderedtobesoldisinthecustodyoftheCourt,issosimilartotheforegoingthatitcaneasilybedrawn,thedraftsmanbeingcareful(1)toso6Code,§3000.AnexecutioncanbelevieduponIadmirabledigestofourdecisionsrelativetoexecu-onlvaleeraltitle.Evansv.T.anrtCo..RPick...148.Itions.

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§655FINALPROCESSAGAINSTPROPERTY.520describethepropertyastoidentifyit,(2)toshowthatthepropertyisinthecustodyoftheCourt,byattachment,orintbebaDdsofareceiver,orofsomeotherofficeroftheCourt,and(3)thattheCourtbasorderedthepropertytobesold,specifyingthemannerandtermsofsale,ifany;and(4)tocommandtheSheriff,orotherproperofficer,tosellthepropertyasrequiredbythedecree,and,ifnorequirements,thentosellitaccordingtolaw.§655.WritsofPossession,orAssistance.—Ifthedecreebethatthecom-plainantrecover,orbeputinpossessionof,specificproperty,realorpersonal,theCourtmayenforcethesamebyawritofpossession,orotherprocesssuffi-cientforthatpurpose.9Thewritofpossession,oftencalledinthebooksawritofassistance,istheordinaryprocessusedbytheCourttoputaparty,receiver,sequestrator,orotherperson,intopossessionofpropertywhenheisentitledthereto,eitheruponadecree,oruponaninterlocutoryorder.10Awritofpossessionisusuallyawardedandissuedinthefollowingcases:1,Whenonabilltorecoveratractorlotoflandonthestrengthofcomplainant'stitle,theCourtdecreesinhisfavor;2,"Wheninasuittorecoverpossessionofatractorlotofland,thecomplainantobtainsthereliefprayed;3,Whenthecomplainanthasbeendeprivedofthelegaltitleto,orthepossessionof,atractorlotoflandbytheunequitableconductofthedefendant,andtheCourtdecreesincomplainant'sfavor;4,Wheninacaseofresultingtrust,theCourtadjudgesthelandtobethepropertyofcomplainant,andvestshimwiththelegaltitle;5,WhenatractorlotoflandissoldbytheMaster,andthesaleconfirmedtothepurchaser;6,Whenreceiversorsequestratorsareappointedtotakepossessionofatractorlotofland,andthepartyinpossessionrefusestosurrender,oratenantofapartyrefusestoattorn;and7,Wheninanyothercase,theCourtadjudgesapartyentitledtothepossession,whetherperma-nentlyorpendingthesuit.Thewritmaybeawardedwheneverappliedfor.11Awritofpossessionwill,also,issuetoputaparty,areceiver,sequestrator,orotherperson,inpossessionofpersonalproperty,whenever,incasessimilartotheforegoing,theCourt,bydecreeorinterlocutoryorder,adjudgeshimthepossessionandawardssuchwrit.ThefollowingistheformofaWE.ITOPPOSSESSION.^StateofTennessee,TotheSheriffofUnioncounty:
Whereas,inthecaseofAB,vs.CD,inourChanceryCourtatMaynardville,itwasorderedanddecreedthatawritofpossessionissuetoputsaidAB[or,EFthereceiverappointedinsaidcase,]inpossessionofthefollowingtractofland:[He'reinsertafulldescription.]Youare,therefore,herebycommandedtotakewithyoutheforceofyourcounty,ifnec-essary,andimmediatelyenteruponsaidtractofland,andejectandremovetherefromeverypersonthereon,andputsaidAB,[or,BF,]infullandpeaceablepossessionthereof.13AndreturntosaidCourtatitsnextterm,tobeheldintheCourtHouseinMaynardville,onthe2dMondayinNovember,1891,howyouhaveexecutedthiswrit,byproperendorse-menthereon.Witness,CoramAcuff,ClerkandMasterofsaidCourt,the2dMondayofMay,1891.CoramAcuff,C.&M.Ifthewritbeforpersonalproperty,itscommandtotheSheriffwillbe"totakewithyoutheforceofyourcounty,ifnecessary,andimmediatelytakesaidpropertyoutofthepossessionofanypersonhavingitincustody,andputthesaidAB,[or,RF,]infullandpeaceablepossessionthereof."Ifapersonnotaparty,ornotthetenantoragentofaparty,ornotthe
9Code,§§2997;3251;3259;Irvinev.McBee,5Hum.,554.IfthepropertyisoutoftheState,theCourtwillcompelthedefendanttoexecuteproperconveyances.See,ante,§652.r102Dan.Ch.Pr.,1062;PayneV.Baxter,2Tenn.Ch.,518. „,,11Collierv.Railroad,5Cates,96.ItwouldseemthatthewritcouldbeissuedbytheClerkandMasteronapplication,asitisaformofexecution.
SeeJohnsonV.Tomlinson,13I.ea,610;andante,§647,note8.122Barb.Ch.Pr.,476;Code,§3359.13Awritofpossessionisnotexecuteduntiltheperson,inwhosebehalfandforwhosebenefitthewritissues,isputintothefullpossessionoftheentirepremisesspecifiedinthewrit.FarnsworthV.Fowler,1Swan,1.

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521 FINALPROCESSAGAINSTPROPERTY.§656vendeeofapartyafterthebillwasfiled,isinpossession,hemustneverthelesssurrenderthepropertytotheSheriffonhisdemand,andapplytotheCourtbypetitiontohavethepossessionrestoredtohim.14§656.WritsofDistringas.—Thestatuteallowsapartyinwhosefavoradecreeisrenderedagainstacorporation,tosueoutadistringas,orafierifacias,tobeleviedaswellonthechosesinactionasonthegoods,chattels,landsandtenementsofthecorporation.16UndertheoldChancerypractice,adistringaswasissuedasasortoforiginalprocess,toenforcetheappearanceofacorporationbyseizingitsproperty;16butnow,undertheCode,itisinthena-tureoffinalprocess.17ThefollowingistheformofAWRITOFDISTRINGAS.TheStateofTennessee,TotheSheriffofDavidsoncounty
:
Whereas,adecreewasrenderedbytheChanceryCourtatNashvilleinfavorofAB,againsttheCommercialBankofNashville,forthesumofonethousanddollarsandcosts,andawritofdistringasorderedtoissuetoenforcesaiddecree
;
Youare,therefore,herebycommandedtodistrainthechosesinaction,goodsandchattels,landsandtenementsofthesaidCommercialBankwithinyourcounty,andthesametokeepuntilthefurtherorderofsaidCourt,unlesssarddebtandcostsarefullypaid.Hereinfailnot,andmakereturnhowyouhaveexecutedthiswritatthenexttermofsaidCourt,tobeheld,[&c,asincaseofanexecution;see,ante,§653.]Awritofdistringasispracticallyobsolete,ornearlyso;butitmaybeusedtoadvantagewhenchosesinaction,orrents,belongingtoacorporationaresoughttobereached;because,insuchaease,theCourtmayappointare-ceivertocollectthechosesinaction,andtherents.18§657.WritsofRestitution:WhenIssued,andHowObtained.—Awritofrestitutionisaprocesstorestoretoaperson,ordinarilythedefendant,certainspecificpropertytakenfromhimbyprocess,orsurrenderedbyhimonorderoftheCourt,intheprogressofasuit.Itmaybeissued:1,torestoretothedefendantpropertyrepleviedbythecomplainant,incasethereplevybondisinsufficientinform,orinamountofpenalty,orinrespecttothesolvencyofthesureties;19or,2,torestoretothepartyentitledpropertyattachedinthesuit;20or,3,torestoretothepartyentitledspecificpropertyinvolvedinthelitigationofwhichhehasbeenwrongfullydispossessedbyprocess,orontheorderoftheCourt;21or,4,torestoreproperty,notcoveredbythedecreeoftheCourt,takenbytheSherifffromthepartyentitledanddeliveredtoapartynotentitled;22or,5,torestoretoastrangertothesuitpropertyofhis,which,byorderoftheCourt,orbyamisconstructionofanorder,orbymistakeunderanorder,hasbeentakenoutofhispossessionanddeliveredtoapartytothesuit,ortoareceiverorsequestratorinthesuit;23or,6,torestoretothede-fendantlandofwhichhehasbeendispossessedbytheorderoftheCourtinanejectment,ordetainer,orothersuitwhenthedecreeinfavorofthecomplain-antisreversedonbillofreview,oronappealorwritoferror;or,7,torestoretotheotherpartyinanejectmentordetainersuit,thelandofwhichonepartyhasbecomepossessed,ascomplainantordefendantwhen,pendinganappeal,
14Iftheclaimant'srighttothepossessionasagainstthepartiestothesuitisclear,theCourtwilldeterminethemattersummarily,andorderthepropertyto'bereturnedtohim;Johnsonv.Rider,2Shan.Cas.,62;orwillorderittobedelivereduptotheclaimant,pendinganinquiryastoitsowner-ship,onhisgivingbondandsufficientsecuritytorestoreit,incasethedecisionuponhisclaimshouldbeagainsthim.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1059.15Code,§3000.16Smith'sCh.Pr.,144.Acorporation,beingaiidealandinvisibleperson,couldnotbeattached,andthewritofdistringasissuedtoattachitsprop-erty,andthusenforceitsappearance.1Barb.Ch.Pr.,75.Corporationsarenowbroughtbeforethe
ofthenatureofawritofsequestration,asare-ceivermaybeappointedtocollectthechosesinac-tion.See,1Barb.Ch.Pr.,75-76.18Awritofdistringas,orawritinthenatureofawritofdistringas,mayalsobeusedwhentheCourtdecreesthatapartyisentitledtotheposses-sionofspecificpersonalproperty,possessinganex-trinsicvaluetothepersonentitledthereto.Car.Lawsuit,§425.ThissortofwritwouldbepropertoenforcethereturnofpropertyinareplevinsuitinChancery.19Code,§3392.20Code,§4449.21Caruthersv.Caruthers,2Lea,71.22Blairv.Pathkiller.5Yen?..230:Wall»n«

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$657FINALPROCESSAGAINSTPROPERTY.522hissecurityforrentsanddamagesbecomesinsufficient;24or,8,torestoretoatenantnotsuedthepremisesofwhichhewasdispossedbyawritofposses-sion,hispossessionastenantbeingpriortothesuit.251.AWritofRestitution,intheNatureofanInjunction,willalsolieinfavorofapartywhohaspaidajudgmentordecreeinwholeorinpartwhichwasafterwardreversed.Itsometimeshappensthatafteradecreehasbeenpaid,cpartlypaid,thepartysopayinghashadthedecreereversed,onawritoferror,oronabillofreview,andinsuchacaseheisentitledtoawritofrestitutioninthenatureofanexecution.26Buttoentitleapartytoawritofrestitutiononreversalofthedecree,suchreversalmustbefinalandnotleavequestionsopenwhichwhendecided,mayshowthepartyisnotentitledtothewrit.272.AWritofRestitution,HowObtained.Ifthepersoninjuredbybeingwrong-fullydeprivedofhispropertyisapartytothesuitinwhichtheorderwasmadeorthewritissued,hecanbringthewrongfuldispossessionbeforetheCourtbymotionsupportedbyaffidavitwhenthefactsdonototherwiseap-pear;2Sbutifheisnotaparty,hemustpresenthisswornpetitiontotheCourtinthecause,fullysettingupthefactsofwhichhecomplains,andprayingtobeallowedtofilehispetitioninthecauseandbecomeaparty,prohacvice.29Thematteris,ordinarily,inquiredintoanddisposedofsummarily,30unlessthegroundsofthemotionareseriouslycontested,inwhichcase,theMastermaybeorderedtoreportastothefacts,ortheCourtmaydecidethecontro-versydirectly,ontheproofssubmitted.Incaseofapetitionthepetitionermayberequiredtogiveaprosecutionbond.31Thefollowingistheformofawritofrestitution
:
WRITOPRESTITUTION.StateofTennessee,TotheSheriffofRoanecounty
:
Whereas,inthecaseofJohnDoevs.RichardRoe,etal.,inourChanceryCourtatKings-ton,itwasorderedanddecreed,onpetitionofJohnJones,thatawritofrestitutionissuetorestorehimtothepossessionofthefollowingtractofland:[Hereinsertafulldescriptionoftheland,]ofwhichhewasunlawfullydispossessedunderawritofoursaidCourt,youare,therefore,herebycommanded,withoutdelay,totakewithyoutheforceofyourcounty,ifnecessary,andimmediatelyenteruponsaidtractofland,andejectandremovetherefromeverypersonthereon,andrestoresaidJohnJonestothefullandpeaceablepossessionthereof.AndreturntooursaidChanceryCourtatitsnexttermtobeheldattheCourtHouseinKingston,onthe2dMondayofNovember,1884,howyouhaveexecutedthiswrit,byproperendorsementthereon.Witness,WilliamClark,ClerkandMasterofoursaidCourt,the2dMondayofMay,1884.WilliamClark,C.&M.,byJamesC.Pope,D.C.&M.Ifthewritbeforpersonalproperty,itscommandtotheSheriffwillbe
:
"totakewithyoutheforceofyourcounty,ifnecessary,andimmediatelytakesaidprop-ertyoutofthepossessionofanypersonhavingitincustody,andrestoreittothefullandpeaceablepossessionofsaidJohnJones."24Shan.Code,§§4994-4999;Actsof1879,ch.85.25Hickmanv.Dale,7Yerg.,149;BlairV.Path-killer,5Yerg.,230.26Gatesv.Brinkley,4Lea,710.ThejudgmentordecreeoftheSupremeCourtshould,onreversalinsuchacase,specifythesumtoberecoveredbytheexecution.
2718Ency.PL&Pr.,877.28See,post,§§784-785.29See,post,§§792-794.30Hickmanv.Dale,7Yerg.,154.31Foraformofapetition,andafurtherandfullerconsiderationoftheframeofapetition,see,post,§797.

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523SEQUESTRATIONSTOENFORCEDECREES.§658
ARTICLEV.SEQUESTRATIONSTOENFORCEDECREES.§658.SequestrationsGenerallyConsidered.§6S9.PowersofSequestrators.§660.DutiesofSequestrators.§661.FormoftheWritofSequestration.§658.SequestrationsGenerallyConsidered.—IftheCourtseeproperinthefirstinstance,orifuponissuanceofanattachmentfornotobeyingadecreethedelinquentcannotbefound,awritofsequestrationmayissueagainsttheestateofsuchdelinquenttocompelobediencetothedecree.1Theprocessofsequestrationisawritorcommission,directedtocertainpersons,2nominatedbythecomplainant,empoweringthemtotakepossessionofthedefendant'srealestate,andreceivetherentsandprofitsthereof;andtoseizeallhisper-sonalestatenotexemptfromexecution,andtokeepthesameintheirhandsuntilthedefendantshallhaveperformedthedecree,andclearedhiscontempt.3Ifnecessary,theCourtmayorderthesequestratorstosellthepersonalprop-erty;andifthedelinquentberequired,bytheorderordecree,todelivertoanyperson,ortodepositinCourt,orelsewhere,books,papers,writings,oranyotherarticlesorthings,thesequestratorshavepowertoseizethemandholdthemsubjecttotheorderoftheCourt.4Awritofsequestrationisindispensabletoenforceadecreewhenthede-fendanthaspropertyinthisState,butcannotbefoundonawritofattachmentforcontempt,orevadesserviceofthedecree,orisoutoftheState,andthedecreecommandsthedefendanttodosomeaffirmativeact,suchastoexecuteaconveyance,orlease,oflandsoutsideoftheState,ortoexecuteareleaseoracquittanceofamortgage,judgment,orlienofrecordinanotherState,ortodosomeotheractwhichcannotbedirectlyorindirectlydonebyadecreepropriovigore.5Ifeitherpartydieduringasequestration,theremustbearevivor,notonlyofthesuit,butofthesequestration;andifthesuitshouldbeabated,these-questrationwouldbeabatedalso.6§659.PowersofSequestrators.—Sequestratorsareclothedwithgreatpow-ers,butthedefendantbeingincontemptcannotbeheardtocomplain.Theob-jectofasequestrationistocoercethedefendantintoperformingadecree,or,onhisfailingsotodo,toindemnifythecomplainantforsuchfailure.Toeffect-uallyaccomplishthisobject,thesequestratorsmayseizeallthepropertyofthedefendantofeverykindandcharacterwhatsoever,realorpersonal,7exceptsuchasisexemptfromseizurebystatute.Theymaybreakopendoorstohouses,andmayopenrooms,safes,andboxes,andtakepossessionofalltheircontents;mayseizealltheproductsofthedefendant'sfarms,andalltherentsofhisrealestate,and,ifanytenantsrefusetoattornorpayrents,theCourtwillcompelthem,asincaseofreceivers.Inapropercase,theCourtwillorderthesequestratorstosellallthepersonalestateofthedefendant;andifanypropertyisofaperishablenature,itisgenerallyorderedtobesold,asofcourse.TheCourtwill,also,authorizethemtoleasethe.realestateofthedefendant.Ifsequestratorsareobstructedintheexecutionoftheirduties,theCourtwillaidthembyawritofpossession;anditisacontemptofCourt1Code,§4487.2Theusualnumberisfour,butifalessnumberwouldbeadequate,theCourtmay,nodoubt,appointalessnumber,evenone.Bondmayberequiredofthesequestrators.
32Dan.Ch.Pr.,1050.12DanChPr..1050-1057.5Sec,Cede,§s4478-4487.o2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1059-1061.7Includingchosesinaction.

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§660SEQUESTRATIONSTOENFORCEDECREES.524todisturbthemintheirpossessionofpropertytakenunderthesequestration,andtheCourtwillenjoinanysuitbroughtagainstthemtorecoverpropertyintheirpossessionassuch.8§660.DutiesofSequestrators.—SequestratorsareofficersoftheCourt,andtheirdutiesandliabilitiesaresubstantiallythesameasthoseofreceivers.TheyactundertheordersoftheCourtasdirectedfromtimetotime.Theymustseizealltheestateofthedefendantwithinreach,andmustbediligentinget-tingpossessionofit.Theyareaccountableforalltheyreceive,andmustmakeandfilewiththeClerkandMasteracompleteinventoryofeverythingthatcomesintotheirhands,givingitems,amountsanddates.Theyhavenoau-thoritytoapplythemoneyorpropertytheyreceive,otherwisethanasorderedbytheCourt,butshouldholdallmoneysintheirhandssubjecttotheorderoftheCourt.9Thepowers,dutiesandliabilitiesofsequestrators,andthecourseandpro-cedurebyandagainstthem,aresonearlyidenticalwiththoseofreceivers,thattoenumeratethemandspecifythemwouldbeonlytorepeatwhatissaidenthesemattersintheChapteronReceivers.Thefollowingsummarywillshowthisidentity:1,TheCourtwillputsequestratorsinpossessionbyproperprocesswhennecessary,andwillrequirethetenantsofthedefendanttoattorntothem;2,ItisacontemptofCourttodisturbthepossessionofseques-trators,andiftheyaredispossessedtheCourtwillrestorethemtopossession;3,Theyareaccountableforallthattheyreceive;andmustmakereports,fromtimetotime,ofallthatcomesintotheirhands,andmustpayoverallbalancesintheirhands;and4,Apartyclaimingsequestratedpropertybytitlepara-mountmustapplytotheCourtforanorderofrestoration,orforleavetosuethesequestrators.10§661.FormoftheWritofSequestration.—Thewritis,inthemain,are-citaloftheorderforthesequestration;andtheformofthewritmust,there-fore,bevariedtomeetthecircumstancesofeachparticularcase.11Thefol-lowingisaform12ofAWRITOFSEQUESTRATION".TheStateofTennessee,ToJohn-Smith,WilliamJones,JamesGrant,andCharlesStokes
:
Whereas,theChanceryCourtatNashvilledid,onthe10thdayofJune,1890,inasuitthereinpendingbetweenJohnDoe,complainant,andRichardRoe,defendant,orderthesaidRichardRoewithintendaysafternotice,toexecute,acknowledge,anddelivertosaidJohnDoe,adeedwithcovenantsofwarrantyandseizinforacertaintractoflandintheStateofKentucky,insaiddecreefullydescribed,andtopaythecostsofsaidsuit;Andwhereas,anattachmentissuedagainstthebodyofsaidRichardRoeforhiscontemptinnotobeyingsaiddecree,andwasreturned"Notfound."Andwhereas,thesaidCourt,onthe27thdayofJune,1890,insaidsuit,orderedawritofsequestrationagainsttheestateofthesaidRichardRoe,directedtoyou,allofwhichfullyappearsofrecordinsaidsuit,inoursaidCourtofChancery
;
You,oranytwoormoreofyou,are,therefore,herebycommanded,andfullyauthorizedandempowered,toenterupon,allthelands,tenementsandotherrealestatewhatsoeverofthesaidRichardRoe,andtotake,collect,andsequester,notonlyalltherentsandprofitsofsaidlands,tenementsandotherrealestate,butalsoallhisgoods,chattels,chosesinaction,andpersonalestatewhatsoever,anddetainandkeepthesameinyourpossessionundersequestration,untilthesaidRichardRoeshallfullyperformsaiddecree,andclearhissaidcontempt,andsaidCourtshallmakeanordertothecontrary.Witness,[asincaseofanexecution;see,ante,§653.]Theprimaryobjectofthesequestrationistocompelthedefendanttoper-formthedecree,buttheCourtmayapplytheproceedsofthesequestrationtothesatisfactionofthecomplainant'sdemand.13
ertytoberestored,withoutareferencetotheMas-ter.Ibid,112Dan.Ch.Pr.,10S1.123Dan.Ch.Pr.,2365;2Barb.Ch.Pr.,383;698.132Dan.Ch.Pr.,1056.
82

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525 PROCEEDINGSONREMANDMENT.§662
ARTICLEVI.PROCEEDINGSINENFORCEMENTOFDECREESONREMANDMENT.662.ProceedingsonRemandmentfromtheSupremeCourt.663.ProceedingsonRemandmentfromtheCourtofChanceryAppeals.
664.ProceedingsonRemandmentfortheExecutionofanOrderorDecree.665.ProceedingsonRemandmentfromaFederalCourt.§662.ProceedingsonRemandmentfromtheSupremeCourt.—OntheremandmentofacausefromtheSupremeCourt,thefirststepistoproducetheprocedendoremandingthecause,andtheaccompanyingdecreeoftheSupremeCourt,andtomovetheCourttohavethemspreadontheminutes,andthecausere-enteredonthedocket,bothofwhichmotionsareallowed,ofcourse.Whenaremandedcausehasthusbeenre-enteredonthedocket,itstandsexactlyasitdidwhentheappealwasgranted,exceptinsofaraschangedbythedecreeoftheSupremeCourt.ThedecreeoftheChancellorappealedfrom,andtheerroneousordersandrulingsoftheChancellorexceptedtobeforeoratthehearing,areaffirmed,modified,orannulled,asrequiredbythedecreeofremandment.1.Ifthebillwasimproperlydismissedonmotion,thedefendantmust,onremandment,plead,demur,oranswer,undertherules.2.Ifthebillwasimproperlydismissedondemurrer,thedefendantmustpleadoranswer,undertherules.3.Ifthebillwasimproperlydismissedinconsequenceofcomplainant'ssupposedwrongfulfailuretocomplywithsomerule,orinterlocutoryorder,thecausewillstandonthedocketexactlyasitstoodwhendismissed,tobethenceproceededinaccordingtothepracticeoftheCourt,asthoughneverdismissed.4.WheretheChancellorerroneouslyrefusedamaterialmotion,asforanamendmenttoapleading,ordeposition,orforleavetofilesomepleading,ordocument,orpauperoath,orbond,orforareference,orforareport,orfortherecommittalofareport,orforthetakingorretakingofadeposition,orforacontinuance,orinreferencetosomeothermatter,onthereinstatementofthecause,themotionrefusedbytheChancellorwillbegranted,andthecausewillproceedthereafterasthoughsuchmotionhadbeenallowedorigi-nally,andnoappealhadeverbeentaken.5.Wheretheorderofremandmentgivestheappellantleavetomakeaddi-tionalparties,ortofileaneworanamendedpleading,bond,orpauperoath,ortointroduceadditionalevidence,ortodosomeotherthing,onthereinstate-mentofthecausetheappellantwillbeallowedsotodo,andthereafterthecausewillbeproceededinasthoughsuchthinghadbeenoriginallydoneintheChanceryCourt,andnoappealhadeverbeentaken.6.Whereademandforajurywaserroneouslydenied,onremandmentatrialbyjurywillbeallowed.Ontheotherhand,whereajurytrialwaserro-neouslygranted,onremandmentthecausewillbeproceededinasthoughsuchtrialhadbeenrefusedbytheChancellorinsteadofgranted.17.Where,incaseofatrialbyjury,materialerrorswerecommittedbytheChancellorinadmittingorexcludingevidence,orinchargingorfailingtochargethejury,orinrefusinganewtrialonsomeotherground,onremand-mentanewtrialwillbegranted,andthecauseproceededwithasthoughthe

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§663PROCEEDINGSONREMANDMENT.526Chancellorhadgrantedanewtrialoriginallyandtherehadneverbeenanappeal.Onthenewtrial,however,theerrorscorrectedbytheSupremeCourtwillbecarefullyavoided.8.Where,inanymatter,theSupremeCourthasreversedormodifiedtheactionoftheChancellor,onremandmentsuchmatterwillstandreversedormodifiedaccordingly.9.Where,inanymatter,theChancellorfailedtoactwhethermovedonsotodoornot,andtheSupremeCourtdecreeofremandmentindicateswhattheChancellorshouldhavedone,suchactionwillaccordinglybedone,orifnotrtonewillbedeemedtobedone,andthecaseproceededinaccordingly.10.WhereanyotheractoromissionoftheChancelloriscorrectedbytheSupremeCourt,or,wheretheSupremeCourt,onitsownmotion,directssomeacttobedone,orundone,oromittedtobedone,orinsomeothermatterre-versesorreviseswhatwasdone,oromittedtobedone,bytheChancellor,onremandmentofthecause,thedecreeoftheSupremeCourtwill,inallrespects,becarefullycompliedwith.Afterthecausehasbeenremanded,andre-instatedonthedocketbyorderoftheChancellor,itisfurtherproceededinaccordingtothepracticeoftheCourtfromthatstagewheretheappealwastakentoafinaldecree.Ifthecauseisremandedfortheexecutionofanorderordecreenoorderofre-instatementisnecessary,aswillappearinafollowingsection.2
OBDEEOFBE-INSTATEMENT.FrankFrank,]vs. !OrderofRe-instatement.AnaniasFraud.JInthiscause,LeonJourolmon,Esq.,theSolicitorofthecomplainant,FrankFrank,pro-ducedtheprocedendoanddecreeoftheSupremeCourtreversingthedecreeofthisCourtheretoforepronouncedandappealedfrom,andmovedtheCourttoentersaidprocedendoanddecreeQntheminutesoftheCourtandtoreinstatethecauseonthedocket,allofwhichmotionsareallowed.Saidprocedendoanddecreeareasfollows
:
PBOCEDENDO.[Hereinsertitinfull.]DECREE.[Hereinsertitinfull.]TheClerkandMasterisdirectedtore-enterthecauseonhisdocket,whichisdoneaccordingly.[Supposingtheappealwasfromadecreesustainingademurreranddismissingthebill,andthattheSupremeCourtreversedthedecree,overruledthedemurrerandremandedthecause"foranswertothebillandfurtherproceedingsaccordingtothepracticeoftheCourt,"add:]And,thereupon,thedemurrerofthedefendanttothebillhavingbeenoverruledbytheSupremeCourt,andthecauseremandedforanswertothebillandfurtherproceedings,thedefendantmovedtheCourtforthirtydaysinwhichtofilehisanswer,whichmotionwasdis-allowed,andthedefendantorderedtoanswerthebillonorbeforetomorrow,[orsomeotherspecifiedday.]§663.ProceedingsonRemandmentfromtheCourtofChanceryAppeals.TheproceedingsonremandmentofacausefromtheCourtofChanceryAppealsareineveryparticularidenticalwiththoseabovesetforthincaseofremand-mentsbytheSupremeCourt,mutatismutandis,sothatitisunnecessarytore-statethem.§664.ProceedingsonRemandmentfortheExecutionofanOrderorDecree.OrdinarilyontheremandmentofacausebytheSupremeCourt,ortheCourtofChanceryappeals,nofurtheractioncanbetakeninituntilithasbeenre-instatedonthedocketbyorderoftheChanceryCourt.ThisoftencausesaLong,needlessandvexatiousdelay,assixmonthsmightintervenebetweenthepronouncementofthedecreeoftheAppellateCourtandthenexttermoftheChanceryCourtwhosedecreehadbeenaffirmed,modified,orreversed.
2See,post,§664.

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f527 PROCEEDINGSONREMANDMENT.§665Toremedythisevil,ithasbeenenactedthatwhenacaseisremandedbytheSupremeCourt,ortheCourtofChanceryAppeals,fortheexecutionofanorderofreference,orderofsale,orforotherproceedingsdirectedinthedecreeoftheAppellateCourt,orinthedecreeoftheChanceryCourtasaf-firmedbytheAppellateCourt,suchcaseisdeemedtobere-instatedintheChanceryCourtfromthetimeoffilingwiththeClerkandMasteracertifiedcopyofthedecreeormandateoftheAppellateCourt;andthereaftersuchcasemaybeproceededininaccordancewiththedecreeoftheAppellateCourtwithoutanyactionoftheChanceryCourtthereon;andasfullyandeffectivelyasifthedecreeoftheAppellateCourthadbeenre-decreed,orspreadofrecord,intheChanceryCourt,intermtime,byorderoftheChancellor.3AssoonasacertifiedcopyofthedecreeormandateoftheAppellateCourtisreceived,theClerkandMasterwillfileit,copyituponhisruledocket,andnotifytheSolicitorsofrecordinthecaseofthefilingofthedecreeormandate;4and,thereupon,theClerkandMasterwill,unlessotherwisedirectedbyconsentofsuchSolicitors,proceedtoexecutesuchdecreeor*mandateasfullyandspeedilyasthoughsoorderedbytheChancellor.Underthissalutarystatutethedelaysincidenttoappealsare,inmanycases,greatlylessened,andtheterminationofalitigationgreatlyspeeded.§665.ProceedingsonRemandmentfromaFederalCourt.—WhenacasehasbeenremovedfromtheChanceryCourttoaFederalCourtandbeenafterwardsremandedtotheChanceryCourt,thepleadings,depositionsandproofswhichwerefiledintheFederalCourtduringthependencyofthecasethere,areasvalidandmaybeusedasfullyasiforiginallyfiledintheChan-ceryCourt.5And*wheretheoriginaldepositionsandpleadingsandproofscannotbeobtainedfromtheFederalCourt,certifiedcopiesmaybeusedinsteadoftheoriginals.6
3Actsof1901,ch.10,sec.1.4Ibid,sec.2.Acausehavingbeenremandedforanorderofreferencetobemadeastocomplainant'sdamages,theMasterproceededtotakeproofandassessthedamageswithoutanorderbytheChan-cellorsotodo;and,onhisactionbeingsustainedbytheChancellor,thedefendantappealedonthe
groundthattheMaster'sactionwaspremature.TheSupremeCourtaffirmedthedecree.Madisonv.DucktownS.C.&I.Co.,MSS.,Knoxville,Septem-ber,1905.5Actsof1903,ch.17,sec.1.8Ibid.sec.2.

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§666 AMENDEDBILLS. 528
PARTVI.BILLSINCHANCERYRELATINGTOORIGINALBILLS.CHAPTERXXXIII.AMENDEDANDSUPPLEMENTALBILLS.ArticleI.ArticleII.ArticleIII.
AmendedBills.SupplementalBills.DefencestoAmendedandSupplementalBills.
ARTICLEI.AMENDEDBILLS.§666.HowDefectsinaBillMaybeReme-died.S667.AmendmentofBillsGenerallyCon-sidered.S668.ABillAmended,andanAmendedBill.§669.WhenanAmendedBillisProper.§670.DifferenceBetweenanAmendedandaSupplementalBill.§671.WhatAmendmentsMaybeMade.§672.WhatAmendmentsareNotAllowed.
§673.StatutoryProvisionsRelatingtoAmendingBills.§674.WhenAmendmentsMaybeMadeFurtherConsidered.HowLeavetoAmendisObtained.FormandMannerofAmendingBills.EffectofanAmendedBill.SummaryoftheEssentialsofAmend-edBills.FormofanAmendedBill.
675.676.677.678.
§679.§666.HowDefectsinaBillMaybeRemedied.—Afterasuithasbeencom-mencedbyoriginalbill,itmayneedamendmentinconsequenceofdefectsofvariouskinds.Abillmaybedefectiveinitsoriginalstructure,either(1)fromthewantofafullstatementofthematerialfacts,or(2)fromthewantofproperparties,or(3)fromthewantofaskingsuitablediscoveries,or(40fromotherlikedefects,wherenoeventhasoccurredsubsequenttotheinsti-tutionofthesuit,affectingtherightsorinterestsoftheparties.Insuchacase,thedefectmaybecuredeitherbyanamendmentofthebill,orbyanamendedbill.Ontheotherhand,asuitmaybeperfectinitsinstitution;andyet,bysomeevent,subsequenttothefilingoftheoriginalbill,itmaybecome(1)defective,sothatnoproceedingcanbehad,eitherastothewhole,orastosomepartthereof,witheffect;as,when,althoughthepartiestothesuitremainbeforetheCourt,someevent,subsequenttotheinstitutionofthesuit,haseithermadesuchachangeintheinterestofthoseparties,orgiventosomeotherpersonsuchaninterestinthemattersinlitigation,thatthepro-ceedings,astheystand,cannothavetheirfulleffect,inwhicheasethedefectmayberemediedbyasupplementalbill;1or(2)thesuitmaybecomeabated,
lItmaybewell,however,tostatethatthepresentpracticeinTennesseeonthesubjectofamendingbillsissomewhatdifferentfromthepracticeaslaiddowninStory,DanielandolderworksonChanceryPleadings.Inthefollowingparticularsourpresentpracticedifferssomewhatfromtheoldpractice:I,
Abillmaybeamendedatanytimebeforeadecree;2,Matterwhichhasoccurredsincetheoriginalbillwasfiledmaybeincorporatedinanamendedbill;and3,Thedifferencesbetweenanamendedandasup-plementalbillare,inotherrespects,butlittlemorethannominal,inordinarypractice.See,post,§670.

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529 AMENDEDBILLS. §667sothattherecanbenoproceedinginitatall,eitherastothewhole,orastoapartthereof;aswhen,inconsequenceofthedeathofparties,orofmarriageoffemaleparties,orofsomeothereventsubsequenttothesuit,thereisawantofpartiesbeforetheCourt,byoragainstwhomthesuitcan,inwholeorinpart,beprosecutedordefended,inanyofwhichcasesabillofrevivorinsomeofitsformsmaybefiled.2§667.AmendmentofBillsgenerallyConsidered.—Therightsofthepartiestoasuitareordinarilydeterminedasthoughthedecreewaspronouncedontheverydaythebillwastiled;fortheobjectofthesuitistohaveadecisionofthemattersincontroversyexistingatthetimethesuitisbrought.Itwouldseemmanifestlyjustandlogieal,therefore,toincorporateintotheoriginalbill,eitherbyinterlineation,oranaseparatepaper,(1)anymatternecessarytotherightsofthecomplainant,andpropertobebroughtbeforetheCourt,thatwasinexistencewhenthebillwasfiled,butforsufficientreasonwasomitted,and(2)toaddtothebillanynewpartiesmadenecessarybysuchadditionalfacts.AndsuchisthepracticeoftheCourts,theirobjectbeingtoenablethecomplainanttogetbeforetheCourteverymatterandeverypartynecessarytoafulladjudicationofthemattersofcontroversy.AndalthoughamendedbillsaresometimesallowedtobringbeforetheCourtmat-tersoccurringsincethesuitwasbrought,neverthelesssuchapracticecreatesconfusion,andshouldnotbeencouraged;butthecomplainantshouldbere-quiredtofileasupplementalbill.3§668.ABillAmended,andanAmendedBill.—Thereisadifferencebe-tweenamendinganoriginalbillonitsfaceandfilinganamendedbill.Inourpractice,whenanamendmentcanbemadeinthebodyofthebillbyinterlinea-tion,orbywritingitonthemargin,itcanbesomadeatanytimebeforethedefendanthasmadedefence,orevenafterdemurrer,andbeforeargumentthereof,withoutleave;but,ifmadeatanyothertime,leaveoftheCourtmustbehad.4Anyamendmentmaybemadeonthefaceofthebillthatwouldbepropertobemadebyanamendedbill,providedtheamendmentbenottoovoluminoustobeincorporatedintotheoriginalbillbyinterlineation,orinser-tiononthemargin.5If,however,suchanamendmentistoolongtobeinsertedinthebodyoftheoriginalbill,theCourtwillrequireittobebroughtforwardonaseparatepaperasanamendedbill,orasanamendmenttothebill.Whenthenewmatteriswrittenonthefaceoftheoriginalbill,thebillisabillamended;whenittakestheformofaseparatebill,itisanamendedbill.6Thenewmatter,andthenewparties,thatmaybebroughtbeforetheCourtaregovernedbythesamerulesandconsiderationswhetherthebillisamendedonitsface,oranamendedbillisfiled.Ineithercase,amendmentstoabillarealwaysconsideredasformingapartoftheoriginalbill,andrelatetothefilingofthebill.7§669.WhenanAmendedBillisProper.—Whenacomplainanthasfiledhisbill,andisadvisedthatthesamedoesnotcontainsuchmaterialfacts,ormakeallsuchpersonsparties,asarenecessarytoenabletheCourttodocom-pletejustice,hemayalteritbyinsertingnewmattersubsistingatthetimeofexhibitinghisbill,ofwhichhewasnotthenapprised,orwhichhedidnotthinknecessarytobestated,andmayaddsuchpartiesasshallbedeemednec-§328.Pr.,59-63,andnote;post,§§680-2Sto.Eq.PI.,32Barb.Ch.692.4Code,§§4333-4337.51Dan.Ch.Pr.,422,note.6Thereisasortofintermediatemethodofmak-ingamendmentstobillsfrequentlyadoptedintermtime.Insteadofeitheramendingthebillonitsface,orfilinganamendedbill,thecomplainantisallowedtoamendhisbillbyanentryonthemin-utes,settingouttheverywordsoftheamendment
;
timetoanswerthesame.Insuchcases,theamend-mentisdeemedtohavebeenmadeinthebodyofthebill.Lyonv.Browne,6Bax.,64.Thisprac-tice,however,shouldnotbeencouraged,asthecon-venienceofallpartiesispromotedbyhavingthebillanditsamendmentsalltogether,insteadofhav-ingtosearchtheminutesthroughtoseewhatamendmentstothebillmaybefoundtherein.TheCourtshouldrequiretheamendmenttobeincor-poratedin,thebill,aswellasenteredonthemin-utes.SeeStatev.Goldberg,5Cates,298.

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§670 AMENDEDBIIXS. 530essary;orincasetheoriginalbillshallbefoundtocontainmatterriotrelevant,ornolongernecessarytocomplainant'scase,orpartieswhichmaybedispensedwith,thesamemaybestruckout;andtheoriginalbill,thusaddedtooraltered,istermedanamendedbill.Butalthoughitisthepracticetocallabillthusalteredanamendedbill,theamendmentisinfactesteemedbutasacontinuationoftheoriginalbill,andasformingpartofit;forboththeoriginalandamendedbillconstitutebutonerecord.8Anoriginalbillcannotbeproperlyamendedbyincorporatinganythingthereinwhicharosesubsequentlytothecommencementofthesuit.Matterswhichhavesinceoccurred,andwhicharematerialtoperfectthecom-plainant'scase,areproperforasupplementalbill.9Amendmentstoabillareoftwosorts,thosewhichrelatetoparties,andthosewhichaffectthesubstanceofthecase:amendmentsrelatingtopartiesareeitherbyaddition,oromissionofthem;orbychangingthesituationoftheparties,bystrikingoutthenameofaco-complainantandmakinghimade-fendant,asinthecaseofaninfantheir-at-lawwhohasbeenimproperlymadeacomplainant.Acomplainantoughtnottointroducefactsbyamendment,whichhaveoccurredsincethefilingoftheoriginalbill,becauseastheamend-mentsareheldtoconstitutepartofthesamerecordastheoriginalbill,whichcanonlyrelatetofactswhichwereinexistenceatthetimewhenitwasorig-inallyfiled,theintroductionofmattersofasubsequentdatewouldrenderthebillincongruous.Matter,therefore,whichhasoccurredsincetheoriginalbillwasfiled,shouldbebroughtbeforetheCourthysupplementalbill,andnotbyamendmenttotheoriginalbill.10§670.TheDifferencebetweenanAmendedandaSupplementalBill.—Thetechnicaldistinctionsbetweenanamendedbillandasupplementalbillare-two:1,Nomatternotinexistencewhentheoriginalsuitwasbroughtcanbebroughtforwardbyanamendedbill,buttobringforwardsuchmatteristheespecialofficeofasupplementalbill.2,MatterinexistencewhentheoriginalbillwasfiledmustbebroughtbeforetheCourtbyamendment,iftheanswerhasnotbeenfiled;but,iftheanswerhasbeenfiled,suchmattermustordinarilybebroughtforwardbysupplementalbill.11However,inasmuchasunderourpracticeabillmaybeamendedafteranswerfiled,12thispracticallyabolishesthelatterdistinctionbetweenthetwobills,andtheeffectofthishasbeengreat-lytoobliteratetheformerdistinction.AnexaminationofourReportswillshowthatalldistinctionsbetweenanamendedbillandasupplementalbillareoftenignored,andamendedbillsarefrequentlyallowedtobefiledwhen,instrictpractice,supplementalbillsshouldhavebeenfiled,andthisisdonewithoutchallenge.Hence,itmaybesafelylaiddownasaruleofourChanceryprac-tice,that,atleastastomatterinexistencewhensuitwasbrought,anamendedbillmaybefiledwheneverasupplementalbillwilllie.13Theresultis,what-everissaidinthenextarticleinreferencetosupplmentalbills,willapplytoamendedbillsastomatterinexistencewhentheoriginalbillwasfiled.14§671.WhatAmendmentsMaybeMade.—If,atthehearing,therecordappearstobedefectiveforwantofproperparties,theCourtwillallowthecausetostandover,forthecomplainanttoamendhisbillbyaddingparties
;
or,wherethepartiesaretoonumeroustobebroughtbeforetheCourt,thecomplainantwillbeallowedtoaltertheformofthebill,bymakingitabillofcomplaintonbehalfofhimselfandothers:thecomplainantwillbepermitted8Morrowv.Fossick,3Lea,131;1Dan.Ch.Pr.401.DanielsaysthatanamendedbillmustbeaddressedtothesameChancellortowhomtheoriginalbillwasaddressed,althoughachangeofChancellor:hasoccurredsincetheoriginalbillwasfiled.1Dan,Ch.Pr.,402.Thisisastrikingproofofthedispo-sitionoftheCourtstoregardtheoriginalbillandtheamendedbillaspracticallyonepleading.InTennessee,however,regardishadmoretotheofficethantotheofficer,anditwouldbepropertoaddresstheamendedbilltotheincumbentChancellor.
2Dan.Ch.Pr.,ISIS,note;Sto.Eq.PI.,§§332-336;88S;2Barb.Ch.Pr.,63.io1Dan.Ch.Pr.,402-403;2Barb.Ch.Pr.,63;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1515,notes.112Dan.Ch.Pr.,1515-1530,notes;2Barb.Ch.Pr.,59-63;Sto.Eq.PI.,§§332;336;885.12Code,§4336.13Inmanycases,thename"amendedandsupple-mentalbill"isusedinourpractice.14See,post,§682.

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531 AMENDEDBILLS. §671toshowwhyhecannotbringthenecessarypartiesbeforetheCourt.So,also,whereamatterhasnotbeenputinissue,withsufficientprecision,theCourthas,uponhearingthecase,giventhecomplainantlibertytoamendthebill,forthepurposeofmakingthenecessaryalteration.AndtheCourtwill,atthehearing,permittheprayerofthebilltobeamended,soastomakeAtmorecon-sistentwiththecasemadebythecomplainant.Andwhereacomplainanthasamendedhisbill,andbyaccidenthasomittedtoinsertintheamendedbilltheprayerforrelief,althoughitwasintheoriginalbill,theCourtwillallowthecomplainanttore-amendhisbillbyinsertingit."Whereverimpropersub-missionshavebeenmadeinabillonbehalfofinfants,theCourtwill,athear-ing,orderthatthebillbeamendedbystrikingoutthesubmissions.Uponthesameprinciple,whereaninfantheir-at-lawhadbeenmadeaco-complain-ant,theCourtorderedthecausetostandover,withlibertytothecomplainanttoamendhisbillbymakingtheheir-at-lawadefendant.15Anditmaybesaid,generally,thatanyamendmentmaybemadenecessarytoenablethecomplainanttogetthemeritsofhiscasefullybeforetheCourt
;
andtoenabletheCourttodofulljusticetoallpartiesinterestedinthecon-troversy.Newpartiesmaybemadeeithercomplainantordefendant;com-plainantsmaybemadedefendants,anddefendantsmaybemadecomplain-ants;anynewmattermaybebroughtforward,pertinenttoandconsistentwiththecasestatedintheoriginalbill;neworadditionalprocess,ordinaryorextraordinary,maybeasked;theprayersmaybechanged;and,inshort,anyaddition,oralteration,maybemadethatisinfurtheranceoftheobjectoftheoriginalbill,andnotinconsistenttherewith,orrepugnantthereto,providedthatsuchadditionoralterationdoesnotmakeanentirelynewsuit.Themostusualgroundsforamendingbillsarethefollowing:1.ToMakeMewParties,suchnewpartiesconsisting,ordinarily,ofpersonswhoare:(1)liabletocomplainant'sdemands;or(2)whohaveaninterestinthesubject-matterofthesuit;or(3)willbeentitledtosomeofthepro-ceeds;or(4)willbesubjecttosomeoftheliabilitiesofthesuit;or(5)whohaveprobablerights;or(6)whohavesetupclaimstothesubject-matterofthesuit,thatshouldbeadjudicated;or(7)personswhoshouldbeboundbythedecreeeitherinordertoremovecloudsfromthetitle,ortogivethepur-chaseragoodtitle,ortopreventfurtherlitigationinreferencethereto,Courtsareveryliberalinallowingnewpartiestobemade,andwhenthedefendantsalreadyinCourtarenotprejudicedthereby,andwhennodelaywillresultfromtheamendment,notermsareordinarilyimposed.2.ToBringForwardNewlyDiscoveredFactsthatincreaseorstrengthencom-plainant'sequities,ordestroyordiminishthedefendant'sset-offs,orde-fences.Sometimesitisnecessarytofileabill,especiallyanattachmentorinjunctionbill,insogreathastethatitisimpracticabletothoroughlyinvesti-gatethecaseinallitsbranchesanddetails.Insuchacase,thisinvestigationshouldbemadeassoonafterthebillisfiledaspossible,andapplicationtoamendshouldbepromptlymadeafteritsnecessityisdiscovered.3.ToTakeAdvantageofDisclosuresintheAnswer.Itisverycommonfortheanswertodisclosefacts,orsetupdefences,previouslyunknowntothecom-plainant,inconsequenceofwhichitbecomesnecessarytomakesuchcorrec-tionsin,oradditionsto,hisbill,eitherastofacts,orastoparties,orastoboth,aswillenablehimtomeet,avoid,orovercomethesedisclosures,ifagainsthisinterest,ortotakeadvantageofthem,ifinhisfavor.16Suchamendmentsareallowedwithgreatliberality,andordinarilywithoutterms,ifthefactswereunknowntocomplainantwhenhefiledhisbill,andiftheapplicationtoamendismadeatthefirstopportunityafterthefilingoftheanswer,becauseoneoftheofficesofanansweristodiscloseanddiscoverfactsunknowntothecomplainant.17

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§672 AMENDEDBII^S. 532§672.WhatAmendmentsarenotAllowed.—Amendmentscanonlybegrantedwherethebillisdefectiveinparties,orintheprayerforrelief,orintheomissionormistakeofafactorcircumstanceconnectedwiththesubstance,butnotformingthesubstanceitself,norrepugnantthereto.18Thenewmat-terssetupintheamendedbillmustbegermanetotheoriginalbill,andhaveaconnectionwiththematterssetupintheoriginalbill.19Anamendedbillwillnotbeallowed,wherethereliefsoughtisinconsistentwiththatoftheoriginalbill;norwherethenewmatterisrepugnantto,orinconsistentwith,theoriginalbill,20eventhoughstatedinthealternative;21norwhereanewtitleorcauseofactionissoughttobesetupthatisbarredbythestatuteoflimitations,orinanyotherwaybarred,lostordischarged;22orthatwouldmakethebillmultifarious,orinanyotherrespectdemurrable.23Norwillanamendmentbeallowedatthehearingwhoseeffectwouldbetoshifttheburdenofproofastoaparticularmatterfromthecomplainanttothedefendant.24Acomplainantcannotbyamendedbillabandontheoriginalclaimsetupandaveranewone;thus,hecannotsuefirstinhisownrightandafterwardsamendsoastosueasadministrator.25Norwillanamendedbillbeallowedwhichseeksareliefdirectlyinconflictwiththereliefprayedintheoriginalbill.Andtheserulesarenotchangedbythefactthatthesamepersonhastheonerightasanindividual,andtheotherasadministrator.26Nevertheless,wherethenewmattersareatallgermanetotheoriginalbill,andgrowoutofthesametransaction,greatliberalityisallowedinmakingamendments,pro-videdtheydonotmakeoutanentirelynewcase,27andthisisespeciallytrueastoamendmentsforwantofproperpartiesbeforetheCourt;allamendments,however,tobemadeonthepaymentofcostswheretheamendmentcausesde-lay,orcreatescosts.If,atthetimeoffilingtheoriginalbill,thecomplainanthadnotitletothereliefprayed,hecannotmakeoutatitlebysoamendinghisbillastointroducefactswhichhavesubsequentlyoccurred.28Norcansuchasolecomplainantamendbyaddingascomplainantspartieswhohaveatitle;norcanpartieswhohaveatitlehavethemselvesmadecomplainantsbyamendedbill,whentheoriginalcomplainanthasnotitle.Butiftheoriginalcomplainanthasanysuchinterestastomakehimaproperparty,thennewpartiesmaybeniade.29TheCourtwillnot,afteranswerfiled,allowamendmentsastofactsknowntothecomplainantwhenhefiledhisbill,unlesssomesufficientexcuseisgivenfortheomission.30§673.StatutoryProvisionsinRelationtoAmendingBills.—AccordingtotheCode,thecomplainantmayamendhisbillbeforethedefendanthastakenout,ortheClerkissued,acopythereof,andinsmallmattersnotaffect-ingthemerits,afterwards,withoutcosts.31Materialamendmentsmaybemadeasofcourse,withoutapplicationtotheChancellor,aftercopyofthebillhasbeenissuedortakenout,andbeforethedefendanthasmadedefence,uponcomplainantpayingthecostsoffurnishingacopyoftheamendmenttosuchofthedefendantsashavereceivedortakenoutcopiesoftheoriginalbill,andofthenoticetobeserveduponallthede-fendantsofsuchamendment:amendmentsmayalsobemadeafterdemurrerandbeforeargumentthereof,uponthesameterms.32
181Dan.Ch.Pr.,401,note.19TappanV.RailroadCo.,3I,ea,106.20Bynumv.Ewart,6Pick.,658;Hillv.Harri-man,11Pick.,300.21Masson0.Anderson,3Bax.,302;Colemanv.Pinkard,2Hum.,190;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,408.22Trousdalev.Thomas,3Lea,71S.23Rogersv.Simpson,11Heisk.,655.24AllenV.DaytonHotelCo.,11Pick.,480.25Bosleyt>.Phillips,3Tenn.Ch.,649;Tilmanv.
Searcy,5Hum.,587;ColemanV.Pinkard,2Hum.,185;RogersV.Simpson,10Heisk.,655.2aMoodyv.Fry,3Hum.,567;Gilliamv.Spence,6Hum.,163.27Hoganv.McFarland,6Bax.,104.281Dan.Ch.Pr.,401,note.29FranklinV.Franklin,2Swan,522.30Crowderv.Turney,3Cold.,551;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,401,notes;Marrv.Wilson,2I,ea,229.31Code,§4332.32Code,§4333.

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533 AMENDEDBILLS. §674InallothercasesthecomplainantcanamendhisbillonlybyleaveoftheChancellorgiveninopenCourt,oratChambers,anduponsuchtermsashemayimpose.83ButtheCourtmay,atanystageofthecause,evenafterargu-ment,34ifitbethoughtnecessarytojustice,permitamendmentstothebill,uponsuchtermsasmayappearreasonable.35ThefollowingformofnoticeofamendmentbeforeanswerfiledwillserveasaguidetotheClerkandMaster:NOTICEOPAMENDMENTOFABILLBEFOREANSWERFILED.IntheChanceryCourtatClinton.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe.Mr.RichardRoe>•
Youareherebynotifiedthatonthe17thdayofJune,1905,thecomplainantamendedhisbillintheaboveentitledcause,asfollows
:
Onthefirstpage,inline9,headdedafterthewords"onthatday,''thefollowingwords
:
"andatthesametimecomplainantpaidhimforty-seven
1
dollars."Onthesecondpage,attheendofline3,headdedthesewords:[Hereinsertthem.]Onthesamepage,hestruckoutallthewordsbetweenthewords"onsaidcontract,"inline10,andthewords"Complainantfurthershows,"inline16.Icertifythattheforegoingisatruecopyofsaidamendments.ThisJune17,1905. J.C.Scruggs,C.&M.Thisnoticeneednotbeservedonanyofthedefendantsexceptthosewhohavereceivedortakenoutcopiesofthebill;butalloftheotherdefendantswillbenotifiedthatthebillhasbeenamended.Thesenoticesmaybeservedinthesamemannerasnoticestotakedepositions.Theoriginalnotices,withtheofficer'sreturnendorsedonthem,shouldbefiledinthecauseandthefactsnotedintheMaster'sruledocket.§674.WhenAmendmentsmaybeMade,FurtherConsidered.—Asagen-eralrule,abillmaybeamendedatanytimebetweenitsfilingandtheadjourn-mentofthetermatwhichthefinaldecreeispronounced,36underthetermsandconditionsstatedintheprecedingsection;andtheseamendmentsmaycoverany,orevery,partofthebill,maybringinnewparties,changethepositionofpartiesontherecord,whethercomplainantsordefendants,bringnewmattersbeforetheCourtconsistentwiththeoriginalbill,askforotherprocess,ordinaryorextraordinary,changetheprayer,andinanyotherwayfiltertheoriginalbill:providedalways,thechangesareinfurtheranceoftheobjectsoftheoriginalbill,andarenotinconsistentwiththem,orrepugnanttothem.Evenafterabillhasbeeninpartdismissedondemurrer,andatermelapsed,abillmaybeamended,andtheamendmentwillrelatebacktothefilingoftheoriginalbill,andrestoreandpreserveanattachmentlien.37But,whileamendmentsmaythusbemadeatanytimewhilethebillispend-ing,itisnevertheless,truethatthedifficultyofgettingleavetoamendin-creaseswiththelapseoftimesincethebillwasfiled,andtheliabilityofthepartyamendingtopaycostsincreasesinlikeproportion.38AnamendmentmaybemadeatthehearingsoastobringthebeneficiariesbeforetheCourt;39andifobjectionforsuchwantofnecessarypartiesismadeintheSupremeCourt,adecreeonthemeritswillbemade,andthecausewillberemandedtoenablepersonshavingintereststobemadeparties,ortobecomepartiesbypetition,andtakeunderthedecreealreadyrendered.40Ifupontheargumentofademurrer,itappearsthatthegroundfordemur-ringcanberemovedbyamendment,theCourt,inordertoavoidputtingthecomplainanttotheexpenseoffilinganewbill,insteadofdecidinguponthe
33Code,§§4344;4410;post,§775.34Code,§4335.'35Thatis,afterargumentatthehearing.36Code,§4332-4337;LookoutBankv.Susong,6Pick.,590.3TT.rtnlrn,,t"Rank11Snortticrf.PiV1<-^00-Patt-nn
mentsis,toallowthemwhenproper,buttooneratethepartyapplyingwithenoughofthecoststosecurediligenceandskill.Thismatterwillbefoundfullyconsideredin§§526-528,ante.39Perkinsv.Hays,Cooke,189;Code,§4337;Cnnk1J.TTarllpv.Cnnkiv465

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§675 AMENDEDBILES. 534demurrer,giveshimlibertytoamendhisbillonpaymentofthecostsincidenttotheamendment;andwherethedemurrerisforwantofparties,theCourtgenerallyannexestotheorderallowingthedemurrer,leavetothecomplainanttoamendhisbillbyaddingthenecessaryparties.41Ourpracticeisveryliberalonthesubjectofaddingnewparties,eithercomplainantordefendant;42andonsustainingademurrerforwantofanecessaryparty,itwouldberevers-ibleerrortodismissthebill:thebillshouldstandoverwithleavetoamend.43Costsshould,however,beimposedasthepriceoftheamendment,eitherwheretherehasbeendelay,orwheretheamendmentincreasesthecostsofthelitigation.§675.HowLeavetoAmendisObtained.—Leavetoamendabill,ortofileanamendedbill,isnotrequiredunlessmadeafterargumentofdemurrer,orafteranswerfiled;butaftersuchargumentoranswer,thecomplainantcanamendhisbill,orfileanamendedbill,onlybyleaveoftheChancellorgiveninopenCourt,oratChambers,anduponsuchtermsashemayimpose.44Ifthebillisonenotrequiredtobeunderoath,andtheapplicationtoamendwillnotcreateanydelay,theCourtisliberalingrantingleave."Whenanamendedbillissoughttobefiled,afterdefencemade,itshouldbedrawn,andswornto,beforeallowedtobefiled.44a1,ItshouldbedrawnsothattheCourtmayseethatitcontainsmatterproperforanamendedbill;45and2,Itshouldbesworntoasevidencethattheamendmentisingoodfaith,andnotamereinvention:otherwisetheamendmentmaybewhollyfalse,orwhollyimmaterial,orrepugnant,orinconsistentwiththeoriginalbill,orotherwiseradicallydefective."WhenleaveoftheCourtisnecessarytofileanamendedbill,someexcusemustbegivenfortheomissiontoinsert,intheoriginalbill,thematterssoughttcbesetupintheamendment,ifsuchmatterswereinexistenceandknowntocomplainantwhentheoriginalbillwasfiled;andtheapplicationtoamendmustbemadeassoonasthenecessityforsuchanamendmentisdiscovered.46Butbillsrequiredtobeunderoathareallowedtobeamendedwithgreatcaution.Whenacomplainantwishestoamendaswornbill,hemustpresenttheproposedamendmentinwritingsothattheCourtcanseethatitisapropermatterforanamendment.Hemust,also,sweartothetruthoftheproposedamendment,andshowagoodreasonfornotincorporatingitintotheoriginalbill.Theapplicationtoamendmustbemadeassoonasthenecessityforitisdiscovered.47Anapplicationtostrikeoutanallegationfromaswornbill,ortomakealterationsinit,shouldbesupportedbyaffidavitsshowinghowthemistakeoccurred.TheCourtmayrefusetoallowaswornallegationtobestrickenout,andmayrequireasupplementalstatementonaseparatepaper,inthenatureofanamendedbill.48§676.FormandMannerofAmendingBills.—Iftheamendmentisshort,andcanbeinterlined,orwrittenonthemarginofthebill,theCourtmayallowsuchacourse;butiftheamendmentsarelongornumerous,theyshouldbemadeonaseparatepaper,thus:
411Dan.Ch.Pr.,417-419.42Code,§2798;2869.Code,§2799,appliestoChancerypractice,thenwhynotCode,§2798?Hillv.Bowers,4Heisk.,27S;Speakv.Ransom,2Tenn.Ch.,210;Stretchv.Stretch,2Tenn.Ch.,140.See,also,Code,§§4337-4338;PerkinsV.Hays,Cooke,189;Cookv.Hadley,Cooke,446;Franklin7'.Franklin,2Swan,521;BirdsongV.Birdsong,2Head,290;Grayv.Hays,7Hum.,588;Saylorsv.Saylors,3Heisk.,525,533.43Grayi>.Hays,7Hum.,588.44OurCourtsareliberalingrantingamendments.OurSolicitorsarefrequentlycompelledtofilebillsintermtime,amidthecomplications,embarrass-ments,confusionandpressureofotherbusiness,andhaveneitherthetimetogivethecasethatmeasure
ofattention,northeopportunityofthoroughlyin-vestigatingthefacts,possessedbytheEnglishSolic-itors.Theresultis,amendmentsareoftenerneeded.Nevertheless,ashewhoseeksEquitymustdoEquity,theparty"seekingtoamendshould^beon-eratedwithcostsenoughtoenforceproperdiligence.Code,§§2863-2871;2878;4333-4338;andcasescited,ante,§§429;526.Seenote33,supra.44a]Dan.Ch.Pr.,401,note.45Bosleyv.Phillips,3Tenn.Ch.,649.46Marrv.Wilson,2Lea,229;Crowderv.Tur-ney,3Cold.,551.471Dan.Ch.Pr.,401,note;Marrv.Wilson,2Lea,229.481Dan.Ch.Pr.,425,note.

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535 AMENDEDBILLS. §677AMENDMENTSTOABILL.JohnDoe,i
vs. \No.3489.RichardRoe.JAmendmentstothebillofcomplainantinthiscause,madepursuanttoanorderoftheCourt,enteredofrecordonthe1stdayofApril,1890:1.Inthethirdlineofthesecondparagraphofthebill,afterthewords"andonthatday,"add"orwithinashorttimethereafter."2.Afterthewords[namethem]inthefifthlineofthethirdparagraph,addthefollowing
:
[specifyingthemattertobeadded.]3.Strikeoutallthewordsinthefourthparagraphofthebillafterthewords:[namingthem.] L.A.Gratz,Sol.forComplainant.Amendmentstoabillshouldnotbemadebyinterlineationsanderasuresonthefaceoftheoriginalbill,exceptwhenthechangesareveryslight;buttheCourtshouldrequireamendmentstobemadeonaseparatepaper,especiallywhereerasures,orextensivechanges,aretobemade.Thepracticeofamendingpleadingsbyerasures,andinterlineations,ontheirface,oughtnottobetoler-atedbytheCourts.483,Ifaninjunction,areceiver,orotherextraordinarypreliminaryrelief,isdesiredbyvirtueofanamendment,theproperpracticeistofileanamended,orasupplemental,billindueform,andverifyit.Noextraordinaryprelim-inaryreliefshouldbegranted,exceptuponswornpleadingsdrawnupinproperform.Thepriceofextraordinaryprocessismeritoriousfacts,setforthinproperform,anddulyverifiedonthepersonalknowledgeoftheaffiant.§677.TheEffectofanAmendedBill.—"Whenanamendedbillisfiled,thenewmattersetupinitisdeemedtobeincorporatedintotheoriginalbill.Theamendedbillisonlyacontinuationoftheoriginalbill,andacomponentpartthereof,thetwobillsconstitutingbutonerecord;49andthedefendantmaymakeanewdefencetotheentirebillasamendedifhedesires.50Anamendment,oramendedbill,notintroducinganewcauseofactionoranewparty,relatesbacktothefilingoftheoriginalbill,andpreservesthelienonpropertysecuredbytheoriginalbill:51indeed,theoriginalandamendedbillsareinlawbutonebill,theamendmentbecomingapartoftheoriginalbillandtheoriginalbillbecomingprotantomodified.52But,iftheamendmentbringsforwardanewcauseofsuitwhichisbarredbythestatuteoflimitations,ormakesanewcomplainantwhoisbarred,theamendmentwillnotsorelatebackastodefeatthebar,butwilltakeeffectfromthedayitismade.53Ifthenewmatterdoesnotaffectanyofthedefendantswhohavealreadyanswered,nonewprocessneedbeservedonthem,andnoadditionalanswerneedbefiledbythem.Astothenewparties,theymustberegularlybroughtintoCourt,byproperprocess,andastothemtheoriginalandamendedbillsconstituteineffectoneoriginalbill,andtheyhaveeveryrightofdefencethere-tothatcanbemadetoanoriginalbill,54includingtherighttofileacross-bill.Butthenewdefendants,whohavetheserights,mustnotbedefendantswhoaremeresuccessorsininterestofpartiesalreadybeforetheCourt,forsuchprivieswillbeboundbytheactsofthosetowhoseintereststheysucceed.55Whenanamendedbillmakesnewpartiescomplainantinprivitywiththeoriginalparties,andsetsupnonewcauseofaction,thedepositionspreviouslytakenareadmissibleagainstthedefendants;56butwhenanamendedbillbringsnewpartiesbeforetheCourtwhohavehadnochancetocross-examine48aPuterbaugh'sCh.PI.&Pr.,204.Thepracticeofallowingamendmentsbyerasuresandinterlinea-tionsisnotonlyatemptationtounauthorizeddoc-toringsofpleadings,butisalsodestructiveofthatcertaintywhichisoneoftheessentialsofpleading.Highv.Batte,10Yerg.,338.48MorrowV.Fossick,3Lea,129;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,
Beadle,2Head.,511;LookoutBankv.Susong,6Pick.,590.50SeayD.Ferguson,1Tenn.Ch.,287.51Bryanv.Zarecor,4Cates,503.52Millerv.Taylor,3Shan.Cas.,461.53Trousdalev.Thomas,3Lea,715.54Statev.NashvilleS.Bank,16Lea,111.

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§678 AMENDEDBILLS. 536thewitnesses,itisineffectanoriginalbillastothem,andnoprooftakenbeforetheyweremadepartiescanbereadagainstthem.57§678.SummaryoftheEssentialsofAmendedBills.—Thefollowingsum-marycomprisesmostoftheessentialsofamendedbills
:
1.Materialamendmentsmaybemade,eitherbyinterlineationorbyanamendedbill,atanytimebeforeplea,oranswerfiled,orbeforeargumentofdemurrer,withoutapplicationtotheChancellor.582.Anamendmentcanbemadeafteranswerorpleafiled,orargumentofdemurrer,onlybyleaveoftheChancellorgiveninopenCourt,59oratChambers.603.TheamendmentmaybemadeatanytimebyleaveoftheCourt,evenafterthehearing.814.Iftheamendmentissoughttobemade,orthebilltobefiled,afterpleaoranswer,theapplicationforleaveshouldbemadeattheearliestopportunityafterthenecessityforitbecomesknown;andanydelayshouldbeexplainedbyaffidavit.Theamendmentshouldbesworntoinsuchacase.5.Thenewmattermustbeeithertosupplysomedeficiencyintheframeofthebill,orbesomenecessarypartyomitted,orsomefactspertinenttothecontroversynotalreadyalleged.6.Thenewmattermustnotbeinconsistentwiththeoriginalbill,normustitconstituteanewanddifferentgroundofsuit.7.Thenewparties,ifcomplainants,mustbethepriviesoftheoriginalpar-ties,orhaveconcurrentrights,oracommunityofinterests.8.Theamendmentshouldnotconsistofanymatterthathascomeintoexist-encesincethecommencementofthesuit,butshouldbeconfinedtomattersthatmighthaveproperlybeenincludedintheoriginalbill,beingmattersinexistencewhenthesuitwasinstituted.9.Nonewprocessisrequiredunlesstheamendmentmakesnewpartiesde-fendant,andthenonlyastothenewparties.10.Theoriginalandamendedbillsbecomeoneoriginalbillastothenewparties;andtheyhavethesamerightsofdefenceaspartiestoanoriginalbill.11.Anamendedbillmay,inTennessee,befiledwheneverasupplementalbillmaybefiled,exceptwhensoughttobefiledbyadefendanttotheoriginalbill,orbyanewparty,ortobringbeforetheCourtnewmatterthathascomeintoexistencesincetheoriginalbillwasfiled.§679.FormofanAmendedBill.—Anamendedbillshouldrecitethefilingoftheoriginal,andallthesubsequentstepstakeninthecause,includingissu-anceandserviceofsubpoena,andthefilingofananswer,ifsucharethefacts,aswillbemorefullyseenbythefollowingform:ANAMENDEDBILL.TotheHon.ThomasM.McConnell,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatChattanooga:JohnDoe,aresidentofPolkcounty,complainant,vs.RichardRoe,aresidentofHamiltoncounty,defendant.ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.That,onthe9thdayofJuly,1890,hefiledhisOriginalhillonyourHonor'ssaidCourtagainstthesaiddefendant,RichardRoe,alleging,amongotherthings,that[herestatebrieflythematerialallegationsoftheoriginalbill]Insaidoriginalbill,complainantprayedthat[heresetforththesubstanceoftheprayers.]Allofwhichallegationsandprayerswillfullyappearbyreferencetosaidoriginalbill.II.Andnow,byleaveofyourHonor,complainantbringsthisamendedbillintoyourHonor'ssaidCourt,andshowstotheCourtthat[heresetoutthenewmatters,newparties,andsuchotheradditional,oramendatory,orexplanatorymatters,astheamendedbillisintendedtosetforth.]57Statev.NashvilleS.Bank,16Lea,111.I SOSee,post,§775.esCode,§§4332-4333- 61Code,§4337.59Code,§4334. !

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537 SUPPLEMENTALBILLS.§680Thepremisesconsidered,thecomplainantprays
:
1st.Thatproperprocessissuetobring[anynewparties,madebytheamendedbill,beforetheCourt.]2d.Thatallthedefendantstothisamendedbillberequiredtoanswerit,butnotonoath.[Ifananswerfromanydefendantisunnecessary,sostate,andexcepthimfromanswering.}3d.Thatcomplainanthave[theparticularreliefheseeksbyhisamendedbillifany,spec-ifyingit.]4th.Thatcomplainantmayhave,also,suchotherandfurtherreliefashemaybeen-titledto. LewisShepherd,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit,asin§162,ante.]
ARTICLEII.SUPPLEMENTALBILLS.§680.SupplementalBillsGenerallyConsid-ered.§681.DifferenceBetweenAmendedBillsandSupplementalBills.§682.SupplementalBillsonFactsPriortotheOriginalBill.§683.SupplementalBillsonPactsSubse-quenttotheOriginalBill.§684.ASupplementalBillMustNotBringForwardaNewTitle.§685.EssentialsofSupplementalBills.
§686.WhenaSupplementalBillMaybeFiled.HowLeaveisObtainedtoFileaSup-plementalBill.FrameofaSupplementalBill.FormofaSupplementalBill.AnOriginalBillintheNatureofaSupplementalBill.FrameofanOriginalBillintheNa-tureofaSupplementalBill.§692.CostBondandProcessonAmendedandSupplementalBills.
§687.
§688.§689.§690.
§691.
§680.SupplementalBillsgenerallyConsidered.—Asupplementalbill,asitsnameimplies,isabilltosupplysomedefectintheoriginalframeorstruc-tureofanoriginalbill.Inmanycases,animperfectionintheframeoftheoriginalbillmayberemediedbyanamendment.Generally,amistakeinthebillinthestatementofafact,orintheomissionofaparty,shouldbecorrectedbyanamendment,andnotbyasupplementalbill.Buttheimperfectionsofabillmayremainundiscoveredwhiletheproceedingsareinsuchastatethatanamendmenttothebillwillbepermitted,accordingtothestrictpracticeoftheCourtj1orthedeficienciesmayhaveoccurredafterthesuitwasbrought,andthereforenotbeproperlythesubjectofanamendment.2BythestrictpracticeoftheCourt,noamendmenttoanoriginalbillisgenerallyallowableafterthepartiesareatissueuponthepointsoftheoriginalbill,andwitnesseshavebeenexamined.3Norisitgenerallyallowabletointroduceintothebill,byamendment,anymatterwhichhashappenedsincethefilingofthebill.Insuchcases,asupplementalbillistheappropriateremedy.Andsuchasup-plementalbillmaynotonlybeforthepurposeofputtinginissuenewmatter,whichmayvarythereliefprayedintheoriginalbill;but,also,forthepurposeofputtinginissuematterwhichmayprovethecomplainant'srighttotherelieforiginallyprayed."Wheneverasupplementalbillisnotasupplementalsuit,butonlyintroducessupplementarymatter,thewholerecordconstitutesbutonecause.Theoriginalandasupplementalbillmake,ineffect,butonepleading,andanyparticular,whereintheyareinconflict,istoberegardedasnotwellpleaded.4
lInTennessee,anamendedbillmaybefiledatanytime,evenatthehearing,byleaveoftheCourt.Code,§§4332-4337.Butsuchamendedbillshouldnotsetupanyfacts,oranyrights,exceptsuchasexistedwhenthesuitwasbroueht.Ante.§§670:
plementalbillisnotkeptsteadilyinview,theCourtshavingmoreregardtothesubstanceofthebillthantoitsname.22Dan.Ch.Pr.,1515,note.3Butinsuchacase,anamendedbillmavbefiled.

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§681 SUPPLEMENTAIvBILES. 538And,soitmaybestatedgenerally,thatasupplementalbillmaybefiledtobringbeforetheCourt:1,Matterspertinenttotheoriginalsuitwhichhaveoccurredsincetheoriginalbillwasfiled;2,Matterswhichpreviouslyexistedbutwhichcannotbeaddedtotheoriginalbillbywayofamendmentbecausethedefendantshaveanswered;3,Mattersnecessarytoobtainanadditionaldis-covery;4,Toaddnewparties;and5,Toremedydefectsinthepraverofthebill.5AftertheCourthasdecideduponthesuitasframed,itmaybenecessarytobringsomeothermatterbeforethe.Courttoobtainthefulleffectofthede-cision;orbeforeadecisionhasbeenobtained,butafterthepartiesareatissueuponthepointsintheoriginalbill,andwitnesseshavebeenexamined,someotherpointappearsnecessarytobemade,somematerialfactmustbeputinissue,somenewpartymade,orsomeadditionaldiscoveryisfoundrequisite.Ineitherevent,asupplementalbillisthepropermethodofbringingthesenewmattersbeforetheCourt,atthisstageofthesuit,unlesstheCourtpermittheoriginalbilltobeamended.6§681.DifferencebetweenAmendedBillsandSupplementalBills.—InTen-nessee,thedifferencebetweenanamendedbillandasupplementalbill,astobringingforwardfacts,partiesandrightsthatwereinexistencewhentheoriginalbillwasfiled,haspracticallybecomealmostobliterated;andeventhedifferencebetweenthesetwokindredbillsastofacts,parties,rights,andinterests,thathavecomeintoexistencesincetheoriginalbillwasfiled,isnotalwaysobserved.Nevertheless,asheretoforeshown,7thereisamarkeddif-ferencebetweenthebillsinthelattercase,adifferencethatisnotonlyemphat-icallydeclaredinallthetreatisesonEquitypleading,butisalsobasedonhoundprinciple.8Inthisvolume,thedistinctionwillberecognized,moretofacilitatealogicaldiscussionofthesubjectofnon-originalbills,thantoper-petuatethedifferenceintheirdesignations.Besides,theformerpracticethrowsmuchlightonthepresentpractice,andnoonecanbecomeagoodpleaderwithoutunderstandingtheformerpractice.9§682.SupplementalBillsonFactspriortotheOriginalBill.—Nothingwhichoccurredpriortothefilingoftheoriginalbilloughttogointoasupple-mentalbill,unlesstheoriginalbillhasbeenanswered;inwhichcase,anamendedbillnotbeingalwaysproperlyallowable,anynewmatternecessarytobeputinissuemaybeintroducedbysupplementalbill,whetheritoccurredbeforeorafterthefilingoftheoriginalbill.10Butunderourpractice,acaseseldom,ifever,happenswhenanamendedbillwillnotbeallowedtosetupmatterwhichwasinexistencewhentheoriginalbillwasfiled,ifasupplementalbillwouldlieforthesamepurpose;andhence,asshownelsewhere,thereisnolongeranypracticaldifferencebetweenanamendedbillandasupplementalbill,astofactsinexistence,atthecommencementoftheoriginalsuit.11§683.SupplementalBillsonFactsSubsequenttotheOriginalBill.—When5Lube'sEq.PL,188,note.Newevents,ornewmatters,whichdonotchangethepartiesnortheirrightsandinterests,butsupporttherightsandin-terestsintheoriginalbillandaddnewmeansofholdingthepropertyandrightsclaimed,maybebroughtforwardbyasupplementalbill.Riddlev.Motley,1Lea,468.aSto.Eq.PL,§335;Code,§4335.7See,ante,§670.82Dan.Ch.Pr.,1515,note;1530,note;andSto.Eq.PI.,§§332;336;885;wheretheauthoritiesarefullycited.ItwillbeseenbyreferencetotheCode,§§4332-4337,thatabillmaybeamendedafteranswerfiled.Theoldpracticerequiredasupplementalbilltobringforwardmatterofamendmentafteranswerfiled..Sto.Eq.PL,§§332;890,andnotes.Inasmuchasunderourpracticeabillcanbeamended,oranamendedbillfiled,afteranswer,thedistinctionheretoforemadebetweenanamendedbillandasupplementalbillastomatterexistingwhentheoriginalbillwasfiled,nolongerexists.Indeed,
inordinarypractice,supplementalbillsaregenerallytermedamendedbills.Nevertheless,thedistinctioninthetextastomatterarisingaftersuitbrought,isatrueandapracticalone,andisadheredtobythebestpleaders,andfavoredbythoseChancellorsmostanxioustopreservelogicaldifferences,andmaintainthosedistinctionsnecessarytothescienceofplead-ing.9See,ante,§670,forafullerstatementoftheoriginaldistinctionbetweenthesebills.The_maincauseoftheobliterationofthedistinctionsinthenamesofbillsinourStatehasgrownoutofthepracticeoftheCourtsinjudgingofthecharacterofabillbyitscontents,ratherthanbyitsappellation,actingonthemaximthatCourtsofEquitylookatthesubstanceandnotattheformsofthings,andhavemoreregardtomatterthantomanner.North-man1),LiverpoolInsuranceCo.,1Tenn.Ch.,313;CheekV.Anderson,2Lea,194;Huntv.Wing,10Heisk.,144;Brandonv.Mason,1Lea,624.102Dan.Ch.Pr.,1530,note.11Ante,§670.

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539 SUPPLEMENTALBILES.§684newevents,ornewmatters,haveoccurredsincethefilingofthebill,asupple-mentalbillis,inmanycases,thepropermodeofbringingthembeforetheCourt;for,generally,suchfactscannotbeintroducedbywayofamendmentr,otheoriginalbill.Butsuchnewevents,ornewmatters,mustnotchangetherightsorinterestsofthepartiesbeforetheCourt;theymustmerelyrefertoandsupporttherightsandinterestsalreadyinthebill.12Asupplementalbillmay,also,bebrought,notonlytoinsistuponthereliefalreadyprayedforintheoriginalbill,butuponotherreliefdifferentfromthatwhichwasprayedforbytheoriginalbill,wherefactswhichhavesinceoccurredmayrequireit'.18Thus,ifasurety,whileseekingindemnityagainsthisprincipal,hasthedebttopay,hemustbysupplementalbillbringthisfactbeforetheCourt.Asup-plementalbillchangingthecharacteroftheoriginalbill,orintroducingmat-tersarisingsincetheoriginalbill,cannotbefiledwithoutleaveoftheCourt
;
butanyobjectionforwantofleavewillbewaivedbyfailingtomakeitatthepropertime.14Iftheinterestofacomplainant,whoissuinginanother'srightasadminis-trator,executor,guardian,ortrustee,terminatesbydeath,resignation,re-moval,orotherwise,thepersonwhosucceedshimastherepresentativeofthesameright,mayfileasupplementalbilltobringhimselfbeforetheCourt,forhebecomesentitledtothesamepropertyunderthesametitle.Inthesecases,thereisnochangeofinterestwhichcanaffectthequestionsbetweenthepar-ties,butonlyachangeofthepersoninwhosenamethesuitmaybeprose-cuted.16But,ordinarily,wherenoquestionissoughttoberaisedastotherightofthenewcomplainanttorevivethesuit,itmaybedoneonmotion,andthisistheusualpractice.Thisrevivorbysupplementalbill,ormotion,maybehadeitherbeforeorafteradecree;butifthecaseisoutofCourt,itcanonlybedonebysupplementalbill,orbyscirefacias.16Wherethesubject-matterandthetitleremainthesame,asupplementalbillmayintroducematterwhichmayvarytherelieftowhichthecomplainantisentitled;17andsomayasupplementalbillbringforwardnewmatterinsup-portoftheoriginalcauseofaction.18§684.ASupplementalBillmustnotBringForwardaNewTitle.—Toen-titlethecomplainanttofileasupplementalbill,andtherebytoobtainthebene-fitoftheformerproceedings,itmustbeinrespecttothesametitle,inthesameperson,asstatedintheoriginalbill.19Thus,ifapersonshouldfileanoriginalbill,asheir-at-law,anditshouldturnout,uponanissueandhearingofthecause,thatheisnottheheir-at-law,andheafterwardpurchasesthetitleofthetrueheir-at-law,hecannotfileasupplementalbilltohavethebenefitoftheformerproceedings;forheclaimsbyadifferenttitlefromthatassertedintheoriginalbill.Histruecoursewouldbetofileanoriginalbill.20So,onabilltoremoveacloud,atitleacquiredaftersuitbroughtcannotbereliedoninanamendedbill,butanoriginalbillmustbefiledtosetitup.21Ifthecomplainanthasnotitlewhenhefileshisoriginalbill,hecannotsub-sequentlyacquireatitle,andthenbringitforwardbyasupplementalbill
;
butifacomplainanthadagoodinchoatetitlewhenhefiledhisoriginalbill,andafterwardsperfectsthattitle,hemaysetupthislatterfactinasupple-mentalbill.Thesupplementalmattermustnotcontradictthestatementsoftheoriginalbill.22Acomplainantcannotsupportabadtitlebyacquiringagoodo*neafterthefilingofhisoriginalbill,andthenbringingitforwardbyamendedorsupplementalbill.23
12Riddlev.Motley,1Lea,468.Iftheamend-mentschangedtherightsorinterestsoftheparties,theywouldmakeanewsuit,andwouldbeproperforanoriginalbillinthenatureofasupplementalbill.Sto.Eq.PI.,§§336;345-352.13Sto.Eq.PI.,§336.142Dan.Ch.Pr..T534rSto.Kn.PI..8333.
17AdamsEq.,413.ISSmithv.St.LouisIns.Co.,3Tenn.Ch.,151;502;HortonV.Thompson,3Tenn.Ch.,580;RidleyV.Motley,1Lea,468.19Wingv.Champion,1Tenn.Ch.,517.20Sto.Eq.PL,§339.21l^oveV.Moser.1Cates.143.

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685 SUPPLEMENTALBILLS. 540§685.EssentialsofSupplementalBills.—Thefollowingisasummaryoftheessentialsofsupplementalbills:1.AsupplementalbillcannotbefiledwithoutleaveoftheCourt.2.Asupplementalbillmaybefiledatanystageofthesuit,evenafteradecree;andmaybefiledbyastranger,oradefendant,totheoriginalsuit,aswellasbyacomplainant.3.Theapplicationtofilethebillshouldbemadeattheearliestopportunityafterthenecessityforitbecomesknown,andalldelaysmustbeexplainedbyaffidavit.4.Asupplementalbillshouldbeverifiedbytheoathofthecomplainant.5.Thepurposeofthebillmustbeeither(1)tosupplysomedeficiencyintheframeoftheoriginalbill,or(2)tobringforwardsomefactspertinenttothecontroversynotalreadyalleged,or(3)tomakesomenecessarypartynotbeforetheCourt,or(4)todoanytwoormoreofthesethings.246.Apersonwhoacquiresaninterestinthereliefprayedfor,orwhoacquiresorsucceedstotheinterestofacomplainant,maycomebeforetheCourtbyasupplementalbill.7.Thenewmatterintheamendedbillmustnotbeinconsistentwiththeoriginalbill;normustitconstituteanewanddifferent,causeofaction.8.Whileasupplementalbillmaycontainmatterthatwasinexistenceatthecommencementofthesuit,neverthelessitsmoreappropriateprovinceistobringbeforetheCourtfactswhichhavesinceoccurred.9.Asupplementalbillwillnotliewhenthesameobjectcanbeaccomplishedbyamendingtheoriginalbill.10.Asupplementalbillwilllie,beforedefencemade,tosetupmattersinexistencewhentheoriginalbillwasfiled:butthisistheproperprovinceofonamendedbill.11.Nonewprocessisrequired,unlessthebillmakesnewpartiesdefendant,andthenonlyastothenewparties.12.Theoriginalandsupplementalbillsbecomeonebillastothenewpar-ties,andtheyhavethesamerightsofdefencetobothbillsaspartiestoanoriginalbill.13.Ifthenewpartiesaremeresuccessorsininteresttoformerparties,theproofonfilemaybereadby,oragainst,thenewparties.14.Whenadefendant,oranewparty,wishestobringamatterbeforetheCourt,connectedwithapendingsuit,heshoulddosobyasupplementalbill,especiallyifthematterhascomeintoexistencesincetheoriginalbillwasfiled.15.Anewprosecutionbondshouldbegiven,orpauperoathfiledinlieu.25§686.WhenaSupplementalBillmaybeFiled.—Asupplementalbillmaybefiled,aswellafter,asbefore,adecree;andthebill,ifafteradecree,maybe,either(1)inaidofthedecree,thatitmaybecarriedfullyintoexecution;or(2)thatproperdirectionsmaybegivenuponsomematteromittedintheoriginalbill,ornotputinissuebyit,orbythedefencemadetoit;or(3)tobringnewpartiesbeforetheCourt;or(4)itmaybeusedtoimpeachthedecree,whichisthepeculiarcaseofasupplementalbill,inthenatureofabillofreview,ofwhichweshalltreathereafter.Butwhereasupplementalbillisbroughtinaidofadecree,itismerelytocarryout,andtogivefullereffect,tothatdecree,andnottoobtainreliefofadifferentkindonadifferentprin-ciple;thelatterbeingtheprovinceofasupplementalbillinthenatureofabillofreview,whichcannotbefiledwithouttheleaveoftheCourt.26Afteradecreeuponthemeritswindingupaninsolventcorporation,onanappealtherefrom,asupplementalbillmaybefiledtorealchotherpropertyof
24Whenabillbringsforwardbothnewmatterandnewparties,itisproperlyanoriginalbillinthenatureofasupplementalbill.Sto.Eq.PI.,§345.Butasthenameofthebillisimmaterial,ifitcon-tainpropersubstance,itmaybecalledasupple-
mentalbillwithoutforfeitureofanyofcomplain-ant'srights.26Butanewbondoroathisnotessential,unlessobjectionismadeforwantofit.See,ante,§71.26Sto.Eq.PI.,§338.

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541 SUPPLEMENTALBILLS.§687thecorporation,andbringothercreditorsbeforetheCourt,whoareseekingtosubjectsuchpropertybyindependentsuits.27Asupplementalbillforthepurposeofaddingnewpartiesmaybefiledevenafterahearinganddecree,whenitappearsthatsuchpartiesarenecessary.Insuchcase,thecauseiscontinuedwithleavetomakenewparties.28TheCourtwillsometimes,onitsownmotion,directasupplementalbilltobefiled,if,uponthehearing,thejusticeofthecase,initsownopinion,requiresit.29Asupplementalbillafteradecree,however,mustnotseektovarytheprinciplesofthedecree,buttoperfectitandmakeitmoreeffectual.Adecreecanonlybechangedbyabillofreview.30§687.HowLeaveisObtainedtoFileaSupplementalBill.—Asupple-mentalbillbringingforwardnewmatter,orchangingtheoriginalbill,cannotbefiledwithoutleaveoftheCourt.31Inordertoobtainthisleave,thebillmustbeproperlydrawnupandswornto,andiftherehasbeenanydelaysincetheoccurrenceofthefactsnowfirstbroughtforward,thisdelaymustbesatis-factorilyexplainedbyaffidavit.32Iftheaffidavitbesatisfactory,theCourtwillthenexaminethebill,andifitbeaproperbilltobefiled,leavewillbegrantedonsuchtermsasto-costsaswillbothsecurethedefendantagainstthelachesofthecomplainant,andinsurediligenceonthepartofpartiesmakingamend-ments.33Asupplementalbilloughttobefiledassoonaspracticableaftertfionewmatterisdiscovered.For,ifthepartyproceedstoadecreeafteradiscoveryofthefactsuponwhichhisnewclaimisfounded,hewillnotbepermittedafterwardstofileasupplementalbill,inthenatureofabillofreview,foundedonsuchfacts.34Ontheotherhand,ifanobjectionismeanttobetakenbythedefendant,thatasupplementalbillbringsforwardmatters,whichmighthavebeenintroducedbywayofamendment,oratanearlierperiodofthecause,heshoulddoitbeforehemakesanswertothesupplementalbill.Itwillbetoolatetotaketheobjectionatthehearing.35§688.FrameofaSupplementalBill.—Asupplementalbillmuststatethefactofthependencyoftheoriginalbill,andbrieflygivetheproceedingsthere-on;andifthesupplementalbillisoccasionedbyaneventsubsequenttotheoriginalbill,itmuststatethatevent,andtheconsequentalterationwithrespecttotheparties,ifany;and,ingeneral,thesupplementalbillmustpraythatallthedefendantsinterestedinthenewmattermayappearandanswertothenewchargesitcontains.Ifthesupplementalbillisnotforadiscoverymerely,thecan.semustbehearduponthesupplementalbillatthesametimethatitisheardupontheoriginalbill,ifithasnotbeenalreadyheard;andifthecausehasbeenalreadyheard,itmustbefurtherhearduponthesupplementalmatter.Ifthealterationoracquisitionofinteresthappenstoadefendant,orapersonnecessarytobemadeadefendant,thesupplementalbillmaybeexhibitedbythecomplainantintheoriginalsuitagainstsuchpersonalone,andmayprayadecreeupontheparticularsupplementalmatterallegedagainstthatpersononly;unlesstheinterestsoftheotherdefendantsmaybeaffectedbythatde-cree.Thesupplementalbillshouldnot,however,statethecircumstancesofthecaseatlength.Allthatisrequisiteis,thatitshouldstatesomuchofthesuitasshowsthenatureofthecase,andthegroundofrelief.Whereasup-plementalbillismerelyforthepurposeofbringingformalpartiesbeforetheCourtasdefendants,thepartiesdefendantstotheoriginalbillneednot,ingen-eral,bemadepartiestothesupplementalbill.And,asarule,ifnewpartiesarebroughtbeforetheCourtuponasupplementalbill,theoriginaldefendants
27Smithv.St.LouisIns.Co.,502;affirmedin6Lea,564.282Dan.Ch.Pr.,1533,note.292Dan.Ch.Pr.,1523,note.302Dan.Ch.Pr.,1536,note.
3Tenn.Ch.,151;322Dan.Ch.Pr.,1523,note.332Barb.CH.Pr.,73-74.342Barb.Ch.Pr.,74;Sto.Eq.PL,§338a;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1523-1530.35Sto.Eq.PI.,§§333;338a.

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§689 SUPPLEMENTALBILLS. 542neednotbemadepartiestothesupplementalbill,unlesstheyhaveaninterestinthesupplementalmatter,ortheirinterestsrequirethatthenewdefendantshouldbeapartytothesuit.Thefactsbroughtforwardbythesupplementalbillshouldbematerialtothemattersincontroversy,otherwiseademurrerwilllietothesupplementalbill.36Neitheranamendednorasupplementalbillcancontainnewmatterwhichcontradicts,orisinconsistentwith,thestatementsoftheoriginalbill;37forasupplementalbill,whenproperlybeforetheCourt,isanadditiontotheoriginalbill,andbecomesapartofit,sothatthetwoaretobetakenasoneamendedbill,andheardtogether.38Asupplementalbillmustbeswornto,orthesupplementalmatterotherwiseverified,anditshouldbemadetoappearthatitwasfiledatthefirstoppor-tunityafterthesupplementalmatterwasdiscovered,orthedelayfullyex-plained.39Asthenameandformofabillisimmaterialifnecessarysubstanceexists,40anoriginalbillcontainingthenecessarysubstancewillbetreatedasabillofrevivorandsupplementinthenatureofacross-bill,andappropriatereliefgranted.41§689.FormofaSupplementalBill.—Theformofasupplementalbillis,inthemain,similartotheformofanordinaryoriginalbill,theprincipaldif-ferencesbeing(1)thatitbeginsbyarecitalofthefilingoftheoriginalbill,andtheproceedingsthereon;and(2)endsbypraying,amongotherthings,thatthecomplainantmayhavethebenefitofalltheproceedingsupontheoriginalsuit.ASUPPLEMENTALBILL.TotheHon.A.S.Key,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatMadisonyille
:
JohnJones,aresidentofLoudoncounty,complainant,vs.GeorgeBrownandHenrySmith,bothresidentsofMonroecounty,defendants.ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.Thaton,orabout,January9,1890,hefiledhisoriginalbillinthisCourtagainstthedefendant,GeorgeBrown,statingtherein,amongotherthings,thefollowing:1st.That[settingforthbrieflythesubstanceoftheoriginalbill,dividingtherecitalintosub-sections,numbered1st,2d,$d,&c.,i2]and4th,prayingthat[settingforththeprayerinconciseform.}II.Thatsaiddefendant,Brown,wasservedwithprocessandansweredsaidbill,alleginginhisanswerthat[settingforthbrieflythesubstanceofhisanswer.]in.Thatupontheissuethusmade,proofhasbeentaken,and[showingwhatfurtherstepshavebeentakeninthecause,ifany.]Forafulleraccountofsaidbill,answer,andotherproceedingsinthecause,referenceismadetotheoriginalrecord.IV.Andnow,bywayofsupplementtohissaidoriginalbill,complainantfurthershowsuntoyourHonor,that,sincetheexaminationofwitnessesinsaidcause,[orsincethelaststeptakeninsaidcause,suchasaninterlocutorydecree,orafinaldecree,]hehasdiscoveredthat[hereshowthenewfactshedesirestobringforward,andhowtheyaffecttherightsofthecomplainant,andmakeliablethedefendant,orthenewpartyorpartiestobebroughtbeforetheCourt.43] Therecitaloftheanswershouldbeequallyasbrief.43Thus,inthecasesupposed,thebillwouldal-lege:Thaton-examiningsaiddefendantBrownasawitnessinsaidcause,complainantfirstlearned,andnowchargesthefacttobe,thatthedefendantHenrySmith,assaidadministrator,neverdidpayover,orotherwiseaccountfor,tohissaidguardian,allthatwaslawfullyduesaidguardianfromtheestateofcomplainantsfather,butonlypaidovertohimthesumofthirteenhundreddollars,whereasthefactishewasthen,andhaseversincebeen,accountabletocomplainant'ssaidguardianandtocomplainant,notonlyforthewholeofsaidsumoftwothousanddollars,butforamuchlargersum,ascomplainantwillshowatthehearing;andcomplainantaversandchargesthatthedefendant,HenrySmith,isliableasadministratortohimforaboutthesumof_threethousanddollars,includinginterest,allofwhichhehasfraudulentlywithheld.
36gto.Eq.PI.,§343.372Dan.Ch.Pr.,1515,note.382Dan.Ch.Pr.,1536,note.392Dan.Ch.Pr.,1523,note.40See,ante,§43.41Brandonv.Mason,1Lea,624.42Therecitalshouldbeabriefsummaryofthebill,thus:statingtherein,amongotherthings,thefollowing:1st.ThatthedefendantBrown,ashisguardian,receivedonoraboutJuly9,1886,thesumoftwothousanddollarsfromHenrySmith,theadminis-tratorofcomplainant'sfather,andhasfailedtopayoverthesametocomplainant,whohastattainedtheageoftwenty-one,andwho,aftertattaininghisma-jorityhaddemandedthesame,withlawfulinterestthereon.*2d.ThatsaidbillprayedforadecreeagainstsaidBrownforsaidsumandinterest.

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543 SUPPLEMENTALBILLS.§690Totheend,therefore,thatthesaiddefendant,HenrySmith,44[ifanewdefendantis.made,]mayshowcause,ifanyhecan,whycomplainantshouldnothavethereliefbyhimprayedinhissaidoriginalbill,andinthisbill,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatproperprocessissuetobringsaiddefendant,HenrySmith,[ifanewpartyismade,]intoCourt,andrequirehimtoanswerthesaidoriginalbill[ifanewpartybemade,]andthissupplementalbill.2d.Thatinhisanswerhemakefullanswer[heremaketheusualrequirementsastothespecialmatterstobeanswered;or,ifhisoathiswaived,sostate.]3d.Thatcomplainantmayhavethesamerelieffromhissaidoriginalbill,asifsaidde-fendant,HenrySmith,hadbeenmadeapartythereto.[Thisprayerisoneapplicableinacaseofanewparty.]4th.Thatcomplainantmayhavethefollowingfurtherrelief,45[hereprayfortheaddi-tionalrelief,ifany,appropriatetothenewfacts.]5th.ThatcomplainantmayhavesuchfurtherandotherreliefasinEquityhemaybeentitledto. SamE.Young,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit:see,ante,§164.]§690.AnOriginalBillintheNatureofaSupplementalBill.—Asupple-mentalbillisproperlyapplicabletothosecasesonlywherethesameparties,orthesameinterests,remainbeforetheCourt;butwhennewparties,withnewinterestsarisingfromeventssincetheinstitutionofthesuit,aretobebroughtbeforetheCourt,anoriginalbillinthenatureofasupplementalbillbecomesnecessary.46Itiscalledanoriginalbillinthenatureofasupple-mentalbill,becauseitisoriginalastothenewpartiesandnewinterests;anditissupplementalalso,beinganappendagetotheformerbillastotheoldpar-tiesandtheoldinterests.47Thus,whereahusbandandwifearedefendantstoabill,if,bythedeathofthehusband,anewinterestarisestothewife,thesuitbecomesdefective;andanoriginalbillinthenatureofasupplementalbillbecomesnecessarytobringthatinterestbeforetheCourt;forsheisnotboundbytheanswerputinduringhercoverture.So,ifaperson,pendentelite,becomesassigneeoftheinterestofapartyinthesuit,andwishestotakepartinit,hemustbringforwardhisclaimbyanoriginalbill,inthenatureofasupplementalbill.48Inlikemanner,ifthecomplainanthasmadeanassign-mentinbankruptcy,andhisassigneeinbankruptcywishestohavethebenefitofthesuit,hemustfileanoriginalbillinthenatureofasupplementalbill.49§691.FrameofanOriginalBillintheNatureofaSupplementalBill.Abillforthispurposemuststatethependencyoftheoriginalbill,brieflygivetheproceedingsuponit,specifytheeventwhichhasdeterminedthein-terestofthepartybyoragainstwhomtheformerbillwasexhibited,andthemannerinwhichthepropertyhasvestedinthepersonwhohasbecomeentitled.ItmustthenshowthegrounduponwhichtheCourtoughttograntthebenefitoftheformersuittooragainsttheperson,whohasbecomesoentitled;anditmustpraythedecreeoftheCourt,adaptedtothecaseofthecomplainantinthenewbill.Thisbill,althoughpartakingofthenatureofasupplementalbill,isnotmerelyanadditiontotheoriginalbill,butanotheroriginalbill,which,initsconsequences,maydrawtoitselftheadvantageoftheproceedingsontheformerbill.50§692.CostBondandProcessonAmendedandSupplementalBills.—Properprocessissues,asofcourse,onasupplementalbill,and,also,onanamendedbillwhichsoprays:hence,insuchcases,anewprosecutionbond,orpauperoath,shouldbefiled,51especiallyifanewpartyismade,oranewcauseofsuitsetup.
44Processshouldnotbeprayedagainstanyparlywhoseanswerisnotrequired.Ifnewpartiesaremade,andtheiranswersonlydesired,noprocessshouldbeprayedagainsttheoriginaldefendants.45Inthesupposedcase,thisfurtherreliefwouldbe:ThatadecreeberenderedbyyourHonor,re-quiringthedefendants,GeorgeBrownandHenry
allaccountsbetakennecessarytoascertaintheexactamount.46Sto.Eq.PI.,§349.47Sto.Eq.PI.,§§345-346.48Sto.Eq.PI.,§§347-348.49Northmanv.InsuranceCos.,1Tenn.Ch.,312.Thenameofthebillisimmaterial.Ibid.See,ante,

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§693DEFENCESTOAMENDEDANDSUPPLEMENTALBILLS.544
ARTICLEIII.DEFENCESTOAMENDEDANDSUPPLEMENTALBILLS.693.DefencestoAmendedandSupple-mentalBillsGenerallyConsidered.694.DemurrerstoAmendedandSupple-mentalBills.
§695.AnswerstoAmendedandSupple-mentalBills.§696.WhenanAnswertoanAmendedBillMustbeField.§697.ProceedingsAfterAnswer.§693.DefencestoAmendedandSupplementalBillsgenerallyConsidered.Defencemaybemadetoanamended,ortoasupplemental,bill,(1)bymotiontodismiss;(2)bydemurrer;(3)byplea;(4)byanswer;and(5)bydis-claimer.Whathasbeensaid,heretofore,inreferencetothesevariousdefences,appliesaswelltoamendedandsupplementalbillsastooriginalbills.Anyground,sufficienttobaseamotiontodismissanoriginalbill,willbesufficientincaseofanamended,orasupplemental,bill,ifapplicablethereto.§694.DemurrerstoAmendedandSupplementalBills.—Ademurrerwilllietoanamendedorsupplementalbill,ortoabillinthenatureofasupple-mentalbill,wheneveritappearsuponthefaceofthebillthatthecomplainanthasnorighttofileit,hebeingeithernottheoriginalcomplainant,ortherebeingnosuchprivitybetweenhimandtheoriginalcomplainantasentitleshimtotaketheplaceofthelatterinthelitigation.1Ashasalreadybeenshown,ifthenewmattersoughttobebroughtforwardwasinexistencewhentheoriginalbillwasfiled,suchmatteristhepropersub-jectofanamendmenttotheoriginalbillorofanamendedbill;butifthenewmatterhascomeintoexistencesincethefilingoftheoriginalbill,itisproperlythesubjectofasupplementalbill.2Thedistinction,.however,inourpractice,betweenanamendedbillandasupplementalbillnolongerpracticallyexists;3and,asaconsequence,ademurrerwillnolongerliebecauseasupplementalbillisfiledwhenthesameendcouldhavebeenattainedbyanamendmentoftheoriginalbill.Butifasupplementalbilluponmatterarisingsubsequenttothefilingoftheoriginalbillisbroughtagainstaperson,whowasnotapartytotheoriginalbill,andwhoclaimsnointerestarisingoutofthemattersinlitigationinit,thedefendanttothesupplementalbillmaydemur;especially,ifthesupplementalbillpraysthathemayanswerthematterschargedintheoriginalbill.4So,ifthenewfactsoreventsshallhavearisensubsequentlytothefilingoftheoriginalbill,butthosenewmattersareimmaterialtothereliefsoughtundertheoriginalbill,oraresuchasmaycomebeforetheMasterundertheproperdecretalorder,intheoriginalcause,ademurrerwilllie.For,ifthenewfactsoreventsarenotmaterial,theyareirrelevant;andifmaterial,andyettheyarenowproperlywithinthereachoftheCourt,orbeforetheMasterundertheoriginalcause,thereisnogroundwhytherecordshouldbeencumberedwithsuperfluousmatter.Anothergroundofdemurrertoasupplementalbillisthatthenewmatterisnotproperlysupplementaltothemattersinlitigationbetweenthepartiestotheoriginalbill;butmakesanewanddifferentcase.5Ifthenewmatterswouldmaketheoriginalbillmultifarious,thensuchnewmatterwouldnotbethepropersubjectofanamendedorasupplementalbill,andtotheextentofsuchmultifariousmatter,thebillcontainingitwouldbedemurrable.Theoriginalandamendedbillswhenrelatingtothesamesubject1Sto.Eq.PI.,§§612-613.See,ante,§684.2See,ante,§§670;681.3See,ante,§§680;683. 4SeeSto.Eq.PI.,§6145Sto.Eq.PI.,§615-616.

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545DEFENCESTOAMENDEDANDSUPPLEMENTALBILLS.§695aretreatedasonebillwhendemurredto;butadefendantwhohasansweredtheoriginalbillcannot,onthefilingofanamendedbill,relyonanygroundofdemurrertowhichtheoriginalbillwassubject.Theformofademurrertoanamendedorsupplementalbillisasfollows:DEMXTRREE,TOASUPPLEMENTALOBAMENDEDBILL.JohnDoe,1vs. !IntheChanceryCourt,atMemphis.RichardRoe,et.al.JThedefendant,RomeoRoe,demurstothesupplemental[or,amended,]billfiledagainsthiminthiscause.1st.Becausethematterofsaidsupplemental[or,amended,]billiswhollyinconsistentwith,andantagonisticto,thematteroftheoriginalbill;andisnotmatterproperforasupplemental[or,amended,]bill.2d.Because[Stateanyothergroundsofdemurrer,andconcludeasin§310,ante.]§695.AnswerstoAmendedandSupplementalBills.—Pleaswilllietoamendedandsupplementalbills,buttheyaresoseldomfiledastobepracticallyunknown.Thecommondefenceonthefactsismadebyanswer.Thisanswermayincludeademurrer,iftherebepropergroundstherefor.Ifthedefendanthasnotansweredtheoriginalbill,theusualpracticeistoanswerboththeoriginalandsupplementalbillsinthesameanswer.7Ifanewdefendantismade,hemustanswerboththeoriginalandsupple-mentalmatter,forastohimitisanewsuit;ifnewmatteronlyisinsertedinthesupplementalbill,theoriginaldefendantsneedanswerthenewmatteronly.8Theanswerissubjecttoalltherulesastoform,substance,verification,filing,andexceptions,thatapplytoanswerstooriginalbills.9Thefollowingistheformofananswertoanamendedorasupplementalbill,theformineachcasebeingthesame
:
ANSWERTOANAMENDEDOREITJPPLEMENTALBILL.JohnDoe,|
vs. f-InChancery,atNashville.RichardRoe,et.al.JTheanswerofthedefendant,RomeoRoe,totheamended[or,supplemental,]bill,[or,1otheoriginalandamendedbill,or,totheoriginalandsupplementalbill,]filedagainsthim[andothers]inthiscause.Thisdefendant,foranswer,says:[Heresetouttheanswerandconcludeasincaseofanordinaryanswertoanordinarybill.]§696.WhenanAnswertoanAmendedBillMustbeFiled.—Inallcaseswhereanamendmentofthebillismadeafteranswerfiled,andananswertheretoisnecessary,thedefendantsareallowedthirtydaysaftertheorder,orafternoticeoftheamendment,ifnoticeisrequiredbytheorder,toanswer
;
andfailingsotodo,ortoobtainfurthertime,thematterofamendmentmaybetakenasconfessed,subject,however,tobesetaside,bytheMasterbeforethecauseissetforhearing,orbytheChancelloratanytime,ongoodcauseshown,accompaniedbyafullandsufficientanswer,anduponsuchtermsasmaybeimposed.10§697.ProceedingsAfterAnswer.—Aftertheanswerhasbeenputin,andissuejoined,theamendedandsupplementalbillandtheoriginalbillproceedparipassu,practicallyasonesuit.Ifproofbeneededontheissuesraisedbytheamendedorsupplementalbill,andtheanswerthereto,itmustbemadeasincaseofanordinaryoriginalbill;butasupplementalsuitbeingmerelyacontinuationoftheoriginalsuit,whateverevidencewasproperlytakenintheoriginalsuit,maybemadeuseofinbothsuits,eventhoughnotentitledinthesupplementalsuit.Iftherehasbeennodecreeintheoriginalsuit,beforethesupplementalbillisfiled,bothbillswillbeheardtogether,11andSfitate«Mite-hell.2(1Pic-W.3.1ft. 1 2"Rarh.<ThPr.77

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547 filtLSOFREVIVOR.§698
CHAPTERXXXIV.ABATEMENTANDREVIVOR.ArticleI.Bills.ofRevivor.ArticleII.StatutoryMethodsofRevivor.ArticleIII.BillsAkintoBillsofRevivor:ArticleIV.DefencestoProceedingstoRevive.ARTICLEI.BILLSOFREVIVOR.698.WhenaSuitinChanceryisAbated.699.BillofRevivor.700.WhenaRevivorisUnnecessary.701.TheProperPartiestoaBillofRe-vivor.702.WhentheWidowShouldbeMadeaParty.703.WhenaDefendantMayFileaBillofRevivor.
704.WhatMattersareinIssueUponaBillofRevivor.705.SomeGeneralResultsofaRevivor.706.SummaryoftheRulesRelativetoRe-vivors.707.RevivorofDecrees.708.FrameofaBillofRevivor.709.FormofaBillofRevivor.§698.WhenaSuitinChanceryisAbated.—WheneverasuitinChancerybecomesdefective,forwantofpartiesbeforetheCourt,byoragainstwhomitcan,inwholeorinpart,beprosecuted,itissaidtobeabated.1Anabate-ment,inthesenseofthecommonlaw,isanentiredestructionofthesuit,sothatitisquashedandended.ButinthesenseofCourtsofEquity,anabate-mentsignifiesonlyapresentsuspensionofallproceedingsinthesuit,fromthewantofproperpartiescapableofproceeding,orbeingproceededagainst,therein.Atthecommonlaw,asuitwhenabated,isabsolutelydead.ButinEquityasuit,whenabated,ismerelyinastateofsuspendedanimation;andmayberevived.Thedeath,ormarriage,ofoneoftheoriginalpartiestothesuit,isthemostcommoncauseoftheabatementofasuitinEquity.Astheinterestofacomplainantusuallyextendstothewholesuit,therefore,uponthedeathofacomplainant,orthemarriageofafemalecomplainant,allproceed-ingsbecomeabated.Uponthedeathofadefendant,likewise,allproceedingsbecomeabatedastothatdefendant.1Butuponthemarriageofafemalede-fendant,theproceedingsdonotabate,althoughherhusbandoughttobenamedinthesubsequentproceedings.2Suitsbypublicofficers,intheirofficialca-pacity,donotabatebythedeathoftheindividualholdingtheoffice,orbytheexpirationofhisterm,andnorevivorinthenameofhissuccessorisnecessary.3Ifanypropertyorrightinlitigation,vestedinacomplainant,istransmittedtoanother,thepersontowhomitistransmitted,isentitledtosupplythede-fectsofthesuit,ifithasbecomedefectivemerely;andtocontinueit,oratleasttohavethebenefitofit,ifitisabated.So,ifanypropertyorright,beforevestedinadefendant,becomestransmittedtoanotherperson,thecom-plainantisentitledtorenderthesuitperfect,ifithasbecomedefective,ortocontinueit,ifitisabated,againstthepersontowhomthatpropertyorrightistransmitted.
lWhenapartydies,thesuitdiesastosuchparty.Thesuitmay,however,beresurrectedbyascirefacias,orabillofrevivor;but,untilsucharesur-partvisanabsolutenullity.Morrisonv.Deaderick.10Hum.,342.Butsee,post,§888;andnote4,infra.

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§699 BIHSOFREVIVOR.548Anabatementsuspendsproceedings.4Anattachmentforcontempt,oraninjunction,orareceivership,isnotaffectedbythedeathofthecomplainant.11'thepartyattached,orenjoined,wishestoberelievedfromhissituation,hemustapplytotheCourt;andtheCourtwillordinarilymakeanorderthathebedischarged,ortheinjunctiondissolved,ifthesuitbenotrevivedinagiventime.5 SUGGESTIONOFDEATHOFAPARTY.JohnDoe,]vs. }RichardRoe,etal.jInthiscausethedeathofthedefendant,RichardRoe,[or,thecomplainant,JohnDoe,]issuggestedandproved[or,admitted.]Ifnostepbetakentoreviveasuit,anordermaybehadatthesecondtermaftertheentryofproofofdeath,6abatingthesuit,asfollows
:
ORDERABATINGASUIT.JohnDoe,I'S.RichardRoe,et.al.Inthiscausethedeathofthedefendant,RichardRoe,havingbeensuggestedandproved[or,admitted,]attheJanuary,1905,termofthisCourt,andnostepshavingbeentakentorevivethesuit,itisorderedthatthesuitbeabatedanddiscontinued,andthatcomplainantandHenryDoe,hisprosecutionsurety,paythecostsofthecause,forwhichletanexecutionissue.§699.BillofRevivor.—AccordingtothegeneralpracticeofCourtsofEquity,themodeofrevivingandcontinuingsuits,wheretherehasbeenanabatement,isbyabillofrevivor;andsuchabillwillliewheneverapartyisdisabledbydeath,marriage,bankruptcy,orotherwise,fromfurtherprose-cutingordefendingasuit,providedtheinterestofsuchpartyinthesubjectorobjectofthesuitsurvivesorcontinues,7toapersonnotalreadyaparty.Iftheinterestofapartydyingsodetermines,thatitcannolongeraffectthesuit,andnopersonbecomesentitledthereupontothesameinterest(whichhappensinthecaseofatenantforlife,orapersonhavingatemporaryorcon-tingentinterest,oraninterestdefeasibleuponacontingency,)thesuitdoesnotsoabate,astorequireanyproceedingtowarranttheprosecutionofthesuitagainsttheremainingparties.But,ifthepartysodyingbetheonlycomplain-ant,ortheonlydefendant,therewillnecessarilybeanendofthesuit,ifthereisnosubjectoflitigationremaining.8Asuitfordivorceandalimonycannotberevived.9Wheneverthereisanoriginalbillandacross-billthereto,ifanabatementtakesplace,theremustgenerallybeabillofrevivorineachcause.Butifthebillsregardanaccount,andthereisadecreeforanaccount,thetwocausesbecometherebysoconsolidatedthatonebillofrevivor,prayingforarevivorofthewhole,willrevivebothcauses.10Ifamanmarriesanadministratrix,andadecreeisobtainedagainsthimandhiswifeforademandoutoftheassetsofherintestate,andthewifediesbeforethedecreeisexecuted,thesuitisabated;andthecomplainantmustreviveitagainsttheadministratorofthewifebeforeanyfurtherproceedingscanbe
4Whileanabatementexistsastoasolecomplain-antorsoledefendant,nostepcanbetakeninthecause,whatever,exceptstepstoabateorrevive.TheCourtmay,however,makeordersrelativetopropertyinthecustodyofthelaw.UnlessthedefendantwasbroughtintoCourtbypublication,inwhichcaseasaleofthedecedent'slandwithoutrevivorisvalid.Dunlapv.Harvey,3Cates,620;Code,§§3533-3534;4380.52Dan.Ch.Pr.,1543-1544.ItissaidinThomp-son)'.Hill,5Yerg.,418,thataninjunctionagainstanexecutionatlawstandsdissolvedbythedeathofthedefendanttotheinjunctionbill,butthathisrep-resentativecannottakeoutexecutionwithoutbeingguiltyofcontemptoftheCourt,unlessheobtainsleaveoftheCourt,whichleavewillbegrantedifa
billofrevivorisnotfiledwithinareasonabletime.Butthisrulingissubstantiallythesameasthatstatedinthetext.Thedistinctionmadeinthiscase,betweenasupplementalbilltobringindeviseesandabillorrevivortobringinheirs,nolongerexistsinourpractice.SeeNorthmanv.LiverpoolCo.,1Tenn.Ch.,317.oChurchwell)\Bank,1Heisk.,782.Buttheorderofabatementwillbesetaside,ifatany-timeduringthetermofitsentry,stepsaretakenlorevive.->Code.§2845.sSto.Eq.PL,§356.i)Swanv.Harrison,2Cold.,354;Owensr.Suns,3Cold.,544.10Sto.Eq.PI.,§363.

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549 BILLSOFREVIVOR.§700Ladinthecauseagainstthehusband;fortheassetsinthehandsofthewife,asadministratrix,areprimarilyliabletosatisfythedecree,11andthehusbandisnotliablebeyondtheamountofsuchassetswhichcameintohisorherhandsafterthemarriage.12§700.WhenaRevivorisUnnecessary.—Thedeathofoneofthepartiestoasuitdoesnot,however,producesuchanabatementofitastosuspendallfurtherproceedings,unlesstheinterestofsuchparty,orthatwhichherepre-sents,survivestosomeotherpersonnotalreadyapartytothesuit.Ifthev-holeinterestofapartydyingsurvivestoanotherpartytothesuit,sothatjjoclaimcanbemadebyoragainsttherepresentativesofthepartydying,theproceedingsdonotabate.Ifabillisfiledbyoragainsttrusteesorexecutors,andonedies,nothavingpossessedanyofthepropertyinquestion,ordoneanyactrelatingtoit,whichmaybequestionedinthesuit;or,ifabillisfiledbyoragainsthusbandandwife,inrightofthewife,andthehusbanddiesundercircumstanceswhichadmitofnodemandbyoragainsthisrepresenta-tives,thereisnoabatement.Ifasurvivingpartycansustainthesuit,asinthecaseofseveralcreditors,complainantsonbehalfofthemselvesandothercred-itors,norevivorisnecessary.Iftheentireinterestofthedecedent,onhisdeath,descendstootherpartiesbeforetheCourt,asinapartitionoreject-mentsuit,orinasuitbyoragainstpartners,orjoint-owners,insuchcasethereisnoabatement,andnoneedofarevivor,forthepersonsremainingbeforetheCourthaveinthemthewholeinterestinthematterinlitigation.13Iftheinterestofapartydyingabsolutelyterminateswithhisdeath,thereisnoabatement:thishappensonthedeathofatenantforlife,oronthedeathofanypartyhavingatemporaryorcontingentinterest,14terminatingwithhisdeath.So,iftheinterestofafemaleinasuitterminatesuponhermar-riage,norevivoragainstherhusbandwouldbenecessary.If,uponthedeathofthehusbandofafemalecomplainant,suinginherright,thewidowdoesnotchoosetoproceedinthecause,thebillisconsideredasabated,andsheisnotliableforthecosts.Butifshetakesanystepinthesuitafterherhusband'sdeath,shemakesherselfliabletothecostsfromthebeginning.Ifshethinkspropertoproceedinthecause,shemaydosowithoutabillofrevivor;forshealonehasthewholeinterest,andthehusbandwasapartyinherright,andthereforethewholeadvantageoftheproceedingssurvivestoher;sothatifanyjudgmenthasbeenobtained,evenforcosts,shewillbeentitledtothebenefitofit.Ifafemalecomplainantmarriespendingasuit,andafterwards,beforerevivor,herhusbanddies,abillofrevivorbe-comesunnecessary,herincapacitytoprosecutethesuitbeingremoved.Butthesubsequentproceedings.oughttobeinthename,andwiththedescription,whichshehasacquiredbythemarriage.Andifthewifedies,pendingasuitbyherselfandhusbandforanaccountoftherentsofherestate,herpersonalrepresentativesarenotnecessarypartiestoabillofrevivor.15Ifthecomplainant,inabillofinterpleader,shoulddieafteradecreethatthedefendantsshouldinterplead,therewillbenoabatementofthesuit;forbysuchadecreethesuitisterminatedastothecomplainant,althoughthelitigationmaystillcontinuebetweenthedefendantsunderthedecreeofinter-pleader;andinthateventthecausemaystillproceed,withoutanyrevivoragainsttherepresentativesofthecomplainant.10Suitsbypublicofficersintheirofficialcapacitydonotabatebythedeathoftheindividualholdingtheoffice,ortheexpirationofhisterm,andnorevivorinthenameofhissuccessorisnecessary.17§701.ProperPartiestoaBillofRevivor.—Thepartywhdsucceedstotherightsofthedecedentinthelitigationistheproperpersonbyoragainst11Sto.Eq.PI.,§360. | 15Sto.Eq.PI.,§361.12M.&V.'sCode,§3432. i 16Sto.Eq.PL,§362.13Sto.Ea.PI..§357:Gilchristv.Cannon.1I 17Feltsv.Mavor.2Head.656:Polkv.Phimmpr-

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§701 BILLSOFREVIVOR.550whomthebillofrevivorshouldbefiled.1*Iflandisinvolved,thedecedent'sheirs,ordevisees,orexecutorsholdingitunderawill,mustbemadeparties;ifnolandbeinvolved,hisadministratororexecutormusttakehisshoes.Ifacreditor,whosuesonbehalfofhimselfandallothercreditors,dies,thesuitmay,berevivedbyhispersonalrepresentative.Ifthelatterdoesnotchoosetoreviveit,thenanyothercreditor,atleastanyonewhohasprovedhisdebtunderadecreebeforetheMaster,may,byasupplementalbill,con-tinuethecause,andproceedthereinforthebenefitofallthecreditors.Andthisisonthegroundthatthecreditor,soreviving,wasreallyoneoftheoriginalcomplainants,thesuitbeingforhisbenefit.19Asuitwhichhasbecomeentirelyabatedmayberevivedastopartonlyofthematterinlitigation,orastoapartbyonebill,andastotheotherpartbyanother.20Thus,iftherightsofacomplainantinasuituponhisdeathbecomevested,apartinhisreal,andapartinhispersonal,representatives,therealrepresentativesmayrevivethesuit,sofarasconcernshisrealestate,andthepersonalrepresentatives,sofarasconcernshispersonalestate.21Butthebet-terpracticewouldbetoallowonlyonebilltobefiled,andtorequirethatallthosenotjoininginitascomplainantsbemadedefendants.The.ruleisgen-eralthatifsomecomplainants,entitledtofileabillofrevivorrefusetojoinit,theymaybemadedefendants.22Abillofrevivor,properlysocalled,liesonlybyoragainstthepersonswhoaretheproperrepresentativesofthedeceasedpartyastothemattersincon-troversy.Ifthesuitrespectsthepersonalassetsonlyofthedeceasedparty,hisexecutororadministratoristheproperparty,byoragainstwhomthebillistobefiled.Ifthesuitrespectstherealestateofthedeceasedparty,hisheirsordeviseesaretheproperpartiestothebillofrevivor.23Ifthesuitrespectsboththerealandpersonalestate,thenboththerealandpersonalrepresenta-tivesmustbepartiestothebill.24Theonequestiontobeansweredinconsider-ingtheproperpersontorevive,ortoreviveagainst,iswho,inlaw,standsintheshoesofthedecedent.25Hence,ifadecedenthaspartedwithhisinterestpendingthesuit,itmayberevivedbyoragainstthesuccessorininterest,insteadofthepersonalrepresentativeorheir.26Whereafteradefendantdies,hisheirstransfertheirinteresttoathirdpersonbeforeanyrevivor,thelattershouldbemadeapartybyabillofrevivorandsupplement.27So,ifthedece-dentwasabankrupt,thesuitshouldberevivedinthenameofhisassigneeinbankruptcy.28Ifthereareseveralcomplainants,andthedefendantdies,someofthemmayproceedtorevivewithouttheothers,ifthelatterrefuse;fortheobstinacyofsomeofthepartiesshallnothindertherestfromassertingtheirowninter-est.Butinsuchcasestheoriginalcomplainants,whorefusetojoin,shouldbemadedefendantstothebillofrevivor.29Atestforthecomplainanttoapply,whenadefendantdies,is:toascertainwhichsetofhisrepresentativesisnecessarytoenablehimtoobtainthefullreliefheseeksonthepleadingsastheystand.Andatestforthedefendantstoapply,whenarevivorissoughtagainstthembythecomplainants,is:toascertainwhethertheestatetheyderivefromthedecedentcan,inanyway,bedirectlyaffectedbyadecreeonthepleadingsastheystand.30Ifthedecedentisacomplainantandanextfriend,anewnextfriendorguardianmustbeobtainedtoprosecutethesuit,unlessthepersonforwhomthedecedentsueshasbecomesuijuris,inwhichcasenorevivorisnecessary.Ifthedecedentisacomplainantguardian,anewguardianmustrevive,oraisCode,§§2855:2859.See,ante,§113.19Sto.Eq.PL,§36S.20Sto.Eq.PL,§367.21Sto.Eq.PL,§367.22Sto.Eq.PI.,§369.23Sto.Eq.PL,§354o.24Prestonv.Golde,12Lea,267.25Code,§§2855;2859.
26Code,§2850.272Dan.Ch.Pr.,1541,note.28Moffitv.Cruise,7Cold.,137.20Sto.Eq.PI.,§359.30TheChaptersonPartieswillthrow,lightonthequestionoftheproperpersonstoreviveorre-viveagainst;especially§§113-116.

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551 BILLSOFREVIVOR.§702nextfriendmayrevive,onmotion,inlieuofthedeceasedguardian.Ifthesuitisagainstadecedentguardian,intherightofhisward,itmustberevivedagainstthenewguardian,31butineasetherebenonewguardiantheCourtwould,onmotion,appointaguardianadlitemtorepresentthepersonunderdisability.Wheretheabatementisoccasionedbythemarriageofafemalecomplainant,thesuitmayberevivedbythehusbandandwifejointly,unlessthesuitwasforthewife'sseparateproperty,freefromherhusband'scontrol,inwhichcaseanextfriendmustreviveforher,andherhusbandmustbemadea.defendant.32Asuitbyanadministratormay,onhisdeath,berevivedbyhisadministrator,orbyanadministratordebonisnonoftheoriginaldecedent.33§702.WhentheWidowShouldbeMadeaParty.—Whenthesuitisliabletoaffectlandsinwhichthewidowofthedeceaseddefendanthasrightsofhomesteadanddower,sheshouldbemadeapartybybillofrevivor,sothatshemaybeboundbythedecree,ifshehavenorights,andsothatherhomesteadanddowermaybeassignedbeforesale,ifshehavesuchrights,orsothat,ifsheelect,thelandbesoldfreefromhomesteadanddower,andshebegiventhemoneyvaluethereofoutoftheproceeds.Thewidow'srighttohomesteadisnotderivedthroughtheheirsofherhusband,andonhisdeath,survivesdirectlytoher,andbecomeshers;and,onthedeathofherhusband,ifshebenotmadeapartytoasuitaffectingthelandinwhichsheclaimsahomestead,shemaylitigateherclaimsinanindependentsuit.34Hence,itismanifestthat,whenaclaimforhomesteadcanbesetup,thewidowmustberevivedagainst.Theheirsdonotrepresenther,orherin-terests;ontheotherhand,thereissomeconflictbetweenherrightsofhome-stead,andtheheirs'rights,tothesameland.35§703.WhenaDefendantmayFileaBillofRevivor.—Adefendantmayfileabillofrevivorafteradecree,incasehehasabeneficialinteresttherein,orcanderiveabenefitfromthefurtherproceedingsinthecause.Thisises-peciallytrueafteradecreeorderinganaccount,forinsuchacasebothpartiesareactors.Anditwouldseem,onprinciple,thatwhereadefendanthadcon-currentinterestswiththecomplainantsinthebenefitsofthereliefsought,orhadanybeneficialinterestinthereliefsought,hewouldbeentitledtofileabillofrevivor;36andthisrightisnowfullyestablishedbystatute.37Ifoneormoreofseveralcomplainantsdie,andthesuitisnotrevivedwithinthetwotermsallowed,thedefendantmayrevive,orelecttoproceedtotrialwiththesurvivingcomplainant,ormayhavethesuitabated,ifrevivorisnec-essary.38Butwhenabillofrevivorisfiledbyadefendant,itmerelysubstan-tiatesthesuit,andbringsbeforetheCourtthepartiesnecessarytoseetotheexecutionofthedecree,andtobetheobjectsofitsoperations,ratherthantolitigatetheclaimsmadebytheseveralpartiesintheoriginalpleadings,exceptsofarastheyremainundecided.Norwillarevivorbyadefendanttakefromthecomplainanttheconductofthecase,unlesssoorderedbyCourt.39Whenanysoleexecutororadministratoriscomplainantordefendant,anddies,thesuitmayberevivedbyoragainsttheexecutor,administratordebonisnon,orothersuccessorininterestofthedecedent.40§704.WhatMattersareinIssueuponaBillofRevivor.—Adefendanttoabillofrevivorcannot,inhisanswertothebill,gointothemeritsofthecontroversyintheoriginalsuit.41Ifitisallegedinthebillofrevivorthathestandsintheshoesofthedecedentasregardsthemattersincontroversy,that31Code,§2859.Ifthesuitisbythewardandagainstaguardianinhisownwrong,insuchacase,ontheguardian'sdeath,thesuitmustberevivedagainsthisadministrator,orexecutor.322Dan.Ch.Pr.,1538.33Woodv.Tomlin,8Pick.,514.34Williamsv.Williams,7Bax.,116;see,ante,§125
35CollinsV.Boyett,3Pick.,334;see,also,3Pick.,148-154.362Dan.Ch.Pr.,1539;Sto.Eq.PI.,§372.37Code,§§2856;2859;SeeBrandonv.Mason,1Lea,615.38Code,§§2851-2852.392Dan.Ch.Pr.,1540;Sto.Eq.PL,§376.40r<i^fS5!8«

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§705 BILLSOFREVIVOR.552istheonlyissue.42Ifheisnottheheir,ortheexecutor,oradministrator,orethersuccessorininterest,ofthedecedentasalleged,onhisdenialthereofthecomplainantinthebillofrevivormustproveit,orfailtosustainhisbill.Ontheotherhand,ifthecomplainantseekstorevivethesuitinhisownnameasheir,executor,administrator,orothersuccessor,ofthedecedent,thedefendantmaydenythis,andunlesstheallegationbeproven,thebillmustbedismissed.Themattersinissueuponabillofrevivorarethemattersofissuepresentedbythatbill,andnotanymatterspresentedbytheoriginalbill.TheonlythingforlitigationonabillofrevivoriswhetherthenewpartybroughtbeforetheCourthastherepresentativecharacterimputedtohim,43andwhetherthetimehaselapsedwithinwhichabillofrevivorispermissible.44If,however,thecomplainantinthebillofrevivordoesnotproperlypresentthequestionofrevivorinhisbill;forinstance,ifhemadeamis-statementoftheoriginalbillmaterialtothematterofarevivor,thedefendant,inhisanswertothelatterbill,maycorrectsuchmis-statement;andsomayhe,inanycase,byhisanswertothebillofrevivor,bringbeforetheCourtanymatterproperfortheCourt'sconsiderationonthequestionofrevivor,oroftheproperpersontotaketheshoesofthedecedent.Hence,thegeneralrulethatuponabillofrevivor,thesolequestionsbeforetheCourtarethecompetencyofthepartytorevive,andthecorrectnessoftheframeofthebilltorevive.45Whereverasuitabatesbydeath,andtheinterestofthepersonwhosedeathhascausedtheabatementistransmittedbyoperationoflawtoanheiratlaw,oranexecutor,oradministrator,sothatthetitlecannotbedisputed,theonlyquestioninissueiswhetherthepersonseekingtorevive,orsoughttoberevivedagainst,isthatrepresentative.Ifasuitabatesbythemarriageofafemalecomplainant,andnoactisdonetoaffecttherightsofthepartybutthemarriage,notitlecanbedisputed
:
thepersonofthehusbandisthesolefacttobeascertained^46"Whereabillofrevivorisfiledagainstanon-residentasdeviseewithoutat-tachmentofproperty,aproconfessoonlycreatesanissue,andthedeathofthetestator,«,ndthedeviseeasalleged,mustbeprovedbeforeanydecreecanbepronounced.47§705.SomeGeneralResultsofaRevivor.—BillsofRevivor,inalltheirvarieties,whensustained,havetheeffectofputtingthenewpartiesintheshoesofthosetheyrepresent,whethertheprivitybeofbloodorofestate,byoperationoflaworactoftheparties.48Onrevivor,thesuitstandsinthesameconditionastheoriginalbillatthetimeoftheabatement,andiscon-sideredaspendingfromthefilingoftheoriginalbill,soasnottobeaffectedbythestatuteoflimitations.Ifthedefendanthasnotansweredtheoriginalbill,hemustansweritaftertherevivor;or,ifaproconfessohadbeenproperlytakenontheoriginalbill,thebenefitofitwillaccruetothecomplainantinthebillofrevivor.49Iftheoriginalbillhasbeenanswered,nofurtheranswerisrequired,50orr.llowed,unlessadiscoveryofassetsisdesiredfromthepersonalrepresentativeofthedeceaseddefendant;thedepositionsofwitnesses,ifanyhavebeentaken,maybereadatthehearing,orforanyotherpurposeforwhichtheoriginalpartiesmighthaveusedthem;and,ifthecausehasproceededtoafinaldecree,itwillcontinueinforceagainstthenewparty.51Onarevivor,thenewpartyoccupiestheshoesoftheoriginalparty,andisboundbyhisanswer,iffiled,andbyallordersanddecreesaffectinghim,andbyallagreementsmadebyhim.52Andthisisespeciallytrueofapersonalrep-
42Berriganv.Fleming,2Lea,271.432Dan.Ch.Pr.,1545,note.44Allen&Hill,exrs.,v.Shanks,6Pick.,359.452Dan.Ch.Pr.,1509,note;Lewis)'.Outlaw,1Tenn.,(Overt.)140.46Sto.Eq.PI.,§364.47Andersonv.McNeal,4Lea,303.
48Onthesubjectofprivities,see,ante,§165.49Sto.Eq.PL,§380;LewisV.Outlaw,1Tenn.,(Overt.)142;Berriganv.Fleming,2Lea,271.50Lewis0.Outlaw,1Tenn.,(Overt.)143;Berri-ganv.Fleming,2Lea,271.512Dan.Ch.Pr.,1540;1545.52Allen&Hill,exrs.,v.Shanks,6Pick.,359.

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553 BILLSOFREVIVOR.§706Tesentative,andofheirs,whetheradultsorminors,whocantakeupthede-fenceonlyatthepointwherethedecedentleft.53ThenewpartybroughtbeforetheCourtbyrevivor,notonlystandsexactlyinthesameplightandconditionasthepartywhoseplacehetakes,butashereceivesthebenefitsofallformerproceedings,ifany,soheisboundbyalltheliabilititesthereof,ifany,andmaybesubjecttoallthecostsoftheproceedingsfromthebeginningofthesuit.54But,whenthehusbandofafemalecomplain-antrevivesasuitaftermarriage,hegivessecurityforthecosts,inwhichcasetheoriginalprosecutionsuretiesaredischargedfromallliabilityforsub-sequentlyaccruingcosts.55§706.SummaryoftheRulesRelativetoRevivors.—Thefollowingaretheprincipalrulesgoverningrevivorswhenadefendantdies:™1.ThePersonalRepresentatives"aretheproperpersonstoreviveagainst,whenthereliefsoughtagainstthedecedentwouldinanywayhavemadehimliableforanydebt,duty,ordamage,orinanywayhaveaffectedhistitle,rights,interests,orclaims,inorto,personaltyofanysort,includingmoney,debts,chosesinaction,bonds,stocks,securities,realorpersonal,leasesofland,yoods,merchandise,andchattelsofallkinds.2.TheRealRepresentativesssaretheproperpersonstoreviveagainst,whenthereliefsoughtagainstthedecedentwould,inanyway,haveaffectedhistitle,rights,interests,orclaims,in,orto,realestate,notincludingleasesonlands,butincludingalllandsthelegaltitletowhichwasinhimtosecuredebts,orinhimforanyothertrustpurpose.3.BoththeRealandthePersonalRepresentativesmustberevivedagainstwhenthereliefsoughtwouldhaveaffectedboththerealandthepersonalestateofthedecedent,asshowninthetwoprecedingparagraphs.Thefollowingaretheprincipalrules,astowhoaretheproperpersonstoreviveasuitwhenthecomplainantdies:1.ThePersonalRepresentativesaretheproperpersonstorevive,iftheobjectofthesuitistodeclare,protect,secure,recover,enforce,orotherwiseaffect,rightsto,orinterestsin,personaltyofanykind:thetermpersonaltyherein-cludesmoney,debts,duty,damages,chosesinaction,bonds,stocks,securitiesrealandpersonal,leasesofland,goods,merchandise,andchattelsofallsorts.2.TheRealRepresentativesaretheproperpersonstorevive,iftheobjectofthesuitistodeclare,protect,secure,recover,orenforce,rightsto,orinterestsin,realestate.3.BoththeRealandthePersonalRepresentativesaretheproperpersonstore-viveasuit,ifrightsto,orinterestsin,bothrealandpersonalestate,aresoughttobedeclared,protected,secured,recovered,enforced,orotherwiseaffected.Andthewholemattermaybestillfurthersummarizedasfollows:1.Ifthesuitaffectsthepersonalestateexclusively,thepersonalrepresentativemustexclusivelytakethedecedent'splace.2.Ifthesuitaffectstherealestateex-clusively,therealrepresentativesmustexclusivelytakethedecedent'splace.3.Ifthesuitaffectsboththerealandthepersonalestate,boththerealandthepersonalrepresentativesofthedecedentmusttakehisplace.Andthefundamentaltestofthepropersetofrepresentativestotakethedecedent'splaceis:whichsetwillbedirectlybenefitedorinjuredbytherelief
,53BrooksV.Gibson,3Shan.Cas.,760.542Dan.Ch.Pr.,1540;LewisV.Outlaw,1Tenn.,(Overt.,)140;BerriganV.Fleming,2tea,271.55Code,§2861.56Bydefendantisheremeantadefendantagainstwhomreliefisprayed,andnotadefendantwhoserightsandinterestareconcurrent,inwholeorinpart,withthoseofthecomplainant.57Theterm,"personalrepresentatives,"inthisChapter,includesexecutorsandadministrators,and
heirswhenthereisnoexecutororadministrator,andarevivorissoughtbyoragainstthemasper-sonalrepresentativesundertheCode.§2849.58Theterm,"realrepresentatives,"inthisChap-terincludesheirs,devisees,andtheassigneesofrealtytransferredduringthelitigation.Itwill,also,includetheexecutorwhenthewilldeviseshimanytitletotherealtyindispute;and,iftherebeawidowwithhomesteadrights,shewould,also,beincludedamongtherealrepresentatives,andshouldbemadeapartydefendantalongwiththe

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§707 BILLSOPREVIVOR.554sought.Thesetliabletoeitherbenefitorinjury,asthedirectresultofthesuit,isthepropersettotakehisplace.§707.RevivorofDecrees.—Adecreemayberevivedbyandagainstthesameparties,byandagainstwhomapendingsuitmayberevived;andtheprocedureisthesame,asheretoforestated.69Therevivormaybeonabilltiledforthatpurpose,oronascirefacias,underthestatute.Whereabillisfiledbyacomplainanttoreviveasuitafteradecree,andtoprosecutethedecree,itisnotcompetentforthedefendantinhisanswertoresisttherevival,bystatingmatterwhichexistedbeforethedecree,orwhichhasarisensince,affectingthemeritsofthedecree;andsuchmatter,ifstated,willbetreatedasimpertinent.Thereasonis,thatifthefactsexistedbeforethedecree,andthepropertimeformakingthemapartofthedefencehasbeenpermittedtopassby,theomissioncannotbesuppliedinthismanner;andifnewmatterhasarisensincethedecree,varyingthesituationoftheparties,othermeansexistforbringingitforward.Therightofapartytoprosecuteadecree,andtodowhatisnecessaryforthatpurpose,cannotdependuponthemeritsofthedecree.60Whereabillofrevivorisbroughtbyadefendantafteradecree,itmerelysubstantiatesthesuit,andbringsbeforetheCourtthepartiesnecessarytoseetotheexecutionofthedecree,andtobetheobjectsofitsoperations,ratherthantolitigatetheclaimsmadebytheseveralpartiesintheoriginalpleadings,exceptsofarastheyremainundecided.61Anyeventthathastranspiredsincethedecreewasentered,wherebythedecreehasbeensatisfied,discharged,releasedorbarred,maybesetupinde-fencetoanyattempttorevivethedecree,whethersuchattemptbebyabillofrevivor,orbyascirefacias.62Thedefendanttothedecreemay,also,pleadandshowthatthedecreeisbarredbythestatuteoflimitations.63Whenadecreeisrevived,itisnotpropertopronounceanewdecreefortheamountoftheformerdecreeandaccruedinterest;forthatcanbedoneonlyinasuitbroughtontheformerdecree.Onarevivor,theproperdecreeistoorderthattheoriginaldecreebe,andstand,revivedinfavorofthenewpartythereuntoentitled,oragainstthenewpartystandinginthedecedent'sshoes,asthecasemaybe.64Thefollowingwillserveasaformincaseofarevivor,omittingthecaptionandrecitalsofthedecree
:
REVIVOROFADECREE.Itis,therefore,orderedanddecreedbytheCourt,thatthedecree,madeinthiscause,onJuly9,1885,infavorofthecomplainant,JohnDoe,andagainstthethendefendant,RichardRoe,forthesumofonethousanddollars,andthecostsofthecause,[or,forthetractoflandinsaiddecreedescribed,]beandthesameisinallthingsrevivedagainstRobertRoe,astheadministrator,[or,heiratlaw,]ofsaidRichardRoe;andthatexecutionissueonsaiddecreeofJuly9,1885,forsaidsumofonethousanddollars,interestthereon,andforsaidcosts,and,also,forthecostsofthisproceeding,tobeleviedonthegoodsandchattels,rightsandcredits,inthehandsofsaidRobertRoetobeadministered,[or,iftherevivorisagainsttheheirastosaidland,add,aftertheword"revived,"againstRobertRoe,thesoleheiratlawofsaidRichardRoe;andthatawritofpossessionissuetoputthecomplainantinpossessionofsaidtractofland,andthatanexecutionissueagainstsaidRobertRoe,asad-ministrator,forthecostsadjudgedagainsthisintestateinsaiddecreeofJuly9,1885,andagainsthiminhisownrightforthecostsofthisproceedingtorevivesaiddecree.65]Iftheoriginaldecreeortherecordinthecause,orboth,havebeenlost,mut-ilated,ordestroyed,itmaystillberevived,eitherbyabillofrevivor,orbyascirefacias,for,incontemplationoflaw,thedecreeisregardedinexistence.66
-§708.FrameofaBillofRevivor.—Abillofrevivormuststateinbriefterms:(1)thefilingoftheoriginalbill,(2)whowerethecomplainantsand59See,ante.§574.60Sto.Eq.PL,§370o.61Sto.Eq.PI.,§376.62BankV.Vance,9Yerg.,471;McintoshV.Paul,6Lea,47.63McGrewv.Reasons,3Lea,485.64Whitworthv.Thompson,8Lea,487.
05Theheirwouldnotbeliableforthecostsoftheoriginalsuit,suchcostsbeingachargeagainstthedecedent'spersonalestate.Insuchacase,itwouidbepropertoreviveagainsttheheirastotheland,andagainsttheadministratorastothecosts.00Whitworthv.Thompson,8Lea,485.

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555 jbillsofrevivor.§709defendantstoit,(3)whatitsprayerorobjectwas,(4)theseveralproceedingsthereon,(5)theabatement,(6)thetitleofthecomplainanttorevivethesuit,(7)somuehnewmatter,andnomore,asisrequisitetoshowhowthecom-plainantbecomesentitledtorevive,and(8)mustchargethatthecauseoughttoberevived,andtostandinthesamecondition,withrespecttothepartiestotheoriginalcauseasitwasatthetimewhentheabatementhappened;andit(9)mustpray,thatthesuitmayberevivedaccordingly.Itmaylikewisebenecessary,inmanycasesagainstpersonalrepresentatives,tochargethattheyhaveassets,andtopraythatthedefendantmayanswerthebillofrevivor;foranadmissionofassets,oranaccountofthepersonalestatemayberequisite,fromtherepresentativeofadeceasedparty.Inthislattercase,ifthedefend-antdoesadmitassets,thecausemayproceedagainsthimuponanorderofrevivormerely.Butifhedoesnotmakethatadmission,thecausemustbeheardforthepurposeofobtainingthenecessaryaccountsoftheestateofthedeceasedparty,toanswerthedemandsmadeagainstitbythesuit.Andtheprayerofthebill,therefore,insuchacaseusuallyis,notonlythatthesuitmayberevived,butalso,thatincasethedefendantshallnotadmitassetstoanswerthepurposesofthesuit,suchaccountsmaybetaken.And,sofar,thebillisinthenatureofanoriginalbill.Butuponabillofrevivorproper,thesolequestionsbeforetheCourtarethecompetencyofthepartiestoreviveorberevivedagainst,andthecorrectnessoftheframeofabillofrevivor.67Ifadefendanttoanoriginalbilldies,beforeputtinginananswer;orafterananswertowhichexceptionshavebeentaken;orafteranamendmenttothebill,towhichnoanswerhasbeenfiled;thebillofrevivor,althoughrequiringinitselfnoanswer,mustpraythattheperson,againstwhomitseekstorevivethesuit,mayanswertheoriginalbill,orsomuchofitastheexceptionstakentotheansweroftheformerdefendantextendto,orastheamendment,remain-ingunanswered,requires.88§709.FormofaBillofRevivor.—Theformofabillofrevivorwill,per-haps,betterappearbyanillustration,thanbydescription.BIIXOFREVIVOR.TotheHon.AlbertG.Hawkins,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatHuntingdon,forthecountyofCarroll
:
JohnDoe,complainant,1vs. fBothresidentsofCarrollcounty.RobertRoe,defendant.JComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.ThatonJuly10,1890,hefiledhisoriginalbillinthisCourtagainstRichardRoetore-coveradebtduehimfromsaidRoe,[or,torecoveratractoflandinsaidbilldescribed,or,otherwise,asthecasemaybe_,brieflystated.]ThesaidRichardRoewasmadeadefendanttosaidbillbydueprocess,andansweredthesaidbill,[ifsuchbethefact;]anddepositionsweretakeninthecause,andotherprooffiled,[*/suchbethefacts;]andthecausewasheard,andthefollowingfinaldecreewaspronounced[settingoutthedecreeinfull.Ifnodecreewaspronounced,thispartofthebillwillbeomitted,ofcourse.]ii.Sincesaidbillwasfiled,[or,sincesaidanswerwasfiled;or,sincesaidproofwasfiled;or,sincesaiddecreewaspronounced,]thesaiddefendanttosaidoriginalbill,RichardRoe,hasdiedintestate,[or,testate,]andRobertRoe,thedefendanttothisbill,hasbeenappointedhisadministrator,[or,hasdulyqualifiedashisexecutor,or,ifrealestateisinvolved,ishissoleheiratlaw,or,hissoledevisee]andsucceedstoalloftherightsandliabilitiesofthesaidRichardRoe,deceased,insaidoriginalcause.in.Complainantisadvisedthatheisentitledtohavesaidsuit[or,decree,]revivedagainstthesaidRobertRoeastheadministrator[or,executor,or,heir,or,devisee,]ofthesaidRichardRoe,deceased;andhe,therefore,prays
:
1st.ThatsaidRobertRoebemadeapartydefendanttothisbillbyserviceofsubpoena,[or,bypublication,ifheisanon-resident;]andthatheberequiredtoanswerthisbill,buthisoathtohisansweriswaived.

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§710STATUTORYMETHODSOPREVIVOR.5562d.Thatsaidsuit,[or,decree,]mayberevivedagainsthimastheadministrator[orexecutor,or,heir,or,devisee,]ofsaidRichardRoe,deceased,andmayonsuchrevivorstandinthesameplightandconditionasitwasatthetimeofthedeathofsaidRichardRoe.3d.Thatcomplainantmayhavesuchotherandfurtherreliefinthepremisesasequitymayrequire,andastoyourHonorshallseemmeet.Hawkins&Hawkins,Solicitors.Ifthecomplainantseekstoreviveinhisownnameasadministrator,execu-tor,heir,ordevisee,hewillreciteinhisbillthedeathoftheoriginalcomplain-ant,andthatheishisadministrator,executor,heir,ordevisee,andwillpraythatthesuit,ordecree,berevivedinhisnameassuchadministrator,executor,heir,ordevisee,againstthedefendant,andtostandinthesameplightandconditioninwhichitwasatthetimeofthedeathoftheoriginalcomplainantandforgeneralrelief.
ARTICLEII.STATUTORYMETHODSOFREVIVOR.§710.RevivorbyMotion.§711.RevivorbyScireFacias,orNotice.§712.WhataScireFaciasAgainstHeirsShouldShow.§713.DefencestoaScireFacias,HowMade.
§714.ExtentoftheLiabilitiesResultingFromaRevivor.§715.FormsUsedinRevivingCauses.§716.StatutoryProvisionsRelativetotheAbatementandRevivorofSuits.§710.RevivorbyMotion.—Thetendencyofthetimesistowardsimplicityinpleading;andmereformalismismoreandmoredepartedfrom.Ourstatutesprovidetwosimpleandefficaciousmethodsofrevivor:one,bymeremotion,andtheotherbyscirefacias,ornotice.1Thepersonentitledtotheplaceofthedeceasedparty,whethercomplainantordefendant,may,onhisownmotion,and,ofcourse,onproperproofofhistitle,taketheplaceofsuchdeceasedparty,andhavethecauserevivedinhisname.2Ifallpartiesshouldconsent,noproofoftheperson'stitletorevivewouldbenecessary.Ifhistitletotheplaceofthedeceasedpartyisnotad-mitted,hemayproveitbyoralevidence,ifheisanheir,oranassignee;bywrittenevidenceifavendee;bylettersofadministrationorguardianship,ifanadministratororguardian;andbyproductionofthewillandrecordproofofitsprobateandhisqualification,ifanexecutor.Sotheadverseparty,whethercomplainantordefendant,mayrevivethesuitagainsttheproperpersonentitledtotheplaceofthedeceasedparty,withtheconsentofthatperson,onmeremotion,3whethersuchpersonbecomplain-antordefendant.Thehusbandofafemalecomplainantmaymakehimselfapartycomplainantbymotion,ongivingbondwithgoodsecurityfortheprosecutionofthesuit;4
andthesuitmayberevived,atanytimebeforethefinaldispositionthereof,againstthehusbandofafemaleparty,onmotionwithhisconsent.5Asuitmayberevivedinthenameofinfantsbytheirnextfriend,bymotion,theybeingtheheirsandsuccessorsofadeceasedcomplainant.
-1Code,§§4425;2855-2856.While,however,thestatutorymethodsrenderabillofrevivorunneces-sary,inmanycases,itmustnotbe,onthataccount,supposedthattherulesandprinciplesgoverningbillsofrevivor,andproceedingsthereon,areinanywaysuperseded,orabridged.Onthecontrary,allofthoserulesandprinciplesapplywithfull_foroewhenarevivoris'undertaken,eitherbymotionorbyscirefacias.Themotion,orscirefacias,super-sedesthebillofrevivorasapleading,only;therights,duties,andliabilitiesofthepartiesarepre-
ciselythesamewhethertherevivorbeattemptedorconsummatedbyabillofrevivor,orbymotion,orbyscirefacias;and,asaconsequence,therulesandprinciplesdefiningtherights,duties,aridliabilitiesofthepartiessetforthinthefirsttArticleofthisChapterareeouallyapplicabletothisArticle.2Code,§2851;2855.3Code,§2856.4Code,§2861.5Code,§2862.Code,§2855;JonesV.McKenna,4Lea,630.

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557 STATUTORYMETHODSOPREVIVOR.§711ORDERSOFREVIVORONMOTION.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe.Thedeathofthecomplainant,JohnDoe,hayingbeendulysuggestedandproved,[or,admitted,]byconsentofparties,andonmotionofDanielDoe,thissuitisrevivedinhisnameastheadministrator,[or,executor,or,heir,]ofsaidJohnDoe,deceased.[Or,iftherebenoconsent,thisformmaybeused:ThedeathofJohnDoewasthisdaydulysuggestedandprovedinopenCourt;and,there-upon,cameDanielDoeandproducedandfiledhislettersofadministrationon[or,hisletterstestamentaryasexecutorof]theestateofsaidJohnDoe,andmovedtheCourttorevivethiscauseinhisnameassuchadministrator[or,astheexecutorofsaidJohnDoe,]onconsidera-tionwhereofsaidmotionwasallowed,andsaidcauserevivedinthenameofDanielDoeassuchadministrator,[or,executor,]andorderedtostandinthesameplightandconditionasitwasinatthetimeofthedeathofthesaidJohnDoe.[Or,iftherevivorisagainstaparty,itmaybeasfollozvs:Inthiscause,thedeathofthedefendant,RichardRoe,wasthisdaysuggestedandprovedinopenCourt,andbyconsentofRobertRoe,giveninopenCourt,thiscauseisrevivedagainsthimastheadministrator,[or,executor,or,heir,]ofsaidRichardRoe,deceased,andisor-deredtostandinthesameconditionaswhenRichardRoedied.§711.RevivorbyScireFacias,orNotice.—Ifthepersonentitledtotheplaceofthedeceasedparty,doesnotonhisownmotion,orbyhisconsent,Decomeapartybyrevivor,theadverseparty,whethercomplainantordefend-ant,mayreviveagainsthimbyscirefacias,ornotice.7Andso,whereafemalepartymarriesduringtheprogressofasuit,arevivormaybehadagainstherhusband,byscirefa-cias,atanytimebeforethefinaldispositionofthesuit.sThescirefacias,ornotice,mayissueintermtime,orinvacation,9uponmotionofthecomplainant;anditneedonly(1)givethenamesoftheparties;and(2)recitethefilingofthebill,(3)thependencyofthesuit,and(4)thedeathormarriage,asthecasemaybe,oftheparticularparty,and(5)requirethepersonagainstwhomitisissuedtoappear,andshowcausewhythesuitshouldnotberevivedagainsthim,asthepersonentitledtothedecedent'splaceinthesubject-matterofthelitigation,orasthehusbandofthemarriedfemaleparty.10Onthereturnofthescirefaciasdulyexecuted,theClerkandMasterinvacation,ortheCourtintermtime,willmakeanorderofrevivor,asamat-terofcourse,unlessgoodcausetothecontrarybeshown.11Ifanyadditionalmatteristobesetup,bywayofamendmentorsupplementtotheoriginalbill,themethodofrevivorbyscirefacias,ornotice,willbeinadequate,andtheOrdinaryChanceryprocedurebybillofrevivor,insomeoneofitsvariousforms,mustberesortedto.§712.WhataScireFaciasAgainstHeirsShouldShow.—Ifnopersonwilladministerontheestateofadeceasedplaintiffordefendant,thesuitmayberevivedbyoragainsttheheirsofthedecedent.12Thestatuteevidentlycontem-platesarevivorbyoragainsttheheirsastherepresentativesofthepersonalestate,ratherthanoftherealestate.Theexistingpracticeallowedarevivorbyoragainsttheheirsastherepresentativesoftherealestate,andhencetherewasnoneedofastatuteforsucharevivor.Forthisreason,ifthesuitaffectsboththerealtyandthepersonaltyofthedecedent,(asasuittorescindalandsale,)andthedefendantsoughttobechargeddies,andanordinaryscirefaciasissuesagainsthisheirs,thepresumptionoflawarisesthattherevivorissoughtagainstthemsolelyasheirsatlaw,thatis,asrepresentativesofthedecedent'srealestate;andtheheirshavetherighttorelyonthatpresumption;andnodecreecanproperlyberenderedagainstthem,onsucharevivor,holdingthemliableonapersonaljudgment,astherepresentativesofthedecedent'spersonalestate.13Hence,ifthecomplainantinanysuit,andespeciallyinoneofthecharactermentionedwherethedefendantmaybeheldliableforeitherareal
7Code,§2856.»Code,§2862.nCode,§§2857;4426.10Cnrfe884428:2859;Winterv.Shankland.3
11Code.§2857;Brownv.Rocco,9Heisk.,197.Thescirefaciasshouldbemadereturnableto,andthecauserevivedat,aruleday.Code,§54429-4418.See.tost.S1163.

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§713STATUTORYMETHODSOPREVIVOR.558orpersonalrecovery,seekstoreviveagainsttheheir'sofsuchdefendant,andtoholdthemliableasrepresentativesbothoftherealandpersonalestateofthedecedent,thescirefaciasmustsostateonitsface,or-arevivorbasedthereonwillbedeemedtobeagainstthemintheircapacityasheirsonly;andonsuchrevivornomoneyjudgmentcanberenderedagainstthemastherepresentativesofthepersonalestate.Andbeforearevivorcanbehadagainsttheheirsaspersonalrepresentatives,itmustbeshownthatthereisnopersonwhowilladminister,andthescirefaciasmustaverthisonitsface.Itwould,also,beproperwherethescirefaciasisawardedbytheCourt,toshowintheorderthatitwassuggestedthattherewasnoadministrator,andnoonewhowouldad-minister,andthatforthisreasonscirefaciasissuetonotifytheheirs(namingthem)toshowcausewhythesuitshouldnotberevivedagainstthemasthepersonalrepresentativesofthedecedent,aswellas,therealrepresentatives.14§713.DefencestoaScireFacias,HowMade.—Thedefencestoascirefaciasarethesameastoabillofrevivor/5andwhenarevivorissoughtbymotion,scirefacias,ornotice,underthestatutoryprovisions,thepersonspro-ceededagainstmayresisttherevivoruponanysufficientground,suchasthat
Iheyarenottheexecutors,administrators,devisees,orheirs,orarenotallofthem,16orarenottheguardians,ortheassignees,orhavenointerestinthelitigation.Or,toexpressthesedefencesbriefly:thedefendanttothepro-ceedingstorevive,whethersuchproceedingbebymotion,orbyscirefacias,mayshoweitherthathedoesnotstandintheshoesofthedecedent,orthathehosnointerestinthesuit."Whensuchacontestarises,theproofmaybemadeinopenCourt,orbythedepositionsofwitnessestakenuponnotice,orbyproofbeforetheClerkandMasteronareference.17Thislastmethodisthemostconvenientandmostcon-sistentwithChancerypractice.Proofofwitnesses,orallyexaminedinopenCourt,shouldnotbeheardexceptbyconsentofalladverseparties,andinsuchcasetheymustallbecapableofgivingtheirconsent.18§714.ExtentoftheLiabilitiesResultingfromaRevivor.—Thisquestionhasalreadybeensomewhatconsidered,butmoreespeciallyinviewofthenon-statutorypractice.19Itmaybestated,asageneralrule,thatthepartiesmadesuchbyarevivoroccupytheshoesofthedecedent,andareentitledtotherightshepossessed,andaresubjecttoalltheliabilitieshehadincurred,downtoandincludingthedayofhisdeath,andtononeother.20Iftherebeanyburdens,theymustbearthem;andiftherebeanybenefits,theyareentitledtothem.Butwhenarevivortakesplaceagainstpersonswhorepresenttheestateofthedecedent,theycannotbeheldliablebeyondthevalueofsuchestate.Hence,onarevivoragainstanexecutororadministrator,oragainstheirswhenthereisnoadministrator,theycanbeheldliableonlytotheextentoftheassets,orofthecomplainant'sproportionoftheassets,intheirhandssubjecttothedecedent'sdebts.Andwhenarevivorishadagainstheirs,bothasper-sonalandasrealrepresentatives,theexecutioncanbeleviedonlyonthegoodsandchattelsofthedeceasedintheirpossessionsubjecttoexecution;and,if14Prestonv.Golde,12Lea,267.TheCodelan-guage,(§2849),is,"Ifnopersonwilladministerontheestateofadeceasedplaintiffordefendant,thesuitmayberevivedbyoragainsttheheirs,ofthedecedent."Anallegationintheorder,andinthescirefacias,thatnoone"will"administerwouldbedifficultofdirectproof.Thefact,however,thatnoonehasadministered,andthatreasonab!eitimehaselaspsedforanyonedesiringittohavehimselfap-pointedadministrator,willbeacceptedbytheCourtasproofthatnoonewilladminister.Besides,iftheheirsdesiretoprotectthemselvesfromliabilitytoberevivedagainst,theyorsomeoneormoreofthemcandosobyadministeringthemselves.16Allen&Hill,exrs.,v.Shanks,6Pick.,359,381.See,post,§720-722.16Mayfieldv.Stephenson,6Bax.,397.
17Campbellv.Hubbard,11Lea,6;Mayfieldv.Stephenson,6Bax.,401.18InMayfieldv.Stephenson,6Bax.,401,wherearevivorwashadbytheadministratorandheirsofthecomplainant,onmotion,anditnotappearingintherecordinwhatwaytheheirshipwasproven,theSupremeCourtsaysthey"mustassumethatthepersonsnamedasheirsinthisorder[ofrevivorintheirnames]wereeitheradmittedtobetheheirs,orproventobe,tothesatisfactionoftheCourt."Onacollateralattack,thisrevivorwasheldgood.Fromthisitmaybeinferredthatparolproofofheirshipinsuchcasesisadmissible,ifthefactofheirshipisnotcontroverted.19See,ante,5705.20Allen&Hill,exrs.,v.Shanks,6Pick.,359.

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559 STATUTORYMETHODSOFREVIVOR.§715nosuchgoods,ornotsufficient,thenonlyonthelandsandtenementsofthedeceasedwhichmayhavedescendedtotheheirs,subjecttoexecution.21Noproperty,realorpersonal,thatwouldnotbeliabletothedecedent'sdebtsincaseofadministration,wouldbesubjecttoexecutionagainstheirs.§715.FormsUsedinRevivingCauses.—Thefollowingformsillustratethestatutorymethodsofprovingthedeath,marriage,andrepresentativecapacityofparties,whenarevivorissought:PROOFOFDEATHANDffltARRlAGE,ANDORDERFORASCIREFACIAS.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,et.al.Inthiscause,thedeathofRichardRoeandthemarriageofRachelRoeweredulyprovedinopenCourt;[or,beforetheMasterattheApril,1891,rules,]anditbeingsuggestedthatRobertRoeistheadministrator,[or,soleheir,]ofsaidRichardRoe,.deceased;andthatJohnSmithisthehusbandofsaidRachelRoe,onmotionofcomplainant,itisorderedthatascirefaciasissuetomake,thesefactsknownto;saidRobertRoeandsaidJohnSmith,andtosummonthemtoappearatthenexttermofthisCourt,[or,attheJunerulesofthisCourt,or,beforetheClerkandMasterofthisCourtonthe1stMondayinJunenext,]toshowcause,ifanytheyoreitherofthemhave,whythissuitshouldnotberevivedagainstthesaidRobertRoeasadministrator[or,soleheir,]aforesaid,and.againstsaidJohnSmithasthehusbandofsaidRachelRoe.TheforegoingformwilladequatelyindicatethephraseologytobeusedbytheMaster,inlikecases,whenthedeathormarriageofapartyisprovedbeforehimonaruleday,andascirefaciastoreviveappliedfor.Thefollow-ingistheusualformofascirefaciasintheChanceryCourt
:
SCIREFACIASTOREVIVE.TheStateofTennessee,TotheSheriffofBlountcounty
:
Whereas,abillwasfiledintheChanceryCourtatMaryville,onMay1st,1890,byJohnDoeagainstRichardRoeandRachelRoe,whichsuitisstillinsaidCourt,pendingandundetermined
;
AndwhereasitwassuggestedattheApril,1891,termofsaidCourt[or,beforeme,attheApril,1891,rulesofsaidCourt,]thatsaidRichardRoewasdead,andthatRobertRoewashisadministrator[or,soleheir,]andthatsaidRachelRoehadmarriedJohnSmith
;
AndthesaidcomplainanthavingmovedforascirefaciasagainstsaidRobertRoeandJohnSmithtoshowcause,ifanytheyhave,whythissuitshouldnotberevivedagainstthemrespectivelyassuchadministrator[or,heir]andhusband;andthesaidCourthaving,atsaidApril,1891,term,orderedascirefaciastoissue;Youare,therefore,commandedtomakethesefactsknowntosaidRobertRoeandsaidJohnSmith,andtosummoneachofthemtoappearbeforethesaidChanceryCourtatitsnextterm,tobeheldintheCourtHouse,inMaryville,onthe3dMondayinOctobernext,[or,toappearbeforeme,atmyoffice,intheCourtHouseinMaryville,onthe1stMondayofJune,1891,]toshowcause,ifanythey,oreitherofthem,have,whythesaidsuitshouldnotberevivedagainstthesaidRobertRoeastheadministrator,[or,heir,]ofsaidRichardRoe,deceased,andagainstsaidJohnSmithasthehusbandofsaidRachelRoe.ThisMay4,1891. W.C.ChumlEa,C.&M.ORDEROFREVIVOR,ONASCIREFACIAS.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,et.al.Inthiscause,thescirefaciasheretoforeorderedtobeissued,havingbeenissuedanddulyservedonRobertRoeandJohnSmithmorethanfivedaysbeforethefirstdayofthisterm,[or,iftherevivorbeatrules,beforethisthefirstMondayofJune,1891^]andneitherofthem,havingshownanycausewhythissuitshouldnotberevivedagainstthesaidRobertRoeastheadministrator[or,heir,]ofRichardRoe,andagainstthesaidJohnSmithasthehusbandofRachelRoe,itis,therefore,orderedthatthissuitberevivedagainstthemre-spectivelyaccordingly.ORDEROFREVIVORBYCONSENT.Inthiscause,itbeingadmittedthatthedefendant,RichardRoe,hasdied,andthedefend-ant,RachaelRoe,hasmarried,sincethelasttermoftheCourt,andthatRobertRoeisthe

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§716STATUTORYMETHODSOFREVIVOR.560administrator,[or,heir,]ofsaidRichardRoe,andthatJohnSmithisthehusbandof-saidRachelRoe,andsaidRobertRoeandsaidJohnSmithinopenCourt,[or,bytheirrespectivebolicitors,]admittingthesefacts,bytheirconsentthiscauseisrevivedagainstsaidRobertRoeassaidadministrator,[or,heir,]andagainstsaidJohnSmithassaidhusband,andisorderedtostandinthesameplightandconditioninwhichitwasatthetimeofsaiddeathandmarriage.Iftherevivorisonmotion,orbyconsentoftheparties,theorderswouldbeasfollows,omittingthestyleofthecause
:
ORDERSOFREVIVOR,ONMOTION.Inthiscause,thedeathofJohnDoe,thecomplainant,wasthisdayprovedinopenCourt-;;ndthereuponcameDavidDoe,andpresentedhislettersofadministrationontheestateofsaidJohnDoe,deceased,[or,provedthathewastheheiratlawofsaidJohnDoe,deceased,
J
andmovedtheCourttorevivethiscauseinhisnameastheadministrator[or,heir,]ofsaidJohnDoe,deceased,whichmotionwasbytheCourtallowed,andthecauserevivedaccord-ingly,andorderedtostandinthesameplightandconditioninwhichitstoodatthedeathofthesaidJohnDoe.ORDERFORSCIREFACIASTOREVIVEADECREE.JohnDoe,]vs. }OrderforScireFacias.RichardRoe.JInthiscausethecomplainantbyhisSolicitor,suggestedandprovedthedeathofthede-fendant,RichardRoe,andfurthersuggestedthatRolandRoewashisadministrator[orexecutor,orheir,ordevisee,]andmovedthatascirefaciasissueagainsthim,thesaidRolandRoe,toshowcause,ifanyhehave,whythedecreerenderedagainstRichardRoeinthisCourtinfavorofcomplainantonthe—dayof—,19—,[givingitsdate,]shouldnotberevivedagainsthimassuchadministrator[orexecutor,orheir,ordevisee.]Whereupon,andonconsiderationoftherecordinthecause,saidmotionisallowedandsaidwrit2-orderedtobeissued.ORDERREVIVINGADECREE.JohnDoe,]vs. \OrderrevivingDecree.•_:
RichardRoe.JInthiscause,thescirefaciasheretoforeorderedtobeissuedagainstRolandRoe,astheadministrator[orexecutor,orheir,ordevisee,]ofthedefendant,RichardRoe,nowdeceased,havingbeenissuedanddulyservedonsaidRolandRoemorethanfivedaysbeforethefirstdayofthisterm,andhehavingshownnocausewhythedecreerenderedagainstthedefendant,RichardRoe,nowdeceased,infavorofcomplainantonthe....dayof....,19....,[giv-ingitsdate,]shouldnotberevivedagainsthim,thesaidRolandRoe,astheadministrator[orexecutor,orheir,ordevisee,23]ofsaidRichardRoe,onmotionofcomplainantandonconsiderationof,therecordinthecause,itisorderedadjudgedanddecreed,thatsaidmotionbeallowedandsaiddecreerevived,andthatcomplainanthaveandrecover.24[Heresetoutthedecreerevived,butsubstitutingthenameofRolandRoeasadministrator,orexecutor,ordeviseeofRichardRoe,intheplaceandsteadofthenameofRichardRoe.]ItisfurtherorderedanddecreedthattheSolicitor'slienofCharlesH.Smith,Esq.,onsaidformerdecreeattachtothedecreeherebyrevived.Thedefendant,RolandRoe,asadministrator,[orexecutor,orheir,ordevisee,]willpaythecostsincidentaltothescirefaciasandrevivorofsaiddecree,forwhichanexecutionisawarded.§716.StatutoryProvisionsRelativetotheAbatementandRevivorofSuits.ItisprovidedbytheCodethatnoactionshallabatebythedeath,marriage,orotherdisabilityofanyoftheparties,complainantordefendant,orbythetransferofanyinterestinthesuitbyanyparty,ifthecauseofactionsurvivesorcontinues.251.StatutoryProvisionsRelativetoAbatementbyDeath.NocivilactionsCOfft-inenced,whetherfoundedonwrongsorcontracts,exceptactionsforwrongsaffectingthecharacteroftheplaintiff,shallabatebythedeathofeitherparty,butmayberevived.Theinterventionofatermbetweenthedeathofapart/undthequalificationofthepersonalrepresentativeshallnotworkanabatementordiscontinuanceofthesuit.Norshallthesuit'abateordiscontinueforthe
22Ifthedecreerelatedtolanditmustberevivedagainsttheheir,ordevisee;iftopersonaltyordebt,againsttheadministratororexecutor.See,ante,S701.>-''>Ifthedecreeaffectsrealty,therevivormustbeI 25Code,§2845.
againsttheheir,ordevisee.See,ante,§§M3;701.24Thecomplainantisonlyentitledtointerestfromthedateofthedecree.Rogersr.Hollings-worth,11Pick.,357.

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561 STATUTORYMETHODSOPREVIVOR.§716deathofeitherparty,untilthesecondtermafterthedeathiasbeensuggestedandprovedoradmitted,andentrytothateffectmadeofrecord,26-
2.StatutoryProvisionsRelativetoRevivors.Ifnopersonwilladministerontheestateofadeceasedplaintiffordefendant,thesuitmayberevivedbyoragainsttheheirsofthedecedent.Ifthedecedenthaspartedwithhisinterestpendingthesuit,itmayberevivedbyoragainstthesuccessorininterestinsteadoftherepresentativeorheir.2TWhereoneormoreofseveralplaintiffs,notpartners,dies,thepersonentitledtorepresentthedecedentmayrevive,bymotion,atanytimebeforethecauseistriedorabated.But,ifthesuitisnotthusrevivedwithinthetwotermsallowed,thedefendantmayreviveorelecttoproceedtotrialwiththesurvivingplaintiff,orabatethesuit,ifrevivorisnecessary.Whenanysoleexecutororadministratorisplaintiffordefendant,anddies,thesuitmayberevivedbyoragainsttheexecutor,administratordebonisnon,orothersuccessorininterestofthedecedent.Noappealorwritoferrorinanycauseorcourtshallabatebythedeathofeitherplaintiffordefendant,butmayberevivedbyoragainsttheheir,per-sonalrepresentative,orassign,undertheforegoingrules.28Theactionmayberevivedbytheproperperson,entitledtothedecedent'splace,bymotionalone.Andbytheadversepartyagainstsuchproperperson,byconsentofthatperson,onmeremotion;and,withoutconsent,byscirefaciasornotice.Thescirefaciasornoticemaybesuedoutintermtimeorvacation,andtheordertorevivebemadeasofcourse,unlessgoodcausetothecontrarybeshownonthereturnoftheprocess.29Whereasuitiscommencedinthenameofonepersonfortheuseofanother,andthenominalplaintiffdies,thesuitmaybeprosecuted,withoutrevivor,as
iLthedeathhadnothappened.30Suitsabatedbythedeathofeitherpartymayberevivedbyoragainsttheheir,personalrepresentative,guardianorassign,asthecasemaybe,whomaybelegallyentitledtothedecedent'splaceinthesubject-matteroflitigation.313.StatutoryProvisionsforRevivorinCaseofMarriage.NoactioninaCourtoflaworEquitybyoragainstawomanabatesbyhermarriage,butmayberevivedbyoragainstherhusband.Thehusbandofafemaleplaintiffmaymakehimselfapartyplaintiffbymotion,andbygivingbondwithgoodsecuritytoprosecutethesuitwitheffect,ortopaythecostsofsuit,asinothercases.Ontheexecutionofsuchbond,theoriginalsecurityfortheprosecutionisdis-chargedfromliabilityforsubsequentlyaccruingcosts.Thesuitmaybere-vivedatanytimebeforefinaldispositionthereof,againstthehusbandofafemaledefendantbymotion,withhisconsent,orbyscirefaciaswithoutconsent.324.StatutoryProvisionsinChanceryPractice.Thefollowingstatutoryprovis-ions,intheChapterdevotedtothePracticeofCourtsofChancery,aretobeconstruedalongwiththosehereinabovegiven,andaspartsofonegeneralsystemofrevivors
:
Uponthedeathofadefendant,ormarriageofafemaledefendant,thesuitiiiayberevivedbyscirefaciasornoticetotheheirs,orpersonalrepresentatives,orhusband,withoutthenecessityoffilingabillofrevivor.TheClerkandMastershallissuethisscirefacias,ornotice,atanytime,uponmotionofthecomplainant,enteringthesameuponhisrules,andincludingineachwritissuedtoanycountyallthepartiesresidinginthatcounty.Personsmadedefendantsunderthesesections,maymakethesamedefencetotherevivalofsuchsuits,asifmadepartiesbytheformerpracticeoftheCourtsofChancery.Thescirefaciasneedonlygivethenamesoftheparties,andrecitethefilingofthe26Code,§§2846-2848.| 30Code,§28S8.

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§717BILLSAKINTOBILLSOFREVIVOR.562bill,pendencyofthesuit,anddeathormarriageastheeasemaybe,andthere-uponrequirethepartiesagainstwhomitisissued,toappearandshowcause\vhythesuitshouldnotberevived.Billsofrevivor,amended,andsupple-mentalbills,ifresortedto,maybefiledatanytimeintheClerk'soffice;andtheprocessmaybemadereturnable,andthesuitrevivedataruleday.33
AETICLEIII.BILLSAKINTOBILLSOPREVIVOR.§717.OriginalBillsintheNatureofBillsI§718.BillsofRevivorandSupplement,ofRevivor. |§719.TheNameoftheBillImmaterial.§717.OriginalBillsintheNatureofBillsofRevivor.—Inmostofthecasesalreadystated,thereisnootherfacttobeascertainedthanwhetherthenewpartybroughtbeforetheCourthasthecharacterimputedtohim.Ifhehas,therevivorisofcourse.Buttherearemanycases,inwhichthereareotherfactswhichmaybebroughtintolitigationbesidesthemerequestionofthecharacterofthenewparty;andtosuchcases,therefore,thesimplebillofre-vivordoesnottechnicallyapply.Undersuchcircumstances,anoriginalbill,mthenatureofabillofrevivor,istheappropriatepleadingtobringthosefactsbeforetheCourt,andtoputtheoriginalproceedingsagaininmotion,andtoenablethenewpartytohavethebenefitoftheformerproceedings.1Thus,ifthedeathofaparty,whoseinterestisnotdeterminedbyhisdeath,isat-tendedwithsuchatransmissionofhisinterest,thatthetitletoit,aswellasthepersonentitled,maybelitigatedintheCourtofChancery,asinthecaseofadeviseofrealestate,thesuitisnotpermittedtobecontinuedbyabillofrevivor.Anoriginalbilluponwhichthetitlemaybelitigated,mustbefiled.2Thegroundofthisdistinctionbetweenbillsofrevivor,andbillsinthenatureofbillsofrevivor,isthattheformer,incaseofdeath,arefoundeduponmereprivityofblood,orrepresentationbyoperationoflaw;thelatter,uponprivityofestate,ortitlebytheactoftheparty.Intheformercase,nothingcanbeincontest,exceptwhetherthepartybetheheirorpersonalrepresentative;intlifilatter,thenatureandoperationofthewholeactbywhichtheprivityofestateortitleiscreated,isopentocontroversy.Thus,forexample,theheirmaybemadeapartybyabillofrevivor-;forhistitleisbymereoperationoflaw.Butthedeviseemustcomeinbyabillinthenatureofabillofrevivor
;
forhecomesinasapurchaserunderthetestator,inprivityofestateortitle,Avliichmaybedisputed.3Abillinthenatureofabillofrevivorcannotbebrought,exceptbysomepersonwhoclaimsinprivitywiththecomplainantintheoriginalbill.Thus,forexample,ifabillisfiledbyadeviseeunderawill,andafterwardsthewillissetaside,orasubsequentwillisproved,bywhichthesamepropertyisdevisedtoanotherdevisee;insuchacase,theheir,orlatterdevisee,asthecasemaybe,cannot,byabillinthenatureofasupplementalbill,availhimselfoi:theproceedingsintheoriginalsuit;forthereisnoprivitybetweenthecomplainantintheoriginalsuitandthecomplainantinthesupplementalbill.Butifthebillhadbeenfiledbythedevisorhimselfforsomemattertouchingtheestatedevised,thentheheirorseconddeviseemightfileasupplementalbillinthenatureofabillofrevivor,notwithstandingthefirstdeviseehasalready33Code,§§4425-4429;Ch.Rule,XI;§1200,post,I 2Sto.Eq.PI.§378.lSto.Eq.PL,§377. 1 32Dan.Ch.Pr.,1508,note;Sto.Eq.PI..379-

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563 BILLSAKINTOBILLSOFREVIVOR.§718filedsuchabill;forhederiveshistitlesolelyfromthedevisor,independentlyoithefirstdevisee.4Anoriginalbill,inthenatureofabillofrevivor,shouldgenerallystatethesamefactsasabillofrevivor.Itshouldstatethefilingoftheoriginalbill,theproceedingsuponit,theabatement,andthemannerinwhichtheinterestofthepartydeadhasbeentransmitted.Itshould,also,chargethevalidityofthetransmission,andstatetherightswhichhaveaccruedbyit,andshouldpraythatthesuitmayberevived,andthecomplainanthavethebenefitofalltheformerproceedingsthereon.5Whereabill,inthenatureofabillofrevivor,isfiledbyanyonenotapartytotheoriginalsuit,allofthepartiestotheoriginalsuit,whohaveanyinterestinthefurtherproceedingstherein,shouldbemadepartiestosuchbill,eitherascomplainantsordefendants.6§718.BillsofRevivorandSupplement.—Thisbillisamerecompoundofabillofrevivorandofasupplementalbill,andinitsseparatepartsitmustbeframedandproceededuponinthesamemanner.Itbecomesproperwherenotonlyanabatementhastakenplaceinasuit,butdefectsaretobesupplied,orneweventsaretobestated,whichhavearisensincethecommencementofthesuit.7Thus,ifasuitbecomesabated,andbyanyactbesidestheeventbywhichtheabatementhappens,therightsofthepartiesareaffected,asbyadevise,undercertaincircumstances,althoughabillofrevivormerelymaycontinuethesuit,soastoenablethepartiestoprosecuteit;yet,tobringbeforetheCourtthewholematternecessaryforitsconsideration,thepartiesmust,bysupplementalbill,addedtoandmadepartofthebillofrevivor,showthedevise,orotheractbywhichtheirrightsareaffected.8§719.TheNameoftheBillImmaterial.—Asalreadystated,thenameofabillisimmaterialinourpractice.OurCourtslookatsubstanceofbills,andallowordisallowthemaccordingly.9Itmattersnotwhetherabilliscalledabillofrevivor,oranoriginalbillinthenatureofabillofrevivor,orabillofrevivorandsupplement,oranoriginalbillinthenatureofabillofrevivorandsupplement,orwhetheritisgivenanynameatall;ifitcontaintheproperaverments,andmakestheproperpersonsparties,andhastheproperprayer,itisaproperbill.10Nevertheless,itisimportanttoknowthevariousvarietiesofbillsofrevivor,inordertofullycomprehendthecasestowhichtheyapply,thetermwhentheyaretobefiled,thefactstheymustallege,andtberelieftobeprayed.Hence,indrawingabillofrevivor,ofanykind,whileitisnec-essarytoinsertalltheessentialshereinbeforesetout,itisnotnecessarytocallthebillbyanyothernamethanabillofrevivor;indeed,itisnotnecessarytonameitatall.4Sto.Eq.PL,§385.5Sto.Eq.PI.,§386.62Dan.Ch.Pr.,1508,note.72Dan.Ch.Pr.,1546,note.8Sto.Eq.PI.,§387.9Murphyv.Johnson,23Pick.,552.
10Northmanv.I^iverpoolIns.Co.,1Tenn.Ch.,312.See,ante,§§43;269.Nihilfaciterrornomi-niscumdecorporevelpersonaconstat.(Anerrorofnameamountstonothingwhenthereiscertaintyastothethingorperson.)

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§720DEFENCESTOPROCEEDINGSTOREVIVE.564
AETICLBIV.DEFENCESTOPROCEEDINGSTOREVIVE.§720.DefencestoaRevivor.IR-00„r t.to• t>§721.DemurrerstoBillsofRevivor.|§722'Defence^PlealnBar-
§720.DefencestoaRevivor.—Itisveryseldomthatanydefenceexists,orismade,toabillofrevivor,ortoascirefacias;but(1)whenthecomplainanttosuchaproceedingisnotentitledtohavethesuitrevivedinhisnameandforhisbenefit;or(2)whenthedefendanttothebill,orscirefacias,isnottheproperpersontoreviveagainst;or(3)whentheproceedingistoreviveadecree,andthedefendantcanshowthatthedecreehasbeenpaid,released,orotherwisedischarged,orisbarredbythestatuteoflimitations,inanyofsuchcasesthedefendantmaydemurtothebill,orscirefacias,ifthemattersofde-fenceappearonitsface,andmaypleadtothebillorscirefacias,ifthematterofdefencedoesnotappearonitsface.Thedefencestoascirefaciasarethesameasthosetoabillofrevivor,1andthelatterhaveheretoforebeenfullyconsidered.2§721.DemurrerstoBillsofRevivor.—Ifabillofrevivor,orabillinthenatureofabillofrevivor,doesnotshowasufficientgroundforrevivingthesuit,oranypartofit,eitherbyoragainstthepersonbyoragainstwhomitisbrought,thedefendantmay,bydemurrer,showcauseagainsttherevival.Indeed,althoughthedefendantdoesnotdemur,yet,ifthecomplainantdoesnotshowatitletorevive,hewilltakenothingbyhissuitatthehearing.Ademurrertoabillofrevivor,ortoabillinthenatureofabillofrevivor,maybe:(1)eitherforwantofprivity,or(2)forwantofsufficientinterestinthepartyseekingtorevive,or(3)forsomeimperfectionintheframeofthebill.l.ForWantofPrivity.Wehavealreadyhadoccasiontoconsiderinwhatcasesabillofrevivor,technicallysocalled,maylie;and,itwasthenstated,thatitisconfinedtocasesofrepresentationofthepartydeceasedbythemereappointmentandoperationoflaw.Thus,theexecutororadministratoraloneisthepartybyoragainstwhomabillofrevivor,technicallysocalled,willlieastomatterstouchingthepersonaltyofthedeceased;andtheheiratlawofthedeceasedistheonlypartybyoragainstwhomabillofrevivorwilllieastomatterstouchingtherealty.Thisisproperlyaprivitybyoperationoflaw.3Ontheotherhand,theremaybeaprivityofrightandtitleunderthedeceased,byatransferorconveyanceofthatrightandtitletoaperson,whoisnotinbymereoperationoflaw,andisnotthepersonalorrealrepresentativeofthedeceased.Insuchacase,apurebillofrevivorwillnotliebyoragainstsuchperson;butabillinthenatureofabillofrevivorwill.Ineachofthesecasesiftheappropriatebillwasnotbroughtbytheparty,seekingtorevive,ademur-rerwouldformerlyhavelain;4butnow,inourpractice,thenameofthebillisimmaterial,ifthesubstancebematerial.ItislaiddownbyStory,that,(1)ifanadministratordebonisnonshouldseek,feyapurebillofrevivor,toreviveadecree,obtainedbyaformeradmin-istrator,ademurrerwouldlie;fortheadministratordebonisnoncomesnotin,inprivitywiththeformeradministrator,whoobtainedthedecree;butparamounttohim,andpurelyastherepresentativeoftheintestate;and(2)ifabillofrevivorshouldbefiledbyoragainsttheassigneeofabankruptoran
iAllen&Hill,exrs.,v.Shanks,6Pick.,359.I 3Sto.Eq.PI.,§§617-618.2See,ante,§704. I *Sto.Eq.PL,§618.

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565 DEFENCESTOPROCEEDINGSTOREVIVE.§722insolvent,orthecommitteeofalunatic'sestate,orapurchaser,oradeviseeoftheestateinquestion,ademurrerwouldlieforthewantoftheproperrightofrepresentationinsuchabill;5butinTennessee,nodemurrerwouldlieinsucheases,thedistinctionbetweenapurebillofrevivor,andabillinthenatureofabillofrevivor,beingonemerelyofnameandnotofsubstance.Nevertheless,theremustbeprivityofestatebetweenthepartybyoragainstwhomthebillofrevivorisbroughtandthedeceasedparty,orademurrerwilllieforthatreason;butitisimmaterialwhetherthisprivitybebyoperationoflaworbycontractoftheparties,asitisalsoimmaterialwhetherthebillbecalledabillofrevivor,orabillinthenatureofabillofrevivor,orwhetheranynameatallbegivenit.62.ForWantofInterest.Ordinarily,ifthepartyseekingtorevive,hasnointerestinthefurtherproceedings,andcanderivenobenefitfromthem,heisnotentitledtoabillofrevivor,andademurrerwillthereforelie.Adefend-antmayhavesuchaninterestaswillentitlehimtoabillofrevivor,asforexampleincasesofaccount,7insuitsforpartitionorsaleforpartition,orwhenhehasconcurrentrightswiththedeceasedcomplainant,orinanyothercasewherehewilltakeabenefitunderthedecree.3.TorSomeImperfectionintheFrameoftheBill.Theproperpartiesmustbemadetosuchabill,totheendthattheCourtmaybeabletomakeacom-pletedecree,leavingnorootsforsubsequentlitigationtospringfrom;andifthebillofrevivorisdeficientinparties,ademurrerwilllietoitonthatground.8If,however,thedefectofpartiesexistedbeforetheabatement,ademurrerwillnotlietoabillofrevivorforwantofthedeficientparties,theonlyofficeofabillofrevivorbeingmerelytoputthecauseinthesameplightandconditioninwhichitwasattheabatement.9"Where,however,anydefectexistsintheoriginalbill,eitherforwantofproperparties,orforwantofproperallegations,orforwantofanymatterpropertobebroughtforwardbyanamendedorasupplementalbill,itwouldbepropertoincorporateallof,thesemattersinthebillofrevivor,whichwouldthenbeproperlytermedabillinthenatureofabillofrevivorandsupplement.Andingeneral,wheneverthebillshowsonitsfaceeitherthatthecomplain-anthasnorighttorevivethesuit,orthatthedefendantisnotaproperpartyagainstwhomthesuitshouldberevived,becausenotinthechainofrepresenta-tion,ademurrerwilllie.Andifthestatementsinthebillofrevivordonotshowatitletorevive,oraliabilitytoberevivedagainst,orifthebillisother-wisefatallydefective,thecomplainantcannot,ondemurrer,supplythedefectbyreadingtherecordoftheoriginalbill,althoughthatrecordbereferredtointhebillofrevivor.10§722.DefencebyPleainBar.—Ifanyoftheforegoingdefencesdonotappearonthefaceofthebill,orscirefacias,itmaybebroughtforwardbyapleainbar.Thedefendanttotheproceedingtorevivemay,byanegativeplea,denythatheisthe,ora,heir,administrator,executor,husband,orotherpropersuccessor,oftheoriginaldefendant;orhemay,byanegativeplea,denythatthepartyseekingtoreviveinhisownname,istheheir,administrator,execu-tor,husband,orotherpropersuccessor,oftheoriginalcomplainant.Iftheproceedingistoreviveadecree,thedefendanttotheproceedingmay,inaddi-tiontotheforegoingdefences,pleadthatthedecreehasbeenpaid,released,orotherwisedischarged,orisbarredbythestatuteoflimitations.
5Sto.Eq.PI.,§619.6Ante,§43.^Sto.Eq.PI.,§621. 8Astotheproperpartiestoabillofrevivor,see,ante,%%113-116;701.9Sto.Eq.PI.,§624.10Sto.Eq.PL,§626.

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§723 BILLSTOEXECUTEDECREES.566
CHAPTERXXXV.BILLSTOCARRYDECREESINTOEXECUTION.ktviT>-ii*.r>t-vTt-c«.- I§724.FormofaBilltoCarryaDecreeInto8723.BillstoCarryDecreesIntoExecution.-gecut:on§723.BillstoCarryDecreesintoExecution.—Abilltocarryadecreeintoexecutionisproperwhereaparty'srightshavebecomesoembarrassed,byeventssubsequenttothedecree,thatnoordinaryprocessupontheoriginaldecreewillbeeffectualtocarryitintoexecution.Thishappens,generally,incaseswherepartieshaveneglectedtoproceeduponthedecreeuntilsubsequenteventsmakeitnecessarytohavethedecreeoftheCourttosettleandascer-taintheirrightsunderit.1Sometimessuchabillisexhibitedbyapersonwhowasnotaparty;orwhodoesnotclaimunderanypartytotheoriginaldecree
;
butwhoclaimsinasimilarinterest;orwhoisunabletoobtainthedetermina-tionofhisownrights,tillthedecreeiscarriedintoexecution.Or,itmaybebroughtbyoragainstanyperson,claimingasassigneeofapartytothedecree.TheCourt,intheseeases,ingeneral,onlyenforces,anddoesnotvary,thede-cree.Butuponcircumstancesithassometimesconsideredtheoriginaldirec-tions,andvariedthemincaseof.mistake.Andifitwouldbeinequitabletoenforceadecree,theCourtmayrefusetodoso:forthispurposetheCourthasfullpowertolookintothemeritsofthecase.2But,althoughtheoriginaldecreemaybecontroverted,uponabilltocarryitintoexecution,itisonlythedefendantinthenewsuitwhocancallitinquestion;thecomplainantnevercan.Hemust,ifnotsatisfiedwiththedecree,impeachitbyabillofreview,orsomesimilarproceeding.3Abilltocarryadecreeintoexecutionisgenerallyinpartanoriginalbill,andinpartabillinthenatureofanoriginalbill,anditissometimesabillofrevivor,orasupplementalbill,orboth,astheexigenciesofthecasemayre-quire.Andtheframeofthebill,andthecourseofproceedinguponit,variesaccordingly.4§724.FormofaBilltoCarryaDecreeintoExecution.—Thebillshouldrecitethefactofthefilingoftheoriginalbill,theproceedingsthereon,thede-creepronounced,andwhythedecreehasnotbeenexecuted,andshouldpraythatitbeenforced.ThefollowingisaformofABILLTOCABBYADECBEEINTOEXECUTION.TotheHon.DavidM.Key,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatChattanooga
:
JohnDoe,administratorofJamesDoe,deceased,aresident"ofHamiltoncounty,complainant,vs.RichardRoe,RobertRoe,RachelRoe,andRosannaRoe,allresidentsofHamiltoncounty,defendants.ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:I.Thatintheyear1860,abillwasfiledinyourHonor'sCourtatChattanooga,byJamesDoe,againstRolandRoe,toenforceavendor'sliensaidJameshadinandtothefollowingtractofland,insaidtownofChattanooga,onthebankoftheTennesseeriver:Beginning
1HuddlestonV.Williams,1Heisk.,581.I217.Thenameofthebillisimmaterialifitsalle-22Dan.Ch.Pr.,1585-1586;Sto.Eq.PL,§5429-430,notes..12Barb.Ch.Pr.,88.42Barb.Ch.Pr.,88;Chestnutv.Frazier,6Bax.,
gationsbesufficient.Brandon1*.Mason,1Lea,624.Itmaybecalledasupplementalbill.Herdv.Bew-ley,1Heisk.,524;see,ante,§43.

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567 BIIXSTOEXECUTEDECREES.§724[&c,givingitsmetesandbounds,]containingabout.fiveacres,whichtractsaidJameshadconveyedtosaidRolandbydeed,retaininganexpresslienonitsfacetosecurethepaymentoftheunpaidpurchase-money,amountingtoaboutfourhundreddollars.Saidbillprayedforadecreeforsaidfourhundreddollars,andforasaleofsaidlandtosatisfysaidliendebt.ThebillwasansweredbysaidRoland,thedefendantthereto;andsuchfurtherproceedingswerehadthatinDecember,1861,adecreewaspronouncedgrantingtheprayerofthebill,andadjudgingthatsaidRolandowedsaidJamesfourhundreddollarsofthesaidpurchase-money,andorderingasaleofsaidtracttosatisfythedecree.ii.Complainantfurthershowsthatsaiddecreewasneverexecutedforthefollowingreasons
:
1st.Soonafteritsrendition,thewarbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheConfederateStatesbrokeout,andinconsequencethereoftheCourtswereclosed,andhaveonlybeenrecentlyreopened.2d.Sincesaiddecree,alltherecordofthecausehasbeentotallylost,3sothattheoriginalfile,theordersontheminutesoftheCourt,andthedecreecannotbefound;.andcomplainantiscrediblyinformed,andverilybelieves,andonthatinformationandbeliefavers,thattheywerealltotallyburnedanddestroyedduringsaidwar.3d.ThesameJamesDoebecameofunsoundmindduringthewar,andsocontinueduntilhisdeathintestate,whichoccurredinChattanoogaonJune10,ofthepresentyear.Yourcomplainantishisonlyheiratlaw,andisalsoadministrator,appointedanddulyqualifiedbytheCountyCourtofHamiltonCounty,andentitledtoallhisestate,realandpersonal,inhistwo-foldcharacterofheirandadministrator.4th.Sincecomplainant'sappointmentasadministrator,hisintestate'spapershavecomeintohishands,andhehasdiscoveredtherebyallthefactshereinallegedinreferencetosaidsuitanddecree,noneofwhichfactswereknowntohimbefore.5th.ThesaidRolandRoewaskilledearlyinsaidwar,andthedefendants,whoareadults,arehisonlyheirs,heleavingnowidow,nopersonalestatewhatever,andnowill,andnoonehavingeveradministeredonhisestate.Thedefendantsarealllivingonsaidland,andareclaimingtoownitundersaiddeedtotheirfather.in.Thepapersandrecordsinsaidcauseandsaiddecreehavingbeenthuslostanddestroyed,andalloftheoriginalpartiestothesuitbeingdead,complainantisadvisedthatitwillbenecessarytofilethisbill(1)torevivesaidsuit,(2)tosupplysaidlostpapersandsaiddecree,and(3)tocarrysaiddecreeintoexecution;andtherefore,thepremisesconsidered,heprays:IV.1st.Thatthosenamedasdefendantsinthecaptionofthisbillbeservedwithproperpro-cessandrequiredtoanswerthisbill,butnotonoath.2d.Thatsaidlostpapersandsaiddecreebesetupandsupplied,accordingtolawandthepracticeofthisCourt.3d.Thatsaiddecreeberevivedincomplainant'snameassaidadministrator,andagainstsaiddefendantsastheheirsatlawofsaidRolandRoe;andthat,ifanadministratorofsaidRolandRoebenecessary,yourhonorwillappointone,morethansixmonthshavingelapsedsincehisdeath,andnoadministratorhavingeverbeenappointed,andnopersonwillapplyorcanbeprocuredtoadministerhisestate: h>4th.ThatsaiddecreeofDecember,1861,forsaidsumoffourhundreddollars,andforthesaleofsaidland,be,bydecreeofyourHonor,setupandcarriedintoexecution,andsaidtractoflandsold,andtheproceedsofthesaleappliedtothesatisfactionofsaiddecree.65th.Andthatcomplainanthavesuchother,further,andgeneralreliefashemaybeen-titledto. BurchCooke,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit:see,-ante,§§155;164.]
5Althoughthepapersinacausemaybelost,inIasstillexisting,andinforce.Randallv.Payne,1fact;nevertheless,intheeyeofthelaw,theyarenotTenn.Ch.,145;Whitworthv.Thompson,8I^ea,485.lost,andlitigantsareentitledtothebenefitsofthemI SeeChestnuttr.Fra7»er,6Bax.,217.

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§725 CROSSBILLS. 568
CHAPTERXXXVI.CROSSBILLS.725.CrossBillsGenerallyConsidered.726.RelationofaCrossBilltotheOrig-inalBill.727.CrossBillsforRelief,WhenProper.728.CrossBillsWhenNotProper.729.WhatReliefCanbeObtainedbyaDefendantWithoutaCrossBill.730.InWhatCasesaCrossBillShouldbeFiled.731.TimeforFilingaCrossBill.
§732.FrameofaCrossBill.§733.FormofaCrossBill.§734.AnswerasaCrossBill.§735.FormofanAnswerFiledasaCrossBill.$736.ProsecutionBond,andProcessonaCrossBill.§737.DefencestoaCrossBill.§738.TheHearingonaCrossBill.
§725.CrossBillsgenerallyConsidered.—Whenadefendantcannoteffectu-allymakehisdefence,orasserthisrightsinthesubject-matterofalitigation,byananswertothebill;andespeciallywhenheneedssomeaffirmativeremedyorrelief,hemayfileacrossbillforthatpurpose.Acrossbill,asitsnameimplies,isabillbroughtbyadefendantinasuitagainstthecomplainantinthesamesuit,oragainstthecomplainantandotherdefendantsinthesamesuit,touchingthemattersinquestionintheoriginalbill.Abillofthiskindisusuallybrought,either(1)toobtainanecessarydiscoveryoffacts,or(2)tobringbeforetheCourtnewmatterinaidofthedefencetotheoriginalbill,or(3)toobtainfullreliefforallthepartiestothemattersincontroversy,or(4)someaffirmativerelieftouchingthemattersoftheoriginalbill.1Acrossbillwhichseeksnodiscoveryorrelief,andmakesnodefence,whichwasnotequallyavailablebywayofanswertorheoriginalbill,isunnecessary,andwillbedismissed,onmotion,ordemurrer.2Acrossbillmaybefiledbyade-fendant,notonlyagainstthecomplainant,oragainstthecomplainantandoneormoreofthedefendants,butitmayalsobringinnewpartieswhennecessaryforthecompletedeterminationofthemattersinvolvedintheoriginalsuit;3butthecomplainantintheoriginalsuit,shouldbemadeadefendanttothecrossbillinallcases.4AcrossbillmaybringnewpartiesbeforetheCourt,buttheydonottherebybecomepartiestotheoriginalbill.Newpartiescannot,however,bemadebycrossbill,unlesstheyareconnectedwiththeoriginalmatterinlitigation.5Thecrossbillforadiscoverygivesaperfectreciprocityofprooftoeachparty,derivablefromtheanswerofeach;butinasmuchasallpartiestoasuitarenowcompetentwitnesses,acrossbill,foradiscoveryonly,isseldomfiled,andisalmostobsolete.6§726.TheRelationofaCrossBilltotheOriginalSuit.—Itmustbekeptinmindthatacrossbillisanauxiliarysuit,adependencyoftheoriginallitiga-1PerkinsOilCo.v.Eberhart,23Pick.,428,citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§662.2Sto.Eq.PL,§389;MontgomeryV.Olwell,1Tenn.Ch.,169;Hergelv.Laitenberger,2Tenn.Ch.,251;WoodardV.Bird,21Pick.,671;Huffmas-terv.Payne,3Shan.Cas.,119.3Pollardv,Welford,ISPick.,120,citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§662.42Dan.Ch.Pr.,1548-1549,notes;Hergelv.Lai-tenberger,2Tenn.Ch.,251.Itwillnotbeacrossbillunlessitmakesthecomplainantintheoriginalbilladefendant.Ibid.52Dan.Ch.Pr.,1548,notes;Stockardv.Pinkard,6Hum.,121;HildebrandV.Beasley,7Heisk.,121;Huffmasterv.Payne,3Shan.Cas.,119;Hendersonv.Anderson,MS.Knoxville,1880.InCobbv.
Baxter,ChancellorCooperheldthatnewpartiescouldnotbebroughtinbycrossbill.1Tenn.Ch.,405.ChancellorCooperin2Tenn.Ch.,785,referstoOdumv.Odum[Owen]assustainingCobbr.Baxter;butinOdumv.Owen,2Bax.,446,itwasananswerfiledasacrossbill,andnotanindepen-dentcrossbill.Itiswellsettledthatanewpartycannotbebroughtinbyananswerfiledasacrossbill.McGavockv.Morrison,3Tenn.Ch.,355;HallV.Fowlkes,9Heisk.,754;post,§734.oWhen,however,adefendantneedstheevidenceofthecomplainantastosomesinglepoint,orastoaveryfewpoints,itmaybeagoodpolicytoobtainadiscoveryfromhimbycrossbill,ratherthantoexaminehimasawitness,andtherebyincurtherisksincidenttohisownselfcross-examination.

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569 CROSSBILLS. §727tion,andcanbesustainedonlyonmattergrowingoutoftheoriginalbill.7Itisforthisreasonacrossbillmustbeheardwiththeoriginalbill.Ifacrossbillbesetforhearing,thelegaleffectthereofistosettheoriginalbillforhearing,also;forthecrossbillincorporatesitselfwiththeoriginalbill,andthetwobillsreallyconstituteonecause.8Andevenwhenthedecreeonacrossbillalonehasbeenappealedfrom,soweddedarethetwobillsthattheappealtakesthembothup;and,intheSupremeCourt,thewholecaseonbothbillsisopenforre-adjudication;somuchso,thattherethedecreeontheoriginalbill,thoughnotappealedfrom,maybereversed.9Thedismissaloftheoriginalbillbythecomplainantordinarilycarriesthecrossbillwithit,ortheanswerwhenfiledasacrossbill;10butwheneitherthecrossbill,ortheanswerfiledascrossbill,setsupgroundsforaffirmativereliefonwhichproofhasbeentaken,thedismissaloftheoriginalbillbythecomplainantdoesnotcarrywithitthecrossbill,oranswerfiledasacrossbill
;
butleavessuchcrossbillsinCourtforprosecutiontofinaldecree.11Newandincongruousmattercannotbeintroducedintothelitigationbymeansofacrossbill,exceptasabasisforanequitableset-off.Thus,onabilltowindupapartnership,thedefendantcannotbycrossbillbeallowedtohaveanaccountastoaprioranddifferentpartnership,12unlessheseeks,onsuffi-cientgrounds,tosetoffoneagainsttheother.§727.CrossBillsforRelief,WhenProper.—Acrossbillforreliefmaybefiledwheneveranyquestionarisesbetweenthedefendantandthecomplainant,orbetweentwodefendantstoabill,thatcannotbedeterminedcompletely
.withoutacrossbill,orcrossbills,tobringeverymatterindisputecompletelybeforetheCourtstobelitigatedbytheproperparties,andupontheproperproofs.Insuchacase,itbecomesnecessaryforsomeoneormoreofthede-fendantstotheoriginalbilltofileacrossbillagainstthecomplainantandoneormoreoftheotherdefendantstothatbill,andthusbringthelitigatedpointsfullybeforetheCourt.13Whenacrossbillseeksaffirmativerelief,itpartakesofthenatureofanoriginalbill,andconsequentlythereliefsoughtmustbesuchastheCourthasjurisdictiontogrant.14Asthisspeciesofbillisamodeofdefence,adefendantissometimesofnec-essityobligedtoresorttoitincaseswhere,bytherulesofpleadinginEquity,hewouldnotbeabletoavailhimselfofthematterofhisdefenceinanyotherway.Thus,ifthematterofdefencearisesafterthecauseisatissue,asifthecomplainanthasgiventhedefendantarelease,oriftherehasbeenapayment,oranaward,orarecoveryinanothersuitforthesamecauseofaction,orifanyotherthinghashappened,sinceanswerwasfiled,toterminatethecom-plainant'srightofrecovery,ortomakeitinequitableforhimfurthertopros-ecutehissuitinwholeorinpart,thedefendantmustsetthesemattersupbyacrossbill.Insuchcasesacrossbillissomewhatinthenatureofapleasincethelastcontinuance,atcommonlaw.15Acrossbillbeinggenerallyconsideredasadefencetotheoriginalbill,orasaproceedingnecessarytoacompletedeterminationofamatteralreadyinlitigation,thecomplainantinthecrossbill,isnot,atleast,asagainstthecom-plainantintheoriginalbill,obligedtoshowanygroundofEquitytosupportthejurisdictionoftheCourt.Itistreatedinshortasamereauxiliarysuit,orasadependencyupontheoriginalsuit.16§728.CrossBills,WhenNotProper.—Acrossbillisproperonlywhenitisrelatedtothesubject-matteroftheoriginalsuit;anditsprincipal,ifnotex-72Dan.Ch.Pr.,1548,note;HergelV.Laitenber-ger,2Tenn.Ch.,251;Sto.Eq.PL,§399;Beali>.Smithpeter,6Bax.,356.8HergelV.Laitenberger,2Tenn.Ch.,251;CockeV.Trotter,10Yerg.,213.9Woodrumv.Kirkpatrick,2Swan,218.See,also,Napierv.Elam,6Yerg.,108;Randallv.Payne,1Tenn.Ch.,148.10Resaccessariasequiturremprincipaletn.
.UParteeV.Goldberg,17Pick.,664;Sto.Eq.PI.,§399,note.12CareyV.Williams,1Lea,53.13Sto.Eq.PI.,§392;PerkinsOilCo.v.Eber-hart,23Pick.,428,citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§664.14Sto.Eq.PI.,§398.15Sto.Eq.PI.,§393;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1550.16Sto.Eq.PI.,§399;Mitf.Eq.PI.,82.

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§729 CROSSBILLS. 570elusive,officesare:1,tobringbeforetheCourt,morefullythancanbedonebyananswer,somedefencetothebillinconnectionwithitssubject-matter;or2,toobtainsomeaffirmativereliefarisingoutofthematterssetforthinthebill,andwhichcouldnotbehadonansweronly;or3,toobtainadiscoveryinaidofthedefencetotheoriginalbill.17Inanyevent,acrossbillmustbecon-finedtothemattersreferredtointhebill,ortomattersequitablyconnectedtherewith.18Hence,acrossbillcannotinjectanewcauseofactionintothesuit,cannotbringforwardmattersnotreferredtointheoriginalbillandnotequitablyconnectedtherewith,norsetupmatterswhollywithoutthescopeoftheoriginalbill.Allsuchnew,independentanddistinctmattersinvolveanew,independentanddistinctsuit,andmustbesetupinanoriginalbill.19Acrossbillsettingupmatterwhollyoriginalismisnamedacrossbill,andisinsubstanceandinfactanoriginalbill,andmaybestrickenfromthefilesonmotion,asnotbelongingtothesuitinwhichitisfiled,ormaybedemurredtobecausethematteritbringsforwardisnotconnectedwiththemattercontainedintheoriginalbill,butiswhollyforeignthereto.20If,however,suchabillisanswered,itisthedutyoftheChancellor,onhisownmotion,toordersuchso-calledcrossbilltostandasanoriginalbill,andtobedocketedassuch,andtobeproceededwithasanoriginalbill;inwhichcaseacrossbillmaybefiledtoit,ifdesired.InasmuchastheChanceryCourthasnowfulljurisdictionofallmattersofpurelylegalcognizance,exceptcertainsuitsforunliquidateddamages,andinasmuchastheCodeauthorizestheunitinginonebillofseveralmattersofEquity,distinctandunconnected,againstonedefendant,21itwouldbenobreachofthespiritofourlegislation,andofourliberalChancerypractice,toallowinasuitbyonecomplainantagainstonedefendantacrossbill(1)tosetupalegalaswellasanequitablematterconnectedwiththemattersinquestion,or(2)tosetupacauseofaction,equitableorlegal,thatisdistinctanduncon-nectedwiththemattersinquestion22bywayofsetoff,asintheCircuitCourt.23§729.WhatReliefcanbeObtainedbyaDefendantWithoutaCrossBill.ThegeneralruleofChancerypleadingisthatadefendantcannotobtainanyaffirmativereliefeitheragainstaco-defendant,oragainstthecomplainant,astothesubject-matterofthesuit,withoutacrossbill;24butinTennessee,thepracticeistorendersuchadecree,uponthepleadingsandproof,aswillsettlealltherightsofeithercomplainantsordefendantsinandtothesubject-matterofthesuit,asagainsteachother,andaswill,also,settletherightsofthede-fendants,asbetweenthemselves,inandtothesubject-matterofthelitigation.OurCourtssomoldtheirdecreesastomakeafinalandcompletedispositionoftheentiresubject-matter,determiningtherightsofallthepartiesinrefer-encethereto,regardlessoftheirattitudeascomplainantsordefendantsuponITSto.Eq.PI,§§389-392;MontgomeryV.Olwell,1Tenn.Ch.,169;Hergelv.Laitenberger,2Tenn.Ch.,254;Bealv.Smithpeter,6Bax.,358.18Sto.Eq.PI.,§401;CampbellV.Foster,2Tenn.Ch.402;Maceyv.Childress,2Tenn.Ch.441.Therulestatedinthetextisnotalwaysrigorouslyad-heredto,andourCourtssometimesevinceadispo-sitiontorelaxit.SeeLewisv.Glass,8Pick.,147.19Careyv.Williams,1Lea,53;CohenV.Wool-ard,2Tenn.Ch.686;Dan.Ch.Pr.,1743.Ifnew,originalanddistinctmatterscouldbebroughtfor-wardbycrossbill,thedefendanttosuchacrossbillwouldhimselfhavetherighttofileacrossbillagainstsuchacrossbill,andsoadinfinitum!Whenacrossbillisinsubstance,anoriginalbill,anydefencemaybemadetoitwhichcouldhavebeenmadetoitiffiledasanoriginalbill,includingapleainabatement,orademurrer,tothejurisdictionwhenthecrossdefendantisnotsuableinthecountywherethecrossbillisfiled;andallthisistrueofananswerfiledasacrossbill.ChattanoogaPoleCo.v.Young,Knoxville,1904.Suchacrossbillis,also,demurrablebecausenotproperlyacrossbill.See,post,§737.
20Campbellv.Foster,2Tenn.,Ch.,402;HergellV.Laitenberger,2Tenn.Ch.,251.But,ordinarily,ifthepartiesdonotcomplainofsuchanirregularity,theChancellorwillnot.Ibid.21Code,§4327.22See,LewisV.Glass,8Pick.,147,whereitissaid_thatmattersforreliefnotreferredtointheoriginalbill,andnotwithinitsscope,maybesetupinacrossbill.23Code.§§2918-2922.ThereisasmuchreasontoapplythesesectionsoftheCodetoChancerypro-cedureasthereistoapplysections2902(astogroundsforpleasinabatement),andsection2934,(abolishinggeneraldemurrers):allthreesectionsareinthesamechapter,andthefirstsectionofthischapterconfinesthemto"legalproceedings,"Code,§2880;buttheCourtsholdthattheyapplytopro-ceedingsinChancery.However,inCooper&Stockellv.Stockard.16Lea,140,itissaidthatthischapteroftheCodeappliesexclusivelytoactionsatlaw;and_suchseemstohavebeenthepurposeofthecodifiers.242Dan.Ch.Pr.,1550.

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571 CROSSBILLS. §730therecord.25Butadefendantcanhavenoreliefonananswersettingupmat-tersforreliefnotreferredtointheoriginalbill,andnotwithinitsscope.28Butnoadjudicationwill,ordinarily,bemadewhichwillresultinarecoveryinbehalfofadefendant,especiallyarecoveryrequiringprocessforitsenforce-ment,unlesssuchdefendanthasconcurrentrightswiththecomplainants,but,becauseofdisability,ornon-residence,orsomeothersufficientcause,heismadeadefendanttothebill,andhisrightsthereinsetout,andaffirmativereliefprayedinhisbehalf,as(1)insuitsforpartition,orsaleforpartition;or(2)suitsbywardsagainsttheirguardians;or(3)suitsbysomeoftheownersofacommonfund;or(4)suitsbysomecreditorsorotherpersonsinbehalfofthemselvesandallothershavingconcurrentrights;or(5)suitstosellthelandsofadecedenttopaydebts;or(6)suitstowindupaninsolventestate,oraninsolventpartnership,oraninsolventcorporation;or(7)suitstoenforceatrustforthebenefitofcreditors,orothers,andthelike.Butacrossbillisnotnecessarytoobtainthebenefitofcredits,orothermattersofdischarge,orofanadjudicationsustainingthedefendant'stitlewhenassailed,orofadecreeforbalanceduedefendantonabillforanaccount.27Inalldoubtfulcases,however,acrossbill,orananswerfiledasacrossbill,isthesaferpractice;andisindispensablewhenadefendantseeks(1)arecov-eryofland,chattels,ormoney;28or(2)arescission,orreformation,ofacon-tract,ordeed;or(3)aspecificperformance,whenthebillisforarescission;or(4)aninjunction;or(5)anequitableset-off;29or(6)awritofpossession.§730.InWhatCasesaCrossBillshouldbeFiled.—Itmaybestatedthat,asarule,acrossbillworksnoinjurytothepartyfilingit;and,ifhefailstoobtainthebenefitsanticipatedtherefrom,heisseldom,ifever,leftinanyworsepositionasaresultoffilingthecrossbill.Forthisreason,acrossbillisoftenfiledwhenthereisgoodreasontobelievethatthereliefsoughttherebycouldbeobtainedunderthebillandanswer,theSolicitorofthedefendantdeemingacrossbillaprudentprecaution.30Crossbiffsshouldbefiledinthefollowingcases
:
1.Whenthecomplainantimpeachesamortgage,trustdeed,orexpresslienonland;andthedefendantisabletodefeatthebill,anddesires,inthesamesuit,toenforcethemortgage,trustdeed,orotherlien,byanaffirmativedecree.312.Whenthebillattacksthedefendant'sdeed,andseekstohaveitdeclaredacloudoncomplainant'stitle;andthedefendant,ontheotherhand,seekstohavehissaiddeeddeclaredthebettertitle,andtobeputinpossessionoftheland,ortohavehispossessionandtitlequietedbyinjunction,ortohavearecoveryfortaxespaid,orbettermentsmade,ontheland,32orotheraffirmativedecree.3.Whentheobjectofthebillistohavenotes,orotherwritteninstruments,declaredvoid,anddelivereduptobecancelled;andthedefendantnotonlycanshowthatthenote,orotherinstrument,islegal,but,also,desirestoenforceitbvanaffirmativedecreeinthesamesuit.25HenshawV.Wells,9Hum.,568;Ingramv.Smith.1Head,411;Elrodv.Lancaster,2Head,571;Gentryv.Gentry,1Sneed,87;Allenv.Baugus,1Swan,404;LaGrangeR.R.v.Rainey,7Cold.,457;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1370,note;Sto.Eq.PL,§392,note;Code,§§2970-2974;Davisv.Reaves,7Lea,585.2CLewisV.Glass,8Pick.,147,citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§665.272Dan.Ch.Pr.,1550-1551,notes;Allenv.Al-len,11Heisk.,387;PolkV.Mitchell,1Pick.,634;Fisherv.Stowell,1Pick.,316;LaGrangeandM.R.R.v.Rainey,7Cold.,420.28Busseyv.Gaut,10Hum.,238.29Elseyv.Stamps,10Lea,709;Mrzenav.Bruck-er,3Tenn.Ch.,161.30ThisprecautionisoftendeemedadvisableonthegroundthatpartiesshouldnotexperimentwiththeCourt,andshouldnotunnecessarilyhazardtheir
interests.TheChancellorisoftenembarrassedbydoubtsastohisright,orpower,tograntthedefend-antreliefontheoriginalpleadings;and,inconse-quenceofthesemisgivings,sometimesconcedesascantrelieftoadefendant,towhomalargermeas-ureofreliefwouldhavebeencheerfullygranted,hadhefiledacrossbill,puttingallthefactsinissue,andprayingsuchlargerrelief.Equitydelightstodocompletejustice,andnotbyhalves.See,ant?,§38.Andforthisreasonfavorscrossbills.31Whereabillseekstoenforceamortgage,thedefencethatthemortgagewasobtainedbyfraudmaybemadebyanswer;insuchacaseacrossbillisnotnecessary.Theanswermust,however,specifythedefence.Gentherv.Fagan,1Pick.,491.See,GriffithV.SecurityAssociation,16Pick.,410-andante,§358.32Strotherv.Reilley,21Pick.,48.

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§730 CROSSBILLS. 5724.Where,inanejectmentsuit,thedefendantwillbeabletoshowthatheisatenantincommonwithcomplainants,andisentitledto,anddesirestohave,payforhisimprovements,andtohavethelandpartitioned,orsoldforparti-tion,inthesamesuit.5.Wherethebillisfiledtosellthelandofadecedenttopayhisdebts,andthewidow,ortheheirs,claimanytitleto,orinterestin,theland,anddesiretohavethattitle,orinterest,affirmativelydeclaredandenforced,inthesameproceeding.6.Where,onabillforthegeneraldistributionofanestate;or,onabilltowindupapartnership;or,onabillforageneralaccounting,33thedefendanthasclaimsagainstthecomplainant,oronedefendanthasclaimsagainstthefundsoughttobedistributed,properforanindependentbill,hemaybringtheclaimforwardbycrossbill,eitherasameansofobtainingaset-off,orasameansofcollectinghisdebt.347.Wherethecomplainantseekstoenforceavendor'slien,thedefendantshouldfileacrossbill,ifheseekstoobtainreliefbecauseoffailureofthecom-plainant'stitle,inwholeorinpart;or,becauseofbreachofanyofthecom-plainant'scovenants;or,becauseofanyfraud,especiallyifhewishestorecoverbackanyofthepurchasepricealreadypaid.8.Wherethemattersincontroversycannotbesosettledastodofulljusticetothe,ora,defendantwithoutbringingotherpartiesbeforetheCourt,acrossbillisnecessaryforthatpurpose.9.Where,onabilltowindupaninsolventestate,oraninsolventpartner-ship;or,onabilltodistributeafundamongcreditors,orothers,adefendanthasanylienonthefund,orsuperiorEquitythereto,itisalwaysprudenttoasserthisprioritiesbyacrossbill.10.Whereaspecificperformanceofacontractissoughtbyabill,thede-fendant,ifheseeksarescission,orseekstohavethebalanceofthepurchase-pricepaidhim,orseekstorecoverbackwhathehasalreadypaidonthecon-tract,shouldfileacrossbillforthatpurpose.11.Where,sincethedefendant'sanswerwasfiled,anewdefencehasarisen,aswhereareleasehasbeenobtained,orpaymenthasbeenmade,ortherehavebeenanaccordandsatisfaction,orareferencetoarbitrators,oranaward,orthetitleofthecomplainanthasbeenendedbyhisdeath,orbankruptcy,orwhereinanyotherwaythecomplainant'scauseofactionhasceasedtoexist,inwhole,orinpart,sincetheanswerwasfiled,thedefendantmustfileacrossbillinordertosetupthesenewdefences.3512.Wherethebillseeksarecoveryonadeed,note,orotherwritteninstru-ment,executedbythedefendant,andthedefendantseeksnotonlytodefeatanyrecoverythereonbecauseoffailureofconsideration,fraud,duress,drunk-enness,infancy,coverture,orbecausetheconsiderationwasillegaloragainstpublicpolicy,orbecauseofanyotherdefencevitiatingsuchdeed,noteorotherinstrument,butseeks,also,tohavesuchdeed,noteorotherinstrumentdeliveredupandcancelled,and,ifadeed,declaredacloudonhistitle,hemustfileacrossbill.Anditmaybestated,generally,thatacrossbillmustbefiledwheneverthe,ora,defendantneeds(1)tobringanewpartybeforetheCourt;or(2),desirestoobtainthebenefitofnewfacts,ornewdefences,whichhavecomeintobeingsincethesuitwascommenced;or(3),needssomeaffirmativereliefagainstthecomplainant,oraco-defendant,36andespecially,(4),ifsuchaffirmativereliefconsistsintheallowanceofaset-off,orintherecoveryofmoneyorproperty,ortheenforcementofarightbyinjunction,execution,sale,orwritofposses-33But,where,onabillforanaccount,abalanceisfoundtobeduethedefendant,heisentitledtoadecreeforsuchbalance,withoutfilingacrossbill.See,Decrees,ante;see,also,Allenv.Allen,11Heisk.,387;Fisherv.Stovall,1Pick.,316.34Acrossbillisnecessarywhenadefendantsure-tyseeksacontributionagainsthisco-sureties,even
onabillfiledforcontributionbyasurety.GrossV.Davis,3Pick.,226.35Thissortofcrossbillisinthenatureofapleapuisdarreincontinuanceatcommonlaw.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1550,note.See,ante,§524,note.36LewisV.Glass,8Pick.,147,citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§666.

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573 CROSSBILLS. §731sion,orinthereformation,cancellation,orsurrender,ofsomeinstrumentsuedon.§731.TheTimeforPilingaCrossBill.—NoleaveoftheCourtisnecessaryforthefilingofacrossbill,butthepropertimeforfilingisatthetimeofthefilingoftheanswertotheoriginalbill;andifnotthenfiledthedelayshouldbeaccountedfor,ortheproceedingsontheoriginalbillwillnotbestayed.Thisruleastotime,however,isnotappliedwhenthecrossbillisfiledagainstaco-defendant,norwhenthedelayhasbeenoccasionedbysomeactoftheoriginalcomplainant.Acrossbillmust,asageneralrule,befiledbeforethetimeoftakingproofintheoriginalsuithasexpired,unlessthecomplainantinthecrossbillwillresthiscaseuponthetestimonyalreadytaken.Thisruleis,however,notinflexible.TheCourtmay,atthehearing,directacrossbilltobefiledinordertosettlealltherightsofalltheparties;andifnewmatterarisesafteradecree,andwhilethecauseisintheSupremeCourt,acrossbillwilllie.37But,exceptinsuchcases,acrossbillcannotbefiledafterthehear-ingontheoriginalbill,unlessdirectedbytheCourt.38Whenadefendantresortstoacrossbill,hemustfirstanswertheoriginalbill,beforehecanre-quirethecomplainantthereintoanswerhisbill.39§732.TheFrameofaCrossBill.—Acrossbillshouldbrieflysetforth:1,Thefactanddateofthefilingoftheoriginalbill;2,Thenamesofthepartiestotheoriginalbill;3,Thegeneralobjects,andtheprayerofthebill;4,Theproceedingsinthecausesincetheoriginalbillwasfiled;5,Therightsofthepartyexhibitingthecrossbill,whicharenecessarytobemadethesubjectofcrosslitigation;orthegroundonwhichheresiststhe-claimofthecomplain-antintheoriginalbill,ifthatistheobjectofthecrossbill;and6,Shouldprayforproperprocess,andrelief.Acrossbillshouldnotintroducenewanddistinctmatters,notembracedintheoriginalsuit;for,astosuchmatters,itisanoriginalbill,andtheycannotproperlybeexaminedatthehearingofthefirstsuit.40Therulesforbiddingtheintroductionofscandalousandimperti-nentmatterinbills,applytocrossbills,andindeedtoallotherkindsofbills,andtoallpleadingsofallsorts,whetherfiledbythecomplainant,orbythedefendant.41Thecasesetupinthecrossbillmustbeconsistentwiththedefencemadeintheanswer.42§733.FormofaCrossBill.—Ifavendeeoflandbydeedshouldfileabillagainstthevendor,tobereleasedfromhispurchase,andtohavethepurchase-moneynotesdeliveredupandcancelled,becauseoffraud,accident,ormistake,thedefendantmightfileacrossbill,andprayforjudgmentonhispurchase-moneynotes,andhavethelandsoldinenforcementofhislien.43Insucha
,case,thecrossbillwouldbeasfollows
:
FORMOFACROSSBILL.TotheHon.J.Somers,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatDresden
:
JohnDen,aresidentofWeakleycounty,complainant,vs.RichardFen,aresidentofthesamecounty,defendant.ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.That,onthethirddayoflastNovember,thedefendant,RichardFen,filedhisoriginalbillinthisCourtagainstyourcomplainant,settingforththereinthathehadpurchasedfromcom-plainantthefollowingtractofland,inthe3dcivildistrictofWeakleycounty:Beginning,[describeitbymetesandbounds,ifpossible;ifnot,givethebestdescriptionobtainable;]
37Kirtlandv.M.&T.R.R.,4Lea,414.382Dan.Ch.Pr.,1548-1549,notes,Montgomeryt'.Olwell,1Tenn.Ch.,169;Brownv.Bell,2Tenn.Ch.,287.39Code,§4408.40Sto.Eq.PI.,§401.41Ante,§150.
42Sto.Eq.PL,§399,note.43Uponthehearing,theCourtmaydismisstheoriginalbill,andgrantthereliefprayedbythecrossbill.Enochsv.Wilson,11Lea,230;McNairyv.Eastland,10Yerg.,314;Chestnutv.Frazier,6Bax.,217.

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§734 CROSSBILLS. 574containingonehundredacres,moreorless,andpraying(1)thathemightberelievedfromsaidpurchase,becauseofallegedfraudulentmisrepresentationsrelativetothenumberofacres,andthetitletosaidland;and(2)thatthetwopurchase-moneynotes,givenbyhimtocomplainant,mightbedeliveredup,andcancelled,;and(3)thatthewholetrademightberescinded;and(4)forgeneralrelief.Thisbillyourcomplainanthasthisdayansweredfully,meetinganddenyingalltheequitiessetupinsaidoriginalbill.Referenceismadetosaidbillandanswerfortheircontentsinfull..
ComplainantfurthershowsuntoyourHonorthatsaidtwonotesareforfivehundreddol-larseach,bothdatedJune1,1886,andoneofthemdueoneyear,andtheothertwoyears,afterdate,eachdrawinginterestfromdate;and,tosecuretheirpayment,anexpresslienwasretainedonsaidland,inthefaceofthedeedexecutedanddeliveredtothedefendantforsaidland.Saiddeedisonfileinsaidcause,andisreferredtoforafullerdescriptionofitscontents;saidtwonotesareherewithfiled,marked"ExhibitA,"and"ExhibitB,"andaremadeapartofthebill,andthey,alongwithsaiddeed,willbereadatthehearingasevidence. in.Complainantfurtherstatesthatsaidnotesareoverdue,andarewhollyunpaid;andthat,sincethedefendantfiledhissaidbill,hehasbeguntocutthevaluabletimberonsaidland,andconvertsaidtimberintorailroadties.Saidtimberisabsolutelynecessarytosaidlandforfencing,building,firewood,andotherfarmpurposes,anditsdestructioniswaste,andwillcauseirreparableinjurytosaidland,andgreatlyimpairitsvalue.Thedefendantisinsolv-ent,andsaidlandwillbeinadequatesecurityifmuchofitstimberiscutoff.rv.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatproperprocessissuetocompelthedefendant,RichardFen,toanswerthisbill;buthisoathtohisansweriswaived.2d.ThatawritofinjunctionbedirectedbyyourHonortoissue,torestrainthedefendantfromcuttinganymoreofsaidtimberforanyotherthanstrictlyfarmpurposes.3d.Thatcomplainanthaveadecreefortheamountdueonsaidtwonotes,andthatsaidamountbedeclaredalienonsaidland,andthatsaidlandbesoldinsatisfactionofsaidlienonacreditofsixmonths,andinbarofallequityofredemption.4th.Thatcomplainanthavesuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledto.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctioninthiscase.EmersonEtheridge,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit,asin§§161-164,ante.}§734.AnAnswerasaCrossBill.—OneoftheimprovementsmadeinChan-eerypleadingsbyourCode,istherightitgivesadefendanttoconverthisanswerintoacrossbill.Theprovisionsofthestatuteareasfollows
:
Thedefendantmay,byproperallegations,filehisanswerasacrossbill,andrequireadiscoveryfromthecomplainant;inwhichcaseademurrerorpleasmaybefiled,orotherproceedingshadupontheanswerasuponacrossbill.AndtheCourtshallactuponallthemattersproperlyinvolvedinthepleadings;andgivesuchrelief,eitherfortheplaintiffordefendant,asthena-tureofthecasemayrequiretodocompletejustice.*4Ifthedefendantfileananswerbywayofcrossbill,hemaywaivetheoathofthecomplainanttohisanswerthereto.45Ananswerfiledasacrossbillundertheseprovisionsisnotconfinedtoadiscovery,butmaywellbebasedonanypropermattersofEquitygrowingoutoftheoriginalbill,orconnectedtherewith,entitlingthedefendanttoaffirmativereliefonacrossbillseparatelyfiled.40"Whenitisconsideredthatthepublicwelfareispromotedbymakingaspeedyendtolitigation,thatamultiplicityofsuitsshouldalwaysbepreventedwhenpossible,andthatEquitydelightstodocompletejusticeandnotbyhalves,itismanifestthatthepolicyofthestatuteallowingananswertobefiledasacrossbillshouldbefavoredandfurtheredbytheCourts.47Ithasaccordinglybeenheldthat,wheretheparties,improperlymadedefendantstoananswerfiledasacrossbill,donotobjecttobeingthusbroughtbeforetheCourt,before44Code,§§4323-4324.45Code,§4409.40Odamv.Owens,2Bax.,446;Hallu.Fowlkes,9Heisk.,753.47TheCode,indenningananswer,saysthatitshouldcontain"aprayerfordismissalorcounter-
relief,accordingtothenatureofthecase.''Code,§4315.Thislanguagewouldseemtoimplythatadefendantmightget"counter-relief"byprayingforit.withoutacrossbill.See,onthispoint,ante,§373.

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575 crossbills. §735filingtheiranswer,itistoolateforthemtoobjectafterwards;andtheCourtwilladjudicateallthemattersinvolvedinthecrossbillandtheanswerthereto.Wherepartieswaiveobjectiontothejurisdictioninsuchcases,itisthedutyoftheCourttohearthecauseuponitsmerits.48Anymatterthatwouldbeapropermatterforaseparatecrossbillatthetimetheanswerisfiled,maybeincorporatedintheanswer,andonsuchincor-porationanyreliefmaybeprayedthatcould,onthefacts,beobtainedbymeansofaseparatecrossbill.Ananswerthusdrawnmaybefiledasacrossbill,andinadditiontoitsofficeasananswertothebill,willhavealltherightsincidenttoaseparatecrossbill,excepttherighttobringnewparties-beforetheCourt.49Andhavingalltherightsofaseparatecrossbillitis,also,sub-jecttoallthedutiesofsuchacrossbill,andaprosecutionbondmustbegiven,andprocess,andcopyofthecrossbill,mustissuetobringthosemadadefendantsbeforetheCourt,intheirnewcharacterasdefendantstothecrossbill.Whenananswerisfiledasacrossbillitcannotbringanynewparty,ornewmatter,beforetheCourt;itmustbeconfinedtothematterssetupintheorigi-nalbill,andmattersincidentthereto;itcanbefiledasacrossbillagainstthecomplainantonly;50or,atmost,againstsomeotherpartytothesuit.51But,ifnoobjectionistakentoananswerfiledasacrossbillagainstnewparties,andthedefendantstosuchcrossbillsubmittoanswer,itistoolatetoobjecttotheirregularityatthehearing;and,insuchacase,theCourtwilldecreeonthemerits.52Underourpractice,ananswerfiledasacrossbillisnotstrictlyadefensivepleading.Onsuchananswer,theoriginalbillmaybedismissed,andaffirma-tivereliefgrantedontheprayersofthecrossbill:suchrelief,however,shouldrelatetothesubject-matteroftheoriginallitigation.Thus,onabillfiledtosetasideadeed,ortoenforceamortgage,ortohaveanotecancelled,ortoreformacontract,thedefendantmay,onanswerfiledasacrossbill,(1)havesaiddeeddeclaredvalid,andhislienforpurchase-moneyenforced;or(2)havesaidmortgagedeclaredvoid,andremovedasacloudonhistitle;or(3)havesaidnotedeclaredbinding,andarecoverydecreedhimthereon;or(4)havesaidcontractdeclaredcorrect,andhaveitenforced.§735.FormofanAnswerFiledasaCrossBill.—Whenadefendantintendstofilehisanswerasacrossbill,hemustfirstanswerthebillfully.Inthisanswerhemay,however,weavethefactsonwhichtheprayersofhiscrossbillwillbebased;orhemayreservesuchfactsuntilhehasanswered,andthenallegethem.Thefollowinggeneralformwillindicatehowananswerandcrossbillarejoined.53ANSWERFILEDASACROSSBILL,JohnDoe,1vs. >IntheChanceryCourt,atKnoxville.RichardRoe,et.al.JTheanswerandcross-billofRichardRoetothebillfiledagainsthimandothers,intheaboveentitledcause.Thisdefendant,foranswertosaidbill,says
:
i.Thatheadmitsthat[hereinsertsuchmatters,ifany,inthepreliminarystatementsofthebill,asthedefendantadmits.}Buttheallegationthat[hereinsertwhatisdenied]isdenied,andthecomplainantisrequiredtoproveit,thisdefendanthavingnoknowledge,in-formation,orbeliefrelativethereto.ii.Furtheranswering,thedefendantsays[heregivehisanswertootherallegations,hisexpla-nations,andhishistoryofthecontroversy.]48Campbellv.Foster,2Tenn.Ch.,409;BuremV.Ch.,355;HuffmasterV.Payne,3Shan.Cas.,119.Foster,6Heisk.,338;OdamV.Owens,2Bax.,446;51MassonV.Anderson,3Bax.,300.Hallv.Fowlkes,7Heisk.,753. 52Odamv.Owen,2Bax.,446;Hallv.Fowlkes,49See,ante,§§405;732-733. 9Heisk.,745.SeeArticleonWaiver,ante,§71.50Hallv.Fowlkes,9Heisk.,754;Morrowv.53ForafullerformofananswerfiledasacrossMorrow,2Tenn.Ch.,554;Hergelv.Laitenberger,bill,seeJoinderofDefences,ante,§405.2Tenn.Ch.,251;McGavockV.Morrison,3Tenn.

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§736 crossbills. 576in.Andnowhavingfullyansweredthesaidbill,andbeingadvisedthat,onthefactsbyhimhereinbeforealleged,heisentitledtorelief,heassumesthecharacterofcross-complainant,andprays
:
1st.Thatthisanswermaybefiled,deemedandtreatedasacross-bill,andthatasub-poenaandcopyhereofbeservedonthecomplainanttotheoriginalbill,JohnDoe,tocompelhimtoanswerthiscross-bill,buthisoathtohisansweriswaived.2d.That[hereinsertthespecialreliefthecomplainantinthecross-billdeemshimselfentitledto.]3d.Thathemayhavesuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledtoatthehearing. L.A.Gratz,Solicitor.Ifanyextraordinaryprocessissought,theanswerandcrossbillmustbeswornto,evenwhentheoathtotheanswerhasbeenwaivedbythecomplian-antintheoriginalbill.Ifthedefendantdoesnotwishtosweartohisanswer,hemustfileaseparatecrossbill.§736.ProsecutionBondandProcess,onaCrossBill.—Onthefilingofacrossbill,orofananswerasacrossbill,beforeanyprocesscanissueaprosecu-tionbond,orpauperoathinlieu,shouldbefiled;54andincaseofananswerfiledasacrossbilltheClerkandMasterandthecomplainantintheoriginalbillmayignoreitasacrossbilluntilaprosecutionbondisgiven,orapauperoathfiled.55Ananswerfiledasacrossbillshould,likeacrossbill,prayforanansweraswellasforproperrelief.§737.TheDefencestoaCrossBill.—Everydefencemaybemadetoacrossbillthatcanbemadetoanoriginalbill,exceptobjectionstothelocalorpersonaljurisdictionoftheCourt;andeventheseobjectionsmaybemadebypleainabatement,ordemurrer,ifthecrossbillbringsforwardnewmatterstowhich,ifinanoriginalbill,suchobjectionswouldlie.55aThedefendanttothecrossbillmay:1,Movetodismissthecrossbillbecause(1)itisunnec-essary,thesamedefencesbeingadmissible,orthesamereliefobtainable,bymeansofananswer;or(2)becausenoprosecutionbondwasgiven;or(3)becauseofthewantofsomeotherprerequisitetotheissuanceofthesubpoenatoanswer;or(4)becauseofmanifestwantofEquityonitsface;or2,Thedefendantmaydemurtothecrossbill;or3,Hemaypleadinbaranysinglematterthatwouldbeadefence;or4,Hemayanswerthecrossbill.Butheisnotrequiredtoanswerituntilhisownbillhasbeenanswered.Buttheordinarydefencestoacrossbillaremadebyamotiontodismiss,bydemurrer,orbyanswer.Asarule,allthegroundsofdemurrertoanorigi-nalbillareequallyapplicabletoacrossbill.Whenacrossbillisproper,hasalreadybeenfullyconsidered,56butitmaybegenerallystatedthatacrossbillhasonlytwooffices:1,Itisameansofmakingamoreeffectualdefencethancanbemadebyananswer;and2,Itisameansofobtainingsomeaffirmativereliefconnectedwiththesubject-matteroftheoriginalsuitnotobtainablebymeansofananswer.Hence,itfollowsthatacrossbillcannotbringbeforetheCourtanymattersdistinctfrom,andindependentof,thematterssoughttobelitigatedintheoriginalsuit.Nomatterisproperforacrossbillthatwouldmaketheoriginalbillmultifarious,ifincorporatedinthelatter,andthismaybedeemedatestoftheproprietyofthematterinacrossbill.Ifcrossbillswerenotthusconfinedtothemattersinlitigationintheoriginalsuit,thenewmattersbroughtforwardbythecrossbillmightbesodistinctastoconstitutereallyaneworiginalsuit,onanew,original,andindependentcauseofaction,inwhichcaseasecondcrossbillmightlietothefirstcrossbill,andthuscrosssuitsbemultipliedwithoutend.If,therefore,acrossbillshouldbefiledcontainingmattersdistinctandindependentfromthosecon-tainedintheoriginalbill,itwouldbeopentodemurrerforthiscause.57If,54Curdv.Davis,1Heisk.,575;Harrellv.Harrell,4Cold.,377.55Ibid.Butwhereananswerfiledasacrossbillwithoutprosecutionbond,orpauperoathisan-swered,itistoolatetorequireabondatthehearing.Nocostbondisrequiredofadefendant,intheCir-
cuitCourtwhenhepleadsasetoff.SeeHallFowlkes,9Heisk.,754.55aSee,ante,§728,note19.56See,atne,§§727-730.67Sto.Eq.PI.,§631.See,ante,§728.

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577 CROSSBHJ.S. §738however,suchamultifariouscrossbillshouldbeansweredandregularlyheardontheproof,theCourtwouldprobablydecreeastothedistinctandinde-pendentmatters,treatingthecrossbillprotantoasinthenatureofanoriginalbill.§738.TheHearingonaCrossBill.—Acrossbillisusuallyheardalongwiththeoriginalbill,andasapartoftheoriginalcause.Thetwobillsandtheirrespectiveanswersandproofsaredeemedonerecord,and,ordinarily,oneandthesamedecreeclosesthelitigationraisedbyboththeoriginalandthecrossbill.58Atthehearing,thecrossbillmaybedismissedandreliefgrantedontheoriginalbill,ortheoriginalbillmaybedismissedandreliefgrantedonthecrossbill,orreliefmaybegrantedoneachbill,orbothbillsmaybedismissed.Atthehearing,theoriginalbillandtheanswertheretoaregenerallyfirstread,thenthecrossbillanditsanswer;thentheoriginalcomplainantreadshisproofinchief;thecomplainantinthecrossbillnextreadshisproofastoalltheissuesraisedbybothbillsandanswers,includinghisrebuttingproof,andtheoriginalcomplainantconcludesthereadingoftheevidencebyputtinginanyhemayhaveinrebuttal.TheSolicitorfortheoriginalbill,ordinarily,hastherighttoopenandclosetheargumentaswellastheevidence;but,ifthecrossbillconfessesandavoidstheissuesraisedbytheoriginalbill,orotherwiseshiftstheburdenofproof,theSolicitorforthecrossbillwouldhavetherighttoopenandcloseboththeevidenceandtheargument.59
58CockeV.Trotter,10Yerg.,213.InCarroll1).Taylor,18Pick.,451,itissaidthatwhereacrossbillsetsupequitieswhichdonotaffecttheequitiesoftheoriginalbill,andtheoriginalbillisnotreadytobedisposedof,thecrossbillmaybeheardonits
ownequities,andafinaldecreepronouncedthereon.Butsuchacrossbillwouldseemtobe,inreality,anoriginalbillunderamisnomer.50See,ante,%534,note20.

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§739MOTIONSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.578
PARTVII.INTERLOCUTORYAPPLICATIONSINSUITSINCHAN-CERY,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.CHAPTERXXXVII.MOTIONSINCOUET,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.MotionsGenerallyConsidered.MotionsbytheComplainant..MotionsbytheDefendant.MotionsCommontoBothParties.MotionsbyStrangersandQuasiParties.MotionsaboutPayingMoneyinto,oroutof,Court.
ArticleI.ArticleII.ArticleIII.ArticleIV.ArticleV.ArticleVI.
ARTICLEI.MOTIONSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.1
739.MotionsandPetitionsDennedandDistinguished.740.TheMainDivisionsofMotions.741.TheGeneralLawofMotions.
§742.PracticalSuggestionsConcerningMo-tions.§743.HowMotionsareHeard.§739.MotionsandPetitionsDefinedandDistinguished.—AmotionisanoralapplicationtotheCourt,theChancellor,ortheMaster,forsomeorderinrelationtothesuitinwhichtheapplicationismade;andapetitionisazvrittenapplicationaddressedtotheCourt,orChancellor,forsomeorderinrelationtothesuitinwhichthepetitionisprayedtobefiled.Whentheapplicationisbyapartytothesuit,andisbasedonmattersapparentofrecord,itisusuallymadebymotion;whenthemattersdonotsufficientlyappearofrecord,themotioninreferencetheretomustbesupportedbyanaffidavitofthenecessaryfactsnotofrecord;andwhentheremustbebroughtbeforetheCourt,notonlynewfacts,butalsonewcollateralissues,theapplicationisgenerallybypeti-tion.2WhenastrangerseekstomakeanapplicationtotheCourt,heshouldalwaysdosobypetition;butaparty,oraquasiparty,may,asarule,presentanymatterorally,accompanied,whennecessary,byaffidavits.Astrangercan-notmakeamotionbeforetheMaster,orpresenthimapetition;hecanonlybeheardbytheChancellorinopenCourt.If,however,astranger'scaseisurgent,andhisequitiessufficient,hemayfileanoriginalbillinthenatureofacrossbill,3andinthiswaygetahearingbeforetheChancellor,atChambers;andtheChancellormay,inapropercase,allowsuchabilltobefiledasapetitionin1Motionshavebeenalreadylargelyconsidered.See,ante,§§214-219;233-239;514-525.Thestu-dentisreferredtothesesections,andtotheIndex.22Dan.Ch.Pr.,1587.3Stretchv.Stretch,2Tenn.Ch.,140.Whereathirdpersonclaimsunder,orinprivitywith,alitigant,thepropermodeofbringinghisinterestbe-foretheCourtis,byanoriginalbillinthenatureofasupplementalbill:itcannot,ordinarily,bedonebypetition.Wherethereisnoprivity,apersonin-
terestedinthesubject-matterorobjectsofthesuit,shouldbringforwardhisclaimbyanoriginalbill,inthenatureofasupplementalbill,orinthenatureofacrossbill,asthecasemaybe.ComfortV.McTeer,7Lea,661.See,ante,§690.ButseeBanksv.Banks,2Cold.,548,where,however,noobjectionseemstohavebeenmadebythecomplainant.See,Code,§2799.

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579 MOTIONSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§740theoriginalcause.Asageneralrule,however,nosuchpracticeisknowninEquityasallowingastrangertobecomeadefendanttoapendingsuit,onhisownapplication,overtheobjectionofthecomplainant,especiallywherehesetsuparightnotnoticedinthebill,forthiswouldbetotryrightswithoutanyissuejoined.4§740.TheMainDivisionsofMotions.—Motionsaredividedinto(1)mo-tionsofcourse,and(2)specialmotions.1.MotionsofCourse,inourpractice,aremotions,whethermadeinCourt,atChambers,oratrules,theoppositepartywouldhavenorighttoresist,without,atleast,supportingaffidavits.Indeed,amotionofcourseisonewhichmayproperlybemadewithoutnoticetotheotherparty,andwithouthishavingtherighttobepresentwhenitismade,becausethereisnodiscretiontorefuseit,whenproperlymade.Motionsofcourseincludemotionsfor(1)ordersforpublication,(2)forappointmentofguardiansadlitem,(3)forajudgmentproconfesso,(4)forascirefaciastorevive,(5)forarevivor,whennodefenceismade,(6)foravacationofaproconfesso,andleavetofileananswer,beforefinaldecree,incaseofdefendantsnotservedwithsubpoena,(7)foramendmentofbills,beforeargumentofdemurrer,(8)foramendment,orperfection,ofprosecutionbonds,(9)foranorderspecifyingwhichofseveralpartiesnoticetotakeproofshallbeservedon,(10)foranattachmenttocompelananswer,(11)forajudicialattachment,(12)fortheappointmentofanadministrator,onabillfiledforthatpurpose,(13)fortheabatementofasuitafterlapseoftwotermssinceproofofcomplainant'sdeath,and(14)foranorderofsalewhenlandhasbeenleviedon,andnotsold.2.SpecialMotionsarethosewhichtheChancellormay,intheexerciseofhisdiscretion,eithergrantorrefuse;5andonwhichtheoppositesidewouldhavetherighttobeheard.WhenevertheChancellorisboundtoexercisehisdis-cretion,heisboundtoheartheotherside,ifitdemandahearing;andheisgenerallyboundnottoexercisethatdiscretion,untilhehasgiventheothersideachancetobeheard.Specialmotionsaregenerallyallowed,ordisallowed,ttponconsiderationoftherecord,orofanaffidavit,orofapetition,andafterargumentheardthereon.Allmotions,notofcourse,arespecial.§741.TheGeneralLawofMotions.—Itmaybestatedasagenerallawofmotions,foundedonessentialjustice,that(1)themorerigorousthemotion,ob(2)themoredamagingitseffectsupontheoppositeparty,or(3)themoreitpreventsahearingoftheoppositepartyonthemerits,or(4)themoreitclosesthedooragainsttherighttoplead,or(5)tomakeproof,or(6)themoretechnical,orarbitrary,itisinnature,operation,oreffect,themorestricttheCourtshouldbeinnotallowingit,unlessthepartymakingitshowsclearlythathehasfully,andingoodfaith,compliedwitheverypreliminaryorprere-quisitetosuchmotion,thatheisclearlyentitledtoit,andtheotherpartyciearlyliabletobesomovedagainst.Ontheotherhand,motionsthatdonotshutthedooragainstaparty'srighttoplead,ormakeproof;motionsthatcanreadilyberelievedagainst,iferro-neous,orundulyoppressive;motionspromotiveofarightfoundedinsubstan-tialjustice;motionsfortheprotectionoftherightsofpartiesunderdisability
;
motionslookingtothespeedingofahearingonthemerits;andmotions,ordi-narilydenominatedmotionsofcourse,willbereadilyallowed,noobjectionsappearingontheirface,oraliunde.§742.PracticalSuggestionsConcerningMotions.—Itisofgreatimport-ancetoknowwhatmotiontomakeinreferencetoaparticularmatter;andwheredoubtexistseitherastothekindofmotion,orastowhetherthemotioncanbesupportedbytherecord,youshouldthoroughlyinvestigatethesemattersinadvance;andnotneedlesslyconsumethetimeoftheCourtbybringingup~*StretchV.Stretch;Comfortv.McTeer,citedI 52Dan.Ch.Pr.,1592.above. '

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§743MOTIONSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.580thematterbeforeyouarefullypreparedtoinformtheCourtastoallmattersconnectedwithyourmotion.Havingmasteredthefactsandlawapplicabletoyourmotion,youshouldnextreduceyourmotiontowriting,andprepareabrieftosupportit,ifitislikelytobeantagonized.Anymotionworththemakingisworthenteringontheminutes.Besides,boththeCourtandtheoppositepartyhavearighttoknowexactlywhatyourmotionis,andamotioninparolisliabletobemis-understood,misconstrued,ormisremembered;anditshould,therefore,becom-mittedtowritingbeforeitispresentedtotheCourt.Iftherecorddoesnotadequatelypresentthefactsonwhichyourmotionistobebased,prepareyourpetition,oraffidavit,orobtaintheothernecessaryevidence,beforeyoumakethemotion.WhywastethetimeoftheCourt,andwhyadvertiseyourownwantofknowledgeordiligence,bymakingamotiontherecordwillnotsustain?Afteryourmotionhasbeenmade,seethatitisenteredontheminutes;and,aftertheCourthasruledonyourmotion,havetheactionoftheCourtenteredofrecord,also.Ifyouhavesupportedyourmotionbyaffidavits,orotherextra-neousmatternotofrecord,incorporatetheminaway-sidebillofexceptions,iftheCourtrulesagainstyou,andyoudeemyourmotionofsufficientimport-ancetoperpetuatethefactsonwhichitwasbased.NothingsoadmirablydisplaysanaccomplishedSolicitorastheappropriate-nessofhismotions,theprecisionoftheirframe,theproductionoftheneces-saryauthoritiestosupportthem,andthereadymarshalingofthefactsintherecordonwhichtheyarebased.6§743.HowMotionsareHeard.—Whenthetimeforhearingamotionhasarrived,theSolicitorwhoappearsonbehalfof.themotionshouldbringittotheattentionoftheCourt.Ifthemotionisbasedontherecordinthecase,afterbrieflystatinghismotionheshouldread,ifnecessary,suchandsomuchoftherecordasmaybenecessarytoenabletheCourttocomprehendtheprem-ises.7Ifthemotionisbasedonapetitionoraffidavit,orotherdocument,thatfactshouldatoncebebroughttotheCourt'sattention,andsomuchofitreadasmaybesufficienttogivetheCourtthenecessaryinformationastothegroundsofthemotion.Afterthefactsinthecasehavebeendulypresented,andthereasonsandauthoritiesinsupportofthemotionstated,incasesucharedeemednecessary,theSolicitorsupportingthemotionwillgivewaytotheadverseside,the"Solicitorrepresentingwhichwill,thereupon,brieflystatehisobjectionstothemotion,ifany,andwillreadanyotherpartoftherecord,orpresentanyotheraffidavitsordocumentsnecessaryandpropertoinformtheCourtandsupporthisowncontention.Havingdonethis,hewillbrieflypresenthisreasonsandauthorities,ifanybedeemednecessary,whythemotionshouldnotbeallowed.TheSolicitor8makingorsupportingthemotionwillthenconcludetheargu-ment;and,iftheCourtwishestofurtherconsiderthematter,theSolicitorwillpassthepapersup,orseethattheyaresenttotheChancellor'schambers.
6AverylargepartofaCourt'stimeisoftenwastedbyabortivemotions.NoSolicitorshouldrisetomakeamotionunless(1)thetimeisopportune,(2)therighttomakethemotionhasfullymatured,(3)hefullyunderstandshiscase,andthepurposeandeffectofthemotion,(4)andhasathandtherecord,petitionoraffidavit,requisitetosustainthemotion.ASolicitorshouldknowthatheisrightbeforeheundertakestogoaheadinmakingmotions.Allmotionsmustbebased:1st,ontherecordinthecause;or2d,onanaffidavit,orsomethingequiva-lentinforce,suchassomeotherrecord,orsomewritingunderseal,oracertificate;or3d,onapeti-tionbringingforwardmattersnototherwiseappear-ing;or4th,onsomematterofwhichtheCourtcantakejudicialnotice,orcaninquireabout,orally,oftheSolicitorsorofficersofCourt,orofsomeother
personpresent.Astoshowingcause,see,ante,§62,sub-sec.8.7Solicitorsshouldkeepinmindthattheprobabili-tiesarethattheChancellorknowslittleornothingastothegroundsofthemotion,orthenecessityorexpediencythereof,untildulymadeknowntohimbythecounselinthecase:hencetheimportanceofafullandclearstatementofthecase.Astowhenamotionisheard,see,ante,§531,sub-sec,6.8WheretherearemoreSolicitorsthanoneonaside,ordinarilythejuniorSolicitoroneachsideopens,andtheseniorSolicitorconcludestheargu-ment.Thecounselthatopensshould,ordinarily,haveconsiderationfortheabilityofhiscolleague,andnotundertaketoconsumeallthetimeandmakealltheargumentationallowableforhisside,fortheseniorcounselispresumedtobemoreableandequallywilling.

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581 MOTIONSBYthe;complainant.§744
ARTICLEII.MOTIONSBYTHECOMPLAINANT.§744.MotionsbytheComplainanttoGettheDefendantIntoCourt.§745.MotionsbytheComplainanttoPer-fectHisPleadings.§746.MotionsbytheComplainanttoPro-duceanIssue.
§747.MotionsbytheComplainanttoPre-paretheCaseforHearing.§748.MotionsbytheComplainanttoPro-tectorEnforceHisRightsPend-ingtheLitigation.§749.MotionsinReferencetoDecrees.§744.MotionsbytheComplainanttoGettheDefendantintoCourt.—UntilthedefendantisproperlybeforetheCourtbyserviceofsubpoena,orbyat-tachmentofhispropertyandpublication,orbypublicationalone,thecomplain-ant'smaindutyistotakethenecessarystepstobringhimin.Ifthesubpoenahasnotbeenservedheshouldmoveforanalias,orajudicialattachment,asheretoforeshown.Ifthedefendanthasdied,,or,beingawoman,hasmarried,beforeserviceofprocess,properstepstorevivethesuitmustbetakenasshownelsewhere.§745.MotionsbytheComplainanttoPerfecthisPleadings.—Thecomplain-antisusuallyallowedtodoallthatisnecessarytopresenthiscasefullyandfairlytotheCourt,providedhetaketherightmethod,intherighttime.Asalreadyshown,hemayamendhisbillatanytimebeforethedefendanthasmadedefence,orincaseademurrerisfiled,atanytimebeforeargumentthere-of,withoutapplicationtotheChancellor.Inallothercases,however,hemustobtainleaveoftheChancellortoamendhisbill,suchleavetobeob-tainedonmotioninopenCourt,oratChambers.1IftheCourtbeinsessionwhenthenecessityfortheamendmentisdiscovered,thebetterpracticeistomovetheCourtforleavetoamend.Thepropertimetomakethemotion,istheveryfirstopportunityafterthediscoveryofthedeficiencysoughttoberemedied;allCourtsrequirediligenceandvigilance,butCourtsofEquitymostofall.Thefollowingaretheprincipalmotionsbyacomplainant,lookingtotheperfectionofhispleadings,andtoadaptingthemtothefactsofhiscase,andtothereliefhedesires
:
1.MotionstoAmendHisBill.2Themotionsmay,undercertainlimitationselsewhereshown,bemadeatanytimebetweenthefilingofthebillandthefinaldecree.Thedifficultyofobtainingleave,andthepricetobepaidtherefor,beinggenerally,indirectproportiontothelengthoftimeelapsedsincethean-swerwasfiled.Thesemotionsare:1,Motionstoamendbycorrectingsomedate,oramount,orname,ordescriptionofproperty;2,Motionstoamendbymakingnewparties,ornewallegationsastooldparties,orbydoingboth;3,Motionstoamendbybringingforwardnewmattersinexistencewhenthebillwasfiled,soastoenlargethescopeofthebill,ortosueonanadditionalground,oronanadditionalclaim,orforanadditionaldebt,orforanadditionalpieceorpiecesofproperty,realorpersonal,ortosetupanyadditionalEquity;4,Motionstoamendbydismissinghisbillastoanydefendant,ordefendants,orastoanydebt,pieceofproperty,claim,demand,Equityorothermatter,setforthinhisoriginal,oramended,orsupplementalbill;5,Motionstoamendtheprayer;and6,Motionsthatincludeanytwoormoreoftheprecedingmatters.2.MotionforLeavetoFileanAmendedBill.*Ifthechangessoughttobemadeintheoriginalbillarefewandshort,andcanbeeasilymadebyinter-lineations,oronthemargin,theCourtwillallowtheoriginalbilltobe
1See,ante,§675. I 2Code,§§4332-4335.See,post,§775.I 3See,ante,§675.

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§746MOTIONSBYTHECOMPLAINANT.582amended,onitsface,ifnoanswerhasbeenfiled,orifthedefendantdoesnotdesiretoanswerastotheamendments.Butifthechangesaretoonumerous,ortoovoluminous,tobeeasilyincorporatedintothebodyoftheoriginalbill
;
or,ifnewissuesareraisedandnewpartiesaremade,afteranswerfiled,thecomplainantmustmovetheCourtforleavetofileanamendedbill,inwhichcaseheshouldhavetheamendedbilldrawnandreadytoexhibittotheCourt,alongwithanaffidavitexplaininghisdelay;andifthedelayhasbeengreatandmuchproofhasbeentaken,theproposedamendedbillshould,also,beswornto,asanevidenceofgoodfaith.3.MotionforLeavetoFileaSupplementalBill.*Ifsomeeventhashappened,orsomematterorfacthasarisen,orcomeintoexistence,sincethefilingoftheoriginalbill,andsuchevent,matter,orfact,inanywaysomateriallychangestherightsofthecomplainant-,orthedutiesofthedefendant,astomakeitnec-essaryorpropertobringit,andanyconsequentnewpartiesbeforetheCourt,thismustbedonebyasupplementalbill;andleavetofilesuchabillmustbeobtainedfromtheCourt,orChancellor'atChambers,inthesamewayasleaveisobtainedtofileanamendedbill.4.MotiontoKevive.sIfthecomplainantdies,thepersonentitledtorevivemaydoso,onmotion,supportedbyproperevidenceofhisrights.So,thehusbandofafemalecomplainantmaybecomeapartycomplainant,onmotion,supportedbyproofofhismarriage,andonfilingaprosecutionbond.Ifafemaledefendantmarries,themarriagemustbesuggestedandproved,andanorderforascirefaciasagainstthehusbandmovedfor.Ifadefendantdies,thedeathmustbesuggestedandproved,andanorderforascirefaciasagainsthisproperrepresentativesmovedfor.Ifascirefaciashasbeenalreadyexecutedandnodefencemadethereto,thecomplainantmustmovetheCourttorevivethecause.ThesubjectofrevivingsuitsisfullytreatedofinapreviousChapter.5.MotiontoHaveanAdministratorAppointed."Wheretheestateofade-ceasedpersonshouldberepresented,andthereisnoexecutororadministrator,ortheexecutororadministratorisadverselyinterested,theCourtwillonmotionappointanadministratoradlitem.§746.MotionsbytheComplainanttoProduceanIssue.7—Afterthebillisfiled,thedutydevolvesonthecomplainanttotakeeverystepnecessarytobringthesuittoanissue,sothatthetakingofproofmaybegin.Thefollowingaretheprincipalmotionstobemadeforthispurpose
:
1.MotionforaGuardianadXitem.«Aguardianadlitemmaybeappointedforaminor,orforapersonofunsoundmind,bytheCourt,bytheChancellor,orbytheMaster,onmotion,supportedbyaswornbill,orbyaffidavit,showingthatthedefendantisundersuchadisability.2.MotionforaProConfesso.oIfanadultdefendant,whoissuijuris,hasfailedtomakedefenceasrequiredbythesubpoena,ororderofpublication,thecomplainantmayhavehisbilltakenforconfessed,onmotion,supportedbythereturnonthesubpoena,orbyproperproofofpublication.Hemay,however,obtainaproconfessofromtheMaster,onlikeproof.3.MotionforaJudicialAttachment.idIfasubpoenatoanswerisreturnedendorsed,"nottobefoundinmycounty,"thecomplainantmay,onmotion,supportedbysuchreturn,obtainajudicialattachmentagainsttheestateofthedefendant.4.MotionforanAttachmenttoCompelanAnswer.uIfthedefendanthasbeenservedwithasubpoenatoanswer,andfailstoanswer,andthecomplainantdesiresananswerunderoath,hemaymoveforanattachmentagainstthebody4See,ante,§687.5See,ante,§745.6See,post,§985.7See,ante,%514.
8See,ante,§216.oSee,ante,§217.10See,post,§883.11See,ante,§219.

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583 MOTIONSBYTHECOMPLAINANT.§747ofthedefendant,supportinghismotionbyasubpoenashowingservice,orbyanaffidavitofsuchservice.5.MotiontoSetaPleaorDemurrerDownforArgument."Ifthecomplainantconceiveanyplea,ordemurrer,tobenaughteitherforthematterormannerofit,hemaymovetheCourttohearargumentastoitssufficiency.6.MotiontoHaveaCauseRevived."Ifadefendantdies,orafemaledefend-antmarries,thecomplainantmayreviveagainstthedecedent'sproperrepre-sentative,oragainstthehusband,bybillofrevivor,orbyscirefacias.Toobtainthelatter,amotionmustbemade,supportedbyproofofthedefendant'sdeath,ormarriage.ThecomplainantmaytakestepstorevivebeforetheMaster,withoutwaitingfortheCourttocome.Onthereturnofprocessdulyexecuted,arevivormaybehadonmotion,incasenodefenceisshowninduetime.7.MotionforanAdministrator."Ifanadministratorbecomesnecessaryintheprogressofthesuit,andtheCourthastherighttoappointone,itmaybedoneonmotion,supportedbyaproperrecord.Ifthebillisfiledtohaveanadministratorappointed,theChancellormaymaketheappointmentatCham-bers.8.MotionforCreditorstoFileTheirClaims.15Ifabillisfiledtowindupaninsolventestate,oraninsolventcorporation,orpartnership,onmotionofcom-plainant,supportedbytheproperrecord,theCourtwillordercreditorstobenotifiedtofileandprovetheirclaims.§747.MotionsbyComplainanttoPreparehisCaseforHearing.—Therearemotionstobemadebythecomplainantlookingtothepreparationofhissuitfortrial.MostofthesemotionswillbefoundintheArticleonMotionsCommontobothParties;16buttbefollowingarespeciallyapplicabletothecomplainant.1.MotionWheretheDefendantFailstoAnswerInterrogatories.!?Ifanon-res-identdefendantfailstoanswerdulyfiledinterrogatories,byagivenday,speci-fiedinaperemptoryorderbytheCourt,orClerk,requiringsuchinterrogato-riestobeanswered,thecomplainantmay,onmotion,havesuchdefendant'sanswertakenoffthefiles,andthebilltakenforconfessed.182.MotiontoStrikeaPleadingorOtherPaperFromtheFile."Ifthedefendant,ortheClerkforhim,fileanypleading,orotherpaper,inacausewithoutlawfulauthority,orifadefendantfileanypaperinacausenotpropertobefiled,thecomplainantmay,onmotion,havesuchpleadingorpaperstrickenfromthefiles.Thus,ifaplea,oradditionalplea,oramendedplea,oranorigi-naloramendeddemurrer,oranoriginaloramendedanswer,isfiledafterthetimethereforhasexpired,orwithoutleavewhereleaveisnecessary,itmayhestrickenfromthefiles,onmotionofthecomplainant.Ifapleaoranswer,thatmustbeswornto,isfiledwithoutverification,or,ifnoverificationisneeded,isfiledwithoutbeingsignedbythedefendant,orhisSolicitor,orifitbethepleaoranswerofapersonunderdisability,andisfiledinperson,orbySolicitor,andnotbyguardian,ornextfriend,orifanypaperofanykindhasbeenimproperlyfiledbythedefendant,oradefendant,itmaybetakenoffthefiles,onmotionofthecomplainant.§748.MotionbyComplainanttoProtectorEnforcehisRightsPendingtheLitigation.—Duringtheprogressofthecause,thecomplainantisfrequentlyobligedtoasktheCourtforsomeinterlocutoryordertopreventtheremoval,injury,transfer,ordestruction,ofthepropertyinlitigation,ortomorefullysecureorprotectit,ortosellit,ortocollecttherentsandprofitsofit,orsome12See,ante,§262.13See,ante,§745,sub-sec.4.1*See,§745,sub-sec.5.16See,post,§§1001;1035;1335.16See,post,§§753-762.17See,post,§1122.18Code,§|4463-4464.If,however,thedefendant
shouldshow,byaffidavit,agoodexcuseforhisde-fault,andshouldfullyanswertheinterrogatoriesbeforethetermended,theCourtwouldsetasidetheorderproconfesso,onhispayingthecostsofthecause.19See,ante,|§179;233,note3;post,751,sub-sec.7-

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§749 MOTIONSBYTHECOMPLAINANT.584ordertoenforceapreviousorderoftheCourt,ortocompelobediencetoapreviousorder,ortopreventinterferencewiththeordersorofficersoftheCourt.Theseinterlocutoryordersareobtainedonmotion;andmust,usually,besupportedbyaswornpetition,orbyaffidavit.Thefollowingaresomeofsuchmotions:1.MotionforanInjunctionorRestrainingOrder.20Acomplainantmaymoveforaninjunction,orarestrainingorder,atanytimebeforeafinaldecree,eitheronthebill,ifitlayssufficientground,oronaswornpetition.Ifagroundforaninjunctionarisespendingthelitigation,itmaybeobtainedonmotion,supportedbyaswornpetition:insuchacasearestrainingorderisusuallyenteredontheminutes,ifCourtisinsession.IfCourtbenotinsession,applicationmustbemadetotheChancellor,atChambers.2.MotionforaReceiver.21Ifareceiverbecomesnecessaryduringalitiga-tion,thecomplainantmayhaveoneappointedonmotionsupportedbyanaffi-davit,oraswornpetition.IfCourtbenotinsession,applicationmustbemadetotheChancellor,atChambers,suchapplicationtobesupportedbytheoriginalbill,orbypetition,orbyboth,duenoticebeinggiventotheotherparty.3.MotionforanAttachmentforContempt.22Ifadefendant,orotherperson,hasviolated,orrefusedtoobey,anywritororderoftheCourt,orhasinter-feredwithanyofficeroftheCourt,thecomplainantmayhavehimattachedforcontempt,onapetitionfiledforthatpurpose.4.MotionforAlimonyPendingtheSuit.23Ifawife,inabillfordivorce,showsameritoriouscase,andpraysforalimonypendingthesuit,theCourtwill,onmotion,makeherasuitableallowanceuntilthenextterm.Shemaystrengthenhermotionbyanaffidavit,showinghernecessities.TheCourtwillbemoreliberal,ifsheis,also,readyfortrial,andthedefendantseeksacon-tinuance.5.MotiontoRequireMoney,ChosesinAction,orOtherPersonalty,tobeDe-positedWiththeMaster.24Whenthereisanyparticularfund,especiallyatrustfund,inlitigation,oranyspecificchoseinaction,chattel,oranyotherarti-cleofpersonalproperty,thecustody,orownership,ofwhichisindispute,thepartythereuntoentitled,ordinarilythecomplainant,maymovetheCourttorequirethepartyinpossessiontopay,ordeliveritintoCourt,subjecttothefutureordersoftheCourt.Suchmotionisgenerallysupportedbyboththebillandtheadmissionsintheanswer.6.MotiontoPayOut,Transfer,LoanorImpoundPundsinCourt.AnymoneyintheMaster'shands,thatcannotbe,atonce,paidout,may,onmotion,beloaned,subjecttotheorderoftheCourt,orforadefiniteperiod.So,fundsmay,onmotion,betransferredfromonecausetoanother,entriesshowingthisbeingmadeineachcause.So,fundsinCourtmay,onmotion,supportedbyaswornpleading,orbyapetition,orsometimesbyanaffidavit,beimpoundedtoawaitthedecisionofthecausetowhichitbelongs,ortobeheldsubjecttothede-cisioninanothercause.§749.MotionsinReferencetoDecrees.—Afteradecreehasbeenpro-nounced,itisoftennecessarytotakesomestepsinCourt,inordertogetitsfullbenefit.Someofthesestepsarethefollowing
:
1.MotionforanInstanterExecution.Ifadefendantismakingawaywithhisproperty,orthreateningtodoso,orothersufficientcausebeshown,thecom-plainantmaymoveforaninstanterexecution,supportinghismotionbyaffi-davit.25a.MotionforJudgmentonaNote."Wheneveranotegivenforpropertysold,ormoneyloaned,isoverdue,judgmentmaybehadthereononmotion,sup-portedbythenote,andtherecordinthecause.2620See,post,§890.21See,ante,§176.22See,post,§§845-848;918-923;23See,post,§§1097-1098.
24See,post,§§765-769.26Code,§3010.26See,ante,§643.

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585 MOTIONSBYTHEDEPENDANT.§7503.MotiontoSetAsidetheSatisfactionofaDecree.Ifpropertywhichhasbeensoldtosatisfyanexecutionisrecoveredfromthepurchaser,thesatisfac-tionmaybesetaside,andascirefaciasawardedtohavethedecreerevived,onmotionsupportedbyaffidavit.27
ARTICLEIII.MOTIONSBYTHEDEFENDANT.§750.MotionsLookingtoaDismissaloftheSuit.§751.MotionsbytheDefendanttoPerfectHisDefence.
§752.MotionstoSetAside,orModify,In-terlocutoryOrders.
§750.MotionsLookingtoaDismissalofaSuit.—Thecomplainantisre-quirednotonlytoproperlyinstitutehissuit,butalsotokeepitindueprogresstowardsafinaldecree,andnotallowanydeficienciestoarise,ortoremedythemincasetheydoarise.Foranyfailurehereinhissuitisliabletobedis-missed.Ifatanytimeduringtheprogressofasuit,agroundforitsdismissalexists,thedefendantmaytakeadvantageofitbymotion;and,asarule,hemustmakehismotionatthefirstopportunityafterhisrighttheretoarises.If,insteadofmovingtodismiss,hetakessomeotheraffirmativestep,hewillnotordinarilybeallowedtogobackandmakeamotiontodismiss.Thefollowingaresomeoftheprincipalgroundsofmotionstodismiss
:
1.MotionsforaRuleonComplainant'sSolicitortoShowHisAuthority.*Ifthedefendanthasgoodreasontobelievethatthebillhasbeenfiledwithoutanyproperauthorityfromthecomplainant,hemay,onmakingsuchanaffidavit,movetheCourtforaruleontheSolicitorwhofiledthebilltoproducehisauthoritytoappearforthecomplainant;andallproceedingswillbesuspendeduntilsuchauthorityisproduced,orproved.2.MotiontoDismisstheBill.Ifthebillisliabletobedismissedforanyrea-sonbeforedemurrer,itmaybedoneonmotion,themotionspecifyingthegroundonwhichitisbased,andaccompaniedbytheproperproofwhenthegroundisoutsideofthebillitself.Thegroundsofsuchmotionshavehereto-forebeenstated.23.MotiontoRequireaBetterProsecutionBond.3Iftheprosecutionbondis,or-becomes,insufficienteither(1)intheamountofthepenaltybyreasonofthecostsofthesuitbeinggreat,or(2)inthesolvencyofthesecuritybyreasonofthedeath,removalfromtheStateortheinsolvencyofthesurety,onaffidavitofthefact,amotionmaybemadethatthecomplainantberequiredtogiveasufficientprosecutionbond,ortojustifyhissureties.4.MotiontoDispaupertheComplainant.3aIfthecomplainantisprosecutingthesuitonthepauperoath,thedefendantmayhavehimdispauperedatanytimebeforethehearing,onshowingbythetestimonyofdisinterestedpersonsthattheallegationofpovertyisprobablyuntrue.5.MotionforaRuleontheComplainanttoTakeSteps.*Ifthecomplainantfailtokeephissuitmovingontowardsafinaldecree,byputtingitatissue,,orbykeepingitdulyrevived,orbyfurnishingtheMasterwithevidenceforareport,orbynotcomplyingwithsomeordermade,orbynotamendinghisbill,27Code,§§2990-2996.1See,ante,§233.2See,ante,§§268-271.3See,ante,§234.3aCode,3194.Butdispauperingshouldbecau-tiouslydone.Brumleyv.Hayworth,3Yerg.,423.
Thelawshouldbeliberaltopoorpersons.Heatherlyv.Hill,8Bax.,170.ThelawofEnglandallowingpauperstosuewithoutpayingcostswaspassedin1495,andismoreliberaltopoorlitigantsthanours.See,1Dan.Ch.Pr.,37-44,111.4See,ante,§239;Code,§§4389-4390.

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§751 MOTIONSBYTHEDEFENDANT.586orbyotherwisefailingtoexerciseduediligence,thedefendantmaymakearuleintheClerk'sofficeonthecomplainanttotakethenecessarystepintheprogressofthesuit,andonhisfailuretodoso,thedefendantmay,inopenCourt,movetheChancellorforaperemptoryruleonthecomplainant.6.MotionWheretheComplainantPailstoAnswerInterrogatories.sIfanon-residentcomplainantfailstoanswerdulyfiledinterrogatoriesbyagivenday,specifiedinaperemptoryorderbytheCourt,orClerk,requiringsuchinterrog-atoriestobeanswered,thedefendantmay,onmotion,havethebilldismissed.17.MotiontoAbateaSuit.6Ifthedeathofthecomplainanthasbeenprovedandsoenteredontheminutes,thedefendantmaymovetoabatethesuitifitisnotrevivedduringthesecondtermaftersuchentry.§751.MotionsbytheDefendanttoPerfecthisDefence.—Thedefendant,withincertainlimits,isallowedtodowhatisreasonablynecessary,topresenthisdefence,soastoenablehimtofullyavailhimselfofallthelawandthefactsapplicabletohiscase.1.MotionforFurtherTimetoMakeDefense.<&Ifthedefendantneedsaddi-tionaltimewithinwhichtomakehisdefense,heshouldapplytherefortotheMaster,ortotheChancellor,unlesstheCourtbeinsession,andthentotheCourt.2.MotiontoRequiretheComplainanttoElect.'WhenthecomplainantisSu-ingthedefendantbothatlawandinEquity,atthesametimeandforthesamematter,theCourtwill,onmotionofthedefendant,requirethecomplainanttoelectwhichofthetwosuitshewillprosecute.Suchmotioncannotbemade,however,untilthedefendanthasanswered.Ifthecomplainantconsidersthatthebillandactionatlawarefordifferentmatters,andthatheoughtnottobecompelledtoelect,hemayresistthemotion.3.MotiontoPileaCrossBill.®Ifthedefendantneedsacrossbill,eitherthebettertomakehisdefence,ortoobtainsomeaffirmativereliefconnectedwiththesubjectmatterofthesuit,hemay,onmotion,obtainleavetofileacrossbillforthatpurpose.Thecrossbillshouldordinarilybepresentedandreadinsupportofthemotion;andiftherehasbeenanydelay,suchdelayshouldbeaccountedforbyaffidavit,ortheCourtwillnotstaythehearingoftheoriginalcause.4.MotiontoAmendaPleading.'Thedefendantcannotamendanyofhispleadings,whetherademurrer,aplea,orananswer,withoutleave;thisleavecanonlybeobtainedonmotioninopenCourt,oratChambers,accompaniedbytheproposedamendment.Ifaswornanswerissoughttobeamended,theamendmenttenderedmust,also,beverified;andtheoccasionandthenecessityfortheamendmentmustbeclearlyshownbyaffidavit.5.MotionforLeavetoWithdrawanAnswer.ioSometimestheCourtwillal-lowananswertobewithdrawn,andademurrertobefiledtothebill.Themotionforsuchleavemustbeaccompaniedbyanaffidavitclearlyshowingwhythedemurrerwasnotoriginallyfiled.6.MotionbyWifeforLeavetoAnswerSeparately."Wheneverawife'sinter-estsareantagonistictoherhusband's,orwhenshedissentsfromhisanswer,orislivingapartfromhim,shemayonmotion,supportedbyevidenceofthefact,obtainleavetoanswerseparately.7.MotionstoStrikePleadings,andOtherPapers,fromtheFile."Ifacom-plainant,ortheClerkforhim,filesanypleading,orotherpaper,inacause,6Code,§§4463-4464.If,however,thecomplain-antshould,byaffidavit,beforethetermclosed,ex-cusehisdefault,andshouldfullyanswertheinter-rogatories,theCourtwouldsetasidetheorderofdismissal,andrestorethecausetothedocket,onthepaymentofallthecostsofthesuit.6See,ante,§698.eaSee,ante,§237.7CockeV.Dodson,1Tenn.(Overt.),169;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,247;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,815-817.8Acrossbillmaybefiledasamatterofright,
but_itisa_commonpracticetomoveforleave,es-peciallyifitisdesiredtohavetheoriginalandcrosssuitheardtogether.Thepropertimetofileacrossbilliswhentheanswerisfiled.See,ante,§§400:728-729.9See,ante,§745.10See,ante,§232.11See,ante,%236.12CoxV.Breedlove,2Yerg.,499:Wilsoni\Wil-son,10Yerg.,200.Dancev.McGregor,5Hum428.See,ante,§747,sub-sec,2.

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587 MOTIONSBYTHEDEFENDANT.§752•withoutlawfulauthoritysotodo,orifapaper,notpropertobefiledbythecomplainant,hasbeenfiledbyhim,thedefendantmay,onmotion,havesuchpleading,orotherpaper,takenoffthefiles.Thus,ifabillisfiledwithoutauthority,orisunknowntotheformsoftheCourt,orifanamendedorsup-plementalbill,orbillofreviewfornewmatter,isfiledwithoutlawfulauthority,itmay,onmotionofthedefendant,betakenoffthefiles.§752.MotionstoSetAside,orModify,InterlocutoryOrders.—"Whenanyinterlocutoryorderhasbeenmadeonmotionofthecomplainant,onaccountofwhichthedefendantisaggrieved,hemaybringsuchorderbeforetheCourtonmotion,supportedbyaffidavit,12aandmovetheCourt,orChancelloratCham-bers,tosetasideormodifysuchorder,orotherwisereleasehimfromitseffect,inwholeorinpart.Amongsuchmotionsarethefollowing
:
1.MotiontoSetAsideaProConfesso.isAproconfessomaybesetasideonmotion,supportedbyaffidavitexcusingthedelay,andaswornanswershowingameritoriousdefence;andinsomecases,withoutanaffidavitoraswornan-swer.AproconfessomayalsobesetasidebytheMasteratrules,uponagoodcauseshown,andthefilingofasufficientanswer.142.MotiontoDissolveanInjunction.""Whenadefendant,orevenathirdparty,feelsaggrieved,orisinjuredbyaninjunction,hemaymoveforitsdis-solution,supportinghismotionbyaswornanswer,orbyshowingwantofequityinthebill,orincaseofastranger,byapetition.Thismotionmay,alsobemadebeforetheChancelloratChambers.3.MotiontoVacatetheAppointmentofaReceiver.""Whenthedebtispaid,orthesuitcompromised,orabondisgiventocomplywiththedecreeoftheCourt,orwheninanycaseareceiverisnolongernecessary,onmotionforthatpur-pose,thereceiverwillbedischarged,andthepropertyinhishandsrestoredtotheformerpossessor.So,amotionmaybemadetovacateanorderappointingareceiver,suchamotionbeingsupportedbyaswornanswer.ThismotionmaybemadebeforetheChancellor,invacation.4.MotionstoDischargeo>rSeduceaLevyorBond.""Wheremorepropertyhasbeenattachedthanisnecessarytosatisfythedebtandcosts,orwhenare-plevybondisexcessive,thelevyorbondmaybereducedonmotionsupportedbyaswornanswer,orbyaswornpetition,andnoticetotheotherside.ThismotionmaybemadebeforetheChancelloraswellinvacationasinterm.Alevyorbondmaybe,also,dischargedinpropercase,onlikeprocedure.12aAstoshowingcauseinsupportofamotion,ee,ante,§62,sub-sec.8.13See,ante,§§207-213;888-890.14Code,§4420.
16See,post,§854.16See,post,§917.17Code,§4451.

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§753MOTIONSCOMMONTOBOTHPARTIES.588
ARTICLEIV.MOTIONSCOMMONTOBOTHPARTIES.§753.MotionsinReferencetoPleadings,orOtherPapers,ImproperlyFiled.§754.MotionsWhereMoreSuitsThanOneAbouttheSameSubject-Matter.§755.MotionstoConsolidateSimilarCauses.§756.MotionsinReferencetoEvidence.§757.MotionsinReferencetoRulingsbytheMaster.
§758.MotionsforaReferencetotheMas-ter.§759.MotionsinReferencetoaMaster'sReport.§760.MotionsinReferencetotheTrial.§761.MotionsinReferencetoSales.§762.MotionsinReferencetotheCorrec-tionofErrors.
§753.MotionsinReferencetoPleadings,orotherPapersImproperlyFiled.Ifanypleading,exhibit,deposition,orotherpaper,hasbeenfiledwithoutlaw-fulauthority,orisfiledafterthelapseofthelimitallowed,orisnotentitled,orisnotmarkedfiled,orforanyreasonoughtnotbeonthefile,itmay,onmotionofanypartyaggrieved,betakenoffthefiles,or,asitissometimesexpressed,strickenfromthefiles.Allmotionstostrikeapleadingorotherpaperfromthefiles,are-heardsummarilybytheCourt,thegroundsofthesemotionsbeingordinarilyapparentonthefaceoftherecord.WhenapleadingisallegedtobefiledbyaSolicitorwithouthisallegedclient'sauthority,themotionbytheadversepartytotakeitoffthefilesshouldbebasedonanaffi-davitofsuchwantofauthority;anditmaybestated,asageneralrule,that*vhenthegroundofamotiontostrikefromthefilesisbasedonmattersoutsideoftherecord,suchmattermustbemadetoappearbyaffidavit.§754.MotionswhereMoreSuitsthanOneabouttheSameSubject-Matter.ItfrequentlyhappensthattherearependinginthesameCourttwoormoresuitsrelatingtothesamesubject-matter,suchas:(1)suitsbydifferentcred-itorstoreachthesamepropertyorfundofacommondebtor;(2)suitsbydif-ferentbeneficiariesofthesametrust;(3)suitsbydifferentclaimantsofliensonthesameproperty;(4)suitsbroughtbydifferentnextfriendsofthesamepersonunderdisabilityagainstthesamedefendantastothesamematter;(5)suitsbydifferentpersons,whetheradministrators,executors,legatees,distrib-utees,orcreditors,toadministerthesameestate;(6)suitsbydifferentwardsagainstthesameguardianaboutthesamegeneraldefault;(7)suitsbydifferentcreditors,legatees,ordistributees,againstthesameexecutororadministratorforthesamedevastavit,ordefault;and(8)suitsoflikecharacterinwhichallormostoftheevidenceinonecasewouldbepertinentintheothercases,andthedecreeofrecoveryinonecasewouldprobablyhavetobeconsideredintheothercasesinordertoproperlydistributethefund,orotherwiseequitablyad-judicatetherespectiveandperhapsconflictingrightsandclaimsofthepartiesintheothercases."WheretwoormoresuitsoftheforegoingcharacterarebroughtinthesameCourt,theCourtwill,onmotionofthecomplainantinthesuitfirstbrought,staytheproceedingsinalltheothersuits,exceptinsofarasthey,oranyofthem,seektohaveadjudicatedmattersnotsetupinthefirstsuit.Or,ifitappearsthatasubsequentbillismorecomprehensive,orotherwisebetteradaptedtohaveallthemattersincontroversyfullydetermined,theCourtmay,onmotionofthecomplainantinsuchbill,stayproceedingsonalltheotherbills,unlessthecomplainantinthebillfirstfiledwillsoamendhisbillastocoverthefieldincludedbyalltheotherbills.1TheCourtwill,insuchcases,con-
11Dan.Ch.Pr.,797-798.

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589MOTIONSCOMMONTOBOTHPARTIES.•§755siderinwhatwaytheinterestsofallthepartiesmaybebestpromoted,lookingtothesavingofcosts,anearlyhearing,andacompletedecreesettlingallthevariousequitiesofallthepartiesinallthesuits."Wherethecomplainantsinthedifferentsuitsareseekingthesamefund,ortoshareinthesamerecovery,theCourtwillordinarilyallowthecomplainantsinthestayedsuitstobecomepartiestothesuitallowedtobeprosecuted;orwillallowthepreferredbilltobesoamendedastobringbeforetheCourtallthepartiesandallthemattersoftheotherbills,andto.prayforaninjunctionagainstthefurtherprosecutionoftheothersuits;2or,wherethesamepropertyorfundisclaimedbydifferentcomplainantsfromthesamedefendant,willallowthelatter,whenhesetsupnoclaimofhisown,tofileabillofinterpleader.§755.MotionstoConsolidatesimilarCauses.—Insteadofstayingproceed-ings,theCourtwill,inanyoftheforegoingeightcases,exceptthefourth,orderallofthecausestobeconsolidated,ifnopartyobjecttothemotion.1*
Thisisamorecommonandamoreconvenientpracticethanthepracticeofstayingthesubsequentsuits;inasmuchasitenablesreferences,reports,anddecreestobemadeintheconsolidatedcause,sufficientlycomprehensivetoin-cludeallthevariousmattersofcontroversycontainedineach,andallthevariousequitiesandpriorities,howevernumerous,andhoweverconflicting;andenablestheCourttoproperlydistributethefund,whenafundisinvolved,andtoadjudicateallquestionsastothetitle,whenthetitleisinvolved,andallothermatters.ThepracticeofconsolidatingcauseswherethesamefundorpropertyisbeingsoughtbydifferentcreditorsandclaimantsindifferentsuitsinthesameCourt,isamostsalutaryone,greatlytobefavored.Itlessensthecosts,andtherebyenablesthedebtortopaymoreofhisdebts;itlessensthelaborofcoun-sel;anditenablestheCourttoadministerthefundtothegreatestadvantage,andwiththefewestdifficultiestoall,besidespreventingamultiplicityoftrials.Itmustnotbeforgotten,however,thataconsolidationofcauses,whetherbyconsent,orbyorderoftheCourtwithoutconsent,doesnotchangetherulesofEquitypleading,northerightsoftheparties,thoserightsmuststilldependonthepleadingsintherespectivecauses,andtheevidenceapplicablethereto;4andanappealinonecasewillnot"necessarilycarryuptheothercase,orcases.5"Whereseveralsuitsarebroughtbydifferentcreditorsagainstthesamein-solventcorporationindifferentChanceryCourts,thatCourtinwhichisfiledthebillembracingthewholematterinlitigationmayenjointhecreditorsintheothersuitsfromprosecutingtheirindependentsuits,andrequirethemtocomeinunderthegeneralbillonwhichtheinjunctionwasgranted.8Ifnoneofthebillsisfiledasageneralcreditor'sbill,anyofthecomplainantsmayfileanamendedandsupplementalbillaswellforhimselfasforallothercreditors,andclaimantswhomaychoosetomakethemselvesparties,andprayforallproperaccounts,thatthepropertybesold,andassetsadministeredundertheordersoftheCourt,thatareceiverbeappointed,andforgeneralrelief.Uponsuchanamendedandsupplementalbillbeingfiled,thecomplainantwouldbeentitledtofiatsforanattachmentandaninjunctionagainstthecommon
2HadleyV.Freedman'sS.&T.Co.,2Term.Ch.,122;130;Smithv.St.LouisM.L.Ins.Co.,3Tenn.Ch.,502.SeeArticleonGeneralCreditors'Bills.3TheCourtcannot,ordinarily,compelaconsoli-dationagainsttheconsentoftheparties.Knight«.Ogden,3Tenn.Ch.,409;Ogburnv.Dunlap,9Lea,162.TheCourtshould,however,hearthecausesatthesametime,andoneratethepartiesrefusingtoconsenttoaproperconsolidationwithalltheextracostscausedbytherefusaltoconsolidate.Par-tiesshouldnotbeallowedtoconsumeafund,oroppressadefendant,byanunnecessarymultiplica-tionofcosts.Byadoptingthepracticeoftaxingtheparties,refusingtoagreeinapropercasetoa
consolidation,withallthecostsofthecausethere-afteraccruing,consolidationsinpropercaseswillgenerallybeconsentedtobyallparties.TheCourtmay,onitsownmotion,consolidatecausesclaimingthesamefundagainstthesamedefendant.ClementV..Clement,5Cates,40.See,ante,§754.4Brevardv.Summar,2Heisk.,105;Loflandv.Coward,12Heisk.,546;Massonv.Anderson,3Bax.,290.Ogburnv.Dunlap,9Lea,169.5OgburnV.Dunlap,9Lea,162.6Smithv.St.LouisM.L.Ins.Co.,3Tenn.Ch.,502;samecase,6Lea,564.SeeArticleonGeneralCreditors'Bills,post,§§1033-1034.

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OrderofConsolidation.
§756MOTIONSCOMMONTOBOTHPARTIES.590debtorandhisestateongivingproperbonds;7andtheCourtwillrestrainallcreditorsfromsuinginanyothercause.Thestatuteprovidesthatifseparatesuitstoenforcemechanic'sliensbebroughtinthesameCourttheyshallbeconsolidated.8So,onthefilingofaninsolventbillbythepersonalrepresentatives,oracreditor,theChancellormayenjoinallothersuitsagainsttheestate.9ORDERTOCONSOLIDATECAUSES.JohnDoe,etal,vs.\No.546.HenryJones,RichardRoe,etal,vs.}No.561.SarahBrown,et.al,andWilliamSmith,et.al,vs.\No.571.RichardRoe,et.al.OnmotionofcomplainantJohnDoe,[or,byconsentofparties,]anditappearingthatthesethreesuitsrelatetothesamesubject-matter,itisorderedbytheCourtthattheybeconsolidated,andconsideredandheardtogether,andthattheproofhereaftertakenineithercausemaybereadastoallthecauses,providednoticetotakedepositionsbeservedbythedefendantsonJohnDoe,HenryJones,andWilliamSmith,andbythecomplainantsonRich-ardRoeandSarahBrown,orontheirrespectiveSolicitors.Whentwoormorecausesareconsolidatedorheardtogether,thedecreewillhavethefollowingtitle,commencement,andrecitals
:
DECREEINCAUSES,CONSOLIDATED,ORHEARDTOGETHER.JohnDoe,etal.,vs.\No.546.HenryJones,RichardRoe,etal.,vs.\No.561.SarahBrown,etal.,andWilliamSmith,etal,vs.\No.571.RichardRoe,et.al;Thesethreecauseswereheardtogetherbyconsentofallparties,[or,ifthecauseshaveheretoforebeenconsolidated,beginthus:Thesethreecauseshavingheretoforebeenconsol-idatedandorderedtobeheardtogether,cameonforhearing]thisJune24,1893,beforeHon.JohnK.Shields,Chancellor,uponallthepleadingsandproofsonfile,andalltherecordineachcause,onconsiderationofwhichtheChancellorwasofopinionthat[HeregivetheChancellor'sfindingsoffact,ifitisdesiredtosetthemoutspecifically.}anditissoadjudgedanddecreed.Itisthereforeordered,adjudgedanddecreedbytheCourtthat[Heresetoutthedecree,followingthespecificfindings,iftheyhavebeenpreviouslygiven.See§§566-568.]§756.MotionsinReferencetoEvidence.—Duringtheprogressofasuitmanyquestionsariseinreferencetothetakingofdepositions,theproductionofdocuments,theextensionofthetimefortakingproof,theexceptionstode-positions,andothermattersrelativetotheproof.Amongsuchquestionsarethefollowing:1.MotiontoProduceDocuments.Ifthedefendant'sanswershowsthathehasinhispossession,orunderhiscontrol,anydocuments,orbooks,relevanttothemattersindispute,theirproductionintheMaster'sofficemaybeob-tainedonmotion,supportedbythepleadingsthemselves.So,ifthecomplain-anthasadocument,orbook,inhispossession,orunderhiscontrol,theCourtmayorderittobeproducedandfiledwiththeMaster,onmotionsupportedbyaffidavit,orothercompetentproof,oronmotionsupportedbyacrossbillandanswerthereto.2.MotionastoNoticetoTakeDepositions.Ifeitherpartydesiresthelengthofthenoticefortakingadepositiontobeenlarged,orrestricted,hemaymove7Hadleyv.Freedman'sS.&T.Co.,2Tenn.Ch.,I 8Code,§3546.122;130. I »Code,§§2383-2384.
ConsolidatedCauses.

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591 MOTIONSCOMMONTOBOTHPARTIES.§757therefor,supportinghismotionbyanaffidavit.So,hemaymoveforanorderthatserviceofnoticeononeormoreofseveraladversariesshallbenoticetoall.BothoftheseordersmaybemadebytheMaster,onlikemotion.3.MotiontoExtendtheTimeforTakingProof.Eitherpartymaymoveforanorderextendinghistimefortakingproof,orforanorderopeningthecausetorfurtherproof,supportinghismotionbyaspecialaffidavit,oraffidavits.ThesemotionsmaybemadebeforeeithertheChancelloratChambers,orbeforetheMasterinvacation.4.MotiontoEe-ExamineaWitness.Awitnessmaybere-examinedastothesamematters,onleaveobtainedfromtheChancellororMaster,bymotion,sup-portedbyanaffidavitshowingcause.Awitnessmaybecross-examined;or,ithisdepositionhasbeensuppressed,itmayberetaken,withoutanyorderforthatpurpose.5.MotioninReferencetoExceptionstoDepositions.Ifamendmentsareneededtoadepositiontoobviateexceptions,orifaparty'sexceptionshavebeenover-ruledbytheMaster,orsustainedandanappealtaken,hemayobtainleavetomaketheamendment,orhaveitmade,ormayobtaintheactionoftheChan-celloronhisexceptions,bybringingthematterforwardbymotion,supportedincaseofamendmentsbyaffidavit.Itwillbetoolatetomakethesemotionsafterthetrialofthecausehasbegun.Thesemotionsmaybemadeinvacation,beforetheChancellor,onnotice.§757.MotionsinReferencetoRulingsbytheMaster.—TheMasterisclothedwithlargepowers,andmayathisofficemakemanyrulings.AnyoftheserulingsmaybeappealedfromandrevisedorreversedbytheChancellor.Theserulingsusuallyconsistof:(1)sustaining,oroverruling,exceptionstoanswers;(2)allowing,ordisallowing,aproconfesso;(3)extending,orrefusingtoextend,thetimeforanswering;(4)settingaside,orrefusingtosetaside,aproconfesso;(5)overruling,orsustaining,exceptionstodepositions;(6)ex-tending,orrefusingtoextend,thetimefortakingproof;(7)revivingorre-fusingtorevive,acause;(8)admitting,orrejecting,evidenceonthetakingofanaccountorthemakingofareport.Inallofthesecasestheappealshouldbeenteredinwritingatthetimeitistaken,andshouldbebroughtbeforetheChancellorbymotion,supportedbyallthepaperstheMasterhadbeforehim.§758.MotionsforaReferencetotheMaster.—Asarule,theCourtwillnotreferamattertotheMaster,exceptonahearingofthecause;butifthepar-tiesconsenttosuchareference,itwillbeorderedonmeremotion.TheCourtwill,also,onmeremotion,orderareferencetotheMasterinthefollowingcasesprevioustothehearing:1,Toreportontheadvisabilityofapartition,orsaleofland;2,Toreportwhetheritisnecessarytosellthelandofadecedenttopayhisdebts;3,Toreporttheassetsandliabilitiesofaninsolventestate;and4,toreportwhetheritismanifestlytotheinterestofminorsormarriedwomentoselltheirlandfortheirmaintenanceandeducation,orforreinvestment.Theframeandformofthesereferenceswillbefoundinthechapterstreatingoftheseparticularsuits.Ifanypleadingfiledinthecauseisunnecessarilyprolix,orcontainsunnec-essaryandfalseallegationsofascandalousnatureorgrosslyimpertinent,theoppositepartymay,onmotion,havethepleadingreferredtotheMastertoberevised,ortheCourtmayorderparticularpartsofthepleadingtobestrickenout.10§759.MotionsinReferencetoaMaster'sReport.—ThesubjectofMaster'sreportsandofproceedingsthereonhavebeenfullyconsideredinaseparateChapter.11ThefollowingaretheprincipalmotionsinreferencetoaMaster'sreport
:
10Code,§4316. I"See,ante,§§611-620.

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§760MOTIONSCOMMONTOBOTHPARTIES.5921.MotiontoTakeuptheExceptionstoaMaster'sReport."WhenaMaster'sreporthasbeenexceptedto,itisordinarilyheardontheexceptionswhenthecaseisregularlyreachedonthedocket;butitisinthediscretionoftheChan-cellortohearthereportandtheexceptionsearlier,onmotionsupportedbysufficientcause.IfthetermoftheCourtisshort,andarecommittalandnewreportisdesirableinstanter,soastoexpeditethefinaldispositionofthecause,theCourtwill,ordinarily,takeupthereportandexceptionsonmotion,especi-allyiftheargumentswillbebriefandpointed.2.MotiontoConfirmaMaster'sReport.WhenthetimeforfilingexceptionstoaMaster'sreporthasexpired,andnoexceptionshavebeenputin,thepartyinwhosefavortheMasterhasreportedmaycallupthereportonmotionandhaveitconfirmed.Thisistheusualpracticeinallthecasesmentionedintheprecedingsection,whereareferencewillbemadeprevioustothehearing.Thereportwillbeconfirmedwhenthecauseisreachedonthedocket,ofcourse,ifnotexceptedto.3.MotiontoRecommitaReport.IfaMasters'reportbefoundedonillegalevidence,oriftherebeevidencenotconsideredbytheMaster,ornotfiledwhenhisreportwasmade,thepartyinjured,may,onmotion,supportedbytherecord,orbyaffidavit,havethereportrecommitted.Theaffidavitshouldshowwhythenewevidencewasnottakenbeforethereportwasmade,andshouldLaveallthedefinitenessandparticularityrequiredonamotionforanewtrial.§760.MotionsinReferencetotheTrial.—Therearevariousmotionsper-tainingtothetrialwhichmustbemadebeforethehearinghasbeenenterediipon:thesemotionsaregenerallythefollowing
:
1.MotionforaTrialbyJury.Eitherpartymay,uponmotionmadeatthepropertime,haveajurytotryanddetermineanymaterialfactindispute.Noaffidavitisneededinsupportofthismotion.2.MotionsinReferencetoEvidence.Beforethetrialbeginseachpartyshouldseetoitthatallhisevidenceismarkedfiled,thatnoneofhisdepositionsstandsuppressed,andthatnoneofhisexceptionstodepositionsareundisposedof.HemaybringthesemattersbeforetheCourtbymeremotion,butmustdosobeforethetrialbegins,oritwillbetoolate.3.MotionforaContinuance.Whenthecaseisreachedonthedocket,eitherpartynotreadyfortrialmaymoveforacontinuance,supportinghismotionbyaffidavit,orbyanagreementsignedbytheoppositeparty.Theaffidavitmust,inallcases,bespecial,andmustbestronginproportiontothelengthoftimetheaffianthashadtopreparefortrial.§761.MotionsinReferencetoSales.—WhentheMasterisorderedtomakeasaleofland,thereareoftenvariousmotionsrequiredbeforethesaleisper-fectedandthepurchasergetsatitle,andamongthemarethefollowing
:
1.MotiontoConfirma.Sale.Ifareportofasaleisonfile,eitherparty,orthepurchaser,maymoveforaconfirmation,afterthetimeforexceptingtothereporthasexpired.2.MotiontoSetAsideaSale.Ifasalehasbeenirregularlyorunlawfullymade,itmaybesetasideonmotion,supportedbyarecord,orotherproofoftheirregularityorillegalityofthesale.Thepurchaser,himself,maymakethemotion,supportingitbyapetition,showingdefectinthetitle,orgreatdefi-ciencyinquantity,oranyotherfactentitlinghiminEquitytoberelieved.3.MotiontoOpenBiddings.Ifanypartyininterestisdissatisfiedwiththepricebidforland,andcansecureanadvancedbidofatleasttenpercent.,hemayhavethebiddingsopened,onmotionsupportedbyapetition,andthewrit-tenofferoftheproposingadvance-bidder,tenderinggoodsecurityforhispro-posedbid.4.MotionstoReviveaDecreeofSale.Ifforanyreason,exceptasatisfaction

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593 MOTIONSCOMMONTOBOTHPARTIES.§762ofthedecree,theMasterfailstoselllandorderedtobesold,thedecreeofsalemayberevived,onmeremotion.5.MotionsfortheBenefitofthePurchaser.Ifthepurchaserwishestohavealiendeclaredpaid,ortoobtainadeed,ortohaveareferenceastoencumb-rances,orastotaxes,ortohaveawritofpossessionawardedhim,hemaymovetherefor,supportinghismotion,whenencumbrancesarealleged,byaffidavitorotherevidencethereof.6.MotionsforanOrderofSale."WhentheSheriffleviesonlandandreturnstheexecutionunsatisfiedforwantoftimetoadvertiseandsell,onmotionofthepartyinterestedinhavingthelandsold,theCourtwillawardanorderofsaletotheSherifftoselltheland.§762.MotionsinReferencetotheCorrectionofErrors.—Ifeitherpartyisaggrievedbyadecree,hemustapplytotheCourtinduetimebymotion,orotherwise,fortheappropriateremedy.Theseremedieswillbemorefullyshownhereafter;theyare,inbrief,asfollows
:
1.MotionstoCorrecttheMinutes.Sometimesanerroneousentryismadeontheminutes,oranerroneousorderismadebytheCourt:insucheasesthepartyaggrievedmaymovetohavetheminutescorrected,ortheerroneousorderre-vised,orsetaside,supportinghismotionbyaffidavitwhentheerrorisnotshownbytherecorditself.2.MotionforaWritofErrorCoramNobis.Ifadecreeisrenderedagainstapartybyreasonofanerroroffactinaproceedingofwhichhehadnonotice,orwhichhewaspreventedbydisabilityfromshowingorcorrecting,orinwhichhewaspreventedfrommakingdefencebysurprise,accident,mistake,orfraud,withoutfaultonhispart,hemayreversethesamebyawritoferrorcoramnobis,whichmaybehaduponnotice,supportedbyapetition.3.MotiontoRehearaCause.Ifanerroneousdecreehasbeenpronounced,andthetermoftheCourthasnotended,thepartyaggrievedmaymoveforarehearing,supportinghismotionbyapetition.4.MotiontoFileaBillofReview.Ifanerroneousdecreehasbeenmade,andthetermhasclosed,orthirtydayselapsed,thepartyinjuredmayfileabillofreview;ifthebillbebasedonnewlydiscoveredevidence,leavetofileitmustbehad.Thisleavemustbeobtainedbymotion,supportedbyapetition,orbytheproposedbillproperlyframedforthatpurpose,anddulyswornto.5.MotiontoCorrectaDecree.Anyclericalerror,mistakeinthecalculationofinterest,orothermistakeinadecree,maybeamendedonmotion,supportedbytherecord,ortheChancellor'snotes.6.MotiontoRetaxCosts.Ifcostshavebeenimproperly,erroneously,orillegallytaxed,oromittedtobetaxed,thepartyaggrievedmaymovetheCourttoretaxthecosts,andincludecostsomitted,orcorrecterrorsmade.Themotionmustbeaccompaniedbyanaffidavitsettingforththeerrorsoromis-sionscomplainedof.7.MotionforanAppeal.Ifanypartyisdissatisfiedwithanydecree,hemaymoveforanappeal,supportinghismotionbyaproperappealbond,orbythepauperoath,orhemaygettimewithinwhichtofilehisbondoroath.

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§763'MOTIONSBYSTRANGERSANDQUASIPARTIES.594
ARTICLEV.MOTIONSBYSTRANGERSANDQUASIPARTIES.§763.MotionsbyStrangerstotheSuit.|§764.MotionsbyaQuasiParty.§763.MotionsbyStrangerstotheSuit.—Asarule,nopersoncanbeheardinreferencetoasuit,orinreferencetothepropertyormattersinvolvedinthelitigation,unlessheisapartytothesuit,ortheagentorSolicitorofaparty.Thereare,however,certainpersons,who,whilenotpartiestothepleadings,arepartiestosomeofthesubsequentproceedingsinacause,suchas(1)personswhofileclaimsorcomeinunderadecreeinthecause;(2)receivers,trusteesandguardians,appointedbytheCourt,(3)reportedbiddersfor,andpur-chasersof,propertysoldbyorderoftheCourt,and(4)thesuretiesonnotesandbondsfiledinacause;thesepersonsareoftentermedquasiparties,andtheyhavetherighttomakeanymotionrequiredbytheirinterest,ortheirduties;butpersonswhoareneitherpartiesnorquasiparties,willnot,asarule,beheardexceptbyaswornpetition.Thefollowingarethemostcommonmotionsbypersonsnotpartiestothesuit
:
1.MotionforLeavetoBecomeaParty.Ifanyperson,notapartytoasuitfortherecoveryofproperty,hasaninterestinthepropertyinvolvedinthelitigation,hemaypresentapetitiontotheCourtandmoveforleavetobecomeapartydefendant,totheendthathemayasserthisrightsinthepremises.12.MotionforLeavetoFileaClaim.Whentheestateofadecedent,ortheas-setsofaninsolventfirm,corporation,orotherperson,isbeingadministeredintheChanceryCourt,anycreditormay,onmotion,supportedbyapetition,haveleavetobecomeapartyandprovehisclaim.Thepetitionshouldspecifytheclaim,andshowthatitisasubsistingbonafideindebtedness.3.MotionforLeavetoReclaimPropertyintheCustodyoftheCourt.Ifastrangerhasaninterestin,ortitleto,anypropertyinthecustodyoftheCourt,hemayobtainleavetoasserthisrights,bymotionsupportedbyapetition,thepetitionsettingforththerightsofthepetitionerwithprecisionandparticularity.24.MotionforLeavetoSueaReceiver.TheCourtwillnotallowitsreceiver,orotherofficers,actingunderitsorderstobeharassedbysuitsinotherCourts.3Henceleavemustbeobtained,bymotion,supportedbypetitionoraffidavit,beforeanysuitcanbebroughtagainstareceiver.Thepetitionshoulddetailtherightsofthepetitioner,andshowthenecessityofenforcingthemagainstthereceiver.4§764.MotionsbyaQuasiParty.—Allpersonswho(1)havebeenreportedasbiddersfor,orpurchasersofpropertyorderedbytheCourttobesold,or(2)whohavebeenbytheCourtorMasterappointedreceivers,trustees,orguardians,or(3)whoarenamedascreditorsinabilltoadministerassets,6or(4)whohavefiledclaimsinacause,orcomeinunderadecree,or(5)whoaresuretiesonanynote,bondorotherobligationfiledinacause,are,inalimitedsense,parties;thatis,theyhavearighttobeheardbytheCourtinanymatteraffectingthepropertybythempurchasedorbidfor,ortheirrights,liabilitiesordutiesasreceiver,trustee,guardian,claimant,orsurety.AndsotheMaster,orhisdeputy,thesheriff,orhisdeputy,oranyotherofficeroftheCourt,maymovetheCourtfordirectionsorinstructionsinanymattergrowing1Code,§2799. I 32Dan.Ch.Pr.,1743.2ThepracticeinsuchcasesisstatedintheChap-4SeeChapteronReceivers,post,§910.teronPetitions.See,post,§§794-795.I 5Allen&Hill,exrs.,r.Shanks,6Pick.,359.

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595MOTIONSBYSTRANGERSANDQUASIPARTIES.§764outoftheproperdischargeoftheirofficialduties,allotherpartiesinterestedhavingduenoticethereof.Suchmotionswouldrequirethesupportofaffida-vits,orpetitions,whenthefactsdonotfullyappearofrecord.Thefollowingaretheprincipalmotionsinsuchcases:1.MotionsbyaPurchaserofPropertyataMaster'sSale.Ifapurchaserofprop-ertyataMaster'ssaledesiresareferenceastoallegedencumbrances,6orastodisputedtitles,ordisputedboundaries,ordesirestoberelievedfromhispurchase,hemaymakeamotiontherefor,supportingitbyapetitionfullysettingforththeparticulars.Hemayhaveareferenceastounpaidtaxes,ormayhaveanorderforadeed,orforawritofpossession,orhavealiendeclaredpaid,onmeremotion,providedheisentitledthereto,andtheCourthasnotlostitsjurisdictionofthesuit.2.MotiontoHaveSatisfactionofaDecreeSetAside.Ifastrangerbuysprop-ertyatanexecutionsale,andsuchpropertyisrecoveredfromhim,hemayonmotionsupportedbyaffidavit,haveascirefaciasagainstthedefendantinordertohavethesatisfactionsetaside,andtheoriginaldecreerevivedforhisbenefit.73.MotionsinRegardtoBids.Apersonwhohasrightsasabidderorpur-chaserataMaster'sorreceiver'ssale,may,whenhisinterestssorequire,bringthoserightstotheattentionoftheCourt.IfthefactsdonotfullyappearintheMaster'sorreceiver'sreport,hemaybringthembeforetheCourtbypeti-tion.Thus,iftheMastershouldfailorrefusetoreportDavidDoeasthehighestandbestbidder,hemaybringthematterbeforetheCourtbypetition,andhavethereportcorrectedorthebiddingsopened.4.MotionsbyaReceiver,Guardian,oraTrustee.Ifareceiver,guardianortrusteedesirestobedischarged,ortohavehisaccountspassedon,ortohaveanallowancemadehim,ortoreportanymattertotheCourtrelatingtohisduties,ortoobtaininstructionsfromtheCourt,hemaybringthematterbeforetheCourtbymotion,supportedbytherecord,orareport,orapetition,oranaffidavit,accordingtothecharacterofthematter,andthenecessityforshowingforthfactsnototherwiseappearing.5.MotionsbyClaimants.AcreditororclaimantmayexcepttoaMaster'sreportastohisdebtorclaim,ormaybymotionsupportedbypetitionoraffida-vit,bringanymatterbeforetheCourtinreferencetohisdebtorclaim,orinreferencetoanyotherclaimwhichheseekstoresist.6.MotionsbySureties.Suretiesonanynoteorbondexecutedinthecausemay,bymotion,bringbeforetheCourtanymatteraffectingtheirliability:stheymayhaveareferencetotheMasterastoanypaymentsorcreditstheymayclaim,andmayinvokethedecisionoftheCourtonanyquestioninvolvingtheirrightsorduties.Suretiesonbondsdesiringtobereleasedmaybeheardonmotionforthatpurpose,ongivingthenoticerequiredbylaw.9
aCode,§3310. I 8Crudingtonv.Hogan,21Pick.,448.7Code,§§2990-2996.I oCode,§§3665-3671.

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§765MOTIONSABOUTMONEYINCOURT.596
ARTICLEVI.MOTIONSABOUTPAYINGMONEYINTO,OROUTOF,COURT.
§765.WhenMoneyWillbeOrderedtobePaidIntoCourt.§766.WhenaComplainantWillbeOrderedtoPayIntoCourt.
§767.WhenaDefendantWillbeOrderedtoPayIntoCourt.§768.InvestmentofMoneyPaidIntoCourt.§769.DiscretionaryPowersoftheCourtinPayingMoney.§765.WhenMoneywillbeOrderedtobePaidintoCourt.—TherearemanyeaseswhereintheCourtwillordermoney,orehosesinaction,tobepaidintotheClerk'sofficebeforeafinaldecree.Thisorderisordinarilymadeonthedefendant,butitmaybemadeonthecomplainant,also.Theorderis,how-ever,nevermadeagainstadefendantunlessheadmits(1)thathehasthemoney,orchoseinaction,inhispossession,orunderhiscontrol;(2)thatit.belongstothecomplainant;and(3)thatitisatrustfund.1Therearecases,however,whereadefendantwillbeorderedtopayinmoneythatisnottrustmoney,butinsuchcasesthedefendantmustclearlyadmitthathehasafundinhispossessionbelongingtooneormoreofthepartiestothesuit,thatheiswillingtheCourtmaydetermineitsdisposition,andhemustmakeatenderofitinhisanswer,withoutactuallydepositingitwiththeClerkandMaster.AcomplainantwillbeorderedtopaymoneyintoCourtwhen,onhisownad-missioninhisbill,heowesthedefendantacertainsumwhichitisequitableheshouldpaybeforehecanrequirethedefendanttodoequity,orbeforehecan,ingoodconscience,asktheinterpositionoftheCourtasagainstthedefendant.WhenmoneyhasbeenpaidintoCourtuponanorder,suchpaymentismerelyacollateralsecurity,andisnottobetakenasthepropertyoftheoppositeparty,untilsoadjudgeduponthehearing:itbelongstothepartywhomaybeeventuallyfoundentitledtoit,anditmaybeorderedtobereturnedtothepartypayingitin,if,onthehearing,heshowarighttoit.2Anorderforthepaymentortransferofafundshouldalwaysbeentitledinthecausetowhichthefundbelongs.Afundmaybetransferredfromonecausetoanotheruponpetitionfiledinthecausefromwhichthetransferissought,3inwhichcase,thereshouldbeanorderofrecordinsuchcauseshow-ingthetransfer,and,also,anorderofrecordinthecausetowhichthetransferismade,showingthereceiptofthefund,andwhencederived.§766.WhenaComplainantwillbeOrderedtoPayintoCourt.—Undertheoperationofthatbeneficentjurisdictionalmaxim,HewhoseeksEquitymustdoEquity,4theCourtwillrequireacomplainanttodothingswhichtheCourtcouldnotrequireofhimifhewasadefendant.Ifacomplainant,seekingEquity,admitsthathehasinhispossessionmoney,orehosesinaction,belong-ingtothedefendant,oradmitsthatheisindebtedtothedefendantinadefinitesum,theCourtwillrequirehimtodoEquity,atleasttotheextentofhisadmis-sion,bypayingintoCourtthemoney,orthing,admittedtobelongtothede-fendant;andcompliancewiththisrequirementbythecomplainantwillbetheconditiononwhichrelief,temporaryorpermanent,willbegrantedhim.Theordinarycasesinwhichthispreliminaryorderismadearethefollowing
:
1.PaymentIntoCourtastheConditionofInjunctionBelief.Ifinabillten-
11Dan.Ch.Pr.,1770-1774.AtrustfundisawardofChancery.22Dan.Ch.Pr.,1778.32Dan.Ch.Pr.,1803.Ifthefactssufficiently
appearintherecord,thetransfermaybemadeonmotion.iAnte,§39.

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597 MOTIONSABOUTMONEYINCOURT.§767deredforafiatforinjunction,thecomplainantadmitsanymoneytobeduethedefendant,orfailstoallegeanysufficientEquityagainstanypartofthemattersoughttobeenjoined,theChancellormayrequirethecomplainanttopayintoCourttheamountadmittedtobedue,ornotsufficientlycontested,beforeanyinjunctionastotheresidue.52.PaymentIntoCourtbyaTrusteeSeekingtheAidoftheCourt.Whenanex-ecutor,administrator,guardian,trustee,orotherfiduciary,hasatrustfundinhishands,andappliestotheCourtforitsinstructionastohowsuchfundsshouldbedisposedof,theCourtwill,onmotionofadefendant,orderthefundtobepaidintoCourt.63.PaymentIntoCourtbyaPurchaserWhoSeeksaSpecificPerformance.Apur-chaser,inpossessionoftheland,oranon-residentpurchaser,filingabillforspecificperformance,willberequiredtopaytheunpaidconsiderationmoneyintoCourt.74.PaymentIntoCourtbyaPartySeekingKedemption.Whereabillisfiledbythedebtortoenforcehisrightofredemption,allegingtenderandrefusalofthepurchase-money,themoneyshouldbebroughtintoCourtwhenthebillisfiled;andifnot,theCourtmayorderthecomplainanttopayitin.85.PaymentIntoCourtonaBillofInterpleader.Onabillofinterpleaderbe-ingfiledinreferencetomoney,orachoseinaction,thecomplainantmayberequiredtopayitintoCourt.96.PaymentIntoCourtbyOtherComplainants.Whenapartnerowesthefirmanindividualdebt,hewillnotbeallowedtocomeintoEquityforanaccount,withoutpayinghisprivatedebt,forhewhoseeksEquitymustdoEquity.10§767.WhenaDefendantwillbeOrderedtoPayintoCourt.—ItmaybestatedasageneralrulethattoobtainanorderuponadefendanttopaymoneyintoCourtbeforethefinalhearing,itmustappearthathewhoasksforsuchanorderhasaninterestinthemoney,andthathewhoholdsithasnoequitablerighttoit,butholdsitintrust:andthesefactsmustsoappearasnottobeopentoanyfurthercontroversy;andmust,ordinarily,appearbytheadmissionofthedefendantinhisanswer,orinanaffidavit,orinawrittenstipulation.11TheCourtwillnotmakesuchanorderwherethedefendanteitherdeniesthepossessionofatrustfund,ordeniesthecomplainant'srighttoit.12Theordinarycaseswhereinadefendantwillbeorderedtopaymoney,orchosesinaction,intoCourtbeforefinaldecree,arewhenaguardian,executor,administrator,trustee,orotherfiduciary,admitsinhisanswerthathehastrustfundsinhishandsbelongingtothecomplainant,inwhichcasetheCourtwill,onmotionofthelatter,ordersuchfundstobepaidintoCourt.Thisorderwillbemadeonadefendant,whoisatrusteebyimplication,aswellasonanexpresstrustee;andwhereonlyapartofthefundclaimedisadmittedbythedefendanttobeinhishands,theCourtwillorderthatparttobepaidin.TheCourtwillordertrustfundstobepaidintoCourt,withoutanyallegation,orproof,thattherehasbeenanyabuseofthetrust,orthatthefundisindangerpendingthelitigation;butinallsuchcasesitmustclearlyappearthatthefundisatrustfund,andnotameredebt.13§768.InvestmentofMoneyPaidIntoCourt.—WhereafundinCourtislikelytoremaintherelongerthansixmonths,theCourtwill,onapplicationofanypartyininterest,orderittobeloanedout,orotherwiseinvested.Wherefundsbelongtoaninfant,oranoncompos,whohasnogeneralguardian,orbelongtoabeneficiary,whoisentitledtotheinterestonly,orbelongtoheirs,legatees,ordistributees,whoarenon-residents,orunknown,orareinlitigationinanothercause,orinanotherCourt,orinanycasewherethein-
5Ch.Rule,VI,§4;see,post,§1195.62Dan.Ch.Pr.,1772,note.72Dan.Ch.Pr.,1775.8SimmonsV.Marable,11Hum.,437.»See,post,§§1106-1115.
102Dan.Ch.Pr.,1776-1777.112Dan.Ch.Pr.,1770-1773,notes;1779-1780.122Dan.Ch.Pr.,1780.132Dan.Ch.Pr.,1770-1774.

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§769MOTIONSABOUTMONEYINCOURT.598terestofthepartiesentitledwillbemanifestlypromotedthereby,theCourtwilldirecttheMastertoloanorinvestsuchfunds,specifyinginthedecreethemannerandlengthofsuchinvestment.14NomoneypaidintoCourtcanlawfullybeloanedoutbytheMaster,orotherwisebyhiminvested,withoutanexpressorderoftheCourt.15WheremoneyisinCourt,orhasbeeninvestedbyorderoftheCourt,thefactthatsomeofthepartiestothecausehavemarried,ordied,orthatthesuithasotherwiseabated,willnotpreventtheCourtfrommakingallnecessaryorderstopayoutthefundtothepartiesentitled;16norwillsuchfactspreventtheCourtfromtakingjudgmentonnotesgivenforloanedmoney,orfromtakingotherstepsnecessarytosecureorcollectnotesorotherpropertyinthecustodyoftheCourt.§769.DiscretionaryPowersoftheCourtinPayingoutMoney.—WhereapartybeforetheCourthasaclearrighttoafund,ortoanypartthereof,heisentitledtoadecreetherefor,inaccordancewithhisright;andtheCourtisboundtopronouncesuchadecree,whereproperlydemanded.ButthereareoccasionallysmallsumsofmoneyintheMaster'soffice,longunclaimed,orbe-longingtominors,orpersonsofunsoundmind:insuchcases,CourtsofChan-cery,byvirtueoftheirgeneralinherentpowerstodoEquity,andactasgen-eralguardianofpersonsunderdisability,willexercisealargediscretion,inorderingthesesmallsumstobesopaidoutastodothoseentitledthemostgood.Thus,wheretheamountbelongingtoaminor,ornoncompos,istoosmalltowarranttheexpenseofageneralguardian,theCourtmayorderittobepaidtohisguardianadlitem,ornextfriend,ortohisparent,ortoanearkins-man,orothertrustworthyperson,withorderstoapplyitasthebestinterestsofthepartyunderdisabilitymayrequire.17Wherethereisasmallsumdueaninfantwife,theCourtmayorderittobepaidtoher,onthejointreceiptofherselfandhusband,whenhernecessitiesrequireit.Whereafundbelongstounknownheirs,andhasremainedlongunclaimedintheMaster'soffice,theCourtmaydistributeitamongtheknownlivingheirs,ontheirwrittenagree-menttorefundwhenordered,butwithoutrequiringanyrefundingbond.WherethereisafundinCourt,belongingtotheestateofadecedent,toosmalltojustifyadministration,theCourtmayorderittobepaidouttothepersonwhowouldhavebeenentitledtoadminister,ortosomeothertrustworthyperson,tobeexpendedforthebenefitofthoseentitled.Andingeneral,inverysmallmatters,wherepersonsareunderdisability,theCourtmay,astheirgeneralguardian,exerciseadiscretionnotatallpermissibleinlargermatters.18
14Astotheinvestmentofproceedsofsaleoflandforpartition,seeCode,§3321;and,incaseofsaleforre-investment,seeCode,§3338,whichisimpera-tive.Masonv.Tinsley,1Tenn.Ch.,154.See,post,§972.152Dan.Ch.Pr.,1789.162Dan.Ch.Pr.,1799.IT2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1800-1803,notes.Wherethefunddoesnotexceedthesumofonehundredandfiftydollars,andtheminorhasnogeneralguardian,theCourtmaydisbursethesamethroughtheClerkandMasterforthesupport,maintenanceandeduca-
tionofsuchminor,ormaydirectthefundtohepaidtothenaturalguardianofsuchminor,orotherpersonshavingthecareofsuchminor,tobeappliedforthesupportandeducationoftheminor,subjecttosuchtermsandconditionsastheCourtmayim-pose..Actsof1899,ch.177.ISThegeneraldoctrinesofthissectionwillbefoundfullysupportedby2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1794-1803,notes;andbythecommonpracticeofChancervCourts.See,ArticleonSuitsWheretheChanceryCourtActsasGuardian,post,§§968-971.

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599JURISDICTIONOFTHECHANCELLORATCHAMBERS.§770
CHAPTERXXXVIII.MOTIONSATCHAMBERS,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.ArticleI.JurisdictionoftheChancelloratChambers.ArticleII.ProceedingsbeforetheChancelloratChambers.ARTICLEI.THEJURISDICTIONOFTHECHANCELLORATCHAMBERS.§770.JurisdictionoftheChancelloratChambersGenerallyConsidered.§771.JurisdictiontoRuleonDemurrers,Pleas,orAnyMotion,orOtherApplication.§772.JurisdictionoftheChancelloratChamberstoConfirmSales.
§773.JurisdictionoftheChancelloratChamberstoMakeaFinalDecree.§774.JurisdictionoftheChancelloratChamberstoGrantanAppeal.§775.JurisdictionoftheChancelloratChambers,UnderActsPriorto1903.§770.JurisdictionoftheChancelloratChambersGenerallyConsidered.ThepowersoftheChancelloratChambersinTennesseehavealwaysbeengreaterthanthoseordinarilyexercised.SomeChancellorsrefrainedfromex-ercisingmanyofthesepowersbecauseoftheinconveniencetothemandtosuitors,especiallywhentherewereonlytwoorthreeChancellorsforthewholeState,andtheCourtswereoftenahundredmilesfromasuitor;andotherChancellorsseeingthesepowersnotgenerallyexercisedhadmisgivingsastotheirexistence,orhesitancyastotheirexercise.FormerlyinEngland1thecommonlawCourtswereheldatstatedperiods,andwereattendedbycrowdsofpeople,visitors,witnesses,litigants,attorneys,barristers,bailiffsandotherofficersoftheCourtwiththeirinsigniaofoffice,andaboveallloomedtheJudge,gownedinblacksilk,likeabigwoman,withamonstrouswhitewigonhishead.Ontheotherhand,theChanceryCourtwasinsession,directlyorindirectly,nearlyallthetime.Therewereinattendanceuponitnovisitors,nowitnesses,fewornolitigants,onlyafewlawyerscalled"Solicitors,"andonlyoneortwobailiffs.'AverylargeproportionoftheCourt'sbusinesswasdispatchedbytheMasters,ofwhomtherewereseveral,orbyVice-Chancellors;andthesedidthebusinessoftheCourt,notsomuchintermtimeasatChambers,theCourthavingexclusivejurisdiction,notonlyofallequitablelitigation,butalsoofthepersonsandestatesofminors,idiotsandlunatics,appointingtheirguardiansandcaringfortheirestatesandtheexpendituresthereof.ButinNorthCarolinaandTennessee,atfirst,theChanceryCourtsandtheCircuitCourtswereheldatthesametimesandbythesameJudges,andtheEquitybusinesswasgenerallypostponeduntilthelawbusinesswasover,andthejurorsandwitnessesdischarged,andtheJudgesandlawyersanxioustoclosethetermsoastogototheirhomes,ortothenextCourt.AndaftertheadjournmentoftheCourt,theJudgeandthelawyers,inmostofthecountyseats,werenotseenuntilthelapseoffourmonths,whenthenewtermoftheCircuitCourtbegan.TheJudgesbeingthusinaccessible,verylittleChambersbusinesswastransacted,andinconsequence,Chancerylitigationwasgreatlyprolonged.
lTheJudicatureofEnglandwasgreatlychangedin1875.See,ante,§9.

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§771JURISDICTIONOEthe;chancelloratchambers.600AstheStategrewinpopulationandwealth,however,andtheChanceryCourtswereseparatedfromtheCircuitCourts,andthenumberofChancellorsincreased,andaChanceryCourtheldinalmosteverycounty,andlaterineverycounty,businessatChambersbegantorevive,ChancellorsresumedtheexerciseoftheirjurisdictionatChambers;bylegislation,andbyCourtrules,thepowersoftheChancellorsatChamberswereenlargedanddenned,andbyre-centlegislation,2thesepowershavebeenstillmoreenlarged,untilnowitismoredifficulttotellwhattheChancellormaynotdoatChambersthanwhathemaydo,especiallywithconsentofparties.Ingeneral,theChancellor'sjurisdictionatChambersnowextendsfromthehearingofthesimplestmotions,suchastoamendpleadings,tothesupremestactsofadjudication,suchastherenditionoffinaldecreesandtheirenforce-mentbyallnecessaryfinalprocess,aswillbe,hereinafter,morefullyshown.§771.JurisdictiontoRuleonDemurrers,Pleas,orAnyMotionorOtherApplication.—TheChancellorhasjurisdictiontohearanddetermine,invaca-tionandatChambers,allissues3andquestionsarisingondemurrers,dilatorypleas,4motionsandapplicationstoamendpleadings,5andforanyaction,6inanycausependinginhisDivision,eitherbyconsentofparties,oronnoticebythepartydesiringsuchaction,suchnoticetobegiveninthesamewayandmannerasincaseofmotionstodissolveinjunctions,7asshownbelow.8ThelanguageofthestatutesisbroadenoughtoincludeanymotionandtheadjudicationofanyquestionthatcanbemadeinopenCourtduringthepro-gressofasuit.9 ,
§772.JurisdictionoftheChancelloratChamberstoConfirmSales.—Onapplicationofapartyinterested,andtendays'noticetotheoppositeparty,theChancellormayatChambersconfirmsalesofland,wherethereportofsalehasbeenonfileforthirtydays,andhasnotbeenexceptedto,andthebiddingsnotraised;providedtheClerkandMastercertifies,underhisofficialseal,thatthereis,inhisopinion,noreasonableprospectofthebidbeingraisedasmuchasthreepercent.ButiftheClerkandMastercertifiesthatthereisareasona-bleprospectofthebidbeingraisedasmuchasthreepercent.,noactionshallbetakenonsuchmotion,andthepapersshallbereturnedtotheClerkandMasterthathemayreceiveadvancedbids.10TheChancellor,however,isnothoundtoconfirmasalewhentheClerkandMastercertifiesthatthereisnoreasonableprospectofsuchadvancedbid,buthehasfulldiscretioninthemat-ter,andmayconfirmthesale,orreferthematterbacktotheClerkandMaster,toreceiveadvancedbids,ifanybemade.Nosale,however,shallbeconfirmedunlessthepartiesininterest,ortheirSolicitorofrecord,shallhavebeengiventendays'noticeofthetimeandplaceoftheapplicationtherefor:incasethepartyininterestisanon-resident,suchnoticeshallbefiledwiththeClerkandMasterfortendays,anditshallbesonotedonhisruledocket.11§773.JurisdictionoftheChancelloratChamberstoMakeaPinalDecree."WhileitisentirelypropertogivetheChancellorpoweratChamberstopassonanyissueorquestionthatmayariseinasuitinChancery,preliminaryto2SeeActsof1903,ch.248;andActsof1905,ch.427.3Itwouldseemfromtheuseoftheword"issues,*'that"issues"offactarisingondilatorypleas,_mightbewithinthestatute,oneofitsobjectsbeingto"expedite"thelitigationbygettingeverythingoutofthewayofafinalhearingonthemerits.4By"dilatorypleas"isordinarilymeantpleasinabatement;butaspleasinabatementarenowheardalongwiththemeritsofthecontroversy,ashereto-foreshown,(see,ante,§261,)theyneednolongerdelaythefinaldecisionofthecause.Itwouldre-quireonlyaliberalinterpretationofthestatutetoholdthatanyplea,whetherinabatementorinbar,whichisinsufficient,isdilatory,assuchapleadelaysahearingonthemerits.5Actsof1903,ch.248,sec.1.6Actsof1905,ch.427,sec.1.Thevacation
powersconferredontheChancellorbythesecondclauseofthefirstsectionofthisActcannotbeex-ercisedoutofthecountywherethesuitispending,unlessbyconsentoftheparties.7Past,§854.8SeeArticleonProcedure,post,§778.8ThewordsoftheActof1903are"allissuesandquestionsarisingondemurrers,dilatorypleas,mo-tionsandapplicationstoamendpleadings;"andthewordsoftheActof1905,"anyactiondesired."Asan"issue"or"question"offactmayariseona"dilatory"plea,itwouldseemfromtheletterofthelaw,thattheChancellorcoulddetermineit,not-withstandingtheActof1897,ch.121.See,PleasinAbatement,ante,§§260-261.10Actsof1903,ch.248,sec.2.11Ibid.

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601JURISDICTIONOFTHECHANCELLORATCHAMBERS.§774afinalhearingonthemerits,ontheadversepartybeingnotifiedoftheappli-cationforsuchaction,itwouldbegoingtoofartoallowtheChancellortomakeafinaldecreeatChambers,exceptbyconsent.Andsothestatutepro-videsthattheChancellorshallhavejurisdictiontohearanddetermine,byfinaldecree,anycausependinginhisDivision,exceptadivorcesuit,12butthatthisjurisdictionshalldependontheconsentoftheparties,ortheirSolicitors."When,however,acauseisthussubmittedtohimforadjudication,heisnotobligedtopronounceafinaldecreeinit,forhemayfinditunripeforsuchanadjudication,eitherbecauseofdefectivepleadingsordefectiveproofs,inwhicheasehemaymakeanyordernecessarytofullypreparethecauseforfinalhear-ing;hemayremandittotherulesforproofonaparticularpoint,orgenerally,orhemayorderpleadingstobeamended,ornewpartiesmade,oracrossbilltobefiled,oranyotheractorthingdone,necessarytoenablehimtodojustice,andadminsterequitybetweentheparties,13ortoexpeditethelitigation.§774.JurisdictionoftheChancelloratChamberstoGrantanAppeal.Anypartydissatisfiedwithanydecreerendered14atChambers,underthisandtheforegoingsections,may,atthetimethedecreeisrendered,orwithintwentydaysthereafter,prayforanappeal,15whichtheChancellormaypermit,andmayallowtheappellantnottoexceedthirtydaysinwhichtogivebond,orotherwisecomplywiththetermsofthedecree.16Theordergrantingtheappeal,ifmadeatChambers,shallbeendorsedbytheChancellor,andtrans-mittedtotheClerkandMaster,andbyhimentered,asincaseofthedecreeappealedfrom.17AbillofexceptionswilllietoanyactoromissionoftheChancelloratCham-bers,whenitwouldlieinalikecaseattermtime.18§775.JurisdictionoftheChancelloratChambers,underActsPriorto1903.TheChancellorisvestedwithextensivepowersduringvacationbystatutespassedpriorto1903.ThesepowersarewhollyunaffectedbytheActsof1903and1905,exceptinsofarastheyhavebeentherebyconfirmedorenlarged.NonoticeisrequiredtoauthorizetheChancellortodischargeanyofthepowersspecifiedinthissection,exceptthefollowing:1,Hearingmotions,andmakingorderstoprepareaeaseforhearing;2,Makingorderstocarryordersordecreesintoexecution;3,RegulatingandrevisingtheactionsandrulingsoftheMaster;4,Dissolvingormodifyinginjunctionsandappointingreceivers;and5,Dischargingorreducinganylevyorbondinanattachmentsuit,inallofwhichcases,fivedays'noticeshallbegivenbythepartydesiringtheactionoftheChancellor.ThepowersoftheChancelloratChambersbasedonlegislationpriorto1903areasfollows
:
1.PowersinRelationtoExtraordinaryProcess.TheChancellormayinvaca-tion(1)grantinjunctions,attachmentsofproperty,andneexeats;19(2)mayappointreceivers;20(3)may.dischargeorreduceanylevyinanattachment12Actsof1905,ch.427,sec.1.13Thesubmissionofacauseforafinaldecreecarriesbynecessaryimplication,authoritytodoanylessactinconnectionwiththecase.Omnemajusdignumcontinetinseminusdignum.(Kverymatteroflargeimportanceincludeswhatisoflessimport-ance.)Cuilicetquodmajusnondebetquodminusestnonlicere.(Hetowhomthegreaterpowerisgrantedoughttohavethelesserpower.)14Thestatutesays"entered,"butthisisevidentlyatypographicalerror,asitsaystheappealmaybeprayedfor"atthetimethedecreeisrendered."Ibid,|4.See,ante,§502,note2.15TheActexpresslyallowsanappealonlywhen"theChancellorintheexerciseofhisdiscretionper-mitsanappeal;"and,asithasbeendecidedthatnowritoferrorwillliefromdecreesmadeatChambers,(LindsayV.Allen,4Cates,637,)astrictconstruc-tionoftheActwouldpreventanyrevisionoffinaldecreesrenderedatChambers,unlessby"permis-sion"oftheChancellor.But,astheActswere,manifestly,notintendedtorestrictappealsorwrits
oferror,aliberalconstructionwouldallowanappealasamatterofright,andawritoferrorfromanyfinalChambersdecreeafteritsentryontheminutes,orintheminutebook,andespeciallyaftertheau-thenticationandapprovalthereofbythesignatureoftheChancelloratthesucceedingtermofhisCourt.AdecreethusenteredandapprovedbecomesinfactadecreeoftheCourt;thisisshownbythefactthatfinalprocessissuesthereon.-Seesees.3,7and9,ofActof1903;also,§2oftheActof1905.IfnotthenadecreeoftheCourt,'orineveryrespectaseffectiveasadecreeoftheCourt,thestatutewouldprobablybeunconstitutional.IfatermoftheCourtshouldopenbeforethetimeforappealinghadexpired,anappealcouldbetakeninopenCourtassoonasthedecreewasenteredontheminutesandapprovedbytheChancellor.16Ibid.§4.17Ibid.isIbid.19Code,§4434.20Code,§4452.

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§776PROCEEDINGSBEFORETHECHANCELLORATCHAMBERS.602case;(4)maydischargeorreduceanybondincasesofinjunction,heexeat,andattachment;21(5)maydissolve,ormodify,injunctions;22(6)maygrantanattachmentforadefendantwhofailstoanswer,23orforanyotherpersonguiltyofacontempt;24and(7)maygrantahabeascorpuswhereadefendant,orotherperson,hasbeencommittedbyhimforacontempt,25anddischargetheprisoner.282.PowersinRelationtoProceedingsintheMaster'sOffice.TheChancellormay,atChambers,hearanddetermineappealsfromtherulingsoftheMaster:(1)onexceptionstoanswers;(2)onreceivingandfilingananswer;(3)onexcep-tionstodepositions,(4)ingrantingorrefusingaproconfessoorder;(5)insettingaside,orrefusingtosetaside,aproconfessoorder;(6)inappointing,orrefusingtoappoint,aguardianforapersonofunsoundmind,oraguardianadlitemforaninfant;(7)inreviving,orrefusingtorevive,acauseonscirefaciasorbillofrevivor,(8)inextending,orrefusingtoextend,thetimefortakingproof,and(9)inanyothercasewhereintheMasterhasdoneanyact,madeanyorder,orrefusedtodoanactormakeanorder,eitheronaruleday,oratanyothertimeinvacation.273.OtherPowersatChambers.TheChancellormay,atChambers:(1)orderpublicationforcreditorsonaninsolventbill;28(2)mayappointanadministra-toronabillfiledforthatpurpose,andorderthesaleofthedecedent'sprop-erty;29(3)mayhearanddetermineanymotionnecessaryandpropertopre-pareacaseforfinalhearing;30(4)maymakeordersandissueprocesstocarryadecreeintoexecution;(5)mayappointspecialcommissionerstotakeac-counts;(6)mayappointpersonstoserveoriginal,mesne,orfinalprocess;31(7)mayappointguardiansadlitem;(8)mayswearpartiestobillsortoan-swers;(9)mayappointspecialtermsforanyofhisCourts;32and(10)mayissueapeacewarrant,33asearchwarrant,34andawarrantforthearrestofafugitivefromjusticefromanotherState.35
ARTICLEII.PROCEEDINGSBEFORETHECHANCELLORATACTSOF1903AND1905.CHAMBERSUNDERTHE
§776.§777.§778.
§779.
§780.
TheChambersoftheChancellor.HowCausesareHeardatChambers.NoticeorConsentRequiredforHear-ingsatChambers.FormsofProceedingsatChambers,andofEntriesRecordingtheSame.OrdersandDecreesatChambersHowEnteredofRecord.
781.HowOrdersandDecreesatChambersareAuthenticated.782.ForceandEffectofOrdersandDe-creesatChambers.783.ExceptionstoOrdersandDecreesMadeatChambers.§776.TheChambersoftheChancellor.—TheofficeroomassignedtheChan-cellorintheCourtHouseiscalledhis"Chambers";andiftherebenosuchroom,thenhisprivateoffice,orhisquartersatthehotel,oranyplacewhere21Code,§4451.22Code,§§4444-4445.23Code,§§4360-4367.24Ch.Rule,VII,§2;post,§1196.25Code,§§3723;4482-4483.TheChanceryCourt,butnottheChancellor,maygrantahabeascorpus,inanycase,undertheActof1877.26Code,§4367.SeeChapteronContempts,post,§§918-924.27Code,§4416.28Code,§2371.
20Code,§§2213-2215.30Code,§4410.31Code,§§4410-4415.32Code,§3941.33Code,§4943.34Code,§§4943;5320.35Code,§§4943;5345.TheChancelloris,authorizedtosolemnizetheritesofmatrimony,Code.§3949;andvisittheInsaneAsylum,Code,§1523.

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603PROCEEDINGSBEFORETHECHANCELLORATCHAMBERS.%777hetransactsbusiness,is,foreuphemism,calledhis"Chambers."Sometimeswhentheproceedingisveryimportant,orthenumberofattendantslarge,ChambersproceedingsareheldinaCourtroom.ButwherevertheplacemaybethattheChancellortransactsanybusinessasaChancellor,thatplace,prohacvice,becomeshisChambers,provideditbenothisCourtroom,whilehisCourtisinsessionandhepresiding.While,ordinarily,theattendanceoftheSheriff,oradeputyisnotnecessaryorrequired,atChambers,neverthelesscasesmayanddoarisewhenthepres-enceofsuchanofficemaybenecessary,especiallywhiletheChancellorisexercisingsomeoftheenlargedjurisdictionconferredonhimbytheActsof1903and1905.Inanyevent,theChancellormaycommandtheattendanceoftheSheriffathisChamberswhenever,inhisdiscretion,suchattendanceisnec-essaryorimportant.Andso,forlikereasonsandinlikemanner,theattendanceoftheClerkandMastermayberequiredatChambers,andhemayberequiredtobringwithhimanyfilesorpapersinhisofficeneededinthematterpending.§777.HowCausesareHeardatChambers.—TheChancellorhearsandde-terminesthequestionspresentedtohimundertheprecedingArticle,atthetimeandplacespecifiedbyconsent,orinthenotice;butifhecandosowithoutdisregardingsomeotherpublicduty,orwithoutgreatpersonalinconvenience,heisrequiredtofixanearlydateandconvenientplaceatwhichhewillhearthesame.AtsuchhearinghehasallthepowershepossessesataregulartermofCourt,astothequestionssubmittedtohimforhisdetermination.1ThefileofpapersinthecausebeingheardmaybelookedtobytheChancellorindeter-miningthequestionssubmittedtohim.2IfthemattertobeactedonbytheChancelloratChambers,isamatterofminorimportance,thehearingonit,ifanyhearingisrequiredatall,willordi-narilybeinformal;butifthematterisoneofgraveconsequence,especiallyifargumentistobeheard,andpartiesandwitnessesorspectatorsarepresent,thehearingwillapproximate,informalityanddignityofprocedure,alikehearinginopenCourt,andthesameprocedurewillbeobserved.TheChancellorwillfirstsatisfyhimselfthatthepartiesareconsentingtohisjurisdiction,orthatthenoticerequiredbythestatutehasbeendulygiven
;
for,withoutconsentorlegalnotice,hewouldhavenorighttoactinanycaseundertheActsof1903and1905.§778.NoticeorConsentRequiredforHearingsatChambers.—Apartydesiringtobringanymatter,orthehearingofanycause,beforetheChancelloratChambersmust,(1)obtaintheconsentofpartiesadverselyinterested,or(2)givethenoticerequiredbythestatute;butnocausecanbeheardanddeterminedbyfinaldecreeunlesstheparties,ortheirSolicitors,consenttosuchhearing.3Inallcases,exceptforafinalhearingandtheconfirmationoflandsales,thenoticeoftheintendedapplicationshallbegiveninthesamewayandmannerasincaseofmotionstodissolveinjunctions.4Ifanypartyhasbeenprocon-fessoedacopyofthenoticefiledwiththeClerkandMasteroftheCourtwherethecauseispending,forfivedayswillbesufficient,providedthe.ClerkandMasterentersitonhisruledocket.Guardians,guardiansadlitem,andSolic-itorsrepresentingpartiesunderanydisability,mayconsentandgivenoticeunderthissection.5ThepowertoactatChambersunderthissectioncannot,
xActsof1903,ch.248,§1.2Ibid,§5.3ItwouldbewellfortheChancellortorequireawrittenconsentinallcasesoffinalhearing.Thewriting,willsavemanydifferencesofopinionandmuchcontentionastowhatwasincludedinthecon-sent.Thelosingpartywillseektorestrictthecon-sent,andthewinningpartywillwanttoenlargeit.See,post,§1141,sub-sec.4.4SeeArticleontheDissolutionofInjunctions,§
854.Incaseofconfirmationoflandsales,tendays'noticeisrequired,andconsentforafinalhear-ing.5Actof1905,ch.427,§1.Thismeansthatguar-dians,guardiansadlitemandSolicitorsrepresentingpartiesunderdisabilitiesofanykind,maybindthosetheyrepresentinanycaseundertheActsof1903and1905eitherbybringingmattersbeforetheChan-celloratChambers,orconsentingtotheirbeingbrought.

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No.713.—InChanceryatBristol.
§779PROCEEDINGSBEFORETHECHANCEEEORATCHAMBERS.604however,beexercisedoutsideofthecountyinwhichthesuitispending,unlessbyconsentofparties.§779.FormsofProceedingsatChambers,andofEntriesRecordingtheSame.—ThefollowingformsmaybeofsomebenefitinproceedingsatChambersunderthisandprecedingsections
:
NOTICEOPAN"APPLICATIONTOTHECHANCELLOR.JohnDoe,]vs. [No.713.—InChanceryatBristol.RichardRoe.JThedefendantisherebynotifiedthatat10a.m.onthe12thdayofSeptember,1905,intheofficeoftheClerkandMasteratBristol,Tenn.,IwillapplytoChancellorHalH.Haynesforanorderoverrulingthedemurrer[orplea]filedbyhiminthiscause[orforsuchotherorderoractionoftheChancellorasmaybedesired.]ThisSept.1,1905. Campbell&BorEn,SolicitorsforCompl't.ORDERMADEATCHAMBERS.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe.ThiscausecameontobeheardbeforemethisSept.12,1905,intheofficeoftheClerkandMasteratBristol,onapplicationofthecomplainantthatthedemurrer[orplea,]ofthedefendantbeoverruled,anditdulyappearingthatlegalnoticeofthisapplicationhasbeengiven[or,andthedefendenthavingwaivednotice,orthedefendantbeingpresentinperson,crbySolicitor,asthecasemaybe,]onconsiderationofthepremises,theChancellorisofopinionthatsaiddemurrerisbad,andthesameisthereforeoverruled,[or,thatsaidpleaisinsufficientanddilatory,andthesameisthereforeoverruledanddisallowed,]andthede-fendantisrequiredtoanswerthebillonorbeforethe30thinstant.6ThisordermadeonSept.12th,1905,andtheClerkandMasterwillenteritatonceontheminutesofhisCourt. HalH,Haynes,Chancellor.ENTRYONTHEMINUTEBOOK.ChanceryCourtatBristol,Tenn.7OrderandDecrees,madeatChambersbyChancellorHalH.Haynes,sincethelasttermofsaidCourt.JohnDoe,1
vs. [RichardRoe.J[Hereinserttheforegoingorderinfull,includingitsdateandtheChancellor'ssignature,thenadd:]TheaboveorderreceivedbymethroughthePostOffice[orbyexpress,]Sept.13,1905.JohnSmith,C.&M.,andenteredintheminutebook,[orontheminutes,]Sept.13,1905.JohnSmith,C.&M.PRAYERPOR,ANDGRANTOF,APPEAL,aJohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe.Thedefendant,RichardRoe,praysanappealfromthedecreeoftheChancelloratCham-bersoverrulinghisdemurrerinthiscause,andtheChancellorbeingofopinionthatanappealisproper,grantssaidappeal,andallowsthedefendantthirtydaysinwhichtogivebond,[or,fileapauper'soath.]TheClerkandMasterwillenterthisorderonhisminutes,[or,inhisminutebook;]and,ontheappealbondbeingfiled[oroathtaken]inseason,willforwardatranscriptoftherecordinthecausetotheSupremeCourt.Sept.12,1905.
' HalH.Haynes,Chancellor.Thisprayerfor,andgrantof,anappeal,may,whenmadeatthetimethedecreeispronounced,beenteredjustbelowthedecree,andonthesamepaper.§780.OrdersandDecreesatChambers,HowEnteredofRecord.—TheordersanddecreesmadebytheChancelloratChambers,underthisandtheprecedingsection,mustbeinwritingandsignedbytheChancellor,andtrans-6The30thistheSaturdaybeforethenextrule8Anappealistheonlymethodofobtainingare-day,andifthedefendantdoesnotansweronorvisionofadecisionatChambers.Awritoferrorbeforethatday,aproconfessocanbeenteredwillnotlie.Lindsayl\Allen,4Cates,637.ButagainsthimonthefollowingMonday.see,ante,§774,note15.7Iftheentryisontheunclosedminutesthisheadlinemaybeomitted.
No.713.—InChanceryatBristol.
No.713.—-InChanceryatBristol.

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605PROCEEDINGSBEFORETHECHANCELLORATCHAMBERS,§781mittedbyhim,underseal,byregisteredletterorexpress,totheClerkandMasteroftheCourtwheretherespectivecausesarepending,andtheClerk;andMastershallnoteuponeachtheexacttimeofitsreceiptbyhim;andheshallenteritandallendorsementsthereon,atonceinhisminutebook,underanappropriateheading,9showingthatitisanorderordecreemadeatCham-bers;andwhensoentereditshallhavethesameforceandeffectasifmadeandenteredattermtime.10IftheminutesoftheCourtshallhavebeenleftopen,11thentheordersanddecreesmadeatChambersmaybeenteredontheopenminutesasintermtime,underanappropriatesub-head,thus:''OrdersandDecreesmadeatCham-bers."Eachorderanddecreeshouldhaveatitsfoot,inadditiontotheen-,dorsementsonthedecreeandthedateitwasmadebytheChancellor,anentryshowingwhenitwasmadeontheminutebook.§781.HowOrdersandDecreesatChambersareAuthenticated.—Atthenextterm12oftheCourt,aftertheentryofaChambersorderordecreeontheminutebook,orintheminutes,theChancellorisrequiredtoexamineit,andiffoundcorrectheapprovesitandsignstheminutes.CHANCELLOR'SAPPROVALOPTHEMINUTES.Theforegoingorder,[orordersanddecrees,]madebymeatChamberssincethelasttermoftheCourthavebeenexaminedandfoundcorrect,andareherebyapproved.November4,1905. HalH.Haynes,Chancellor.Ifanyerrorbediscoveredinanyorderordecreehewillhaveitcorrectedsoastoconformtotheoriginaldecree.TheChancellormayleavehisrecordoftheterm'sproceedingsunadjourneduntilCourtincourse,inwhichevent,anyorderordecreemadeatChambersmaybeenteredontheminutesasintermtime,andshallbeaseffectiveasifmadeduringtermtime;providedthatallthestepsaretakenbytheapplicant,theChancellorandtheClerkandMaster,thatarerequiredtobetakenbythem,incaseofordersanddecreesatChamberswhentherecordisclosed.13Ordersanddecreessoenteredhavealltheforceandeffectofordersandde-creesmadeandenteredintermtime;andifthedecreeisfinalitmaybeap-pealedfrom,andifnotappealedfrommaybeenforcedbyexecution,writofpossessionorotherproperfinalprocessasincaseofotherfinaldecrees.14ButwhentherecordisleftopentheChancellormaycloseitatanyconvenienttime,butinanyeventnotlaterthanthenextregulartermoftheCourt.15§782.ForceandEffectofOrdersandDecreesatChambers.—AnyfinaldecreeatChambers,madepursuanttotheprecedingsections,whenenteredbytheClerkandMaster,eitherinhisminutebookorontheunclosedminutesofhisCourt,hasthesameforceandeffectasifmadeandenteredattermtime,16andmayinlikemannerbeappealedfrom,andifnotappealedfromisenforcedbyexecutions,writsofpossession,andotherfinalprocessthereinpro-vided;anditisthedutyoftheClerkandMaster,aftertheexpirationofthirtydaysfromtheentryofafinaldecreeupontheminutesofhisCourt,toissueallnecessaryprocess,asincaseoffinaldecreesmadeandenteredintermtime.17
9Anappropriateheadingwouldbe:ChanceryCourtatBristol,Tennessee.OrdersanddecreesmadeatChambersbyHon.Hal.H.Haynes,Chancellor,sincethelasttermofthisCourt.10Actsof1903,ch.248,§§1and3.11Thereisadifferencebetweenanentrymadeintheminutebookandanentrymadeontheminutes;theformerismadewhentheminutesofthepreced-ingtermhavebeenclosed,andsoafullercaptionisrequired.WhentheminutesoftheCourthavebeenleftopenbytheChancellor,thenaChambersordermaybeenteredontheminutesunderthecaptiongiveninthetext.12TheActsaysatthenextregularterm,butasthisismerelydirectory,theauthenticationcanbetter
bedoneatthenextterm,whetherregularorspecial.Besides,theActof1905,ch.427,§2,,requiresobjec-tionstoChambersordersanddecreestobemade"beforeorduringthenextregularorspecialtermofCourtsucceedingtheentryofsuchorderor-decreeontheminutes."13Actsof1905,ch.427,§2.14Actsof1903,ch.248,sees.3,7,and9.15Actsof1905,ch.427,§2.leActsof1903,ch.248,§§3,7,and9;'Actsof1905,ch.427,§2.ItisclearthatthetwoActsgiveaChambersorder,ordecree,whenenteredbytheClerkandMaster,alltheefficacyofaCourt-orderordecree.17Actsof1903,ch.248,§7.

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§783PROCEEDINGSBEFORETHECHANCELLORATCHAMBERS.606AndwhatistrueastotheforceandeffectofafinaldecreeatChambers,is,afortiori,trueofanyordermadeatChambers.§783.ExceptionstoOrdersandDecreesMadeatChambers.—Ifpropernotice18ofanapplicationtotheChancelloratChamberswasnotgiventotheexceptant,oriftheChancellorheardthequestionpresentedatanadjournedtimeandplacewhereoftheexceptanthadnonotice,orifinanywaytheex-ceptantwasnotsufficientlynotified,orifnotifiedfailedtobepresentongoodgrounds,orifinanywayunjustlyprejudicedbytheordermade,orbythetransmissionorentrythereof,andhedesirestoexcepttotheorder,orifhedesirestoexcepttoadecreeonthemeritsmadewithouthisconsent,hemustmakehisobjectionsandtaketheproperstepstopresentthembeforeorduringthenextregularorspecialtermoftheCourtsucceedingtheentryoftheorderordecree;ortheirregularityorwantofnotice,orotherfailuretocomplywiththeprovisionssetoutinthissection,willbedeemedwaivedandthedefectcured.19ISIfthedefendanttotheapplicationwaspresentI 19Actsof1905,ch.427,§2.atthehearingthereofthatcureswantof,ordefectin,anotice. I

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607 AFFIDAVITS.§78-*
CHAPTERXXXIX.AFFIDAVITS.784:OfficeofanAffidavit.785.ByWhomAffidavitsShouldbeMade.786.RequisitesandFrameofanAffidavit.787.WeightandEffectofanAffidavit.788.AffidavitstoBills,Petitions,PleasandAnswers.
§789.FormsofAffidavitstoBills,Petitions,Pleas,andAnswers.§790.BeforeWhomAffidavitsMustbeMade.
§784.OfficeofanAffidavit.—Anaffidavitisastatementreducedtowriting,andsworntobeforesomepersonauthorizedtoadministertheoath.1Theor-dinaryofficesofanaffidavitare(1)toaidinsupportingoropposing,anapplicationforanorderoftheCourt,whethersuchapplicationbebasedonamotion,oronpetition;(2)toserveasasubstituteforanofficer'sreturnofserviceofprocess,noticesandotherpapers,(3)toverifybills,answersandpleas,whenverificationisnecessary;and(4)ingeneral,tobringbeforetheCourtfactswhichdonototherwiseappearintherecordofacause.Affidavitsareordinarilyneededinsupportofmotionsinthefollowingcases
:
(1)motionsforpublicationwhenpersonalserviceisdispensedwith;(2)mo-tionsfortheappointmentofguardiansadlitem;(3)applicationsforprocesswithoutbondsforcostsordamages;(4)applicationsforaninjunction;(5)foranattachmentofproperty;or(6)forareceiver;(7)motionstosetasideaproconfesso;(8)toextendthetimefortakingproof;(9)tore-examineawit-nesstothesamefacts;(10)foracontinuance;(11)foranattachmentforcontempt;(12)forbetterprosecutionsurety;(13)foranewtrial,orre-hearing;(14)forleavetofileabillofreviewfornewfacts;.(15)forretaxa-tionofcosts,and(16)forallothercaseswhereinthegroundsofthemotiondonotalreadysufficientlyappearofrecord.AffidavitsarenotapartofaCourtrecord,eveniffiled,unlessmadesobyabillofexceptions,orbyanorderontheminutesinthenatureofabillofexceptions:Allaffidavitsreadinacauseshould,however,bedulyfiled,andtheCourtmaydeclinetohearthemuntiltheyarefiled.§785.ByWhomAffidavitsShouldbeMade.—Asageneralrule,anaffidavitshouldbemadebythepersonwho"haspersonalknowledgeofthefacts,unlessagoodreasonisshownforitsbeingmadebysomeotherperson.Anaffidavitmaybemadebyanagent,orbyaSolicitor,whenhehaspersonalknowledgeofthefacts;2but,asarule,nototherwise.Theleadingaffidavitshouldbemadebythepartyhimself,unlessheissick,orabsent,'orthesuitisbeingconductedbyanagent,orattorneyinfact:corroboratingaffidavitsmaybemadebyanyonehavingpersonalknowledgeofthefacts.3Where,however,thefactsarepeculiarlyandpersonallywithintheknowledgeoftheSolicitor,hisaffidavit
11Barb.Ch.Pr.,597;3Greenl.Ev.,§380.Injudicisnoncrediturnisijuratis.(Injudicialpro-ceedingsnothingisbelievedunlessswornto.)See,ante,§62,sub-sec.2.TheJudges,Solicitors,attor-neys,clerks,sheriffs,andotherofficersoftheCourt,areallsworn,andwhattheydoandsayofficiallyisunderthesanctionoftheirrespectiveoaths.2Andhisaffidavitshouldshowthatheisac-quaintedwiththefacts,Cheathamv.Pearce,5Pick.,668.31Barb.Ch.Pr.,599.Thegeneralruleofevi-dence,thatthebestevidenceobtainablemustbepro-duced,isasapplicabletoaffidavitsastootherevi-dence.Affidavitsshould,therefore,bemadebythosebestacquaintedwiththefactstobeproved,ora
sufficientreasongivenfortheirnotbeingsomade;andallwritingsreferredtoinaffidavitsshouldbeexhibited,orasufficientexcusegivenfornotsodoing.SeeToppV.White,12Heisk.,201;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,395,note;CookV.Dews,2Tenn.Ch.,496-Tottenv.Nance,3Tenn.Ch.,264.TheaffidavitofaSolicitoris,ordinarily,insuffi-cienttosupplytheplaceofanaffidavitbyhisclient,unless_theSolicitorshowthatthefactsdeposedtoarewithinhispersonalknowledgeandnotwithintheknowledgeofhisclient,orunlesssomeothergoodreasonbegivenwhythepartyhimselfdoesnotdeposeinplaceofhisSolicitor.Thisruleholdsgoodincaseofaffidavitstoamendbillsoranswers,inwhichcasethepartymustsweartotheamend-

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§786 AFFIDAVITS.608shouldalwaysaccompanythatofhisclient,especiallywhendiligence,goodfaith,surprise,orwantofnoticeisinvolved,duringtheprogressofasuit."Whenamarriedwomansuesbynextfriend,herbillshouldbesworntobyherself,unlessthefactsuponwhichthebillrestsarepeculiarlywithintheknowledgeofthenextfriend,andthebill,oraffidavit,soshows.4Thenextfriendofaninfantgenerallysignsandswearstothebill,unlesstheinfantbestknowsthefacts,andisofasuitableage,inwhichcasehemaysignandsweartothebill.5Thebillofacorporationmustbesealedwiththesealofthecor-poration,ifithaveone,andifitneedsverification,mustbesworntobysomeofficeroragentwhoknowsthefactssetoutinthebill.6Petitionsshouldbesworntobythepetitioners,andnotbyagents,orSolicitors.7Answersmustbesworntobythedefendantsfilingthem,ifadultsandofsoundmind;ifin-fants,orofunsoundmind,theirguardians,orguardiansadlitemmustsweartotheiranswers.§786.RequisitesandFrameofanAffidavit.—Theordinarypartsofanaffidavitare:1,Thepropertitleorstyle;2,Thevenue;3,Thenameofthedeponent;4,Thesubstance,orstatementoffacts;5,Theconclusion;6,Thesignature;and7,Theoathandjurat.Thesepartswillbeseparatelycon-sidered.81.TheTitle,orStyle,oftheCause.Anaffidavitmustbecorrectlyentitledinthecause,ormatter,inwhichitismade;andanaffidavitmadeinonecausecan-notbereadforthepurposeofobtaininganorderinanothercause.9Butinproceedingsforcontemptagainstawitness,orotherpersonnotapartytothesuit,allaffidavitssubsequenttotheorderfortheattachmentshouldbeen-titledinthenameoftheState,ontherelationofthepartyprosecutingtheattachmentagainstthepersonattached.10Inentitlinganaffidavitwherethepartiesarenumerous,itissufficienttogivethenameofthefirstcomplainant,andofthefirstdefendant,adding"andothers,"or"etal.Thus,JohnDoe,ctal.,vs.RichardRoe,etal.112.TheVenue.Thevenueshouldappearonthefaceoftheaffidavit,sothatitmaybeknowninwhatcountyandStatetheoathwastaken.Thevenuemaybeplacednextbelowthestyleofthecause;oritmaybeprefixedtothejurat.IftheaffidavitissworntoinopenCourt,andthejuratsoshows,thatissufficientevidenceofthevenue.3.TheNameoftheAffiant.Thepersonmakingtheaffidavitshouldbeginhisstatementbygivinghisnameandplaceofresidence,andifheisaparty,orhasanyconnectionwiththesuit,orisa'solicitor,witness,orofficer,heshouldsostate.Itis,also,oftenimportanttostatehisageandbusiness;thesefactsoftenaddforcetohisstatements.124.TheSubstance,orStatementofFacts.Anaffidavitmustbepertinenttotheapplicationbasedonit,andmustbefreefromprolixity,impertinence,andscandal.13Anaffidavitshouldgiveallthenecessarycircumstancesoftime,ment:hisSolicitormay,however,makeasupple-mentaryaffidavit.Cookv.Bee,2Tenn.Ch.,343;WilsonV.Wilson,2Lea,17.Theaffidavitmaybebyoneoftwopartners.CheathamV.Pearce,5Pick.,668.Anaffidavittoapetitionbyan"agent,"withoutanyexplanationastothecharacterofhisagencyorhisknowledgeofthefacts,isanullity.fReidv.Hoffman,6Heisk.,440.iSmithv.RepublicL.Ins.Co.,2Tenn.Ch.,631.InLeftwickv.Hamilton,9Heisk.,313,itwasheldthatthenextfriendistheproperpartytomakeoathtothetruthofthefactssetforthinthebill.Thereisreallynonecessaryconflictbetweenthetwocases;ifthemarriedwomanhaspersonalknowledgeofthefacts,andthenextfriendhasnot,sheshouldsweartothebill,andviceversa;thequestionbeing,whichonehasthenecessarypersonalknowledgeofthefacts,onwhichtheequityofthebillisbased.See,Reidv.Hoffman.6Heisk.,440.52Barb.Ch.Pr.,361.61Dan.Ch.Pr.,395,note;2Barb.Ch.Pr.,361.7Johnsonv.Murray,12Lea,109.
8Therequisitesofanaffidavitgiveninthissec-tionwillbefoundin3Greenl.Ev.,§8380-382;andin1Barb.Ch.Pr.,600-604.91Barb.Ch.Pr.,600.Thereasonofthisruleis.thatthemisentitlingofanaffidavitwillexemptthedeponentfromthepunishmentofperjury,althoughhisoathisfalse.Ibid.io1Barb.Ch.Pr.,600.11Etal.isthecorrectabbreviationforbothcom-plainantsanddefendants,andforboththesingularandpluralnumbers.SeeReukertv.Elliott,11Lea242;3Greenl.Ev.,§380.123Greenl.Ev.,§380.13Itisscandalousandimpertinentinanaffidavittodrawinferences,orstatearguments,reflectingonthecharacter,orimpeachingthemotivesoftheadverseparty,orhisSolicitor.1Barb.Ch.Pr.,602-603.TheCourtshouldrefusetohearanaffidavitcontainingscandalousandimpertinentstatementsSee,ante,§ISO.Whatistheresaidastobillsis.trueofallpapersfiledinacause.

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609 AFFIDAVITS.§787place,andmanner,andothermaterialincidents;anditsmattershouldbesuffi-cient,whenconsideredbyitself,orinconnectionwithotheraffidavits,towar-ranttheapplicationbasedonit,orsupportedbyit.Thematteritcontains,andallthematerialcircumstancesattendingit,shouldbestatedpositively,sothattheCourtmaybefullyinformedastothetruthofthematter.Anaffidavitshouldgivefacts,14andnothearsay,opinions,inferences,orconclusionsoflaw."Whenthedeponentswearstowordsspoken,itisaproperprecautiontoadd,"orwordstothateffect."Affidavitsoughtalsotobelegiblywritteninink,andinonehandwriting,withoutanyinterlineationsorerasures,exceptsuchasarenotedbeforesigning.5.TheConclusion.Afterthesubstance,orstatementoffacts,hasbeensetforth,anaffidavitusuallyconcludesthus:"Andfurtherthisdeponentsaithnot."Thisconclusion,however,isnotessential;itisintendedtomeanthatthedeponenthasnofurtherknowledgeonthesubject;anditwouldbehighlyculpableinthedeponenttosuppressanyfactsthatwouldnullify,ormateriallymodify,thestatementsmade.156.TheSignature.Anaffidavitmustbedulysignedatthefootthereof,ontherighthandside.Iftheaffiantcanpossiblysign,hisownname,heshoulddoso;ifnot,heshouldmakehismark,andhissignatureshouldbedulywitnessed.7.TheOath,andJurat.Thedeponentmustnotonlybedulysworntothetruthofthecontentsofhisaffidavit,16buttheofficermust,also,certifythatfact,inajuratwrittenatthefootoftheaffidavit,uponthelefthandside:thejuratshouldbedulydated,andsignedofficially.Anaffidavitinsupportofamotionorpetitionisusuallyinthefollowingform: FORMOPANAFFIDAVIT.^IntheChanceryCourt,atLoudon,Tenn.JohnDoe,etal.,vs.RichardRoe,etal.JohnDen,18beingdulysworn,saysthatheisaresidentofLoudon,Tenn.,is38yearsofage,andisafarmerandschoolteacher;andthatheknowsofhisownpersonalknowledgethefollowingfacts:[Heresetforththefactsandcircumstances,particularly,givingdatesandlocalities.']Andfurtherthisdeponentsaithnot. JohnDen.Jurat,Subscribedandswornto,[or,affirmed,]beforeme,[inopenCourt,lthisAug.23,1890.N.H.Greer,C.&M.
.
§787.WeightandEffectofanAffidavit.—Courtsactonlyonwhatisswornto;19andwhenafact,orstateoffacts,isdulyverifiedbytheaffidavitofacompetentperson,theCourtacceptssuchaffidavit,fortheparticularoccasion,asabsolutelytrue;20unlessitishighlyimprobable,orunreasonable,orisself-contradictory,orvagueandunsatisfactory,orismerelyoninformation,oriscontradictedbytherecord.Thus,whereanaffidavit,whetherofaparty,orofanotherperson,isrequiredinsupportofamotion,orpetition,(whichisitsproperoffice,)itisordinarilyreceivedforthat.purposeasconclusiveevidenceofbyyousubscribed,aretrue.Sohelp17SeeIndex,forotherandfullerformsofaffida-vits.18Iftheaffidavitismadebymorethanoneper-sonitsstatementwillbeginthus:"ISF,aged38years,andIJ,aged29years,bothfarmersandres-identsofsaidcounty,beingdulysworn,severallydeposeandsay:andfirst,thisdeponent,ISF,forhimselfsaysthat"[heregivinghisstatementsinfull]."Andthedeponent,IJ,forhimself,saysthat"[heregivehisstatements.Andtheniftherebefactstowhichbothmayseverallyswear,theaffi-davitmayproceedthus:]"Andthesedeponentsfur-therseverallysay:[givingthebalanceoftheaffi-davit.]10Juratocrediturinjudicio.20Greenl.Ev„§§384-385.
14Anactisathingoftime,placeandcircum-stance.Broom'sLeg.Max.,102;andfactsarecom-posedmainlyofacts.Anaffidavitshouldspecifytime,place,quantity,quality,circumstance,incidentandlimitation.Everyfactshouldbefaithfullypho-tographedinconnectionwithitsimmediatesurround-ings;andeverycompletestatementofafactincludesconsiderationsofquantity,quality,timewhen,placewhere,circumstancesinwhich,incidenttowhat,andlimitationshowandbywhat.15Adeponentwhowouldsuppressfacts,knowntohim,thatwouldchangetheforceoreffectofhisaffidavit,isguiltyofperjuryinhisheart.Thewilfulsuppressionofamaterialtruthisequivalenttothewilfulsuggestionofamaterialfalsehood.10Theoathadministeredtothedeponentisasfollows:"Youswearloraffirm]thatthecontentsof
thisaffidavit,you,Cod."

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§788 AFFIDAVITS.610thefactsitcontains.AndthelikeeffectshouldbegiventothembytheMaster,whenusedinsupportofmotionsbeforehim.§788.AffidavitstoBills,Petitions,Pleas,andAnswers.—Allbillsandpeti-tionsthatprayforextraordinaryprocess,suchasbillsforinjunctions,attach-ments,neexeats,andreceivers;allbillsfordivorce,fortheappointmentofad-ministrators,forthesaleofthepropertyofpersonsunderdisability,ortosetuplostinstruments,ortohaveaninquisitionoflunacy,orforamandamus,orforawritofreplevin,allbillsinthenameoftheStateagainstcorporations,publictrustees,andusurpersofoffice,andallbillsofinterpleader,billsfortheadministrationofinsolventestates,fortheperpetuationoftestimony,totaketestimonydebeneesse,andtoreviewdecreesonfacts,andallbillssettingoutfactsrequiringtheappointmentofaguardianadlitem,orprocessbypublica-tion,21mustbeswornto;andallanswers22mustbeswornto,unlessthebillwaivesananswerunderoath,orunlessitbetheanswerofacorporation.23Allpleasmustbeswornto,unlesstheyarebasedonmattersofrecordintheCourt.AndallpetitionspresentedtotheCourtduringtheprogressofasuit,onwhichtheactionoftheCourtissought,mustbeverified.Theforceofabill,petition,oranswer,dependsgreatlyonthecharacteroftheaffidavitattachedtoit;fornobill,petition,oranswercanbeanystrongerthanitsverification;andiftheverificationisonmereinformationandbelief,thepleadingisbutlittlemorethanhearsay.24So,iftheverificationisdirectandpositive,butbyathirdpersonwhoisnotshowntobeacquaintedwiththefacts,ithasbutlittleforce.25Aninjunctionbill,sworntooninformationandbelief,isutterlyinadequateto'withstandamotiontodissolvetheinjunction,whentheanswerissworntopositively,anddirectly,onthepersonalknowledgeofthedefendant.Ontheotherhand,vainistheefforttodissolveaninjiuiction,whentheanswerissworntooninformationandbelief,andthebillisonthedirectpersonalknowledgeofthecomplainant;26thedifferencebetweenthetwoisthedifferencebetweenhearsayandevidence.Anansweroninformationandbeliefsimplymakesanissue,evenwhenanansweronoathiscalledfor.27§789.FormsofAffidavitstoBills,Petitions,Pleas,andAnswers.—Theformandsubstanceofaffidavitstobills,petitions,andanswers,aresubstan-tiallyasfollows:AFFIDAVITTOABILL,PETITION,ORANSWER.StateofTennessee,1CountyofCampbell.)JohnDoe[thecomplainant,orpetitioner,ordefendant^makesoath[or,affirms,]thatthestatementsinhisforegoingbill[or,petition,or,answer,]aretrueofhisownknowledge,exceptastothematters[thereinstatedtobeoninformationandbelief,andthesemattershebelievestobetrue. JohnDoe.Jurat,Swornto[or,affirmed,]andsub-scribed*beforeme,March30,1891.JohnJ.Graham,C.&M.ANOTHERFORMOFAFFIDAVITTOABILL,PETITION,ORANSWER.StateofTennessee,]CountyofCampbell.JJohnDoe,[thecomplainant,ordefendant,}makesoath[or,affirms,]thestatementsinhisforegoingbill,[or,petition,or,answer,]madeasofhisownknowledge,aretrue,andthosemadeoninformationandbelief,hebelievestobetrue. JohnDoe.[Jurat,asabove.']21See,ante,§161.22Ajointanswermustbesworntobyallthede-fendants.Cookv.Dews,2Tenn.Ch.,496.23Astoswornanswersofcorporations,see§§379,note20;789.24SeeReidV.Hoffman,6Heisk.,440;andSmithv.RepublicLifeIns.Co.,2Tenn.Ch.,631;Davisv.Reaves,2Lea,651.25ToppV.White,12Heisk.,201.261HighonInjunc;§35;2Ibid,§§1505-1507;seeChapteronInjunctions,post,§§838-843.
27Wilkinv.May,3Head,175;McKissick,V.Martin,12Heisk.,313.Billsandanswersareoftenswornto,insuchadefectiveorindefinitemanner,thattheycannotberegardedassworntoatall.Theauthorhashadnumerousbillspresentedtohim,asChancellor,forfiats,withnothingtothemtoshowverificationexceptthejurat.Thedistinctionbetweenanaffidavitandajuratissometimesoverlooked.SeeLookoutBankv.Noe,2Pick.,21.

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611 AFFIDAVITS.§790Ifthecomplainantmakeshismark,thebetterpracticeistobegintheaffidavitthus:JohnDoe[thecomplainant,orpetitioner,ordefendant,]makesoath[or,affirms,]thathehasheardhisforegoingbill[or,petition,oranswer,]readandknowsthecontentsthereof
:
andthatthestatementsthereinmadeasofhisownknowledgearetrue,andthosemadeasoninformationandbelief,hebelievestobetrue. HisWitness: JohnXDoe.JohnBrown. mark[Jurat,asabove.]"Whenabill,petitionoranswerissworntobyanagent,Solicitor,orattor-ney,theaffidavitshouldshowthatfact;andshould,also,showtheaffiant'sknowledge.28AFFIDAVITOFANAGENT,OK,SOLICITOR.StateofTennessee,7CountyofCampbell.JHawkPowersmakesoaththatheistheSolicitor[or,agent,or,attorneyinfact,]ofthecomplainant[or,defendant,]thathehasread[or,heardread,]theabovebill[or,answer,]andknowsthecontentsthereof,andthatthesameistrueofhisownknowledge,29exceptastothemattersthereinstatedtobeontheinformationandbeliefofthecomplainant,[or,defendant,]andthatastothosemattershebelievesittobetrue.HawkPowers.[Jurat,asabove.]Thisformwilldowhenabill,oranswer,isfiledbyacorporation,andissworntobyitspresident,orotherchiefofficer.Insuchacase,thefollowingformmaybeused,also
:
AFFIDAVITTOTHEPLEADINGOFACORPORATIONSStateofTennessee,1CountyofShelby.JFrankFaithfulmakesoaththatheisthepresident[or,secretary,ortreasurer,]oftheCoalMountainCompany,thecomplainant[or,defendant,]corporation,andthatthefore-goingbill[or,answer,]ofsaidcompanyistrueofhisownknowledge,exceptastothemattersthereinstatedtobeoninformationandbelief,andthatastothosemattershebelievesittobetrue;andheheretoaffixesthesealofsaidcompanyinfurtherattestationofthetruthofitsbill[or,answer.] FrankFaithful,President.[Jurat,asabove.](L.S.)AFFIDAVITTOAPLEAINABATEMENT^ORAPLEAINBAR.32StateofTennessee,}CountyofCampbell,jThedefendant,RichardRoe,makesoaththathisforegoingpleaistrue[insubstanceandinfact.] RichardRoe.Sworntoandsubscribedbeforeme,thisJune7,190S.WinstonBaird,C.&M.§790.BeforeWhomAffidavitsMustbeMade.—Affidavitstobills,petitions,pleasandanswers,and,also,toanystatementorwritingusedforjudicialpur-posesandneedingverification,maybemadebeforeanyJudge,JusticeoftheTeace,ClerkofCourt,orNotaryPublicinthisState,andinanotherStatebeforeanyJudgeorJusticeofthePeace,accompaniedbyacertificateofhisofficialcapacitybytheClerkofhisCourt,orbeforeanyStateCommissionerorNotaryPublicundertheirsealsofoffice.33TheCourtorClerkandMastermayappointaspecialcommissionertoadministeroathseitherinthisoranyotherState.34
28Cheathamv.Pearce,5Pick.,668.29Reidv.Hoffman,6Heisk.,440.30Abilloranswerofacorporation,needingveri-fication,mustbesealedwiththecorporationseal,andsworntobysomeofficeroragent,2Barb.Ch.Pr.,361;see,ante,§379,note20.31SeePleasinAbatement,ante,§254.
32SeePleasinBar,ante,§340.33Code,§§4331,4398.ButinFawcettV.Rail-wayCo.,5Cates,246,itwasheldthatapauperoathtakenbeforeaNotaryPublicinanotherStatewasvoid.34Code,§4399.

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§791 PETITIONS.612
CHAPTERXL.PETITIONS.791.PetitionsGenerallyConsidered.792.PetitionbyaPartytotheSuit.793.PetitionbyaQuasiPartytotheSuit.794.PetitionbyaStrangertotheSuit.795.FrameandFormofaPetitionProInteresseSuo.
§796.WhenaPetitionisNotProper.§797.TheFrameandFormofaPetition.§798.WhenandWhereaPetitionMustbeFiled.§799.TheHearingofaPetition.§791.PetitionsGenerallyConsidered.—Apetitionisawrittenrequest,ad-dressedtotheChancellor,settingforthsomematteroffact,orgroundofcom-plaint,astowhichthepetitionerpraystheChancellortomakesomeorder,orgivesomedirection.1Petitionsforinterlocutoryordersmust,ofcourse,befiledinsomecauseintheCourt,andmustinvoketheactionoftheCourtinreferencetosomematterconnectedwithsuchcause.Apetitionmustalwaysstatebywhomitispresented;itmaybefiledbyanyonewhocanfileabill;but,ifthepetitionerisunderanydisability,heorshemustappearbyguardian,ornextfriend.Apetitionmuststatethematerialfactsuponwhichtheapplica-tioncontainedinitisbased,mustconcludewithaprayerfortheparticularorderdesired,andmustbeswornto,2•
WhereanapplicationtotheCourtisbysomepartytothesuit,andisbasedonsomemattercontainedintherecord,itmaybemadebymotion;butwheretheapplicationisbasedonmattersnotcontainedintherecord,orwhereitismadebyapersonnotapartytothesuit,itmustbemadebypetition.Whenastrangerfilesapetitionhemayberequiredtogiveacostbond;butapetitionbypartiestothesuitseekingsomeincidentalreliefcanbeprosecutedwithoutabondforcosts.3§792.PetitionbyaPartytotheSuit.—Themostcommoncaseswhereinapartyisrequiredtofileapetitionare:1,Where,whenadefendantismadeapartybypublication,orbyattachmentandpublication,he,orhisheirs,orrep-resentatives,afterafinaldecreeonaproconfesso,desiretocontestthecom-plainant'sbill;42,Whereapartydesirestodischarge,orreduce,alevyorbond,inproceedingsunderextraordinaryprocess;53,Whereapartyseekstohavebiddingsopened,orreopened;4,Whereapartyhasbeenaggrievedbysomeinterlocutoryorder,whichtheCourthasyetthepowertomodify,orvacate;5,WhereapartydesirestobringbeforetheCourtacaseofcontempt,notcom-mittedinitspresence;66,Whereaparty,imprisonedforcontempt,seekstobereleasedonahabeascorpus;"17,Whereapartyappliesforawritoferrorcoramnobis,6orarehearing;9and8,Whereapartyseeksarestrainingorder,oraninjunction,orreceiver,ongroundsarisingduringthelitigation.§793.PetitionbyQuasiPartytotheSuit.—Aquasipartyisapersonwho,
12Dan.Ch.Pr.,160?.Thetermpetition,inourpractice,isacomprehensiveterm,includingnotonlywrittenrequestsforinterlocutoryorders,butevenawrittengroundofcomplaint,onwhich-asubpcenamayissue,to'whichananswermaybefiled,andbymeansofallwhichrightsmaybeadjudicated,anddecreespronouncedandenforced.Adivorcemaybehad,landmaybepartitioned,orsoldforpartition,andsomeothersuitsmaybebegun,bypetition.In-deed,iftheproperobjectionisnotmadebytheproperparty,andatthepropertime,theCourtmay,onpetitionandanswerthereto,adjudicatemattersproperforanoriginalbill.MajorsV.McNeilly,7
Heisk.,294.InthisChapter,however,thetermpe-titionisusedinthenarrowersensestatedinthetext.See,ante,%133.22Dan.Ch.Pr.,1604-1605.sYowellexparte,7Heisk.,561.iCode,§§3533;4380;4381;ante,§213.5Code,§4451;MarkhamV.Townsend,2Tenn.Ch.,715.6Ch.Rule,VII,§§2;1196,post.7Code,§3722.8Code.§3111.Ch.Rule,XV,§1;post,§§1204;1217-1220.

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613 PETITIONS.§794whilenotaformalpartycomplainantordefendant,is,nevertheless,beforetheCourtinsomecapacity,ordinarily,either(1)asacreditorwhohasbeenal-lowedtofileaclaim,10or(2)asapurchaserof'propertysoldandsoreportedbytheMaster;11or(3)asasuretyonanote,orbond,filedinthecause;12or(4)asareceiver,sequestrator,orotherperson,actingundertheimmediateandspecialorderoftheCourt,insomeparticularcause.AquasipartymayordinarilybringbeforetheCourt,bymotion,anymatterpertainingtohisinterestinthesuit,andmaysupporthismotionbyaffidavit,whennecessary.Inthefollowingcases,however,hemustfileapetition:1,Whereheisnamedinabilltoadministerassetsasacreditor,butisnotmadeaparty,andwishestosetuphisclaiminthesuit;2,Whereacreditordesirestocontesttheclaimofsomeotherparty,ortoassertsomeotherrightnotappa-rentontherecord;3,WhereapurchaserataMaster'ssale,wishestobere-lievedfromhispurchase,ortorecoverbackthepurchase-money,ortohaveanabatementintheprice;134,Whereareceiver,orsequestrator,orotherofficer,oftheCourtwishestobringforwardsomematterconnectedwiththecausewhereinheisinterested,suchmatternototherwisesufficientlyappearing,suchasthathehasbeeninterferedwith,orsuedwhileindischargeofhisduty,orwishesthedirectionoftheCourt,ordesirestobedischarged;145,Whereanyquasipartywishestobringanymatter,pertinenttothecause,andmaterialtohisinterests,beforetheCourt,andthegroundsofmotiondonotsufficientlyappearonthefaceoftherecord.§794.PetitionbyaStrangertotheSuit.—Whenaperson,notaparty,desirestotakesomestep,assertsomeright,orobtainsomebenefit,inacausependinginCourt,hemustdosobypetition.Themostusualcasesare:1,Whereacreditorofanestate,beingadministeredinChancery,desirestofileandprovehisclaim;anditmattersnotwhethersuchestatebethatofadeadorofalivingperson;allthatisrequisiteisthattheCourtisundertakingtodistributetheassetsamongthoselawfullyentitledtoshareinthedistribution.15Acreditor,notmadeaparty,maycomeinbypetitionwhenanadministrator,oracreditor,filesabilltosellthelandofadecedenttopaydebts;orwhenabillisfiledtowindupaninsolventestate;16orwhenaninsolventfirm,oraninsolventcorporation,isbeingwoundupinChancery.2,Whereapersonhasaninterestinthesubject-matterofthesuit,orintherecoverysoughtorob-tained,hemustmakehimselfapartybypetition,ifheseekstoassertthatinterest.Thus,whereapersonhasaninterestinatrustfund,ortrustpropertyofanykind,inthecustodyoftheCourt,orsoughttobeadministeredordis-tributedinCourt;1Torwherethebenefitofarecovery,orofafund,enurestothebenefitofathirdpersonnotbeforetheCourt;18orwhereathirdpersonclaimsthespecificpropertyinlitigation,oraninteresttherein;19orwhereasuitisbroughtbyafewofmanyhavingconcurrentrightsorinterests,inbehalfofall;inanysuchcasehemustfileapetition.203,Whereproperty,whichhas
10EwingV.Maury,3Lea,381.11EaganV.Phister,5Sneed,298.12Majorsv.McNeilly,7Heisk.,299.13Deaderickv.Smith,6Hum.,138.Butafterthesaleisconfirmed,andthetermispast,asalecanbesetasideonlyforfraud,accident,ormistake;andthenanoriginalbillmustbefiled.Spencev.Armour,9Heisk.,167.See,Fosterv.Bradford,1Tenn.Ch.,400.14Receivers,sequestrators,andothersactingun-dertheimmediatespecialordersoftheCourt,areofficersoftheCourt,andaretreatedassuch;never-theless,theyattimesassumerelationstothesuitsomewhatanalogoustoquasiparties,andareliableontheirbondsasquasiparties.15Richardsonv.Richardson,Thomp.Cas.,66.16Code,§2373;MillerV.Taylor.2Shan.Cas.,462;Reidv.Huff,9Hum.,359.Butifadebtisspecifiedinaninsolventbillasvalid,itisnotnec-essaryforthecreditorthusnamedinthebill,tofileapetition:heisaquasiparty,andbyfilinghis
claimwiththeMasterwithintime,hewillsavethebarofthestatute,andbeentitledtoareportinhisfavor.Campv.Sherley,9Lea,255.Ifthepartiesacquiesceintheclaimsbeingfiled,withoutpetition,inaninsolventproceeding,theownersofsuchclaimstherebybecomequasiparties,withtherighttobeheardandtoappeal.Ewingv.Maury,3Lea,381.For_fullerstatementofthepracticeinadminis-trationsuits,seetheChapteronthatsubject.ITBirdsongv.Birdsong,2Head,289.18Saylorso.Saylors,3Heisk.,533.19Code,§2799;HillV.Bowers,4Heisk.,272;Treecev.Treece,5Lea,221.Apetitioninsuchacaseshouldbeverifiedbyaffidavit.HuntV.Wing,10Heisk.,139.Thepetitionermustshowanin-terestintheproperty.Stretchv.Stretch,2Tenn.Ch.,140;andtheclaimtothepropertymustnothavebeenacquiredpendingthelitigation.ExchangeBankv.Andrews,12Heisk.,306.20Sto.Eq.PI.,§§90;96;99;104;208.

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§795 PETITIONS.614beenseizedbyareceiver,sequestratororotherperson,actingundertheordersoftheCourt,orwhichhasbeenotherwiseimpounded,orwhichisabouttobesold,bytheCourt,orisotherwiseinjeopardy,belongstoastranger21tothesuit,whosetitleisparamounttothatofanyoftheparties,thepersonclaimingtheparamounttitlemustfileapetitionintheCourt,bywhoseauthoritythepropertyhasbeenseized,settingforthhistitle,andprayingtohavetheprop-ertyreturnedtohispossession.Suchapetitionisapetitionprointeressesuo.Thereasonswhyapetitionisnecessaryintheabovecasesare,ordinarily,thefollowing:1,TheCourthasnojurisdictiontodetermineanyquestionindisputeunlessitisraisedbysomeproperpleading;2,Proofcannotlawfullybetakenuponanymatterorissuenotpresentedorraisedbysomeproperplead-ingj3,Nopersonisboundbyadecreeinacauseormattertowhichhewasnotaparty;4,Astrangertoacause,ifallowedtotakeproof,ortocontestamat-ter,ortointermeddle,mightgreatlyincreasethecostsandyethavegivennosecuritytopaythesame.§795.FrameandFormofaPetitionProInteresseSuo.—Whenareceiver,sequestrator,orotherofficeroftheCourt,seizes,orisputinpossessionof,propertyunderaspecialorderofCourt,andsuchpropertyisclaimedbyastrangertothesuit,thelatterwillnotbeallowedforciblytoreclaimtheprop-erty,nortoreplevyit,norbringanyothersortofsuitagainstsuchofficerinreferencethereto;fortheCourtwillconsideranysuchproceedingacontemptandwilldealwiththeoffenderaccordingly.22Theonlycoursesopentosuchclaimantare:1,topresentapetitionprointeressesuo23inthecausewhereinthereceiverorotherofficerisacting,settingforthinsuchpetitionhisrightstosuchproperty,andwhenandunderwhatcircumstanceshewasdeprivedthereof,andprayingforawritofrestitution;or2,ifhistitleispriorandsuperiortothatofanyofthelitigants,hemayf'']eanoriginalbillagainstthoselitigantsclaimingtheproperty,andsetforthhistitle,andenjointhemfrominterferingwithhisproperty.233-TheCourtwillorderthepetitiontobefiled,andgivethecomplainantintheoriginalbillleavetoansweritifhesodesire.Iftheanswerdisputethetitleofthepetitioner,theCourtwilleithersummarilydisposeofthematter,24or,ifdesiredbyeitherparty,willreferthemattertotheMastertohearproofandreportonthepetitioner'sclaim.25Thepetitionermustordinarilyshowthathistitletothepropertyinquestionisparamounttothatofanyofthepartiestothesuit;andifheclaimsunderanypartytothesuithemustshowthatheacquiredhistitlebeforethebillwasfiled,andpaidavaluableconsiderationtherefor;andifhehaveanywrittenevidencesoftitleheshouldfilethemwithhispetition.Hispetitionmustbeverifiedbyhisaffidavit.Thefollowingisaformforsuchapetition
:
PETITIONPROINTERESSESTJO.1}InChancery,atKingston.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etal.)TotheHon.W.B.Staley,Chancellor.Yourpetitioner,JohnJones,aresidentofRoanecounty,respectfullyshowstoyourHonorthatonthe1stdayofJune,1884,theSheriffofRoanecounty,byvirtueofawritofposses-sion,placedHenryCrumbliss,theReceiverinthiscause,inpossessionofthefollowingprop-ertybelongingtopetitioner:[Heredescribetheproperty.']PetitionerrepresentstoyourHonorthatsaidpropertywasnotliabletosaidseizure
;
thatsaidpropertyishisown,andhasbeeninhispossessionfor....years,[statinghowlong,]contemptofCourttosuetheSherifffordoingwhattheCourtcommandedhimtodo.22See,ante,§794,note,21;post,§§894;910.23Ibid,§656,note.23aHaynesv.Rizer,14Lea,247.24liickmanv.Dale,7Yerg.,154.25Ifpetitioner'sclaimisdisputedhemaybere-quiredtofileacostbond.
21Ifthepropertyofastrangertothesuitisleviedupon,orotherwiseseizedbyaSheriff,underageneralwritofattachmentorexecution,thestran-germayrecoveritinreplevin,orsueforitscon-version;butifaSheriffshouldseizeanypropertyofastrangerbyvirtueofaspecialwritdirectinghimtoseizeit,thelattermustapplytotheCourtbypetitionforitsreturntohim.Itwouldbea

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615 PETITIONS.§796andthatheacquiredhistitletheretointhefollowingmanner.[Herestatehow,andifhehaveanypapertitlelethimfileitasexhibitAtohispetition.}Petitioner,therefore,praysthatthesaidReceiverbedirectedtorestoresaidpropertytohim,andthatawritofrestitutionissue,ifnecessary.Andpetitionerpraysforgeneralrelief. JamesSeviEr,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit:see,ante,§789.]Ifthedecisionisinfavorofthepetitioners,anorderoftheCourt,toitsofficerinpossessionofthedisputedproperty,torestoreittothepossessionofthepetitioner,isordinarilysufficient;butifnotawritofrestitutionwillbeawarded.26§796.WhenaPetitionisnotProper.—Whileourownpracticeisliberal,inallowingastrangertointerevenebypetition,tosetuphisclaimtoproperty,ortoafund,incontroversyintheChanceryCourt,asshownintheprecedingsection,nevertheless,toallowathirdpersontoinjectnewmatterintoaliti-gation,notgermanetotheissuespresentedbythepleadings,wouldbetoallowinterminableconfusion,incongruousissues,andgeneralmultifariousness,whollyatvariancewitheveryprincipleoftruepleading,andtendingin-evitablytovexatiousperplexity,aliketothelitigantsandtotheChancellor.Forthesereasons,nointerventionshouldbeallowedinanycasewherethenewmatterssoughttobeintroducedareirrelevant,multifarious,incongruous,orotherwiseproperforanoriginalbill.27And,whiletheCodeallowsanyandallmatterstobebroughtforwardinasuitbetweenonecomplainantandonedefendant,28nevertheless,wheretherearemorepartiesthantwo,theChancellorshouldnotallowmatters,whollyforeigntotheobjectsoftheoriginalpleadings,tobeintroducedbypetition.SuchapracticeisnotonlyinviolationofthefundamentalrulesofEquityandgoodpleading,29buttendsgreatlytoconfuseanddelaythefinaldeterminationofthecause,increasesinsteadofdiminishingcosts,30andmultipliesgroundsofappealtotheSupremeCourt.Itmaybestated,asageneralrule,thatnomattershouldbeallowedtobeintroducedintoacausebyapetitionwhichis(1)propermatterforanindependentoriginalbill;or(2)whichcouldbebroughtforwardbyanamendmenttothebill,orbyanamendedorsupple-mentalanswer,orbyacrossbill,onthepartofthedefendant;or(3)which,ifcontainedinthebill,wouldmakeitmultifarious,orifsetupintheanswerwouldbeimpertinentandnodefence;or(4)whichwouldtendtocreatecon-fusion,perplexityordelay,withoutanycompensatingadvantages.Toavoidtheperplexities,resultingfromtheanomalousandreprehensiblepracticeoffilingimproperpetitionsinacause,andtakingissueandmakingdecreesonthem,ourSupremeCourtconstrainedbythestatute,31andpromptedbyamostcommendabledispositiontodojusticedespitesuchgrossirregulari-ties,havedealtwithsuchpetitionsasthoughtheywereoriginalbills,andhavegiventheconsequentrelief.32§797.TheFrameandFormofaPetition.—Apetitionforaninterlocutoryordercontainsalloftheessentialsofasupplementalbill,excepttheprayerforprocess,anddoessometimespraythatnoticeofitsfilingmaybegivento26Forformofthewrit,andotherinformationinreferencetothewrit,andtoapetitionprointeressesuo,see,ante,§657.27SeeStretchv.Stretch,2Tenn.Ch.,140.28Code,§4327.29Stretchv.Stretch,2Tenn.Ch.,140.30Manyoftheseillogicalandanomalousinter-ventionsresultfromaniggardlydispositiontosaveafewdollarsincosts.Chancellorsshouldbeslowtoallowanypractice,whichwillretardorconfusetheorderlydeterminationofthematterspresentedbytheoriginalpleadings,eventhoughtherebeaprobabilitythattwoorthreedollarsmaypossiblybesavedthereby.WhileCourtsshouldbecautiousnottocauseorallowunnecessarycosts,nevertheless,neitherjustice,northoseruleswherebyjusticeisevolved,shouldbesacrificeduponthealtarofafalseeconomy.Theseattemptstosave'costsoften
resultinanincreaseofcosts,andinexpensiveandvexatiousdelays.31Code,§4516.32MajorsV.McNeilly,7Heisk.,294;Richardsonv.Keel,9Lea,74;HornV.Denton,2Sneed,125,asconstruedinStatev.Kellar,11Lea,.404.TheSupremeCourtbeingforbiddentoreverseanyde-cree,unlessforerrorswhichaffectthemerits,Code,4516.thedutyofmaintainingtherulesofgoodplead-ingdevolvesalmostexclusivelyupontheChancellors.AnexaminationofourreportswillshowthatitispossibleforourChancellorstointroducesomewhole-somereformsinChancerypleading.TheSupremeCourthasagainandagainadmonishedtheinferiorCourtsonthissubject.Robertsv.Stewart,1Yerg.,390:Cherryv.Hardin,4Heisk.,203;Maupinv.Whitson,2Heisk.,1.

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S798 PETITIONS.616thoseadverselyinterested.Itmust(1)beaddressedtotheChancelloroftheCourtinwhichitistobefiled;(2)itmustspecifythecausetowhichitrelates,andinwhichitseeksforsomeorder;(3)itmustcontainindetailthefacts,ormatters,whichjustifyorauthorizetheordersought;and(4)mustprayfortheparticularorderdesired,andmay,also,prayforgeneralrelief.33Apeti-tionshouldbesignedandswornto;34and,likeallotherpleadings,mustavoidscandalousandimpertinentmatter.PETITIONBYACREDITOR.JohnDoe,Admr.,&c,vs.RichardRoe,etat.TotheHon.B.M.Estes,Chancellor
:
PeterPoe,aresidentofShelbycounty,Tennessee,respectfullyshowstoyourHonorthatDavidDoe,theintestateofthecomplainant,diedjustlyindebtedtoyourpetitionerinthesumoftwohundreddollars,evidencedbyanoteofhand,datedJuly8,1888,dueoneyearafterdatewithinterestfromdate.Thisnoteismadepartofthispetition,andisherewithfiled,andmarked"ExhibitA."SaidnotewasgiventoJohnJonesinpartpaymentofthetractoflandsoughttobesoldinthiscause;andtosecureitspaymentalienwasretainedonthefaceofthedeed,executedbysaidJonestosaidDavidDoe,forsaidland.SaidnotewasbysaidJones,forvaluereceived,induecourseoftrade,andbeforematurity,endorsedandtransferredtopetitioner,andisnowhisproperty,andwhollyunpaid.Petitionerpraystobeallowedtobecomeapartytothiscause,andtohavesaidnoteanddebtdeclaredapreferredclaim,andpaidinfulloutoftheproceedsofsaidlandwhensold.Petitionerpraysforallnecessaryorders,references,anddecrees,andforgeneralrelief.GeorgeB.Peters,Solicitor.35StateofTennessee,)CountyofShelby.jPeterPoemakesoaththatthestatementsinhisforegoingpetitionaretrue[tothebestofhisknowledge,information,andbelief.] PETERPoE.Sworntoandsubscribedbeforeme,May1,1890.Ferd.DeSoto,J.P.Apetitionmaybeamendedonproperapplicationatanytime,evenduringtheargument.Leavetoamendisalmostofcourse,36ifappliedforindueseason.§798.WhenandWhereaPetitionMustbeFiled.—IncontemplationoflawtheCourtsarealwaysopenforthefilingofanypleading,deposition,pe-tition,affidavit,proof,orotherpaperordocument,relatingtoanymatterpend-inginCourt,ortoanynewmatteranypersondesirestobringbeforetheCourt,whetherCourtbeinsessionornot.37So,apetitionmaybefiledatanytime,andifitrelatetoamatterinCourtshouldbefiledinthecausetowhichitrelates,andshouldbesoentitled.Thequestionoftherightofthepersontofileit,andofitssufficiencyandtruthfulness,arequestionstobedeterminedbytheCourtwhenproperlyraised.§799.TheHearingofaPetition.—Ifapetitionisinthenatureofaformalmotion,andallthefactsnecessarytoitsdueconsiderationappearofrecord,orotherwise,inthecause,itissummarilyheardanddisposedof,afterthemannerofamotion.If,however,thefactsallegedinthepetitiondonotother-wiseappear,andaredenied,oratleastnotadmitted,theCourtusuallydirectstheMastertohearproofandreportastothefacts.Ifthefactsallegedinthepetitiondonotentitlethepetitionertothereliefheseeks,orifthereliefheseeksisnotpropertobegrantedinthatcause,orinthatform,orbysuchasummarycourseofprocedure,theoppositepartymaymovetheCourttodis-332Dan.Ch.Pr.,1604-1605.34Huntv.Wing,10Heisk.,139;151.35Apetition,likeabill,maybesignedbythepe-titionerinperson,buttheSolicitorwhodrawsthepetitiongenerallysignsit,andhashisclientsweartoit.JudgeCooper,inJohnsonV.Murray,12Lea,117,saysthepracticeisobjectionableofpermittingpetitionstobefiled,signedandswornto,byagentsandSolicitors,insteadofbythepartiesthemselves.
Thepracticeiswellsettled,however,thateitherabillorpetitionmaybesignedbytheSolicitor,alone.SwanV.Newman,3Head,289;LittonV.Armstead,9Bax.,514.362Dan.Ch.Pr.,1610.37Bledsoev.Wright,2Bax.,471.Whenarightmaybebarred,orembarrassed,bydelay,thepeti-tionshouldbefiledatonce,whethertheCourtbeinsessionornot.

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§800INJUNCTIONSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.618
CHAPTERXLLSUITSFORINJUNCTIONS,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREIN.ArticleI.InjunctionsGenerallyConsidered.ArticleII.InWhatCasesInjunctionswillbeGranted.ArticleIII.HowInjunctionsareObtained,Issued,andServed.ArticleIV.PleadingsinInjunctionSuits,andReliefsGranted.ArticleV.ViolationsofInjunctions,andRemediesTherefor.ArticleVI.TheDissolutionofInjunctions.ArticleVII.InjunctionandRefundingBonds,andtheirBreach.ARTICLEI.INJUNCTIONSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§800.TheInjunctivePowerGenerallyCon-sidered.§801.InjunctionsDenned.§802.Officeof;iTemporaryInjunction.§803.OfficeofaMandatoryInjunction.
§800.TheInjunctivePowerGenerallyConsidered.—Themainobjectofcivilizedsocietyandthechiefpurposeoflawistosecuretoeveryindividualhislife,libertyandproperty.1Thecommonlawaimedtoprotectaman'srighttohispropertybypunishingtheviolationofthatright.Butsuchprotectiondidnotalwaysprotect;thedamagesawardedtheownerofthepropertywerenotalwayspaid,andwhenpaidwereofteninadequate,especiallywhentheinjurycouldnotberepairedbypaymentofdamages.ButwhentheChanceryCourtwasestablishedwithitspeculiarpowersandprocesses,borrowedlargelyfromtheRomanlaw,itdidnotundertakesomuchtopunish,astoprevent,theviolationoftherightsofproperty.Actingonitsmaxim,Equityactsspecificallyandnotbywayofcompensation,theChanceryCourtlaiditsmightyhanduponthewould-beviolator,andcommandedhimtodesistfromthewronghewasdoing,andrefrainfromdoingthewronghewasthreatening,menacinghimwithbothbodilyimprisonmentandpecuniarypunishment,ifhepersisted.WhenamatterwasindisputetheChanceryCourtforbadeapartytotakethelawinhisownhands,butrequiredhimtoabidethedecisionoftheCourt;and,inapropercase,compelledhimtoputmattersinstatuquo,andthusundohisownwrong.Innooneparticular,perhaps,hastheimmensesuperiorityofthejurispru-denceofEquityoverthatofthecommonlawbeensomanifestasinitsremedybyinjunctiontopreventawrong,inplaceofthecommonlawremedyofdam-agesafterthewronghadbeencommitted;andyetnoprocessofChancerywassovigorouslyresistedbythelawyersofEngland;andLordCoke,asthegreatchampionofthecommonlaw,regardedtheprocessofinjunction,especiallywhenitinterferedwithsuitsandjudgmentsatlaw,asahighhandedviolationofthefundamentallawofEngland.§801.InjunctionsDenned.—Awritofinjunctionisajudicialprocess,2operatinginpersonam,andrequiringtheperson,tooragainstwhomitisdi-rected,todoorrefrainfromdoingaparticularthing.Theprocessisrestora-
lForwhattheword"property"includes,see,I 2Theprocessofinjunctionistermedthe"rightante,§56;post,§804,note2,Equitableproperty,armoftheCourtofChancery."1Barb.ChPr§882. I615.

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619INJUNCTIONSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§802tiveaswellaspreventive,beingusedbothintheenforcementofrights,andthepreventionofwrongs.Ingeneral,however,itisusedtopreventfutureinjuryratherthantoaffordredressforwrongsalreadycommitted;anditis,therefore,toberegardedmoreasapreventivethanaremedialprocess.Withreferencetotheircharacter,3injunctionsareeither,1,Mandatory,commandingthedefendanttodoaparticularthing;or2,Prohibitory,com-mandinghimtorefrainfromdoingaparticularthing.Withreferencetotheirduration,injunctionsareeithertemporaryorperpetual.1.TemporaryInjunctions,frequentlycalledinterlocutoryorpreliminaryin-junctions,aresuchasaregrantedatanytimebeforefinalhearing,generallyuponthepresentationofthebilltotheChancellor;andcontinueuntilthecom-inginoftheanswer,oruntilahearinguponthemerits,orthefurtherorderoftheCourt.Atemporaryinjunctionisprovisionalinitsnature,anddoesnotconcludearight.2.RestrainingOrdersareinterlocutoryinjunctionsgrantedduringalitiga-tiontopreventtheenforcementofsomeordermadeinthecause,ortostaythehandofapartyoranofficerofthe;Court,ortoenjoinpersonsnotpartiesfrombringingsuitastoamatterpendingwhereinassetsarebeingadmin-istered,orgrantedinanyothercasewhennecessarytopreventanyinequitableorillegalactinjurioustoanyparty.'
3.PerpetualInjunctionsaregrantedonlyatafinalhearinguponthemerits,andusuallyformapartofthefinaldecree,andareconclusiveuponalltheparties.Indeed,aperpetualinjunctionis,ineffect,adecreeoftheCourtwherebyadefendantisperpetuallyinhibitedfromtheassertionofanassumedright,orperpetuallyrestrainedfromthecommissionofanactwhichwouldbecontrarytoEquityandgoodconscience.§802.OfficeofaTemporaryInjunction.—Theofficeofatemporary,orinterlocutory,injunctionistopreservethesubject-matterincontroversyinitsthencondition;and,withoutdetermininganyquestionofright,merelytopreventthefurtherperpetrationofwrong,orthedoingofanyactwherebytherightincontroversymaybemateriallyinjured,orendangered.Itcannotbeusedforthepurposeoftakingpropertyoutofthepossessionofoneparty,andputtingitintothepossessionofanother;nordoesit,ordinarily,gototheextentoforderingadefendanttoundowhathehasalreadydone,sinceitmighttherebydothedefendantaninjuryasgreatasthatofwhichthecom-plainantcomplains.Thejurisdictionbeingordinarilyexercisedtopreventthefurthercontinuanceofinjuriousacts,ratherthantoundowhathasalreadybeendone,onaninterlocutoryapplicationforaninjunction,CourtsofEquitywill,exceptinextremecases,onlyactprospectively,andinterposesuchre-straintonlyasmaysufficetostopthemischiefcomplainedof,andpreservemattersinstatuquo.§803.OfficeofMandatoryInjunctions.—WhileCourtsofEquityrarelyallowinterlocutorymandatoryinjunctions,theirjurisdictionsotodoisfirmlyestablished.Theprincipalofficeofaninterlocutorymandatoryinjunctionistocompelthedefendanttorestorethesubject-matterofcontroversytothesituationitwasinbeforethecommissionoftheactcomplainedof.CourtsofEquity,however,rarelydirectlycommandthedoingofapositiveactonaninterlocutoryapplication;theyreachthesameresultindirectly,byframingtheinjunctionsoastoprohibitthedefendantfromdoingthereverseofwhat
3Thecommoninjunction,mentionedintheoldreportsandbooksofpractice,wasthewritofinjunc-tionwhichissued,asofcourse,uponthedefaultordelayofthedefendantinansweringthebill;anditseffectuponapendingsuitatlawwasdeterminedbytheprogressofthatsuitatthedateoftheissu-anceofthe.writ.Iftheinjunctionwasobtainedbeforethedeclarationatlawwasfiled,butbeforeplea,thesuitproceededtoissue,butnofurther;if
obtainedafterissuewasjoined,thesuitproceededtojudgment,butstoppedthereuntilthedetermina-tionofthesuitinEquity.HendrickV.Dallum,1Tenn.,(Overt.),427;2Sto.Eo.Jur.,§892;Chad-wellv.Jordan,2Tenn.Ch.,636;Pattersonv.Gor-don,3Tenn.Ch.,20.ThecommoninjunctionhasceasedtoexistinthisState,everyinjunctionbeingnowspecial.Pattersonv.Gordon,3Tenn.Ch.,21.

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§804WHENINJUNCTIONSWILLBEGRANTED.620lieisdesiredtodo.Eventhenthejurisdictionisexercisedwithextremecau-tion,andisconfinedtocaseswheretheCourtsoflawareunabletoaffordadequateredress,orwheretheinjurycannotbecompensatedindamages.4Mandatoryinjunctions,issuedafterafinaldecreeandinenforcementthereof,areinthenatureofanexecution,andaresometimescalledjudicialwrits;5theywillbefoundmorefullyconsideredintheChapteronDecrees.6
ARTICLEII.INWHATCASESINJUNCTIONSWILLBEGRANTED.§804.InjunctionsGenerallyConsidered.I80S.InjunctionsinBehalfofSureties.§806.InjunctionsinBehalfofCreditors.§807.InjunctionsinBehalfofMarriedWomen.808.Injunctionsships.809.InjunctionsPertainingtoPartner-PertainingtoExecutorsandAdministrators.§810.InjunctionsPertainingtoMortgages,Trust-Deeds,andTitle-Bonds.§811.InjunctionsPertainingtoWrittenContracts.§812.InjunctionstoPreventaCloudUponTitle.§813.InjunctionstoProtecttheProcessandOfficersoftheCourt.§814.InjunctionsAgainstSuits,Judgments,andExecutions.
§815.InjunctionsAgainstCommissioners,andPublicOfficers.§816.InjunctionsAgainstIllegalTaxes.§817.InjunctionsAgainstTakingPrivatePropertyWithoutCompensation.§818.InjunctionsAgainstPublicandPri-vateCorporations.§819.InjunctionsAgainstWaste,Trespass-es,andSimilarWrongs.§820.InjunctionsAgainstNuisances.§821.InjunctionstoProtectEasements.§822.InjunctionstoProtectFranchises.?823.InjunctionsinOtherCases.§824.MandatoryInjunctions,WhenGrant-ed.§825.CasesNotProperforInjunctiveRe-lief.§826.FormofBilltoEnjoinandAbateaNuisance.§804.InjunctionsGenerallyConsidered.—ThevariouscasesinwhichtheChanceryCourtwillinterferebyinjunction,arealmostasnumerousasthematterswhichfallwithinitsequitablejurisdiction;xbutitmaybelaiddownasafundamentalrale,applicabletoallcases,that,whereveralegalorequita-blerightexists,whetherarisingfromcontract,fromthelegalorequitableownershipofproperty,2orotherwise,theviolationofthatrightwillbeen-joinedonproperapplicationtotheChanceryCourt,unlessthelegalremedyofcompensatorydamageswouldbefull,adequate,andcomplete.3Ifdamagescannotbecompensatoryfromthenatureoftheinjury,aninjunctionwillbegranted,4afor,insuchacase,theinjurywillbeirreparable.5aTheoldrule,thataninjunctionwouldnotbegrantedwhentherewasaplain,adequateremedyatlaw,haslostmuchofitsforceinTennessee(1)inconsequenceoftheChanceryCourtbeingnowclothedwithfullauthoritytodetermineallactionstriableatlawexceptsuitsforunliquidateddamages;6aand(2)inconsequenceoftheCourt'sstatutoryinjunctivepowerstorestraintheinjury,removal,ordestructionofproperty,realorpersonal,involvedinthelitigation.7Byvirtueoftheletterandspiritofthesetwostatutes,an4HighonInjunc,3;Postv.Railroad,19Pick.,184,citingtheabovesection[then§784]ofthisbook.See,post,§819,note,62.52Sto.Eq.Jur.,§861.6See,ante,§§32;651;see,-also,post,§824.12Dan.Ch.Pr.,1620.2Aman'spropertyconsistsnotonlyofhislandsandtenements,goodsandchattels,rightsandcredits,asgenerallyunderstood,buthehas,also,apropertyrighttohislife,person,limbs,liberties,health,rep-utation,occupationandlabor,andtotheenjoymentofhissensesofsight,smell,hearingandtaste,andofthemoralsense.See,ante,§56.
3Weaverv.DavidsonCounty,20Pick.,320,cit-ingtheabovesection[then§786]ofthisbook.4a3Pom.Eq.Jur.,§1338.Weaverv.DavidsonCounty,20Pick.,320,citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§786.5a.Astowhatismeantby"compensatorydam-ages"and"irreparableinjury,"see,post,§819,note62.oaActsof1877,ch.97.See,ante,§§21;26-29.7Code,§3767.

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621WHENINJUNCTIONSWILLBEGRANTED.§805injunctionmaybeproperlygranted:(1)torestraintheviolationofanyrightofthecomplainant,incidenttothesubject-matterofthesuit;(2)torestrainanytortiousconductofthedefendant,thatisinjuriousordestructivetothepropertyinlitigation;(3)torestraintheremovalofanyspecificpersonalpro-pertysoughttoberecoveredinthesuit;and(4)torestrainanyotheractofthedefendantinjuriouslyaffectingcomplainant'srightsinortothesubject-matterofthelitigation.Andinnoneofthesecaseswillthefactthatthecom-plainantmayhaveaplainandadequateremedyatlaw,beatallmaterialinconsideringthejurisdictionoftheCourtingrantingtheinjunction,fortherea-sonthattheCourthas,andis,exercisingjurisdictionintheverysuitwhereintheinjunctionissought.§805.InjunctionsinBehalfofSureties.—Injunctionsaregrantedinbehalfofasuretyagainstasuitatlawbythecreditorwheneverbyanyactofthecreditor,orprincipaldebtor,oraco-surety,thesuretyhasbeenreleased,ordischarged,aswherethedebthasbeenpaid,ornovated,orwherethecontracthasbeenchanged,orthetimeofpaymentextended,withoutthesurety'scon-sent,8orwherethecreditordelaystosueafternoticeordemand.9§806.InjunctionsinBehalfofCreditors.—Aninjunctionwillbegrantedagainstdebtorsandtheirprivies,inbehalfofcreditors,inthefollowingcases
:
1,Topreventthefraudulenttransferorremovalofthedebtor'sproperty,whetherinhishands,orinthehandsofamalafidepurchaser,orofatrustee;102,Topreventthewaste,removal,ortransfer,ofpropertyonwhichthecom-plainanthasalien;3,Topreventamultiplicityofsuits,thecostofwhichwillabsorbthecommonfund.11Noinjunction,however,willbegrantedonbehalfofameregeneral12cred-itor,topreventthedebtorsellingorencumberinghisproperty,whennogroundsthereforareallegedexceptthefactofindebtedness,theinsolvencyofthedefendant,andthefearthathemaysellorencumber.13§807.InjunctionsinBehalfofMarriedWomen.—Awifeisentitledtoaninjunctionagainstherhusbandandhiscreditorsorbargainees,toprotectherhomesteadrights,orherrightstoherseparateestate,ortotherentsandprofitsofherrealty;andonfilingabillfordivorceandalimony,orformaintenance,againstherhusband,sheisentitledtoaninjunctiontopreventhim(1)frominterferingwithherconductorperson;(2)frominterferingwiththecustodyofthechildren,orproperty,inherpossession;(3)fromcollectingtherents-andprofitsofherseparateestate,orofherrealty;(4)andfromsellingorencumberinghisownproperty,orsellinganychosesinaction,orotherper-sonaltybelongingtoher.§808.InjunctionsPertainingtoPartnerships.—CourtsofEquitywillen-joinmembersofapartnershipfromdoingactsinconsistentwiththedutiesofapartner,orwiththepartnershipagreement,orviolativeoftherightsofthecomplainingpartner.Apartnermaybeenjoinedfromexcludinghisco-partnerfromthepartnershipbusiness,orbooks;orfrommisappropriatingpartnershipassets.Andwhereadissolutionisprayedandareceiverisproper,theCourtwillenjoinanyorallofthepartnersfromcollectinganyfirmdebts,orinterferingwiththefirmassetsorbooks,ordoinganyactinthefirmname.14§809.InjunctionsPertainingtoExecutorsandAdministrators.—Injunc-tionswillbegrantedonapplicationofexecutorsoradministrators:1,Against
82HighonInjunc,§1375;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§324-326;2Ibid.,§883.See"Sureties,"and"QuiaTimet,"inourDigests.9See,post,§962.Theobligationsofasuretyarestrictissimijuris,andcannotbeextendedbeyondthelimitsofhisengagement.Hardisonv.Yeaman,7Cates,639.10Code,§§4283-4289;2HighonInjunc,§1402.112HighonInjunc,§1406.12Ageneralcreditor'isonewhohasnojudgment
ordecreeforhisdebt,orlienorequitytosecureit.Suchacreditorissometimescalledacreditorat-large.131HighonInjunc,§§131;326;2Ibid.,1403;McKeldinV.Gouldy,7Pick.,677,citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§788.Somelien,trust,fraud,orinequitableconductmustbeallegedtoob-tainsuchaninjunction.Ibid.142HighonInjunc,§§1330-1358.

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§810WHENINJUNCTIONSWILLBEGRANTED.622anycreditorsuingafterthesuggestionoftheinsolvencyoftheestateandthetransferoftheadministrationtotheChanceryCourt;15and2,Againstthewidow,oranycreditor,distributee,legatee,orotherperson,improperlyin-terferingwiththeassetsoftheestate.Injunctionswillbegrantedinbehalfofthepersonentitledagainstexecutorsoradministratorstoprevent(1)theirappropriationofexemptproperty,or(2)thewasteormisapplicationoftheassetsoftheestate,or(3)sellingprop-ertybequeathedwhennotneededtopaydebts,or(4)doinganyotheractnotauthorizedbythewill,orthelaw.§810.InjunctionsPertainingtoMortgages,TrustDeeds,andTitle-Bonds.TheCourtofChanceryisoftenappliedtoforinjunctionsrelativetomattersconnectedwithmortgages,trustdeeds,andtitle-bonds,theapplicationscomingsometimesfromtheownerofthelien,andsometimesfromthedebtor.1.InjunctionsinBehalfoftheMortgagee,orCreditor.Thepropertyinsuchacaseisdevotedtothepaymentofthemoneyadvanced,orofthedebttherebysecured;andtheChanceryCourtwillgrantinjunctionsagainstanycuttingoftimber,removaloffixturesorbuildings,orotherwaste,bythemakerofamortgageordeedoftrust,orholderunderatitle-bond,orotherpersoninpos-sessionorcontrolofthepremises;mortgagedorconveyedintrust,orheldunderatitle-bond,wheresuchwastewillmakethesecurityinsufficient.Aninjunctionwillalsobegrantedtoprotecttherightsofamortgageetochattels,byenjoiningtheirremoval,sale,orinjury.182.InjunctionsonBehalfoftheDebtor.Theenforcementofamortgageortrustdeedwillbeenjoinedonapplicationofthemakerorhisassignee,(1)whenitwasobtainedonfraud;(2)whentherehasbeenatotalfailureofcon-sideration;(3)whenthecomplainantisnotbound,byreasonofsomeaccident,ormistake,initsexecution,againstwhichEquitywillrelieve;(4)whenthedebtsecuredbytheinstrumenthasbeenfullypaid,or(5)isbarredbythestatuteoflimitations.17Aninjunctionwillnotbegranted,however,toenjoinasaleinsuchcases,unlessnoticeoftheapplicationbegiventothetrustee,ormortgagee,ashereaftershown.18§811.InjunctionsPertainingtoWrittenContracts.—TheChanceryCourtwill,insomecases,enjointheattemptedviolationofavalidcontract,ortheattemptedenforcementofaninvalidcontract.1.TheEnforcementofanInvalidDeed,Note,orOtherContractinWritingWillbeEnjoinedwhenitsexistence,orpossessionbythedefendant,mayresultinsomeinjurytothemaker.Thus,whenadeed,note,orothercontractinwrit-ingisnotbindinginEquity,becauseexecutedbyaccidentormistake,orobtainedbyfraud,orwithoutlawfulconsideration,orisvoidforanyotherreason,aCourtofEquitywillnotonlyenjoinitsenforcement,ortransfer,butwill,also,orderittobedeliveredupforreformationiferroneous,orforcancellationifvoid,orvoidable.193.TheViolationofValidContractsWillbeEnjoinedinanycasewhensuchcontractwouldbespecificallyenforcedbytheCourt,asinease(1)ofrestrictivecovenantsindeeds,leases,andotherinstruments,creatingequitablecovenants
;
(2)ofcontractsofanegativenature,suchasagreementsnottocarryonaparticulartrade,nottobuildinacertainwayorplace,nottoruntrainspastaparticularstationwithoutstopping,nottopublisharivalbookornews-paper,20nottoremovefixtures,nottouseleasedpropertyinaparticularwayorforaspecifiedpurpose,nottoallowpropertyleasedorconveyedtobeusedforthemanufactureorsaleofspirituousliquors,andgenerallynottoallowordoanyotherthingthatmaylawfullybestipulatedagainst.2115Code,§§2382-2384.ieSeeMoorev.Knight,6Lea,427;1HighonInjunc.,§§478-481;3Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§1345;1348,notes;1JonesonMortg.,§684.IT2JonesonMortg.,§§1801-1820.isSee§§828-829.193Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§1375-1377;JonesV.Perry,
10Yerg.,83;McMinnv.Richmond,6Yerg.,1;Owensv.Mynatt,1Heisk.,675.See"Cancellation,"and"CloudonTitle,"inourDigests.203Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§1341-1344;2HighonIn-junc,§§1167-1181.212HighonInjunc,§§1134-1158.

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623WHENINJUNCTIONSWILLBEGRANTED.§812§812.InjunctionstoPreventorRemoveaClouduponTitle.—ThetitletorealestatewillbeprotectedbytheChanceryCourtagainstanyillegalactorinstrumentlikelytocastaclouduponit,orbringitintoquestion.Hence,theCourtwill,onapplicationoftheowner,enjoinanysaleofhislandthatwillnotpassthetitle,andthatmayillegallysubjecthimtosuit,whethersuchsaleisattemptedbyaSheriffunderavoidproceeding,orasatisfiedjudgment,orexecution,orbyatrustee,orattorneyinfact,underavoidorsatisfiedinstrument,orbyanyotherpersonnothavinglawfulauthority.TheCourt,onlikeapplication,wilienjoinanypartywhohasavoidorinvalidgrant,deed,mortgage,orotherwriting,tothecomplainant'sland,fromsettingupanyclaimthereunder,orattemptingtoenforceit;andwill,atthehearing,declaresuchdeed,grant,ormortgage,acloudoncomplainant'stitle,andwillorderittobedeliveredupandcancelled,andthecloudremoved.22Andawifemayhaveremovedfromhertitle,orherhomestead,anycloudcausedinanyoftheforegoingways,orcausedbyanydeedorotherconveyancemadebyherhusband,orbyherself,withoutherprivyexamination.23§813.InjunctionstoProtecttheProcess,andOfficersoftheCourt,andPurchasersunderitsDecrees.—CourtsofChancerydonotallowanyotherCourttointerferewiththeirprocesses,ortheirofficers,orwithpurchasersunderitsdecrees.24Anyinterference,bysuitorotherwise,withthesubpoenas,injunctions,attachments,orotherwritsoftheChanceryCourt,orwiththeofficerexecutingthesame,willberestrainedbyinjunction,andifnecessarybyattachmentofthepersonofthewrong-doer.Soanyinterference,bysuitorotherwise,withtherights,duties,powers,orpossession,ofareceiver,se-questrator,specialcommissioner,orClerkandMaster,willbeenjoined;andifnecessarytheintermeddlerwillbeattachedforcontemptoftheCourt.25TheChanceryCourthasfullpowerandinclinationtoaffordperfectredresstoallpersonswrongedbyitsprocesses,orofficers,andrequiresallsuchpersonstoapplyforredresstoit,bypetitionfiledintheparticularcausewhereintheallegedwrongwascommitted.§814.InjunctionsAgainstSuits,Judgments,Decrees,andExecutions.Wheneverapersonisliabletobeinjuredinequitablybyasuitbrought,orajudgmentrendered,oranexecutionissuedorlevied,26hemayprotecthimselfbyaninjunction.271.InjunctionsAgainstSuitsatLawBeforeJudgment"*willbegrantedonap-plicationofthedefendanttothesuitinthefollowingcases
:
1."Wherethesuitisfoundedonadeed,noteofhand,orothercontractinwriting,notbindingonthedefendant,becauseofafailureofconsideration,orofsomefraud,oraccident,ormistake,initsexecution,theplaintiffinthesuitnotbeinganinnocentpurchaser.29
22Johnsonv.Cooper,2Yerg.,524;Jonesv.Perry,10Yerg.,83;AlmonyV.Hicks,3Head,41;Cartern.Taylor,3Head,30;Merrimanv.Polk,5Heisk.,717;see,"CloudonTitle,""Rescission,"and"Cancellation,"inourDigests;1HighonInjunc,§§372-381;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§711a.SeeBillsQuiaTimet.post,%1042.23ColemanV.Satterfield,2Head,260;Cantrellv.County,3Tenn.Ch.,426;McCallumv.Petti-grew,10Heisk.,394.Astocloudsonhomesteads,seeMarshV.Russell,1I,ea,543;Williamsv.Wil-liams,7Bax.,116;Collinsv.Boyett,3Pick.,334:.1HighonInjunc,§438;See"QuiaTimet,"and"Homestead,"inour.Digests.Suchabillwillliewithoutpossession,andinbehalfofamerewar-rantor.Jonesv.Nixon,18Pick.,95.24Copev.Payne,3Cates,12825TurnerV.Breedon,2Lea,713;2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§891;1Highoninjunc,§§54;57.26Thejurisdiction,power,andutilityoftheChanceryCourtwereoriginallybased,toaverylargeextent,uponthenecessityofsomeinjunctiveinstrumentalitytopreventplaintiffsusingtheCourts
oflawtoobtainorenforcejudgmentscontrarytoEquityandconscience.3Pom.Eq.Jur.,§1360.27Whenapartybringsasuitheimpliedlycon-tractswiththeCourtthatintheprosecutionofsuchsuithewilldonothingcontrarytogoodreasonandgoodconscience,andtheCourt,astherepresenta-tiveoftheState,impliedlycontractswithsuchpartytogivehimsuchajudgmentasingoodreasonandgoodconscienceheoughttohaveonthefactsal-legedandproved.TothisextenttheCourtrequiresthedefendanttosubmit.Butiftheplaintiffohtainsajudgmentbysuppressingorfabricatingevidence,orbytakinganunconscientiousadvantageofthedefendant,orbyanyotherfraud,aCourtofChan-cery,ondueapplication,willenjointheplaintifffromenforcingajudgmentsoobtained,andthustakingadvantageofhisownwrong,providedsuchdefendantreallyhadameritoriousdefence,andwasguiltyofnonegligenceorotherfaultinthecase.28Injunctionsinsuchcasesoperateonthepar-ties,andnotupontheCourtswherethesuitatlawispending.Burkev.Ellis,21Pick.,702.291HighonInjunc,§47.Thegroundofthe

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§814WHENINJUNCTIONSWILLBEGRANTED.6242.Whereamultiplicityofsuits30arebroughtbythesameplaintiff,ordifferentplaintiffs,againstthesamedefendantconcerningthesamesubject-matter.313."Wherethedefenceis(1)purelyequitable,32or(2)legalandequitable,or(3)ishamperedbydifficulties,complicationsorembarrassments,toocon-fusingorperplexingforinvestigationandsolutionbyajury;33and4."Where,inanyothercase,apartyplaintiffhasanunfairadvantageatlaw,wherebyhemaymaketheCourtoflawaninstrumentofinjustice,andobtainajudgmentthereincontrarytoEquityandgoodconscience.34Thefiattoabilltoenjoinasuitatlawonamoneydemandshouldrequirethedefendanttoconfessjudgmentatlawastheconditionoftheinjunction;otherwise,thecomplainantafterlitigatinginChancerymaydismisshisbillandrenewthelitigationatlaw.34aThefollowingistheformofabilltoenjoinasuitatlaw,andofaproperflatforsuchabill
:
BILLTOENJOINASUITUPONANOTE.s^b[Foraddressandcaptionsee,ante,§§155-164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
ThatonDecember4,1846.,RolandRoebroughtanoteforfourhundreddollarstohimandrequestedhimtosignit,sayingthatthenotehadbeenexecutedtohimbyHenryDen,complainant'sfather-in-law,thatDenwasslowinpayingit,andthathe,RolandRoe,wantedcomplainanttosignthenotethebettertowarranthiminurgingDentopayit.Complain-ant,beingyoung,notquitetwentyyearsofage,andinexperiencedinbusiness,andfeelingflatteredbythepraisesofsaidRolandRoeastocomplainant'sabilitytogethisfather-in-lawtopaythenote,andastocomplainant'sgeneralcapacitytodothings;andbeing,also,assuredbysaidRolandRoe,that,innoevent,wouldheevercalloncomplainanttopaythenote,thathissignaturetoitwouldbeamereform,andmerepersonalfavor,signedsaidnote,relyingonsaidassurances,withoutreceivinganyconsiderationtherefor,andwithoutanypurposeofbeingboundthereby.II.ThatsoonaftercomplainantsignedsaidnotesaidRolandRoedied,intestate,andthedefendantsarehisadministrators.AssuchadministratorstheycalledoncomplainanttointerferenceoftheChanceryCourtinsuchcasesis,thatthedefendantisenabledtomakeabetterde-fenceinEquity,ortoobtainsomesubstantialreliefnotobtainableatlaw.Chadwellv.Jordan,2Tenn.Ch.,637.ACourtofEquityshouldnot,ordinarily,grantaninjunctiontostayproceedingsatlawbeforejudg-.ment,unlessthepartyapplyingfortheinjunctionwillconfessjudgmentinthesuitatlaw,suchjudg-menttobedealtwithastheCourtgrantingthein-junctionmayorder.ItisinequitabletoallowthedefendantatlawtolitigatethesamematterinbothCourts;and,unlessheisrequiredtoclosethelegalcontest,byconfessingjudgmentinthesuitatlaw,hemay,afteralonglitigationinChancery,dismisshisbill,andthenrenewhisdefenceintheCourtoflaw.Chadwellv.Jordan,2Tenn.Ch.,633;Perkinsv.Woodfolk,3Bax.,412;Rhinehartv.Murray,15Lea,471;Mathewsv.Douglass,Cooke,136;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1623-1624;Mullinsv.Aiken,.
2Heisk.,538;KingV.Baker,1Yerg.,451;Haynes«.Bank,22Pick.,425,citingthisnoteandtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§796.30Twosuitsareamultiplicity.Pearlv.Nash-ville,10Yerg.,179.SeeDucktownCo.V.Fain,1Cates,56.311HighonInjunc,§§61-65;Tarboxv.Harten-stein,4Bax.,78.32Thefollowingareillustrationsofequitablede-fences:
1.Defencesbasedonfraud,accident,ormistake,andrequiringparolevidencetovary_,reformorcan-celanote,deed,orotherwritteninstrument,suedon,ortoshowaconditionannexed.Perryv.Pat-terson,5Hum.,133;BreedenV.Griggs,8Bax.,163;Bellv.Gamble,9Hum.,117;CorneliusV.Morrow,12Heisk,630;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1624.2.Defenressettingupanequitabletitleagainstthelegaltitlesuedon,aswhereamortgageesuesatlawthemortgagortorecoverthelandmortgaged,
'oravendorsuesatlawtorecoverlandhehadcon-
tractedinwritingtoconveytothedefendant,oratrusteesuesthebeneficiary.3.Whereanequitableestoppelisreliedon.MosesV.Sanford,2Lea,655.4.Wherethedefenceisthefraudoftheplaintiffinprocuringtheinstrumentsuedon,orsomeacci-dent_ormistake,initsexecution,orillegalityinitsconsideration,andsomeaffirmativereliefisnecessarytoprotectthedefendant,suchasthereformationoftheinstrument,-oritscancellationandsurrender.Pom.Eq.Jur.,1363;Broylesv.Arnold,11Heisk.,488;PorterV.Jones,6Cold.,313.5.Whereadiscoveryfromtheplaintiffatlawisnecessaryforthedefence.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,624.Butadiscoverycannowbehadatlaw,Code,§3891.6.Wherenewpartiesarenecessarytocompletejustice.33Newbornv.Glass,5Hum.,521;Lindsleyv.James,3Cold.,477.Caseswherethereisamulti-plicityofcontracts,orwheretherearemutualac-countsofacomplicatednature,wouldcomeunderthishead.342Sto.Eq.Jur.,§885.Butthefactthaten-forcementofajudgmentwouldbeagainstcon-science,willnot,ofitself,warrantaninjunction.Howeverunjustandunconscionablethedemandmaybe,onwhichjudgmentwas.obtained,if,throughneglectorcarelessness,nodefencewasinterposedatlaw,reliefwillnotbegrantedinEquity.1HighonInjunc,§166.34aHaynesv.Bank,22Pick.,425,citingtheabovesection,then§796,ofthisbook.Seenote29,supra.ButtheChanceryCourthasnojurisdic-tiontoenjoinproceedingsinaCourtofconcurrentjurisdictioninacasewheresuchCourtcandoascompletejustice.Suchabillisdemurrable.DixonV.Railroad.7Cates,362.See,ante,§294.34bThisbillisbasedonBellv.Gamble&Mont-gomery,admrs.,9Hum.,117.Astothenatureofthefiatonsuchabillseenote29,supra,andHaynesV.Bank,22Pick.,425.

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625WHENINJUNCTIONSWIIAB£GRANTED.§814paysaidnote,whenheprotestedthathewasnotliable,andstatedtothemtheforegoingfacts,._But,notwithstandingsaidfacts,thedefendantshavebroughtsuitonsaidnoteintheCircuitCourtofKnoxcounty.Complainantcouldpleadthathewasundertwenty-oneyearsofagewhenhesignedsaidnote,butheisnotwillingsotodo;first,becausethatisnothisrealdefence,andsecond,becausesuchapleaisnotonlyhumiliatingtohim,butheisadvisedthatitimplieshe-wouldotherwisebeboundtopaysaidnote.in.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays:1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c,see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.Thatawritofinjunctionissue,byorderofyourHonor,restrainingandprohibitingthedefendants,andtheirattorneysandagents,fromfurtherprosecutingsaidsuitagainstcomplainantonsaidnoteinsaidCircuitCourt,andfromprosecutinganysimilarsuitinanyotherCourt;andthatatthehearingsaidinjunctionbemadeperpetual,andsaidnotecancelled.3d.Thatcomplainanthavesuchotherandfurtherreliefashemaybeentitledto.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctioninthiscase.T.Lyon,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit;see,ante,§§161;164.] ;
FIAT.TotheClerkandMasteratKnoxville
:
Filethisbill,andoncomplainantgivinganinjunctionbondinthepenaltyofonethousanddollars,conditionedasrequiredbylaw,issueaninjunctionprohibitingthedefendantsfromproceedingintheirsaidsuitagainstcomplainantanyfurtherthantotakejudgmentoriisaidnote;whichtheyareallowedtodo.Complainantwillwithdrawanypleahemayhavefiledinsaidsuit,andallowthesuittoproceedtojudgment.Nostepsshallbetaken,onsaidjudg-mentwithoutleaveoftheChanceryCourt,inthiscause.Feb.10,1848. Williams,Chancellor.2.InjunctionsAgainstJudgmentsatLaw.TheChanceryCourtisnotaCourtempoweredtoreviewproceedingsinotherCourts,andtocorrecterrorsandirregularitiesintheirproceedings.35ThisjurisdictionbelongstotheSupremeCourt.36TheChanceryCourtwillnot,therefore,enjoinajudgmentatlawmerelybecauseofanyirregularityorerrorcommittedbytheCourtrenderingthejudgment;and,inordertomakeoutacasethatwillauthorizetheChan-ceryCourttoenjoinajudgmentatlaw,thedefendanttosuchjudgmentmustmakeoutsomeoneofthefollowingcases:1.Aninjunctionagainstajudgment,atlawwillbegrantedonapplicationofthedefendanttothejudgment,ifheshow(1)thathehadavalidlegaldefencetothesuitonthemerits,and(2)thathewaspreventedfrommakingthatdefencebythefraudoftheplaintiff,orbysomesurprise,accident,ormistake,and(3)thattherewasnonegligence,orotherfault,onhispart,oronthepartofhisagents,orattorneys.37Thedefendanttothe"judgmentmustshowinhisbillalloftheseessentials.382.Injunctionsagainstjudgmentsatlawwillalsobegrantedwhenthede-fendanttothejudgmenthadagooddefenceonthemerits,butonenotavaila-bleinaCourtoflaw;39orifavailableitwashamperedbydifficulties,compli-cations,orembarrassments,tooconfusingandperplexingforinvestigationandsolutionbyajury.40Anditmaybestatedasageneralprinciple,thatany35AbillofinjunctionwillnotlietoenjoinajudgmentrenderedbyaJusticeofthePeace,oraCircuitCourt,whentheonlycomplaintistheerron-eousactionoftheJusticeofthePeace,orCircuitCourt(1)inallowingordisallowingamendment,or(2)inallowingordisallowingdemurrers,pleasorotherdefences,or(3)inadmittingorrejectingevi-dence,or(4)inallowingordisallowingclaimsorcredits,or(5)inallowingordisallowingmotions,or(6)indenyingwhatwaslaworapplyingwhatwasnotlaw,or(7)ingrantingorrefusinganappeal,or(8)inacceptingorrefusingabondorpauperoath,or(9).indoingorrefusingtodosomeotherthingduringtheprogressofthesuit.Allsucherrorscom-mittedbyaJustieeofthePeacemustbecorrectedbvtheCircuitCourtonappeal,orcertiorari;andallsuchcommittedbytheCircuitCourtmustbe.cor-rectedbytheSupremeCourtonappealorwritoferror,orinsomecasesbyasupersedeas.
36GreenlawV.Kernahan,4Sneed,371;Glennl).Maguire,3Tenn.Ch.,695;Kindellv.Titus,9Heisk.,738.371HighonInjunc,§114;Kearneyv.Smith,3Yerg.,127;PraterV.Robinson,11Heisk.,391•
Kirkpatrickv,Utley,14Lea,96;Taylorv.Railroad,2Pick.,233;Williamsv.Pile,20Pick.,273.Ajudgmentbasedontheappearanceofanattorneywithoutauthoritymaybeenjoined.CourtneyvDyer,2Shan.Cas.,360.38Hickersonv.Raiguel,2Heisk.,335;Rowlandv.Jones,2Heisk.,321.39Forillustrationsofdefencesnotavailableatlaw,see.supra,note32.401HighonInjunc,§114;Frierson'v.Moody,3Hum.,561;Newbernv.Glass,5Hum.,520;Ches-terv.Apperson,4Heisk.,639;Corneliusv.Thomas.1Tenn.Ch.,283.

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§815WHENINJUNCTIONSWILLBEGRANTED.626factswhichproveittobeagainstconsciencetoexecuteajudgmentatlaw,andofwhichtheinjuredpartycouldnothaveavailedhimselfinaCourtoflaw,orofwhichhemighthaveavailedhimselfbutwaspreventedbyfraudoracci-dent,unmixedwithanyfaultornegligenceinhimselforhisagents,willau-thorizeaCourtofEquitytointerferebyinjunctiontorestraintheadversepartyfromavailinghimselfofsuchjudgment.413.Voidandvoidablejudgmentsanddecreeswillbeenjoinedwithoutshow-inganyfacts,exceptsuchasdemonstratetheirnullity.42Ifajudgmentordecreeis,foranyreason,voidorvoidable,43aswherevitiatedbyfraud,acci-dentormistake,orwheretheCourthadnojurisdictionoftheperson,orofthesubject-matter,suchajudgmentmaybeenjoined.44AjudgmentoftheSupremeCourt,ifvoidorvoidable,foranyreason,maybeenjoinedinChan-cery;45andproceedingsinthisState,baseduponajudgmentrenderedinanotherState,maybeenjoinedforanycausewhichwouldauthorizeanin-junctionagainstajudgmentofoneofourownCourts.464.Ifthedefendanttothejudgmenthasanyset-off,andtheplaintiffisin-solvent,orhasremovedfromtheState,aninjunctionwillbegrantedagainstthejudgment.47Neverthelesss,whileaCourtofChancerywill,inaproperease,enjoinajudgmentatlaw,itwillnotstopthere,butwilleithergrantanewtrialintheCircuitCourt,48orwillitselfdeterminetherightsofthepartiesandgranttheplaintiffatlawtherecoveryhewasentitledto,ifany,49ordenyhimanyrecovery,ifheisnotentitledtoany.503.InjunctionsAgainstExecutionsatLaw,orinChancery,willbegrantedinthefollowingcases
:
1.Wherethejudgmentisvoid,51orvoidable,orhasbeenfullypaid,orotherwisesatisfied,orisbarredbythestatuteoflimitations.522.Wheretheexecutionislevieduponthelandofapersonhotapartytothelawsuit.53§815.InjunctionsAgainstCommissionersandPublicOfficers.—Whenever412Sto.Eq.Jur.,887;Scurlockv.Scurlock,8Pick.,629,citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then,§796.42Insuchcases,theChanceryCourtwillnotin-quirewhetherthedefendantatlawhadavaliddefence.Itisenoughifheshowthatthejudgmentordecreecomplainedofisvoid.Ridgwayv.Bank,11Hum.,523;Bellv.Williams,1Head,229.43Thereisawidedifferencebetweenavoidjudgmentandavoidablejudgment.See,ante,§§446;565.Avoidjudgmentbindsnobody;itbarsnobody;itisanullity,andnojudgmentatall;andjustifiesnoactdoneunderit.HolmesV.Eason,8Lea,760;Finleyv.Gaut,8Bax.,151.Avoidablejudgment,however,bindseverybody,andjustifieseveryactdoneunderit,untilreversedorsetaside.AvoidablejudgmentmaybereversedbytheSu-premeCourt,onappealorwritoferror,butcannotberevised,corrected,orsetaside,bytheChanceryCourt,exceptforfraud,accident,ormistake,inobtainingit,andthenonlyonabillfiledforthatpurpose.Avoidablejudgment,thoughfulloferrors,isasvalidasajudgmentperfectlyregular,when-everofferedinevidenceineithertheChanceryorCircuitCourt.Greenlawv.Kernahan,4Sneed,371.IftheCourtrenderingthejudgmentinquestionhadjurisdictionofthepersonandofthesubject-matter,andhadauthoritytomakesuchajudgment,thefactthattherewasnoevidencetosupportthejudgment,orthatgrossirregularitiesappearintherecord,arematterswhollyimmaterialonacollateralattack.Andwhatisheresaidofvoidandvoidablejudg-mentsisequallytrueofvoidandvoidabledecrees.Astothediiferencebetweenvoidandvoidablede-creesandjudgments,seeGreenlawv.Kernahan,4Sneed,371;Hopperv.Fisher,2Head,254;Kindellv.Titus,9Heisk.,738;FinleyV.Gaut,8Bax.,151;Popev.Harrison,16Lea,82;Vanvabryv.Staton,4Pick.,351.See"Judgments"inourDigests,formanyothercases.See,also,ante,§§446;565.44CaruthersV.Hartsfield,3Yerg.,366;McNairyv.Eastland,10Yerg.,310.Itwillbeabsolutelyvoid,ifrenderedwithoutserviceofprocess,orap-
pearance.BellV.Williams,1Head,229;1HighonInjunc,§§238-239;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1625,note;GraderV.Coltart,3Shan.Cas.,562.Orifren-deredinthewrongcountyinalocalsuit.See,ante,§177,notes17;30.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1567;Douglassv.Joyner,1Bax.,32.See,also,Smithv.St.LouisM.L.Ins.Co.,3Tenn.Ch.,506;Walkerv.Day,8Bax.,77;Maddoxv.Apperson,14Lea,604.45Kinzerv.Helm,7Heisk.,672;Smithv.VanBebber,1Swan,110;Newmanv.Justices,1Heisk.,791;Murphyv.Johnson,23Pick.,552.46Wilsonv.Robertson,1Tenn.,(Overt.)266;Winchesterv.Jackson,3Hay.,305;Turleyv.Tay-lor,6Bax.,382;Gettysv.Gettys,3Lea,261;Chancyv.Bryan,11Lea,589.47Gregoryv.Hasbrook,1Tenn.Ch.,218;HoweS.M.Co.v.Zachary,2Tenn.Ch.,478.Theseset-offsmayhaveexistedwhenthesuitatlawwasin-stituted,ormayhavebeensubsequentlyacquired.Fieldsv.Carney,4Bax.,137.Butifinexistencewhenthesuitwasinstituted,andifpleadedandpassedoninthesuitatlaw,noinjunctionwilllie.Gregoryv.Hasbrook,1Tenn.Ch.,218.See"Set-off,"inourDigests.48KirkpatrickV.Utley,14Lea,96;Praterr.Robinson,11Heisk.,394.Newtrialatlawawarded.Holcombr.Canady,2Heisk.,610;Buremv.Fos-ter,6Heisk.,333.40Jonesv.Kincaid,5Lea,677.50Hickersonv.Raiguel,2Heisk.,329.See,post,§§1206-1209.51RuckerV.Moore,1Heisk.,729;InsuranceCo.v.Webb,22Pick.,425.Astothedistinctionbe-tweenvoidandvoidablejudgments,see,ante,§§446-565.522Sto.Eq.Jur.,§876.63Merrimanv.Polk,5Heisk.,717;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1624;1HighonInjunc,§119.ExecutionsbasedonChancerydecreesthatarevoidmay,also,beenjoined.Douglassv.Joyner,1Bax.,34;Smithv.St.LouisM.L.Ins.Co.,3Tenn.Ch.,502.

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627WHENINJUNCTIONSWILEBEGRANTED.§816commissioners,orpublicofficers,appointedbytheLegislature,theGovernor,theCountyCourt,orapubliccorporation,orotherauthority,undertaketodosomeactnotauthorizedbytheConstitutionorlawsoftheState,orbytheparticularorderorauthorityunderwhichtheyact,theywillbeenjoinedbytheChanceryCourtontheapplicationofanypersonliabletobeirreparablyinjuredbytheirillegalorunauthorizedact.54Sheriffs,ClerksandMasters,andSolicitors,shouldnotbeenjoinedmerelybecausetheyaredoingtheirdutyinobediencetoprocess,ortheorderoftheCourt,55except,perhaps,asameansofnotifyingthemofthegrantingoftheinjunction.Ifnoreliefisprayedagainstthem,thebillshouldsostate,soastorelievethemofthenecessityandexpenseofmakingdefence.If,however,theyareguiltyofanymisconduct,orhavethepropertyindisputeintheirpos-session,orundertheircontrol,56theymaybothbemadeparties,andbere-quiredtoanswer.§816.InjunctionsAgainstIllegalTaxes.—NoinjunctioncanbegrantedagainstthecollectionofataxduetheState,57butifacountyorcity,orotherpubliccorporation,attemptthroughitsofficerstocollectanytaxnotwarrantedbythelaw,ortheConstitution,theChanceryCourthasjurisdictiontoenjointhecollectionofsuchatax,58andanyonetax-payermaysueonbehalfofhimselfandallothers,andenjointhecollectionoftheentiretax.59§817.InjunctionsAgainstTakingPrivatePropertywithoutCompensation.Privatepropertycannotlawfullybetakenforpublicroads,streets,bridges,buildingsites,orotherpublicpurposes,orforrailroadsorturnpikes,withoutjustcompensationbeingpaid,previoustothetaking,orstatutorysecuritygiven;andCourtsofChancerywillenjoinanyattempttounlawfullydeprivetheownerofhispropertyforanyofsaidpurposes,providedthesuitbebroughtindueseason.§818.InjunctionsAgainstPublicandPrivateCorporations.—CourtsofChancerywill,byinjunction,preventcorporationsdoingillegalacts.1.PublicCorporationsMaybeEnjoinedfromdoinganyactinviolationoftheircharters,ordoinganyactnotauthorizedbytheircharters.60Theymaybeenjoinedfromlevyingparticulartaxes,orpayingorissuingparticularbonds,orincurringorpayingparticulardebts,ormakingparticularcontracts,orholdingparticularelections,ordoingotherparticularacts,whensuchcon-ductisinviolationoflawortheircharters.Publiccorporationsincludecoun-ties,aswellastownsandcities,andtheCountyCourtmaybeenjoinedinanyoftheforegoinginstances.2.PrivateCorporationsWillbeEnjoinedfromdoinganyactsnotauthorizedbytheircharters,orfrommisappropriatingtheirfundsorassets,orfrommak-ingandenforcingunauthorizedassessments,orfromengaginginabusiness,orenteringintocontractsnotauthorizedbytheircharters,orfromover-issu-ingstock;61orfromdoinganyotheractnotauthorizedbytheircharters,orbysomestatute.§819.InjunctionsAgainstWaste,Trespasses,andSimilarWrongs.—CourtsofChancerywillaidtheownerofrealestate,orofaninteresttherein,topro-1ecthispropertyorinterestagainstpersonsguiltyofwaste,trespass,orotherirreparablemischief.62
54See"QuiaTimet,"inourDigests.55MontgomeryV.Whitworth,1Tenn.Ch.,176.See,ante,§94.56Weakleyv.Woodward,2Ch.Apps.,586;2HighonInjunc.,§1551.See,ante,§94.57Butabillwillliewhentheofficerisactingunderavoidprocess,forthenquoadhocheisnotanofficer.Alexanderv.Henderson,21Pick.,431.582Sto.Eq.Jur.,§893a;University!).Cheney,8Cates,'259.59-KeeseeV.BoardofEducation,6Cold.,127;Hunterv.Justices,7Cold.,49.60TradingStampCo.v.Memphis,17Pick.,181.
612Dan.Ch.Pr.,1650,note.62"Adequatecompensation"and"compensatorydamages"seemtomeansuchcompensation,ordam-ages,aswillfullyremuneratethepartyinjured,"andenablehimtoputhimselfinasgoodaconditionashewasbeforetheinjuryofwhichhecomplains.
.
Andwhatismeantby"irreparabledamages,""irre-parablemischief,"and"irreparableinjury,"seemstobesuchdamage,mischief,orinjury,as,(1)eithermateriallyimpairsthevalueofthefee,or(2)isestimableonlybyconjecture,andnotbyanyaccuratestandard,or(3)issooftenrepeatedasto

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§819WHENINJUNCTIONSWILI,BEGRANTED.6281.Wasteisthedestructionorinjuryoflands,mines,quarries,wells,springs,fields,fruit,shadeorornamentaltrees,gardens,shrubbery,meadow,timber,houses,improvements,orfixtures,byonerightfullyinpossession,butnotown-ingthefee,totheprejudiceoftheheirorofhimentitledtothereversionorremainder;ortotheprejudiceofamortgagee,tenantincommon,ormakerofatitle-bond;and,ontheapplicationofsuchperson,aninjunctionwillissuetopreventanyirreparablewastebegunorthreatenedbythedowress,home-steader,tenantbythecourtesy,tenantforlife,tenantincommon,mortgagor,holderunderatitle-bond,lessee,orpurchaserunderaparoleagreementavoidedbyhim,63ortheirprivies,agents,orservants.84Inrealactions,andinactionsfortherecoveryofpersonalpropertyinspecie,theCourtinwhichthesuitispending,mayrestraintheinjury,removalordestructionofthepropertybyinjunctionuntilthecauseisfinallydis-posedof.652.Trespassesareakintowaste,thedistinctionbeingthatwasteistheabuseordestructionofpropertycommittedbyaperson,whowhilenotabso-luteownerhas,nevertheless,apresentrighttoitslegitimateuse,whileatres-passisanactinjuriousto,ordestructiveof,propertybyonewhohasnorightwhatevertoitsuse.66Wheretrespassesonrealtyarelikelytoresultinirre-parableinjury,orinamultiplicityofsuits,orwheresuchtrespassescannotbecompensatedindamages,67eitherbyreasonofthepeculiarcharacteroftheproperty,orbyreasonoftheinsolvencyofthetrespasser,aninjunctionwilllietorestrainsuchtrespassers,onabillthereforbeingfiledbytheowneroftheland.683.SimilarWrongsinclude(1)thosecaseswhereapersonsouseshisownproperty,orsoexerciseshisownrights,astoirreparablyinjureanother;and(2)thosecaseswherepersonalrightsaresowantonlyinvadedastoworkgreatdiscomfort,inconvenience,orannoyancetothecomplainant,suchasactsen-dangeringlifeorlimb,ordisturbingsleep,orinjuringhealth,andactsthattendtomortifycomplainant'sfeelingsbypublications,andthelike.Thefollowingformmaybeofvalueinframingbillstostaywaste:itissodrawnastoapplytoanyoneofvariouscases
:
BILLTOSTAYWASTE.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§155;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.Thatheistheownerofthefee[orthemortgagee,oratenantincommon,]ofthefollowingtractofland:[Heredescribeit;see,ante,§172.]ii.ThatsaidtractoflandisnowinpossessionofdefendantCD,whohasalifeestatethereinastheendowedwidowofED,[orasatenantbythecourtesy,orasahomesteader,orwhoisatenantincommonwithcomplainant,orwhohasmortgagedsaidlandtocomplainant,orwhoholdsunderatitlebondfromcomplainant,orwhowentintopossessionundercom-plainantonaparoleagreementofpurchase,whichhehasavoidedandrepudiated,orwhoisalesseeofcomplainant,orwhoisatenantunderthedefendantCD.6sa]necessitateamultiplicityofsuits,or(4)isirrepar-ablebecauseofitsinjurytohealth,comfort,orconvenience,orbecauseoftheinsolvencyofthedefendant.See10A.&EEncy.ofLaw,§§817-856;876-884;939-940;3Pom.'Eq.Jur.,§§1347-1358;2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§913-929e.63Code,§3405.642Dan.Ch.Pr.,1629-1630;3Pom.Eq.Jur.,§1348;1HighonInjunc,§§649-696;2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§909-919.See,"Waste,"inourDigests.65Code,§3767.Thissection,andtheActof1877,ch.p97,havegreatlyenlargedthejurisdictionoftheCourtincasesofwaste,trespass,nuisanceandinjurytoeasements.See,ante,§36.Tocon-stitutewastetheremustbealastinginjurytotheestate,andapermanentdepreciationofitsvalue.Lunnv.Oslin,12Pick.,28.66Walkerv.Fox,1Pick.,161.671HighonInjunc,§650;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1631.683Pom.Eq.Jur.,§1357;1HighonInjunc,
§697-738;2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§928-929.NowthatourCourtsofChanceryhavejurisdictiontotrythelegaltitle,torealandpersonalproperty,itspowertodocompletejustice,ineverycaseoftrespass,isgreatlyenlarged;andtheywillenjoin(1)thecut-tingoftimber,shrubbery,fruittrees,oranyothertrees;(2)thediggingofcoal,stone,ormineral;(3)theinjuryorremovaloffences,houses,fixtures,orotherimprovements,orotherproperty;(4)theinterferencewithsprings,orstreams,orroads,orrightsofway,oreasements;(5)injuriestoriparianrights;or(6)anyotheractviolativeofthecom-plainant'srightsofproperty,oruseorpossessionofproperty.As.toinjuriestoriparianrights,seeWebsterv.Harris,3Cates,668.68aShowfullyandclearlythecharacterofthedefendant'spossession,andifatenantoftheownerofthelifeestateiscommittingthewaste,makehimadefendant,also.

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629WHENINJUNCTIONSWILLBEGRANTED.§820
_ThatthedefendantCD,[orEF,thetenantofCD,]iscommittingwasteonsaidtractoflandbycuttingdownandsellingthevaluabletrees68bgrowingonsaidlandwhichisnowinadequatelytimbered.Hehasalreadyfelledalargenumberofsaidtrees,includingaverylargeandvaluableblackwalnuttreehithertopreservedforornament,shade,anditsfruit;and,unlessrestrainedbyyourHonor'sorder,willprobablycontinuetocut,sellandremovethevaluabletreesonsaidtract.08c[Or,ifthezvasteconsistsindestroyingvaluableshade,fruitorornamentaltrees,oropeningminesorquarries,orimpairingthepermanentvalueofhouses,fixtures,meadows,fields,roadsorwaters,specifytheparticularsandcharacterofsuchinjuries,andwhereintheypermanentlyinjurethevalueofthetract.']rv.That[Ifanattachmentbenecessaryorexpedient,herelaygroundsthereforbyshowingthedefendantisinsolventandisconsumingorremoving,orhasremoved,thecuttimber,orcoalmined,orstonequarried,orothersubjectsofthewaste,fromthesaidtractoflandforsaleoruse.6S&] v.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c;see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.ThatyourHonorgranthimawritofinjunctiontorestrainthedefendant[orde-fendants,]his[ortheir]servants,workmenandagentsfromcommittingwaste,spoil,ordestructionuponthesaidtractofland,oranypartthereof,andespeciallyfromcuttingdowntimberorotherlargetrees,andfromcuttingdownfruit,ornamentalorshadetrees[specify-ingthevariousactsofthedefendantordefendantscomplainedof.]3d.Thatcomplainanthaveadecreeagainstthedefendant[ordefendants,]forthedam-agesdonebythewasteandotherinjuriescommittedonsaidtractoflandashereinsetout.4th.Thatanattachmentissuetoimpoundthetreescutdownasaforesaid,andtoimpoundthelumbermadefromthem[ortoimpoundthecoalmined,stonequarried,orothersubjectofthewaste,]andthatareceiverbeappointedtotakepossessionofandsellthesame.Sth.Thatcomplainanthavesuchotherandfurtherreliefashemaybeentitledto.Thisisthefirstapplicationforwritsofinjunctionandattachment,andforareceiver,inthiscase.[Annexaffidavit;see,ante,§789.] JosephStory,Solicitor.§820.InjunctionsAgainstNuisances.—TheChanceryCourtwill,onappli-cationofthepersoninjured,enjoinallnuisances69whichinterferewiththehealthorcomfortofthecomplainant,orendanger,depreciate,ordestroy,hispropertyorhisbusiness;suchas(1)actsoroccupationswhichcausenoxiousnoises,sights,vapors,smokes,odors,orstenches;(2)theerectionofhousesforthestorageofpowder,oroil,orotherexplosivecombustibles;orthebuild-ingofstables,steamfactories,slaughterhouses,glueorsoapfactories,brickkilns,bawdy-houses,70orotheroffensiveestablishments,nearthecomplain-ant'shouse:(3)aninjurytocomplainant'swater-rightsbydiversion,,destruc-tion,orpollution,ofthewater;(4)theobstructionofcomplainant'srightsofwayoverroads,streets,orbridges;(5)aninjurytocomplainant'slandbymill-damsandotherinterferenceswithrunningwater;71or(6)anysimilaractinjurioustocomfort,health,propertyorbusiness,nottobeadequatelycompensatedforindamages.AndtheCourtwillnotonlyenjoinanuisance,butwillawarddamagescausedbythenuisance.72§821.InjunctionstoProtectEasements.—CourtsofEquitywillinterferebyinjunction,onbehalfofthepartyinjured,toprotecthisrightstoeasements,righttoone'shealth,andtherighttotheenjoymentofone'ssensesofsight,smell,hearingandtaste,forwithouttheenjoymentoftheselifeitselfcannotbeenjoyed;andwhatevermateriallyimpairsanyoftheserightsisanuisance.Whatgrosslyviolatesone'smoralsenseis,also,anuisance.Weakley1'.Page,18Pick.,178.SincetheActof1877theChanceryCourtcan,asalawCourt,determinewhetherthemattercomplainedofisanuisance,andifso,canthenasanEquityCourtenjoinit.Thisrulereconcilesmany_inconsistentdecisions.TiCoulterv.Davis,13Lea,451;Naffv.Martin,2Shan.Cas.,451;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1629;1639-1641,notes;3Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§1349-1351;1HighonInjunc,§§739-847;2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§921-927.See"Nuisances,"inourDigest.See"BilltoEnjoinandAbateaNuisance,"post,§826.72Richiv.ChattanoogaBrewingCo..21Pick..651.See,ante,§§36;38.
68bArbordumcrescit,lignumcumcrescerenescit.(Itisatreeaslongasitisgrowing;itiswoodwhenitceasestogrow.)68cTreesnotessentialtothevalueofatractmaybecutandsoldifnecessarytomakenewfieldsofmorevalue,oriftheproceedsareappliedinim-provementsontheland.68dInsuchacasecomplainantisentitled_toanequitableattachmenttobelevieduponthesubjectofthewaste.See,post,§882.69ThejurisdictionoftheCourtofChancerytodocompletejusticeincasesofnuisanceshasbeenfullyeffectuatedbythestatutegivingtheCourtpowertodeterminethelegaltitlesandrightsoftheparties.Formerly,theCourtoftenrefusedtoactuntilthelegaltitlesandrightsofthepartieshadbeendeterminedbyasuitatlaw.2Dan:Ch.Pr.,1629;1639,notes.70Nextaftertherighttolifenorightsaremoredeservingofprotectionandvindicationthanthe

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§822WHENINJUNCTIONSWILLBEGRANTED.630andwillenjoin:(1)theclosingofarightofway,orroad,orapublicsquare,orpublicgraveyard;73(2)thedestructionorimpairmentofrightstowaterformills,factories,ordomesticuse;74or(3)theremovalorweakeningofapartywall,oranyseriousinterferencewithit.75TheCourtwill,also,enjointheviolationofcontractsorcovenantsgrantingorcreatingeasements.70§822.InjunctionstoProtectFranchises.—WheretheLegislaturehasgrantedafranchise,theChanceryCourtwillprotectitbyinjunctiveprocess.Amongthesefranchisesare:(1)rightofturnpike,bridgeandferrycompaniestocollecttolls;and(2)rightofrailroad,telegraphandothercompaniestooperateundertheircharters,andtopossessandenjoytheexclusiveprivilegesandfranchisesconferredbytheircharters.77§823.InjunctionsinOtherCases.—TherearemanyothereasesinwhichaChanceryCourtwillgrantaninjunctiontopreventwrongs,unconscientiousconduct,andirreparableinjury,amongwhicharethefollowing
:
1.TheTransferofSpecificPropertywillbeenjoined,when,iftransferred,irreparablelosswouldresulttotheowner,orbeneficiary,orlienowner;or,incaseofnegotiablesecurities,tothemakerorendorser.782.TlieViolationofAnyTrust,either(1)bytheexecutor;administrator,guardian,orothertrusteeexecutingthetrust;or(2)byanystrangerinter-meddlingtherewith,willbeenjoined.793.TheCollectionofPurchase-MoneyforLandwillbeenjoined80whenthetitlefailsinwholeorinpart,orisincontroversy,orthereisabreachofthecovenants,81andtherehasbeenafraudinthesale,82orthevendorisinsolv-ent,83orthecontractisexecutory.844.TenantsWillbeEnjoinedfromdoingactsinviolationoftheirleaseorofgoodhusbandry,fromremovingmanureorcrops,fromplowingupmeadow-lands,frominjuringorchards,shrubbery,walksorbuildings,fromsowingseedsofdeleteriouscropsorvegetation,orfromcommittinganywaste.855.TheEnforcementofaPenalty,oraForfeiture,willbeenjoinedwhenitwasinsertedinthecontractmerelytosecuretheenforcementofsomeact,ortheenjoymentofsomeright,orbenefit,andadequatecompensationmaybemadeforthebreach,especiallywhentheforfeiturewasoccasionedbyaccident,fraud,surprise,orignorance.866.TheFollowingActswill,also,beenjoined:(1)theinfringementoftrade-marks;8.7(2)thedisclosureofsecretsoftrade,title,composition,ormanufac-ture;88(3)thepublicationofprivateletters,orotherprivatewritings;89(4)imdingeneral,thebreachofanycontract,thecommissionofanytort,ortheviolationofanyright,whenthelegalremedywouldbeinadequate.90§824.MandatoryInjunctions,WhenGranted.—Mandatoryinjunctionsareseldomgrantedbeforeafinalhearing,althoughtheymaybegrantedoninter-locutoryapplications.TheCourt,however,seldomcommandsthedefendantto73BrewV.VanDeman,6Heisk.,433;Crutchfieldv.CarWorks,8Bax.,242.Andwillrequirethedefendanttoremovehisobstructions.Leakev.Cannon,2Hum.,169.74Coxv.Howell,24Pick.,130.751HighonInjunc.,§§848-896;3Pom.Eq.Jur.,§1351;2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§295-297a.762Pom.Eq.Jur.,§689;3Ibid,§1342.771HighonInjunc,§§897-933.783Pom.Eq.Jur.,§1340.793Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§1339-1340.80Apurchaserinoossessionunderadeedmustordinarilyrelyuponthecovenantsandwarrantiesinhisdeed,and,intheabsenceoffraudorinsolvencyonthepartofhisvendor,mustpaythepurchase-money,andthisissoevenwhenthevendorhasnotitle.Brownv.Woods,1Cold.,610;LandCo.v.Hill,3Pick.,578.812Dan.Ch.Pr.,1653,note.,82Ingramv.Morgan,4Hum.,66;ToppV.White,12Heisk.,165.83YoungV.Butler,1Head,640;BairdV.Good-rich,5Heisk.,20.
84ToppV.White,12Heisk.,165;Buchananv.Alwell,8Hum.,516.Thebillinsuchacasemustspecificallysetforththefraudordefectsoftitlereliedon.JonesV.Fulghum,3Tenn.Ch.,193.Butapurchaser,afterdeedmadeandpossessiontakenunderit,cannot,intheabsenceoffraud,concealment,ormisrepresentation,enjointhecollec-tionofthepurchase-money,becauseofbreachofanyofthecovenants,unlessthesellerisinsolvent.LandCo.l>.Hill,3Pick.,578.Andthisissoevenwhenthevendorhadnotitle.Brownv.Woods,1Cold.,610.852Dan.Ch.Pr.,1655;1656.so2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§1314-1315;1Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§433-460.872HighonInjunc,§§1063-1085;2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§951;Filleyt>.Rosenbaum,3Shan.Cas.,395;SimmonsMedicineCo.V.MansfieldDrugCo.,9Pick.,84.ButStateCourtshavenojurisdictiontoenjointheinfringementsofpatentsandcopyrights.882Sto.Eq.Jur.,5952:2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1651.802Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§944-949.003Pom.Eq.Jur.,§1338.

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631whbninjunctionswiivLbegranted.§825doanypositiveactbyaninterlocutoryorder;itcontentsitself,inaninterlo-cutoryproceeding,withprohibitingthedefendantfromdoingthereverseofwhatheisdesiredtodo.Mandatoryinjunctionsarenevergranted,unlesstheinjuryisirreparable,andunlessthecomplainantusesextraordinarydili-genceinapplyingforitineaseswheredelayoracquiescencewouldbepreju-dicialtothedefendant.911.MandatoryInterlocutoryInjunctionswouldseemtobeproper,(1)wheretheactcomplainedofisagrossviolationofapropertyright,andwasdoneingreathaste,orinsecrecy,andmanifestlytoavoidaprohibitoryinjunction
;
or(2)wasahigh-handedoutrageoncomplainant'splainrightsofuseorpos-session,andtheactisyetwarm,andthemandatoryinjunctionrestoringthestatuquo,whiledoingthecomplainantexceedinggreatbenefit,willdothede-fendantbutlittleornoinjury.92Amandatoryinterlocutoryinjunctionwillordinarilybegranted(1)tocompelthedefendanttoundoactsdoneduringtheprogressofthesuit;93or(2)toundo,remove,ordiscontinue,anuisanceortrespassofanirreparablenature.94Amandatoryinterlocutoryorder,orinjunction,willalsobegrantedtore-quireonepartytopermittheothertoinspectahouse,ifnecessaryforthepur-poseofthesuit;ortopermithimtohaveaccesstothefurnitureinahouseforthepurposeofvaluation;95ortopermithimtoinspectamineforthepurposeofdeterminingtheextentoftheinjurydonebythepartyinpossessiontothepartyapplyingfortheorder.982.MandatoryFinalInjunctionsfrequentlyformapartoffinaldecrees.97Insuchcases,thedecreeandinjunctioncommandandrequirethedefendanttodosomeaffirmativeact,suchas(1)tosurrenderthepossessionofproperty,realorpersonal,orchosesinaction,ordeeds,orotherpapers;or(2)toexe-cutedeeds,releases,acquittances,orotherinstruments;or(3)topaymoneyintoCourt;or(4)todosomeministerialactsasanofficer;98or(5)toabateanuisance;or(6)tomaintainabridge,orroad,whensoboundbylaw;99andonbisdefaultinanyofthesecases,thedefendantwillbecommittedtojailuntilheperformstheact,orotherwisepurgeshiscontempt.100§825.CasesnotProperforInjunctiveRelief.—TheChanceryCourtsitstodeclare,protectandenforcetherightsofproperty,101theobligationsofcontracts,expressandimplied,andthedutiesimposedbyconscienceandgoodfaithinreferencetoproperty,andnottoinflictpenalties,ortointerferewiththeprocedureincriminalcases,ortodealwithpoliticalorecclesiastical102
913Pom.Eq.Jur.,§1359;PostV.Railroad,19Pick.,184;citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§806.92See10A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,789-790;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1613;1661-1662,notes;HighonInjunc.,§§358;708;792;804;1150;1158.932Sto.Ed.Jur.,§2296,note;Leakev.Can-non,2Hum.,169.9410A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,789.Thus,theCourtwillenjoin(1)asewerfrombeingkeptopen,or(2)thecontinuanceofamaliciousobstructiontoaneasement,or(3)thecontinuanceofacontinuingtrespass.Ibid.952Dan.'Ch.Pr.,1663.961HighonInjunc..§737.Mandatoryinterloc-utoryinjunctionswillbegrantedinthefollowingcases:(1)tocompeltherestorationofrunningwatertoitsnaturalchannelwhenwrongfullydi-vertedtherefromtocomplainant'sgreatinjury,suchnaturalchannelrunningthroughhislands;(2)tocompeltheremovalofaverygreatnuisance,sud-denlycreated,whereirreparableinjurywouldresultbeforeafinalhearing;(3)tocompeltheremovalofobstructionsplacedincomplainant'srightofway;(4)tocompeltheremovalofobstructionsfromanavigableriver;(5)tocompelthereturnofwatertoamillorfactorywheretheflowhasbeenwrong-fullycutoff;(6)tocompeltheclosingofasewer;(7)torestoretoawifethepossessionofhersep-arateestatewherethehusbandhaswrongfullyex-cludedhertherefrom;(8)tocompeltheopeningofapublichighwaywrongfullyclosed;(9)tocompel
theremovalofwaterpipeswrongfullylaidincom-plainant'ssoil;(10)tocompelawatercompanyto*continueitssupplyofwaterwhensuchsupplyhasbeenwrongfullyandoppressivelydiscontinued;(11)tocompeltherestorationofapartywall;(12)tocompelapartnertoreturnpartnershipbookstothefirmsoffice,thearticlesofco-partnershiprequiringthemtobekeptthere;and(13)generally,inanycasewheretheinjuryisofsoseriousormaterialacharacterthattherestorationofthingstotheirformerconditionistheonlyremedythatwillmeettherequirementsofthecase.See,22Am.LawRegister,403-407,andcasestherecited;andHighonInjunc,§§792;1331.971Sto.Eq.Tur.,§86198CondonV.Maloney,24Pick.,82.99DyerCo.v.Railroad,3Pick.,712.109SeeChapteronContempts,post,§918.101See,ante,§56,fordefinitionofthewordproperty.102Traversv.Abbey,20Pick.,665.TheChan-ceryCourtwillnotreviewtheactionofaChurchaffectingthestatusofitsmembersamongthemselves.Nancev.Busby,7Pick.,303.AChurchisanim-periuminimperioindealingwithreligiousmattersandwithitsmembersastosuchmatters,andisnotinthoserespectssubjecttoGesar.TheChanceryCourtcanconsiderecclesiasticalmattersonlywhennecessarvtothedeterminationofsomepropertyright.Ibid.Andsoofpoliticalmatters.

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§826WHENINJUNCTIONSWILLBEGRANTED.632matters,ortointermeddlewithco-ordinatedepartmentsofthegovernment.103Equityhasnojurisdictiontorestrainthecommissionofcrimes,ortoenforcemeremoralobligations,ortheperformanceofmeremoralduties;norwillitinterfereforthepreventionofanillegalactmerelybecauseitisillegal;inallcases,aninjurytothelegalorequitablerights,orproperty,ofthecomplainantmustbeinvolved.104TheChanceryCourtwillnotgrantaninjunction(1)tostayproceedingsinacriminalproceeding;nor(2)tostayproceedingsonamandamus,information,orwritofprohibition;105nor(3)tostayproceedingsonanawardinaCourtoflaw,exceptforfraud,accident,ormistake;nor(4)tostayanyproceedingsinasuitinaCourtoflaw,unlesstherebesomespecialgroundforequitablereliefnotequallyavailableinthelatterCourt;nor(5)tostayproceedingsonajudgmentinaCourtoflaw,unlesstherebesomespecialgroundsofequitablereliefexistingbeforethejudgment,orsomeothergroundofreliefarisingsincethejudgment,notequallyavailableinthelatterCourt;106nor(6)tostaypro-ceedingsinasuitinanotherCourtofChancery,orCourtexercisingChanceryjurisdiction,inamatterthelatterCourtmayproperlydetermine;107nor(7)willaninjunctionbegrantedagainsttheexerciseofdiscretionarypowersbycorporationsortheirofficers,wherethereisnofraud;nor(8)againsttheex-erciseofdiscretionarypowersbyanypublicofficer;108nor(9)willaninjunc-tionbegrantedagainstanon-resident,uponwhompersonalprocesshasnotbeenserved;109nor(10)willtheCourt,byamandatoryinjunction,undertaketoenforcetheperformanceofcontinuousduties;110nor(11)tomakeanorderthatitcannotenforce,especiallyanorderinreferencetomattersoutsideoftheState;111nor(12)willaninterlocutoryinjunctionlieagainstanofficercollectingStatetaxes;112nor(13)againstanofficeroftheUnitedStatesdis-chargingadutyunderanActofCongress;113nor(14)willaninjunctionlieforviolationsofstatutorycopyrights;114nor(15)againstapersonproceedingunderthenationalbankruptlaws;115nor(16)willaninjunctionofanysortbegranted,inanycasemanifestlyunfitforinjunctiverelief.§826.FormofBilltoEnjoinandAbateaNuisance.—Thefollowingformofabilltoenjoinandabateanuisancewillbefoundapplicabletomanycasesconstantlyarising:BILLTOENJOINANDABATEANTJISANCE.no[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
I.Thatheistheownerandpossessorofthefollowingtractoflandinthe....civildistrictofBlountcounty.[Insertdescription;see,§172.]II.ThatthereisagristandsawmillonsaidtractusingthewaterofMillcreekforpower.Thismillhasbeensolocatedandoperatedoverthirtyyears,withoutinterference,interrup-tionordispute,exceptashereinafterstated.Saidmillisoperatedbywhatiscalledanundershotwater-wheel,thewaterflowingthroughamillracefromsaidcreek,andhas.alwaysbeensooperated;andcannotbeoperatedanyotherwaywithoutveryheavyexpenseandthepurchaseofasiteforanotherdamhigherupthecreek,andofarightofwayforamillracethereto.
103TheChanceryCourtcannotrestraintheLegis-laturefrompassing,northeGovernorfromapprov-ing,anunconstitutionalbill.BatesV.Taylor,3Pick.,319;norcanitcommandtheGovernortodoanofficialact.Ibid.104HighonInjunc,§20.105HighonInjunc,§20.Ifthepartyproceedingbyindictmentisthecomplainant,however,theCourtmayrequirehimtoabandontheprosecution.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1621.1061Sto.Eq.Jur.,§893.iotDeaderickv.Smith,6Hum.,138;Smithv.St.LouisM.L.Ins.Co.,3Tenn.Ch.,506.
1082HighonInjunc,§§1186;Jur.,§955a.1091HighonInjunc,§33.1102Dan.Ch.Pr.,1663.111W.U.TelegraphCo.v.W.Bax.,54;1HighonInjunc,§33.
1240;2Sto.Eq.
&A.Railroad,8ExtraterritoriumBroom'sLeg.Max.,jusdicentiimpunenonparetur.104.112Actsof1867-8,ch.79,sec.16.1132HighonInjunc,1322.in2HighonInjunc,§989.US1HighonInjunc,§300.110ThisbillisbasedonNaffV.Martin,2Shan.Cas.,451.See,ante,§820.

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633 HOWINJUNCTIONSAREOBTAINED.827Thataboutayearagothedefendantboughtandtookpossessionofthetractoflandonsaidcreekbelowcomplainant'ssaidtractandadjoiningthesame,andatoncebegantheconstructionofamillanddamthereon,thedambeingthrownacrosssaidcreekverynearcomplainant'sland,andnotmorethanonehundredyardsfromhissaidmill.Theresultisthatdefendant'sdambacksthewaterofthecreekuponcomplainant'smill-wheel,andsoretardsthecurrentthatthereisnotforceenoughinthesametoturnthewheel.rv.Thatcomplainant,toavoidtrouble,atgreatexpenseraisedhismill-wheeltwofeet,andsochangedhisdamandraceastogiveaswifterandlargerflowofwater.Butnosoonerhadcomplainantcompletedthisworkthanthedefendantraisedtheheightofhisdam,andthuscausedthebackwatertoflowuponcomplainant'swheelasinjuriouslyasbefore.And,inadditiontosaiddamofdefendant,hehasallowedaverylargefallentreetoremainacrosssaidcreek,thusincreasingthebackflowofwater,andcompletelydrowningthewheelofcomplainant'smill,wherebycomplainantispreventedfromgrindingandsawingforhiscustomersaswashiswont,tohisgreatfinancialinjuryandtheruinofhisbusiness.v.ComplainantwouldfurthershowtoyourHonorthatastheresultofsaiddamandfallentreeondefendant'sland,thebackwaterofsaidcreekinwetweatherflowsoveralargepartofcomplainant'smeadow,andsomeofhisplowedland,doinggreatdamagethereto
;
andalsodrownscomplainant'sspring,fromwhichhisfamilyandtenantsandemployeesgettheirdrinkingandcookingwater.Complainantofferedtoremovesaidtreeathisownexpense,butthedefendantrefusedhimpermissionsotodo.VI.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpcenatoanswerissue[See,ante,§§158;164.]2d.Thataninjunctionissuetorestrainandprohibitthedefendantfromallowingsaiddamandtreetoremainasaforesaid;andthatsaiddamandtreebedeclaredanuisanceandabatedbytheSheriffatthedefendant'sexpense.1173d.Thatcomplainantmaybegranteddamages118fortheinjuriesdoneasaforesaid,andhavesuchotherandfurtherreliefashemaybeentitledto.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctioninthiscase.[Annexaffidavit;see,ante,§§161;164.] WillA.McTeer,Solicitor.
ARTICLEIII.HOWINJUNCTIONSAREOBTAINED,ISSUED,ANDSERVED.
§827.HowInjunctionsareObtained.§828.WhenNoticeoftheApplicationforanInjunctionisRequired.§829.WhenNoticeoftheApplicationMaybeRequired.§830.FormsofFiatsforanInjunction.§831.InjunctionsonthePauperOath.§832.SecondApplicationsforInjunctions.
§833.DiscretionoftheChancellorinGrant-ingInjunctions.§834.FormofaWritofInjunction.§835.IssuanceandServiceoftheInjunc-tion.§836.WhenaPrayerforanInjunctionisNotNecessary.§837.WhenInjunctionsWillbeContinued,orMadePerpetual.§827.HowInjunctionsareObtained.—Aninterlocutoryinjunctionmaybeobtainedatanytime,1invacation,aswellasinterm,andwhethertheCourtbesittingornot;andmaybeobtainedatanystageofthesuit,fromthetimethebillisdrawnandverifiedtothehearingofthecause,onapropercasethere-forbeingmadeout.Theapplicationshould,however,bemadewithoutdelay,orthewritmayberefusedbecauseoftheacquiescenceorlachesofthecom-plainant.2117TheCourtmayorderthedefendanttoabatethenuisance,sayintendays,andonhisfailureso
.
tododirecttheSherifftodoso,atthedefendant'sexpense.SeeLeakev.Cannon,2Hum.,169.lisTheChanceryCourthasinherentjurisdictiontoabateanuisance,andinthesamesuitawarddamagesfortheinjuriescausedbythenuisance.
Richil\ChattanoogaBrewingCo.,21Pick.,651-1Pom.Eq.Jur.,181;237;2JaggardonTorts,807.See,ante,§36.TheChancellorcancallajurytoassessthedamages,ifhesodesire.1ItmaybeobtainedonSunday.2HighonIn-junc,§1584.See,ante,§186.22Dan.Ch.Pr.,1663.

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§828HOWINJUNCTIONSAREOBTAINED.634-Afiatforaninterlocutoryinjunctionisordinarilyobtainedbeforethebillisfiled,uponapplicationtherefortosomeJudge,orChancellor,atChambers.Wheneverhisbillprayingforaninjunction3hasbeendrawnandswornto,4thecomplainantmay,withoutanynoticewhatevertothedefendant,5exceptashereaftershown,6presentittoanyChancellor,CircuitJudge,orJudgeofaspecialCourt,7forafiat.Theapplicationismadewhollyexparte,andatCham-bers;8unlessthebillhasalreadybeenfiled,inwhichcaseitmaybemadetotheCourtwherefiled.If,afterthebillhasbeenfiled,thenecessityforanimmediateinjunctionshouldarise,andtheCourtnotbeinsession,thecomplainantmaydrawanamendedorsupplementalbill,statingthenewfactsandshowingtheurgency,andobtainafiatfromtheChancelloratChambers.IftheCourtbeinsessionaninjunctionmaybeobtainedinthesameway,oronpetition,oronmotionsupportedbyaffidavit.9IftheCourtbeinsession,arestrainingorderAvillbegrantedofrecord,ifthedefendantisbeforetheCourt.§828.WhenNoticeoftheApplicationforanInjunctionisRequired.—Aninjunctioncannotbegrantedtostaythesaleofrealestate,underadeedoftrustormortgage,withapowerofsale,executedtosecurethepaymentofloanedmoney,onapplicationoftheborrower,unlessthecomplainantgivestwentydays'noticetothetrusteeormortgageeofthetimewhen,theplacewhere,andtheJudge,orChancellor,beforewhom,theapplicationforthein-junctionistobemade;andnoJudge,orChancellor,canactupontheapplica-tion,unlessitisaccompaniedbyproofevidencedbyreturnofasheriff,con-stable,orattorney,thatthenoticehasbeenservedonthe'trusteeormortgagee,orheisnottobefoundinthecountyofhisusualplaceofresidence,orisa,non-resident.10Inorder,however,thatthecomplainantmayhavetimetogivetherequirednotice,theJudge,orChancellor,maygrantafiatforaninteriminjunction11topostponethesaleuntiltheapplicationforaninjunctioncanbeactedonattheregularhearingthereof,onnotice.Thisfiatmaybeinthefollowingform
:
INTERIMFIAT.TotheClerkandMasteroftheChanceryCourt,atHuntingdon
:
Uponcomplainantfilingthisbill,andgivinganinjunctionbondinthepenaltyofonethousanddollars,conditionedtopaysuchcostsanddamagesastheCourtmayadjudgeagainsthim,youwillissuetheinjunctionprayedforinthebill,suchinjunctiontocontinueinforceuntil[herespecifytheday,allowingthetimerequisitetoenablethecomplainanttogivethetwentydays'notice;]onorbeforewhichdayafurtherorderwillbemade,onnoticetothedefendant.January29,1891. AlbertG.Hawkins,Chancellor.Suchordermaybe,also,inthefollowingwords
:
FIATTODELAYALANDSALE.TotheClerkandMaster,atHuntingdon':Upontheforegoingbillbeingfiled,andprosecutionbondbeinggiven,issueanordertothedefendant[trusteeormortgagee,]commandinghimtopostponethesaleofthepropertymentionedinthebilluntilthecomplainanthastimetogivetherequirednoticeofhisfore-goingapplicationforaninjunction,anduntilsaidapplicationhasbeenactedon.January29,1891. AlbertG.Hawkins,Chancellor.Onthedayspecifiedinthenotice,theapplicationforaninjunctionwillbe
3Aninterlocutoryinjunctionwillnotbegrantedunlessprayedforinthebill.2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§862-863.4Thebillmustbesworntoeitherby_thecom-plainantorbysomeotherpersonacquaintedwiththefacts;andtheaffiantmustmakeoaththatheispersonallyacquaintedwiththefactsstatedinthebill.2HighonInjunc,§§1567-1569;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1619.See,ante,§789.ButtheJudge,orChancellor,mayrequirenoticetobegiven.See§829,post.c.Theexceptionisinreferencetoinjunctionstostaythesaleofrealtyundermortgageordeedoftrust.
7Code,§§3946;4434;Flippinf.Knaffle,2Tenn.Ch.,243.SRutherfordV.Metcalf,5Hay.,64.EventhoughtheChancellor,orJudge,shouldbeonthebench,heisdeemedatChambers,unlessthebillhasbeenfiled,orunlesssomeorderinreferencetoitistobemadeontheminutes.2HighonInjunc.,§1566.10Actsof1873,ch.10;Plowmanv.Satterwhite,3Tenn.Ch.,1;Smithv.RepublicLifeIns.Co.,2Tenn.Ch.,631.U2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1666.

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635 HOWINJUNCTIONSAREOBTAINED.§829furtherheard.Atthishearing,thedefendantmayresistthegrantingoftheinjunction,forwantofEquityonthefaceofthebill;or,hemayapplyforanadjournmentofthehearingtogivehimtimetoanswerthebill.Ifanadjourn-mentisappliedfor,thedefendanthastherighttotendays'timeduringwhichhemayfilehisanswerbeforethesameJudge,orChancellor;andthereuponthemotionforaninjunctionshallbehearduponthebillandanswer.12AtthishearingtheJudge,orChancellor,may(1)refuseanyinjunction;or(2)maygrantaninjunctionasprayedinthebill,or(3)mayrefuseaninjunctiononconditionthatthedefendantwillexecutearefundingbond;or(4)maygrantaninjunctiononthecomplainantpayingwhatheadmitstobedue;13or(5)maymakesuchotherorderasEquitymayrequire.TheorderoftheJudge,orChancellor,shallbereducedtowritingandsignedbyhim,anden-closedwiththebill,answerandexhibits,inasealedenvelope,andtransmittedtotheClerkoftheCourtinwhichthebillistobefiled.14Thedefendantmayvoluntarilyappearwithoutnotice,andpresenthisan-swer,andresistthegrantoftheinterlocutoryinjunction.Heisundernoobligationtowaitfornotice,orprocess;15andhemay,inanycase,anticipateanapplicationforaninjunction,andrequesttheChancellor,orJudge,tohearhimbeforeactingontheapplication,ifoneshouldbemade.§829.WhenNoticeoftheApplicationMaybeRequired.—OrdinarilytheChancellor,orJudge,grantsatemporaryinjunction,exparte,onreadingthebillandaccompanyingpapers,ifany,exceptasshownintheprecedingsection
;
butwhere(1)adelayofafewdayswillworkthecomplainantnoinjury,andabondbythedefendantwillabundantlyprotectandindemnifyhim,and(2)whereaninjunction,thoughwarrantedbythebill,willneverthelessaffectinnocentthirdparties,theChancellorappliedto,ifthebillbeaddressedtohim,16mayrefusetoactontheapplicationuntilthedefendantisnotifiedthereof,andhasopportunitytobeheard.17Forthispurpose,theJudge,orChancellor,mayretainthebilluntilthedayfixedinthenotice.Onsuchday,thedefendantsmaypresenttheirswornanswertothebill,andotherwiseresisttheapplicationforaninjunction.Insuchcase,theJudge,orChancellor,may(1)refusetogranttheinjunction;or(2)maygrantitonbond,oronbondandotherterms;or(3)maygrantitonconditionthatitstanddissolved,whenthedefendantfileswiththeMasterabondinagivenpenaltywithtwogoodsure-tiesconditionedtopaythecomplainantsuchsumastheCourtmayatanytimeawardhimasdebt,damages,orotherwise,forthewrongscomplainedof;(4}orhemayorderan'injunctiontoissue,unlessthedefendantgivesuchabondinstanter.Thefollowingwouldinsuchcasebetheformofthefiat
:
FIATFOBALIMITEDINJUNCTION.TotheClerkandMaster,atClarksville
:
Issueaninjunctionasprayedintheforegoingbill,oncomplainantgivingaproperinjunc-tionbondinthepenaltyofonethousanddollars;butsaidinjunctiontostanddissolvedwhenthedefendant,EF,fileswithyouabond,inthepenaltyofonethousanddollars,withtwogoodsureties,conditionedtopaythecomplainantsuchsumastheCourtmayatanytimeawardhimasdebt,damages,orotherwise,forthewrongscomplainedofinhisbill.Aug.7,1890. GeorgeE.Seay,Chancellor.Thefollowingisaformfortheconditionofthebond,insuchacase
:
CONDITIONOFTHEBOND.Theconditionoftheaboveobligationissuchthat,whereasaninjunctionwasgrantedinthecaseofAB,vs.EFintheChanceryCourtatClarksville,onconditionthatitshouldstanddissolvedwhenthesaidEFshallfilewiththeMasterofsaidCourtthebondspecifiedinsaidorder,nowifthesaidEFshallpaythecomplainantsuchsumastheCourtmayat
12Actsof1873,ch.10.13Ch.Rule,VI,§4.See,post,§1195.14Actsof1873,ch.10.15PlowmanV.Satterwhite,3Tenn.Ch.,3;2HighonInjunc,§1574.16Thesuggestionsofthissectioncannotwellbe
actedonbyanyotherthantheChancelloroftheCourtinwhichthebillistobefiled.17Alittlemorecareshould,perhaps,beexercisedbyourJudges,andChancellors,inactingonapplica-tionsforinjunctions.ChadwellV.Jordan,2Tenn.,637.

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§830HOWINJUNCTIONSAR£OBTAINED.636anytimeawardhimasdebt,damages,orotherwise,forthewrongscomplainedofinthebillinsaidcause,thenthisobligationtobevoid,butotherwisetoremaininfullforce.IfthebillbetostayproceedingstocollectmoneyinaCourtoflaw,thefiatshouldrequirethebondtobeconditionedthatthedefendantrefundtothecomplainantanymoneytheCourtmaysoorderonfinalhearing.18Whenaninjunctionwilloperateharshlyuponthedefendants,andyettheyareprobablyinfringingtherightsofthecomplainant,theChancellor,insteadofgrantinganunconditionalinjunction,maygivethedefendantstheoptionofgivingabondtoindemnifythecomplainantagainstthewrongscomplainedof.Insuchacase,thefiatwouldbeasfollows
:
CONDITIONALFIAT.TotheClerkandMaster,atNashville:Issuethewritofinjunctionprayedintheforegoingbill,oncomplainantgivingabondthereforinthepenaltyoftenthousanddollars,unlesswithinfivedaysthedefendantsfilewithyouabondinlikepenalty,conditionedtopaythecomplainantalldamagestheCourtmayawardhimforthewrongsandinjuriesallegedinthebill.Ifthedefendantsfilesaidbond,itshallbedeemedawaiverofallobjectionstothejurisdictiontotheCourttoawardsaiddamages,incasethedefendantsarelegallyliabletherefor.July29,1880. A.G.Merritt,Chancellor.Suchafiatshouldnotbegranted,however,inanycaseofclearinvasionofthecomplainant'srights,orinanycasewheredamageswouldbeinadequatecompensation.Ifthebillistoenjointhesaleofrealestateunderamortgageordeedoftrusttosecureloanedmoney,noticemustbegiventhedefendant,inallcases,asshownintheprecedingsection.§830.FormsofFiatsforanInjunction.19—IftheChancellor,orJudge,deemthataeaseforatemporaryinjunctionismadeoutasprayed,hewillendorseonthebillhisFIATFOB,ANUNLIMITEDINJUNCTION.TotheClerkandMasteroftheChanceryCourt,atNashville
:
Issueawritofinjunctionasprayedintheforegoingbill,oncomplainantgivingbond20andsecurityinthepenaltyof[namingthesum,]conditionasrequiredbylaw.Aug.6,1890. AB,Chancellor[or,Judge.]Ifthecomplainantisentitledtoaninjunction,butnottotheextentprayedinhisbill,thefiatwillshowtowhatextentaninjunctionisallowed,ortowhatextentit.isdisallowed;21thus
:
FIATSFOULIMITEDINJUNCTIONS.Issueawritofinjunctionasprayedintheforegoingbill,exceptinsofarasthebillprays[statingtheparticularprayer,orpartofprayer,astowhichnoinjunctionisallowed,]oncomplainantgivingbond[&C,asintheprecedingfiat.]Orthus:Issueawritofinjunctionsoastoenjointhedefendantfrom[statingtheparticularprayerallowed;]butnofurtherorotherwise,oncomplainantgivingbond[&c,asintheprecedingfiat.]Onapplicationtoenjoinasuitatlawtorecoveradebt,especiallyifsuchdebtisevidencedbywriting,thefiatshouldrequirethecomplainanttoconfessjudgmentatlaw,orwithdrawhispleaandallowjudgmentbydefault,2iathe18Code,§4448.19Someformsnffiatshavealreadybeengiven.See,ante,§174;828.20Forpaupercases,see,post,§831.21Ifthecomplainantadmitsanymoneytobeduethedefendant,orfailstoallegeanysufficientEquityagainstanypartofthemattersoughttobeenjoined,theJudge,orChancellor,musteither(1)ordertheissuanceofaninjunctionastothatpartofthemat-teronlyforwhichsufficientEquityisalleged,or(2)enjointhewholematteronconditionthatthecom-plainant,besidesgivingtheusualinjunctionbond,payintoCourttheamountadmittedtobedue,orotherwiseperformthefiatastoanypartofthemat-tersoughttobeenjoinedandastowhichaninjunc-
tionisordered.Ch.Rule,VI,§4;§119S,sub-sec,4,post.Thisruleisdeclaratoryofthepre-existingpractice.2iaButifthisisnotdone,andthebillisdismissed,theCourtondismissingthebillanddissolvingthein-junction,shoulddisposeofthemattersincontroversy,andrenderadecreeagainstthecomplainantfortheamountduefromhim,andagainsthissuretiesontheinjunctionbondforinterestandcostsHaynesV.Bank,22Pick.,425,citing§796andnoteofthisbook;now§814,note29.Ortheplaintiffinthesuitatlaw,onthedissolutionoftheinjunctionanddis-missalofthebill,mayfiletherecordofdismissalasresadjudicataandhavejudgmentthereonatlaw.Haftmanv.Hartman,2Shan.Cas.,486.

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637 HOWINJUNCTIONSAR^OBTAINED.§831plaintiffinthelawCourtbeingenjoinedfromproceedingatlawfurtherthanjudgment,withouttheconsentoftheChanceryCourt.Thefollowingareformsofconditionstofiats
:
CONDITIONSOFFIATSFOBLIMITEDINJUNCTIONSAGAINSTSUITSATLAW.ThisfiatisgrantedonconditionthatthecomplainantwithdrawhispleaintheCircuitCourt,andallowajudgmentbydefaulttobeenteredagainsthim,andthedefendantisallowedtotakesaidjudgment,bydefault,22butwillbeenjoinedfromtakinganyfurtherstepwhateverinsaidCircuitCourtsuit,andespeciallyfromsuingoutanyfinalprocess,orother-wiseinanywayattemptingtoenforcesaidjudgmentbydefault,withoutleaveoftheChan-cerytCourtinthiscause.Orthus:Thisfiatisgrantedonconditionthatthecomplainantagreesthatallthemattersincon-troversybetweenhimandthedefendantintheCircuitCourt,maybefullyandfinallyadjudi-catedinthissuit,andthatadecreemayberenderedhereinagainsthimforanysumfoundatthehearingthereof,tobeduefromhimtothedefendant.Thefilingofsaidinjunctionbondwillbedeemedasaconclusiveacceptanceofthiscondition.Mandatoryinjunctionsusuallyprohibitthereverseofwhatisrequiredtobedone.ThefollowingisaformofaFIATFOBAMANDATOBYINTEBLOOUTOBYINJUNCTION.TotheClerkandMaster,atDresden
:
Issueawritofinjunctionasprayedintheforegoingbill,oncomplainantgivingbondthereforinthepenaltyofonethousanddollars,conditionedtopaythedefendantalldamagesthathemaybeentitledtobyreasonofsaidinjunction.Lettheinjunctioninhibitandrestrainthedefendantfromcontinuingtheobstructionsintheroadmentioned,andfromkeepingthegateacrosssaidroadlocked.23[Or,Letttheinjunctioninhibitandrestrainthedefendantfromkeepingthepartnershipbooksinhisexclusivepossession,andfromkeepingthemawayfromtheofficeofthefirm,andfrominanywayinterferingwiththeiruseandexaminationbyanyofthecomplainantsortheirattorneys.]24January30,1885.J.Somers,Chancellor.Uponendorsinghisfiatonabill,theofficergrantingthefiatmustenclosethebillandfiat,andaccompanyingpapers,inasealedenvelope,directedtotheClerkoftheCourttowhomthefiatisaddressed,whichenvelopecanbeopenedonlybytheClerk,orhisdeputy.25AssoonasthecomplainantdeliverstotheClerktherequiredbond,26ifoneberequired,andotherwisecomplieswiththerequirementsofthefiat,theClerkwillissuetheinjunctionspecifiedinthefiat.§831.InjunctionsonthePauperOath.27—TheChancellor,orJudge,grant-ingthefiatmay,inapropercase,orderanunlimitedinjunctiontoissue,onthepauperoath;butthisshouldrarely,ifever,bedone,except,perhaps,inthefollowingcases:(1)whereawifesuesherhusband,andmakesastrongprimafaciecase;(2)wherethedefendantappearsbythebilltohavepauperizedthecomplainant,ortakenadvantageofhispoverty,orotherwisemanifestlyde-fraudedhim;(3)wherethesuitisbyanadministrator,guardian,ornextfriend,andgreatmeritsareshowninthebill.Aninjunctionisatremendous22See;ante,§814,note29.Seeprecedingnote.23Thisfiatwasgrantedinacasewherethede-fendanthadsoobstructedcomplainant'srightofwayastopreventhisegressoringresswithvehicles,andhadforbiddentheremovaloftheobstructions.See,also,Leakev.Cannon,2Hum.,169.243Dan.Ch.Pr.,2323.Otherformsoffiatsformandatoryinterlocutoryinjunctions:Issue[&cvasabove,downtoLet.]Letthedefendantbeenjoinedfromallowingtheobstructioncomplainedoftore-mainintheroadreferredto.[Or,inanothercase:Letthedefendantbeenjoinedfromcontinuinginpossessionofthehouseandlotdescribedinthebill,andfrominanywayinterferingwiththecomplain-ant'sassumptionofexclusivepossessionandusethereof.][Or,inathirdcase:Letthedefendantbeenjoinedfromallowingthenuisancecomplainedoftocontinue.]25Code,§§3947;4438.26Forthecharacterofthisbond,see,post,§860.27ItseemstobeconsideredbysomeCircuit
Judgesthataninjunctionmayissueonthepauperoath,wheneveritmayissueonabond;andtheresulthasbeenamultiplicationofpauperoathin-junctions,intendedsometimestoharrassdefendants,andsometimestoreleaselevies,orgaintimeorotherinequitableadvantages,alltendingtobringboththisprocessand'theCourtitselfintodisrepute.WhilethegrantingoftemporaryinjunctionsisconfidedtothediscretionoftheJudges,andChancellors,itisalegaldiscretiontobecontrolledbywellsettledrules.Thepower,whilenecessarytotheprotectionofthecitizen,isatremendousone,andmayeasilybemis-used.Itsexerciseinvolvesthemostdelicaterespon-sibility,andrequiresthegreatestwisdomandcau-tion.M.&M.R.R.v.Huggins,7Cold.,217;Chadwellv.Jordan,2Tenn.Ch.,637.Extraordi-nary,indeed,shouldbethecasetojustifyanun-limitedinjunctionunderthepauperoath,wheretheinjunctionwillworkgrievousinjurytothedefend-ant,ordeprivehimofalien,orotherright.

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§832HOWINJUNCTIONSAREOBTAINED.638exerciseofjudicialpower,andoperatesonthedefendantwithoutgivinghimahearing,andhewhoasksitoughttogivesomemoresubstantialevidenceofhisgoodfaith,andofhisconfidenceinhiscause,thanapauperoath.Whenaninjunctionisappliedfor,onthepauperoath,exceptionalcareisrequiredinordertopreventgrossinjusticebeingdoneinthenameofjustice.TheChancellormusthaveregardtotherightsandinterestsofthedefendantaswellastothoseofthecomplainant;andtograntaninjunctionunderthepauperoath,inthesamewayandtothesameextentasifaninjunctionbondweregiven,wouldoftenbemanifestlyinequitable,andsometimesgrosslyunjust.Thewritshould,inpaupercases,berigidlyconfinedtowhatisabso-lutelynecessarytothecomplainant'sprotection.Allthathecanequitablyde-mandisultimatesafety,ifhisclaimbefoundtobejust;andthedefendantshouldnotberequiredtodomore,ortoforegomore,ortoincurmorerisks,ordisadvantages,thanareunavoidableinsecuringthecomplainantagainstloss.Asageneralrule,therefore,ifaninjunctionissought,underthepauperoath,tostayasuitatlawbeforejudgment,theplaintiffatlawshouldbeallowedtoproceedtojudgment,butnofurther;andifajudgmentissoughttobeen-joined,heshouldbeallowedtohaveexecution,andalevy,butnosale.Ifper-sonalpropertyhasalreadybeenleviedon,orshouldbeleviedonbypermis-siongiveninthefiatandinjunction,thesheriffshouldberequiredtoretainpossessionofit,untilfurtherorder,unlessthecomplainantwillgiveareplevybondasinattachmentsuits.28IftheanswerissworntoandmeetstheEquityofthebill,theinjunctionwill,onmotion,bedissolveduponthedefendantgiv-ingarefundingbond.Iftheinjunctionberetained,thepropertyleviedonwouldremainimpoundedintheSheriff'shands,subjecttotheordersoftheCourt,ortobereplevied,ifsoallowed.Ifthepropertyleviedonisper-ishable,itshouldbesold,andtheproceedspaidintoCourt,subjecttothefinalordersinthecause.29Inthisway,therightsofbothpartiesmaybewellguarded,andnogrievouswronginflicteduponeither.30Thefollowingformsoffiatsinpaupercasesaresuggested
:
FIATSFORINJUNCTIONONPAUPEROATH.TotheClerkandMaster,atNashville
:
Issueawritofinjunctionasprayedintheforegoingbill,onbondthereforbeinggiveninthepenaltyoffivehundreddollars,oronthepauperoathbeingtaken.Ifthepauperoathistaken,lettheinjunctionbesolimitedastoallowthedefendanttoproceedinhissuitatlawasfarasjudgment;butnofurther;[or,ifjudgmenthasalreadybeentaken,thensay:toproceedasfarastohavehisexecutionissuedandlevied,butnofurther;or,ifexecutionhasalreadybeenleviedonpersonalty,thensay:Ifthepauperoathistaken,letalimitedinjunctionissuetorestraintheSherifffrommakingthesaleofthepropertyleviedon,but,requiringhimtoretainitinhiscustodyuntilthefurtherorderoftheCourt,unlesstheprop-ertyberepleviedbythecomplainantasinattachmentsuits,31whichheisherebyauthorizedtodo.Butifthepropertyisofaperishablenature,orexpensivetokeep,32thenadd:butifnotreplevied,thensuchandsomuchofthepropertyleviedonasisofsoperishableanature,orsoexpensivetokeep,astorenderasalethereofnecessaryfortheinterestoftheparties,theSheriffwillproceedtosell,atthetimeandplacebyhimadvertised,andwillpaytheentireproceedsofsuchsaleintotheofficeoftheClerkandMasterofthesaidChanceryCourt,tobedisposedofassaidCourtmayorder.]AtChambers,March12,1877. W.F.Cooper,Chancellor.§832.SecondApplicationsforInjunctions.—NoinjunctioncanbegrantedbyanyJudge,orChancellor,atChambers,unlessthecomplainantstatesinhisbillthatitisthefirstapplicationforsuchprocess.33Ifaninjunctionis28Code,§§3509-3511.Aninjunctionhastheeffectofreleasingalevyonpersonalproperty,un-lessotherwiseorderedbythefiat.See§846.Thisfactisoftenatemptationtoadefendantatlaw,toobtainaninjunctionunderthepauperoathex-presslytogetpropertyreleased,sothathemayputitforeveroutofthereachoftheplaintiff.JudgesshouldnotallowonewhoclaimstoseekEquitytoperpetuatesuchaniniquity.29Equity,whenhavingnoruleofitsown,followsthelaw,andtheattachmentlawisagoodguideinsuchacase.SeeCode,§§3501-3506.
30BridgesV.Robinson,2Tenn.Ch.,720;samecase,3Tenn.Ch.,352.Theauthorknowsofseveralcaseswhereplaintiffsinexecutionsatlawlosttheirdebtsinconsequenceofpersonalpropertysubjecttoexecution,beingreleasedbyinjunctionsissuedunderthepauperoath,andthebillsofcomplaintultimatelydismissedforwantofEquity,orbecausenotsus-tainedbytheproof.31Code,§§3509-3510.32Code,§3505.33Code,§4435.

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639HOWINJUNCTIONSAREOBTAINED.§833appliedforandrefused,atChambers,nootherapplicationcanbegranted,exceptbytheCourtinwhichthebillisfiled.34IfsuchCourtdeemthecom-plainantentitledtoaninjunctiononhisoriginalbill,oronhisbillasamended,ifamended,aninjunctionmaybegrantedhim.When,therefore,aninjunctionhasbeenrefusedatChambers,andsuchrefusalendorsedonthebill,thecom-plainantmay,notwithstandingsuchrefusal,filehisbillintheproperCourt,andthererenewhisapplicationforaninjunction.ItiswithinthediscretionofaCourtofEquitytoreviveaninjunctionafterithasbeendissolved;and,uponpropershowingofcomplainant'srighttorelief,theinjunctionwillbereinstated,theCourtbeingregardedasalwaysopenforthispurpose.Andwheresufficientfactsarestatedinasupplementalbilltowarrantaninjunction,itwillbegranted,althoughtheinjunctiongrantedontheoriginalbillhasbeendissolved.Andwhenaninterlocutoryinjunctionisallowed,butthebillisafterwardsdismissed,forwantofprosecu-tion,thefinalorderofdismissaldoesnotoperateasresjudicataupontheques-tionsinvolved.Butwhenasecondbillisfiledtoobtainasecondinjunctioninrelationtothesamesubject-matterandbetweenthesameparties,itisnotenoughtoallegenewgroundsofEquitynotsuggestedintheformerbill;itmustbeshownthatthenewEquityallegeddidnotexistatthetimetheoriginalhillwasfiled,or,ifitexisted,thatitwasunknowntothecomplainant.Norwillaninjunctiononcedissolvedbereinstatedsimplyuponnewevidence,nonewgroundofEquitybeingstatedwhichwasnotallegedintheoriginalbill.35Whiletherightofthepartycomplainingtoamendhisbill,andrenewtheapplication,evenafteradissolutionuponthemerits,clearlyexists,yettheexerciseoftherightisguardedwithmuchcaution.AndwhereaninjunctionhasbeendissolvedforwantofEquityinthebill,anexparteinjunctionwillnotbegranteduponanamendedbill,oruponanewonesupplyingtheEquityoftheold,buttheCourtwillrequirenoticetotheoppositeparty.36§833.DiscretionoftheChancellorinGrantingInjunctions.—Ingrantingtemporaryreliefbyinterlocutoryinjunctions,CourtsofEquityinnomanneranticipate,theultimatedeterminationofthequestionofrightinvolved.Theymerelyrecognizethatasufficientcasehasbeenmadeouttowarrantthepre-servationoftheproperty,orrights,inissue,instatuquo,untilahearinguponthemerits.37Inordertosustainaninjunctionfortheprotectionofpropertypendentelite,itisnotnecessarytodecideinfavorofthecomplainantuponthemerits,norisitnecessarythatheshouldpresentsuchacaseaswillcertainlyentitlehimtoadecree,uponthefinalhearing.TheCourtwill,however,uponanapplicationforaninterlocutoryinjunction,considertheprobabilityofthecomplainantultimatelyestablishinghisdemand.38
34Code,§§4434-4436.WhenabillispresentedtoaJudge,orChancellor,atChambers,hemayallowittobethenandthereamended,ifcomplain-antsodesires.ButthepracticeofsomeJudgesofallowingthecomplainanttoretainhisbilluponaninjunctionbeingdeniedisreprehensible:itresultsingivingthecomplainantanopportunitytoexperi-mentwithotherJudgesinhopesoffinallyfindingonewhosediscretionhasbeenemasculatedbyindif-ference,ordilutedbyanexcessofamiability.TheCoderequirestheJudgeorChancellorrefus-inganinjunctiontoendorsesuchrefusalonthebill,andsignhisnamethereto.Code,§4437.TheobjectofthisistonotifyallotherJudges,andChancellors,ofthefactofsuchrefusal.Insuchcase,ifthecomplainantdesirestofurtherprosecute
•hissuit,hemayfilehisbillintheproperCourt,andtheremakeasecondapplicationforaninjunction.Code,§4436.35HighonInjunc,§§39;1586.36Ibid,§41.37Itisfrequentlysaidthatthe_grantorrefusal
'ofaninjunctionisamatterofdiscretion.ThisistrueifsuchdiscretionarisesfromaconsiderationofthefixedrulesoflawandEquity,andisgovernedbyanimpartialpurposetorigidlyapplythoserulestothecaseathand.InthisStatenoman'srights
shouldbedependentona'Judge'swhim,ormood,orfavor.Ifthecomplainantisentitledtotheinjunc-tion,itishisright,andtheChancellorisindutyboundtograntit;anditwouldbetyrannyandusurpationtowithholdthegrant.Ontheotherhand,ifthe.complainantisnotentitledtoanin-junction,itwouldequallybetyrannyandusurpationtobestowthegrant.Where,however,itisdoubtfulwhetheraninjunctionshouldbegranted,afterdulyconsideringtheequitiesalleged,andtherelativead-vantagesanddisadvantageswhichwouldresulttothepartiesfromgrantingorrefusingthewrit,insucha-caseaninjunctionshouldbedenied.AJudgehasdiscretiontodowhatinlawheisindutyboundtodo;butnodiscretiontodenyanymananyofhisrights,ortogiveanymanmorethanhisrights;norhasheanydiscretiontowithholdfromanyonewhatthelawgiveshim,ortogivetoanyonewhatthe,lawwithholdsfromhim.Discretioestscireperlegemquidsitjustum.t(Discretionistoknowbymeanso.fthelawwhatisjust.)Seepref-acetoLube'sEq.PI.,(Wheeler's,Ed.),XII-XIII;M.&M.R.R.Co.v.Huggins,7Cold.,226;Flippinv.Knaffle,2Tenn.Ch.,238;ante,§583,note4;post,§§857;902.38HighonInjunc.,§5.

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§834HOWINJUNCTIONSAREOBTAINED.640WherethelegalrightisnotsufficientlycleartoenableaCourtofEquitytoformanopinion,itwillgenerallybegoverned,indecidinganapplicationforapreliminaryinjunction,byconsiderationsoftherelativeconvenienceandin-conveniencewhichmayresulttothepartiesfromgrantingorwithholdingthewrit.Andwhere,uponbalancingsuchconsiderations,itisapparentthattheactcomplainedofislikelytoresultinirreparableinjurytothecomplainant,andthebalanceofinconveniencepreponderatesinhisfavor,theinjunctionwillbegranted.Butwhere,ontheo'therhand,itappearsthatgreaterdangerislikelytoresultfromgrantingthanfromwithholdingtherelief,or,wheretheinconvenienceseemstobeequallydividedasbetweentheparties,theinjunc-tionwillberefused,andthepartiesleftastheyare.39Andifthecomplainant'srightsmaybeaswellsecuredbyafinalinjunction,andarenotprejudicedbyarefusalofthetemporaryinjunction,theCourtmayrefusetheinterlocutoryapplication,especiallywhentheinjurieswhichwouldresulttothedefendant,ifthereliefwereimproperlygranted,wouldgreatlyexceedthebenefitswhichmightresulttothecomplainant,iftheinjunctionwereproperlygranted.If,however,aclearcaseofirreparableinjuryisshownaslikelytoresulttocom-plainant,unlesstheinjunctionisgranted,anditdoesnotappearthattheissuingofthewritwillworkanysuchinjurytodefendant,thereliefwillbegranted.40Aninjunctionwillnotordinarilybegranted,evenincaseswherethecom-plainantwouldotherwisebeentitledtothewrit,ifitappears(1)thathehasconsentedto,acquiescedin,orotherwisewaived,thewrongcomplainedof;or(2)thathehasbeennegligentorguiltyoflachesinmakinghisapplication;or(3)thatdamageswillbeadequatecompensation;or(4)thathisownmis-conduct,ornegligence,occasionedorcontributedtothewrongorinjurycom-plainedof;or(5)thatbyreasonablediligencesuchwrongorinjurycouldhavebeenavoided;or(6)thathehasbeenguiltyofparticipationintheiniquitycomplainedof,sothathishandsarenotclean;or(7)thattheinjunctionwouldbeinjurioustoinnocentthirdparties,whoshouldbeheardbeforehurt;or(8)thatthewritwouldbecontrarytosomestatute,ortopublicpolicy;or(9)that,foranyotherreason,theinjunctionwouldbecontrarytoEquityandgoodconscience.§834.FormofaWritofInjunction.—Theformofthewritisunimportant,provideditcontainsenoughtogivethedefendantnoticeofthefactthatheisenjoinedfromdoingtheactscomplainedofinthebill.Thewritshouldstate(1)thefactofthebillbeingfiledbythecomplainantagainstthedefendant,(2)inwhatCourtfiled,(3)abriefstatementoftheallegationsshowingthewrongcomplainedof,(4)theprayerforaninjunction,(5)thegrantingofafiatforaninjunction,(6)thecommandtotheSherifftomakeknowntothedefendantwhatheisenjoinedfromdoing,(7)thedirectiontotheSheriffwhentoreturnthewrit,and(8)shouldbedulytestedandsignedbytheClerkandMaster.Thewritshouldbesufficientlyexplicituponitsfacetoapprizethedefendantwhatheisrestrainedfromdoing,withoutcompellinghimtoresorttothebilltoascertainwhattheinjunctionmeans.41IftheobjectofthesuitistorestrainproceedingsinanotherCourt,thein-junctionwillbeawardedagainstthedefendant,hisattorneys,andagents.Iftheobjectofthesuitistorestrainthecommissionofwaste,orotherinequitable
39Flippinv.Knaffle,2Tenn.Ch.,238;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1640;1664;1HighonInjunc,§13.401HighonInjunc.§13.Aninjunction,being"thestrongarmofEquity,"shouldneverbegrantedexceptonaclearcaseofirreparableinjury,andwithafullconvictiononthepartoftheChancellorofitsurgentnecessity.TojustifytheChancelloringrantingthereliefhemustbereasonablysatisfiedthatthereisanactualintentiononthepartofthedefendanttodotheactwhichitissoughttoenjoin,orthatthereisprobablegroundforbelievingthat,unlessthereliefisgranted,theactwillbedone.
Anaitisnotasufficientgroundforinterferingthat,iftherebenosuchintentiononthepartofthede-fendant,theinjunctioncandonoharm.TheChan-cellorwillnotinterferewhentheevidenceshowsthatthereisnoprobabilityofdefendantdoingtheactwhichissoughttoberestrained.So,ifitisapparentuponanapplicationforaninjunctionthatthereliefsoughtisdisproportionedtothenatureandextentoftheinjurysustained,orlikelytobesus-tained,theChancellorwilldeclinetointerfere.1HighonInjunc.§22.412Dan.Ch.Pr.,1674;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,620.

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641 HOWINJUNCTIONSAREOBTAINED.§835act,theinjunctionisawardedagainstthedefendant,hisservants,workmen,andagents.42ThefollowingisaformofATEMPORARYINJUNCTIONAGAINSTASUITATLAW.StateofTennessee,)GibsonCounty.jTotheSheriff43ofGibsoncounty
:
Whereas,ABhasfiledabillintheChanceryCourtatTrentonagainstEF,allegingamongotherthings,thatEFhasfraudulentlyobtainedajudgmentagainsthimforfivehundreddollars,beforeCharlesSmith,aJusticeofthePeaceofGibsoncounty,andpraying,amongotherthings,forawritofinjunctiontorestrainsaidEFfromtakinganystepstoenforceorcollectsaidjudgment;Andwhereas,theHon.AlbertG.Hawkins,Chancellor,hasdirectedmetoissueaninjunc-tionasprayedinsaidbill.Youare,therefore,herebycommandedtomakeknowntothesaidEF,thatheisstrictlyenjoinedandcommandedtotakenostepinperson,orbyagent,toenforceorcollectsaidjudgment,andthathedesistandrefrainfromanyactiontothatend,untilthefurtherorderofsaidCourt.Hereinfailnot,andmakeduereturnofthiswrittosaidCount,onthefirstMondayofOctobernext.WitnessR.Z.Taylor,ClerkandMasterofsaidCourt,atoffice,thefirstMondayinApril,1890. R.Z.Taylor,C.&M.GENERALFORMOFAWRITOFINJUNCTION.StateofTennessee,County.TotheSheriffof county
:
Whereas,[insertthenameofthecomplainant,]hasfiledhisbillofcomplaintinourChanceryCourtat[insertthenameoftownwheretheCourtisheld,]against[insertthenameofthedefendant,]chargingamongotherthings,that,[hereinsertthesub-stanceofthechargesinthebillonwhichtheinjunctionissought44]andpraying,among:otherthings,theissueofawritofinjunctiontorestrainthesaid[hereinsertthename-ofthedefendant,]hisagentsandservants,from[doingtheact,oracts,complainedof,spec--ifyingthem.*5]Andwhereas,theHon.,Chancellor,[givinghisname,]hasdirectedmetoissueawritofinjunctionasprayedinsaidbill
:
Youare,therefore,herebycommandedtomakeknowntothesaid[hereinsertthenameofthedefendant^]hisagentsandservants,thatheandtheyarestrictlyenjoinedandcommandedtotakenostepandproceednofurtherin[doingtheactoractscomplainedof,specifyingthem,46]butthatheandtheyabsolutelydesistandrefraintherefromuntilthefurtherorderofoursaidCourt.Hereinfailnot,andmakeduereturnofthiswrittooursaidCourtonthe—Mondayof—[insertthedateofthenexttermofsaidCourt.]Witness,ClerkandMasterofoursaidCourt,atoffice,in[insertthenameofthetownwheretheCourtisheld,]the....Mondayof....,19....[insertthedateoftheprevious-termofsaidCourt.] DavidHart,C.&M.§835.TheIssuanceandServiceofanInjunction.—Assoonasthebillhas.beenfiled,andtheproperprosecutionandinjunctionbondsgiven,orpauperoathtaken,theClerkandMasterwillissueacopyofthebill,asubpoenatoanswer,andawritofinjunction.47Ifthereisurgency,theMastermayissue-theinjunctionfirst,andputitinthehandsoftheSheriffforservice;butinsuchcase,thecopyofthebillandsubpoenashouldbemadeoutandservedlwithallpossiblediligence.48Theordinarymodeofservinganinjunctionisbyreadingittothedefendant
;
butifheevade,orattemptstoevade,theserviceofthewrit,theofficermust,leaveacopyattheusualresidenceofthedefendant,andstatethefactonhis-return,whichwillbedeemedasufficientservice.49WhenaPrayerforanInjunctionisnotNecessary.—Asarule,an§836.
422Dan.Ch.Pr.,1673;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,620.Theinjunctionisgenerallyissuedinallcasesagainstthedefendant,hisattorneys,servantsandagents.Speakv.Ransom,2Tenn.Ch.,213.43Thewritwasformerlyaddressed,nottotheSheriff,buttothedefendant,andtohiscounsellors,attorneysandagents.IBarb.Ch.Pr.,620.44Forinstance:thedefendantiscuttingvaluabletreesonthetractoflandonwhichheisliving,andremovingthemtherefrom.45Forinstance:cuttinganymoretreesonsaidtractandfromremovingthosealreadycut.
46Forinstance:incuttingvaluabletreesonsaid'tractandinremovingthosealreadycut47Code,§§4339,4439.48Inmattersofgreaturgency,andattherequestofthecomplainant,theChancellororJudgegrantingthefiatmayaddressanoticeofthefacttothedefendant,andmayauthorizeanypersontoserveitCode,§4415;orthefactthatafiathasbeengrantedmaybecommunicatedtothedefendant,verbally,or-inwriting,bythecomplainant,orhisagent;ormaybetelegraphedtohim.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1674Seepost,§"84549C<'ode,§§4346;4443.

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§837HOWINJUNCTIONSARE)OBTAINED.642interlocutoryinjunctionwillnotbegrantedunlessprayedforinthebill,50butwheretheCourthastakenpropertyintoitscustody,itwillinterferebyin-junctiontopreventanyinjurytoit,orintermeddlingwithit,eitherbylitigantsorothers.So,whereaCourtisadministeringafundforthebenefitofcreditorsgenerally,itwillenjoinacreditorfrombringingaseparatesuitagainstthedebtor,orhisrepresentative,whensuchcreditorhastherighttocomeinandprovehisdebtunderthegeneralbill.51Aninjunctionwill,also,beissuedwithoutaprayerthereforinthebillwhenthecomplainantisproceedingagainstthedefendantbothinChanceryandinsomeotherCourt,atthesametimeandforthesamematter.Insuchcases,asalreadystated,52thedefendantmayrequirethecomplainanttoelectinwhichCourthewillproceed,andifheelectstoproceedinChancery,hewillbeen-joinedfromfurtherproceedingintheotherCourt,unless,underspecialcircum-stances,heisallowedtosueinbothCourts.TheCourtwill,likewise,withoutaprayerforthatpurpose,enjoinpersonsfrominterferingwiththeprocessorofficersoftheCourt,orsuingthelatterinanothertribunal.53Aninjunctionwillissueinanysuchcase,onmotioninopenCourt,orbeforetheChancelloroftheCourtatChambers;suchmotiontobesupportedbyaswornpetitiondetailingthenecessaryfacts.Theinterlocutoryinjunctionsgrantedintheforegoingandsimilarcasesaregenerallycalled"restrainingorders."Aninjunctionmay,also,bemovedforandobtained,onsufficientgrounds,atanytimeduringthependencyofthesuit;and,ifatthehearing,amandatoryorperpetualinjunctionisnecessaryforthepurposesofcompletejustice,itwillthenbegranted,althoughnotprayedforinthebill.54§837.WhenInjunctionswillbeContinued,ormadePerpetual.—Oftenaninterlocutoryinjunctionistheonlyexerciseoftheinjunctivepowernecessaryforthepurposesofjustice,thefinaldecreesettlingtherightsofthepartiesinsuchamannerthatacontinuationoftheinterlocutoryinjunctionisunneces-sary;butthereare,also,manycaseswheretherightsandinterestsofthecom-plainantrequirethatthetemporaryinjunctionbecontinued,ormadeperpetual,inthefinaldecree.Thisisespeciallytrueincaseswheretheprincipalreliefsoughtbythebillisinjunctive,asinsuits(1)toabatenuisances,(2)toenjoinafraudulent,orsatisfied,orvoidjudgment,(3)toremoveacloud,(4)toenjointheuseortransferofaforged,fraudulent,orvoiddeed,note,orotherpaper,55(5)tostaywaste,ortrespass,orothertortiousinvasionsofcomplain-ant'srights,or(6)toquiettitlesandpreventamultiplicityofsuits.Aninterlocutoryinjunctionissupersededbythedecreemadeatthehearingofthecause,and,ifsuchinjunctionisintendedtoremaininforce,itmustbe.properlycontinuedbythefinaldecree.Aninjunctionmaybehadatthehear-ing,evenwhennotprayedforinthebill,orwhentheinterlocutoryinjunctionwasdissolved.Aninjunctioncanonlybemadeperpetualatthehearingofthecause;andwhenmadeperpetualitcontinuesinforcenotwithstandingsomeofthepartiestothesuitmaymarryordie.56Thephraseologyusedinmakingthetemporaryinjunctionperpetualisasfollows
:
DECREEOEPERPETUALINJUNCTION.[Afteradjudicatingthemeritsofthecontroversy,butbeforetheadjudicationofcosts,orareferencetotheMaster,orothersubordinatematter,add:]Andthetemporaryinjunctionheretoforegrantedinthiscauseprohibitingandrestrainingthedefendantfrom[doingsoandso,specifyingwhat,]isherebycontinuedandmadeper-petual.502Dan.Ch.Pr.1614.512Dan.Ch.Pr.,1615;Smithv.St.LouisM.L.InsCo.,3Tenn.Ch.,502;MaceyV.Childress,2Tenn.Ch.,26.52See,ante,§328.532Dan.Ch.Pr.,1618.
542Dan.Ch.Pr.,1683.See,ante,§§651;824.55But,ordinarily,theCourtwillordersuchpapertobedeliveredupandcancelled.2Dan.Ch.56JusticeV.McBroom,1Lea,555;2Dan.Ch.Pr..1680-1683;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,613-615.

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643 PLEADINGSININJUNCTIONSUITS.§838
ARTICLEIV.PLEADINGSININJUNCTIONSUITS,ANDRELIEFSGRANTED.§838.TheFrameoftheBillinanInjunc-tionSuit.§839.GeneralFormofanInjunctionBill.§840.SpecialFormofInjunctionBill.§841.FrameandFormofaBillforaMan-datoryInjunction.
§842.FrameofanAnswertoanInjunctionBill.§843.FormofanAnswertoanInjunctionBill.§844.ReliefsGrantedinInjunctionSuits.
§838.TheFrameoftheBillinanInjunctionSuit.—Thecharacteroftheavermentsinabillforaninjunctionhasbeenheretoforeconsidered,1buttheimportanceofthesubjectmayjustifyfurtherobservations.1.TheFrameofanInjunctionBillGenerallyConsidered.Asapreliminaryin-junctionisanextraordinaryexerciseofjudicialauthority,sothepartyinvok-ingsuchexerciseshouldpresentabillthereforcogentenoughtojustifytheChancellorinawardingsuchpowerfulprocess,exparte.Inabillthatseeksnopreliminaryorder,suchasanorderforareceiver,aninjunction,oranat-tachment,allthatisordinarilynecessaryisaplain,direct,andpositiveaver-mentofthefactsoutofwhichthecomplainant'srightsarise,andonwhichthereliefheseeksdepends.Suchabillisamerepleading,andordinarilyneednotbeswornto.When,however,apreliminaryorderissought,andespeciallyaninjunction,thebillpartakesofthenaturebothofapleading,andofanaffidavitinsupportofthatpleading.Asapleading,itshouldshowaclearrighttothereliefagainstthewrongscomplainedof;and,asanaffidavit,itshouldsetforthindetail,clearly,directly,andpositively,thefactsandcircumstancesofthecase,theaggravatingandinequitableconductofthedefendant,andhowtheinjurythreatenedifallowedtohappen,ortheinjurybeingperpetratedifallowedtocontinue,willnotonlyworkirreparableinjurytothecomplainant'srightsorproperty,butbe,also,manifestlycontrarytoEquityandgoodcon-science.Aninjunctionbeingaharshremedy,willnotbegranted,inthefirstinstance,exceptuponaclearprimafaciecase,anduponpositiveavermentsoftheequitiesuponwhichtheapplicationforreliefisbased.Andwhileitisnotessentialthatcomplainantshould'establishhiscase,uponanapplicationforaninterlocutoryinjunction,withthesamedegreeofcertaintythatwouldberequireduponthefinalhearing,hemustneverthelessallegepositivelythefactsconstitutinghisgroundsforrelief.Thus,themereallegationofirreparableinjurywillnotsufficetowarrantaninjunction,butthefactsmustappearonwhichtheallega-tionispredicatedinorderthattheCourtmaybesatisfiedastothenatureoftheinjury.Norwillmerelyargumentativeallegations,orinferencesfromthefactsstated,sufficetomeettherequirementsoftherule.Thereliefwillnotor-dinarilybeallowedwherethefactsuponwhichcomplainant'sequitiesrest,arestatedonlyuponinformationandbelief;buttheyshouldbemadetoappearbypositiveavermentsfoundedoncomplainant'sownknowledgeorthatofsomepersoncognizantofthefacts.Norwillitsufficethattheavermentsofthebillaremadeupontheinformationofthepartycomplaining,withoutstatinghissourcesofinformation.Andaninjunctiongrantedexparte,wheresomeofthematerialallegationsofthebillarestatedoninformationandbelief,cannotbesustainedintheabsenceofproofoftheircorrectness.Nordothemereapprehensionsandfearsofcomplainantunsustainedbyfactsestablishingtheir1See,ante,%142,sub-sec.2.

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§838PLEADINGSININJUNCTIONSUITS.644probability,constituteasufficientgroundtowarrantinterferencebyinjunction,sincesuchfearsmayexistwithoutanysubstantialreason.Thereforebeforeinjunctivereliefwillbegranted,notthecomplainant,buttheCourt,mustbesatisfiedthatawrongisabouttobecommittedwhichwillbeirreparableinitsnature.2Thebillmustcontainallthedefinitenessofdetail,theparticularityoffact,andcircumstance,thefullnessandprecisionofstatementessentialtoaspecialaffidavitinthegravestofmatters.Thegroundsonwhichthepreliminaryin-junctionissoughtmustbesetforthspecificallyandpositively,andonpersonalknowledge.Ifanyavermentsarebasedoninformationatall,thesourceoftheinformationshouldbestated,andthecomplainantshouldaverhisbeliefinitscredibility.Thebillshouldshowdefinitely,onitsface,whatallegationsaremadeoncomplainant'sownknowledge,andwhatoninformationandbelief.Thebillshouldbesworntopositively,andtheaffidavitshouldsoshow.IfanagentorSolicitorsweartoit,hisaffidavitshouldshowthatheistheagent,orSolicitor,andhaspersonalknowledgeofthefactssetforthinthebill,andhemustswearthattheyaretrueofhisownknowledge,andhisaffidavitshouldsoshow.3Ifthefactsandcircumstancesofthecasearenotwithinthepersonalknow-ledgeofthecomplainant,heshouldstatethemonhisinformationandbelief,andannextheaffidavitofthepersonfromwhomheobtainedtheinformation,ortheaffidavitofsomeotherpersonhavingknowledgeofthefactsalleged,thatthematerialallegationsofthebillaretrueonhisownpersonalknowledgeofthefacts.4Thebillshouldcontainaspecificprayerforaninjunction,bothasaprocessandasapartofthereliefprayed.Aninterlocutoryinjunctionwillnotbegrantedunlessprayedfor,eitherintheoriginalbill,orinasubsequentsupple-mentalpleading.5TheCourtwill,however,readilyallowtheprayerofthebilltobeamendedsoastoprayforinjunctiverelief,whenthefactsallegedwarrantsuchrelief.And,finally,thebillmuststatethatitisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctioninthecase.62.TheFrameofaBilltoEnjoinProceedingsatlaw.Itisanextraordinaryex-erciseofpoweronthepartofoneCourttointerfereevenindirectlywiththeproceedingsorprocessofanotherCourt,andthepartywhoaskstheCourtofChancerysotodoshouldpresentalltheparticularsofthecaseonwhichhebasessucharequest,sothattheChancellormayclearlyseefromthefactsandcircumstancesdetailedinthebillthattheinequitableconductofthedefendantjustifiesinjunctiveinterposition.Thebillforaninjunctiontostayproceedingsatlawshouldshow:(1)thenatureofthesuitatlaw;(2)theCourtinwhichitispending;(3)thedateofitscommencement;(4)thestepstakeninit,suchasthefilingofthedeclaration,demurrer,plea,etc.;(5)thedefencesmadetothesuit,ifany,particularizingthenatureandmatterofthedefence,ifanyhasbeenmade,(6)andallthefactswhichdemonstratethatsomeinjusticewouldbedonetothecomplainant,orthathewouldbedeprivedofsomelegalorequitableright,orofsomeequitabledefence,ifhisadversarywereadmittedtoproceedtojudgment,inthesuitatlaw.Ifthebillfailstogivethesedetails,theinjunctionoughttoberefused.7Ifthebillbefiledafterjudgment,thecomplainantshould,inadditiontothe
21HighonInjunc,§§34-36.3FurnaceCo.V.Railroad,5Cates,711,citingtheabovesection,then§785,ofthisbook.42Dan.Ch.Pr.,1619,note;2HighonInjunc,§§1567-1569.Abillsworntobythecomplainant,orbyhisSolicitor,oragent,onknowledge,informationandbelief,withoutshowingclearlyhowmuchisontheknowledgeoftheaffiant,isnotsufficienteither(1)toobtainatemporaryinjunctioninany,exceptordinarycases,whereitcannotdothedefendantanyharm;or(2)topreventaninjunctiongrantedon
suchabillbeingdissolvedontheincomingofananswerfullymeetinganddenyingtheequitiesofthebill,especiallyifsuchananswerbeonthepersonalknowledgeofthedefendant,andtheaffidavitthere-tososhows.See,ante,788.51Dan.Ch.Pr.,388;2Ibid,1619;2HighonInjunc,§1573.6Code,§4435.7Chadwell»).Jordan,2Tenn.Ch.,639;tevanv.Patton,2Heisk.,108;1HighonInjunc,§56.

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645 PLEADINGSININJUNCTIONSUITS.§839foregoingfacts,show:(1)thefactsconstitutinghisdefencetothesuitatlaw;(2)inwhatwayhewaspreventedfrommakingthatdefence,givingthepar-ticularsinfull;and(3)showingandaverringthatneitherhenorhisattorneyswereguiltyofanynegligenceorfaultinnotmakingthedefence.8Ifthegroundofinjunctionbethatthedefenceisanequitableone,oroneembarrassedbydifficultiesandcomplications,thecomplainantmustshowparticularlyandindetail,(1)whereinthedefenceisanequitableone,or(2)whereinandhowitwasembarrassedbydifficultiesandcomplications.9Generalandindefinitechargesinsuchcaseswillnotavail;theCourtrequiresspecificationsofthepar-ticularfactsreliedon.103.TheFrameofaBilltoStaytlieEnforcementofaWrittenInstrument.Thereisnomoresolemnactinbusinessdealingsbetweenmenthanacontractdulyagreedupon,reducedtowriting,andsigned;andwhenapartytosuchaninstrument,especiallyifitbeadeed,mortgage,noteofhand,oraccountstated,isseekingtoenforceit,cogentindeedmustbethecasethatwilljustifyaCourtorChancellorinrequiringtheownerofsuchinstrumenttostayhishand.Henceitisthatgreatparticularityisrequiredintheframeofabillprayinganinjunctioninsuchacase.Iffraudbeallegedasvitiatingtheinstrument,allthefactsandcircumstancesconstitutingsuchfraudmustbeparticularlyandfullysetforth.Ifsomemistakeoraccidentisallegedasthegroundofrelief,alltheparticularsofthemistakeoraccidentmustbecircumstantiallydetailed,anditshouldbefurthershownthatthe.complainanthasbeenguiltyofnoneg-lectordelayinthematter.Generalallegationsoffraud,accident,ormistakeamounttonothinginsuchacase.11Inhearingparoletestimonytoreformorrescinddeeds,mortgages,notesofhand,accountsstated,andotherwritteninstruments,theChanceryCourtisviolatingoneofthemostsacredrulesofthecommonlaw,12andactingcontrarytothepresumptionsofevidence.Therefore,clear,cogent,particular,precise,andcircumstantialshouldbetheallegationsofabillforreformationorrescission;andcomplainant'shandsmustbecleanandhisfeetswift,andanyapparentdelayinfilinghisbillmustbefullyexplained.§839.GeneralFormofanInjunctionBill.—Aninjunctionbillfrequentlyhasmoreobjectsthantheobtainingofaninjunction,ashereaftershown.Aninjunctionisoftenonlytheprimaryorpreliminaryobject;otherreliefisde-sired.Astudyofthedoctrineo'frelationsandthefollowinggeneralformwillenabletheSolicitortodrawaninjunctionbillinaprecise,lucidandlogicalmanner,andtoexhibithisequitiesandthedefendant'siniquitiesinboldrelief.GENERALFORMOFANINJUNCTIONBILL.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§155-164.]ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
I.That[Ifrelationsexistbetweenthecomplainantanddefendant,sostateandgivetheparticulars.13Ifnorelationsexist,beginthebillbyallegingcomplainant'sinterestinortitletotheproperty,franchiseorrightincontroversy,'describingitwithparticularity.14]
That[Ifrelationshavebeenalleged,statewhatrightsaccruedtocomplainantastheresultthereof,orwhatdutieswereimposedonthedefendant.Ifnorelationshavebeenalleged,showhowandwhereincomplainanthasbeenusingorenjoyingtheparticularproperty,fran-chiseorright,incontroversy.],in.That[//relationsexist,showinwhatwaythedefendanthasviolated,isviolatingorthreatenstoviolatetherightsofcomplainant,orthedutiesofthedefendant,arisingfromsuchrelations,givingthecircumstanceswith,particularity,andthe.timesandplacesofsuchviolation,andshowwhereincomplainanthasbeenorwillbedamagedbysuchviolations.Ifnorelationsexist,showhow,whenandwherethedefendantisinterferingwithcomplain-8GreenfieldV.Frierson,7Heisk.636.FortvOrndorff,7Heisk.,167;Borches&Co.v.ArbuckleBros.,3Cates,498.10Ibid.
11Borches&Co.v.ArbuckleBros.,3Cates,49812See,ante^§442.13See,ante,§§165-169.14See,ante,§172.

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§840PLEADINGSININJUNCTIONSUITS.646ant'stitle,possessionorinterest,toorintheproperty,rightorfranchiseincontroversy,andspecifywherein-andhowmuchsuchinterferencehasinjuredorwillinjurethecomplainant,statingthefactsandcircumstanceswithparticularity.]IV.That[Iftherebeanyothermattermaterialtothecontroversyheresetitout.Ifadecreeformoneyissoughtandtherebeanygroundtoattachthe1defendant'sproperty,specifysuchground,anddescribethepropertyifknown;andbesuretodescribeitifcomplainanthasanylienonit,orifitisanequitableestate.™]v.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c,asin§164.]2d.ThatyourHonordeclareandenforcecomplainant'srightsandequitiesinthepremises,[specifyingwhatsortofreliefcomplainantdesires,consistentwiththe:factshehasalleged.]3d.That[IfareferencetotheMasterisnecessarytotakeandstateanaccountbetweentheparties,sopray,[see§600]or.ifanattachmentisdesired,praythatanattachmentissue[see§§871-873];orifareceiverisdesired,prayfortheappointmentofone[seesees.905-906],ifanyotheractionisdesiredpriortothehearing,suchasanorderonthedefendanttoAlecertaindocuments,orthelike,sopray,havingfirstlaidgroundsthereforinthebodyofthebill.]4th.ThataninjunctionissuebyorderofyourHonor,toenjoinandrestrainthedefend-antfrom[doingwhatcomplainantdoesnotwishhimtodo,specifyingtheinequitableconductoractionsofwhichcomplainantspecificallycomplains],andthatatthehearingsaidinjunctionbemadeperpetual.5th.Thatcomplainantmaybeawardeddamagesfortheinjuriesdonetohimasherein-beforesetout.[//complainanthasnotbeenmateriallydamaged,thisprayerwillbeomitted.]Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunction[orattachment,orreceiver,]inthiscase.[Annexaffidavit;see,ante,§789.] WalterCocke,Solicitor.Aninjunctionbillshouldbeverifiedbytheoathofthecomplainant,unlessthefactsinitarebetterknowntohisagentorSolicitor,andthenbytheonebestacquaintedwiththefacts.16Wherethefactsarewithintheknowledgeofanotherperson,andthecomplainantdesirestostrengthenhisbillagainstamotiontodissolvetheinjunctiononanswer,hemayannextheaffidavitofsuchotherpersontohisbill,asfollows
:
CORROBORATINGAFFIDAVITTOANINJUNCTIONBILL."StateofTennessee,]CountyofRoane.)JohnJonesmakesoaththatheisfamiliarwithallthematerialmattersstatedinthefore-goingbill,andhasactualknowledgethereof,andfromsuchknowledgeknowsthatthemat-tersoffactthereinstatedaretrue.Andhefurtherswearsthathehasnointerestwhateverintheeventofthissuit. JohnJones.[Annexjurat;see,ante,§789,andnote.]§840.SpecialFormofInjunctionBill.—Asfurtheraidstoinexperienceddraughtsmenthefollowingspecialformofaninjunctionbillisgiven.Otherformsofspecialinjunctionbillsaregiveninothersectionsofthisbook,andmaybefoundbyconsultingtheIndexofForms.BILLTOENJOINSALEUNDERTRUSTDEED,HAVEABSOLUTEDEEDDECLAREDAMORTGAGE,ANDIMPEACHNOTEFORUSURT.is[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§155-164.]ComplainantsrespectfullyshowtotheCourt
:
Thattheyarehusbandandwife,andinMarch,1903,whileinfinancialdistress,hebor-rowedfourhundreddollarsfromthedefendant,forwhichhegavehisnoteforfourhundredandfiftydollars,dueinsixmonths,andsecureditspaymentbyadeedoftrustontheirhomestead,beingthehouseandlot[orfarm]wheretheylive,situated,[locatinganddescrib-ingit;see,ante,§172.]Complainant,DoveDoe,joinedinsaidnoteanddeedoftrust.II.Thatcomplainantsnotbeingabletopaysaidnoteatmaturity,thedefendantadvertisedsaidhouseandlot[orfarm]forsaleforcash,suchbeingtheprovisioninsaiddeed.There-isSee,§871.16See,ante,§§788;838,note,4.IT1Barb.Ch.Pr.,47-48;2Ibid,362-363.ISAbilltorecoverusurypaidmuststatesuchfactsaswillshowtheamountborrowed,theamountofusuryinthetransaction,andwhenpaid.Mc-
Ferrin);.Woods,3Bax.,242.TheChanceryCourtwillrelieveagainstajudgmentatlawcontainingusurywhenthedefenceastousurywascomplicated.Chesterv.Apperson,4Heisk.,639;butnotwhenthedefencewasadequate.Parhamv.Pulliam,5Cold..497.

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647 PLEADINGSININJUNCTIONSUITS.§840uponcomplainantswenttohim,andonSeptember5,1903,gavehimanewnoteforfivehun-dredandfiftydollars,dueinthreemonths,andsecureditspaymentbyanewdeedoftrustonsaidhouseandlot,[orfarm]authorizinghimtosellthesaidpropertyforcashifsaidnotewasnotpaidwhendue. in..Thatcomplainantsagainfailingtopaythedefendantwhatsaidnewnotecalledfor,saidhouseandlot[orfarm]were[orwas]againadvertisedforsaleforcashinhand.Complain-antsagainwenttoseethedefendant,andafterthedefendanthadmademanythreatstoforcethesaleifthenotewasnotpaidbeforethedayofsale,andaftercomplainantshadsecuredareliableprospecttoobtainthemoney,andsoinformedthedefendant,thelatterbecameveryfriendlyandconfidential,andtoldcomplainantsthathewouldnotsellthehouseandlot,[orfarm]butwouldgivethemayear'smoretimetopaysaidnote,iftheywoulddeedsaidhouseandlot[orfarm]tohimassecurity.IV.Complainantsbeingingreatdistress,andnotknowingwhatbettertodo,buthopingforthebest,acceptedsaidoffer,andonJanuary13,1904,bydeeddulyacknowledged,conveyedsaidhouseandlot,[orfarm]absolutelytothedefendant;andthedefendanthashadsaiddeedregistered,notwithstandinghispositivepromisenottohaveitregisteredwithinsaidyear,buttoreturnittocomplainantunregisteredifsaiddebtwaspaidwithinsaidyear.v.Thatsaidhouseandlot,[orfarm]have[orhas]becomefarmorevaluableinconsequenceofthebuildingofarailroadintheneighborhood,andcomplainantswereofferedfifteenhundreddollarscashforitbyasolventandreliablewould-bepurchaser,andheandtheyonMarch5,1904,wenttothedefendantandtenderedhimthesumoffivehundredandthirtydollars,thefullamountofsaidnote,principalandinterest,andcalledforsaiddeed.Thereuponthedefendantsaidthehouseandlot[orfarm]were[orwas]his,andexhibitedhissaidabsolutedeedtherefor.Afterconsiderablealtercation,thedefendantofferedtodeedsaidhouseandlot,[orfarm]tosaidwould-bepurchaserforsaidfifteenhundreddol-lars,andgivecomplainantsone-halfthereof,lesstheprincipalandinterestofsaidfivehundreddollarnote;thatistosay,saidnotewastobedeductedfromcomplainants'saidhalf. VI.Thatcomplainantsrefusedtoacceptsaidproposition,andthedefendantwasverymuchenragedinconsequence,andsworehe"wouldhavesatisfactionyet;"andaccordinglyonthe28thofthismonth,March,1904,headvertisedsaidhouseandlot[orfarm,]forsaleundersaidtrustdeed,datedSeptember5,1903;andsuchishislitigiousreputation,andsuchthecomplicationsinthetitlefromthefactsaforesaid,thatcomplainantsverilybelieveandsochargethatwould-bebidderswillbedeterredfrombidding.Onthedaysaidsalewasad-vertisedthedefendantofferedcomplainantstwohundreddollarstosurrendertohimthepossessionofsaidhouseandlot[orfarm,]whichoffertheyrejected.Complainantscontinuetheirsaidtenderoffivehundredandthirtydollars,andfilesaidmoneywiththisbill. VII.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantspray:1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c.,see,ante,§§158-164.]2d.Thataninjunctionissuetorestrainandenjointhedefendantfromsellingorofferingtosell,orinanywayencumbering,saidhouseandlot,[orfarm,]oranypartthereof,eitherundersaidtrustdeedsorundersaidabsolutedeed.3d.Thatallofsaiddeedsbedeclarednullandvoid,andcloudsontheirtitle,andcan-celled;butifcomplainantsarenotsoentitledastosaidabsolutedeed,thenthatitbede-claredamortgageandorderedtobedeliveredupandcancelled.4th.Thatsaidnoteforfivehundredandfiftydollarsbedeclaredusurious,andbeabatedtotheextentoftheusury,andthatcomplainantsbenotheldboundorestoppedbytheamountoftheirtender,theytenderingsaidamountoutofabundantcaution,notthattheyconsideredthatamounthonestlyandlawfullydue,butbeingindistresstenderedallthedefendantcouldclaim,hopinghewouldacceptit,andthusterminatetheirthralldom.5th.Thatcomplainantsmayhavesuchfurtherandotherreliefastheymaybeentitled.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctioninthiscase.Wright&Wright,Solicitors.StateofTennessee,~)
RoaneCounty.JJohnDoemakesoaththatthestatementsinhisforegoingbillaretrueofhisownknow-ledge,exceptthemattersthereinstatedtobeoninformationandbelief,andthesemattershebelievestobetrue. JohnDoe.Sworntoandsubscribedbeforeme,thisMarch30,1904.JamesG.Crumbliss,C.&M.

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§841PLEADINGSININJUNCTIONSUITS.648§841.FrameandFormofaBillforaMandatoryInjunction.—Theframeandformofabillforamandatoryinjunctioninnorespectdifferfromtheframeandformofabillforaprohibitoryinjunction,exceptintheformoftheprayer.Infact,ordinarily,theprayersareo.fthesamenature,asitiscustomaryforawritofmandatoryinjunctionnottocommandthedefendanttodoorundowhatisdesired,buttoprohibithimfromallowingittoremainundoneordone.18aAlltheparticularity,andpositiveness,anddirectnessofallegation,anddetailofcircumstances,andaffidavitofknowledge,requiredinaprohibi-toryinjunctionbillmustbeobservedwhenamandatoryinjunctionissought,foramandatoryinjunctionisamorestringentremedy,andthebillmustpre-sentaspeciallystrongcase.BILLFOB,MANDATORYINJUNCTION.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§155-164]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thatheistheownerandinpossessionofthefollowingtractofland:[Heredescribeit;see,ante,§172.]Thistracthepurchasedfromthevendorofthedefendant,November13,1894. ii.Complainantfirsttookpossessionofsaidtract,underaleasefromhisvendor,andwhilelioldingundersaidlease,builtasubstantialfencearoundtheentiretract.Saidtractiscutofffromanypublicroad,thelandofthedefendantintervening.Whencomplainantpurchasedsaidtracthisvendorownedandwasinpossessionofallthelandnowownedbybothcomplainantanddefendant.Whilecomplainantwashisvendor'stenantheusedaroad-waythroughhisvendor'slandleadingtothepublicroad,andalsousedthewaterfromaspringandsmallcreekonhisvendor'sland;andwhencomplainanttookhisdeedhere-questedthathisrighttousesaidroadway,springandcreekshouldberecognized,buthewastoldbyhisvendorthattheword"appurtenances"inthedeedwassufficient,andthatsatis-fiedhim. in.Thataboutthreemonthsago,andaftercomplainantandhisfamilyhadbeeninfreeanduninterruptedpossession,useandenjoymentofsaidroadway,springandcreekformorethantenyearsunderhissaiddeed,defendantpurchasedfromcomplainant'svendorthebalanceofthelatter'sland,includingthepartinterveningbetweencomplainant'stractandthepublic"highway,onwhichpartaresaidroadway,springandcreek;andverysoonafterhispurchasehenotifiedcomplainantthathe,complainant,muststopusingsaidroadway,springandcreek,assertingthatcomplainanthadnorightthereto,andthathis,defendant's,deedexceptednothing,andmadenomentionofcomplainant'srightorlibertytousesaidroadway,springandcreek. IV.Thatascomplainantdisregardedsaidnotice,defendant,withaforceofhands,erectedavervhighandstrongfencethatcompletelyshutscomplainantofffromsaidroadway,springandcreek,andthustotallydepriveshimofwaterforhisfamilyandstock,andofaroadbywhichheandhisfamilycanreachthemill,thechurch,schoolhouse,stores,blacksmithshop,andotherplacesofbarter,bargainandsale.Complainanthasthreechildrenofschoolage,whoarethusshutofffromschool.Thatsaidroadway,springandcreekaresosituatedthattheirusebycomplainantinnov.-aydamagesthedefendant,beinginandthroughapieceofwoodshalfamilefromde-fendant'shouse,springandroad;andduringthetenyearscomplainanthasusedsaidroad-way,springandcreek,hehasdonesoexclusivelyandadversely,underaclaimofright,andsuchrightwasneverquestionedbyhisvendororanyotherperson,andcomplainantneversupposedthathisuseofsaidroadway,springandcreek,wasliabletobeinterruptedordefeated.Complainantpaidfourhundreddollarsforhissaidtract,andhasputvaluableimprovementsthereonsincehispurchase,haulingthelumberoversaidroadway,sothatthetractisnowworthonethousanddollarsincludingsaidroadway,springandcreek;butisofverylittlevalueifsaidroadway,springandcreekarepermanentlycutofffromit.VI.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpeenatoanswerissue,[&c.,see,ante,§§1S8;164.]2d.ThatamandatoryinjunctionissuebyorderofyourHonor,requiringandcommandingthedefendantforthwithtoremovesaidfenceandanyandallotherobstructionstocomplain-18aSeeprecedingsection.AsCourtsofChancerymandthedefendanttodoorundowhatisnecessaryregardsubstanceratherthanform,anddirectnessforimmediateaffirmativerelief.Circuitusestevitan-ratherthanindirectness,thereisanincreasingdis-dus.(Indirectactionshouldbeavoided.)positiononthepartofChancellorstodirectlycom-

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649 PLEADINGSININJUNCTIONSUITS.§842ant'sfull'andfreeuseofsaidroadway,springandcreek,forhimself,hisfamily,servants,vis-itors,andstockasbeforesaidfencewasbuilt;andthatdefendantbeenjoinedandprohibitedfromallowingsaidobstructionstoremainwheretheynoware,andenjoinedandprohibitedfrominanywayinterferingwithorobstructingthefullandfreeuseofsaidroadway,springandcreekbycomplainant,hisfamily,servants,visitors,andstock.3d.Thatcomplainantbealloweddamagesfortheinjurydonehimbytheconstructionofsaidfence,andbybeingshutofffromtheuseofsaidroadway,springandcreek,asafore-said.4th.Thatcomplainanthavesuchotherandfurtherreliefashemaybeentitledto.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctioninthiscase.WillA.McTEER,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit;see,ante,§789.]FIATFOBAMANDATORYINJUNCTION.TotheClerkandMasteratMaryville:Onthisbillbeingfiled,issueawritofinjunction,asprayed(therein,oncomplainantgivingbondtherefor,asrequiredbylaw.Letthewritinhibitandrestrainthedefendant,hisagentsandservantsfromcontinuingtheobstructionsmentioned,andfromallowingthemtoremainassuch,andfrominanywayobstructingorinterferingwiththefullandfreeuseanden-joymentoftheroadway,springandcreekbythecomplainant,hisfamily,servants,visitors,andstock.November13,1905. HughG.Kyle,Chancellor.Orthefiatmaybeinthefollowingform,which,whilenotsousual,ismoreconsistentwiththeprinciplesofEquity,andisgrowinginfavor
:
FIATFOB,AMANDATORYINJUNCTION.TotheClerkandMasteratMaryville:Filethisbill,and,onaproperinjunctionbondbeinggiven,issueawritofinjunctionasprayed,commandingthedefendant,hisagentsandservants,forthwithtoremovethefencecomplainedof,andprohibitinghimandthemfrominanywayobstructingorinterferingwiththefullandfreeuseandenjoymentofthesaidroadway,springandcreekbythecomplainant,hisfamily,servants,visitors,andstock.November13,1905. HughG.Kyle,Chancellor.§842.FrameofanAnswertoanInjunctionBill.—Ifthedefendantiscon-tenttosubmittotheinjunction,hemayanswersomuchofthebillasisapleading;but,ifhewishestohavetheinjunctiondissolvedormodified,hemust,also,answersomuchofthebillasisanaffidavit.Insuchacase,theanswerbecomesbothapleadingandacounteraffidavit;and,initscharacterasacounteraffidavit,itmustspecifically,directly,fully,andcogentlymeetanddenytheparticularfactsandpertinentdetailsaverredinthebill.Iftherebeexplanatoryorexculpatoryfactsandcircumstances,suppressedinthebill,theyshouldbefullysetforth.Iftherebewritingsthrowinglightonthecon-troversytheymustbeexhibited.Everymatterintheknowledgeofthedefend-ant,relatingtothewrongsallegedinthebill,mustbefullyandfranklydis-closed.Theallegationsanddenialsmustbeonthepersonalknowledgeofthedefendant,andtheanswershouldsoshowonitsface.EveryEquitysetupinthebillmustbesquarelyandunhesitatinglymet,andoverwhelmed;notbygeneralavermentsorbysweepingdenials,butbytakingupeachmaterialalle-gation'inthebillandsnowingitsfalsity,orreconcilingitwiththedefendant'sinnocence,orshowingthatthecomplainanthasmisconstruedit,ordistortedit,orgarbledit.Andwhentheaffidavitportionofthebillhasbeenthuscom-pletelymet,thedefendantmustsweartotheanswerpositively,andonhisownknowledge,andtheaffidavittohisanswermustsoshow.§843.FormofanAnswertoanInjunctionBill.—Thefollowingistheformofananswertoaninjunctionbill.Thestudent,however,iscautionedthattheformsofbothbillsandanswersinthisbookhavebeenmadeasconciseaspossi-bleinordertoeconomizespace.Thepleadermustkeepinmindthatinequita-blematterstheChanceryCourtactsoncircumstances;soallbillsandanswerssettingupequitablematters,andespeciallyininjunctionsuits,mustsetforththecircumstances.

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§843PLEADINGSININJUNCTIONSUITS.650ANSWERSANDCROSSBILLINANINJUNCTIONSUIT.20[Portitleandcommencement,see,ante,§405.]JohnDoeandwife,DoveDoe,]vs. ! InChanceryatKingston.RichardRoe. JThedefendant,RichardRoe,foranswerandcross-billtothebillfiledagainsthiminsaidcause,says
:
1.Thatheadmitsthatcomplainantborrowedthefourhundreddollarsfromhimasallegedinthe1stparagraphoftheirbill,andgavehimthenoteandtrustdeedasalleged,tosecureitsrepayment;buttheyneglecttostatethattheotherfiftydollarswasafeepaidhimforexaminingthetitletotheland,drawingthetrustdeed,andattendingtothedischargeofapriortrustdeedandnotegiventoanotherparty,andalsoasabonusforsaidloan,allofwhichdefendantaversaretherealfacts,andcomplainantswillinglyandcheerfullyagreedthereto,andgavesaidfourhundredandfiftydollarnoteandsaidtrustdeedunderstanding^,willinglyandgladly,foritenabledthemtosavetheirhome.n.Furtheranswering,defendantadmitsthe2dparagraphofthebilltobetrue,butcom-plainantsfailtostatethatsaidfivehundreddollarnoteincludestheinterestonthepriornote,thedefendant'sfeefordrawingthenewtrustdeed,andanotefortwentydollarsandaccruedinterestheldbydefendantoncomplainantJohnDoe,andtendollarscashadvancedtocomplainantsatthetime,whichdefendantsaysaretherealfactsofthetransaction;andhesaysthatsaidfivehundreddollarnoteandnewtrustdeedwereexecutedwillingly,freelyandunderstanding^,andcomplainant,DoveDoe,wasprivilyexaminedastosaiddeed
;
allofwhichwillmorefullyappearbyreferencetosaiddeed,-whichismadeanexhibittothisanswer,andmarkedA. in.Furtheranswering,thedefendantdeniesthewholeofthe3dand4thparagraphsofthebill,exceptsomuchthereofasallegestheadvertisementofsaidpropertyforcash,andthesubsequentdeliveryofanabsolutedeedforsaidhouseandlot,[orfarm,]todefendant.Thefactsarethatcomplainantswerecompletelyatthemercyofdefendant,andinsteadoffore-closingthetrusrtdeed,andbuyingintheproperty,aswouldmostprobablyhavebeentheresult,thedefendantwithoutanyextrachargefordrawingthedeedandwithoutrequiringanewnoteforprincipalandinterest,gavecomplainantsfurthertimetopaythedebt.Buithedeniesthattherewasanydefinitecontractastowithholdingsaiddeedfromregistration,orgivingthemayear'stimetopaythedebt,defendant'sunderstandingbeingthattheymightpaythedebtanytimebeforethedeedwasregistered.IV.Furtheranswering,defendantdeniesthestatementsintheSthparagraphofthebillinmannerandformascharged,andsaystherealfactsarethatdefendantobtainedapurchaserforsaidhouseandlot,[orfarm,]whichheadmitshasincreasedinvalue,butwhensaidwould-bepurchaserfoundcomplainantsinpossessionthereof,andsettingupaclaimthereto,heproposedto-tradewiththemforamuchlesssum,andheoffereddefendantthesumoffivehundredandthirtydollarsinpaymentofsaidfivehundreddollarnoteanddemandedadeedtohimfortheland,allofwhichdefendantrefused,ashebelievedhehadtherighttodo.Defendantdidoffertosellsaidpropertytosaidproposingpurchaserforfifteenhundreddollars,andtodividethemoneyasallegedinthebill,butthistheyrefusedtoaccept.De-fendantmadesaidofferoutofcompassionforthecomplainants,andnotbecauseherecog-nizedanyrightontheirparttoanyportionthereof.v.Furtheranswering,defendantdeniesthechargesinthe6thparagraphofthebillinthemannerandformascharged,butheadmitsthatheisofferingtosellsaidpropertyundersaidsecondtrustdeed,andthathe,throughathirdperson,offeredcomplainantstwohundreddollarstosurrenderthepossessionofsaidpropertytohim,andhedidthistoquiethistitleandpreventalawsuit,andheisadvisedhehadarightsotodo.VI.Furtheranswering,defendantdeniesallandsingulartheallegationsinsaidbillnothere-inbeforespecificallyadmitted,andsaystheyarenottrue.Andnowhavingfullyansweredsaidbill,thedefendantfilesthis,hisanswer,asacross-bill,andthepremisesconsidered,prays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue,requiringthecomplainantsintheoriginalbilltoanswerthiscross-bill;buttheiroathtotheiransweriswaived.2d.Thatintheeventsaiddeedbedeclaredamortgage,itorsaidsecondtrustdeed,beforeclosed,andsaidhouseandlot,[orfarm,]soldonacreditofsixmonths,inbarofre-demption,tosatisfysaidfivehundreddollarnoteandtheaccruedinterest;21and3d.Thathebegivensuchotherandfurtherreliefashemaybeentitledto.SamC.Brown,Solicitor.19Thisanswerisunderoath,defendant'soathnothavingbeenwaivedbythebill.20Thisanswerandcrossbillisthedefencesetuptothebillin§840,ante.
21Thisreliefcould,probably,behadonthean-swer,butacrossbillissafer.See,ante,§§400;728-729:732-733.

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651RELIEFSGRANTEDININJUNCTIONSUITS.§844StateofTennessee,1CountyofRoane.jRichardRoemakesoath/thatthestatementsinhisforegoinganswerandcross-bill,madeasofhisownknowledgearetrue,andthosemadeasoninformationandbeliefbebelievestobetrue. RichardRob.Sworntoandsubscribedbeforeme,thisApril10,1904.JamesG.Crumbliss,C.&M.§844.ReliefsGrantedinanInjunctionSuit.—Theprimaryobjectofabillofinunctionistostaythehandofthedefendant,andtheordinaryaimofthedefendantistoshaketheinjunctionloose,butthereareoftenotherreliefsobtainable.1.ReliefsGrantedtheComplainant.Thecomplainantbyhisbillobtains,ordi-narily,variousreliefs:1st,Heobtainsatemporaryinjunctionagainsttheactsofthedefendantcomplainedof;2d,"Whateverlegalorequitableclaims,ifany,hehasagainstthedefendant,hecanhaveadjudicated,andaproperdecreetherefor;3d,Ifhehasbeeninjuredbythetrespasses,orotherwrongsenjoined,hecanobtaincompensationordamages22therefor;and4th,Ifaperpetualin-junctionisnecessaryhecanhavehistemporaryinjunctionmadeperpetualatthehearing.2.BeliefsGrantedtheDefendant.Equitydelightsinputtinganendtolitiga-tion,andstrivesinoneandthesamesuittodetermineallthemattersinvolvedinthecontroversy,sothatnootherorsecondsuit,eitheratlaworinChancery,maybenecessary.23If,therefore,thebillenjoinstheenforcementofanexecu-tion,judgment,lien,mortgage,ordeedoftrust,orthecollectionofanote,ac-count,orotherclaimorequity,ortheassertionofrightsorclaimstospecificproperty,thedefendantonsettingforthhisclaimsandequitiesfully,clearlyandparticularly,eitherinananswerfiledasacrossbill,orinaseparatecrossbill,mayhaveacrossdecreeagainstthecomplainantforwhatevermaybeduehim,andhavehislien,ifany,enforcedbythesaleofthepropertyboundthere-by,ormayhavehisrightstothespecificpropertydeclaredandenforced.Ifth-idefendanthasbeeninjuredbytheinjunctionhemayobtaindamagestherefor,withoutacrossbill,onmotionandreferencetotheMaster,atthefinalhearing.24Supposingtheallegationsintheforegoingbilltoenjoinasaleunderatrustdeedhavebeensubstantiatedbytheproof,andhavingregardtotheprayeroftheanswerandcrossbilltosaidbill,thedecreeinthecausewouldbeasfollows
:
DECREEGRANTINGRELIEFANDCOUNTERRELIEF.JohnDoeandwife,DoveDoe,]vs. Decree.RichardRoe. JThiscausewasheardthisDecember14,1904,beforeChancellorHughG.Kyle,ontheoriginalbill,theanswerandcross-bill,theproofinthecause,includingthevariousnotesanddeedsreferredtointhepleadings,theinstanterreportoftheMasterandtheexceptionsthereto,anduponargumentofcounsel,fromallwhich,theChancellorbeingofopinionthattheabsolutedeedexecutedanddeliveredonJanuary13,1904,supersededthetwodeedsof(rustandwasintendedasamortgage,dothsodeclareanddecree;andtheChancellorbeingfurtherofopinionthatthefivehundreddollarnote,referredtointhepleadings,isusurious,andthatthelawfulamountduethereon,accordingtotheinstanterreportoftheMaster,whichisconfirmedandallexceptionstheretooverruled,isthesumoffourhundredandsixtydollars,principalandlegalinterest,dothsodeclareanddecree;andtheChancellorbeingfurtherofopinionthatRichardRoe,thecomplainantinthecross-bill,isentitledtohavesaidabsolutedeedenforcedasamortgage,dothsodeclareanddecree.Itisthereforeordered,adjudgedanddecreed,thatunlesssaidsumoffourhundredandsixtydollars,andaccruinginterest,andone-halfofthecostsofthiscausearepaidintoCourtbythecomplainantswithinsixtydaysfromthisday,theClerkandMasterwillselltothe22Wherethedefendanthasdamagedthecomplain-ant,evenifsuchdamagesbetoproperty,theChan-ceryCourtwillawarddamagestherefor,thehillsopraying.See,ante,§36.23SeeMaxims:Hewhoseeksequitymustdo
equity,ante,%39.Equitydelightstodocompletejusticeandnotbyhalves,ante,%38.WhenChan-ceryhasjurisdictionforonepurpose,itwilltakejurisdictionforallpurposes,ante,%36.24See,post,§862.

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845VIOLATIONSOPINJUNCTIONS,ANDREMEDIES.652highestandbestbidderthehouseandlot,[orfarm,]describedinthebill,andinsaiddeed,whichdescriptionisasfollows:[Hereinsertthedescription.]SaidsalewillbeattheCourtHousedoor,andonapplicationofsaidRichardRoe,willbeonacreditofsixmonthsandinbarofredemption.TheMasterwilltakeanotefromthepurchaserforthepurchasemoney,withgoodsureties,andwillretainalienonthelandforadditionalsecurity;andwillreporthisactiontothenextterm,ortotheChancelloratChambers,ifsoordered.ThecomplainantJohnDoe,alongwithHenryDoe,his'prosecutionsurety,andthede-fendant,RichardRoe,willeachpayone-halfofthecostsofthecause,forwhichexecutionswillissue,respectively,afterthenextterm,ifnotpaidoutoftheproceedsofsaidsale.
ARTICLEV.VIOLATIONSOFINJUNCTIONS,ANDREMEDIESTHEREFOR.§845.WhenanInjunctionBecomesEffec-tive.§846.TheEffectofanInjunction.
§847.WhatConstitutesaViolationofanInjunction.§848.HowaViolationofanInjunctionisPunished.§845.WhenanInjunctionBecomesEffective.—Aninjunctionbecomesef-fectiveastothepartyenjoinedonlyfromthetimeofactualnotice.Buttorenderaninjunctionbindingandoperativeuponadefendant,itisnotneces-sarythatheshouldhavebeenofficiallyapprisedofitsexistence,oractuallyservedwiththewrit.IfthedefendanthasheardtheorderoftheCourtgrant-inganinjunction,orhasinanymannerreceivedactualnoticeofitsexistence,heisaseffectuallyboundbyitsprovisionsasifactuallyservedwithprocess.So,ifaninjunctionhasbeenproperlygranted,itwillbeeffectiveifservedupoudefendantsbeyondthejurisdictionoftheCourt,orthelimitsoftheState,itonlybeingnecessarythattheyshouldbeapprisedoftheorderoftheCourttorenderitbinding.1§846.TheEffectofanInjunction.—Aninjunctionoperatesinpersonam,andbindsthedefendant,hisSolicitors,attorneys,agentsandservants,andrendersitunlawfulforthemtodotheactthereinprohibited,2ortofailtodotheactthereincommanded.Iftheactprohibitedbeneverthelessdone,theCourtwilldealwithitasthoughnotdone,unlesstherightsofinnocentthirdpersonsprevent,andthenthedefendantisliabletomakeindemnityforhisunlawfulact.3Ajudgmenttakeninviolationofaninjunctionwillbeperpet-uallyenjoinedonpetitioninthecausewhereintheinjunctionwasgranted.4Ifaninjunctionbeissuedonamisstatementoffacts,orwithouttherequisiteconditionsprecedent,thedefendantmust,nevertheless,obeyituntilhecanob-tainitsdissolution,ordischarge;orhewillbepunishedforhiscontempt.5Theinadvertentgrantofaninjunctionneithermakesitvoid,norimpairsitsefficacy.8Iftheinjunctionstaysproceedingsatlaw,nofurtherstepcanbetaken,unlessthefiatorasubsequentdecreesoallow.7Butthesuingoutofaninjunc-tionagainstajudgmentatlawisareleaseoferrors;8andifthecomplainant's
11HighonInjunc,§17;FarnsworthV.Fowler,1Swan,1;Boilsv.Boils,1Cold.,284;Baxterv.Washburn,8Lea,21;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1685,note.2Theprohibitionincludesallacts,whetherdirectorindirect.Whatcannotbedonedirectlycannotbedoneindirectly.Quandoaliquidprohibetur,prohibe-turomneperquoddevenituradillud.3Farnsworthv.Fowler,1Swan,1;BoilsV.Boils,
1Cold.,284;Greenwaldv.Roberts,4Heisk.,494;Wilhoitv.Castell,3Bax.,423.4Pattersonv.Gordon,3Tenn.Ch.,18.5Rutherfordo.Metcalf,5Hay,58;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1684.6Grahamv.Merrill,5Cold.,638.7See,ante,§830.8Code,§3107.

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653VIOLATIONSOPINJUNCTIONS,ANDREMEDIES.§847billisdismissed,hecannotfurthercontestthejudgmentatlawbyprosecutinganappealfromsuchjudgment,orbywritoferror,orotherwise.9Aninjunction,restrainingasaleofpersonaltyleviedonunderanexecution,hastheeffectofreleasingthelevy,andrestoringthepropertytothedefend-ant'spossession.10Iftheofficersellsnotwithstandingtheinjunction,hemaybeheldliableforthevalueoftheproperty,andispunishableforcontempt.11Aperpetualinjunction,grantedatthehearing,isadecree,anditcontinuesoperativenotwithstandingthedeathofthepartiestothesuit,anditsviolationispunishablewhenevercommitted.12§847.WhatConstitutesaViolationofanInjunction.—TheChanceryCourtexactsthemostimplicitobediencefromthoseagainstwhomitsmandatesaredirected.Itmattersnotwhatirregularitiesmayaffecttheproceedings,norwhaterrortheCourt,orJudge,mayhavecommittedingrantingtheinjunction,norwhatthehardshipobediencetheretowillimposeonthedefendant;solongastheinjunctionisinforceitmustbescrupulouslyobserved,andimplicitlyobeyed.Andthedefendantisnotallowedtositinjudgmentontheequityofthebill,orontherightfulnessofthewrit,oruponthejurisdictionoftheCourt
;
hisonedutyistoobey.Ifthewrithasbeenimprovidentlygranted,insteadofcomplainingofit,orviolatingitinanyway,thedefendantshouldatonceapplyforitsmodification,ordissolution.Itmattersnotwhattheintentofthedefendantwas,incaseofanyviolationoftheinjunction;norwhathonestmotivesmayhavepromptedhisconduct;ifthecommandofthewrithasbeenviolated,disregarded,orevaded,thedefendantisguiltyofcontempt,andwillbepunishedaccordingly.Eventheadviceofcounselisnoprotectionorexcuse
;
itonlymakesanothercontemner.13Thedefendantisboundtoobeytheinjunctioninbothitsletteranditsspirit,eveninthesmallestmatters;heisnotallowedtojudgewhetherthisorthatisimmaterialorunimportant.Norisheallowedtopermitanothertoviolatetheinjunctionwithoutremonstrance;hemustnotonlyobeythewrithimself,buthemustrestrainhisemployees,servants,tenants,agents,andattorneys,ifinhispowersotodo.Anofficerexecutingfinalprocessforthedefendant'sbenefitisdeemedhisagent.14Adefendantisboundbytheinjunctionfromthemomenthelearnsofitsexistence,regardlessofthemeansofinformation.Noticebyletter,telegram,wordofmouth,orothermeans,willbesufficienttobindhim.If,aftersuchnotice,hedoesanyactviolativeofthespiritoftheinjunction,heisasguiltyasthoughhehadbeenpreviouslynotifiedbytheSheriff.Hecannotshieldhimself,insuchacase,underthepretextthatthewrithadnotbeenservedonhim,orhadbeendefectivelyserved.15§848.HowaViolationofanInjunctionisPunished.—Violationsofinjunc-tionsarepunishedbyprocessofcontempt.Themodeofproceedingiselse-wheredescribed.17Theobjectoftheproceedingforcontemptistwofold;first,topunishtheguiltyparties;secondly,tocompelrestitutiontothepartyin-jured.18Thepersonviolatinganinjunctionmaybeimprisoneduntilthewrongdoneisrectified,byplacingmattersandpersonsinstatuquo,orbythepaymentofdamages;19and,inestimatingthesedamages,regardmaybehadtoanycircumstancesofaggravationormitigation,attendingthedisobedienceofthe
Perkinsv.Woodfolk,8Bax.,411.Theeffectoftheinjunctionisequivalenttoasolemnagree-mentofrecord,thatwhatevererrorsexistinthejudgmentatlawshallgofornaught.Overton<».Perkins,Mart.&Yerg.,369;Henlyv.Robertson,4Yerg172.10Overtonv.Perkins,Mart.&Yerg.,373;Mc-Caney«.Lawson,3Head,257;Telfordv.Cox,15Lea,298.Thisisthereasonwhysuchaninjunctioninsuchacaseshouldneverbegrantedonthepau-per'soath.Conwayv.Jett,3Yerg.,481;Chesterv.Apperson,4Heisk..654.11StinsonV.McMurray,6Hum.,339.Theofficer
havingawritwhoseexecutionhadbeenenjoinedmuststayhishandassoonashelearnsthatanin-junctionhasbeengranted.12Justicev.McBroom,1Lea,555.13Blairv.Nelson,8Bax.,1;2HighonInjunc,§§1417-1418.142HighonInjunc,§1551.15Baxterv.Washburn,8Lea,21;Farnsworthr.Fowler,1Swan,1;BoilsV.Boils,1Cold.,284;2HighonInjunc,§§1420-1424;1444.17See,post,§§918-922.182Dan.Ch.Pr.,1684.19Code,§4109.

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849 DISSOLUTIONOFINJUNCTIONS.654injunction.Wheretheviolationoftheinjunctioniswilful,andresultsinseriousinjurytothecomplainant,thedefendantwillbeoneratedwithalllosses,andthedamagesallowedmaybesuchastocombinepunishmentfortheviolationwithcompensationtothepartyinjured.20Thedamagesshouldbeassessedbyajuryifrequestedbyeitherparty;butintheabsenceofsuchrequest,theymaybeassessedbytheMasteronareference.21IfaperpetualinjunctionbytheSupremeCourt,onfinaldecree,isviolatedafterthedeathofthecomplainant,itwouldbenecessaryforhisheirstofileabillofrevivorandsupplementintheChanceryCourtwhereinthecauseoriginated;theSupremeCourtwouldhavenojurisdictionofsuchbill.22
ARTICLEVI.THEDISSOLUTIONOFINJUNCTIONS.849.DissolutionofInjunctionsGenerallyConsidered.850.DissolutionforWantofEquityontheFaceoftheBill.851.DissolutiononBillandAnswer.852.WhenanInjunctionWillNotbeDis-solvedonBillandAnswer.853.DissolutionforWantofDiligenceinProsecutingtheSuit.
§854.When,Where,andHowInjunctionsareDissolved.§855.ProceedingsontheHearingofaMo-tiontoDissolve.WhenAffidavitsMaybeReadonaMotiontoDissolve.TheDiscretionoftheCourt,HowExercisedonMotionstoDissolve.EffectofaDissolution,andofaRe-fusaltoDissolve.
§856.
§857.§858.
§849.DissolutionofInjunctionsgenerallyConsidered.—Aninterlocutoryinjunctionwillbedissolved:1,Wherethereisawantofequityonthefaceofthebilltosupporttheinjunction;2,WherethestatementsinthebillonwhichitsEquityrestsarefullymet,andwhollyovercome,bythepositivedenialsoftheanswer;or3,Wheretherehasbeenawantofdiligenceonthepartofthecomplainantintheprosecutionofhissuit.Ifaninjunctionwasgranted(1)onanunswornbill,or(2)onabillthatdidnotstateitwasthefirstapplicationforaninjunction;or(3)ifthewritwasissuedafterthetimefixedbythefiat,ortherulesoftheCourt,forfilingabondhadexpired,suchaninjunctionmaybedischarged,onmotion,forirreg-ularity.1Ifadefendantdeemtheinjunctionoppressiveforanyreason,heshouldatoncemakeproperapplicationforitsdissolution,ormodification;2andso,ifaperson,notapartytothesuit,beinjuriouslyaffectedbytheinjunction,hemayapplybypetitiontohaveitsetaside,ormodifiedsoasnottoaffecthim.3Aninjunctionwillnotbedissolvedbecauseofadefectordeficiencyintheinjunctionbond,oranymeretechnicalerrorsthatcanbeamended.4Thedismissalofthebilloperatesipsofactoasadissolutionoftheinterlo-cutoryinjunctionbaseduponit.Andif,atthehearingonthemerits,aper-manentinjunctionisdenied,thepreliminaryinjunctionisnecessarilytermi-nated;althoughthebetterpracticeistohaveitexpresslydissolvedinthefinaldecree.5When,onafinaldecree,aninjunctionisdissolved,anappealfromsuchdecreereinstatestheinjunction.6
20Robinsv.Krazier,5Heisk.,100.Inthiscase,threehundreddollarswereallowedthecomplainantasdamages,thedefendanthavingturnedhimandhisfamilyoutofdoors,onacoldrainynightinthewinter,inviolationofaninjunction.21Code,§4442;Robinsv.Frazier,5Heisk.,100.22Justicev.McBroom,1Lea,555.l1Barb.Ch.Pr.,646;2HighonInjunc,§1469;1615.
2Rutherfordv.Metcalf,5Hay.,58.32Dan.Ch.Pr.,1676,note;2HighonInjunc,§1617;Speakv.Ransom,2Tenn.Ch,210;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,646.41Barb.Ch.Pr.,640;2HighonInjunc,§1622;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1678,note.62HighonInjunc,§1476;PerkinsV.Woodfolk,SBax.,413;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1675.oFoleyv.Leath,3Shan.Cas.,353.

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655 DISSOLUTIONOFINJUNCTIONS.850Thethreeprincipalgroundsofmotionstodissolveare:(1)wantofequity,(2)denialoftheequityalleged,and(3)wantofdiligenceinprosecutingthesuit;,theywillbeseparatelyconsidered.§850.DissolutionforWantofEquityonthePaceoftheBill.—Ifthebillbesodevoidofequitythat,ifadmittedbytheanswertobetrue,allinjunctivereliefwouldbedeniedatthehearing,theCourtwill,onmotionandwithoutanyanswer,dissolvetheinjunctiongrantedonsuchabill.Amotiontodissolveaninjunction,forwantofequityonthefaceofthebill,isinthenatureofademurrer,andallthematerialallegationsofthebillreliedon,asgroundforaninjunction,aretakenastrue,7andwillbegivenaconstructionfavorabletothereliefprayedfor.Andaninjunctionwillnotbedissolvedforwantofequityonthefaceofthebill,ifthebilldisclosemerits,eventhoughitsallega-tionsbeobscure,andtheframeofthebillbeinartificial.Ifthebillbedevoidofequityonitsface,theinjunctionwillbedissolvedonmotion,andthedefend-antneednotwaitforserviceofsubpoenaonhimbeforemakingthemotion.8§851.DissolutiononBillandAnswer.—Asheretoforeshown,aninjunctionbillisbothapleadingandanaffidavit;andaswornansweris,also,bothapleadingandanaffidavit.Theaffidavitpartofthebillisinthenatureofevidenceonwhichtoobtainexparteinterlocutoryrelief;andtheaffidavitpartoftheanswerisinthenatureofadepositionforallthepurposesofthesuit.When,therefore,amotionismadetodissolveaninterlocutoryinjunctiononbillandanswer,therecomesastruggleformasterybetweentheaffidavitofthecomplainantandtheaffidavitofthedefendant;itisoathagainstoath.Insuchacontest,everyallegationoffactinthebillnotmet.anddeniedintheanswerisdeemedtobetrue;andeveryallegationonthecomplainant'sownknowledgeisdeemedtobetrue,whennotsubstantiallydeniedonthedefend-ant'sownknowledge.9Positiveaffirmativeaverments,madeoncomplainant'sownknowledge,cannotbeovercomeeither(1)bysilence,or(2)byevasion,or(3)byfeebledenialsonpersonalknowledge,or(4)bypositivedenialsoninformationandbelief,or(5)bysettingupnewmattersbywayofavoidance.10Ontheotherhand,ananswer,madeonthedefendant'sownpersonalknow-ledge,willovercometheallegationsofabillmadeorsworntooninformationandbelief.11Onthehearingofamotiontodissolveaninjunctiononbillandanswer,theanswermustbeswornto;forananswernotsworntowillnotsustainamotionlodissolve,howeverstrongitsdenials.12Iftheoathofthedefendanttohisansweriswaived,hemay,nevertheless,sweartoitforthepurposeofhavingtheinjunctiondissolved;andthishemaydowithoutleaveoftheCourt.13Ifthedefendantisacorporation,andhasansweredunderitscorporateseal,suchanswerwillnotsustainthemotion;theanswermustbesworntobysomeofficer,agent,ormember,ofthecorporationpersonallyacquaintedwiththefactsset
Yalen.§§1470-
7HighonInjunc,§1469.82Dan.Ch.Pr.,1676,note.9TyneV.Dougherty,3Tenn.Ch.,52;Moore,3Tenn.Ch.,76;2HighonInjunc.1472.102HighonInjunc,§§1472;1475;1481;1505.Butwhere,fromthenatureofthecase,thedefend-antcanhavenopersonalknowledgeofthefacts,theCourtsometimesactsuponananswersworntooninformationandbelief;aswherethetransactionwaswiththeintestate,andhisadministratoransweidoninformationandbeliet.Butasarule,suchananswer,evenfromanadministrator,willnotwarrantadissolution.2HighonInjunc,§1507.112HighonInjunc,1525;1567-1569..
122Dan.Ch.Pr.,1677:Smithv.RepublicL.Ins.Co.,2Tenn.Ch.631;Ch.Rule,VI,§1.Thebillbeingsworntomustofcoursebemetbyaswornanswer.Onmotiontodissolve,muchdependsontheframeofthepleadingsandthecharacteroftheaffidavitsthereto.Abillsworntooninformation
andbeliefwillhavebutlittleweightonamotiontodissolve,whenitsmaterialallegationsaredirectlyandpositivelydeniedbyananswerbasedontheper-sonalknowledgeofthedefendant,andsoswornto;andontheotherhand,abillbasedonthepersonalknowledgeofthecomplainant,orthepersonswear-ingtoit,willnotbeovercomebyananswer,how-everdirectandemphaticitsdenials,ifsworntooninformationandbelief.Andabilloranswersworntoon"knowledge,informationandbelief"isnostrongerthanifsworntooninformationandbeliefalone,unlessitaffirmativelyshowonitsfacewhatallegationsarebasedonpersonalknowledge,andwhatoninformationandbelief.SeeChapteronAffidavits,ante,§788.13Ch.Rule,VI,§1;§1195,post.Itmustbere-memberedthatabillonwhichaninjunctionissought,andanansweranwhichamotionto_dissolveaninjunctionistobebased,arebothpleadingsandaffidavitsconjoined.See,ante,§§838;842.

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§852DISSOLUTIONOFINJUNCTIONS.656upintheanswer;andhisaffidavittothetruthofthebillmustshowthisper-sonalacquaintance,andshouldnotbeoninformationandbelief.14Tosustainamotiontodissolveaninjunctiononbillandanswer,theanswermustnotonlybeswornto,butitmustalsobepositive,direct,andfull,andbasedonthepersonalknowledgeofthedefendant,andmustbroadlyconfrontandwhollydenyallthematerialfactsuponwhichtheequityofthebillisfounded.Onsuchananswer,theinjunctionwillordinarilybedissolved;15forpositiveandfulldenials,basedonpersonalknowledgeofthefacts,willneu-tralizepositiveallegations.16Iftheallegationsofthebillarebasedwholly,orinpart,oninformationandbelief,suchallegationscannotstandagainstthepositivedenialofthedefend-antonhisownpersonalknowledge.Ontheotherhand,ifthestatementsofthebillaremadeonthepersonalknowledgeofthecomplainant,andsworntoassuch,ineffectualwillbethedenialsofthedefendant,madeoninformationandbelief.17Itisageneralrulethattheanswersofallthematerialdefendantsmustbeinandperfected,beforeaninjunctionwillbedissolvedonbillandanswer;butifthedefendant,onwhomthegravamenofthechargerests,hasfullyanswered,thatmaybesufficient.Itissettled,also,thatifthecomplainanthasbeennegligentinhavingthesubpoenaservedonapartofthedefendants,orincompellingthemtoanswer,thosewhohaveansweredmayhavetheinjunctiondissolvedontheiranswersalone,ifotherwiseentitled.18Theburdenofdisprovingtheequitiesofthebillrestsuponthedefendant;andif,uponthehearing,areasonabledoubtexistsinthemindoftheCourtastowhethertheEquityofthebillisovercomebytheanswer,theinjunctionwillnotbedissolved,butwillbecontinueduntilthehearing.19Thefactthataswornanswerhasbeenexceptedtoforinsufficiencywillnotpreventadissolutionoftheinjunction,onbillandanswer,ifinfacttheanswerissufficient.ButtheChancellormaylookattheexceptionsonthehearingofthemotiontodissolve.20§852.WhenanInjunctionwillnotbeDissolvedonBillandAnswer.—Ananswerwillnotsustainamotiontodissolve(1)ifitbeweakinitsdenials,or(2)beoninformationandbelief,or(3)beevasive,or(4)contradictory,or(5)ifitsstatementsareextremelyimprobable,or(6)ifanymaterialallega-tionofthebillisnotdenied,or(7)iftheanswertoanyessentialpartofthebillisunsatisfactory,or(8)iftheanswerisinsufficientinimportantpar-ticulars;or(9)wheretheansweradmitstheEquityofthebill,andsetsupnewmatterinavoidance;or(10)wherefraudisthegravamenofthebill;21or(11)wherethedissolutionoftheinjunctionwouldworkverygreatmischieftothecomplainant;or(12)wheretheinjunctionistherealremedialpartofthebill;or(13)wherethedissolutionoftheinjunctioninvolvesadecisionofthecauseonitsmerits,or(14)whereadissolutionwouldbeequivalenttoadecisionofthecaseagainstthecomplainant.2214FultonBank«.N.Y.&S.CanalCo.,1Paige,(N.Y.)311;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,735,notes.See,ante,§§384,note;788-789.152Dan.Ch.Pr.,1677,note;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,641.16Muchdependsontheframeofthepleadings.Ifthebillbeweak,indirect,oralternativeinitsallegations;orifitsstatementsareindefinite,gen-eral,orlimitedbyqualifications,itwillbeovercomebyananswerthathastheoppositecharacteristics;andso,ananswerthatisdeficientinpositiveness,directness,clearness,frankness,andprecision,willbeineffectualtoovercomeabillwhoseallegationsarestrong,positive,directandprecise.Beforetheinjunctionwillbedissolved,theanswermustswearawaytheequitywhichisitslife.Onastrugglebetweenthebillandtheanswer,thevictorydependsonthefullness,frankness,andsavorofthetruth,manifestinoneratherthanintheother.Aliteral,formal,technicaldenialofthecharges,especiallyifmadeseriatim,lackstheflavor
ofthatearnestcandorwhichisanessentialoftruth.Theanswermustdomorethandenythefactsofthebillinmannerandformasalleged;thesubstanceofthechargemustbemetandtraversed.17TyneV.Dougherty,3Tenn.Ch.,52;2HighonInjunc,§§1505-1525;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1677-1678,notes;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,640.181Barb.Ch.Pr.,639;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1676-1677-2HighonInjunc,§§1528-1535.Wherefraudischarged,allofthedefendantsimplicatedmustan-swerbeforeadissolutionwillbegranted.2HighonInjunc,§1532.192HighonIniunc,§1470;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,643.202HighonInjunc,§1602;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1676,note.212Dan.Cr.Pr.,1676-1678,notes;2HighonInjunc,§1512.22Owenv.O'Brien,2Tenn.Ch.,295;2HighonInjunc,§§1508-1524.Astotheadmissibilityofaffidavitsatthehearingofamotiontodissolve,see,§post,856.

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657 DISSOLUTIONOFINJUNCTIONS.§853§853.DissolutionforWantofDiligenceinProsecutingtheSuit.—Hewhoinvokesandobtainstheaidofsotremendousapowerasthewritofinjunction,isboundtoexercisethegreatestpossiblediligenceindoingallthatisrequiredofhimintheprosecutionofhissuit;andifhefailsotodo,theinjunctionwill,onmotion,bedissolved,unlesstherebespeciallystrongreasonstothecon-trary.Theprincipalinstancesofwantofdiligencearethefollowing(1)wherethecomplainant,afterfiatgranted,failsinareasonabletimetogivebond,orotherwisecomplywiththeconditionsprecedentcontainedinthefiat;(2)wheretheinjunctionbondis,orbecomes,foranyreasoninsufficient,andthedefectisnotremediedinareasonabletimeafterordermade;(3)whenthecomplainantfailstopreparehiscaseforhearingwithduespeed,eitherbyfailingtobringthedefendantsbeforetheCourt,orbyfailingtomakethenec-essaryparties,orbyfailingtotakeorfilehisproofindueseason,orbyfailingtokeepthesuitproperlyrevived.23§854.When,andWhere,andHow,InjunctionsareDissolved.—Aninjunc-tionmaybedissolvedormodifiedonmotion,atanytimeafterthegrantingofthefiat,suchmotionbeingbasedeitheruponawantofequityonthefaceofthebill,oruponthebillandanswer.24Themotiontodissolveormodifymaybemadeintermtime,inopenCourt;or,iftheCourtbenotinsession,itmaybemadebeforetheChancelloroftheDivisioninwhichthebillisfiled,atChambers.25IfthemotionisinopenCourt,oneday'snoticethereofwouldbesufficient;26ifthemotionisinvacation,fivedays'noticethereofmustbegiventothecomplainant,orhisSolicitor.27Thenoticemust,inallcases,stateuponwhatthemotionisbased,whetherforwantofequityonthefaceofthebill,oruponbillandanswer.28ThefollowingisaformofNOTICEOFMOTIONTODISSOLVE.AB,]vs.\ IntheChanceryCourt,atTrenton.C.D.J Mr.AB:At10a.m.,onthe9thdayofthismonth,(August,)beforetheHon.H.J.Livingston,Chancellor,athisChambers,intheCourtHouseatTrenton,Tenn.,Iwillmovethattheinjunctioninsaidcausebedissolved,[or,modified;]whichmotionwillbebasedonthewantofequityonthefaceofthebill,[or,onbillandanswer.29]August4,1890. CD.Afinaldecreedismissingthebilloperates,ipsofacto,asacompletedisso-lutionoftheinjunction;andaformalorderofdissolutionisunnecessary.30§855.ProceedingsontheHearingoftheMotiontoDissolve.—Atthetimeandplacespecifiedinthenoticeofthemotion,whentobemadeatChambers,thedefendantappearswithacertifiedcopyofthebill,orofthebillandanswer,accordingasthemotionisbasedonthewantofequityinthebill,oronbillandanswer.Ifthecomplainantbepresenthereadsthebill,ifnotpres-entthedefendantreadsbothbillandanswer,andmakeshisargumentinsup-portofhismotion.Ifbothsidesbepresent,thedefendantwillopenandcon-cludetheargument.31TheChancellorendorseshisdecisionordinarilyonthenotice,orwritesituponaseparatesheetofpaper,insubstanceasfollows
:
23Awantofdiligenceoncomplainant'spartisalwaysacausefordissolvinganinjunction.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1667;1675,notes;2Barb.Ch.Pr.,639;1HighonInjunc,§§1490;1504.Acomplainantinaninjunctionsuitshouldbeheldtoadegreeofdil-igenceproportionatetothestringencyoftheinjunc-tion;andnocontinuanceshouldbeallowedhimafterhehashadreasonabletimetogetinhisproof,exceptonadissolutionoftheinjunction.MuchshouldberequiredbytheCourtofthosewhorequiremuchoftheCourt. , ......24Ch.Rule,VI,§2;post,1195;Code,§§4444-4445.25Code,§4444.26NonoticeisabsolutelyrequiredifthemotionbemadeinopenCourt.RenfroeV.Dickinson,1
Tenn.,(Overt.),196.JamesCountyV.HamiltonCounty,5Pick,237.TheChanceryRulesof1858,requiredoneday'snoticeofthemotioninopenCourt;buttheseruleshavebeenrepealed.27Code,§4444.28Ch.Rule,VI,§2.29Ch.Rule,VI,§2.Thenoticeshouldbeserved,andserviceproved,asincaseofnoticetotakeproof;ante,%482.30Perkinsv.Woodfolk,8Bax.,413;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1675;2HighonInjunc,§1476.312Dan.Ch.Pr.,1599.Uponthehearingofamotiontodissolveaninjunction,theburdenofdis-provingtheequitiesofthebillrestsuponthede-fendant.2HighonInjunc.,§1470.

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§856 DISSOLUTIONOFINJUNCTIONS.658ORDERONMOTIONTODISSOLVE.AB,1vs.> InChancery,atTrenton.C,D.JThemotiontodissolvetheinjunctioninthiscause,comingontobeheardbeforemethisday,atChambers,onconsiderationthereof,itisorderedbymethatsaidmotionbeoverruled;[or,thatsaidmotionbeallowed,andtheinjunctionisherebyaccordinglydissolved;or,isdissolvedonconditionthatthedefendantshallgiveabond,withtwogoodsureties,inthepenaltyofonethousanddollars,conditionedtopaycomplainantsuchsumastheCourtmayatanytimeawardasdebt,damages,orotherwise,forthewrongscomplainedofinthebill
;
or,isdissolvedonthedefendantexecutingarefundingbondinthepenaltyofdollars;32or,suchotherorderasmaybeproper.']August9,1890H.J.Livingston,Chancellor.ThisorderistransmittedtotheClerkandMaster,whoshouldenteritinfullonhisruledocket,oratleastnoteitthereon.Insteadofdissolvingtheinjunction,theChancellormaymodifyit,andadjustittotheequitiesofthesituation;ormayorder(theinjunctionbondtobeincreasedinpenalty."Wheretheinjunctiontiesupproperty,andisthere-foreinthenatureofanattachment,theChancellormayallowarefundingbondtobegiven,andorderthat,uponsuchbondbeingfiled,theinjunctionstanddissolved.Thisrefundingbondmaybeconditionedlikeareplevybondinanattachmentsuit.33Onthedissolutionofaninjunctiontheruleistorequirearefundingbondfromthedefendantwherethereisareasonableprobabilitythatthepartiesmaynotbeinstatuquoatthefinalhearingofthecause.34AnorderdissolvinganinjunctiondoesnotpreventtheCourtfromrevivingitforsufficientreasons,eitherbeforeoratthehearing;nordoessuchanorderauthorizethedefendanttodowhathehadbeenenjoinedfromdoing.Onthedissolutionofaninjunctionthedefendantmayact,butheactsathisownperil;35unlesstheorderofdissolutionexpresslyadjudgeotherwise.36Uponthehearingofamotiontodissolveaninjunctionuponbillandanswer,thefactthattheanswerhasbeenexceptedto,orthatthetimetofileexcep-tionshasnotelapsed,willnotpostponethehearingofthemotiontodissolve,buttheChancellormaydisposeofthemotion,withoutpassingupontheex-ception.37§856.WhenAffidavitsmaybeReadonaMotiontoDissolve.—Onthehear-ingofamotiontodissolveaninjunction,thecomplainantwill,ordinarily,beallowedtoreadaffidavits,38tocorroboratehisbillandrebuttheanswer,inthefollowingcases:(1)wherethedissolutionoftheinjunctionwouldworkverygreatmischieftothecomplainant;or(2)wheretheinjunctionistherealremedialpartofthebill;or(3)wherethedissolutionoftheinjunctioninvolvesadecisionofthecauseonitsmerits.39Insuchcases,thehearingofthemotionisequivalentineffecttoahearingofthecause;andthedissolutionoftheinjunction,onsuchahearing,wouldbemoreinjurioustothecomplainantthanthedismissalofhisbill,andconsequentdissolutionoftheinjunction,atthefinalhearing,forthenhecouldappeal,andthuscontinuetheinjunctionuntilfinaldecreeintheSupremeCourt.§857.TheDiscretionoftheCourt,howExercisedonMotionstoDissolve.T!ponanapplicationtodissolveaninjunction,theCourtorChancellorwill32Code,§4448;see,post,§861.33Code,§3509.34ScruggsV.Myers,2Shan.Cas.,353.35M.&M.R.R.v.Huggins,7Cold.,217.36ButanyadjudicationmustbemadeinCourt,andnotatChambers.Code,§4413.3TCh.Rule,VI,§3.382Dan.Ch.Pr.,1668;1676,notes;2HighonInjunc,§§1576;1603;Davisv.Fulton,1Term.,(Overt.),132;Moredockv.Williams,1Tenn.,(Overt.),325.Whether,andbywhom,affidavitsmaybereadonthehearingofamotiontodissolveonthebillandanswer,arequestionsnotdefinitelysettled;but,onprinciple,thetruerulewouldseemtobethis:ifanansweronoathhasbeencalledfor,andadiscoveryissought,noaffidavitsshouldbeallowedtobereadbyeitherparty;but,ifthede-fendant'soathtohisansweriswaived,thecomplain-
antshouldbeallowedtorebuthisanswerbyaffi-davits;andcounter-affidavitsshouldnotbeheard,unlessperhaps,tobringforwardfactsnotknowntothedefendantwhenhefiledhisanswer.Thereasonofthisruleis,thatifthecomplainantelectstomakeawitnessofthedefendant,heshouldbe"boundbyhisanswer;whereas,ifthedefendantvol-untarilyswearstohisanswerwhenhisoathhasbeenwaived,thecomplainantshouldhavetherighttocontradicthim.Ifaffidavitsandcounter-affidavitsmayberead,inanycase,thehearingofthemotionexpandsintoahearingofthecause,andthiswouldnotbeproperorexpedient,unlessthepartiesagreethatthedecisionofthemotionmaybeequivalenttothedecisionofthecause.302Dan.Ch.Pr.,1668;1676,note;2HighonInjunc,§1603.

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659 DISSOLUTIONOFINJUNCTIONS.§858weightherelativeconvenienceandinconveniencewhichwouldarisefromitscontinuance,oritsdissolution;andifuponsuchweighing,itappearsthatthecontinuanceoftheinjunctionislikelytoworklessmischiefthanwouldresultfromitsdissolution,themotiontodissolvewillbeoverruled.40Ifthereisaprobableright,andaprobabledangertothatrightwithouttheinterventionoftheCourtthroughitsinjunctiveprocess,theinjunctionoughtnottobeinterferedwith.41Adissolutionsoughtuponapurequestionoflawshouldnotbegranted,unlessthequestionisplainbeyondareasonabledoubt.42Afterall,thetrueruleindecidingmotionstodissolveseemstobetodowhatasounddiscretionrequires.43Incontinuinganinjunction,theChancellormayrequireofthecomplainantadditionalsecurity,orabondwithnewandenlargedconditions;44ormaydissolvetheinjunctiononthedefendantgivingabondtoindemnifythecom-plainantineasethelatterobtainsadecree.Wheneverthegroundoftheinjunctionismainlytheinsolvencyofthedefendantorthefailureofthedefendanttopayaprice,oradebt,theChancellorwillordinarilydissolvetheinjunctiononthedefendant,givingabondtosatisfythefinaldecreeinthecause,ifagainsthim.And,ingeneral,itmaybestatedthatwhenthereisareasonabledoubtwhethertheinjunctionisnecessarytoprotecttherightsofthecomplainant,theinjunctionwillbecontinued,fortheburdenrestsonthedefendantofsatisfyingtheCourtthattheinjunctionshouldbedissolved.45§858.TheEffectofaDissolution,andofaRefusaltoDissolve.—Iftheinjunctionisthesubstantivereliefsought,thenitsdissolutionmayoperateaspracticallyadecisionofthecause;althoughthefinaldecreemaynotbepronounceduntilasubsequentdayorterm.Nevertheless,ifthedefendanthasanswered,andaninjunctionatthehearingwillbeofanybenefit,thecomplain-antmayproceedtoprovehiscase;and,if,atthehearing,heshowshimselfentitledtoaninjunction,itwillthenbegranted.Ontheotherhand,iftheinjunctionismerelycollateraltothemainobjectofthesuit,ormerelyancillarytothereliefsought,thedissolutionofthein-junctiondoesnotaffectthemerits,andthesuitproceedsasthoughnoinjunc-tionhadeverbeengrantedanddissolved;andif,atthehearing,thecomplain-antshowshimselfentitledtoaninjunction,theCourtwillthenawardthewrit.Andif,ineitheroftheforegoingcases,anewandsufficientcauseofinjunc-tionarisesbeforethehearing,anewinterlocutoryinjunctionmaybeobtainedonapplicationbypetition,settingupindetailthefactsconstitutingthenewgroundofinjunction.46Buttheinjunctionwillnotbereinstatedontheoldground,simplybecausethecomplainantallegesinhispetitionthathehaslatelydiscoverednewevidenceinsupportofhisbill.47Ifadissolutionoftheinjunctionisrefused,thesuitproceedsasthoughthemotionto'dissolvehadnotbeenmade.48Ifanewandsufficientgroundofdis-solutionsubsequentlyarises,anewmotiontodissolvemaybemadeonsuchground.Therefusaltodissolvedoesnotinanywayprejudicethedefendant'srightsatthehearing.Theeffectofatotaldissolutiononthedefendantistorestorehimtoeveryrightofwhichtheinjunctiondeprivedhim;andhemayproceedasthoughnoinjunctionhadbeengranted.49Iftheinjunction,however,isdissolvedinpartonly,thedefendantisrestoredtosuchrightsonlyasthedissolutiongives;thebalanceoftheinjunctionremaininginfullforce.
402HighonInjunc,§1495.41OwenV.Brien,2Tenn.Ch.,295.42NashvilleS.Bankv.Mayor,3Tenn.Ch.,33S.432Dan.Ch'.Pr.,1677-1678,notes;2HighonInjunc.,§1516.Astotheproperexerciseofdiscre-tion,see,ante,§§583,note4;833,note37;andpost,%902.442HighonInjunc,§1626.
45OwenV.Brien,2Tenn.Ch.,295;2HighonInjunc,§§1470;1510.461Barb.Ch.Pr.,644-645.47Lowryv.McGee,5Yerg.,238.482HighonInjunc,§1536.40Buthewillproceedathisownperil.Thedis-solutionoftheinjunctionisnoadjudicationthathis

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§859INJUNCTIONANDREFUNDINGBONDS.660
ARTICLEVII.INJUNCTIONANDREFUNDINGBONDS,ANDTHEIRBREACH.§859.InjunctionBondsGenerallyConsid-ered.§860.FormofInjunctionBonds.§861.RefundingBonds.
§862.RemediesonInjunctionandRefund-ingBonds.§863.TheMeasureofDamagesonInjunc-tionBonds.§859.InjunctionBondsgenerallyConsidered.—Beforeissuingthewritofinjunction,itisthedutyoftheClerkandMastertotakefromthecomplainantbothaprosecutionandaninjunctionbond,unlessthesuitisprosecutedonthepauperoath,inwhichcaseaninjunctionbondmay,also,bedispensedwith,ifthefiatsoallow.Ifthesuitbetoenjoinajudgmentatlaw,thepenaltyofthebondshallbedoublethejudgmentorsumsoughttobeenjoined,andinallothercasesthepenaltywillbefivehundreddollars,unlessthefiatdesignatesomeotheramount.1Incaseswherethestatutedoesnotprescribethecon-ditionsofthebond,theJudgemay,inhisfiatspecifythoseconditions.2Intakinganinjunctionbondinobediencetoafiat,theMasterisdoingajudicialact;andthebond,whenaccepted,eventhoughnotacknowledgedbe-forehim,becomesinvestedwiththeverityandforceofarecord.3"WheneverthesecurityonanyinjunctionbondistobetakeninanycountyotherthanthatinwhichtheCourtisheld,theClerkandMastermayappointacommissionerinthecountywherethesecurityistobetakentojudgeofthesufficiencyofthebondandsecurity,andtotakethesameashehimselfmightdo.4§860.FormofInjunctionBonds.—Allinjunctionbondsaremadepayabletothedefendant,andshouldbeinthepenaltyprescribedbylaw,orthefiatoftheChancellor.Thefollowingarethestatutoryforms
:
ANINJUNCTIONBOND.[AfterjudgmentatLaw.]We,AB,[thecomplainant,]CDandEF,[hissureties,]acknowledgeourselvesindebtedtoGH,[thedefendant,]inthepenalsumofonethousanddollars;5butthisobligationshallbevoid,ifthesaidABshallpaytheamountofthejudgmentatlawsoughttobeenjoinedintheChanceryCourtatMemphis,inthecaseofsaidABagainstsaidGH,withinterest,damages,andcosts,orshallperformthedecreeofthesaidCourt,incasetheinjunctionisdissolved,andshallalsopaysuchdamagesasmaybesustainedbythewrongfulsuingoutoftheinjunction.6[Tobedulydated,signed,andwitnessed.]INJUNCTIONBOND.[BeforejudgmentatLaw.7]We,AB,[thecomplainant,]CDandEF,[hissureties,]acknowledgeourselvesindebtedconductislawful.M.&M.R.R.v.Huggins,7Cold.,217;225.1Code,§§4439-4440.2HubbardV.Fravell,12Lea,313-315;RanningV.Reeves,2Tenn.Ch.,267;andcasestherecited.3Wardv.Cullom,2Cold.,353.ButabondtakenbytheMasterwhichisbroaderinitsconditions,orgreaterinitspenalty,thanthelaworthefiatre-quired,willbegoodonlytotheextentrequired.Hubbardv.Fravell,12Lea,304;andcasestherecited.4Code,§4441.Astothejustificationofsuretiesonbonds,see,ante,§181.5Thepenaltyofthebondmustbedoubletheamountofthejudgmentorsumsoughttobeen-joined.Code,§4440.6Code,§4439,sub-sec.1.
TThereisnostatutoryprovisioninreferencetotheconditionofbonds,exceptwhereproceedingsinaCourtoflawaresoughttobeejoined.HubbardV.Fravell,12Lea,319.Wheresuchproceedingsarenotinvolved,theconditionsshouldbetopaythecostsanddamagesawardedbytheCourtondismiss-ingthebill;unlesstherebespecialconditionspre-scribedinthefiat.Raganv.Aiken,9Lea,623.TheJudgemay,inhisfiat,specifytheconditions.Ranningv.Reeves,2Tenn.Ch.,267,andcasestherecited.Aproperconditionforabondwherenosuitatlawisinvolvedwouldseemtobethis:TobevoidonconditionthecomplainantshallpaytothedefendantallsuchcostsanddamagesastheCourtmayawardthedefendantondissolvingtheinjunc-tion,ordismissingthebill.

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661 INJUNCTIONANDREFUNDINGBONDS.§861toGH,[thedefendant,]inthepenalsumoffivehundreddollars;8butthisobligationshallbevoid,ifthesaidABshallpayallcostsanddamagesawardedbytheChanceryCourt,ondismissingthebillfiledbysaidABagainstsaidGH,insaidCourt,ifthesameshouldbedismissed.9[Tobedulydated,signed,andwitnessed.]Thisbondwillbeappropriateforallinjunctionsuits,exceptthosebroughttoenjoinajudgmentatlawalreadyrendered.10Eitheroftheforegoingbondscanalsobemadeaprosecutionbondbyaddingtoitsconditionsthefollowingorsimilarwords:andshall,also,payanyandallcoststhatmayatanytimebead-judgedagainstthesaidAB,insaidsuit.11§861.RefundingBonds.—Wherearefundingbondwillfullyindemnifythecomplainant,andwherethedefendant'sanswerfullymeetsanddeniestheequitiesallegedinthebill,theCourtwill,asarule,dissolvetheinjunction,onthedefendantexecutingsuchabond.Suchabondshouldberequiredineveryease,whereaninjunctionisdissolvedbeforethehearing,andthereisreasontobelievethepartieswillnotbeinstatuquoatthehearing.12Ifaninterlocutoryinjunctiontostayproceedingsonajudgmentatlawformoneybedissolved,theCodemakesitthedutyoftheChancellortorequireofthedefendantarefundingbond,inapenaltydoubletheamountofthesumallowedtobecollected,payabletothecomplainant,andconditionedtorefundtheamountcollected,ifsoorderedonfinalhearing;andtheCourtmayrenderadecreeuponsuchbondagainstanyorallofthepartiesexecutingthesame.13Insuchacasetheformoftheorderdissolvingtheinjunctionmaybeasfollows
:
ORDERDISSOLVINGANINJUNCTIONONAREFUNDINGBOND.AB,vs.CD.Inthiscause,themotionofthedefendanttodissolvetheinjunctiononbilland.answerhavingbeenheard,thisAug.16,1890,onconsiderationthereof,anditappearingthattheanswerfullymeetsanddeniesthewholeequityofthebill,itisorderedbytheCourtthatsaidinjunctionbedissolved,uponthedefendantgivingarefundingbondinthepenalsumofninehundreddollars,withatleasttwogoodsureties.ThefollowingisaformofrefundingbondpropertobeexecutedinsuchaAREFUNDINGBOND.We,CD,[thedefendant,]EFandGH,[hissureties,]acknowledgeourselvesindebtedtoAB,[thecomplainant,]inthepenalsumofninehundreddollars;14butthisobligationtobevoidifthesaidCDrefunditosaidABtheamountcollectedonthejudgmentmentionedinthebillofsaidABagainstsaidCD,intheChanceryCourtatMemphis,withinterest,ifsoorderedbysaidCourtonfinalhearing,orotherwisecomplywiththefinaldecreeofsaidCourt,inreferencetothemoneysocollected.[Tobedulydated,signed,andwitnessed.]8ThepenaltywillbesuchsumastheChancellor,Judge,orCourt,grantingtheinjunctionshallorder,andifnosumbenamed,thenthepenaltyshallbefivehundreddollars.Code,§4440.9Code,§4439,sub-sec.2;Roganv.Aiken,9Lea,623.Inneitheroftheforegoingbondsisitanypartoftheconditionthattheinjunctionsuitsbeprosecutedwitheffect.Thestatutedoesnotrecog-nizeanysuchcondition,anditis,besides,mereuse-lessverbiage,thepaymentofcostsinChancerynot•dependingonthesuccessfulprosecutionofasuit.See,ante,§181.10Raganv.Aiken,9Lea,623.11Thefollowingshortformofabondwouldseemtobefullysufficientinallinjunctionorattach-mentsuits,tocoverallpossiblecases,costsincluded.SHORTFORMOFBOND.AB,"1
vs.IIntheChanceryCourt,atMemphis.CD. ,.Weacknowledgeourselvesthesuretiesofthecom-
plainantintheabovenamedsuit,andagreetopayallcosts,damages,interest,andothersums,thatmayatanytimebelawfullyadjudgedagainstsaidcomplainant,insaidcause,eitherforwrongfullysuingouttheinjunction,[or,attachment]prayedfor,orforanyothercause.[Dated,signedbythesureties,andwitnessedasin§181,ante.]12Davisv.Fulton,1Tenn.,(Overt.),121;Moore-dockv.Williams,1Tenn.,(Overt.),325.13Code,§4448..14Thepenaltymustbeindoublethesumallowedto'becollected.Thesumtobecollectedisgenerallythewholejudgment,buttheordersometimesallowsonlyapartofthejudgmenttobecollected.Thefollowingis ,ANOTHERFORMOFAREFUNDINGBOND:We,CD.[thedefendant]EFandGH[thesureties],acknowledgeourselvesindebted,andfirmlybound,untoAB,[thecomplainant]inthesumofonethousanddollars.Theconditionoftheaboveobligationissuchthat;

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§862 DISSOLUTIONOFINJUNCTIONS.662§862.RemediesonInjunctionandRefundingBonds'.—Whenproceedingsonajudgmentatlawformoneyisenjoinedinwholeorinpart,theobjectofthelawinrequiringthecomplainanttogiveabondtopaysaidjudgmentiftheinjunctionisdissolvedis,tosecurethespeedypaymentofthejudgment,incaseofsuchdissolution.15When,therefore,suchaninjunctionisdissolved,whetherbyaninterlocutoryorder,orbyafinaldecree,suchorderordecreeisrequiredtocontainajudgmentonsaidbondagainstthecomplainantandhissuretiesforsuchamountastheCourtmayorder,16beinggenerallytheamountofthejudgmentenjoined,andtheinterestthereon.Incasesotherthaninjunctionstostayproceedingsonajudgmentformoney,iftheinjunctionbedissolvedeitherbyaninterlocutoryorderorbythefinaldecree,thedefendantmay,inthefinaldecree,orinasubsequentorderatthesameterm,haveareferencetotheMaster,oratrialbyjury,toascertainthedamagessufferedbythedefendantinconsequenceofthewrongfulsuingoutoftheinjunction.17Suchareferencemaybeinthefinaldecreeimmediatelyfollowingtheadjudicationuponthemerits,thus
:
REFERENCETOTHEMASTER.[Aftergivingthestyleofthecause.,andthefinaldecreeinfull,thenadd:}Anditap-pearingtotheCourtthataninjunctionbondwasgiveninthiscasebythecomplainantAB,withCDandEFashissureties,inthepenalsumofonethousanddollars,conditionedtopaysuchcostsanddamagesasthisCourtmayawardondismissingthebill,andthedefend-antsuggestingthathehassuffereddamagesbyreasonoftheinjunctionsuedoutinthiscause,onhismotion,theMasterisdirectedtohearproof,includingtheproofonfile,andreporttothepresent[or,next]term
:
1st.Theamountofdamages,ifany,sustainedbythedefendantbyreasonofthesuingoutoftheinjunctioninthiscase.18
Inlikemanner,ifitshouldturnoutatthehearingthatthebilltoenjoinajudgmentwasproperlyfiled,andifarefundingbondwasgivenondissolvingtheinjunction,theCourtmay,inthefinaldecree,renderajudgmentonsuchbondagainstanyorallthepartiesexecutingit,fortheamountofthejudg-mentcollectedfromthecomplainant,andinterestthereon.19Suchjudgmentmayfollowthedecreeonthemeritssustainingthebill,thus
:
JUDGMENTONREFUNDINGBOND.[Aftergivingthestyleofthecause,andthefinaldecreeinfull,thenadd:]Anditap-pearingtotheCourtthatthesumoffourhundreddollarswascollectedfromthecomplainantonsaidjudgment,aftertheinterlocutoryinjunctionwasdissolved;andthatthedefendantgaveabond,withEFandGHashissureties,torefundtheamountcollectedifsoorderedbytheCourtonfinalhearing;itisthereforeadjudgedanddecreedthatthedefendantandhissaidsuretiespayintoCourtsaidsumoffourhundreddollars,andthefurthersumoftwenty-onedollars,theinterestthereonsincecollected,inall,fourhundredandtwenty-onedollars,withinthirtydays,andindefaultthereofanexecutionwillissueagainstthedefendantandsaidCDandEF,forsaidsumoffourhundredandtwenty-onedollars,andthecostsincidenttosaidexecution,theybeingeachandalladjudgedliabletocomplain-antforsaidsums,which,whenpaidin,willbepaidovertothecomplainant,ortohisSolic-itorofrecord.whereas,ontheSthdayofFebruary,1891,inthecaseofsaidABagainstthesaidCD,pendingintheChanceryCourtatJamestown,itwasorderedthattheinjunctionpreviouslygrantedinsaidcause,restrainingsaidCDfromproceedingfurtherinthecollectionofacertainjudgmentwhichherecoveredagainstsaidAB,intheCircuitCourtofFentressCounty,onthe10thdayofSeptember,1890,forfivehundreddollarsandthecostsofsuit,shouldbedis-solved,uponthesaidCDexecutingarefundingbondwithgoodandsufficientsecurityinthesumofonethousanddollars.Now,ifthesaidCDshall,incasesaidChancerysuitbedecidedagainsthimonthefinalhearingthereof,refundtheamountwithinterest,whichheshall,inthemeantime,havecol-lecteduponsaidCircuitCourtjudgment,andshallotherwisecomplywiththedecreeofsaidChanceryCourt,thenthisobligationtobevoid;otherwise,toremaininfullforceandeffect.[Tobedulydated,signedandwitnessed.]
15Theinjunctionbondistakeninlieuofthede-positofthemoneywiththeMaster,underthepre-viouspractice.Black»).Caruthers,6Hum.,90;Chesterv.Apperson,4Heisk.,654.16Code,§4447;Blackv.Caruthers,6Hum.,87.17Code,§4442.TheordinarypracticeistohaveareferencetotheMaster.18Thisistheusualformofthereference;butitwouldbewelltohavetheMaster'sreportmorenearlyresembleaspecialverdict,inwhichcasethereferencewouldbeasfollows:1st.Whatdamages,ifany,thedefendantsufferedbyreasonoftheinjunctionsuedoutinthiscause,specifyingthekindanddegreeofsuchdamages.2d.Whatwouldbereasonablecompensationtothedefendantforsuchdamages.3d.What,ifany,exemplarydamagesshouldbeallowed,andforwhatreason.18Code,|4448.

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663INJUNCTIONANDREFUNDINGBONDS.§863§863.TheMeasureofDamagesonInjunctionBonds.—Nodamageswillbeallowedwhicharenottheactual,natural,andproximate,resultoftheinjuryarisingfromthesuspensionorviolationofthedefendant'svestedlegalrightsbytheinjunction.Damagesthatareremote,speculative,orcontingent,willnotbeallowed.Intheabsenceofmaliceinsuingouttheinjunction,vindictiveorpunitivedamageswillnotbeallowed;butsimplecompensationforthelosssustained,willbethemeasureofthedamages.20Interestisallowable,how-ever,asapartofthedamages.Andiflosseshappeninconsequenceofcom-plainant'sfailuretohaveareceiverappointedinapartnershipsuit,orlosshappenbecausethereceiverfailedtodohisduty,thecomplainantmaybeheldliabletherefor,onhisinjunctionbond;foritwashisdutytohaveare-ceiverpromptlyappointed,andthentoseethatthereceiverdidhisdutyinthepremises.21Inascertainingthedamagesresultingfromaninjunction,thefollowingmattersmayberegarded:(1)lossofrentsandprofits,ordamagetocropsorproperty,bybeingpreventedfromtakingpossession;(2)injurytobusiness,reputation,andcredit,bybeingpreventedfromproperlyattendingthereto;(3)depreciationinthevalueofthepropertywhilesubjecttoaninjunctionprohibitingitssale;(4)thelossofthedebtwhosecollectionwasenjoinedbyreasonofthedebtorbecominginsolventduringtheprogressofthesuit,and(5)anyotherlossorinjury,naturallyordirectlyreferabletotheinjunction,andflowingtherefromasanimmediateconsequence.22Inestimatingthedamages,regardmaybealsohad(1)tothepresenceorabsenceofprobablecauseforresortingtothewrit;(2)tothegoodorbadfaithofthecomplainantinbringingthesuit;(3)tothepresenceorabsenceofanycircumstanceoffraud,malice,oroppression,intheproceedings.Ifgoodfaithandprobablecauseappear,compensatorydamagesonlywillbeallowed;if,ontheotherhand,thereappearsbadfaith,fraud,malice,orop-pressionasamotiveforthesuit,orarecklessdisregardofthedefendant'srightsandinterests,oranutterabsenceofprobablecauseforbringingthesuit,vindictivedamagesmaybeallowed.23Inestimatingtheamountofdamagestheopinionsofwitnesses,unsupportedbyfactsorreasons,areentitledtonoconsideration.Opinionsarenotevidence,exceptincasesofexperts.24
20Rossv.Scott,15Lea,479;2HighonInjunc,§§1663-1666.21Terrellv.Ingersoll,10Lea,77;Downsv.Allen,10Lea,670.222HighonInjunc,§§1663-1675.23Dollv.Cooper,9Lea.576,andcasestherecited.
24Ontheworthlessnessofopinionsasproof,seeDavidsonV.Bowden,5Sneed,129;BushV.Jones,2Tenn.Ch.,190;StretchV.Gowdey,3Tenn.Ch„569;Woodfolkv.N.&C.R.R.Co.,2Swan,429;1Greenl.Ev.,§440.See,post,§1068,note.

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§864 NEEXEATS.664
CHAPTERXLII.SUITSPRATINGNEEXEATS;ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREIN.§867.FrameofaBillforaNeExeat.§868.ProceedingsinExecutionofaExeat. Nc§864.NeExeatsGenerallyConsidered.§865.InWhatCasesaNeExeatWillbeGranted.§866.HowaNeExeatisObtained.§864.NeExeatsGenerallyConsidered.—Thewritofneexeat,1althoughfallenintoalmosttotaldisuse,is,nevertheless,directlyrecognizedbyourstatutes,andindirectlyrecognizedbyourConstitution.2ItisoneoftheextraordinaryprocessesofaCourtofChancery,andisasmuchawritofrightasanyotherprocessusedintheadministrationofjustice,andmust,therefore,begrantedwheneverapropercaseispresented.3TheabolitionofimprisonmentfordebthasnotdeprivedtheCourtofthepowertoissueawritofneexeatincasesofequitablecognizance;butthewritwillnotbegranteduponamerelegalde-mandsuedoninChancery.4TheobjectofthewritistodetainthepersonofthedefendantinordertocompelhimtoperformthedecreeoftheCourt,incaseswherehisdeparturewouldendangertherightsofthecomplainant,ortheireffectualenforcement.5Aneexeatwillissueonlyuponanequitabledemand:suitsforalimony,andforanaccount,are,however,deemedequitabledemands.Thisequitablede-mand,whenformoney,mustbecertaininitsnature,notcontingent,andmustbedue,exceptinsuitsforalimonyandanaccounting.6Theamountoftheindebtednessmustbestated;theindebtednessmustbeallegedtobejust,anditspaymentorcollectionmustbeallegedtobeendangeredbythedepartureofthedefendantfromtheState.Thereneed,however,benoallegationthatthedefendantisgoingoutoftheStateforthepurposeofavoidingthepaymentofthedebt.7Aninjunctionmaybegrantedatthesametimeaneexeatisordered,andonthesamebill,andinthesamefiat,ifprayedfor,andapropercasemadeout.81IntheKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland,thefullnameofthiswritisneexeatregno;butintheStateofTennessee,its'fullnameisneexeatrepublica.2Foritsdirectrecognition,seeCode,§4434.ItisindirectlyrecognizedintheConstitutionbytheestablishmentoftheChanceryCourt,andbythecontinuanceofexistinglaws,thewritofneexeatbeingoneofthepowersoftheChanceryCourt.Const.,Art.VI,§8;Art.XI,§1;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1698,note1;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,647;SmithV.Koontz,4Hay,189;EdwardsV.Massey,1Hawks,(N.C),352.32Dan.Ch.Pr.,1698,note;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,647.41Barb.Ch.Pr.,653;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1700,note.TheimprisonmentfordebtprohibitedbyourCon-stitutionisimprisonmentunderlegalprocessforfailingtopayanadjudicateddebt.Thissprtofimprisonmentisquiteadifferentthingfrom_impris-oningamanforendeavoringtoevadethejurisdic-tionoftheCourt,thelatternomorebeinganim-prisonmentfordebtthanisanimprisonmentforfailingtogiveabailbond,orforfailingtoperformthedecreeoftheCourt.Code,§§3392;4478-4481;2528.Thelastsection(2528)authorizesthearrestandcommitmentofaguardianwhofailstoaccount.Theonlyobjectofaneexeatistopreventthede-fendantfromgoingoutoftheState,andthuses-capingthejurisdictionoftheCourtoverhisperson;andtheonlyconditionofthebondheisrequiredtogive,isthathewillnotdepartfrom,orleave,theState,withoutthepermissionoftheCourt.1Barb.
Ch.Pr.,654;2Barb.Ch.Pr.,520;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1711.Whereamoneyrecoveryissought,proceed-ingsbyattachmentofpropertyhave,inpractice,supersededneexeats.Indeed,ourattachmentlawsareinthenatureofasubstituteforwritsofneexeat,whenajudgmentinpersonamisnotsought,orisnotnecessary.Insteadofattachingthebodyofthedefendantthepracticenowistoattachhisproperty.Coxv.Breedlove,2Yerg.,516.51Barb.Ch.Pr.,647;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1698.ThedecreesoftheChanceryCourtwereformerlyinpersonam,andenforcedbyprocessofcontempt,andimprisonment.Theresultwasthatifthepersonofthedefendantcouldnotbereached,thedecreecouldnotbeenforced,whenthepaymentofmoneywasor-dered.Hence,thenecessityofkeepingthedefend-antwithinreachoftheprocessoftheCourt.ButnowthattheChanceryCourtcanissueanattach-mentagainstadefendant'sproperty,thewritofneexeatisnolongernecessary,inordinarycases.612Ency.ofForms.1053.TlBarb.ChPr.,650-653;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1702-1708.Itissufficientifthecomplainantswearstotheamounttothebestofhisbelief;butitisnotsufficienttomakeoaththatthecomplainantisin-formed,orfears,orapprehends,thatthedefendantmayleavetheState.Ibid.See,also,NelsonV.Fuld,5Pick.,466,whichholdsthatanaffidavitforanattachmenton"informationandbelief"isin-sufficient.81Barb.Ch.Pr.,648.

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665 NEEXEATS.§865§865.InWhatCasesaNeExeatWillbeGranted.—TheCourtwillissuethewritwheneveronepartyhasaclaimagainstanotherwhichcanbeenforcedonlyinaCourtofEquity,andtheenforcementofwhichwillbeendangeredifthedefendantisallowedtoleavetheState.9TheonegreatobjectofthewritistosecurethejurisdictionoftheCourtoverthepersonofthedefendant,totheendthat,byprocessofcontempt,hemaybecompelledtoperformthedecreeoftheCourt.10§866.HowaNeExeatisObtained.—Awritofneexeatisobtainedinpre-ciselythesamewayaninjunctionisobtained,thatis,uponaprayerthereforinabill,oruponanapplicationthereforinCourt,basedonapetitionoraffi-davit,inthecause.11Thewritmaybeappliedforatanytimeduringthepro-gressofthesuit.Nonoticeoftheapplicationneedbegiventothedefendant,thewritbeinggrantedexparte,atChambers,byanyJudge,orChancellor,orinopenCourtbytheChancellor,orJudge,presiding.§867.FrameofaBillforaNeExeat.—Aneexeatisinthenatureofanattachmentofthebodyofthedefendant,anditsobjectistodetainhisbodyuntilhegivessecurityforthedebtallegedinthebill.Whatissaidelse-where12astotheframeofaninjunctionbillapplieswithfullforcetoaneexeatbill,and,therefore,neednotberepeated.Thebill,petition,oraffidavit,onwhichtheprayerforaneexeatisbased,mustallege(1)theamount13andnatureoftheindebtedness,whenadebtissoughttoberecovered;(2)thatitisdueandjustlyowingtothecomplainant;(3)thatthedefendantintendstoleavetheState;and(4)thatcomplainant'sdebt,orhisremediestoenforcehisrights,wouldbeendangeredbythedefend-ant'sdeparturefromtheState.Thefollowingformsofmaterialallegationsinabill,petition,oraffidavitforthiswrit,willserveasillustrations
:
MATERIALALLEGATIONSEORANEEXEATINDIVORCESUIT.Thatthedefendanthasnopropertysubjecttoattachment,knowntocomplainant,buthasalargeamountofmoney,andevidencesofdebt,inhispossession,theproceedsofpropertysoldbyhimtodefeatcomplainant'sclaimfpralimony;andhehasdeclaredthatheintendsatoncetoleavetheStateandtakewithhimeverydollarheowns,andwouldneverpayheracent.14
92Dan.Ch.Pr.,1699.NeexeatshaveissuedfromtheSupremeCourtpendingsuitstheretopre-ventthedefendantfromremovingproperty.CoxV.Breedlove,2Yerg.,516.10Itwouldseemthataneexeatisawritneces-saryforthepurposesofjusticewhenthedefendant,byleavingtheState,candefeatthepoweroftheCourttogranteffectualrelief,orevadethe'reliefgranted;especiallywhenthereliefconsistsincom-pellingthedefendant(1)toexecutetothecomplain-antadeedforland,orotherproperty,situatedinanotherState,or(2)toreleasealienormortgageonpropertyinanotherState;or(3)togiveareceiptagainst,oracknowledgesatisfactionofajudgment,ordecree,orbond,orotherobligation,inanotherState;or(4)todosomeotheractwhichtheCourtcouldnoteffectuallydobythedirectandinherentoperationofitsowndecree.TheobjectofthewritistoenabletheCourttoactuponthepersonofthedefendantinsuchcases.1Barb.Ch.Pr.,647;651-652;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1698,note;.2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§1471-1472,note.Awritofneexeatwould,also,beessentialtojustice(1)where,inadivorcesuit,thedefendantisthreateningtotakethechildrenandhisexemptprop-ertyoutoftheState:or(2)whereatrusteeintendstoleavetheStatewithtrustpropertyinhisposses-sionor(3)where,undertheCode,§§4283-4285,adiscoveryissought;or(4)inanyothercasewheretheCourtcouldnotdocompletejusticewithouthav-ingthepersonofthedefendantwithinitsjurisdic-tion.See,Smithv.Koontz,4Hay.,189;Coxv.Breedlove,2Yerg.,516;Dentonv.Denton,1Johns..
Ch.,364. ,. , ,„.Writsofneexeathaveissuedinthefollowing
cases:1.Againstaguardiantocompelhimtoac-count.14Ency.pi.&pr.,321;andsee,Code,§2528;2.Againstahusbandwhohashisgoodspacked,andisabouttoleavetheStatewithanotherwomanwithoutmakinganyprovisionforhiswife,thecomplainant.12Ency.ofForms,1054;3.AgainstadefendantabouttoleavetheStatetakingwithhimslaves,orotherpropertyofpeculiarvalue.Ibid;4.AgainstadefendantwhohasconvertedhispropertyintomoneyandisabouttoleavetheStatetoavoidpayingalimonyoratrustdebt.16A.&IS.Ency.ofLaw,378.Inthesedaysofrapidtransit,thiswritmayprovemoreefficacious,inmanycases,thananinjunction,oranattachmentofproperty.Justiceisdearerthantherighttogoabroad,andthiswritshouldbeawakenedfromitsslumberswhenitisnecessarytopreventjusticefrombeingwrecked.Anditisworthremarkinginthisconnection,thatneitherourCon-stitutionnorourstatutesinanywaylessen,limit,orimpair,anyofthepowers,privileges,orjurisdiction,rightfullyincidenttoaCourtofEquity;Code,§§4279;4481;4488;but,onthecontrary,itspowersandjurisdictionhavebeengreatlyenlarged,andmademoreextensiveandefficacious.See,ante,§§14-21.11Theentirepracticerelativetoobtainingawritofneexeatisidenticalwiththatofobtainingawritofinjunction,anditsrepetitionhereis,therefore,unnecessary.12See,ante,§§142,sub-sec.2;838-840.13Theamountneednotbestatedinasuitforalimony,orforanaccounting.12Ency.ofForms,1053.14Ibid,1056.

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867 NEEXEATS.666MATERIALALLEGATIONSFOEANEEXEATINSUITAGAINSTADMINIS-TRATOR,GUARDIAN,OROTHERTRUSTEE.Thatthedefendantislargelyindebtedtocomplainantbyreasonofcomplainant'sestatehavinggoneintohishands,asguardian,[orexecutor,oradministrator,ortrustee,]buttheexactamountheowescomplainantcanonlybeascertainedonadiscoveryfromhimandanaccounting,butthatdefendanthasnotonlyrefusedtoacquaintcomplainantwiththeamountoftheestatehehasreceivedbelongingtocomplainant,andaccounttherefor,buthaslatelydeclaredhisintentiontoleavetheState.Complainantaversthatthedefendantisjustlyindebtedtohimbyreasonofthepremisesinthesumofonethousanddollars,alargepart,ifnotallofwhich,isinhispossession,socomplainantisinformedandbelievesandsocharges.Thedefendanthasnoproperty,knowntocomplainant,subjecttoattachment.Itwillbesufficienttoallegethatthedefendantisthreateningtoleave,ortoallegefactsandcircumstancesevincinganintentiontoleave.Thebillorpetitionmustbeswornto,onpersonalknowledgeofthepartyorpersonswearingtoit,andnotonmereinformationandbelief.Theaffidavitastotheintent,threats,orcircumstancesshowinganintent,toleavetheState,maybemadebyathirdpersonwhopersonallyknowsthefacts.Thebillmustprayexpresslyforthewrit,ifitisdesiredbeforethebillisfiled;but,afterthebillisfiled,thewritmaybeappliedforandobtainedbyaswornpetition,orbymotionsupportedbyaffidavit.15Thebill,petition,oraffidavit,muststatethatitisthefirstapplicationforaneexeatinthecase.10Thefollowingistheformofa PRAYERFORANEEXEAT.Thatthewritofneexeatrepublicaissue,tostaythesaidRichardRoe,[defendant,']fromdepartingfromorleavingtheStatewithouttheexpresspermissionofyourHonor'sCourt.Uponabilllayingsufficientgroundsforaneexeat,andprayingtherefor,anddulyverifiedbythecomplainant,orbysomethirdperson17havingpersonalknowledgeofthefactsalleged,theChancellorwill,atChambers,endorsehisfiatforthewrit,inthesamemannerasincaseofanapplicationforaninjunc-tion.Ifherefusesthewrit,hewillsoendorsethebill.Ineitherevent,hewillsealupthebill,andtransmitittotheClerkandMaster,asincaseofinjunctionbills. FIATFORANEEXEAT.TotheClerkandMaster,atCleveland
:
Issueawritofneexeatasprayedintheforegoingbill,uponthecomplainantgiving;bondthereforinthepenaltyof[namingthesum.ls)TheSheriffwilltakeabailbondinthepenaltyof[doublethedebtclaimedinthebill,]conditionedasrequiredbylaw.Aug.13,1890. D.C.Trewhitt,Judge.Onreceiptofthebillcontainingafiat,andtheexecutionofbondthereforbythecomplainant,theClerkandMasterwill,atonce,issueaWRITOFNEEXEAT.StateofTennessee,TotheSheriffofBradleycounty
:
Whereas,JohnDoehasfiledabillintheChanceryCourtatClevelandagainstRichardRoe,allegingamongotherthingsthatsaidRichardRoeisjustlyindebtedtohiminthesumof[namingtheamount.Ifthebillallegesanyothergroundofsuit,stateitbriefly,]andthatsaidRichardRoedesignsquicklytoleavetheState,asbyoathappears;andsaidJohnDoeprayingforawritofneexeattostaythedeparture-ofsaidRichardRoe.Now,therefore,bythefiatofHon.D.C.Trewhitt,Judge,tomedirected,youareherebycommandedwithoutdelaytocausesaidRichardRoetogiveagoodandsufficientbailbondinthepenaltyof[amountnamedintheflat,]conditionednottoleavetheStateofTennessee,withoutthepermissionofsaidCourt;andifsaidRichardRoefail,orrefuse,togivesuchbond,thenyouwillcommithimtothecommonjailofyourcounty,theresafelytobekeptuntilhegivesuchbond,oruntilthefurtherorderofsaidCourt.151Barb.Ch.Pr.,648-650;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1706-18Nobondseemstoberequiredbythestatute;1709. buttheChancellorshouldrequireonesimilartoan18Code,§§4434-4435.attachmentbond.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1714.17*Barb.Ch.Pr.,649-650.

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667 neexeats.§868Youwillreportyouractiononthiswritassoonasexecuted,andreturnwiththewritsaidbond,ifgiven.Witness,[&c,asincaseofotherwrits.]W.H.McKamy,C.&M.§868.ProceedingsinExecutionofaNeExeat.—Ifthedefendantfailstogivethebond,hewillbearrested,andcommittedtojail,asonacapias.In-deed,thewritofneexeatisexecutedinallrespectslikeacapias,andbondtakeninthesameway.ThefollowingistheformofaNEEXEATBAILBOND.We,RichardRoe,[thedefendant,]andRobertRoeandRolandRoe,[hissureties,]ac-knowledgeourselvesindebtedtotheStateofTennesseefortheuseofthoseentitled,inthesumof[amountnamedinthewrit.]ButthisobligationtobevoidifthesaidRichardRoe,whohasbeenarresteduponawritofneexeatissuedinthecaseofJohnDoevs.RichardRoe,intheChanceryCourtatCleve-land,shallnotleavethesaidStatewithoutthepermissionofsaidCourt.Aswitnessourhands[&c,asinotherbonds.]Thedefendantmay,ifarrested,givebondatanytimethereaftertotheSheriff,andbedischarged;or,iftheCourtbeinsession,hemay,byleaveoftheCourt,givehisbondtotheClerkandMaster,orenterintoarecognizanceontheminutes,asinacriminalcase.Thedefendantmayhavetheneexeatdischarged(1)forwantofequityonthefaceofthebill,or(2)onadenialoftheequitybyaswornanswer,or(3)forwantofadiligentprosecutionofthesuit,or(4)bypayingintoCourt,orgivingbondtopay,theamountsuedfor.19Itmaybestated,generally,thatwhateverwouldjustifyadissolutionofaninjunction,orthedischargeofanattachmentofproperty,willjustifythedischargeofaneexeat.Ifthedefendanthasgivenbond,hemustnotleavetheStatewithoutleaveoftheCourt,orwithouthavingthewritdischarged,ortheCourtwillrenderjudgmentagainsthimandthesuretiesonhisbondforthepenaltythereof,orforthedebt,ifitbelessthanthepenalty."Whentheneexeatisdischarged,theCourtordersthebondgivenbythedefendanttobecancelled;20andiftheCourtconsidersthatthewritwasimproperlyobtained,itmaydirectaninquirytotheMasterastothedamagessustainedbythedefendant,andmayrenderjudgmentthereforuponthebondgivenbythecomplainantfortheneexeat.21
191Bart.Ch.Pr.,655-657. I 212Dan.Ch.Pr.,1714.202Dan.Ch.Pr.,1712,note. I

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§869 ATTACHMENTBILLS. 668
CHAPTERXLIII.SUITSINCHANCERYFORATTACHMENTOPPROPERTY.ArticleI.AttachmentBills,andProceedingsThereon.ArticleII.Defences,Decrees,andSubsequentProceedings.
ARTICLEI.ATTACHMENTBILLS,ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREON.869.OfficeofanAttachmentBill.870.WhenanAttachmentBillWillLie.871.FrameofanAttachmentBill.872.WhatBillsMustAllege:"ThisistheFirstApplicationforanAttach-ment."FormofanAttachmentBill.AttachmentBond.WhoMayIssuetheWritofAttach-ment.876.FormsofWritsofAttachment.
873874.875
877.HowtheDefendantisBroughtIntoIntoCourt.878.AmendmentofAttachmentProceed-ings.879.WhenanAmended,oranAncillary,AttachmentBillWillLie.880.AncillaryAttachments.881.AGarnishmentBill.882.PropertyAttachableinEquity,butNotatLaw.883.JudicialAttachments.§869.OfficeofanAttachmentBill.—Ordinarily,adebtormustbebroughtbeforetheCourtbyserviceofsubpoena,andajudgmentpronouncedagainsthim,beforehispropertycanbeseized,oranexecutionissuedagainsthim.Butwhenserviceofprocessisimpossible,ordifficult,orwhenthedebtorisendeavoringtoputhispropertybeyondthereachofthecreditor,thelawnotonlydispenseswithpersonalserviceofprocessuponthedebtor,but,also,authorizestheseizureofhispropertybeforeanydecreeadjudginghimtobeliable.Theofficeofanattachmentbillistosetforthsuchastateoffactsaswillentitlethecomplainantcreditortohavethepropertyofthedefendantdebtorseized,orotherwiseimpounded,attheverybeginningofthesuit,andheldsubjecttothesatisfactionofthecomplainant'sdemand,whenascertainedbytheCourt,andfixedbyitsdecree.§870.WhenanAttachmentBillWillLie.—Wheneveranyperson1hasadebtordemanddue,2oraclaimfordamages,cognizableintheChanceryCourt,hemayfileanoriginalattachmentbill,tohavethepropertyofthedefendantdebtorattached,inthefollowingcases:1.Wherethedebtor,ordefendant,residesoutoftheState.3.2.Whereheisabouttoremove,orhasremovedhimself,orproperty,fromtheState.3.Wherehehasremoved,orisremovinghimself,outofthecountrypri-vately.4.Whereheconcealshimself,sothattheordinaryprocessoflawcannotbeserveduponhim.1Theterm,"person,"inthestatuteincludesnotonlynaturalpersons,butalso,officers,partnerships,corporations,counties,andtheState.Code,§SO.2Anattachmentmay,inlikemanner,besuedoutupondebtsordemandsnotdue,inanyofthecasesmentionedinthissection,exceptinthecaseofadebtorordefendantresidingoutoftheState.Code,§3456..Anyaccommodationendorserorsuretymay,inlikemanner,sueoutanattachmentagainsttheprop-
ertyofhisprincipal,asasecurityforhisliability,whetherthedebtonwhichheisboundbedueornot.Code,§3457.3Ifthedebtorandcreditorarebothnon-residents,andresidentsofthesameState,thecreditorisnotentitledtoanattachment,unlessthebillallegesthatthepropertyofthedebtorhasbeenfraudulentlyre-movedtothisStatetoevadetheprocessofthelawintheStateoftheirresidence.Actsof1871-2:Code,§3455a.

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669 ATTACHMENTBILI,S. §8715."Whereheabsconds,orisabsconding,orconcealinghimselforproperty.6."Wherehehasfraudulentlydisposedof,orisaboutfraudulentlytodisposeof,hisproperty.
_7."Whereanyperson,liableforanydebtordemand,residingoutoftheState,dies,leavingpropertyintheState.48.Whereanynon-resident,havingchosesinactionorotherpropertyinthisState,isindebtedtoanothernon-resident,whoishimselfindebtedtoapersonresidentornon-resident,suchperson,withouthavingfirstrecoveredajudg-mentatlaw,mayfileabilltohavesuchchosesinactionorotherpropertyattached,makingsaidnon-residentdebtorsandthepersoninpossessionofthepropertydefendants.69."Whereabillhasbeenfiled,andthesubpoenahasbeenreturned''Nottobefoundinmycounty,"astoalloranyoneofthedefendants,residentsofthecounty,thecomplainantmayhaveanaliasandpluriessubpoenaforthede-fendant,or,athiselection,sueoutattachmentagainsttheestateofsuchde-fendant.Thisattachmentiscalledajudicialattachment;and,uponthereturnoftheattachmentleviedonanypropertyofthedefendant,thecauseproceedsagainstsuchdefendantinallrespects,asiforiginallycommencedbyattach-ment.610."Whatistermedanequitableattachmentmaybehad,onthefiatofaJudgeorChancellor,againstpropertydescribedinthebillasindangerofbeingtransferredorbeingremovedfromthejurisdictionoftheCourt,when(1)thecomplainanthasalienuponit,or(2)hasabeneficialinterestinit,or(3)hasbeendeprivedofitbyfraud,7or(4)whenitcannotbereachedbyexecution,8or(5)whenthepartyisindebtedtotheCourt.9§871.FrameofanAttachmentBill.—Inasmuchasaproceedingbyanoriginalattachmentofpropertyispurelystatutory,andis,also,inderogationoftheordinaryrightsofthedefendantunderthelaw,thecomplainantisboundtosubstantiallycomplywiththerequirementsofthestatute,andtotakethestepsprescribedasaconditionprecedenttoavaliddecree.Thebillmustcontain
:
1.AStatementoftheNatureoftheDebtorDemandClaimed."Thebillshould:showwhatthedebtordemandisbasedon,asthatitis,(1)anaccountforgoods,orforchattels,orforlabor,orforprofessionalservices,orforboard,,orforrent;or(2)formoneyloaned,had,orreceived;or(3)thatitisbasedonanoteofhand,duebill,billofexchange,statedaccount,insurancepolicy,,orotherwrittenevidenceofdebt;or(4)thatitisfoundedonabreachofcon-tract,specifyingthebreach.2.TheAmountoftheDebtorDemand.Thepreciseamountofthedebtorde-mandsuedforshouldbestated.Anattachmentwillnotlieforanindefiniteamountofindebtedness.Theofficerexecutingthewritcannotdeterminethe-amountofthedefendant'spropertytoseize,unlessthewritspecifiestheexactamountofthecomplainant'sclaim.If,fromthenatureofthecase,orthecomplicationofaccountsanddealings,thecomplainantisunabletostatetheexactamountdue,itwillbesufficientforhimtostateinhisbillthattheamount,isaboutthesumnamed,orissuchanamount,moreorless.113.AnAvermentthattheClaimisJust."Whileitisthesaferruletospecifi-callyaverthattheclaimsuedonisjust,usingtheverywordsofthestatute,,nevertheless,iftheotheravermentsofthebillclearlyshowthattheclaimia4Code,§§3455;3461.5Code,§3461a.Attachmentsinalltheforegoingcasesarecalledoriginalattachments.Code,§§3466-3467.Areturn,"Thedefendantnotfoundinmycounty,"willnotauthorizethiswrit.Thereturnmustbe,"Thedefendantnottobefoundinmycounty."WelshV.Robinson,10Hum.,264.Thepublicationcannotbemadeuntilafterthereturndayspecifiedinthesubpoena.GrewerV.Henderson,1Tenn.Ch.,76.
7McKeldinv.Gouldy,7Pick.,677;Augustv.Seeskind,6Cold.,166.8See,post,§§1005-1035.9Rutlandv.Cummings,7Hum.,279.10Code,§3469;Sullivanv.Fugate,1Heisk.,20..Thisisaleadingcase.1Meigs'Dig.,§251.tiDoughertyv.Kellum,3Lea,646.

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§871 ATTACHMENTBILLS. 670ajustone,thefailuretostatethatthedebtordemandsuedonisajustonewillnotaffectthevalidityoftheproceeding.124.AnAllegationofOneorMoreoftheStatutoryGroundsofAttachment.Ifthebillfailstoshowastatutorycauseofattachment,thewholeproceedingwillbe"void,unlesstherebegroundsoutsideoftheattachmentonwhichtosustainthejurisdictionoftheCourt.Thebillmay,however,stateinthealternative,orotherwise,morethanoneofthecausesforwhichanattachmentmaybesuedout.13Butacauseofattachmentcannotbejoinedinthealternativewithaiactthatisnotacauseforanattachment.145.AnAllegationThattheBillistheFirstApplicationforanAttachmentintheCase.Thisisnecessary,ifthebillseekstoattachtheequitablepropertyofthedefendant.Whetheritisnecessary,inabilltoattachpropertyattachableatlaw,willbehereafterconsidered;1Bbut,untiltheSupremeCourtdecidesother-wise,itisprudenttomakesuchallegationinallattachmentbills.6.TheOwnersofBoththeLegalandtheEquitableTitlesMustbeMadeParties,When.Ifthebillseekstoattachtheequitablepropertyofthedefendant,theownerofthelegaltitlemustbemadeaparty.16Ontheotherhand,ifthebillseekstoattachthelegalpropertyofthedefendant,andthispropertyisen-cumberedbyanyEquitysuchasavendor'slien,mechanics'lien,orotherstat-utorylien,theownerofsuchencumbrancemustbemadeaparty.177.ThePropertySoughttobeAttachedMustbeDescribed,When.Inallcasesofequitableattachmentthepropertymustbedescribed;anditiswelltodescribeit,whereknown,inabillforalegalattachment:ineithercasethebillwillbealienonthedescribedpropertybylispendensfromthefilingofthebill.188.TheBillMustbeSwornto.Theaffidavittothebillisanindispensablepre-requisitetotheissuanceofanattachment.Untiltheaffidavitismade,thereisnoauthorityfortheissuanceofanoriginalattachment:andifitisissuedwithouttheaffidavit,itisanullity.19Butifthedefendantappearsandanswers,withouttakingproperstepstohavethebilldismissed,ortheattach-mentdischarged,itwouldseemtobeawaiveroftheaffidavit;20andtheabsenceofanaffidavit,insuchacase,wouldnotaffectthevalidityofthedecree.21Ifthebillisnotsworntobeforetheissuanceoftheattachment,thesubsequentverificationofthebillwillnotsoretroactastovalidatetheinvalidwrit.22Theaffidavittothebillmaybemadebythecomplainant'sagentorattorney,andtheauthorityofthelattertoactwillbepresumedintheabsenceofevi-dencethathewasnotauthorizedtosweartothebill.23Thegroundofattach-mentmustbepositivelyaverre'dinthebill.Anallegationthat"complainantisinformedandbelievesthat"aparticulargroundexists,withoutapositiveavermentthatsuchgrounddoes,infact,exist,wouldtenderanimmaterialissue,andwouldbeinsufficient.24Thegroundofattachmentmustbedirectlyandpositivelyaverred,soastotenderanissueoffact,andnotanissueastowhethercomplainanthadinformation,orbelieved,thatthefactwassoandso.But,whenthebilldirectlyaversoneormorecausesofattachment,itmaybeswornto"oninformationandbelief."Anattachmentbillisbothanaffidavitandapleading;asanaffidavit,itmustcontainthenecessarystatutorystatementsspecifiedintheCode,§3469;andasapleading,itmustspecifyacauseofactioncognizableintheCourtwherefiled.12Alstonv.Sharp,2Lea,523;BoydV.Gentry,12Heisk.,628;Lowenstinev.Gillespie,6Lea,643;Hartv.Dixon,5Lea,336.13Code,§3470.14Haynesv.Powell,1Lea,352;Jacksonv.Burke,4Heisk.,610.15See,post,§872.16See,ante,§127.17Ibid;Jacksonv.Coffman,2Cates,271.18Seenote43,infra.19WattV.Carnes,4Heisk.,532;MaplesV.Tunis,11Hum.,108.20Johnsont>.Luckadoo,12Heisk.,270.
21Theobjectoftheattachmentproceedingsistogetjurisdictionofthedefendant;and,ifheappearsandanswers,hecannotafterwardshavethesuitdismissedbecausetheattachmentwasanullity;hemay,however,haveavoidattachmentdischarged.22WattV.Carnes,4Heisk.,532.23Code,§3469;Bakerv.Huddleston,3Bax.,1.24NelsonV.Fuld,5Pick.,466.Thiscaseholdsthattheallegationsmustbeofafactsusceptibleofissueandproof;andoverrulesBankv.Berry,2Hum.,443.Theremustbeanactalreadyperformed,oronetobeperformed,thepreliminarystepsorcircum-

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671 ATTACHMENTBILLS.§872§872.WhatBillsmustAllege"ThisistheFirstApplicationforanAt-tachment."—Code,sections4434-4435requirethepartyapplyingforanat-tachmenttostateinhisbillorpetitionthatitisthefirstapplicationforsuchprocess.ThesesectionsaresubstantiallytheActof1821,ch.7,Sec.1,andtheActof1835,ch.4,Sec.9,withtheword"attachment"interlinedintheActof1821;andwhile,outofabundantcaution,Solicitorshaveconstruedthewordtoin-cludeordinarystatutoryattachmentsofproperty,itisverydoubtfulwhetherthisconstructionissupportedbythecontext.1st.AttachmentsofpropertyintheCircuitandJustices'Courtsrequirenostatementasto"firstapplication.
"
24aBesides,intheseCourtsaliasorsecondwritsofattachmentofpropertyaregranted,onmeremotion,withoutnewbondoraffidavit;25andjudicialattachmentsofpropertyalsoissuewithoutnewbond,oranyaffidavit.262d.ButiftheseCodesections(4434-4435),applytoordinaryattachmentsofpropertyintheChanceryCourts,thentheyequallyapplytoattachmentsofpropertyinboththeCircuitandJustices'CourtsbytheexpressrequirementoftheCode;27andastheyarenotconstruedtoapplytothelatterCourtstheyshouldnotbeappliedtotheChanceryCourts.Code,section4435,requiresthestatementastothe"firstapplication"tobemadeinthebill,orpetition,whereas,inattachmentsofpropertyintheCircuitCourts,andinsuitsbeforeJusticesofthePeace,thereisneitherbillnorpetitionbutamereaffidavitwhosesubstanceisprescribed,28thusshowingconclusivelythatthesection(4435),doesnotrefertoordinaryattachmentsofpropertyinanyCourt.Again,inattachmentsofpropertyintheCircuitCourt,andbeforeJusticesofthePeace,theClerkoftheCourt,ortheJusticesofthePeace,respectively,granttheattachments,andthefiatofaJudge,orChancellor,isnotnecessary.29WhythenthenecessityofsuchafiatinChancery?Indeed,inordinarystatutorycasesofattachmentofpropertyinChancery,theClerkandMastercangrantthewritwithoutthefiatoftheChancellor,anotherreasonwhyordinaryat-tachmentsofpropertyarenotmeantbysaidCodesections.30Ontheotherhand,therearesomegoodreasonswhytheword"attachments"doesnotmeanattachmentsoftheperson.1st.Thepracticeistoissuesuchattachmentswithoutanybill,petitionorfiat.2d.Attachmentsofthepersontocompelananswertoabillareissuedonmeremotionsupportedbythereturnonthesubpoena,andnotonabillorpetition.313d.Asecondattachmentofthepersontocompelananswerisgranted,asofcourse,onforfeitureofbail,32withoutbill,orpetition,orfiat.4th.Anattachmentofthepersontoenforceadecreeissueswithoutbill,petitionorfiat,upontheofficer'sreturn,oruponaffidavit.33Butthereareattachmentsthatsatisfyalltherequirementsofthesectionsunderconsideration,to-wit,equitableattachmentsofproperty.
stancesofwhichhavealreadybeendevelopedandbecomecapableofproof.McHaneyv.Cawthorne,4Heisk.,508;Tacksonv.Burke,4Heisk.,610.24aCode,'§§3469-3477.NogoodreasonoccurswhythisstatementshouldberequiredintheChan-ceryCourtsandnotintheCircuitandJustices25Code,§3517.Thisisindirectcontradictionof§3435,ifthelatterreferstoordinarystatutoryattachmentsofproperty.26See,ante,§870,sub-sec.9;post,§883.27CodeH3766;4454.Thelattersectionsays,"Theprovisionsofthisarticle,[ArticleVIII,whichincludessaidsections4434-4435]willapplytoallcasesinanyoftheCourtsinwhichtheextraordi-naryprocesshereinprovidedformayberesorted
to;"and§3766istothesameeffect.Besidesordinaryattachmentsofpropertyarenot"hereinprovidedfor,"butareprovidedforinaprecedingChapter,devotedtothesubject,andwhollyforeigntoChancerypractice.Code,§§3455-3538.28Code,§3469.20Code,§3474.InGreenV.Lanierthefailuretoallegethatthebillwasthefirstapplicationforanattachmentwasconsideredamereirregularity.5Heisk.,662. ^30Code,§§4434-4435.W?31Code,§4361;Ch.Rule,VII,§8.See,ant/-,§201.32Code,§4363.See,ante,8203.33Code,§4479.See,ante,§652.

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§873 ATTACHMENTBILLS. 6721st.EquitableattachmentsofpropertycanissueonlyonthefiatofaChan-cellor,orJudge.342d.Suchattachmentsaretechnically"extraordinary"processinthemeaningofsaidsections.353d.TheyareissuedexclusivelybytheChanceryCourts).364th.Theyareleviableonequitableinterests,whereasordinaryattachmentsarenotleviableonanybutlegalinterests.375th.TheyareissuableundertheinherentjurisdictionoftheChanceryCourt,wherepropertyisindangerofbeingtransferred,orremovedbeyondtheju-risdictionoftheCourt,andcomplainant(1)hasalienonit,or(2)hasabene-ficialinterestinit,or(3)hasbeendeprivedofitbyfraud.38Process,inacaselikethis,iseminentlyandtechnically"extraordinary,"withineveryin-tentandrequirementofthesectionsinquestion.396th.InasmuchasCode,sections4283-4291,authorizeequitableattachmentsofpropertybylispendens,suchattachmentsmaywellhavebeenincludedinthesectionsinquestion(4434-5)soastorequirethefiatoftheChancellor,andtherebyattainmoreforceanddignity.Butinviewofthepresentpractice*andtheuncertaintyastotherequire-mentofthestatute,theonlysafecourseforSolicitorsistoputsaidallegationinallbillsandpetitionsprayinganattachmentofproperty,whetherofalegalorequitablenature.§873.FormofanAttachmentBill.—Anattachmentbillshouldbeasfull,particular,andspecific,initsavermentsofthenature,originandhistoryofthecauseofsuit,asanordinaryoriginalbill;but,inasmuchasitisgenerallydrawninhaste,itis,forthatreason,frequentlymorebriefandpointedthananordinarybill.Theframeandformofthebillmaybeeasilyunderstoodbythefollowing:GENERALFORMOFANATTACHMENTBILL.TotheHon.JohnP.Smith,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatMorristown
:
JohnDoe,aresidentofHamblencounty,complainant,vs.RichardRoe,anon-residentoftheState.ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thatthedefendantisjustlyindebtedtohiminthesumof[statingtheamount,andspeci-fyingthenatureandcharacterofthedebtordemand,whetheritisbasedonanote,accountforworkandlabordone,goodssold,servicesrendered,breachofcontract,orothermatter.]n.ThedefendantresidesoutoftheState,[orhasdone,orisdoing,someotheractthaten-titlesthecomplainanttoanoriginalattachment.Insettingoutthegroundofattachment,usetheverylanguageoftheCode.]in.ThatthedefendantistheownerofthefollowingpropertysituatedintheCountyofHamblen:[Herespecifythepropertyparticularly,andgiveitslocality.Thiswillgiveyoualienonitfromthetilingofthebill.]ThedefendantmaybetheownerofotherpropertyintheState,whichisnotnowknowntocomplainant.IV.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatanattachmentissueandbeleviedonthepropertyofthedefendantabovede-scribed,andonanyotherpropertythatmaybefound,belongingtohim,ofvaluesufficienttosatisfycomplainant'ssaiddebt,andthecostsofthecause.34See,post,§875.35Anordinaryattachmentunderthegeneralat-tachmentlawscannot,technically,beconsidered"extraordinary"process,fromthestandpointofEquitypractice,butis,technically,a.statutoryprocessinordinaryusebothatlawandinChancerv.36See,post,§875.37I,anev.Marshall,1Heisk.,34;RiceV.O'Keefe,6Heisk..646;Lylev.Langley,6Bax.,287;Hill-manv.Werner,9Heisk.,587;andsee,post,§875.38McKeldinV.Gouldy,7Pick.,677;Rutlandv.Cummins,7Hum.,279;post,§875:InordinarycasesofattachmentofpropertyaseizureofthepropertyisessentialtothejurisdictionoftheCourt,butincasesofequitableattachmentsuchisnotthecase.Augustv.Seaskind,6Cold.,165;Averyv.
Warren,12Heisk.,562;andthisexplainsCode,§§4345-4346,whereitissaidthat"themodeofserviceofanattachment["inthepracticeofChan-ceryCourts"]shallbebyreadingthesametoeachdefendantnamedtherein."Thiscreatesalienbylispendens.30Grahamt).Merrill,5Cold.,622;August«.Seaskind,6Cold.,166.TheCodeprovidesthatsuchanattachmentshallbeserved,notnecessarilybyalevy,butbyreadingittothedefendant,orifheevadeservicebyleavingacopyathisusualresi-dence;§§4345-4346.Thelieninsuchacasewouldarisefromthelispendens.See,ante,§66.40Themaxim,communiserrorfacitjus,willhardlyapplyinsuchacase.

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673 ATTACHMENTBILLS.§873
2d.Thatonsuchlevybeingmade,publicationbemadeforthedefendantaccordingtolawinattachmentcases,requiringhimtoanswerthebill,buthisoathtohisansweriswaived.3d.That,ifthedefendantatanytimecomesintothisState,asubpoenaitoanswerbeis-sued,andservedonhim.4th.Thatcomplainantbegrantedadecreefortheamountduehimansaidnote,[account,()/•othergroundofindebtedness,statingit,]principalandinterest,andthatthepropertyat-tachedbesoldinsatisfactionofthedecree.5th.Thatcomplainanthavesuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledto.Thisis.thefirstapplicationforanattachmentinthiscase.41NatB.Jones,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavitandjurat,asinthefollowingform.]Thefollowingisanillustrationofanattachmentandgarnishmentbill,com-binedwithabillfordiscoveryandrelief:ATTACHMENTANDGARNISHMENTBILL."TotheHonorableThomasM.McConnell,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatChat-tanooga:
JohnDoe,aresidentofHamiltoncounty,complainant,vs.RichardRoe,anon-residentoftheState,andJohnSmithandSarahSmith,hiswife,bothresidentsofHamiltoncounty,GeorgeJones,aresidentofPolkcounty,andJohnBrown,aresidentofMeigscounty,defendants.ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thatthedefendant,RichardRoe,isjustlyindebtedtohiminthesumoftenthousanddollars,beingtheamountofapromissorynote,thisdaypaidbycomplainantassuretyforsaidRoe,onanoteofhandexecutedbyhim,andbycomplainantashissurety,totheFirstNationalBankofChattanooga.Saidnoteisherewithfiledasanexhibit,andmarkedA,andmadeapartofthebill;andwillbereadatthehearing.
1 ii.Thatsaiddefendant,RichardRoe,residesoutoftheStateofTennessee,andisacitizenandresidentoftheStateofGeorgia;[or,thatheisabouttoremove,orhasremovedhimselforproperty,fromtheState;or,thathehasremoved,orisremovinghimselfoutofthecountyprivately;or,thatheconcealshimselfsothattheordinaryprocessoflawcannotbeserveduponhim;or,thatheabsconds,orisabsconding,orconcealinghimselforproperty;or,thathehasfraudulentlydisposedof,orisabouttofraudulentlydisposeof,hisproperty.Morethanonecauseofattachmentmaybealleged,inthealternative,orotherwise.]in.Thatsaiddefendant,Roe,isthelegalownerofthehouseandlot,No.816,Seventhstreet,Chattanooga,worthaboutonethousanddollars,beingthelotpurchasedbyhimfromWilliamJones,bydeedregisteredintheRegister'sofficeofHamiltoncounty,June10,1890,inbookK,onpagesS61-S62.*3 IV.ThatsaidRichardRoehasanequitableinterestinthehouseandlot,No.963Eighthstreet,Chattanooga,whichhesoldtohisco-defendant,JohnSmith,andbeingthelotwhereonthelatternowresides.Thelegaltitletosaidlotwas,however,vestedbythedeedinthedefendant,SarahSmitK,whoisthewifeofsaidJohnSmith;andhe,thesaidJohnSmith,executedtosaidRoeanoteforonethousanddollars,thebalanceofthepurchase-moneydueforsaidhouseandlot,tosecuretheoaymertofwhichbalancethesaidRoeretainedanexpresslieninthedeedhemadesaidSarahSmithforsaidproperty.SaidnotebysaidSmithtosaidRoeisoverdue;andcomplainantchargesthatitisinthepossessionofsaidRoe,andisthepropertyofsaidRoe.v.Thatthedefendant,JohnSmith,isotherwiselargelyindebtedtosaidRoe,ascomplainantisinformedandverilybelieves,andhasinhispossessionvariousevidencesofdebt,chosesinaction,andotherproperty,andassetsofthesaidRichardRoe.VI.Thatthedefendant,GeorgeJones,whoisa'citizenandresidentofPolkcounty,hasinhishandsvariouschosesinaction,andclaims,andotherpropertyandassetsbelongingtodefendantRoe,,andis,also,ascomplainantisinformed,believes,andcharges,largelyin-debtedtosaidRoe,wholefthisbusinessinthehandsofsaidJoneswhenhe,Roe,leftthisduringwhichalltransfersarevoid.Sharpev.Hun-ter.7Cold.,389.But,practically,thefilingofthebillisequivalenttoalienuponthepropertymen-tionedinit.Laceyv.Mnore,6Cold.,348:Vancev.Cooper,2Heisk.,93.Thislien,however,doesnotapplytoacontestbetweencreditors:i,tisconfinedtosalesortransfersbythedebtor.Bankv.Mitchell,2Shan.Cas.,58.
41Seeprecedingsectionastothisallegation.42SeeJudgmentCreditors'Bills,§§1005-1027.43Anytransfer,sale,orassignment,madeafterthefilingofanattachmentbillinChancery,orafterthesuingoutofanattachmentatlaw,ofpropertymentionedinthebill,orattachment,asagainstthecomplainantshallbeinoperativeandvoid.Lode,§3507.Thefilingofthebilldoesnot,however,createalien;itoperatesratherasalispendens.

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§873 ATTACHMENTBILLS. 674StateandmovedtoGeorgia.ThesaidJoneshasascheduleofthedebtsduethedefendantRoe,inTennessee,ascomplainantisinformedandverilybelieves;andsaidJonesisfullyconversantwithsaidRoe'sbusiness.VII.
_Thatthedefendant,JohnBrown,soldtothedefendant,Roe,thehouseandlot,No.83Hfthstreet,Chattanooga,worthaboutthree'thousanddollars,andgavehimabondfortitle.Thedefendant,Roe,hasfullypaidforsaidhouseandlot,buthasnotreceivedfromsaidErownanydeedtherefor.ThesaidBrownresidesinMeigscounty,andismadeapartyforthepurposeofhavingthelegaltitletosaidhouseandlotdivestedoutofhim,andvestedinthepurchaseratthesalehereinafterprayed,44andfortheotherpurposeshereinsetforth.VIII.Therefore,thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
_1st.Thatallthosenamedasdefendantsinthecaptionofthisbillbemadesuchbyserviceofsubpoenaontheresidents,andbypublicationastoRichardRoe,whoisanon-resident,andthattheyallberequiredtoanswerthebill.2d.Thatanattachmentbeissuedandleviedonalltheright,title,andinterest,legalandequitable,thedefendant,RichardRoe,hasinandtoeachofthethreehousesandlotsde-scribedinthebill,andanyotherattachablepropertybelongingtohimthatmaybefound;andthat,afterthelevyofsuchattachment,publicationbemadenotifyinghimthereof,andrequiringhimtoappearanddefendthissuitatthefirstruledaycomingsevenormoredaysafterthelastpublication;buthisoathtohisansweriswaived.IfsaidRoeatanytimecomesintotheState,letasubpoenabeserveduponhim.3d.Thatthedefendant,GeorgeJones,answerfullyandparticularly,onoath,whatnotes,accounts,claims,orotherevidencesofdebt,orotherproperty,wereleftwithhim,orinanywayputintohispossession,orunderhiscontrol,bythedefendant,RichardRoe,atoraboutthetimethelatterleftChattanooga,orsince;andwhathasbecomeofthem,specifyingallsuchpropertybelongingtosaidRichardRoe,orinwhichhehasanyinterestwhatever,givingfullparticulars,thekind,andamount,andwherenowdeposited.Hewill,also,answerfullyandparticularlyhowmuchhehascollectedforsaidRoe,sincethelatterleftChattanooga,fromwhomtheseveralamountshavebeencollected,andhowmuchwasinhishandswhenthewritinthiscausewasservedonhim,andfromwhomcollected,orfromwhatsourcere-ceived,belonginginwhole,orinpart,tosaidRoe.Andthedefendant,Jones,willmakeafull,detailed,andspecific,exhibitofthestateofhisaccountswith,andofhisindebtednessto,saidRoe,atthedayofthefilingofthisbill.4th.Thatalltheotherdefendantsberequiredtoanswerasgarnishees,onoath,andfullydiscover:(1)Wherein,andinwhatamounts,they,oranyofthem,wereindebtedtotheirco-ciefendant,RichardRoe,atthetimethesubpoenawasservedupontheminthiscause.(2)Whatproperty,debts,andeffectsofsaidRoewereinthepossession,orunderthecontrol,ofeitherofthematsaidtime,oratanytimesince;andtheywillspecifythekindandamountofeachandallofsaiditemsofproperty.(3)Whatproperty,debtsandeffectsofsaidRoearetotheirknowledgeandbeliefinthepossessionorunderthecontrolofanyother,andwhatpersonorpersons,specifyingthekindandamount.Eachofsaiddefendantswillanswerseparatelyforhimself,orherself,andwillspecifyeverydebt,noteofhand,orotherchoseinaction,everyaccount,claim,orotherasset,andthekindandcharacterofanyotherprop-ertyinthepossessionorunderthecontrolofeitherofthembelongingtosaidRichardRoe,orinwhichhehasanyinterestwhatever,givingfullparticulars.5th.Thatalltheproperty,chosesinaction,andeffectsofthedefendantRoe,inthehandsofthedefendantsJohnandSarahSmith,Jones,andBrown,andallofthedebtsduefromsaidJohnandSarahSmith,Jones,andBrown,tosaidRoe,beattachedintheirhandsasgarnishees;andthatsaidJohnandSarahSmith,Jones,andBrown,be.requiredandenjoinednottopayanydebtduebyeitherofthem,orthatmayhereafterbecomedue,tosaidRoe,ortoanyoneforhim;andtoretainintheirpossessionallthepropertyofthesaidRoenoworhereafterintheircustody,orunderthecontrolofeitherofthem.456th.Thatadecreebepronouncedincomplainant'sfavoragainstsaidRoeforthefullamountduefromhimtocomplainantbyreasonofthepremises;thatallofthepropertyattached,andalloftheamountsduefromthedefendants,JohnandSarahSmith,Jones,andBrown,tosaidRoe,orsomuchthereofasmaybenecessary,besubjectedtothesatisfactionofsuchdecree.7th.ThatthesaidlotbelongingtothedefendantRoeinfee,andthesaidlotwhereonhehasavendor'slien,andthesaidlotforwhichhehasatitle-bond,besoldtosatisfysaiddecree;thatsaidsalesbeonacreditofnotlessthansixmonths,normorethantwoyears,andinbarofallrightofredemption.8th.That,ifnecessary,areceiverbeappointedtocollect,orconvertintomoney,anydebts,notes,orotherchosesinaction,orproperty,belongingtothedefendantRoe,inthehandsorunderthecontroloftheotherdefendants.9th.Thatallnecessaryordersbemade,andallnecessaryaccountsbetaken,toascertain44Whenequitablepropertyissoughttobereachedbyanattachment,thebillshouldproceedagainstitassuch,andmaketheholderofthelegaltitleaparty.LaneV.Marshal,1Heisk.,34;Ricev.
O'Keefe,6Heisk.,646;Lylev.Longley,6Bax.,287;Hillman».Werner,9Heisk.,587.45Code,§53478-3480.

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675 ATTACHMENTBILLS.§874thetrueamountduecomplainant,andtoadjustanyandallequitiesbetweenthedefendantRoeandanyofhisco-defendants.10th.Andthatcomplainanthavesuchother,further,andgeneralreliefashemaybeentitledtounderthepleadingsandproofinthecause.Thisisthefirstapplicationforeitheranattachment,oraninjunction,inthiscause.Wm.H.DeWitt,Solicitor.StateofTennessee,7Hamiltoncounty.)W.H.DeWittmakesoaththatheis(theSolicitor48ofJohnDoe,thecomplainantintheforegoingbill,andthatthestatementsinsaidbillaretrue,ofhisownknowledge,exceptthosemadeasoninformationandbelief,andthosehebelievestobetrueWm.H.DeWitt.SworntoandsubscribedbeforemeJuly14,1890.J.B.Ragon,C.&M.,TotheClerkandMasteratChattanooga:Issuewritsofattachmentandinjunction47asaboveprayed,onproperbondsbeinggiventherefor.July14,1890. S.A.Key,Chancellor.TotheClerkandMaster
:
Thedefendant,RichardRoe,maybeinHamiltoncountyinafewdays,andyouwillissueasubpcenaforhimtotheSheriffofsaidcounty,framedaccordingtothestatute.48W.H.DeWitt,Solicitor.§874.AttachmentBond.—Itisthedutyoftheofficertowhomapplicationforanattachmentismade,torequirethecomplainant,hisagentorattorney,toexecuteabondindoubletheamountclaimedtobedue,withsufficientsecurity,payabletothedefendant,andconditionedthatthecomplainantwillprosecutetheattachmentwitheffect,or,incaseoffailure,paythedefendantallcoststhatmaybeadjudgedagainsthim,andalso,allsuchdamagesashemaysustainbythewrongfulsuingoutoftheattachment.Theaffidavitandbondmustbefiled,bytheofficertakingthem,intheCourttowhichtheattach-mentisreturnable,andshallconstituteapartoftherecordinthecause.49ThefollowingistheformofanATTACHMENTBOND.We,A,[thecomplainant,]BandC[hissureties,]acknowledgeourselvesindebtedtoD&E,[thedefendants,]inthesumof[doubletheamountclaimedtobedue]dollars.ButthisobligationtobevoidifthesaidAshallprosecutewitheffectanattachmentthisdayobtainedbyhimintheChanceryCourtatKingston,againstthepropertyofsaidDandE,orincaseoffailureshallpayallcoststhatmaybeadjudgedagainsthim,and,also,allsuchdamagesasthedefendantsmaysustainbythewrongfulsuingoutofsaidattachment.[Tobedated,signed,andwitnessed.]Anattachmentsuitmaybeprosecutedunderthepauperoath.50Ifthebondbedefective,oreveniftherebenobond,theCourtwillallowthecom-plainanttogiveasufficientbond;51and,onsuchbondbeinggiven,itrelatesbacktothedateofthewrit,andvalidatesthelevymadeunderit.52§875.WhomayIssuetheWritofAttachment.—Thewritofattachmentmaybegranted,signed,andissued,byanyJudgeofaCircuit,Criminal,orSpecialCourt,byanyChancellor,orJusticeofthePeace,53orbytheClerk49Code,§§3471-3472.50Barberv.Denning,4Sneed,267.Inthiscase,theCourtreferstothehardshipthat"mightresulttothosewhoareunabletobeartheexpensesofalaw-suit,orgivesecurityforthenecessaryprocess,ifthedoorsoftheCourtswereshutagainstthemforwantofabilitytogivetherequiredsecurityforcostsanddamages."Itwouldseemfromthisthatitwouldbeprudentforacomplainant,whoseeksanattach-mentunderthepauperoath,tomakeoaththatowingtohispovertyheisnotabletobeartheexpenseoftheaction,orgivesecurityfortheattachmentprayed,andthatheisjustlyentitledtotheredresssought.51Code,§3477;Lillardv.Carter,7Heisk.,604.Thebondshouldbeallowedtobegivenevenafteramotionhasbeenmadetodismissthesuit,ordis-chargetheattachment,forwantofasufficientbond.52BrooksV.Hartmann,1Heisk.,36.Inasuitbyafirmthebondmaybesignedinthefirmname.Ibid.63Thompsonv.Carper,11Hum..543.
46ThisaffidavitmaybemadebytheagentorSolicitorofthecomplainant.Code,§3469.47AttachmentsmaybegrantedbyanyChancellor,orbyanyJudgeofaCircuit,Criminal,orSpecialCourt.Code,§§4434;3463.Whereoneormoreofthestatutorygroundsforanoriginalattachmentisalleged,theClerkandMastermayissueanattach-mentwithoutafiat;butwherethebillseekstosetasideafraudulentconveyance,orotherdevicestohinderanddelaycreditors;Augustv.Seeskind,6Cold172;orwheretheattachmentisnotoriginalorancillary,butmerelyincidentaltotheenforce-mentofsomeright,asmforeclosingadeedoftrusttheattachmentcanbegrantedonlybytheCourt,oraJudge,orChancellor;andifissuedbytheClerkandMaster,onhisownfiat,itisvoidDill.nv.O'Donnell,4Bax.,213.See,post§875.48Code(M.&V.),54203.UponapplicationofthecomplainanttheClerkwillissueasubpcenaagainstthedefendant;and,ifit.isexecuted,nopublicationshallbemade.TheoriginalattachmentBecomesmerelyancillaryassoonasthesubpcenaisserved.

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§876 ATTACHMENTBILLS. 676andMasteroftheCourtinwhichthebillisfiled.54ThereisnoneedofthefiatofaJudgetoauthorizetheClerkandMastertoissueanoriginalorancillaryattachmentinanycasewhere,hadthesuitbeenbroughtintheCircuitCourt,thewritcouldhavebeenissuedbytheClerkofthatCourt.55TheonlycaseswhereafiatofaJudgeorChancellorisnecessaryare:1,Wherethebillisfiledtosetasideafraudulentconveyanceofproperty,orotherdevicesresortedtoforthepurposeofhinderinganddelayingcreditors;56and2,Wherethewritisnotauthorizedbytheattachmentlaw,butisissuedundertheinherentpowersoftheCourt,57orinpursuanceofauthorityconferredontheCourtbysomestatuteotherthantheoneauthorizingoriginalattachments.58Wherethebillseekstoreachtheequitableestateofthedebtor,andmakestheholderofthelegaltitleapartymerelyinordertodivesthimofthattitle,itisprudent,ifnotnecessary,tohaveafiatfortheattachmentprayed.59§876.FormsofWritsofAttachment.—Thewritmustbeadaptedtothestateoffactsonwhichitisbased,andthecharacteroftheofficerbywhomitisgranted,issued,andsigned.Theformofthewrit,60whenissuedbytheClerkandMaster,withoutafiat,isasfollows:WRITOFATTACHMENTBYTHECLERKANDMASTER.StateofTennessee,]Knoxcounty.jTotheSheriffofKnoxcounty:Whereas,ABhasfiledaswornbillofcomplaint,intheChanceryCourtatKnoxville,againstCD,statingthereinthatsaidCDisjustlyindebtedtohiminthesumoffourhundreddollars,andallegingacauseofattachment'againsttheestateofsaidCD,andsaidAB,havinggivenbondasrequiredbylawinattachmentcases,andhavingprayedanattach-mentagainstsaidestate,youarethereforeherebycommandedtoattachsomuchoftheestateofthesaidCDaswillbeofvaluesufficienttosatisfysaiddebt,andthecostsofthesuit;andsuchestate,unlessreplevied,sotosecurethatthesamemaybeliabletofurtherproceed-ingsthereonatthenexttermofsaidChanceryCourt,tobeheldonthefourthMondayofNovembernext;whenandwhereyouwillmakeknownhowyouhaveexecutedthiswrit.Witness,W.L.Trent,ClerkandMasterofsaidCourt,thisAugust2,1891.W.L.Trent,C.&M.Iftheattachmentisgranted,signed,andissuedbyanyofficerotherthantheClerkandMaster,withoutafiat,itsrecitalandterminationshouldbeasfollows
:
FORMOFWRITWHENISSUEDBYAJUDGE,CHANCELLOR,ORJUSTICEOFTHEPEACE.StateofTennessee,]Knoxcounty.JTotheSheriffofKnoxcounty:Whereas,ABhaspresentedtome,EF,Judge,[Chancellor,or,JusticeofthePeace,]hisbillofcomplaintdulyswornto,statingthereinthatCDisjustlyindebtedtohiminthesumoffourhundreddollars,andallegingacauseofattachmentagainsttheestateofsaid54Code,§3463;AugustV.Seeskind,6Cold.,178.55AllenV.Gilliland,6Lea,529.56Code,§§4288-4289;AugustV.Seeskind,6Cold.,166.Anattachment,tonthegroundthatthedefendanthasfraudulentlydisposedofhisproperty,(Code,§3455,sub-sec.6),isquiteadifferentsortofattachmentfromthatgrantedonabilltosetasideafraudulentconveyance,underCode,§4288.Tarboxv.Tonder,1Tenn.Ch„166.57DillinV.O'Donnell,4Bax.,213.Theattach-mentinthiscasewastoimpoundtrustproperty.See,post,§882.58Aswherethewritisnecessarytosecurethepropertyinareplevinsuit;Code,§3392;orisnecessarytoimpoundpropertyinaidofacreditor,underCode,§§4282-4287;Grahamv.Merrill,5Co"d.,622;638;orisissuedundersomestatutegivingalienonpropertytosecuremechanics,laborers,fur-nishersandothers.Brooksv.Gibson,7Lea,271;LaneV.Wood,1Shan.Cas.,648;LumberCompanyV.Loeb,2Cates,251.Forstatutoryliens,see,post,59SeeLaneV.Marshall,1Heisk.,30.See,ante,§872;andpost,§876.
60Thefollowingisthestatutoryformofthewritofattachment:StateofTennessee,)CountyJTotheSheriffCounty,Greeting:Whereas,AB,(orCD,astheagentorattorneyofAB),hathcomplainedonoathtome,EI?,Judge,(Chancellor,JusticeofthePeace,orClerk),thatGHisjustlyindebted(orliable)tothesaidABinthesumof dollars;andaffidavithavingalsobeenmadeinwriting,andbondgiven,asrequiredbylawinattachmentcases,youareherebycommandedtoattachsomuchoftheestateofthesaidGHaswillbeofvaluesufficienttnsat-isfythedebtandcostsaccordingtothecomplaint;andsuchestate,unlessreplevined,soastosecurethatthesamemaybeliabletofurtherproceedingsthereon,tobeheldattheCourt,tobeheldfortheCountyof onthedayofnext(orbeforeaJusticeofthePeaceofCounty,onthedayof ),whenandwhereyouwillmakeknownhowyouhaveexecutedthiswrit.Witness,EF,JudgeoftheCourt,(Chan-

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-677 ATTACHMENTBILLS.§877CD,andbond61havingbeengivenasrequiredbylawinattachmentcases,youare,therefore,herebycommanded[etc.,asintheprecedingform,downto]Witness,EF,JudgeoftheCircuitCourt,[Chancellor,or,JusticeofthePeace,]thisSep-tember23,1890. EF,Judge,[Chancellor,or,JusticeofthePeace.]Ifthewritisgranted,signedandissuedbyaJudge,Chancellor,orJusticeofthePeace,heshouldendorsethatfact62onthebill,andforthwithfilethebill,andtheattachmentbond,intheCourttowhichtheattachmentisreturn-able.63IftheJudgeorChancellormerelyendorsesthefiatonthebilltotheClerkandMastertoissuethewrit,thenthelatterwilltakethebond.ThefollowingistheformofaFIATFORANATTACHMENT.TotheClerkandMasteroftheChanceryCourtatKnoxville:Issueawritofattachment,asprayedintheforegoingbill,oncomplainantgivingabondthereforasrequiredbylaw,[or,takingthepauperoaith.]Sept.23,1890. S.T.Logan,Judge.ThefollowingistheFORMOFWRITWHENBASEDONAFIAT.StateofTennessee,)Knoxcounty.)TotheSheriffofKnox:county
:
Whereas,ABhasfiledaswornbillofcomplaint,intheChanceryCourtatKnoxville,againstCD,statingthereinthatsaidCDisjustlyindebtedtohiminthestunoffourhundreddollars,andallegingacauseofattachmentagainsttheestateofCD,and[thatsaidCDownsthefollowingpropertyinyourcounty:herecopythedescriptioninthebill]andprayingthat[saidpropertyand]the[other]propertyofsaidCDbeattached:Andwhereas,thesaidABhasobtainedafiatfromtheHon.S.T.Logan,Judge,directingmetoissuetheattachmentasprayed,onbondbeinggiven,[orpauperoathbeingtaken,]asrequiredbylawinattachmentcases:Now,therefore,youareherebycommandedtoattachftheabovedescribedpropertyand]somuchofthe[other]estateofthesaidCDaswillbeofvaluesufficienttosatisfysaiddebtandthecostsofthesuit[&c,asintheprecedingform.]Ifthebilldoesnotdescribeanyparticularproperty,andspeciallypraythatitmaybeattached,theattachmentwillissueagainstthedefendant'spropertygenerally,omittingthewordsinparenthesisintheforegoingform.Theofficergrantingtheattachmentmaydirectcounterpartwritsofattach-menttoissuetoanycountywherepropertyofthedefendantmaybefound.64Itwouldbewelltoprayforsuchcounterpartsinthebill.§877.HowtheDefendantisBroughtintoCourt.—Inoriginalattachmentsuits,whennosubpoenaisservedonthedefendant,hemustbebroughtbeforetheCourt,bothbyalevyoftheattachmentuponhispropertyandbypublica-tiondulymade.Assoonasthewritofattachmentisreturned,withalevyendorsedthereon,theClerkwillenteronhisruledocketanorderofpublica-tion,65insubstance,asfollows:«e!lor,JusticeofthePeace,orClerk)thisdayof ,18—.TheCodesaysthewritshallbesubstantiallyinthisform,thusshowingthatitssubstanceismoretobeconsideredthanitsphraseology.Iftheessen-tialsareinthewrit,itissufficient.Code,|S347b-3477.Theseessentialsare:1,Thestyleofthewrit,"StateofTennessee;"2,Theaddress,'TotheSheriffof(thepropercounty);"3,Thefactthatasworncomplainthasbeenmadeinwritingagainstthedefendant,allegingthatajustindebtednessex-ists-4Theamountofsuchindebtedness;5,Thecommandtoattachthedefendant'sestate;6,Thestatementwhereandwhenthewritistobereturned;and7,thesignatureofanofficerauthorizedtoissueitItisprobablethatthethirdandfourthoftheforegoingarenotessentials,andmaybeinsertedonreturnofthewrit,byleaveoftheCourt.InWevLongley,6Bax.,286,thefactthatthewritdidnotbearanydateshowingwhenitwassignedorissued,didnotvitiateit.AndseeSwanV.Roberts,2Cold.,162. ........61Theofficergrantingandissuingtheattachmentmusttakeanattachmentbondbeforeissuingthewrit!Code,S3471.InLylev.Longley,6Bax.,286,thewritwasissuedbytheChancellor.
02InLyleV.Longley,6Bax.,289,theChancellorendorsedonthebillwhenpresentedtohimthefactthathehadissuedtheattachment.Theword,"assumed,"intheopinionoftheCourt,shouldbeissued.Thisendorsementmightbethus:''Thisbillhavingbeenpresentedtomebythecomplainant,andanattachmentwritprayedfromme,andtheen-closedattachmentbondhavingbeengiven,Ithere-foregrantedandissuedanattachmenttotheSheriffofCartercounty,returnabletothenexttermoftheChanceryCourtforsaid-county.April17,1865,SethJ.W.Lucky,Chancellor,"Itwouldbewell.also,fortheChancellor(Judge,orJusticeofthePeace,)toendorsetheattachmentbondasfollows:"Takenbyme.April17,1865.SethJ.W.Lucky,Chancellor."TheClerkandMastershouldendorseonbothbillandbondthedatetheywerefiledinhisCourt.csCode,§§3471-3472.64Code,§3465.Counterpartsmavbesubsequentlyobtainedupongoodcauseshown.Ibid.Astowhatis"goodcause."see,ante,§62,sub-sec.8.65Code,§§3518-3524.Greatcareshouldbetakentohavetheorderofpublication,andthepublicationitself,instrictconformancewiththestatute;for,ifthepublicationomitanyessential,thewholepro-

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§878 ATTACHMENTBILLS. 678
IntheChanceryCourt,atKnoxville.ORDEROPPUBLICATION.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe.Itappearingfromthebillinthiscase,whichisswornto,thatRichardRoeisjustlyin-debtedtoJohnDoe,thecomplainant,andthatheresidesoutoftheState,[or,asthecasemaybe,settingoutthecauseallegedinthebillfortheattachment;]andanattachmenthavingbeenissuedandleviedonthedefendant'sproperty,68itisorderedthatpublicationbemadeforfourconsecutiveweeksintheKnoxvilleJournal,requiringthesaiddefendanttoappearbeforesaidChanceryCourtonthefourthMondayofNovembernext,andmakehisdefencetothebillfiledagainsthiminthiscause,otherwisesaidbillwillbetakenforcon-fessed,andthecauseproceededwithexparte.ThisSept.22,1890.W.L.Trent,C.&M.Thisnoticemustbepublishedforfourconsecutiveweeksinthenewspaperdesignatedintheorder,thelastpublicationtobeatleastoneweekbeforethetimefixedforthedefendant'sappearance.67Thisnotice,whenpublished,in-steadofbeingheaded"OrderofPublication,"or"Non-residentNotice,"shouldbeheadedinboldtype,thus
:
ToRichardRoe,sothathe,orhisfriends,maythemorereadilyseeit.68If,however,thedefendantcanbepersonallyservedwithprocess,theClerk,uponapplicationofthecomplainant,willissueasubpoena,andifitisexecuted,nopublicationwillbemade.Thesubpoenawillbeintheusualformexceptthatitwillcontainonitsfaceanotificationtothedefendantthatanoriginalattachmentsuithasbeencommencedagainsthim.69Ifthedefendantappearsinperson,orbySolicitor,beforepublicationismade,publicationisunnecessary.70ButwhileappearanceinanattachmentsuitgivestheCourtjurisdictionofthepersonofthedefendant,itdoesnotgivejurisdictionofthepropertysoughttobeattached:thatdependsonthevalidityoftheattachmentproceedings.71§878.AmendmentofAttachmentProceedings.—Theattachmentlawswereformerlystrictlyconstrued,andseriousdefectsinproceedingsbyattachmentwerenotcurablebyamendment;butnow,bypositivestatutoryrequirements,theattachmentlawisliberallyconstrued;andthecomplainantmay,atanytimebeforeafinaldecree,amendanydefectofforminthebill,theaffidavitthereto,thebond,attachmentwrit,orotherproceeding;72andnoattachmentbillwillbedismissed,orwritofattachmentabated,orlevyofattachmentdis-ceedingfoundeduponitisanutternullity.Bains17.Perry,1Lea,37.Theessentialsofthepublishednoticeare:1,Thenamesofthepartiestothesuit;2,ThestyleoftheCourttowhichtheattachmentismadereturnable;3,Theeau.«.eallegedforsuingouttheattachment;4,Thefactthattheattachmenthasbeenleviedonthedefendant'sproperty;5,Thetimeandplaceatwhichthedefendantisrequiredtoap-pear,anddefendthesuit;and6,ThenameoftheClerkandMasteroftheCourttestingthenotice.Code,§3522;RileyV.Nichols,1Heisk.,19;BainsV.Perry,1Lea,37.Theorderforpublicationneednotbeaspreciseasthepublishednotice.Allenv.Gilliland,6Lea,531.66Thepropertyneednotbedescribed,butifde-scribedthedescriptionshouldbeveryshort.67Code,§3523.Twenty-eightdayswillbesuffi-cientinwhichtomakethispublication.Thus,anoticepublishedonthe19thand26thofAugust,andonthe2dand9thofSeptember,respectively,wouldbesufficientifthedayfixedforthedefendant'sap-pearancewasSeptember16th.Lowensteinv.Gilles-pie,6Lea,641.Thelawrequiringthe_lastpublica-tiontobeatleastoneweekbeforethetimefixedforthedefendant'sappearancedoesnotapplytoanybutattachmentsuits.See,ante,§198.68See,ante,§198.ThemethodmanyClerkspursueofheadingtheirnon-residentnoticeswiththenameofthenoticeisasabsurdasthoughtheeditorofanewspapershouldheadhispaperthus:"ANewspaper;"or,asthoughanartistshouldwriteabovehispainting:"APicture."Booksgiving
formsnecessarilystatethenameoftheform,notIntendingthatthisnameshouldbepublished,butintendingtospecifytheparticularformgiven.AITpublicationnoticesshouldbeginwiththenameofthepersontobenotifiedjustasaletterisaddressedlothe_persontowhomitiswritten.Thepublicationnoticesare,asarule,muchtoolong,thusmakingthepublicationfeestoolarge:theyhaveentirelytoomuchbeginningandtoomuchending.Someofthem,also,describethelandleviedonbymetesandbounds:thisisbutlittleshortofdownrightoppres-siontothepartywhohasthecoststopay,andcausesasuspicionthattheMaster'sofficeisruninthein-terestofthenewspapermakingthepublication.69Actsof1871,ch.134;M.&V.'sCode,§4203.Thebodyofthissubpcenawouldbeasfollows:"SummonRichardRoetoappear,onorbeforethefourthMondayofNovember,next,beforetheChan-ceryCourtatKnoxville,toanswerthebillofJohnDoe;and,also,notifythesaidRichardRoethatsaidsuitiscommencedagainsthimbyanoriginalattach-ment.Andhaveyou,thenandthere,thiswrit."Ifthissubpcenaisservedonthedefendantitbe-comestheleadingprocess,andbringsthedefendantintoCourt;andtheoriginalattachment,thereupon,becomesanancillaryattachment.70Allenv.IronCo.,2Shan.Cas.,388.71Stewartv.Smith,3Shan.Cas.,686.72Code.§§3475;3477:4335.Amotiontoamendanattachmentaffidavitistoolateafterverdictand"judgment.Dickinson1?.Redmon,3Shan,Cas.,620.

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679 ATTACHMENTBILLS.§879charged,becauseofanydefectin,orwantof,bond,ifthecomplainant,orhisagentorSolicitor,willsubstituteasufficientbond.73"While,however,amendmentswillbeliberallyallowedinattachmentsuits,nevertheless,ordinarilytheremustbesomethingonwhichtoengrafttheamendment.Hence,wherethereisnostatementofthenatureoramountofthedebtordemand,ornowritofattachment,ornoaffidavittothebill,ornogroundofattachmentalleged,ornobond,therecanbenoamendmentastotheseseveralmatters,forthereisnorootofsubstanceonwhichtoengrafttheamendment.74Thestatute,however,allowsabondtobegivenaftertheissu-anceofthewrit,evenwhennobondatallhasbeengiven.75§879.WhenanAmended,oranAncillaryAttachmentBillwillLie.—If,afteranordinarybillhasbeenfiled,thereexistsorarisesanygroundfortheattachmentofthepropertyofthedefendant,anamendedbill76maybefiled,statingbrieflythefactthattheoriginalbillhasbeenfiled,thepartiesthereto,theCourtwherepending,thenatureandamountofthedebtordemandsuedfor,andthefactthattheclaimisajustone,andalleging,inaddition,somestatutorycauseofattachment,andprayingthatanancillarywritofattach-mentissue.77Anancillaryattachmentbillmaybefiledatanytimebetweenthefilingoftheoriginalbillandthefinaldecree.Itsonlyofficeistoholdthepropertyofthedefendantattachedforthesatisfactionofthedecreewhichmayberen-dered;theattachmentissueduponitisnotaleadingprocess,anddoesnotbringthedefendantintoCourt.78Theprocedureincaseofanancillaryattachmentbillispreciselythesameasincaseofanoriginalattachmentbill:thebillmustbeswornto,bondmustbegiven,andawritofattachmentmustissue.Theattachmentwritmustfol-lowthebilloraffidavit,asthecasemaybe;andrecitethefilingoftheoriginalandamendedbills,thenatureofthesuit,inwhatCourtpending,79theamountofthedebtordemand,andthatthecauseofactionisjust;andmustcommandtheSherifftoattachenoughofthedefendant'sestatetosatisfythedebtclaimed,andthecostsofthesuit,andconcludelikeanoriginalwritofattach-ment.80 FORMOFANANCILLARYATTACHMENT.StateofTennessee,TotheSheriffofHamiltoncounty:Whereas,JohnDoehasfiledanoriginalbillofcomplaintintheChanceryCourtatChatta-nooga,againstRichardRoe,tocollectadebtofonethousanddollarsduefromhim,onanoteofhand;andwhereasthesaidJohnDoehas,also,filedinsaidCourt,againstsaidRich-ardRoe,anamendedbillofcomplaint,dulyswornto,allegingthependencyandcontentsofsaidoriginalbill,andthatthesaiddebtisduebynoteofhand,andamountstoonetho.isanddollars,andisajustdebt,andthatthesaidRichardRoeownsthestockofgoods,wares,andmerchandise,inthebuilding,No.46MainStreet,Chattanooga,andhavingallegedacauseofattachmentagainsttheestateofsaidRichardRoe,andprayingforanancil-larywritofattachmenttobeleviedonsaidproperty,andonallotherattachablepropertyofsaidRoe;andaffidavithavingbeenmadetosaidamendedbill,andbondgivenasrequiredbylawinattachmentcases;[andafiat81foranattachmenthavingbeengrantedbyHon.S.A.Key,Chancellor,ifsuchbethecase,]youare,therefore.,herebycommandedtoattachsaidstockofgoods,wares,andmerchandise,andsomuchoftheotherattachableestateofthe73Code,§3477.See,also,Code,§52863-2872.74McReynoIdsV.Neal,8Hum.,12;-Maples«.Tunis.11Hum.,108;Lillardv.Carter,7Heisk.,604;Wattv.Carries,4Heisk.,534.Wheretheaffi-davithasnotbeenmadeatall,itcannotbemadeasanamendment.MrEeynoldsV.Neil,8Hum.,13;Wattv.Carnes,4Heisk..534;butwhereitwasac-tuallymade,butbyaccidentwasnotsignedbytheClerk,suchdefectsmaybeamended.Scottv.White,1Thomp.Cas.,38;Wileyv.Bennett,9Bax.,581.75Code,§3477. . „.76Thisamendedbillshouldcontainalltheessen-.tialsoftheaffidavitreauiredforanancillaryattach-mentintheCircuitCourt.Suchabillmustbeswornto,andanattachmentbondmustbegiven.1Meigs'Dig.,§284;Thompsonv.Carper,11Hum.,542.Thisistheleadingcaseastotherequirements
ofanancillaryattachment.See,also,Robbv.Par-ker,4Heisk.,58.77Anancillarywritofattachmentwouldprobablybeauthorized,uponanaffidavitthereforbeingfiled,andbondgiven,intheoriginalcause,inthesamewayasintheCircuitCourt;andwithoutanyamend-edbillbeingfiled.78Inglev.McCurry,1Heisk.,26;Walkerv.Cot-trell,6Bax..266;Maxwellv.Lea.6Heisk.,249.79Anancillaryattachmentisvoidunlessthesuittobeaidedisproperlydescribed.Dickinsonv.Red-mond.3Shan.Cas.,620.80Thompsonv.Carper,11Hum.,542.Thisisaleadingcase.Robbv.Parker,4Heisk.,58.81Nofiatisnecessary,exceptwhereitwouldbenecessarvincaseofanoriginalattachment.See,ante,§875.

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§880 ATTACHMENTBILLS. 680
.saidRichardRoeaswillbeofvaluesufficienttosatisfythedebtandcosts,accordingtothecomplaint;andsuchestate,unlessreplevied,sotosecurethatthesamemaybeliabletofurtherproceedingsthereonintheChanceryCourtatChattanoogaonthe1stMonday82ofAugustnext,whenandwhereyouwillmakeknownhowyouhaveexecutedthiswrit.Witness,J.B.Ragon,ClerkandMaster83ofsaidCourt,this4thdayofJune,1890.J.B.Ragon,C.&M.Or,insteadoffilinganamendedbill,thecomplainantmayfileanaffidavitwiththeClerkandMaster,containingthesubstanceofanancillaryattachmentbill,andhaveanancillaryattachmentissued,asisdoneintheCircuitCourt.§880.AncillaryAttachments.—Anancillaryattachmentmaybeissuedonaswornbill,originaloramended,layingpropergrounds,andprayingtherefor
;
or,afteranoriginalbillhasbeenfiledanancillaryattachmentmayissue,onaffidavitalone,therefor.Ineithercaseanattachmentbondmustbegiven.Thesubstanceofthebilloraffidavit,andoftheancillarywrit,havealreadybeengiven.84Anancillaryattachmentmaybegranted,signedandissued,bythesameofficerswhoareauthorizedtoissueanoriginalattachment,uponaswornbill,oruponaffidavit,layinggrounds,anduponbondbeinggiven.Thewritmayissuesimultaneouslywiththeoriginalsubpoena.85AnancillaryattachmentdoesnotbringthedefendantintoCourt,orgivetheCourtjurisdictionoverhim.86TheremustbeserviceofasubpoenaonthedefendanttobringhimbeforetheCourt,insuchacase.Theonlyofficeoftheancillarywritistoholdthedefendant'spropertyforthesatisfactionofthedecreewhichmayberen-deredagainsthim.87Ifasubpoenaandanoriginalattachmentissueatthesametime,andthesubpoenaisserved,itbecomestheleadingprocess,andtheoriginalattachmentbecomes,ineffect,anancillaryattachment.88Thedefendantmayhavetheancillarywritdismissed,onmotion,forwantofanyoftheprerequisitestoitsissuance;orhemay,bypleainabatement,denythecauseallegedforsuingoutthewrit.89Ifthemotionorpleaissustained,theattachmentisdischarged;butthiswillnotpreventthecomplainantfromprosecutinghissuittoafinaldecree.90TheCourtmayhearthecauseuponthemerits,anduponthepleainabatementtotheancillarywrit,atthesametime,91orthepleainabatementmaybetriedprevioustothehearingonthemerits.92Thefollowingistheformforanancillaryattachment,issuedonanoriginalbillsopraying
:
AWANCILLARYATTACHMENT.TheStateofTennessee,TotheSheriffofCampbellcounty
:
Whereas,ABhasfiledaswornbillofcomplaintintheChanceryCourtatJacksboroagainstCD,statingthereinthatsaidCDisjustlyindebtedtohiminthesumoffourhundreddollars,duebyaccount[note,breachofcontract,or,asthecasemaybe;]andsaidABhavingallegedinhissaidbillacauseofattachmentagainsttheestateofsaidCD,andhavinggivenbondforsaidattachment,Youare,therefore,herebycommanded]&c,asinanoriginalattachment.]Ifanaffidavitisfiledforanancillaryattachment,theaboveformwillbemodifiedasfollows:ANCILLARYATTACHMENT.TheStateofTennessee,TotheSheriffofCampbellcounty
:
Whereas,ABhascomplainedonoathtome,thatCDisjustlyindebtedtohiminthesumoffourhundreddollars,duebyaccount,[or,asthecasemaybe,]andthathehasfiled82Thewritmaybemadereturnabletoaruleday.Code,§§4348-4349;4354;FellowsV.Cook,10Heisk.,81.83Thisancillarywritmay,also,beissuedbyanyChancellor,orbyanyJudgeofaCircuit,Criminal,orSpecialCourt,inthesamemannerasanoriginalwrit.84See,ante,§879.85WalkerV.Cottrell,6Bax.,257.86Maxwellv.Lea,6Heisk.,247.87Inglev.McCurry,1Heisk.,26.88Bivinsv.Matthews,7Bax.,256;TempletonV.Mason,23Pick.,625.89RobbV.Parker,4Heisk.,58.80Pricev.Bescher,12Heisk.,372.
01Litev.Overton,12Heisk.,675.92RobbV.Parker,4Heisk.,58;PriceV.Bescher,12Heisk.,372.Thebetterpractice,however,istohavebutonehearing,atwhichalltheissuesmaybedetermined.Thefilingofapleainabatementtotheancillarywritinnowayaffectsthemeritsofthesuit,ortheanswer;and,ontheotherhand,thefilingofade-murrer,pleainbaroranswertothebill,innowayaffectsapleainabatementtoanancillarywrit,anddoesnotoverruleit.Theofficeofsuchapleainabatementistodischargetheancillarywritofattach-ment,andreleasethepropertyattached,andnottodischargethedefendant,ortoendthesuit.Theresultis,apleainabatementtotheancillarywrit

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681 ATTACHMENTBILLS. §881abillintheChanceryCourtatJacksboroagainstsaidCD,torecoversaidsum,whichsuitisstillpending,andaffidavithavingbeenmadeinwriting,andbondgiven,asrequiredbylawinattachmentcases;andsaidABhavingprayedanancillaryattachmentinaidofhissaidsuitagainsttheestate'ofsaidCD
;
Youare,therefore,,herebycommanded[&c,asinanoriginalattachmentwrit.]IftheancillaryattachmentisissuedinobediencetoafiatofaJudge,orChancellor,thewritshouldalsosostate,aswillbeseenbyreferencetotheformincaseofanoriginalattachment.93§881.AGarnishmentBilL^Whenadebtorisliabletobeproceededagainstbyoriginalorancillaryattachment,andathirdpersonhasproperty,orchosesinaction,oreffects,ofthedebtorinhispossession,orisindebtedtothedebtor,suchthirdpersonmaybemadeaco-defendanttotheoriginalattachmentbill,ortoanamendedbillancillarythereto,andmayberequiredtoansweronoath;941.Whetherheis,orwasatthetimeofthegarnishment,indebtedtothedefendant;ifso,how,andtowhatamount.2.Whetherhehadinhispossession,orunderhiscontrol,anyproperty,debts,oreffects,belongingtothedefendant,atthetimeofservingthesubpoena,orhasatthetimeofanswering,orhashadatanytimebetweenthedateofser-viceofthesubpoenaandthetimeofanswering;andifso,thekindandamount.3.Whetherthereare,tohisknowledgeorbelief,anyandwhatproperty,debts,andeffects,inthepossessionorunderthecontrolofanyother,andwhat,person. «
4.Suchotherquestionsasmaytendtoelicittheinformationsought.95Thebill,whetheroriginaloramended,maypraythatalltheeffects,property,chosesinaction,anddebts,inthehandsofthegarnisheedefendantbelongingorowingtothedebtordefendant,beattached,andthatthegarnisheedefendantbeenjoinedfrompayingsuchdebts,ordisposingof,orinanywaytransferringsuchproperty,chosesinaction,andeffects.If,afterserviceuponhimofacopyofthebill,thegarnisheedefendantshallpaythedebtattached,orsecretetheeffectsofthedebtordefendant,orbuyinanyotherclaimagainstthelatter,hewillbeliabletothesameextentasbeforethepayment,secreting,orpur-chase.96Inagarnishmentbill,thepersonowingthedebt,orthedefendanttothejudgment,ortheownerofthelegaltitletotheproperty,soughttobeattachedmustbemadeaparty.97§882.PropertyAttachableinEquity,butNotatLaw.—TherearevariouspropertiessubjecttoattachmentinasuitinChancerywhicharenotsosubjectinanactioninaCourtoflaw.Thesepropertiesaredivisibleintotwoclasses
:
(1)thosethataresoequitableintheirnatureasnottobecognizableatlaw,and(2)thosecognizableatlaw,butwhereonorwheretothecomplainanthassomeclaimofsuchanaturethatundercertaincircumstancestheChanceryCourtwillimpoundthemtoawaittheeventofthesuit.1.PropertiesStrictlyEquitable,andNotCognizableatCommonLawinclude:(1)the'interestofamortgagorinthepropertymortgaged;99(2)propertyinoneman'snameandhandsfortheuseofanother;(3)theinterestofamanmpropertyboughtwithhismoneybyanotherandtitletakeninthelatter'sname
;
andananswertothebillmaybothbeproceededinatthesametime,paripassu;andthereisnoincon-sistencyorconflictbetweenthem.See,ante,§§260-261.93See,ante,§876. . .94TheoathofthegarnisheemaybewaivedinChancery.Code,§4317.If,however,theoathDewaived,theanswerofthegarnisheecannotbeex-ceptedto'forinsufficiency.See,ante,§§«360;422.95Code,§§3088-3089;3478-348296Code,§3508.AgarnishmentbillmtheChan-ceryCourtisaveryeffectivemethodofreachingdebts,assets,orpropertyofanykindinpossessionoforowingby,athirdperson,andbelongingtoln~debtor.Theanswerofthegarnisheedefendantto
thebillmaybefreelyandfullycontestedinChan-cery.McCraeV.Bank,6Cold.,474;Mayor«.PotomacIns.Co.,2Bax.,296;andthegarnisheedefendantmaytherebeheldliableinspiteofhisdenials;andhemaybecompelled,byprocessofcontempt,todisgorgetheest„t.?<•'thedebt--rde-fendantinhispossession.Code,§§4284;4478-4481.Foraformofgarnishmentbill,seeante,%873;see.also,theformofajudgmentcreditor'sbill,post§1018.97Railroadv.Todd,11lleisk.,556;A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,1116-1128;nvte,§§91;127.09So,theinterestofthegrantorinlandabsolutely

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§883 ATTACHMENTBILLS. 682(4)theequityofredemptioninpropertysoldsubjecttoredemption;(5)propertyofonemanheldbyanotherinpledgeorassecurity,orintrust;(6)propertygivenaway,sold,conveyedordevisedtodefraudcreditors;(7)theassetsofaninsolventpartnership,corporation,ordecedent;(8)alegatee'sorheir'sestateinthehandsofanexecutororadministratorbeforefinalsettle-ment;(9)vendor'sliens,expressorimplied;(10)liensofmechanics,laborers,andmaterialmen;(11)liensofcontractors,andlaborers,onrailroads;(12)liensonboatsforbuilding,repairingandequipping;(13)allotherstatutoryorequitableliens;(14)chosesinaction;(15)moneyinthehandsofaCourt;(16)adebtduethedefendantbuttheamountwhereofcanonlybeascertainedbyanaccounting,andadjustingofmutualaccountsandconflictingequities;(17)moneydueonacontingencynecessarytobeadjudicatedbetweenthedefendantandotherclaimants;(18)landheldunderanagreementtoconvey;(19)propertyconveyedintrustforthebenefitofcreditors;(20)theresidueaftersuchtrustissatisfied,ifany:(21)interestsinacorporationorjointstockcompany,notrepresentedbycertificates,orotherpaperevidences;(22)awife'sseparateestate;(23)allpropertyofsuchacharacterthatthecreditorcannotreachthedebtor'sinterestinitwithoutbringingboththedebtorandtheholderofthelegaltitlebeforetheCourt;(24)resultingtrusts;and(25)generally,allotherpropertywhich,inEquity,isliableforthedebtsofitsownerorbeneficiary,andwhichcannotbereachedbyexecutionatlaw.2.PropertiesCognizableatLaw,butWhereonorWheretotheComplainantHasSomeClaimofsuchanature,that,undercertaincircumstancestheChanceryCourtwillimpoundthembyattachment,orinjunction,including:(1)propertyofwhichcomplainanthasbeendeprivedbyfraudortort;(2)propertyonwhichcomplainantorhisdebtor,hasalien;(3)propertyinwhichcomplainanthasabeneficialinterest:butineachoftheseeasesitshouldappearthatthepropertyisindangerofbeingtransferredtoaninnocentpurchaser,orre-movedbeyondthejurisdictionoftheCourt,100andthecircumstancesarenotsuchastojustifyastatutoryattachment.101Insuitstosubjectequitablepropertytothesatisfactionofitsowner'sdebtstheChanceryCourtrequiresthattheholderofthe^legaltitletheretobe,also,broughtbeforetheCourt,totheend,1st,thathemayasserthisrightsinthepremises,and2d,thatthepurchaserattheCourtsalemaygetafulltitle,and3d,thatthepropertymaybringthebetterprice.102§883.JudicialAttachments.—Ifasubpoenatoanswerisreturned,"Nottobefoundinmycounty,"astoanydefendantwhoisaresidentofthecounty,thecomplainantmayhaveeitheranaliasorapluriessubpoenaforsuchde-fendant;ormay,athiselection,haveajudicialattachmentagainsttheestateofsuchdefendant.103ButabonafidetemporaryabsencefromtheStatewillnotjustifyareturnof"nonestinventus,"andajudicialattachment.Thefol-lowingistheformofAJUDICIALATTACHMENT.TheStateofTennessee,TotheSheriffofDavidsoncounty
:
Whereas,asubpoenawasissuedfromtheChanceryCourtofDavidsoncounty,onthe10thdayofMaylast,directingyoutosummonCDtoappearbeforesaidCourtonthe1stMondayofJunelast,toanswerthebillfiledagainsthiminsaidCourtbyAB,whoallegesthatsaidCDisjustlyliabletohiminthesumoffourhundreddollars,whichsubpoenawasreturnedbyyou,"Nottobefoundinmycounty,"whereuponitwasorderedbytheCourtthatajudicialattachmentissueagainsttheestateofsaidCD
;
Youare,therefore,herebycommanded[&c,asin§876,ante.}conveyedonthefaceofthedeedwhensuchdeedisintendedforamortgage.tooTheChanceryCourthasinherentjurisdictiontoattachorimpoundsuchpropertyundersuchcir-cumstances.McKeldinv.Gouldy,7Pick.,677.101Anequitahleattachmentwilllie,atthesuitoftheowneroftheland,toimpoundwaste,suchastimbercut,coalmined,ormarble,stoneorslate
quarried,especiallyifthedefendantisinsolvent.Insuchcasesaninjunctionisoftengranted,andare-ceiverappointed,whichtwoprocessesarelittlemorethantheequivalentofanattachment.102See,ante,8§91;127.103Code,§3466.Section3468oftheCode,whichMr.Hicks,inhisManual,terms"aregularmisap-

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683DEFENCESANDDECREESINATTACHMENTSUITS.§884ThiswritisorderedtoissuebytheCourt,uponmotiontherefor,supportedbyasubpoenawiththereturn,"Nottobefoundinmycounty."Thisreturnimpliesthatthedefendantwasaresidentofthecountytowhichthesubpoenaissued,atthetimeoftheinstitutionofthesuit,andthatafterdiligentsearchforhim,heisnottobefound,beingeitheractuallyabsentfromthecountyorevadingtheserviceofprocess.104Noaffidavitisrequired,andnoattachmentbondneedbegiven,toentitlethecomplainanttothiswrit;theSheriff'sreturn,ifinthelanguageofthestatute,isall-sufficient.ThefollowingistheformofanOBDEE,AWABDINGAJUDICIALATTACHMENT.AB,vs.No.892.CD.JInthiscause,thecomplainantmovedtheCourtforajudicialattachmentagainstCD,thedefendant;anditappearingthatasubpoenatoanswerissuedtotheSheriffofthiscounty,whohasdulyreturnedthesametothepresentterm,"Thedefendantnottobefoundinmycounty"itisorderedthatsaidmotionbeallowed;andajudicialattachmentisawardedagainsttheestateofCD.Uponthereturnofsaidattachmentlevieduponthepropertyofthedefendant,theClerkandMasterwillmakepublicationastosaiddefendant,notifyinghimtoappearasrequiredbylaw.105
ARTICLEII.DEFENCES,DECREES,ANDSUBSEQUENTPROCEEDINGS/§884.DefencesinAttachmentSuits.§885.PleasinAbatementinAttachmentSuitsNotOverruledbyDefencestotheMerits.§886.DispositionofthePropertyAttached.§887.DecreesinAttachmentSuits.
§888.WhenAttachmentDecreesMaybeSetAside.§889.HowAttachmentDecreesareSetAside.§890.PetitiontoSetAsideaDecree,andProceedingsThereon.§884.DefencesinAttachmentSuits.—Therearesomedefencespeculiartosuitscommencedbyoriginalattachment.1Iftherebe,onthefaceoftherecord,awantofanyoftheprerequisitestotheissuanceofawritoforiginalattach-ment,thebillmaybedismissedonmotion;2andifanyofsaidprerequisitesarewanting,infact,butdonotsoappearonthefaceoftherecord,thefactmaybemadetoappearbyapleainabatement.3Ifanoriginalattachmentbillshowonitsfacenocauseforanoriginalattachment,itwillbedismissedonde-murrer.4Ifthegroundallegedforanattachmentbefalse,thedefendantmayputsuchgroundinissuebyanegativepleain.abatement;5butsuchpleamusttraverseallthegroundsofattachmentallegedinthebill.6prehension,"andMilliken&Vertreessayis''mean-ingless,"doesnotfollowtheoriginalstatute,aswillbeseeninJamesV.Hall,1Swan,297,and1Scott'sRev.,467.Theoriginalactsays"Nojudicialpro-cess,"&c.;andascrutinouscomparisonofsections22and23oftheoriginalactwillshowthattheprocessreferredtointheoriginalactwar(1)ajudicialattachmentagainstagarnishee,allowedbysection22,(Code,§3489),"groundedonanoriginalattach-ment;"and(2)anexecutionwhenthedefendantwaspersonallyservedwithsubpcem.Theter-n"judicialprocess"intheor<trialactisnotsynony-mouswithjudicialattachment,butincludesjudicialattachment,garnishment,andexecution;andsection3468oftheCodemeans,inthelightoftheoriginalAct,thatadefendant'sestateshallnotbesubjectedtosalebyorderofCourtunlessthedefendanthasbeenbroughtintoCourtbyanoriginalattachmentproceeding,orbyserviceofsubpoena.Jamesv.Hall,1Swan,297.104WelchV.Robinson,10Hum.,264;Jam^sv.Hall,1Swan,297;Grewarv.Henderson,1Tenn.Ch.,76.Areturn,"Thedefendantnotfoundinmy
county,*'willnotsustainajudicialattachment:thereturnmustbe,"Thedefendantnottobefoundinmycounty."Welchv.Robinson,10Hum.,264.105TheClerkmustmakethesameorderofpublica-tiononhisruledocket,andpublishthesamesortofnotice,asincasesoriginallycommencedbyattach-ment.Code,§3467;Lylev.McCurry,1Heisk.,26.1See,ante,§§246;255-259.2Code,§4386;sub-sec.4;see,ante,§271.3Forinstance,ifthebillwasinfactsubsequentlyswornto,orwassubsequentlyamendedsoastoallegeastatutorycauseofattachment,thefactofsuchsubsequentandunauthorizedinterpolations,nototherwiseappearing,maybemadetoappearbyapleainabatement;and,ifsuchpleabefoundtrue,thebillwillbedismissed,ifthejurisdictionoftheCourtisfoundedontheoriginalattachment.SeeCode,§§3471;3476.4Fayv.Jones,1Head,443.5Tarboxv.Tonder,1Tenn.Ch.,163;Piguev.Young,1Pick.,263.6Cookev.Richards,11Heisk.,713.Forformsofpleasinabatement,see,ante,§259.

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§884DEFENCESANDDECREESINATTACHMENTSUITS.684Thedefences,predicatedontheabsence,insufficiency,orfalsity,ofthepre-requisitestotheissuanceofthewritofattachment,mustallbemadebeforeorwhenananswerorpleainbarisfiled;theycannotbemadeintheanswer.Buttheomissiontomakeanyofthesedefencesdoesnotinanywayprecludethedefendantfromdemurringtothebillasapleading,7orfromfilingapleainbartothebill,orananswercontestingtheequitiessetupinthebill.Afterapleainbar,orananswer,itistoolatetoobjecttoanyirregularities,ordeficiencies,intheattachmentproceedings.8Ifthedefendantintendstodisputeanyofthegroundsallegedforanoriginalr:ttachment,hemustdosobyapleainabatement;hecannotputanyoftheminissuebydenyingtheminhisanswer.Ifhefilesananswer,without,atthesametime,orpreviously,filingapleainabatement,heisdeemedtowaiveanydefencetothejurisdictionofhispersonhemighthavemadebasedonthefalsityofthegroundsallegedfortheattachment.9But,undertheActof1897,thedefendantcanpleadinabatementtotheattachment,andpleadinbarorf.nsweratthesametime,theoldrulethatapleainbar,oranswer,waivedapleainabatementpreviouslyfiled,beingtherebyabrogated.10BythesameAct,itisfurtherprovidedthatwhenapleainabatement,andapleainbaroranswer,arefiledatthesametime,theyshallbothbeheardatthesametime,andjudg-mentrenderedoneach.If,atsuchhearing,thepleainabatementbefoundtruethesuitwillbedismissedwithoutanyadjudicationonthemeritsofthebill;andiffoundfalse,thesuitwillbedecidedonitsmeritsinfavorofthecomplainantordefendantasEquitymayrequire.loaIncas,eofanancillaryattachment,however,thedefendantmay,withouttheaidoftheActof1897,pleadinabatementtoit,andatthesametimeanswerthebillonthemerits.14Thereasonofthedistinctionis:thatanoriginalat-tachmentisameansofenforcingthepersonalattendanceofthedefendant;whereas,anancillaryattachmentisameremeansofimpoundingthedefend-ant'sproperty,andinnowayaffectsthejurisdictionoftheCourtoverthepersonofthedefendant,andinnowayaffectsthemeritsofthecontroversy.15Ordinarilyapleainabatementbringsforwardnewmatter,16thatistosay,itallegesmatternotcontainedinthebill,andnototherwiseappearingelse-whereintherecordofthecause.Butapleainabatementtoanoriginal,oranancillarywritofattachment,doesnotusuallybringforwardanynewmatter,butdeniesthegroundorgroundsofattachmentallegedinthebill.Iftherebemorethanonegroundofattachmentalleged,whetherallegedinthealter-nativeorotherwise,thepleamusttraverseallofthem.17Thefollowingformswillserveasguides:PLEASINABATEMENTTOANORIGINALATTACHMENT.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,see,ante,§254.1Thedefendant,RichardRoe,forpleainabatementtotheoriginalattachmentsuedoutandleviedinthiscause,says,ThathedidnotresideoutoftheState,whenthebillinthiscausewasfiled;butthathe7Anattachmentbillisanaffidavitandpleadingcombined.8JohnsonV.Luckadoo,12Heisk.,270;see,ante,§232.Thedefencestoanancillaryattachmentwritarenot,however,overruledbyapleainbar,oran-swer.Bankv.Foster,6Pick.,735.Fosterv.Hall,4Hum.,346;Boydv.Martin,9Heisk.,386.10Actsof1897,ch.121;Railroadv.McCollum,21Pick.,623;SewellV.Tuthill&Pattison,4Cates,271.IthadbeenpreviouslyheldbytheSupremeCourt,aftermuchvacillation,thatadefendantbroughtintoCourtbyattachmentofhispropertymightpleadinabatementtotheattachmentandanswertothemerits;andthatthegeneralEquityrulethatanansweroverrulesapleainabatementhasnoapplicationinattachmentsuitsunderourpractice.Bankv.Foster,6Pick..735.SeeBattclle&Co.V.Youngblood,16Lea,355;Simpsonl).Rail-wayCo.,5Pick.,304;Bivinsv.Mathews,7Bax.,256;Wilsonv.Eifler,7Cold.,31.
10aRailroadV.McCollum,21Pick.,623.Atthehearingofthesuitonthepleainabatementandatthesametimeonbillandanswer,ifthepleabefoundtruethebillmustbedismissedeventhoughcomplainanthasprovedhiscaseonthemerits,unlessthedefendantmakesatender,inwhichcasethecomplainantmayacceptwhatistendered.Ibid.Butsuchacceptancewouldbeinthenatureofanaccordandsatisfaction,andwouldbaranyfurtherrecoveryinanothersuit.14Pricev.Bescher,12Heisk.,373;RobbV.Par-ker,4Heisk.,58;Bankv.Foster,6Pick.,735.15Thepleadermustkeepinmind,thatadefencetotheattachmentisonething,andadefencetothemeritsisanother,andwhollydifferent,thing:hemaysucceedinoneandfailintheother.16Ante,%253.17Cookev.Richards,11Heisk.,713.

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685DEFENCESANDDECREESINATTACHMENTSUITS.§885thenwas,andeversincehasbeen,acitizenoftheState,andaresidentofClaibornecounty.Thathewasnotabouttoremove,norhadheremoved,himselforpropertyfromtheState,whenthebillinthiscausewasfiled;buthethenwas,andhaseversincecontinuedtobe,:icitizenoftheState,andaresidentofClaibornecounty.Thatthepropertyleviedonundertheoriginalattachmentsuedoutinthiscausewasnot,atthetimeofsaidlevy,andhasneversincebeen,thepropertyofthisdefendant.Wherefore,hepraysthatsaidattachmentbeabatedandquashed,thepropertyreleased,andthesuitdismissed[Annexaffidavit,1*asin§254,ante.] JohnP.Davis,Solicitor.PLEASINABATEMENTTOANANCILLARYATTACHMENT.[Fortitle,commencement,andconclusion,see,ante,§254.]Thedefendant,RichardRoe,forpleainabatementtotheancillarywritofattachmentsuedoutandleviedinthiscause,says,Thathehadnotremoved,norwasheremoving,himselfoutofthecounty[namingthecountyspecifiedinthebill,]privately,atthetimethebillinthiscausewasfiled;butthathethenwaslivingopenlyinsaidcounty,attendingopenlytohisbusiness,andhassocontinuedtodoeversince.Thathehadnotabsconded,norwasheabscondingorconcealinghimselforproperty,atthetimethebillinthiscausewasfiled;butthathewasthenlivingopenlyinthecountyofClaiborne,thecountyofhisusualresidence,attendingopenlytohisordinarybusiness,andthatheandhispropertyhavebeeninsaidcountyeversince,openlyandunconcealed.Wherefore,hepraysthatsaidancillarywritofattachmentbeabatedandquashed,andthatthepropertyleviedonthereunderbereleasedanddischarged.[Annexaffidavitasin§254,ante.] P.G.Fulkerson,Solicitor.Itwillbeseenbyanexaminationoftheforegoingpleas,thattheymainlyconsistofanemphaticandabsolutedenialofthegroundofattachmentallegedinthebill.19Onapleainabatementbeingfiledinanattachmentcase,thesameproceed-ingstakeplaceasinothercasesofpleasinabatement,asalreadyshown.20TheissuesoffactraisedbyareplicationmaybedeterminedbytheChancellor,
.
or,onproperdemand,byajury;and,wherethepleaisnegativeinitsnature,andconsistsofadenialofthegroundofattachmentallegedinthebill,theburdenofproofisonthecomplainant.21Ifthepleainabatementtoanoriginalattachmentissustained,theattach-mentisquashed,thepropertydischarged,andthebilldismissedatthecom-piainant'scost.Buttheeffectofsustainingapleainabatementtoanancillaryattachmentismerelytoabatethewrit,anddischargeandreleasetheproperty
;
thesuitastothemeritsofthecontroversyis,innoway,affectedbythedecisionofthepleainabatement,insuchacase.Ifthedefendantfailsinhispleainabatementtotheoriginalattachmentwrit,eitheronamotiontostrikeitout,oruponargumentastoitssufficiency,oruponanissueoffactastoitsmerits,hemaypleadinbartothebilloranswerit,andrelyuponanydefencesh&mighthavemadehadhenotpleadedinabatement.22Butwhenapleainabatementisoverruled,afteratrialonthefacts,ifthedefendanthasnopleainbaroransweronfile,andmakesnoapplicationforleavetomakefurtherdefense,aproconfessoandfinaldecreemayberenderedagainsthim.23Whenthedefendantpleadsinabatementtotheattachmentandatthesametimeanswersthebillonthemerits,ashemaynowdo,atthehearinghemayv,'inonhispleabutfailonhisanswer,orviceversa,ormaywinonbothorloseonboth.§885.PleasinAbatementinAttachmentSuitsNotOverruledbyDefencestotheMerits.—InEquitypleading,thepleainabatementistothebill,andademurrer,pleainbar,oranswerwilloverrulethepleainabatement,becausealloftheselatterdefensesare,also,tothebill;andthepleainabatementisisThisaffidavitmustbepositive,andnoton"knowledge,informationandbelief."Wrompelmierv.Moses,3Bax.,467.19SeeWilsonv.Eifler,7Cold.,33.20Ante,§§262-264,21Wrompelmierv.Moses,3Bax.,472;Jackson«.Burke,4Heisk.,614.
22Actsof1897,ch.121;Railroadv.McCollum,21Pick.,623;Sewellv.Tuthill&Pattison,4Cates,271.23Sewellv.Tuthill&Pattison.4Cates,271;Bivinsv.Mathews,7Bax.,256;Wilsonv.Eifler,7Cold.,31.Forformsofdecrees,see,ante,§§264--265.

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§886DEFENCESANDDECREESINATTACHMENTSUITS.686leastfavoredandisdeemedtobewaivedbyasubsequentpleading.Butinanattachmentsuitthepleainabatementisnottothebillbuttotheattachment;hence,ademurrer,orpleainbar,oranswertothebill,willnotoverrulethepleainabatementtotheattachment,fortheyarenotaimedattheattachmentbutatthebill,andthereisnoconflictorinconsistencyinthetwodefensesbeingsimultaneouslymadeinanattachmentsuit,thepleainabatementbeingin-tendedtodefeattheattachmentandreleasetheproperty,whilethedemurrer,pleainbar,andanswerareintendedtodefeatthebill,andpreventanadversedecreeonthemerits.23a§886.DispositionofthePropertyAttached.—Thedefendantmayreplevythepropertyattached,upongivingthebondrequiredbythestatute.Thisbondmaybetakenbytheofficerlevyingtheattachment,iftenderedbeforehereturnsthewrit;andmaybetakenbytheClerk,aftersuchreturn.24Ifthepropertybenotreplevied,andtheexigencyrequireit,theCourtmayatanytimeappointareceivertocollect,manage,andcontrol,theproperty,orsellthesame.25ThefollowingistheformofAREPLEVYBOND.We,A,[thedefendant,]B,andC,[hissureties,]acknowledgeourselvesindebtedtoD,[thecomplainant,]inthesumof{doubletheamountofthecomplainant'sdemand,oratthedefendant'soption,doublethevalueofthepropertyattached,]dollars.Butif,intheeventthesaidAiscastinthesuitwithsaidD,intheChanceryCourtatKnoxville,whereinthepropertyofsaidAhasbeenattached,he,thesaidA,shallpaythedebt,interest,andcosts,suedfor,[or(ifthebondisindoublethevalueoftheproperty)shallpaythevalueOfthepropertyattached,]thenthisbond,whichisgiventoreplevysaidproperty,istobecomevoid.26[Tobedulydated,signed,andwitnessed.]Thebond,ifgiventotheSheriff,mustbereturnedbyhimwiththeattach-ment.Thebond,whethertakenbytheSherifforClerk,constitutesapartoftherecordinthecause,andadecreemaybeentereduponit,incasethede-fendantiscastinthesuit.27REFERENCETOTHEMASTERONAREPLEVYBOND.JohnDoe,vs. \No.914.RichardRoe.J[Followformofdecreein§887,post,downtoparagraphil,andtheninsertthefollowing:Anditappearingthatanattachmentissuedinthiscauseandwasonthe26thdayofJanuary,1900,levieduponthefollowingpropertyofthedefendant,RichardRoe,[describingit],andthatonthe27thdayofJanuary,1900,thedefendant,RichardRoe,repleviedsaidpropertybyexecutingareplevybondwithRolandRoeashissurety,conditionedto"paythedebt,interestandcostssuedfor,orthevalueofthepropertyattached,"and(thevalueofsaidpropertynotsufficientlyappearing,theMasterisdirectedItohearproofandreportinstanterwhatwasthereasonablevalueofsaidpropertyatthetimeitwasreplevied.§887.DecreesinAttachmentSuits.—Theattachmentandpublicationareinlieuofpersonalserviceuponthedefendant;and,afterthelevyoftheattachment,andexpirationofthetimespecifiedinthepublishednoticeforthedefendanttomakedefence,thecomplainantmayproceedasthoughthede-fendanthadbeenbroughtintoCourtbypersonalserviceofsubpoena.273-Thedefendantmust,also,makehisdefencesasthoughhehadactualnoticeofthesuit.Ifhefailtomakeanydefence,thecomplainantmaynotonlyhaveadecreeproconfesso,butafinaldecree,attheappearanceterm,withoutfurtherproof,28exceptincertaincases;29for,onsuchaproconfesso,theallegationsinthebillaretobetakenasadmitted,exceptinthecasesreferredto.30Inthefinaldecree,thepropertyleviedonshouldbespecificallydescribed,andtheClerkandMasterorderedtosellit;or,ifitbepersonaltyinpossessionofthelevyingofficer,hemaybeorderedtosellit.Andifthepropertyattached23aBankv.Foster,6Pick.,735.Butnowsee27aCode,§3524;Walkerv.Cottrell6Bax258Actsof1897,ch.12;ante,8258. 28Code,§§3526;4371;Claybrookv.Wade.724Code,§§3509-3513.Cold.,555;ante,§209.25Code,§3503. 29Fortheseexceptedcases,see,ante20626Code,§3509 80Forproconfessos,andproceedingsthereon,see,27Code,§§3513-3514. ante,§§205-213.

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687DEFENCESANDDECREESINATTACHMENTSUITS.§887
isnotsufficienttosatisfythedecree,executionmaybeawardedfortheresi-due.31If,however,executionisawarded,inthefirstinstance,bythedecree,andnoorderofsaleawardedatall,thisisawaiveroftheattachmentlien,andinsuchcasetheClerkhasnoauthoritytoissueanorderofsale.32But,wherethedefendantisbroughtintoCourtbyattachmentofhispropertyandpublicationthereon,ajudgmentagainsthimisquasiinrem,andvalidonlytotheextentofthemoneyrealizedfromthepropertyattached.Aper-sonaljudgmentandawardofexecutioninsuchacasebecomescoramnonjudice,andisnullandvoid.33Wherethedefendant,inanoriginalattachmentsuit,doesnotappear,theCourtmaystayfinaljudgmentnotmorethantwelveandnotlessthansixmonthsfromthereturnofthewritofattachment,unlesstheattachmentissuedoutbecausethedefendantisanon-resident,andthenthestaymustbeallowed,unlesssufficientcauseappeartothecontrary.34Thestaymaybeallowedbyprovidingthatifthedecreeisnotsatisfiedbyadaynamed,whichmustbesixmonthsormorefromthereturnofthewrit,thedecreeshouldbeenforcedbysaleofthepropertyattached,andbyothernecessaryprocess.35Thefulllimitofthestayshouldbeallowedinallcaseswherethecomplainantpuesunderthepauperoath.36DECREEIKANATTACHMENTSTTIT.stJohnDoe,]vs. }•No.914.RichardRoe.JThiscausecameonthis25thdayofAugust,1900,tobefinallyheardbeforetheHon.JosephW.Sneed,sittingbyinterchangewiththeChancellor,upontheoriginalbill,thewritofattachmentandthereturnthereon,theanswerofthedefendant,andtheproof,anduponargumentofcounsel,onconsiderationwhereoftheCourtdecreesasfollows
:
i.Thatthecomplainanthaveandrecoverofthedefendant,RichardRoe,thesumoftwelvehundreddollars,theamountdueonthenotesuedon;and,also,allthecostsofthecause.n.Thatthepropertyattachedinthiscause,consistingofthefollowing:[Heresetitout,asdescribedinthebill,orintheSheriff'sreturnontheattachment^besubjectedtothesatis-factionofthisdecree,andbesoldbytheClerkandMaster,[or,bytheSheriff,]inthemannerprescribedbylaw,[or,iflandbeattached,theCourtmayordertheClerkandMastertosellitonacreditasinothercasesoflandsales.See,ante,§626.]in.Iftheproceedsofsaidsaleshallnotsatisfythisdecree,anexecution38willissueforthebalancethatmaybeduehereon.DECREEONANATTACHMENTBILL.JohnDen,vs.\654.RichardFen.JThiscausecameontobeheardbeforetheHon.W.B.Staley,Chancellor,onthis7thdayoiJune,1885,onthebill,theexhibitthereto,thewritofattachmentandreturnthereon,thejudgmentproconfessoheretoforeregularlytakenandenteredagainstthedefendant,[andtheproofinthecause,iftherebeanyproofotherthantheexhibit,andtheproconfesso.]i.AnditappearingtotheCourtfromaninspectionofithenote,filedasexhibitAtothecomplainant'sbill,thatthereisduethereontothecomplainantfromthedefendantthesumofonethousandtwohundredandthirtydollars,principalandinteresttothisday,itissodecreed.Andmorethansixmonthshavingelapsedsincethereturnoftheattachment,itis,therefore,orderedandadjudgedthatthecomplainanthaveandrecoverofthedefendant,saidsum'ofonethousandtwohundredandthirtydollars,andallthecostsofthiscause.31Code,§3536;3538. . .32Ifthedecreeawardsanexecutiononly,thisjsanabandonmentoftheattachmentlien.Stauntonv.Harris,9Heisk.,579;Hurstv.Liford,11Heisk.,622.Hence,tocontinuetheattachmenthen,thedecreemustawardanorderofsale.Mullendore».Hall,2Ch.Apps.,273.33PaperCo.v.Shyer,24Pick.,444.Anexecu-tion,however,canissueonallotherjudgmentsinattachmentsuits. .34Code,§§3527-3528.Thisstayisdiscretionary,exceptincaseofnon-residents.Swanv.Roberts,2
Cold.,154;Boggsv.Gamble,3Cold.,148.Thestayrunsnotfromthedecree,butfromthereturnofthewrit;hence,ifthedecreeispronouncedsixmonthsafterthereturnofthewrit,nostayneedbeallowed.Claybrookv.Wade,7Cold.,562;Mulloyv.White,3Tenn.Ch.,9.36Claybrookv.Wade,7Cold.,562.36ThereasonofthisappearsinMulloyt>.White,3Tenn.Ch.,9.37Foraformofadecreeonapleainabatement,see,ante,§§264-265.88Butnoexecutioncanissuewhenthedefendant

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§888DEFENCESANDDECREESINATTACHMENTSUITS.688
ii.Anditappearingthatacertaintractofland,lyinginthe7thcivildistrictofKnoxcounty,adjoiningthelandsofA,B.C,andD,containing100acres,hasbeenattachedinthiscause,itisdecreedbytheCourtthat,unlessthedefendant,withinthreemonthsfromthisdate,shallpayandsatisfythisdecree,theMaster,afteradvertisingaccordingtolaw,shallproceedtosellthesaidtractofland,orsomuchthereofasnecessary,atpublicsale,tothehighestandbestbidder,attheCourtHousedoorinKnoxville,tosatisfythisdecree.Andonspecialapplicationofthecomplainant,bothinhisbillandatthebar,itisdecreedthatsaidlandbesoldonacreditoftwelvemonths,andthatwhensaidsaleisreportedandconfirmed,norightofredemptionorrepurchaseshallexistinthedefendant,orhiscreditors,butthatsuchsaleshallbeabsolute.TheMasterwilltakeanotewithapprovedsecurity,bearinginterestfromitsdate,forthepurchase-money,andretainalienonthelandasfurthersecurity.HewillreporttonexttermoftheCourthisactioninthepremises,untilwhichtimeallfurtherandothermattersarereserved.FINALDECREEONREPLEVYBONDINATTACHMENTSUIT.JohnDoe,]vs. \No.914.—FinalDecree.RichardRoe.JThiscausecameontobefurtherandfinallyheardthis27thdayofJanuary,1906,uponthepleadingsandproof,thewritofattachmentandthereturnthereon,andthereportoftheMaster,whichreportbeingunexceptedtoisconfirmed,onconsiderationofallwhichitisorderedanddecreed-thatthecomplainanthaveandrecoverofthedefendant,RichardRoe,thesumoftwohundredandsixtydollars,theamountdueonthenotesued,andallthecostsofthecause.Anditappearingfromthesaidreturnthatthepropertyattachedinthiscausewasre-pleviedbythedefendantgivingbondthereforinthepenalityofsixhundreddollars,withJohnFriendandFrankJonesassuretiesthereon,conditionedtopaythedebt,interestandcostssuedfor,orthevalueofthepropertyattached,ifthedefendantwascastinthesuit;anditappearingfromsaidreportthatthevalueofsaidpropertywhenrepleviedwasthreehundreddollars,itisfurtherorderedanddecreedthatexecutionissueagainstthedefendantRichardRoe,andhissaidsureties,JohnFriendandFrankJones,forsaidsumoftwohundredandsixtydollars,andcosts.Andonhismotion,alienisdeclaredonthisrecoverytosecurethereasonablefeeofCharlesH.Brown,complainant'sSolicitor.§888.WhenAttachmentDecreesMaybeSetAside.—Inallcasesofat-tachment,suedoutbecausethedefendantresidesoutoftheState,orhasmerelyremovedhimselforpropertyfromtheState,thejudgmentordecreebydefaultmaybesetaside,uponapplicationofthedefendantandgoodcauseshown,withintwelvemonthsthereafter;anddefencepermitted,uponsuchtermsastheCourtmayimpose.Inallothercasesofjudgmentordecreebydefaultinattachmentsuits,thedefendantcannotdenyorputinissuethegrounduponwhichtheattachmentwasissued,butmay,atanytimethereafter,andwithinoneyearafterthesuingoutoftheattachment,commenceanactionontheattachmentbond,andmayrecoversuchdamagesashehasactuallysustainedforwrongfullysuingouttheattachment;and,ifsuedoutmaliciously,aswellaswrongfully,thejurymay,ontrialofsuchaction,givevindictivedamages.39Personslaboringunderthedisabilityofcoverture,infancyorunsoundnessofmind,attherenditionofthejudgmentordecreebydefault,havesixmonths,aftertheremovalofsuchdisability,toappearandshowcauseagainstsuchjudgmentordecree.40Thedeathofthedefendantproceededagainstbyattachment,withoutper-sonalservice,whetherthedeathoccurbeforeorafterthecommencementoftheaction,doesnotrendertheproceedingsvoid,buthisheirsorrepresenta-tives,asthecasemaybe,havetherightwithinthreeyearsfromtherenditionoffinaljudgmentordecree,tomakethemselvesparties,bypetitionshowingmerits,verifiedbyaffidavit,andcontestthecomplainant'sdemand.41Thejudgmentordecree,ifexecutedbeforeitissetaside,underanyoftheforegoingprovisions,willbeaprotectiontoallpersonsactingunderit,andwillconferagoodtitletoallpropertysoldbyvirtuethereof.42isbroughtinto.Courtbyattachmentofhispropertyandpublicationthereon.PaperCo.V.Shyer,24Pick.,444.See,supra,note33.39Code,§§3529-3531.
40Code,53532.41Code,§3533.42Code,§3534.

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689DEFENCESANDDECREESINATTACHMENTSUITS.§889§889.HowAttachmentDecreesareSetAside.—Thestatutedoesnotpre-scribehowattachmentdecreesmaybesetaside,,furtherthanthatitisdone"uponapplication"ofthedefendant,andgoodcauseshown.43Insomeofthereportedeases,theapplicationhasbeenbymotion,supportedbyaffidavit;44inothers,bymotionsupportedbyapetition;45andinonecasebyanoriginalbill.46Iftheapplicationissupportedbyaswornstatementofthenecessaryfacts,theapplicantwillnotbedeniedreliefbecauseoftheformofthatstate-ment.47Nevertheless,thepropermethodofmakingtheapplicationisbyaswornpetition,48andthispetitionmay,inordertosavethebarofthestatute,befiledinvacation,provided,ofcourse,themotionismadeatthetermnextfollowing.49Thepetitionmay,also,praytohavethedecreesuperseded.50Thepetitionshouldclearlysetforththefollowing:1.Thatadecreehasbeenrenderedagainstthepetitioner;statinginthepetitionwhen,andinwhatCourt,rendered,andinwhosefavor.2.Thatthedecreewasrenderedinasuitbegunbyanoriginalattachment.3.Thattheattachmentwassuedout,becauseeitherthepetitionerresidedoutoftheState,orhadmerelyremovedhimselforpropertyfromtheState,asthecasemaybe.514.Andthepetitionmust,inadditiontotheforegoingstatements,show"goodcause''forsettingthedecreeaside.Goodcausemeanssuchastateoffactsas,iftrue,wouldrebutordestroytheequity,orcauseofaction,allegedinthebill,andshowthat,onthemeritsofthecase,thepetitionerhasagooddefence,andthedecreeisunjust.525.Thepetitionmustbeswornto,andtheverificationshouldbeonthepeti-tioner'sownknowledge,andnotoninformationandbelief.53Thecomplainantinthesuitisentitledtonoticeofthefilingofthepetition,butaregularsubpoenaneednotissueforthispurpose.Ifthecomplainantseekstoresistthepetition,theproperpracticeistotestitssufficiencybyamotiontodismissthepetition,becauseinsufficient.Nodefencetothepetition,byanswerorotherdenialofitsallegation,ispermissible;and,onthehearingofamotiontodismiss,theCourtcannotlookatanythingoutsidethepetition,unlesstherebesomematterofrecordthatinvalidatesit.If,uponitsface,thepetitionshowssufficientfactsandmerits,andisnotfatallycontradictedbytherecord,nofactsaliundecanbesetuptodefeatthepetitioner'srighttohavethedecreesetaside,andtomakedefencetothebill,uponsuchtermsastheCourtmayimpose.Thepetitionneednotbeaccompaniedbyananswertothebill;54itsofficeistoopenthedoorforananswer;andthisdone,ithasserveditspurposeandbecomesfunctusofficio.65Butifthepetitioncontainsallthemattersofdefencethepetitionerdesirestosetup,itmaybeallowedtostandasananswertothebill.56§890.PetitiontoSetAsideaDecree,andProceedingsThereon.—Inorder43Code,§3529.44Cainv.Jennings,3Tenn.Ch.,131.45Bledsoev.Wright,2Bax.,471;Smithv.Fos-ter.3Cold.,139.46Gillv.Wyatt,6Heisk.,88.47Ante,§§43;269;681;719.48ThisapplicationwhenmadeintheCircuitCourtisinthenatureofanapplicationforanewtrial;Smithv.Foster,3Cold.,139;andmaytherewellbemadebymotion,supportedbyaffidavit;butwhenmadeintheChanceryCourtitisinthenatureofapetitionforarehearing.Thepracticeinsettingasidedecrees,inotherthanattachmentcases,isbypetition.Code,§§4380-4381.See,ante.§212.49Bledsoev.Wright,2Bax.,471.Inthiscase,JudgeTurneysaysthat"incontemplationoftheorganiclaw,theCourtsarealwaysopen."soMetcalfv.Landers,3Bax.,35.51Ifthereareseveralothercausesofattachmentallegedinthebill,thepetitionermustallegethathewas,infact,anon-residentatthetimethebillwasfiled,ifthisbeoneofthecauses,orhadmerelyre-movedhimselforpropertyfromtheState,ifthisbe
oneofthecauses.Inotherwords,wherethebillallegesoneofsaidtwocauses,alongwithothers,thepetitionermustaverthatoneofsaidtwocauseswasinfacttrue,andhencetherealcausefortheattach-ment.Smithv.Foster,3Cold.,139;Gillv.Wyatt,6Heisk.,88.Itwouldbewellforthepetitionertoaver,also,thathehadnonoticewhateverofsaidsuit,orofsaiddecree,until'afterthedecreewasrendered,andthetermendedatwhichitwasmade.52"Goodcause"meansmerits.Cainv.Jennings,3Tenn.Ch.,131;Gillv.Wyatt,6Heisk.,88.SeesectiononGoodCause,ante,§62,sub-sec.8.53Affidavitsmaybefiledinsupportofthepetition,buttheyarenotnecessary.SeeSmithv.Foster,3Cold.,139;SneedV.Hall,3Cold.,255;BrownV.Brown,2Pick.,277.54Metcalfv.Landers,3Bax.,35.55BrownV.Brown,2Pick.,277.58Metcalfv.Landers,3Bax.,35.Thewords,intheopinioninthiscase,onp.37,"allowedtostandonananswer,"shouldnodoubtread,allowedtostandasananswer.

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§890DEFENCESANDDECREESINATTACHMENTSUITS.b90morefullytoshowthenatureofapetitiontosetasideadecreeinan.attach-mentsuit,thefollowingformisgiven:57PETITIONTOSETASIDEADECREE.JohnDoe,]vs. VNo.683.—IntheChanceryCourt,atSmithville.RichardRoe.JToHon.B.M.Webb,Chancellor:Yourpetitioner,RichardRoe,respectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.Thatonthe2ddayofJune,1891,adecreebydefaultwasrenderedagainsthiminsaidcauseandCourtinfavorofthesaidcomplainant,JohnDoe,foronethousanddollars,andcostsofsuit,whichdecreeisstillinfullforce,andunappealedfrom.n.Saiddecreeisbaseduponaproceedingbyoriginalattachmentlevieduponpetitioner'sproperty,uponthegroundthatheresidedoutoftheState.Petitioneraversthathewasanon-residentwhensaidattachmentwritwasissued,andthathehadnoknowledgeornoticewhateverofthesaidsuit,orofanyoftheproceedingstherein,untilafterthesaiddecreehadbeenpronounced,andthetermclosedatwhichitwasrendered.in.Saiddecreeiswhollyunjust.Theallegationinthebill,onwhichitisbased,thatthepetitionerowedthecomplainantDoethesumofonethousanddollars,onaccount,wasutterlyfalse.Petitionerdidnot,whenthebillinthiscasewasfiled,orwhensaiddecreewasrendered,owethecomplainantanything.BeforepetitionerleftTennessee,heandthecomplainanthadafullandfinalsettlement,andthelattergaveyourpetitionerareceiptinfull,whichismadeapartofthispetition,andmarkedA.Saidpretendedaccountonwhichsaidbillisbasedisutterlyunfounded,andwasabandonedbycomplainant,whensaidsettle-mentwasmade. IV.SaiddecreeorderedtheClerkandMastertosellthepropertyofpetitionerthereinde-scribed,andsaidpropertyhasbeenadvertisedforsale,andwillbesoldunlesssaidsaleissuperseded,68orrestrained.v.Thepremisesconsidered,yourpetitionerprays
:
1st.Thatnoticeofthispetitionbeissuedbyorderofyourhonor,andservedonsaidcomplainant
;
2d.Thatthispetitionbeconsidered,also,ananswertosaidbill,andthat,onthehearingofthispetition,saiddecree,andalsothedecreeproconfesso,besetaside,andvacated,andthispetitionallowedtostandasananswer59tosaidbill.3d.That,inthemeantime,arestrainingorderbegrantedandissuedtostayallfurtherproceedingsundersaiddecree,andonsaidadvertisementofsale.004th.Andthatpetitionerhavesuchother,furtherandgeneralrelief,ashemaybeen-titledto.Thisisthefirstapplicationforarestrainingorderinthiscase.W.V.Whitson,Solicitor.StateofTennessee,jDeKalbcounty.jRichardRoemakesoaththatthestatementsinhisforegoingpetitionaretrue.[Jurat,asin§797,ante.] RichardRoe.RESTRAININGORDER.TotheClerkandMasteratSmithville:Youareherebyrestrainedfromproceedingfurtherunderthedecreeandadvertisementofsalereferredtointheforegoingpetition.Youwillalsofilethispetition,01andissuethenoticetothecomplainantprayedforthereinJulyS,1891. B.M.Webb,Chancellor.If,atthehearing,theprayerofthepetitionisgranted,thefollowingorderwouldbeenteredontheminutes
:
ORDERSETTINGASIDETHEDECREES.JohnDoe,)vs. \No.683.RichardRoe.JThepetitionfiledinthiscausebythedefendant,RichardRoe,prayingthatthedecrees57Foranotherform,see,ante,§212. Iwouldbenecessary;iftheMasterisenforcingthe58MetcalfV.ganders,3Bax.,37. decree,arestrainingorderissufficient.59MetcalfV.Landers,3Bax.,37. 01ThepetitionmaybefiledinvacationBledsoe60Ifanorderofsalehasissued,asupersedeasIv.Wright,2Bax.,471.

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§891 SUITSFORRECEIVERS.692
CHAPTERXLIV.SUITSFORRECEIVERS;ANDPROCEEDINGSTHEREIN.ArticleI.ReceiversGenerallyConsidered.ArticleII.InWhatCasesaReceiverwillbeAppointed.ArticleIII.TimeandMannerofAppointingReceivers.ArticleIV.Powers,Duties,andLiabilities,ofReceivers.ArticleV.Settlements,Removal,andDischarge,ofReceivers.ARTICLEI.
§891.OfficeofaReceiver.
I892.WhoMaybeAppointedReceiver.
RECEIVERSGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§893.OfWhataReceiverMaybeAp-pointed.§894.EffectofaReceivership.§891.OfficeofaReceiver.—TheCourtsofthisStateareallvestedwithpowertoappointreceiversforthesafe-keeping,collection,management,anddisposition,ofpropertyinlitigationinsuchCourt,whenevernecessarytotheendsofsubstantialjustice.1AreceiverisapersonappointedbytheCourt(1)toreceivetherentsandprofitsofland,orotherproperty,(2)tosellpropertyinthecustodyoftheCourtwhensoordered,(3)tocollectnotes,accounts,andotherchosesinactionbelongingtoasuit,(4)tocareforpropertywhichisthesubject-matterofthelitigation,and(5)todoanyotheractsinreferencetopropertyinthecustodyoftheCourt,thattheCourtmaydirect.HeisanofficeroftheCourt;andisregardedastrulyandproperlythehandoftheCourt.2Areceiverisappointedforthebenefitoftheinterestedpartywhomakestheapplication,andforthebenefitofallotherswhomayeventuallybefoundtohaveaninterestintheproperty,oritsproceeds;andtheobjectofhisappoint-mentistopreservethesubject-matterofthelitigation,oritsrentsandprofits,fromwaste,lossordestruction,sothattheremaybesomeharvestafterthelaborsofthecontroversyareover.3Theappointmentofareceiver,however,doesnotinvolvethedeterminationofanyright,oraffectthelegaltitleofeitherparty;andis,bynomeans,tobeconstruedasdecidinganyoftheissuesinvolvedinthecontroversy.Theappointmentismadeforthebenefitofthepartywhomayultimatelyappeartobeentitledtothepropertyoritsproceeds.4"Whereitwouldbedifficult,inconvenientorperplexing,foronereceiverto.takechargeoftwoormoreseparateestates,orstocksofgoods,orsetsofaccounts,theCourtwillappointmorethanonereceiver.§892.WhoMaybeAppointedReceiver.—Anypersonmaybeappointedreceiver;therule,however,istoappointapersonwhoisnotonlywhollydis-interestedinthesubject-matterofthelitigation,buthas,also,especialfitnessfortheparticulardutieshewillberequiredtodischarge.Apersonwhosedutyitwouldbetowatch,check,andcontrol,thereceivershouldneverhimselfbeappointedreceiver;norshouldthepersonbeappointedwhoseneglect,mis-conduct,orfraud,hasoccasionedthelitigation.5
lCode,§3768.Suchinterlocutoryappointmentcannotbeappealedfrom,suspendedbyasupersedeas,orreviseduponabillofreview.HighonRec,§26;BairdV.TurnpikeCo.,1Lea,394;Bramleyr..Tyree,1Lea,531;RobersonV.Roberson,3Lea,50.
21Barb.Ch.Pr.,658;HighonRec.,§§1-2.31Barb.Ch.Pr.,658.42Dan.Ch.Pr.,1741;post,§894.52Dan.Ch.Pr.,1732.

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693 SUITSFORRECEIVERS.§893TheJudge,orChancellor,may,however,appointapartnerwillingtoactwithoutsalary,ormayappointoneofthepartieswiththeconsentoftheothers,orifnooneelsecanreadilybeobtainedtoaccept,mayappointtheClerkandMaster,orhisdeputy.6§893.OfWhataReceiverMaybeAppointed.—Thepropertyareceiverismostcommonlyappointedtotakechargeofis:(1)propertyleviedonbyattachment,orexecution,andliabletoperishordeteriorate,pendingthesuit
;
(2)goods,wares,andmerchandise,involvedinthelitigation;(3)judgments,notes,accounts,andotherclaims,attachedorimpoundedbygarnishment;(4)partnershippropertyofallkinds;(5)corporationpropertyofallkinds;(6)realestatebelongingtotenantsincommon,orencumberedbyliensbelongingtootherparties,andbythemsoughttobeenforced;(7)assetsofadeceasedperson;(8)trustpropertyofallkinds;(9)proceedsofwastecommittedonrealestate;(10)rentsandprofitsofrealestate,orofcoal,iron,orothermines,orofquarries,orofturnpikesandrailroads.Indeed,itmaybestated,generally,thatareceivermaybeappointedofanykindofproperty,oroftheproceedsofanykindofproperty,real,personalormixed,legalorequitable,thatmaybedisposedofbythedecreeoftheCourtinthecause.And,on1heotherhand,theCourthasnorighttoappointareceiverofpropertythatisnotsubjecttoexecutionorattachment,exceptinasuitbyawifefordivorceandalimony,andexceptincaseswherethepurposeofthereceivershipistoprotectorpreservetheexemptpropertyforthebenefitoftheownerthereof.§894.EffectofaReceivership.—Areceiverisappointedonbehalfofallparties,,andnotofanyone;andtheapppintmentaltersnoright,andadjudgesnoquestion.Theappointmentismerelytoholdthepropertyforthebenefitofthepartywhomayultimatelyappeartobeentitledtoit;andwhensuchpartyisascertained,thereceiverwillbeconsideredhisreceiver.7Astheresultoftheseprinciples,ifanylosshappensbythedestruction,ordeteriora-tionoftheproperty,orbythemisconductofthereceiver,suchlossmustbebornebytheestateinhishands,asbetweenthepartiestothesuit.8AssoonashisbondhasbeenacceptedbytheClerkandMaster,thereceiver'sappointmentiscomplete,andthetitleandrightofpossessiontothepropertycommittedtohim,instantlyvestsinhimasofthedateofhisappointment;9anditisthedutyofallthepartiestothesuittosurrendertothereceiveranyofthepropertyintheirpossession,orundertheircontrol.Thetenantsofthepartieswillalsoattorntothereceiverandpaytheirrentstohim,includingallrentsinarrears;10andifanyofthepropertyhasbeenleviedon,betweenthedateofthereceiver'sappointmentandtheexecutionofhisbond,theSheriffmustsurrenderittothereceiver.11Ifanypartyrefusetosurrendertothereceiverthepropertyinhispossession,oranytenantrefusetoattorntohim,suchpartyortenantmaybeattachedfarcontempt,orawritofpossessionmaybeawardedtoputthereceiverinpossession.12ArecieverisanofficeroftheCourt,andisconsideredastrulyandproperlythehandoftheCourt.13Forthisreason,thepossessionofareceiverisdeemedthepossessionoftheCourt;andanyattempttodisturbit,inanyway,withouttheleaveoftheCourtfirstobtained,willbeacontemptofCourt;andthe
6UndertheEnglishpractice,theMasteroftenappointedthereceiver,andthereforecouldnotactasreceiverhimself.InthisState,however,heneverdoes,andisthereforeeligible;indeed,heisoften.thebestpossiblemantobeappointed,especiallyinsmallmatters.Thestatutecontemplatestheappoint-mentoftheMasterasreceiver,andprovidesthatheshallgiveaspecialbondtocoverhisliabilityassuch.Code,§§328;329;4553;Williamsv.Bow-man,3Head,679:Statev.Cole,13Lea,3677iBarb.Ch.Pr.,658;HighonRec,§52;134-135-2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1741;Fultonv.Davidson,3Heisk.,623;Wallv.Pulliam,5Heisk.,369;Ross
v.Williams,11Heisk.,412;BrienV.Paul,3Tenn.Ch.,360;Johnsonv.Hanner,2Lea,11.82Dan.Ch.Pr.,1741.Resperitsuodomino.See,ante,§64.oHighonRec,§§136;152.102Dan.Ch.Pr.,1742.11Hie*onRec,%136.122Dan.Ch.Pr.,1742.131Barb.Ch.Pr.,658;Berryv.Jones,11Heisk,210;Rossv.Williams,11Heisk.,412;Payneti.Baxter,2Tenn.Ch.,517.

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§895WHENARECEIVERWILLBEAPPOINTED.694personmakingitwillberestrainedbyinjunction,orcommittedforhiscon-tempt.14ItisthedutyoftheCourttoprotectitsreceivernotonlyagainstviolence,butagainstsuitsatlaw.15AreceiverisnotliabletobesuedwithoutleaveoftheCourtappointinghim,andifanypersonclaimspropertyinposses-sionofareceiver,oranyinterestthereinbyatitlesuperiortothatof*hepartiestothesuit,hemust,evenwhenhisrightisclear,fileapetitioninthecauseandobtainanorderfromtheCourtforareferencetotheMasterastohistitleorinterest;16ortheChancellormaydeterminethequestionsum-marily,whenthereisnocomplicationintheclaim;or,ifthematterbeofsuffi-cientimportance,mayallowtheclaimanttobringsuittodeterminethecon-ti'oversy.17
ARTICLEII.INWHAT.CASESARECEIVERWILLBEAPPOINTED.§895.TheAppointmentofReceiversGen-erallyConsidered.§896.ReceiversinSuitsby,oragainst,Partners.§897.ReceiversinSuitsagainstDebtors.§898.ReceiversinSuitsagainstCorpora-tions.
§899.ReceiversinSuitstoRecoverRealty.§900.ReceiversinSuitstoProtectTrustPropertyandLiens.§901.ReceiverstoProtectRightsinProp-ertyWherenoTrustsExist.§902.TheChancellor'sDiscretion,HowEx-ercised.§895.TheAppointmentofReceiversgenerallyConsidered.—TheChanceryCourthaspowertoappointreceiversforthesafekeeping,collection,manage-ment,anddisposition,ofpropertyinlitigationinsuchCourt,whenevernec-essarytotheendsofsubstantialjustice-,1anditmaybelaiddown,asageneralrule,thatareceiverwillbeappointedwheneverthereisgoodgroundtobe-lievethatthepropertyitself,oritsproceeds,belong,inwholeorinpart,tothecomplainants,orthattheyareentitledtoitsuse,ortohaveitoritspro-ceeds,orboth,appliedtothesatisfactionoftheirclaims,andthedefendantinpossessionissomisusingthepropertyorproceeds,orsoactingwithreferencethereto,astojeopardizethecomplainant'srightsorinterests.2TogivetheCourtjurisdiction,however,toappointareceivertheremustbeacausepending.3Whereatthehearing,theCourtdecreesthatthedefendantisnotentitledtothepossessionoftheproperty,andthedefendantisinsolvent,orappealsonthepauperoath,theCourtmayappointareceiverbeforegrantingtheappeal,itanappealisprayed,andmayrefuseanappealfromtheorderappointingareceiver.414PayneV.Baxter,2Tenn.Ch.,517;ConleyVDeere,11Lea,274.15See,ante,§40;and,post,§910.16Conleyv.Deere,11Lea,276.172Dan.Ch.Pr.,1743-1744;PayneV.Baxter,2Tenn.Ch.,517;Brienv.Paul,3Tenn.Ch.,357:HighonRec.,§139;Sto.Eq.Jur.,§833a.1Code,§§3768;4452.Theappointmentofare-ceiverisinthenatureofextraordinaryprocess.Hamiltonv.Wyne,3Shan.,34.SeeCode,§3766,andthetitleoftheChaptercontainingthesection.See,also,thetitleoftheArticlecontainingCode.§§4434and4452.22Dan.Ch.Pr.,1715-1729,andnotes.Theimmediatemovingcauseoftheappointmentoia_ceiveristhepreservationofthesubjectoflitigationortherentsandprofitsofit,fromwaste,spoliation,loss,destruction,orremoval,duringthelitigation,sothattheremaybesomeharvest,somefruitstogather,afterthelaborsofthecontroversyareover1Barb.Ch.Pr.,658;HighonRec,§4.Allthe
casesagreethatareceiverisproper,ifthefundorproperty,oritsproceedsorprofits,areindanger;andthemostusualcasesforareceiverare(1)eithertopreventfraud,or(2)tosecuretherentsorprofits,or(3)tosavethesubjectoflitigationfromwasteormaterialinjury,or(4)torescueitfromprobabledeterioration,spoliationordestruction,or(5)topreventitsremovalfromthejurisdictionoftheCourt.Andtheappointmentcanonlybemadeattheinstanceofapartywhohasanacknowl-edgedinterest,orastrongpicsumpt'Onoftitleinhimsflfalone,orincommonwithothers.2DaiKCh.Pr.,1715-1716,notes;HighonRec,§§1-3931Barb.Ch.Pr.,659.iItwouldseemthatiftheCourtdesirestohavethereceiver,appointedbyafinaldecree,actpendinganappealfromthatdecree,thepropercoursetopursueistosetasidethefinaldecreeandthecon-sequentappeal,andbyaninterlocutoryorderap-pointa_receiver,andputhiminpossession;and,onthisbeingdone,topronounceafinaldecreeonthe

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695WHENARECEIVERWILEBEAPPOINTED.§896§896.ReceiversinSuitsby,oragainst,Partners.—Insuitsbetweenpart-ners,orbetweenpartnersandtheirpriviesinestate,areceiverwillordinarilybeappointed:1,"Whenthedefendantiswilfullymismanagingthepartnershipproperty;2,Whenthedefendanthasbeenguiltyoffraudinpartnershipmat-ters;3,Whenthedefendanthasassumedexclusivecontrolofthebusinessandassetsofthefirm;4,Whentheconductofthedefendantisingrossviolationofthearticlesofthepartnership;5,Whenirreconcilabledissensionsanddis-agreementsexistbetweenthepartnersastothemanagementofthefirmbusi-ness,andlossisaprobableresultthereof;6,Whenthemutualconfidencehasbeendestroyedbytheconductofthedefendant;7,When,inanyothercase,adissolutionhasactuallytakenplacebythedeathofallthepartners,orbyeffluxoftime,orissoughtuponsufficientgrounds;or8,Whenthepartnerinpos-sessionoftheassetsisenjoinedfromsellingorcollectingthem.5Insuitsagainstafirmbycreditorsorotherthirdparties,areceiverwillordi-narilybeappointed:1,Whenthefirmisinsolventandthereisacontestbe-tweenrivalcreditorsoveritsassets;2,Whentheassetsofthefirm,orofsomememberofthefirm,havebeenattachedorleviedonbyconflictingexecutionsatlaw;3,Whensomememberofthefirmhasbecomeabankrupt;and4,When,inanycase,itbecomesnecessarytoascertainthenetinterestofanymemberofthefirm,eithertosubjectittothepaymentofhisdebt,ortodeliverittohisadministrator,executor,legatee,orassignee.6
§897.ReceiversinSuitsagainstDebtors.—Areceiverwillbeappointedonbehalfofacreditor,inthefollowingcases
:
1.WhereaDebtorisEnjoinedfromcollectinghisdebts,orfromdisposingofpropertyliabletowaste,orexpensivetokeep.72.WhereaDebtorHasMadeanAssignment,whichisassailedasfraudulent,onstronggrounds,orwhichtheassigneefailsorrefusestoproperlyenforce,orwhenthetrusteeisactingfraudulently,andineithereventthepropertyisliabletodeteriorate,ordebtsorotherassetsareliabletobelost.83.WherePersonalPropertyHasBeenLeviedon,orgarnished,inanattachmentsuit,andisperishable,orexpensivetokeep,orliabletodeteriorateinqualityorprice,orconsistsofmerchandise,ornotes,oraccounts.94.WhereManyExecutionsorAttachmentsHaveBeenLeviedontheSameProperty,andthecostofamultiplicityofsuitswillgreatlylessenthenetfundtobepaidtothevariouscreditors,theCourtwill,onaproperbillforthatpur-pose,appointareceiver,settletheprioritiesoftheparties,anddistributethefundaccordingly.5.WhereaJudgmentCreditorSeekstoSubjectProperty,HeldinTrustforthedebtoruponabillfiledafteranexecutionhasbeenreturned,unsatisfiedinwholeorinpart.10§898.ReceiversinSuitsagainstCorporations.—Areceiverwillbeputinchargeoftheproperty,assetsandfranchisesofacorporation,onapplicationofacreditororstockholder:1,Whenitbecomesinsolvent;11or2,Whenitsmerits,andgrantanappealfromsuchfinaldecree,butrefuseanappealfromtheinterlocutoryorderappointingareceiver.SeeMerrillv.Elam,2Tenn.Ch.,513;Paynev.Baxter,2Tenn.Ch.,519;BrienvPaul,3Tenn.Ch.,360;HogeV.Hollister,8Bax.,533;EnochsV.Wilson,11Lea,228;HighonRec,§§25-29.Noappealwillliefromaninterlocutoryorderap-pointingareceiver,norwillsuchanorderbesuper-sededbytheSupremeCourtwhenitwasdiscretion-ary.Enochsv.Wilson,11Lea,228;Johnsonv.Hanner,2Lea,8.5See,generally,HighonRec,§§472-529;Pars,onPart.,312-321;2Dan.Ch.,Pr.,1727-1729.Thegeneralruleis,thatifthecomplainantshowssuchastateoffactsas,ifprovedatthehearingwillen-titlehimtoadissolution,theCourtwillappointa
receiver.HighonRec,§509;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1727.Apartnerwhoenjoinshisco-partnerfromcollect-ingpartnershipassets,isboundtoseethatare-ceiverispromptlyappointed;andisliableforalllossoccasionedbytheneglectofthereceivertocollecttheassets,ortoaccountforthosecollected.Terrellv.Ingersoll,10Lea,77.6See,generally,HighonRec,§§526-537;507;512.7TerrellV.Ingersoll,10Lea,85.8HighonRec,§412.oCode,§3503;Spradlinv.Bratton.6Lea,685.ioCode,§§4283-4286;Johnsonv.Tucker,2Tenn.Ch.,398.See,generally,HighonRec,§§400-404.iiCode,§3431.

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§899WHENARECEIVERWILEBEAPPOINTED.696franchisesarenotused,orhavebeengrantedtoothers,inwholeorinpart;12or3,"Whenitschosesinactionhavebeenleviedon.13AreceiverofacorporationwillbeappointedonabillfiledinthenameoftheStateagainstacorporation:1,Whenacorporationdoesoromitsactswhichamounttoasurrenderorforfeitureofitsrightsandprivilegesasacorporation;or2,"Whenitexercisespowersnotconferredbylaw;or3,"Whenitfailstoexerciselawfulpowersessentialtoitscorporateexistence;14or4,"Wheninanycaseitsdissolutionhasbeendecreed,andthecollectionanddistri-butionofitsassetsbecomesnecessary.15§899.ReceiversinSuitstoRecoverRealty.—AlthoughasaruletheChan-eeryCourtisreluctanttoappointareceiveronabilltorecoverthepossessionofrealty,nevertheless,onewillbeappointedwhenthecomplainantclearlyshowsthatthelegaltitleandtheimmediaterightofpossessionandenjoymentarebothinhim,and(1)thathehasbeendeprivedofthepossessionbyfraud,or(2)thatthereisimminentdangerofirreparableinjurytothepropertyifleftinthedefendant'spossession;or(3)thatthereisastrongprobabilityarisingfromthefraud,mismanagement,orinsolvency,ofthedefendantthatthecomplainantwilllosetherentsandprofitsoftheland,unlessareceiverisappointed.16"Where,however,thecontestbetweenthepartiesgrowsexclus-ivelyoutofconflictoflegaltitleswithoutanyequitablecircumstancesaffectingtheconscienceofthedefendant,areceiverwillnotordinarilybeappointed.17Butafteradecreeinfavorofthecomplainant,theCourt,willconsiderthatasevidenceofhisright,andwillappointareceiverwhennecessarytopreservetherentsandprofitsofthelandfromloss,pendingamotionforanewtrial,orarehearing,oranappeal.18If,however,onanapplicationfortheappointmentofareceivertocollectrentsofrealproperty,thedefendantinpossessionwillagreetopaytherentsandprofitsintoCourt,andwillgivebondandsecuritysotodo,theapplicationforareceiverwillbedenied.19§900.ReceiversinSuitstoProtectTrustPropertyandLiens.—CourtsofChanceryexerciseallpowersdeemednecessarytoprotectpropertychargedwithatrust,andwillappointreceivers:1.WhereanExecutor,Administrator,GuardianorOtherTrustee,isSOactingastoendangerthesafetyofthetrustproperty,whateveritscharacter;orismis-applyingtheproperty,oritsproceeds;.orisotherwiseviolatinghistrustdutiestothedetrimentofthebeneficiaries,especiallyifheisinsolvent,orhaslefttheState,20orisdead,ornoncompos,orhasresigned.212.WheretheTrusteeshipisinDispute,asinacontestoverawill,oroverthetippointmentofanadministrator,22guardian,ortrustee,andtheestateofthedecedent,orthetrustproperty,realorpersonal,isliabletodeteriorate,orthe12Code,§§4294-4295;Marrv.UnionBank,4Cold.,482.13Code,§3000.14Code,§§3409;3417;3426.15Astoreceiversofcorporateproperty,see,gen-erally.HighonRec,§§287-312.16HighonRec,§§553-575.17RichmondV.Yeates,3Bax.,204;StateV.Al-len,1Tenn.Ch.,512;Davisv.Reaves,2Lea,649.Formerly,aCourtofEquityhad,ordinarily,nojurisdictiontotrythelegaltitletoland,andwhenitexercisedthepowertoappointareceiver,pendinganactionofejectmentintheCircuitCourt,theequitiesofthecomplainanthadtobeverystrongtojustifythisinterpositionoftheChanceryCourt.Butnow,that,undertheActof1877,theChanceryCourthasfulljurisdictiontotrythelegaltitle,itwillappointareceiverincaseswhereformerlysuchpowerwouldnothavebeenexercised,especiallywherethereisanywaste,orwherethedefendantisinsolvent.TheCodeenlargesthepowersoftheCourtsingrantinginjunctionsandappointingre-ceivers;andprovidesthatinrealactions,andinac-
tionsfortherecoveryofpersonalpropertyinspecie,theCourtinwhichthesuitispendingmayrestraintheinjury,removal,ordestruction,ofthepropertybyprocessofinjunction,untilthecauseisfinallydisposedof;andtheCourtsarevestedwithpowertoappointreceiversforthesafekeeping,collection,management,anddispositionofpropertyinlitiga-tioninsuchCourts,whenevernecessarytotheendsofsubstantialjustice.Code,§§3767-3768.Thesetwosectionshavemoresignificancethanisusuallyattributedtothem,18HighonRec,§577;Merrillv.Elam,2Tenn.Ch..513;Paynev.Baxter,2Tenn.Ch.,517;EnochsV.Wilson,11Lea,228.10HighonRec,§595;Johnsonv.Tucker,2Tenn.Ch.,398.20Robersont>.Roberson,3Lea,50;Bowlingl<Scales.2Tenn.Ch.,63.21See,generally,HighonRec,§§692-718;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1723.22Smileyv.Bell.Mart.&Yerg.,380;HighonRec,§46;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1725-1726.

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697WHENARECEIVERWILEBEAPPOINTED.§901rentsorprofitsareliabletobelost,ortheassetsareliabletobewasted,byreasonwhereofcomplainant'srightsorinterestsareimperilled.3.WhereaMortgage,TrustDeedorOtherExpressLienonproperty,realorpersonal,issoughttobeenforced,andsuchpropertyisbeingsomisused,orwasted,orneglected,bythedefendantthatthesecurityisgreatlyendangered,andlikelytobelost,orrenderedinadequate,especiallyifthedebtorfailstokeepthetaxespaid,orhasabandonedtheproperty,orisinsolvent,orifthemortgagedebtisoverdue,andthelandmortgagedisinadequatesecurity.23§901.ReceiverstoProtectRightsinPropertywhereNoTrustsExist.Receiverswillbeappointedwhereverimperativelynecessarytoprotectthecomplainant'srightstoproperty,realorpersonal,incaseswheretherearenotrustrelationsorduties
:
1.WhereComplainantisaTenantinCommon,orotherwiseinterestedbenefi-ciallywiththedefendantintheproceeds,profits,uses,orenjoyment,ofprop-erty,realorpersonal,andthedefendantwhollyexcludeshimtherefrom,andrefusestoaccordtohimhisrights,andespeciallyifheisinsolvent.242.WherethePropertyBelongstoanInfant,ortoapersonofunsoundmind,orhasescheatedtotheState,25andthereisnoguardian,orpersonalrepresent-ative,orotherpersonlawfullyentitledtotakethesameintopossession,andproperlycareandaccountforit,untilthoseentitledareabletodoso.293.W:hereaTenantforLife,orVendeeUnderaTitleBond,orOtherPartyinPossessionofProperty,realorpersonal,nothavingabsolutetitlethereto,failstokeepdownthetaxes,27or.todischargeencumbrances,ortokeepinflammablepropertyinsured,ortokeepuptherepairs,wherebytherightsofthoseentitledtotheremainder,ortootherinterestin,orlienson,theproperty,arein-dangerofbeinglostorgreatlyinjured.4.Where,inaSuitforAlimonyorMaintenance,thedefendantfailstoprovideforcomplainant,ortopaytheinstalmentsofalimonyormaintenanceorderedbytheCourt,andespeciallyinsuitsformaintenancewherethelandischargedwiththecomplainant'ssupport.285.Where,inAnyCase,itisNecessarytotheEndsofSubstantialJusticetosafelykeep,manage,collect,sell,rentorotherwisedisposeof,propertyinlitigation.29§902.TheChancellor'sDiscretion,HowExercised.—Theappointmentofareceiver,whenanysortofcaseismadeout,ispurelyamatterofdiscretion.Thisdiscretion,however,actsaccordingtoequitablerules,andisthediscretionofa.swornofficer,anxioustodohisdutyimpartially,andisnotthewhimorcapriceofanirresponsibleorindifferentperson.30Inexercisingthisdiscretiononanapplicationtoappointareceiver,1.TheFolio-wingConsiderationsWillWeighinFavoroftheApplication:1.Thatthedefendanthasbeenguiltyoffraudulentorotherinequitablecon-duct,jeopardizingcomplainant'srights.2.Thatthedefendantisinsolvent,andisenjoyingthepropertyoritsproceeds.3.Thatthedefendanthasnotproperlycaredfortheproperty,orhasmis-managedormisusedit,orhasdisplayedincapacityorindifference,jeopardizingcomplainant'srights.4.Thatthedefendanthasfailedtopaythetaxes,ortokeepthepropertydulyinsuredwheninsuranceisexpedient,orstipulated.23WilliamsV.Noland,2Term.Ch.,151:JohnsonV.Tucker,2Tenn.Ch.,401;Conev.Paute,12Heisk.,506;Bidwellv.Paul,5Bax.,693;HighonRec,§643;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1719,note.SeeFul-ghumv.Cotton,6Lea,591.Ifthedefendantwillgive,bondandsecuritytoaccountfortherentsandprofits,ifrequiredtopaythedebt,areceiverwillnotbeappointed.Williamsv.Noland,2Tenn.Ch.,151;Johnsonv.Tucker,2Tenn.Ch.,401.„n„„,„..24Cass^ttyv.Capps,3Tenn.Ch.,524;HighonRec§604.25Statev.Allen,1Tenn.Ch.,512;HighonRec,§594.
26HighonRec,§§725-736.27Darnsmontv.Patton,4Lea,597;HighonRec,§§609-613;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1716,note;2Sto.Eq.Jur..§838.28Code,§2470;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1724,note.20Code,§§3767-3768.30See,ante,§§583,note4;857;833,note37.Judexbonusnihilexarbitriosuofacia*,neeprop-ositionedomesticalvoluntatis,sedjuxtaleges-efjurapronunciet.(Agoodjudgedoesnothingaccordingtohisownarbitrarywill,norfromthepromptingofsocialpleasure,butdecidesinaccordancewithlawandjustice.)

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§903TIMEANDMANNEROFAPPOINTINGRECEIVERS.6985.Thatthepartiesinterestedarenumerous,andnooneofthemhasanyparticularrighttothepossessionoftheproperty.6.Thatthepropertyischargedwithatrust,andthetrustee'sconductisquestionable.7.Thatareceivershipcandonooneanyparticularharm,andmaybeofgreatbenefittothoseentitledtothepropery,oritsproceeds.Ontheotherhand,2.TheFollowingConsiderationsWillWeighAgainsttheApplicationforaRe-ceiver:
1.Thatthecomplainanthasbeenguiltyoflaches,orinequitableconduct.2.Thatthecomplainantisnotclearandemphaticintheallegationofhisequities,orhisbillissworntooninformationandbelief.3.Thattheappointmentislikelytogreatlyinjurethedefendant,whiletheadvantagestothecomplainantwillbecomparativelysmall.4.Thatthebenefitsofareceiverarelikelytobecounterbalancedbythetrouble,confusion,expenses,orlossesthatwillprobablyresultfromtheap-pointment.5.Thatthereisnourgency,andanappointmentwouldproducenobenefits,evenifthedefendantwouldnotbeparticularlyinjuredthereby.6.Thatthedefendantiswillingtocomplywithallordersnecessarytosecuretherightsofthecomplainant,andtopreservetheproperty,orfund,oritsproceeds;andiswillingtogivebondtherefor.•
TheChancellorwill,also,inexercisinghisdiscretion,considerwhetheruponaviewofthewholecasethereisaprobability(1)thattheComplainantwillbeentitledtorecover;and(2)thathewillbeinjuredifthedefendantisallowedtoretainthepossessionoftheproperty.31Iftheanswerisonoath,anditfullyandfairlydeniestheequitiesofthebill,andtheevidenceadducedinsupportofthebillfailstoovercomethedenialsoftheanswer,areceiverwillnotbeappointed.32NorwilltheCourtappointareceiverifitwillinjuriouslyaffectapersonnotapartytothesuit.33
ARTICLEIII.TIMEANDMANNEROFAPPOINTINGRECEIVERS.§903.WhenandbyWhomReceiversareAppointed.§904.HowtheApplicationforaReceiverisMade.§90S.FrameofaBillforaReceiver.§906.FormofaPetitionforaReceiver.
§907.NoticeoftheApplicationforaRe-ceiver.§908.FormoftheOrderAppointingaRe-ceiver.§909.TheReceiver'sBond.§903.WhenandbyWhomReceiversareAppointed.—Beforeareceivercanbeappointed,theremustbeacausependingintheCourt,properforsuchappointment.Theapplicationforareceivermay,however,bemadetheverydaythebillisfiled,oronanydaythereafter,duringtheprogressofthecause,oronfinaldecree.1Theappointmentmaybemadebeforethedefendanthasanswered,orevenbeenservedwithprocess,orbeennotifiedoftheapplication,whensufficientgroundsareshown,andthenecessityofimmediateactionis31See,ante,§§583,note4;857;833,note37.32HighonRec.,§24.Thecomplainantwillbeallowedtoreadaffidavitsinsupportofhismotion.HighonRec,§85.
33HighonRec.,§33;84;Maysv.Wherry,3Tenn.Ch.,34.1Henshawv.Wells,9Hum.,568;Merrille.Elam,2Tenn.Ch.,513;Hieh"nP»c§§103-110.

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699TIMEANDMANNEROFAPPOINTINGRECEIVERS.§904apparent.2Aprayerinthebillforareceiverisnotnecessary,ifacaseproperforareceiverismadeout.3Whenadefendantisentitledtoreliefagainstaco-defendant,theCourtmay,inapropercase,appointareceiverupontheapplicationofthedefendanten-titledtorelief;4forCourtsofEquityhaveregardtotherightsoftheparties,ratherthantotheirsituationascomplainantsordefendants.ReceiversmaybeappointedbyanyChancellor,orCircuitJudge,invaca-tion,5andbytheChancelloraloneduringtermtime.Iftheapplicationfortheappointmentofareceiverismadeinvacation,reasonablenotice6ofthetimeandplaceofsuchapplication,andofthepersonbeforewhomitwillbemade,mustbegiventotheoppositeparty,7orgoodcauseshownwhysuchnoticeshouldnotbegiven.8§904.HowtheApplicationforaReceiverisMade.—Theapplicationforareceiverisusuallymadebyaprayerthereforinabill,orinanamendedorsupplementalbill,orinapetition.Suchaprayer,however,isunnecessary;ifthebilllaysafoundationfortheappointmentofareceiverbystatingfactsshowingtheproprietyofsuchanappointment,theCourt,lookingatsubstanceandnotform,will,onmotion,appointareceiver,althoughthereisnoprayerthereforinthebill.9Indeed,thenecessityfortheappointmentofareceiverfrequentlyoccursafterthebillhasbeenfiled.Ifnewfactsarisependingthelitigation,makingnecessarytheappointmentofareceiver,theymaybebroughtbeforetheCourtbyasupplementalbill,orbypetition.§905.FrameofaBillforaReceiver.—Thebillthatseekstheappointmentofareceivershouldbebothapleadingandanaffidavit
:
1.AsaPleading,itshouldshowcomplainant'scauseofactionclearly,andhisrightto,orinterestin,theparticularpropertyorfundinlitigation,andLowheisentitledtoitspossessionorproceeds,inwholeorinpart.2.AsanAffidavit,itshouldsetforthfullytheparticularfactsthatshowthedangertheproperty,orfund,ortheproceedsarein,andthenecessityforareceivertorescuetheproperty,proceeds,orfund,fromdanger,loss,ordestruc-tion;andiftherebeanyspecialactsofneglect,mismanagement,fraud,orwilfuldisregardofcomplainant'srights,suchactsshouldbespecifiedanddetailed.10Thefactssetforthshouldbeonthecomplainant'sownknowledge,oronthepersonalknowledgeofthepersonswearingtothebillorpetition,anaffidavitoninformationandbeliefbeinginsufficient.11Thebillmustnotonlylayaproperfoundationfortheappointmentofareceiver,butiftheapplicationforareceiveristobemadebeforeanswer,orbeforethehearing,itshould,also,prayforsuchappointment.If,however,animmediateappointmentisnotwanted,suchaprayerisnotindispensable.12
2Code,§4452;HighonRec,§§103-107;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1734-1736.OurpracticeismoreliberalthantheformerEnglishpracticeingrantinginjunc-tionsandreceivershipsonexparteproceedingsandatChambers:andreceiversareoftenappointedbyaJudge,orChancellor,atChambers,evenbeforethebillisfiled,buttotakeeffectwhenthebillisfiled.IncountiesremotefromaJudge,orChancellor,suchaprocedureisoftenabsolutelynecessarytopreventafailureofjustice.Sometimes,thesamefiatcontainsanorderforaninjunctionandattach-mentandareceivership,areceivershipbeingoftenthenecessaryconsequenceofanattachmentofnotesandaccounts,orofgoods,waresandmerchandise,orofpropertyperishablebynature,orexpensivetokeep.Buttojustifysuchaction,thebillmustmakeoutacaseofgreaturgency.HighonRec,§§103-106.3MerrillV.Elam,2Tenn.Ch.,515;HighonRec.583.4Henshawv.Wells.9Hum.,584.5Code,§§3948;4452.6WhatisreasonablenoticemustbedeterminedbytheJudge,orChancellor,hearingthemotion.Muchdependsontheurgencyoftheapplicationandthenecessityforimmediateaction.Instanternoticemaybereasonableinonecase,andfivedaysinan-other.7Adefendantmaymovefortheappointmentofa
receiver,againstaco-defendant,whenclearlyentitledtosuchrelief.HenshawV.Wells,9Hum.,584.8Code,§4452.Goodcausewouldbe(1)thenon-residenceofthedefendant,(2)inabilitytofindhimafterreasonableeffort.(3)wherenoticewouldpos-siblyresultinthedefendantswastingtheproperty,orremovingitoutoftheCourt'sjurisdiction,ortransferringitorassigningit,(4)wheretheprop-ertyislikelytoperish,orgreatlydeteriorate,beforenoticecouldbegiven,or(5)anyotherfactshowingthatnoticeitself,orthedelaynecessaryfornotice,wouldresultinirreparableinjury.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1735,notes;HighonRec,§§fll-117.See,ante,§62,sub-sec.8,asto"goodcause."9Merrillv.Elam,2Tenn.Ch..515;HighonRec.§83;Troughberv.Akin,1Cates,451,citingtheabovesection,then§855.10Seetheformofapetitioninthefollowingsec-tion.11Davisv.Reaves,2Lea,649.12Thenecessityfortheappointmentfrequentlyoccursafterthebillhasbeenfiled,inwhichcasetheCourtwillmaketheannointmentonmotion,sup-portedbypetitionoraffidavit,withoutrequiringthebilltobeamended,orasupnlementalbilltobefiled,unlessnewpartiesmustbebroughtbeforetheCourtbeforeareceivercanbeanpointed.Henshaw0.Wells,9Hum.,568;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1734.

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906TIME)ANDMANNEROPAPPOINTINGRECEIVERS.700Thebillorpetitionshouldalsoshowuponitsfacethatitisthefirstapplica-tionforareceiver.13§.906.FormofaPetitionforaReceiver.—"Whenthenecessityforareceiverarisesduringtheprogressofalitigation,thepropermodeofmakingtheappli-cationisbyapetition,orbymotionsupportedbyaffidavit,wherenewpartiesarenotnecessary.ThefollowingisaformofaPETITIONFORARECEIVER."WilliamL.Bramley,etah,]vs. \No.683.—IntheChanceryCourt,atLawrenceburg,Tenn.ThomasJ.Tyree,etal.JTotheHon.GeorgeH.Nixon,Chancellor:Yourpetitioners,thecomplainantsintheabovenamedcause,respectfullyshowtoyourHonor
:
i.Thatonthe3ddayofJanuary,1878,theyfiledtheiroriginalbillinsaidcause,alleging(1)thatthedefendantshadexecutedtopetitionerBramley,astrustee,forthebenefitoftheotherpetitioners,adeedoftrustoncertainlandsinsaidbillanddeeddescribed,saidlandstobesoldbysaidtrusteeifthedebtsbysaiddeedsecuredwerenotpaidbyMarch30,1878;andalleging(2)thatsaiddefendantswereinpossessionofsaidlands,andwerestrippingthesameofallitsvaluabletimber,andcommittingotherwastethereon,therebygreatlyim-pairingthevalueofsaidland,andimpairingthesecuritygivenpetitionersbysaiddeedoftrust;and(3)prayingthatthecommissionofwastebeenjoined,alndaftertheperiodfixedthereforeinthedeed,(March30,1878,)thatsaidtrustbeexecutedbyasaleofsaidlands,andthedistributionoftheproceedsamongthosethereuntoentitled.Referenceisheremadetosaidoriginalbill,andsaiddeednowonfileinthiscause,forafullerstatementoftheircontents,andweprayyourHonortoconsiderthemasapartofthispetition,onthehearingthereof. II.Petitioners,inadditiontowhatisstatedintheirsaidbill,nowstatetoyourHonor,thatonJanuary26,1878,ElizaP.Tyree,wifeofsaidThomasJ.Tyree,byhernextfriend,filedheroriginalbillinyourHonor'ssaidCourtagainstpetitionerandherhusband,tohavesaidtrustdeedsetaside,andhavearesultingtrustinsaidlandsdeclaredinherfavor.Allofthedefendantstohersaidbill,exceptherhusband,haveansweredthesame,denyingallofitsequities;butthependencyofhersaidsuitthrowssuchacloudonthetrustee'stitletosaidlandsthatasalethereof,beforetheremovalofsuchcloud,wouldresultintheirbeingsacrificed. in.PetitionerswouldfurtherstatethatitwillprobablybemanymonthsbeforethesaidsuitbysaidElizaP.Tyreeisterminated;thattheobjectofsaidsuitistoembarrasspetitionersinenforcingsaidtrust;thatsaiddefendantsarebothinsolvent,andnothingcanbemadeoutofthembylegalprocess,outsideofsaidlands;thatsaidlandswillfallfarshortofpayingthedebtssecuredbysaidtrustdeed,andthattherentsandprofitsofsaidlandswillbere-quiredtopaytheresidueofsaiddebts.IV.Petitionersbelieveandchargethattheobjectofthedefendantsincommittingsaidwaste,andinbringingthesaidsuitofsaidEliza,istoobtainalltheycanoutofsaidlandsbystrippingitofitstimber,andbyholdingthepossessionandenjoyingtherentsaslongaspossible,,relyingontheirutterinsolvencytoshieldthemfromthejustclaimsandredressofpetitioners,whosesaidsecurityisbecominglessandlesseveryday,whilesaiddebtsarebe-comingmoreandmoreeverydaybytheaccumulationofinterest.Thetimefixedinsaidtrustdeedforitsenforcementhasnowexpired,andthetrusteehasnowtherighttoproceedwiththesaleofsaidlands;butsuchsaleisnotnowdesirableforthereasonsalreadystated.v.Thepremisesconsidered,petitionerspray:1.ThatyourHonorwillforthwithappointareceivertotakechargeofallofsaidlands,andcollecttherentsandprofitsthereof,andholdthemsubjecttoyourHonor'sordersinthiscause.13Code,§4435.TheCodeseemstoregardare-ceivershipasinthenatureofextraordinaryprocess.SeetitleofChapter20.preceding§3766,andtitletoArticleVIII,preceding§4434,wherereceiver-shipsaretermed"extraordinaryprocess,"asthey,also,arein§§3869and4454.Whenoneconsidersthattheorderappointingareceiver,notonlyputshimintoimmediatepossessionoftheproperty,re-quiresthepartiestosurrendertheproperty,andtheirtenantstoattorntohim,butalso,sometimesawardsawritofpossessionorassistance,theextra-ordinarycharacteroftheproceedingbecomesmani-fest.RobersonV.Roberson,3Lea,50;BairdV.
TurnpikeCo.,1Lea,307.Besides,ifmorethanoneapplicationismade,theremaybemorethanonereceiverappointed,onebyoneJudge,andanotherbyanotherJudge,andthusunseemlyconflictmightarise.Incaseoftworeceiversforthesamepropertybeingappointed,theonefirstappointedwillbedeemedtherightfulone,andthesubsequentappoint-mentwillbedeemedimprovident,andwillbere-voked.HighonRec,§§152;173.14ThispetitionisbasedonthecaseofBramlevt;.Tyree,1Lea,531.

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701TIMEANDMANNEROFAPPOINTINGRECEIVERS.§9072.Thatatthehearing,saidrentsandprofitsbeappliedtothesatisfactionofthedebtssecuredbysaidtrustdeed.3.ThatyourHonorwillmakeallsuchotherandfurtherordersasmaybenecessarytoprotect,secure,andenforcepetitioners'rightsandequitiesinthepremises.Thisisthefirstapplication'forareceiverinthiscause.JohnH.Fuzzell,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavitbythetrustee,oroneoftheotherpetitioners:see,§789,ante.]•
Theapplicationmayalsobemadebymotion,whenallthenecessarypartiesarebeforetheCourt.Ifthefactssupportingsuchamotiondonototherwiseappear,theymustbemadetoappearbyaffidavit.Theseaffidavits,however,,shouldbeasfull,particular,andprecise,asabillorpetitionfiledforthesamepurpose.15Atthehearingofanapplicationforareceiveronbillandanswer,itiaproperfortheCourttohearaffidavitsonbehalfofthecomplainant.16§907.NoticeoftheApplicationforaReceiver.—Reasonablenoticeofthe*timeandplaceoftheapplicationfortheappointmentofareceiver,andofthe-JudgeorChancellortowhomtheapplicationwillbemade,mustbegiventhedefendant,orgoodcauseshownwhysuchnoticeshouldnotbegiven.17The.-followingisaformofaNOTICEOFMOTIONFORARECEIVER.AB,vs.CD.InChancery,atTazewell.Mr.CD
:
Takenotice,thatIwill,at10a.m.onAugust20,1890,beforeChancellorJohnP.Smith,,attheofficeoftheClerkandMaster,inJonesboro,movefortheappointmentofareceiverinsaidcause,asprayedinthebill,[or,intheamendedorsupplementalbill.lAug.14,1890. AB,byJohnP.Davis,Solicitor.Thisnoticeshouldbeservedinthesamemannerasanoticetotakedeposi-tions,andthecomplainantshouldhavetheoriginalnoticewiththeofficer'sreturnthereon,oraffidavitofservice,atthetimehemakeshismotion.Ifnonoticecanbegiven,becauseoftheextremeurgencyofthematter,or-becausethedefendantisanon-resident,orcannotbefound,orforothergoodcause,affidavitshouldbemadeshowingthefact,unlessitappearsinthe-bill,orotherwise.§908.FormofanOrderAppointingaReceiver.—Ifonthereadingofthebill,orthebillandaffidavit,theJudge,orChancellor,shouldbeofopinionthatacasefortheinstanterappointmentofareceiverismadeout,hewillmake-theappointmentinwriting,substantiallyasfollows
:
ORDERAPPOINTINGARECEIVER,ATCHAMBERS.InChancery,atTazewell.AB,vs.CD.,Themotioninthiscausefortheappointmentofareceivercomingonthisdaytobeheard'beforeme,atChambers,onconsiderationthereofitisallowed:andEFisherebyappointedreceiverofallthepropertydescribedinthebill,andonhisgivingareceiver'sbond,withtwosufficientsuretiesinthepenaltyoftwothousanddollars,18hewillenteruponthedischargeofhisdutiesassuchreceiver,andwillatonceproceedatpublicorprivatesale,ashemaydeembest,toconvertintomoneyallthepersonalpropertyandchosesinactionmentionedinthebill;therealestatehewillrentoutforthetermofoneyearfromexpirationofthepres-entlease;therentsofthecurrentyearhewillcollectandaccountfor.TheClerkandMaster-willgivehimacopyofthisorderashisevidenceofauthority,andifpossessionofanyof"saidpersonalpropertyisrefusedhim,orifthetenantsofthesaidrealestaterefusetoattorntohim,theMasterwillissueawritofpossessiontotheSherifftoputthereceiverintothe-fullandpeaceablepossessionofallthepropertysowithheld.ThereceiverwillreporthisactioninthepremisestothenexttermofsaidCourt.TheClerkandMasterwillfilethis,orderinthecause,andnoteitonhisRuledocket.Aug.20,1890. JohnP.Smith,Chancellor.15HighonRec,§§84-89. 18Thepenaltyshouldbedoubletheprobable-16HighonRec!|§85. amountofmoney,orpersonalproperty,committedto.17Code,§4452!'Whatwouldbegoodcausehasthereceiver.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1736.heretofore'beenshown.See,ante,I904,note8.

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§909TIMEANDMANNEROFAPPOINTINGRECEIVERS.702Thisordermaybeendorsedonthenotice,oronthebillorcopyofthebill,ormaybewrittenonaseparatesheetofpaper.Whenwrittenandsigned,itwillbedeliveredormailedtotheClerkandMaster.IftheCourtbeinsession,themotionfortheappointmentofareceivermaybemade,atanytimeaftertheappearanceofthedefendant,onthebill,oronthebillandpetition,oronthebillandaffidavits,oronanamendedorasup-plementalbill;andtheorderfortheappointmentwillbesubstantiallythesameastheorderatChambersabovegiven,andtheproceedingsconsequentontheorderarethesame.Sometimesthesamebillpraysandmakesoutacaseforaninjunction,attach-ment,andtheinstanterexparteappointmentofareceiver.ThefollowingisaformforaFIATFORANINJUNCTIONANDANATTACHMENT;ANDANOEDEEAP-POINTINGARECEIVER.TotheClerkandMasteroftheChanceryCourtatCrossville
:
Uponthisbillbeingfiledandprosecutionbondgiven,issue(1)theinjunctionasprayed,uponaninjunctionbondinthepenaltyoffivethousanddollarsbeinggiven;(2)theattach-mentasprayed,uponaproperbondthereforbeinggiven,and(3)onsaidbillbeingfiledandbondsgiven,andsaidprocessissued,GeorgeW.Jones,ofCumberlandcounty,isap-pointedreceivertotakechargeofallthepropertydescribedinthebill,andalsoofallsuchpropertyasmaybefoundbytheSheriffinexecutingsaidattachment.Thereceiverwill,beforeenteringuponthedischargeofhisduties,executeareceiver'sbondinthepenaltyoffivehousanddollars,properlyconditioned,thesuretiestobeapprovedbytheMaster.Thereceiverwillatoncesellallthepersonalpropertythatisofaperishablenature,orexpensive10keep;thenotesofhandandaccountshewillatoncecollectandconvertintomoney;thestockofgoods,wares,andmerchandise,thefixtures,andthebalanceofthepersonalproperty,hewillsellatprivatesale,providedhecangetasatisfactorybidwithinthirtydays,andifnothewillthensellatauction.Hemaytakenoteswithtwogoodpersonalsureties,payablewithinterestfromdate,andduethefirstdayofthenexttermofsaidCourt,forallsalesoverfiftydollars.Beforesellingsaidstockofgoods,hewillmakeacompleteinventorythereof.Hewillrequirethetenantsofthedefendanttoattorntohim,andpayovertohimallrents,includinganyinarrears.Hemaypayanybacktaxesonsaidproperty,andmayinsurethesameifexpedient.AH-thedefendantstothissuitareenjoinedtodelivertothereceiverallthepropertyintheir'possession,orundertheircontrol,herebycommittedtohim.Ifthereceiverisdeniedpossessionofanyofsaidproperty,orifanytenantrefusestoattorn,theClerkandMasterwillissueawritofassistance,19directedtotheSheriffofthecountywherethepropertyissituated,toputthereceiverintopossessionthereof.Thereceiverisempoweredtobringallsuitsbyhimdeemednecessarytofullyexecutethistrust;andallper-sonsareenjoinedfromsuinghimwithoutpermissionofsaidCourt.20Thereceiverwillreporthisactioninthepremisestothenextterm,andwillfilewithitanitemizedstatement,showingeverypieceofpropertybyhimreceived,andthepriceforwhichsold,andallsumsbyhimexpended,andonwhataccount,andthemoneyandpropertyinhishands.OrderedatChambers,August16,1891. Thos.M.McConnell,Chancellorof3dDivision.TheChancellorwill,insteadofappointingareceiver,sometimesgivethedefendanttheoptionofgivingabondtopaythecomplainantwhattheCourtmaydecreehim,thus
:
CONDITIONALAPPOINTMENTOFARECEIVER.TotheClerkandMaster:Unlessthedefendantgiveafivehundreddollarbondinthiscause,withtwogoodsureties,withinfivedaysafternoticehereof,suchbondconditionedtopaythecomplainantthevalue[or,therents,]ofsaid[property,describingitbriefly,]JohnSmithisherebyappointedreceivertotakepossessionofsaidproperty,andsell[lease,secure,orotherwisedealwith,]thesameonthebesttermsobtainable,onduepublicnotice.Thereceiverwill,beforeacting,givebondinthepenaltyofonethousanddollars.TheMasterwillforthwithnotifythedefendantofthisorder,andthedefendantisherebyenjoinedfrominanywayremoving,encumbering,ordisposingof,saidproperty,untilandunlessheshallgivesaidbond;andonhisgivingsaidbond,thisorderinreferencetoareceiverwillstandvacatedandannulled.July30,1891. A.J.Abernathy,Chancellor.§909.TheReceiver'sBond.—Uponthemakingoftheorderappointingareceiver,whethermadeatChambersorinopenCourt,theClerkandMaster19ThewritofassistanceorderedaboveismerelyaI 20See,post,§911.writofpossession,underanothername.Ante,§655. I

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703 POWERSANDDUTIESOFRECEIVERS.§910willatoncenotifythereceiver,andtakefromhimorfromthecomplainanttherequiredbondandsecurity,21andgivehimacertifiedcopyoftheorderofappointment.ThefollowingisaformfortheRECEIVER'SBOND.KnowallmenbythesePresents
:
Thatwe,EF[thereceiver,]andGHandIJ,[hissureties,]acknowledgeourselvesin-debtedtotheStateofTennessee,fortheuseofthoseentitled,inthesumoftwothousanddollars.ButthisobligationtobevoidifthesaidEF,whohasbeenappointedreceiverinthecauseofABvs.CD,intheChanceryCourtatNashville,shallpromptlytakechargeof,anddulyandfaithfullyaccountfor,allthepropertyofwhichhehasbeenappointedreceiver;andshallmakeandfileallproperinventoriesandreports,andpayoveroraccountforallmoneysthatmayorshouldcomeintohishands,andobeyallordersoftheCourttohimaddressed,andotherwisefaithfullydischargeallthedutiesofhistrust.22Aswitness[&c,dulydated,signed,andwitnessed.]TheChancellororJudgemayrequirethecomplainantapplicanttogivethebond,insteadofthereceiver,inwhichcasetheconditionofthebondwillbesubstantiallythesameasgivenabove.23
AETICLEIV.POWERS,DUTIES,ANDLIABILITIESOFRECEIVERS.§910.PuttingtheReceiverIntoPossession.I§912.TheDutiesofaReceiver.§911.ThePowersofaReceiver.|§913.TheLiabilitiesofaReceiver.§910.PuttingtheReceiverintoPossession;andSuitsResulting.—Theorderappointingareceivershouldclearlyspecifythepropertycommittedtohiscustody;andshouldenjoinallthepartiestothesuit,theiragentsandattor-neys,tosurrendertothereceiverallofsuchpropertyintheirpossession,orundertheircontrol,andallbooksandpapersrelativethereto.TheCourtwillawardawritofpossession,calledinChanceryawritofassistance,toputthereceiverintopossessionofanypropertydeniedhim;andtoejectalltenantswhorefusetoattorntothereceiver.Ifanyperson,whetherapartytothesuitornot,inanywayinterfereswiththeproperty,orwiththeproperdischargeofthereceiver'sduties,hewillbeenjoinedorattached,accordingtotheflagrancyofhisconduct.AlipersonswhoclaimrightsasagainstthereceivershouldcomebeforetheCourtbypetition,settingforththeirrightsandprayingrelief.1NosuitcanbebroughtagainstareceiverwithoutexpressleaveoftheCourtappointinghim,whenallpersonsareenjoinedfromsuinghim;anditisacontemptofCourttobringsuchasuitwithoutsuchleave.ThepossessionofthereceiveristhepossessionoftheCourtappointinghim;andallthepropertyinhishandsisinthecustodyoftheCourt.2Butifnoorderhasbeenmadefor-biddingsuitsagainstareceiver,heissubjecttosuit,especiallyifoperatingarailroad;buttheplaintiff,ifsuccessful,mustfilehisjudgmentinthecasewhere-inthereceiverwasappointed.Incaseofasuitagainstareceiverhemaypeti-tiontheCourtforinstructions,orforaninjunction,whichlattermaybegrantedorrefused.3Ifareceiverisinpossessionof,orclaiming,propertybelongingtoonenotapartytothesuit,suchpersoncanfileanoriginalbillagainstthepartiestothesuitclaimingtheproperty,andenjointhemfrominterferingwith21Code,§§3948;4453.22Thefollowingconditionwouldbesufficient.Butthisobligationtobevoid,ifsaidEF,whohasbeenappointedreceiverinsthecauseofABvs.CD,intheChanceryCourtatNashville,shallfaith-fullydischargeallthedutiesimposedonhimbylaw,orthesaidCourt.Code,5§3948;4453.Itiswell,however,tosetouttheprincipaldutiesofthe
receiverinhisbond,asanoticetohimandhissuretiesofwhattheyare.23Code,§§3948;4453.1Forpracticeinsuchacase,see,ante,§§794;894.2HighonRet,§§134-172;Tonesv.Moore,22Pick.,188.3BurkeV.Ellis,21Pick.,702.

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§911POWERSANDDUTIESOFRECEIVERS.704suchproperty,orbecloudinghistitle.4Suchasuitisnotagainstthereceiver,intheordinarysense,althoughhemaybemadeapartydefendant.Ifanyofthepropertydescribedinthebillisinthepossessionofapersonnotapartytothesuit,theproperpracticeistoamendthebillandmakesuchpersonaparty,andthenextendtheauthorityofthereceiveroversuchpartyandproperty;5ortheCourtmayauthorizethereceivertobringsuitforsuchproperty.8§911.ThePowersofaReceiver.—Asageneralrule,areceiverhasnopowerstoexercise,andnodutiestoperform,otherthanthoseconferredandimposedbytheorderappointinghim,andbythecourseandpracticeoftheCourt,insuchcases.7Hehasthepowertotakepossessionofalltheunleasedproperty,andobtaintheattornmentsofallthetenantsoftheleasedproperty,andtocollectallthedebtsandclaimscommittedtohim.Areceivercannotsuetorecoverpropertyneverinhispossession,nortocollectaclaimordebt,nortoenforceanyright,unlessgenerallyorspeciallyempoweredbytheCourtsotodo;andwhenhesuesheshouldaver,orshowonthefaceofhisbill,thathehasbeensoem-powered.8Ifempoweredtocollectnotes,accounts,andotherchosesinaction,hemaybringsuit9forthatpurpose,ifnecessary,inhisownname.Wherepropertyisinthepossessionofathirdperson,whoclaimstherighttoretainit,thereceivermusteithersuehim,orthecomplainantmustmakehimapartytothebill,andhavethereceivershipextendedoverhim.10Areceiverap-pointedinanotherStatecannotsueinthisStatetorecoverpropertyneverinhispossession.11§912.TheDutiesofReceiver.—Thereceiver,assoonashehasbeenquali-fiedtoact,shouldsettoworkdiligentlytodischargeeverydutyimposedonhimbytheorderoftheCourt.Ifhehasbeengiventhecustodyormanage-mentofpersonalproperty,hewillatoncetakeitallintohispossession,andwilldemandallthechosesinaction,books,papers,andwritings,relativetothebusinessorpropertyputintohiscustody.Allthepartiestothesuitareusuallyenjoinedtodeliveruptothereceiverallsecurities,notes,accountbooks,papers,andotherproperty,intheirpossessionbelongingtothebusiness,andincaseoftheirrefusaltoobeytheorder,thereceivershouldbringthemattertotheattentionofthepartyatwhoseinstancehewasappointed.Hewill,assoonashetakespossession,makeacompleteinventoryoftheproperty,includingthereineveryitem,sufficientlydescribedtoidentifyit.Ifauthorizedtosell,hewillatoncetakeallstepsnecessarytorealizeafairprice
;
andifauthorizedtocollectnotes,accounts,orotherchosesinaction,willatonceproceedtodoso,bringingsuitwhenevernecessary.Whenrealestatehasbeencommittedtohiscustody,management,control,anddisposition,hemustatoncetakepossessionofit;oriftenantsbeinpos-session,hemustrequirethematoncetoattorntohim,andpayhimtherent,includingallthatmaybeinarrears.Ifunabletoobtainpossession,orattorn-ment,ortherents,heshouldreportthefacttotheSolicitorofthecomplainantinorderthatthenecessarystepsmaybetakentoobtainpossession,ortopro-curetheattornment;andifsuchSolicitorfailtotakeaction,thereceivershouldapplytotheCourtforinstructionandassistance.12Hemustrentoutsuchrealestateasisnotunderlease,andmustbediligentincollectingalltherentsandprofitsoftheestate,includingallbackrentsduethedefendant.He4Haynesv.Rizer,14Lea,252.Seeproceedingsbypetitionprointeressesuo.ante,§§794;894.5HighonRec,§145;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1750,note.62Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§833a-833b.Butwhenare-ceiversuesatlawhemuststandonhislegalrights,likeanyotherplaintiff;andrecoveronthestrengthofhislegaltitle.ACourtoflawisnotconcernedinmaintainingthedignityoftheChanceryCourtinsuchasuit.Conleyv.Deere,11Lea,274.72Dan.Ch.Pr.,1748,note.8Simmonsv.Taylor,22Pick.,729.
9Wrayv.Jameson,10Hum.,186.Butthere-ceivershouldbecarefultoinstitutenoimportantsuitwithoutexpressleaveoftheCourt.102Dan.Ch.Pr.,1750,note.11BankV.Motherwell,11Pick.,172122Dan.Ch.Pr.,1749;1752.Heisnotobligedtotakepropertyfromathirdperson,orevenfromthedefendanthimself,byforce,withoutanexpressorderoftheCourtsotodo.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1749,note.

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705SETTLEMENTSANDDISCHARGEOFRECEIVERS.§913mayexpendsmallsumsinmakingcustomaryandnecessaryrepairs,withoutpreviousorderoftheCourt;andmaypaybacktaxes,oranydebtthat,ifleftunpaid,wouldcausethetitletothepropertytofail,provideditismanifestlytotheinterestofthepartiesthathepaysuchtaxesordebt.Ifproperty,suchasamill,isdeterioratingandexpensivetokeep,thereceivermaybeorderedtosellbeforethefinalhearing.13Itisthedutyoftheparty,onwhoseapplicationareceiverisappointed,toseethathedischargeshisduties,andthatallnecessaryordersaremadefromtimetotimetocompelhimtoactandaccount,accordingtolaw;andanyloss,whichmayoccurbythenegligenceofsuchparty,must,asbetweenhimandtheotherpartiestothecause,falluponhim.14§913.TheLiabilitiesofaReceiver.—Areceivermustbecarefultokeepwithinhispowers,andtofully,prudently,andfaithfully,dischargeallhisduties.Hewillberesponsibleforalllossesoccasionedtotheestatebyhiswilfuldefault,orgrossnegligence.Ifheplacesmoneyreceivedbyhiminimproperhands,hewillbechargedwithallloss.15Hemustaccountforallthepropertyandmoneythatwentintohishands,orthatcouldhavebeenob-tainedorcollectedbyreasonablediligence.Propertyinthehandsofthereceiver,beinginthehandsoftheCourt,anyloss,depreciation,ordestructionofit,withouthisfault,mustfallupontheowners.18Heisnotliableforinterest,unlesshehasreceivedinterest,orusedthefunds,orfailedtopayoverwhenrequired.17Ifthereceiverfailtoreport,orfailtopayoverthebalanceinhishands,whenorderedbytheCourt,hemaybecommittedtojailuntilhecomplieswithsuchorder.TheMastermay,also,berequiredtoreportwhatamountthere-ceiverisliablefor,ifitdoesnototherwiseappear;andwhentheamountisascertained,theCourtmayrenderadecreethereforagainstthereceiverandthesuretiesonhisbond."Whenanyquestionofdifficultyarisesinthedischargeofhisdutiesthere-ceivershouldbringitbeforetheCourtbypetitioninthecause,andpraytheadviceanddirectionoftheCourtinthematter.18
ARTICLEV.SETTLEMENTS,REMOVAL,§914.Receivers'Allowances.§915.CompensationofReceivers.ANDDISCHARGEOFRECEIVERS.
I§916.Receivers'AccountsandReports.
I§917.RemovalandDischargeofReceivers.§914.Receivers'Allowances.—Inpassinguponhisaccountsareceiverwillbeallowed:(1)anyexpendituresauthorizedbytheCourt;(2)anyexpensesnecessarilyincurredforthebenefitoftheestatecommittedtohischarge,and(3)alltaxes,orotherpublicchargesbyhimpaid.Amongtheexpendituresordinarilydeemednecessaryareincluded(1)expensesofcaringforandguardingtheproperty,whennecessary;(2)indispensablerepairs;(3)insur-ance,whenprudenttoinsure.1Butareceiverwillnotordinarilybeallowed(1)expensesincurredforser-viceswhichhecouldhaverenderedhimself,or(2)compensationpaidorprom-isedadeputywhenhewasnotabsolutelynecessary,or(3)feespaidattorneys13Gleavesv.Ferguson,2Shan.Cas.,560.14Terrellv.Ingersoll,1-0Lea,77;Downsv.Allen,10Lea,670.IB2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1751.16Wallv.Pulliam,5Heisk.,365.Resperitsuodomino.See,ante,§64.
ITFultonv.Davidson,3Heisk.,Rec.,5804;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1756.18HighonRec,§188.lHighonRec,§§180;797-798.
647;Highon

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§915SETTLEMENTSANDDISCHARGEOFRECEIVERS.706orSolicitors,or(4)improvementsmadetotheproperty,or(5)unauthorizedadditionstothestockofgoods,orbusinessinhishands,or(6)forlossesin-curredbytakinginsufficientsecurity,or(7)forcostsorexpensesofanykindwhich,byproperdiligenceoraction,mighthavebeenavoided;or(8)anycompensationforhisservices,whenhefailstoproperlydischargehisduties,orfailsproperlytomakesettlement,oraccountformoneysinhishands.There-ceivershouldfirstobtaintheconsentoftheCourt,oroftheparties,beforetak-inganyaffirmativestep,orassuminganyresponsibility.2§915.CompensationofReceivers.—Areceiverisentitledtosuchcompen-sationasisusuallyallowedbylaw,orcontract,forsimilarservices.Theusualcommissionisfivepercent,oftheamountcollectedanddisbursed;butthisamountmaybeincreasedincasesofspecialdifficulty;anddecreasedwheretheamountislarge,orthelabororresponsibilityinconsiderable.Inallcases,thecompensationshouldbesuchasisreasonablefortheservicesofapersoncompetenttoperformtheduty.Apercentageoffivepercent,isonlyageneralguide,andnotaninvariablerule.3Hemay,also,haveanallowanceforextra-ordinarytroubleorexpense,andforcounselfees,ifincurredwiththeapproba-tionoftheChancellor,orCourt.4Hiscompensationis-allowedandpaid,usually,outoftheproceedsofthepropertythatwentintohishands;but,iftherewerenoproceeds,hiscompensationwillbetaxedasapartofthecostsofthecause.5Asurvivingpartnerwhoservesasreceiveris,ordinarily,entitledtonocom-pensation,especiallywhenappointedathisownrequest.6Areceiverwhofailstosettleandpayoverwhensoordered,orwhofailstomakereportswhensoordered,orwhoisguiltyoffraudulentornegligentcon-ductcausinglossordelay,forfeitsallrighttocompensation.7§916.Receivers'AccountsandReports.—AreceivermustmakeafullandtruereporttotheCourtwheneverrequired,8showingwhathascomeintohishands,whatexpenseshehasincurred,andtheconditionoftheestate.Thesereportsshouldbeminutelyitemized,andaccompaniedwithvouchersforeveryexpendituremade.Iftheitemsarenumerous,theymaybeputinaninventory,orschedtile,andthesumtotalenteredinthereport,theinventoryorschedulebeingfiledtherewith.ThefollowingisaformofaRECEIVER'SREPORT.InChancery,atCrossville.AB,vs.CD., TotheChancellor:Isubmitthefollowingreportasreceiverinsaidcause
:
I.Thepropertythatcameintomyhands:1.Thestockofgoodsmentionedinthebill.(Seeinventory,exhibitA.)2.ArticlesleviedonbySheriffOP,anddeliveredtome.(Seeinventory,exhibitB.)3.Notesofhand,accounts,&c.(Seeinventory,exhibitC.)4.Thehouseandlotonthenorth-eastcornerofJohnandFourthstreets,occupiedbyJamesBrownastenant.ii.Thecashthathascomeintomyhands:1.Proceedsofthesaleofsaidstockofgoods.(SeesaidexhibitA.)--$1,683.402.ProceedsofthesaleofthepropertyturnedovertomebySheriffOP(Seesalelist,exhibitD.) 213102HighonRec,§§797-818;180;ConleyV.Deere,11Lea,274.3FultonV.Davidson,3Heisk.,643;Stretchi\Gowdey,3Tenn.Ch.,565.;HighonRec.,§§781-796.42Dan.Ch.Pr.,1745-1747;HighonRec,790.52Dan.Ch.Pr.,1753;Stretchv.Gowdey,3Tenn.Ch.,565;Hayesv.Ferguson,15Lea,13.Butifthecomplainantwasnotentitledtothere-ceiver,hemaybetaxedwiththecostsofthere-ceivership.LockhartV.Gee,3Tenn.Ch.,332.6PiperV.Smith,1Head,93;Berryv.Jones,1
1
Heisk.,206:BrienV.Harriman.1Tenn.Ch.,467;Toddl).Rich,2Tenn.Ch.,107;HighonRec,§795.
7Stretchv.Gowdey,3Tenn.Ch.,567;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1155;HighonRec,§818.8Ifthereportwillincludenothingbutrents,hemustmakeafullreportandsettlementatleastonceayear.Lowev.Lowe,1Tenn.Ch.,515;Stretche.Gowdy,3Tenn.Ch.,565.CourtsofEquityaredisposedtoholdreceiverstogreatstrictnessinrenderingtheiraccounts;andnodelaysornegligencewillbetolerated.HighonRec,§797.

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§917SETTLEMENTSANDDISCHARGEOFRECEIVERS.708time,orinvacation;andtheapplicationforachangeinthereceivershipshouldbeonnoticetoboththereceiverandtheoppositeparty.Theordinarycausesforremovalare:(1)thatthereceiverisabiasedkinsmantooneoftheparties;(2)thathisconductordeclarationsshowthatheisapartisanofoneofthyparties;(3)thatheisincompetentmentallyorphysically;(4)thathehasabandonedorisotherwisegrosslyneglectinghisduties;(5)thathefailstogiveaproperbondwhenrequired,and(6)thathehasbecomeabankrupt.IftheCourtismadecertainthattheappointmentofareceiverwasimprovi-dentlymade,theappointmentwillberevokedonmotion.2.DischargeofReceivers.Ordinarily,beforeareceiverwillbedischarged,heisrequiredtomakeafullsettlementwiththeMaster;andthatsettlementmustbereportedandconfirmed,andthefullbalancefoundagainsthimpaidintoCourt.OnthesettlementwiththeMaster,allpartiesininterestareentitledtonoticeinordertohavetheopportunityofbeingpresent,andexaminingorcross-examiningthereceiveronoath;and,also,ofintroducinganyevidencetheymayhavetoshowtheincorrectnessordeficiencyofthereceiver'sreport.Ifallpartiesaresatisfiedwiththecorrectnessandsufficiencyofhisreports,thetroubleandexpenseofareferenceto,andsettlementwith,theMasterisavoided,byaconsentorderconfirmingthereceiver'sreport,fixinghiscompen-sationandorderinghisdischarge,andthecancellingofhisbond,onhispayingintoCourtthefullbalanceduefromhim.Ifareceiverisappointedbeforeanswer,andtheanswerfullyandfairlydeniestheequitiesofthebill,andisnotovercomebytheproofsadducedbythecomplainant,thereceiverwill,onmotionofthedefendant,bedischarged.10Whenareceiverhasacceptedtheofficebygivingbond,hecannotbedis-chargedonhisownapplication,withoutshowingsomereasonablecause;butifhebecomesabankrupt,orfallsintobadhealth,hewillbedischarged.Are-ceiverwill,also,bedischargedifthecomplainant'sdemandissatisfied,orifthereceivershipbecomesunnecessary;but,ashisappointmentisforthebenefitofallparties,hewillnotbedischargedontheexparteapplicationofthepartywhohadhimappointed.1110HighonRec,§24.11Astothedischargeofreceivers,see,generally,2Dan.Ch.Vr,1765;HighonRec,§§832-848.

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709ATTACHMENTSOFTHEPERSONFORCONTEMPT.918
CHAPTERXLV.ATTACHMENTSOFTHEPERSONFORCONTEMPT.§922.PunishmentforContempts.
§923.ProceedingsinContemptsBeforetheMaster.
§924.EffectofaContempt.
§918.ContemptsGenerallyConsidered.§919.NatureandKindsofContempts.§920.ProceedingsinContemptsinthePres-enceoftheCourt.§921.ProceedingsinContemptsOutofthePresenceoftheCourt.§918.ContemptsGenerallyConsidered.—Acourtoflawoperatesuponthepropertyofpartiestoasuit,butaCourtofChanceryoftenoperatesuponthepersonoftheparties,commandingthemtodocertainspecifiedacts.Itismani-festthat,iftheCourthadnopowertoenforceobediencetosuchdecrees,theywouldbewhollyineffectual,andwouldbeabsolutelydisregarded.Theviola-lionofthedecreeofaCourtistermedacontempt,andtheCourtofChancery,fromthebeginningofitsexistence,hasexercisedthepowertopunishsuchviolations,byprocessofattachment.1ThepowertopunishforcontemptisoneofthehighestprerogativesofaCourtofJustice;and,uponitsboldandprudentexercise,dependtherespect,thedignity,andefficiency,ofCourtsasarbitersofhumanrights.ThemandatesofaCourtofChancerymustinallcasesbeobeyed,accordingtothespiritofthedecree,promptly,faithfullyandwithoutquestion,orevasion.Theparty,uponwhomtheorderorcommandoftheCourtoperates,isnot-allowedtospec-ulateupontheEquityofthebill,orthelegalityorregularityoftheorder,ordecree,orofthewritissuedthereon;buthissimpledutyistoobey:andwhenhedisobeysitisadutytheCourtowes,toitselfandtothepublic,topunishhimatonce.2§919.NatureandKindsofContempts.—Underourstatutes,thepowero?theseveralCourtstoissueattachments,andinflictpunishmentsforcontemptsofCourt,islimitedtothefollowingcases
:
1.ThewilfulmisbehaviorofanypersoninthepresenceoftheCourt,orsoneartheretoastoobstructtheadministrationofjustice.2.ThewilfulmisbehaviorofanyoftheofficersoftheCourt,intheirofficialtransactions.3.ThewilfuldisobedienceorresistanceofanyofficeroftheCourt,party,juror,witness,oranyotherperson,toanylawfulwrit,process,order,rule,decree,orcommandoftheCourt.4.Theabuseof,orunlawfulinterferencewith,theprocessorproceedingsoftheCourt.5.Wilfullyconversingwithjurorsinrelationtothemeritsofthecause,inthetrialofwhichtheyareengaged,orotherwisetamperingwiththem.36.Thefailureofadefendanttoanswerabillinthetimeandmannerrequiredbylaw.4
1Thepowertopunishcontemptssummarily,byprocessofattachment,hasbeencoevalwiththeex-istenceofCourts;andtoCourtsofChanceryitisindispensable..Theirdecreesaresometimes(1)af-firmative,andrequireanacttobedone,asthatonepartyshallconveybydeed,orshallsurrenderupaninstrumenttobecancelled:andsometimes(2)nega-tiveandrestraining,asthatapartyshallrefrainfromdoingaspecifiedact.Withoutthepowertoenforcethesedecreesbypunishingdisobedienceand
violationofthem,aCourtofChancerywouldbeuseless.Underwood'scase,2Hum.,46.2Blairv.Nelson,8Bax.,1.SeeArticleonen-forcementofdecreesbyprocessofcontempt.,ante,§§32;652.3Code,§4106.Astotheenforcementofjudg-mentsanddecreesbyattachmentsforcontemptinthe'natureofanexecution,seeCode,§§3IC4;4478;4483;and§§651-652,ante.iCode,§§4360-4368.

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§920ATTACHMENTSOFTHEPERSONFORCONTEMPT.710
' 7.TheomissiontoperformanactrequiredbyanorderordecreeoftheCourt;or,theperformanceofanact,forbiddenbysuchanorderordecree.58.Anyotheractoromissionexpresslydeclaredbylawtobeacontempt.6Contemptsforfailingtoanswerabillaretermedordinarycontempts,andallothercontemptsaretermedextraordinarycontempts.7Ordinarycontemptshavealreadybeenconsidered.8§920.ProceedingsinContemptsinthePresenceoftheCourt.—IfanyoftheforegoingcontemptsarecommittedinthepresenceoftheCourt,theoffend-ingpartymaybearrestedbytheofficerwaitingupontheCourt,upontheverbalorderoftheChancellor,withoutprocessornotice,andthecontemnershallnotbebailable;buttheCourtmayproceedatoncetofine,orimprison,orboth.9Theproceedingsinsuchacasearesummary,butthepowertosopro-ceedisvitaltotherespectability,safety,andexistenceoftheCourt,10andshouldbeexercisedunhesitatingly,fearlessly,andvigorously.But,inasmuchastherearenopleadingstoshowthegroundsoftheCourt'sjurisdictionandjudgment,itisindispensabletothevalidityofsuchasummaryproceedingthatthejudgmentshowonitsface:(1)oneormoreofthestatutoryactsofcontempt;(2)thatsuchstatutoryactwascommittedinthepresenceoftheCourt;and(3)thepenaltyinflicted.11ThefollowingistheformofsuchaJUDGMENTFORCONTEMPT.TheState,vs.JohnLawless.OnthisAugust16,1891,Courtbeinginsession,thedefendant,JohnLawless,didsowilfullymisbehaveinthepresenceoftheCourtbyloudtalkingastoobstructtheadministrationofjustice;and,forsuchwilfulactofcontempt,itisorderedaridadjudgedthatsaiddefendant,hebeingpresentinCourt,befinedthesumoftwentydollars;andbecommittedtothecountyjailfortwenty-fourhours,andthathepayallthecostsofthisproceeding.Anexecutionwillissueforsaidfineandcosts,andamittimuswillissueforhiscommitment.§921.ProceedingsinContemptsOutofthePresenceoftheCourt.—InallcasesofcontemptsofCourtcommittedoutofthepresenceoftheCourt,exceptcontemptbyadefendantinfailingtoanswerabill,12orcontemptbyawitnessinfailingtoappearoransweringquestions,themodeofproceedingisasfol-lows:Thepartycomplainingoftheallegedcontempt,mustfileapetitioninthecausewhereinitwascommitted,statingthecontemptcomplainedof,andbywhomcommitted.Thepetitionmustbeswornto,andmustbesupportedbysuchaffidavits,returnsofofficers,orcertifiedcopythereof,orotherpapers,aswillfullyshowhowthecontemptarose.13Ifsuchpetitionshowsufficientcause,theChancellorwillordertheClerkandMastertoissueanattachmentforthebodyofthecontemner,fixingintheorderthetimeandtheplaceforhisappearance,toanswerthepetition;andalso,theamountandcharacterofthebail-bondtobetaken.14ThefollowingisaformofaPETITIONFORANATTACHMENTFORCONTEMPT.InChancery,atCarthage.AB,vs.CD.. TotheChancellorofsaidCourt
:
AB,complainantinsaidcause,respectfullyshowstoyourHonor,thattheinjunctionawardedinthecausewasdulyissuedbytheClerkandMaster,anddulyservedonthedefend-antCD,prohibitinghimfromcuttingtreesuponthecomplainant'stractoflandinsaidinjunc-tiondescribed,andfromremovingtherefromanyofthetreesalreadycutthereon;butthatsaiddefendantsincesaidservicehascutothertrees,andhasremovedallthathadbeencutexclusivelytoextraordinarycontempts,androttocontemptsbyadefendantforfailingtoanswerabill,ortocontemptsofawitnessforfailingtoap-pear,ortotestify.Seesub-sections6-8oftheRule.Nordoessaidruleapplytocontemptsinnotper-formingthedecreesoftheCourt.13Ch.Rule,VII,§2,sub-sec.1;?1106.14Ch.Rule,VII,§2,sub-sec.2.Butifthecon-
5Code,§§4108-4109;4106,sub-sec.3;3104.6Code,§4106,sub-sec.6.72Barb.Ch.Pr.,269-270.8Ante.§§201-204.9Ch.Rule,VII,§1.10Statev.Galloway,5Cold.,3J8.11Ch.Rule,VII,51;post,51114;Stater.Galloway,5Cold..337.12Ch.Rule,VII,§2(§1196,)evidentlyapplies

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711ATTACHMENTSOFTHEPERSONFORCONTEMPT.§922priortosaidservice.Complainantchargesthatsaidcuttingandremovalwereinwilfuldis-obedienceofsaidinjunction,andincontemptofCourt;andhe,therefore,praysforanat-tachmentforthebodyofthedefendant,andthatheanswerhereunto.Complainantfilesherewiththeaffidavits15ofWilliamJonesandHenryBrown,markedexhibitsAandB,respectively,tothispetition,andwillreadthematthehearinginsupportofthepetition;ashewill,also,readthebill,writsofinjunction,andreturnthereon.Thisisthefirstapplicationforanattachmentinthiscase.16E.L.Gardenhire,Solicitor.Thepetitionbeingdulyswornto,theChancellorwillendorsethereonhisFIATFORANATTACHMENTFORCONTEMPT.TotheClerkandMasteratCarthage:Filethispetition;andissueanattachment17forthebodyofCD,returnabletothefirstdayofthenexttermofyourCourt.TheSheriffwilltakeabail-bond18fromthedefendantforhisappearanceatthenextterm,inthepenaltyofonethousanddollars,19withtwogoodsureties,conditionedtobevoidifthedefendantappearandfilehisanswertosaidpetition,onthefirstdayofthenextterm,anddonotdepartfromtheCourtwithoutitsleave.August20,1891. B.M.Webb,Chancellor._IfthepetitionispresentedinopenCourt,theorderfortheattachmentwillbeenteredontheminutes,andwillbesubstantiallythesameastheforegoingiiat.Neitherafiatnoranordershouldcontainanyadjudication,thatthede-fendanthasbeenguiltyoftheallegedcontempt,butmayallegethatitappearstotheCourtthatthereisaprobablecauseforanattachment.20Upontheappearanceandanswerofthecontemner,orontheproductionofhisbody,andrefusaltoanswer,atthetimeandplacedesignated,theChancellorwillhearthecaseuponthepetition,affidavitsandexhibits,andtheanswerthereto,incasethecontemneranswers;and,ifhefailstoanswer,thenuponthecasemadebythepetition.Forgoodcauseshown,theChancellormaygivethedefendantfurthertimetoanswer.21Theanswerofthedefendantdenyingthecontempt,isnotconclusive;butevidencemaybeheardinsupportofthepeti-tion,and,also,insupportoftheanswer.22Ifthecontemnerfailtoappearasrequiredbyhisbond,judgmentwillberen-deredthereonagainsthimandhissureties,forthefullamountthereof;andanaliasattachmentorderedtoissue.Incaseanaliasattachmentisissued,andthecontemnerarrestedthereon,nobailshallbetaken,unlessthecontemnershowgoodcauseforhisdefault,eitherbeforetheClerkandMaster,23invacation,orbeforetheChancellorintermtime.24Ifthepartychargedwiththecontemptbeinthecustodyofanoffieer,orinjail,theCourt,orChancellor,mayawardawritofhabeascorpustobringhimuptoanswerforhisallegedmisconduct.25§922.PunishmentforContempts.—Thepunishmentforextraordinarycon-temptsisbyfineorimprisonment,orboth,suchfine,however,nottoexceedfiftydollars,andtheimprisonmentnottoexceedtendays.26Butifthecon-temptconsistinanomissiontoperformanactorderedbytheCourt,whichitisyetinthepowerofthecontemnertoperform,hemaybeimprisoneduntilheperformsit.Ifthecontemptconsistintheperformanceofanact,forbiddenbyanorderoftheCourt,thecontemnermaybeimprisoneduntiltheactisrectifiedbyplacingmattersandpersoninstatuquo,orbythepaymentofdamages.27Allattachmentsforthenon-performanceofdecrees,areinthenatureofantemptsisfornotperformingadecree,nobailshallbetaken.Code,§§4110;4481.15Inproceedingsforcontemptagainst'apartytothesuittocompelthedefendanttoanswe-,ortoenforcetheperformanceofadecree,ororder,theaffidavits,bothbeforeandaftertheattachment,shouldbeentitledintheoriginalcause.Inpro-ceedingsforcontemptagainstwitnesses,andothers,whoarenotpartiestothesuit,theaffidavitspre-vioustotheorderfortheattachmentshouldbeentitledintheoriginalcause;butallsubssqucniaffidavitsshouldbeentitledinthenameoftheState.ontherelationofthepartyprosecutingtheattach-ment,againstthepersonprosecuted.1Barb.Ch.
"lisCode,§§4434-443S.See,ante,§872.17Forformofanattachment,see,§202;post,18JButnobailwillbetaken,ifthecontemptisinnotperformingadecree.Code,§§4110;4481.
19Ifnopenaltyisfixed,itwillbetwohundredandfiftydollars.Code,§4111.202BarbJCh.Pr.,276..21Ch.Rule,VII,§2,sub-sec.3;post,1196.22SeeUnderwood's--case,2Hum.,46.Itisacommonpracticetohearthetestimony,orally,inopenCourtonthetrialofacaseofallegedcontempt.Thedefendantisacompetentwitness.23Thestatutereads"commissioner";thisisman-ifestlyatypographicalerror.SeeCode,§§4368;4375;4420,sub-sec.3.24Ch.Rule,VII,§2,sub-sec.4.Sub-sec.5isnotclear.ItcanhardlymeanthattheMastermayenterjudgmentonthebondinvacation,andawardexecutionthereon:andvetsuchisitslanguage.252Barb.Ch.Pr.,278.26Code,54107.27Code,§54108-4109.SeeViolationofInjunc-tions;ante,§§845-848.

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§923ATTACHMENTSOFTHEPERSONFORCONTEMPT.712execution,ontheserviceofwhichnobailistaken,butthepartywillbecom-mittedtojail,theretoremainuntilheperformsthedecree.28Awitnesswhorefusestoanswerlegalinterrogatories,maybecommittedbytheCourtuntilheconsentstogivehistestimony.29ORDEROFCOMMITMENTFORNOTPERFORMINGADECREE.AB,vs.CD.Thepetitionfiledinthiscause,prayinganattachmentagainstthedefendant,CD,fornotperformingthedecreeoftheCourtinthiscausecommandinghimtoexecutetothecomplain-antadeedforthetractofland30describedinsaiddecree,comingontobeheard,andthedefendantbeinginCourt,underarrestontheattachmentheretoforeissuedagainsthimonsaidpetition,andhisanswertosaidpetitionshowingnosufficientexcusefornotperformingsaiddecree,itisadjudgedbytheCourtthatthe.defendantisincontemptfornotperformingsaiddecree;anditis,therefore,orderedanddecreedthatthedefendantbecommittedtothejailofSmithcounty,theretoremainuntilinpresenceoftwoproperwitnessesheshallhavedulyexecutedandacknowledgedthedeedspecifiedinsaiddecree,andexhibitedinsaidpeti-tion,andthatamittimusissueaccordingly.TheorderoftheCourtconvictingapartyofacontemptshouldrecitethesubstanceoftheallegedmisconduct,andthatthedefendantisguiltythereof.Themittimusshouldfollowthedecree,andcommandtheSheriff"totakethebodyofthesaidCD,andhimsafelyandcloselykeepin'thejailofSmithcounty,untilheshallhavedulyexecutedandacknowledgedthedeedspeci-fiedinthesaiddecree."31ThefollowingistheformofaMITTIMUS.StateofTennessee,1Smithcounty.jTotheSheriffofsaidcounty
:
Whereas,inacauseintheChanceryCourtofsaidcounty,whereinABiscomplainantandCDisdefendant,itwasordered,attheMayterm,1891,ofsaidCourt,thatthesaiddefend-ant,CD,becommittedtothejailofSmithcounty,theretoremainuntil[heshalldowhatthedecreerequiresofhim,hereinsertingthelanguageoftheorderordecreeofcommitment.']Youare,therefore,herebycommandedtotakethebodyofthesaidCD,andhimsafelyandcloselykeepinthesaidjail,untilheshallhaveduly[compliedwithsaidorderofcom-mitment,specifyingwhatisrequiredofhim.}Aswitnessmyhand,thisMay20,1891. C.W.Garrett,C.&M.Ifanyoneisillegallycommittedforanallegedcontempt,hemaybedis-chargedonahabeascorpus.Iflegallycommitted,hecannotbedischargeduntilthetimeofhisimprisonmenthasexpired,ifsuchtimebelimitedbytheorderofcommitment;butifheisimprisoneduntilheperformsthedecree,hecannothedischargeduntilhehassodone.Hemay,however,obtainahabeascorpusfromtheCourt,ortheChancellorinvacation,andbedischargeduponpurgingbiscontempt,anduponsuchconditionsinrespecttohiscompliancewiththedecreeastheChancellormaythinkproper.Insuchacase,theadverseparty,hisagentorattorney,ifintheState,isentitledtoreasonablenoticeofthehear-ingofthewritofhabeascorpus,andmayinterrogatethepartyincontemptuponhisoath,andcontrovertthetruthofhisstatementsbyotherproof.32AnappealtotheSupremeCourtwillliefromajudgmentimposingeitherafineorimprisonmentforacontemptcommittednotinthepresenceoftheCourt.33IfthecontemptisinthepresenceoftheCourt,thedefendant'srem-edyincaseofhisconvictionisbywritoferrorandsupersedeas.34§923.ProceedingsinContemptsBeforetheMaster.—Ifawitness,afterhavingbeendulysummoned,failstoappearbeforetheMaster,heisguiltyofaimusshouldspecifyparticularlyhowlongthecon-temneristobeimprisoned,orwhatheistodotoentitlehimtohisdischarge.Ibid.32Code,§§4482-4483.33BaxterV.Fleming,6Bax.,331.34Hunrlhausenn.InsuranceCo.,5Heisk.,702;StateV.Warner,13Lea,52.Inthelattercaseitisintimatedthatevenanappealwilllieinsuchacase.
28Code,§4481.ChanceryRuleVII,itwouldseem,doesnotapplytocontemptsfornotobeyingthedecreesoftheCourt.29Ch.Rule,VII,sub-sec.7;post,1196.Pagev.State,11Lea,202.30ThetractwassituatedinKentucky,andtheCourtherecouldnotdivestandvesttitle,tolandthere,bytheoperationofitsowndecree,propriavigore.312Barb.Ch.Pr.,279;374.Theorderandmitt-

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713ATTACHMENTSOFTHEPERSONFORCONTEMPT.§924contempt;and,uponthereturnofanofficer,orproofbyaffidavit,ofsuchser-vice,itisthedutyoftheMastertoissueaninstanterattachmentforsuchwit-ness.Theattachmentshoulddesignatethepenaltyofthebailbondtobegivenbythewitness,thebondtobeconditionedforhisappearancebeforetheChan-cellor,atatimeandplacetobespecified,ifpracticable,orbeforetheCourtatthenextsucceedingterm,ifitbenottheninsession,toshowcausewhyh«shouldnotbefined,orcommittedaccordingtolawforcontempt.35Thefol-lowingisaformofsuchANATTACHMENTFORCONTEMPT.StateofTennessee,TotheSheriffofAndersoncounty:WecommandyoutoattachJohnRecklesssoastohavehisbody[beforeourChancellorattheClerkandMaster'soffice,inClinton,onSeptember2,1890,at10a.m.,or,]beforeourChanceryCourtatClinton,atitsnextterm,thenandtheretoshowcausewhyheshouldnotbefinedorcommittedaccordingtolaw,foracontemptbyhimcommittedagainsttheState,infailingtoappearbeforetheMaster,whensummonedasawitness,inthecaseofABvs.CD.Youwilltakeabail-bondfromsaidJohnReckless,withtwogoodsureties,inthepenaltyoftwohundredandfiftydollars,conditionedforhisappearanceatthetimeandplaceabovedesignatedtoshowcauseasaforesaid.Hereinfailnot,andhaveyouthenandtherethiswrit,withareturnshowinghowyouhaveexecutedthesame.WitnessJamesC.Scruggs,ClerkandMasterofsaidCourt,atofficeinClinton,August18,1891. JamesC.Scruggs,C.&M.IfawitnessshouldappearbeforetheMaster,andrefusetoanswerlegalquestions,itisthedutyoftheMastertocommithimtojail,untilheconsentstogivehistestimony.36Insuchcases,themittimusshouldshowonitsfacethatthewitnessiscommittedforrefusingtoanswerlegalinterrogatories,andshallrequiretheSherifftosafelyandcloselykeephimincustody,inthecountyjail,untilheconsentstogivehistestimony.TheMaster,whileengagedintakingdepositions,isvestedwithallthepow-ersoftheCourttopreserveorder,preventinterruption,andcontrolthecon-ductofthepartiesintheexaminationofwitnesses,37andmaysummarilyim-poseafinenotexceedingtendollars.38TheMastermay,onapplicationofthecomplainant,issueanattachmentagainstadefendantforwantofananswer,wherethetimeforansweringhasexpired,andthedefendanthasbeenservedwithsubpoena.39§924.EffectofaContempt.—HewhoseeksEquitymustdoEquity,andhewhohasdoneiniquityshallnothaveEquity.Therefore,itisageneralrulethatapartywhoisincontemptwillnotbeheardbytheCourt,whenhewishestomakeamotionoraskafavor;and,ifthecontemptconsistsinhisfailuretoanswer,hewillnotbeallowedtofileanyotherpleading,intheparticularcausewhereinthecontemptarose.Hisfirstdutyistopurgehiscontempt,andtheonlystepshecantakearetoapplytotheCourt(1)tosetasidetheproceedingsagainsthimbecausetheyareirregular,and(2)tobedischargedonthegroundthathehaspurgedhimselfofhiscontempt,bydoingtheactforthenon-per-formanceofwhichthecontemptwasincurred,andconfessingjudgmentforthecostsoccasionedbyhiscontumacy.Butapartyincontemptinonecause,isnottherebyincontemptinanothercause,eventhoughthepartiesinsuchothercausebethesame;andheisfreetomakemotionsandtofilepleadingsinthecausewhereinheisnotincontempt.40Norwillthefactthatapartyisincon-temptpreventhimbeingheardinoppositiontoanyspecialapplicationormo-tionwhichtheothersidemaymake.4135Ch.Rule,VII,sub-sec.6;post,1196.36Ch.Rule,VII,sub-see.7;Code,§3823.37Code,§§3858;4112.38Code,§4107.Iftheimpositionofafineshouldfailtopreserveorder,preventinterruption,orcon-troltheconductofanypartyexaminingawitness,theMastershouldsueoutawarrantforthearrestoftheoffenderforobstructingtheadministrationofjustice.ItwouldseemthattheMasterhasnopowertocommittheoffender.ButtheMastermayreporttheoffendertotheCourt,andhemaythere
bepunishedforhiscontempt,onproperproceedings.Code,§4099,sub-ser.2.39Code,§4360;Ch.Rule,VII,sub-sec.8;post,§1196.See,ante,§201.402Barb.Ch.Pr.,281-282;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,SOS-SOS;Gaut«.Gaut,10Hum.,464;RutherfordV.Metcalf,5Hay.,58.Ifapartyfileapleadingwhileincontempt,itwillbestrickenfromthefileonmotion.Ibid,412Barb.Ch.Pr.,282.

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§925 SUITSINRELATIONTOTRUSTS.714
PARTVIII.PARTICULARSUITSINCHANCERYSPECIALLYCONSIDERED:CHAPTERXLVI.SUITSINRELATIONTOTRUSTS.ArticleI.SuitsinRelationtoExpressTrusts.ArticleII.SuitsinRelationtoResultingandConstructiveTrusts.
ARTICLEI.SUITSINRELATIONTOEXPRESSTRUSTS.§925.TrustsGenerallyConsidered.§926.CasesofExpressTrusts.§927.FrameandFormofBillsinCasesofExpressTrusts.
§928.'AnswerofanExecutortoaBillforanAccounting.§929.SuitstoConstrueWills,orTrusts.§925.TrustsGenerallyConsidered.—Atrust,inthemostenlargedsenseinwhichthattermisusedinourjurisprudence,isabeneficialinterestinproperty,realorpersonal,distinctfromthelegalpossessionandownershipthereof.Intrusts,thelegaltitleandpossessionofthepropertyareinoneperson,calledatrustee;theequitabletitleandbeneficialuseofthepropertyareinanotherperson,calledacestuiquetrust,orbeneficiary.Thetrusteeholdsthedirectandabsolutedominionoverthetrustproperty,intheviewofCourtsatlaw
;
vhile,intheviewofCourtsofEquity,thetrusteeisamerestewardtohold,manageandaccountfortheproceedsof,trustpropertyfortheexclusivebene-fitofthebeneficiary.InthesightofaCourtoflaw,thebeneficiaryhasnoin-terestinthetrustproperty;whileinthesightofaCourtofEquity,thebene-ficiaryhasalltheenjoyableinterest.Inshort,thetrusteeholdsthelegaltitleandthepossessionofthetrustproperty,butallthebenefitsarisingfromtheproperty,itsincomeorprofits,belongwholly,orinpart,tothebeneficiary.1Asageneralrule,propertyofeverykindandform,realandpersonal,maybemadethesubjectofatrust.Anyperson,whohasthecapacitytoholdandriisposeofproperty,canimpressatrustuponit;and,generally,anypersoncapableofholdingproperty,maybemadeatrustee,orabeneficiary.CourtsofChanceryhaveexclusivejurisdictionofallmattersarisingoutoftrustsof{illkinds,express,resultingandconstructive.2§926.CasesofExpressTrusts.—Expresstrustsarethosedirectlyandaffirmativelycreatedanddeclared(1)bythegrantor;or(2)byaCourt;or(3)byoperationoflawcoupledwiththeassentofthepersonassumingthedutiesofthetrust.Thetrustsdevolvedonspecialcommissioners,receivers,Clerksandotherpersonsappointedtodosomeactorseriesofactsforanother'sbenefit,areinstanceswhereexpresstrustsarecreatedbyaCourt;andthedu-tiesdevolvedbythestatutesuponadministrators,executors,guardiansandpublicofficers,especiallythosewhogiveofficialbonds,areinstancesofexpresstrustscreatedbyoperationoflawandtheassentofthepersonassumingthe12Sto.Eq.Jur.,§964See,ante,§46.|impliedtrusts,thusresolvingalltrustsinto:(1)ex-2ResultingandconstructivetrustsareoftencalledIpresstrusts,and(2)impliedtrusts.

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715 SUITSINRELATIONTOTRUSTS.§927duties.3ThemostcommoncaseswhereinaCourtofChanceryiscalledupontoactinrelationtoexpresstrustsaresuits:(1)toenforcemarriagesettlements,mortgagesandtrustdeedstosecuredebts;(2)toenforceassignmentsofprop-ertyforthebenefitofcreditors;(3)tocompelexecutors,administrators,guardians,receivers,Clerksandallotherexpresstrustees,toaccountforandpayover,tothoseentitled,thetrustfundsorotherpropertythatare,orshouldbe,intheirhands;(4)tocompelallsuchpersonstofaithfullyexecuteandcarryouttheirtrustdutiesofeverycharacterwhatsoever,and,whennecessary,toremovethemandappointothertrustees;and(5)toadviseanddirectexecu-tors,administratorswiththewillannexed,andothertrusteesastothecon-structionorexecutionofacomplicatedorobscurewillorothertrustinstru-ment,especiallywherethereiscontentionamongthebeneficiariesastoitsmeaning.§927.FrameandFormofBillsinCasesofExpressTrusts.—Allexpresstrustsresultfromrelations,andreferenceismadetothevariousprecedingsectionstreatingofrelationsintheframingofbills.4Thedraughtsmanwill(1)statetherelationofthedefendanttothecomplainantasshowninthepre-cedingsectian,andstatehowitwascreated;(2)willshowwhatequitableestateofthecomplainantthedefendantisliablefor;and(3)inwhatparticu-lar,orparticulars,thedefendanthasfailedtodohisdutytowardscomplainantinreferencetosaidestate;and(4)willpraytheCourttoredressthewrongscomplainanthassuffered,tocompelthedefendantfaithfullytodischargehistrust,toorderanaccountwhennecessarytoascertainthedefendant'sfinancialliability,andtorenderamoneydecreeagainsthimwhenheisliablethereto.BILLOFWARDAGAINSTIHISGUARDIAN.DavidDoe,aresidentofClayCounty,complainant,vs.JohnDoe,RichardRoeandPeterPoe,residentsofClayCounty,defendants.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§.§155;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thathebecameentitledtoavaluableestateasadistributeeoftheestateofhisfather,[givinghisfather'sname],andbeingthenaminor,thedefendant,JohnDoe,becamehisguardian,givingbondassuchintheCountyCourtofClaycounty,withthedefendants,Rich-ardRoeandPeterPoe,ashissuretiesthereon.Acertifiedcopyofsaidguardianbondandoftherecordofsaidguardian'sappointmentwillbereadatthehearingofthiscause,ifnecessary. ii.Thatthesumsofmoneybelongingtocomplainantthatwent,orshouldhavegone,intothehandsofthesaidguardianamountedto,atleast,thesumoftwothousanddollars;andcom-plainantreservestherighttoshowthattheamountwasmuchlarger.Thesaidguardiannothavingmadeafullexhibitofhisguardianship,andthefactsbeinglargelywithinhisexclusiveknowledge,complainantisconsequentlyunable,atpresent,tostatewithmoredefinitenesstheexactamountreceivedbyhissaidguardian.in.ThatsaidguardianfailedtomakehissettlementswiththeCountyCourtClerkofsaidCounty,asrequiredbylaw;andwhencalledonbycomplainantforasettlement,claimedtohaveinhishands"onlyafewhundreddollars,notexceedingfourhundred,ifthat,"tousehisownlanguage,andeventhissumhehasnotpaid,nortenderedtocomplainant.IV.ComplainantbeingthusgreatlywrongedbythesaidJohnDoe,hisguardian,andbythesaidRichardRoeandPeterPoe,saidguardian'ssureties,comesintoyourHonor'sCourtofChancery,andprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c,see,ante,§§158;164].2d.Thatsaiddefendantsanswerthisbill[butnotonoath],andthatthesaidJohnDoe,setoutinhisanswer,orfileasanexhibitthereto,afull,completeanddetailedstatementofeachandeverysumbyhimreceivedasguardianofcomplainant,whenandfromwhomre-ceived,andinwhatmannerthesamewasinvestedorapplied.3d.ThatanaccountbetakenandstatedbytheMastertoshowwhatestateofcomplainantsaidguardianreceived,andwhatbalanceheowesthecomplainant,andthatcomplainanthaveadecreeforsuchbalanceagainstallofthedefendants.3Seecasescitedin3King'sDig.,§5121,and1I *See,ante,§§165;167-169.Meigs'Dig.,§553. I

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§928SUITSINRELATIONTOTRUSTS.7164th.That,ifitturnsoutthatsaidguardianhasmadeanysettlementwiththeCountyCourtClerk,saidsettlementbesetasideandanewsettlementoraccountbemadeinyourHonor'sCourt,andthatonsuchnewsettlementtheguardianbechargedcompoundinterest.Sth.AndthatcomplainantmayhavesuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledtoBobCox,Solicitor.BILLFORDISTRIBUTIVESHAKE.TotheHon.GeorgeE.Seay,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatGallatin:JohnDoeandDavidDoe,residentsofSumnercounty,complainants,vs.RichardRoe,administratorofDanielDoe,deceased,andRobertRoeandGeorgeSmith,allresidentsofSumnercounty,defendants.ComplainantsrespectfullyshowtotheCourt
:
i.ThatDanielDoedied,intestate,inSumnercountyonMarch10,1888;andlettersofad-ministrationonhisestateweretakenoutinsaidcountybythedefendant,RichardRoe,onApril3,1888.Thedefendants,RobertRoeandGeorgeSmith,arethesuretiesofsaidRich-ardRoeonhisbondassaidadministrator.ii.ComplainantsarethesoledistributeesoftheestateofsaidDanielDoe,deceased,andareentitledtothewholeofsaidestate,afteralllawfuldebts,charges,andotherclaimsagainstthesamehavebeenpaid.Theassetsofsaidestatearelargelymorethansufficienttopaysaiddebts,charges,andclaims;andthereremainsalargebalanceinthehandsofsaidadmin-istrator,whichhefailsandrefusestopayovertocomplainants,saidbalancebeingabout•eighthundreddollars.in.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantspray
:
1st.ThatprocessissuetobringthedefendantsintoCourtandmakethemanswerthisbill,buttheiroathstotheiranswersarewaived.2d.Thatanaccountbetakentoshowhowmuchsaidadministratorisindebtedtocom-plainants;andthatadecreeberenderedagainsthim,andhisco-defendantsashissaidsure-ties,fortheamountfoundtobeduecomplainants;and3d.Forgeneralrelief. JohnDoe,DavidDoe.[Thebillmustbeverifiedbyaffidavit,asin§789,ante.]§928.AnswerofanExecutortoaBillforanAccounting.—Whenabillisfledagainstanadministrator,executor,guardianorothertrustee,heshoulddisplaynoresentmentinhisanswer,unlesshisintegrityisassailed,andeventhenadignifiedresponseismostproper.Heshouldrememberthathe-ishand-lingotherpeople'smoney,andknowsallthefactsrelativethereto,whilethebeneficiariesmayknowlittleornothing,andthatabillinChanceryisoftenthebestmethodofobtainingtheinformationtheydesire.ThefollowingisaformofanANSWEROFAWEXECUTORTOBILLBYDISTRIBUTEES.!*[Fortitleandcommencement,see,ante,§380].I.ThatheadmitsthedeathofGeorgeDoe,thefatherofcomplainants,andthatheleftawillwhichhasbeendulyprobated,andthatthisdefendanthasqualifiedasexecutorthereof,havingbeenappointedinandbysaidwill,andisnowdischarginghisdutiesassuch,andex-ecutingsaidwill. ii.Thisdefendantalsoadmitsthatcomplainantsaretheheirsanddistributeesofsaidtestator,andthathisco-defendants,HenryRoeandWilliamRoe,arelegateesundersaidwill,andthathisco-defendant,MaryDoe,isthewidowandalegateeofsaidtestator.in.Furtheranswering,thedefendantsaysthathedulyfiledwiththeCountyCourtClerkofKnoxcountyajust,true,andperfectinventory6ofallthegoodsandchattelsofhistestator,properlyverified;andinduecourseofadministrationhasmadesaleofthesametothehighestbidder,andreturnedtosaidClerkatrueaccountofsuchsaledulyswornto,whichtheCountyCourtorderedtoberecorded.7Thisdefendantisalsocollectingallnotes,accountsanddebtsdueorbelongingtohistestator,andisliquidatinghistestator'sindebtednessasrapidlyaspossible;anddefendantrefersthecomplainantstosaidinventoryandaccountforfurtherandfullerinformationrelativethereto;andsaystheyshowallthegosdsandchattels,rightsandcredits,accountsandchosesinactionthatcameintohishandsassuchexecutor.Thisisnotintendedasananswertothefore-I 6Code,§2241.goingbill. 7Code,§§2243-2244.

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717 SUITSINRELATIONTOTRUSTS.§929Furtheranswering,thisdefendantsaysthatheisgreatlydelayedinhisexecutionofsaidwill,andinthesettlementofsaidestate,bythependencyofseveralsuitsagainsthimasex-*ecutor,oneofsaidsuitspendingintheChanceryCourtatKnoxville,andtheotherintheCircuitCourtatClinton;theformersuitseekstorecoveranallegeddebtofaboutfourthousanddollars,andthelattersuitisinstitutedtorecoverthetestator'scoalminenearBriceville,inAndersoncounty;andifeithersuitissuccessfulthetestator'sestatewillbeinsolvent,andtherewillbenothing'duethecomplainantsexceptsuchinterestastheymayh.ave,ifany,intheexemptproperty,realandpersonal.v.Furtheranswering,thedefendantdeniesthathehaswastedanyofhistestator'sassets,orfailedtotakeallnecessaryandproperstepstopossesshimselfofallofhistesta-tor'sestate;andhewouldbeobligedtothecomplainants,iftheyoranyofthem,willpointouttohimanyassetnotreducedtopossessionbythisdefendant,oranyclaimagainsttheestateastowhichthereisagooddefence;andthisdefendantcanbutregardtheirfailuresotodointhepast,orfailuretospecifyintheirbillanyactofwaste,neglect,mispayment,orotherbreachoftrust,asgoodevidenceofhiscorrectdischargeofhisdutiesasexecutor,VI.Furtheranswering,thisdefendantsaysthatheadmitsthereareseriouscomplicationsinsaidwill,andgravedoubtsastotheproperinterpretationofpartsthereof,andhebelievesthatitwillbenecessarytohaveyourHonorconstruesaidwillifitshouldturnoutthatsaidestateissolvent;butthisdefendantdidnotdeemitwiseandpropertofileabillforsuchconstructionandadviceaslongasthereweredoubtswhethertherewouldbeanypartofsaidestateleftaftersaidsuitswereended,andalloftestator'sdebtswerepaid,especiallyasthedoubtfulpartsofsaidwillappliedtotheresidueoftheestateaftercertainlegaciesandpreferredbequestshadbeenpaid.VII.Inconclusion,thisdefendantsaysheisperfectlywillingandreallygladtohaveachancetosubmittoyourHonorwhathehasdoneandisdoingasexecutor,andtohaveallaccountstaken,byyourHonordeemednecessary;butheisadvisedthatcomplainant'sbillisprema-turelyfiled,andmighthavebeendemurredtoonthatground,butthisdefendantdeemedithisdutyasexecutortosubmit,atanytimewhencalledon,astatementofwhathehasdoneandisdoing,andthereforehehasanswered.Andhavingfullyanswered,hepraystobedismissedwithhiscosts.Jas.C.Ford,Solicitor. RichardRoe,Executor.[Annexaffidavit;see,ante,§789.]§929.SuitstoConstrueWills,orTrusts.—Anexecutor,oradministratorwiththewillannexed,oratrustee,isnotrequiredtorunrisksarisingfromareasonabledoubtordoubtsastothemeaningoftheinstrumentheisrequiredtoexecute,especiallyifantagonisticpartiesininterestareinsistinguponan-tagonisticconstructions;andhecanfileabillintheChanceryCourt,makingallthepartiesinterestedin,orclaimingunder,theinstrumentpartiesdefend-ant,andhavetheinstrumentconstrued,andhispathblazedoutforhim.TheCourtwill,also,insuchacase,onhisapplication,allowhimtoexecutehistrustsunderthedirectionoftheCourt,inthesamecause.Thebill,insuchacase,isintheordinaryform,andthefollowingstatementofacase,andtheconsequentprayers,willshowtheirspecialcharacter
:
BILLTOCONSTRUEAWILL,OBATRUST.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§155;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.ThatheistheexecutorofthewillofAB,[or.thetrusteeofatrustcreatedbythedeedofA.B.]Saidwillwasdulyprobated[orsaiddeedwasdulyregistered]onApril4,1905,andisexhibitedhereto,markedA,andmadeaparthereof;andcomplainanthasgivenbond?ndsecurityanddulyqualifiedtocarryoutandadministerthetrustsimposedonhimbysaidwill[ordeed.] ii.Thatcomplainanthopedhewouldbeabletoexecutesaidwill[ortrust]withoutanyspecialtrouble;butsoitisgravedoubtshavesprungupinhismindastothetruemeaning,intent,purportandconstructionofthefollowingportionofsaidwill[ortrust:Heresetitoutinfull,givingitsverywords,spelling,punctuation,&c]Complainantwasofopinionthatsaidparagraphmeant[soandso,givinghisconstructionthereof.]ButsoitisthedefendantAinsiststhatitmeans[soandso,givingA'scontention;]'
andhedemandsofcomplainantthat[complainantshalldosoandso,statingwhatA'sclaimisunderthewillortrust.]Ontheotherhand,thedefendantBinsiststhatbothcomplainantandsaidAarewrongintheirconstructionofsaidwill[ortrust;]andinsiststhatitmeans.

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§930SUITSINRELATIONTOTRUSTS.718[soandso,statingB'scontentioninfull.]ComplainantfurthershowstotheCourtthat[hereslateanyotherconstructiongivenbyanyotherpersoninterestedinsaidparagraph.Nooner.otinterestedcanbeheard.]in.Complainantisadvisedthatthefollowingpartofsaidwill[ordeed]issoindefinitethathecannotsafelyactonanyconstructionhemaygiveit,to-wit:[Heresetoutthepartre-ferredto.]Complainantis,also,advisedthatitishisdutytoapplytoyourHonorforad-viceanddirection,totheendthathemaysodischargethetrustcreatedbysaidparagraph,andalltheotherdoubtfulparagraphsandprovisionsofsaidwill[ortrust],thatnoneofthepartiesinterestedthereinmaysufferloss,andthathe,himself,mayriotbecomeliableastheresultofanerrorofhisjudgment.IV.[Afterstatingallthevariouspartsofthewill{ortrust)needingconstruction,andgivingfairlyandfullythecontentionsofthoseinterestedintheconstruction;andaftertheusualprayersforprocess,thenadd:]2d.Complainantfurtherpraysthatsaidwill,[ortrust]beestablished,andthetruststhereinperformed,andtherightsandinterestsofallpartiesunderthesamebedeclared.3d.ComplainantfurtherpraystheCourttoconstruetheaforesaidportionsofsaidwill,[ortrust;]andtostateclearlywhatarecomplainant'sdutiesthereunder,andwhattherightsofthecontendingdefendantsare,ifany,thereunder;and,inorderthatcomplainantmayberelievedfromallrisksandliabilitiesincidenttothecontentions,andconflictingrightsandclaims,ofthedefendants,hepraystheCourttoretainthecauseinCourtuntilsaidwill[ortrust]shallhavebeenfullyexecutedandperformed,andallofcom-plainant'sdutiesandtrustsfullyexecutedandperformed,totheendthatcomplainantmay,then,also,obtainhisdischargeasexecutor[administratorwiththewillannexed,ortrustee,]andhisreleasefromallliabilityassuchthereafter;andforsuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledto. HoraceMaykard,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavitandjuratasin§789,ante.]
ARTICLEII.
SUITSINRELATIONTORESULTINGANDCONSTRUCTIVETRUSTS.§930.CasesofResultingTrusts.§931.CasesofConstructiveTrusts.§930.CasesofResultingTrusts.—Resultingtrustsarethosewhicharisewherethelegalestateisdisposedof,oracquired,withoutbadfaith,andundersuchcircumstancesthatequityinfersorassumesthatthebeneficialinterestinsaidestateisnottogowiththelegaltitle.Thesetrustsaresometimescalledpresumptivetrusts,becausethelawpresumesthemtobeintendedbythepar-ties,fromthenatureandcharacteroftheirtransactions.Theyare,however,generallycalledresultingtrusts,becausethetrustistheresultwhichEquityattachestotheparticulartransaction.1Resultingtrustsarise:1,Whenpropertyisconveyed,ordevised,onsometrustwhichfails,inwholeorinpart;2,Whenlandisconveyedtoastrangerwithoutanyconsideration,andwithoutanyuse,ortrust,declared;3,Wherethepropertyispurchasedandthetitletakeninthenameofoneperson,butthepurchasepriceispaidbyanother;and4,Wherethepurchaserpaysforthelandbuttakesthetitle,inwholeorinpart,inthenameofanother.2BILLTOESTABLISHARESULTINGTRUST.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§155;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
I.That,relyingonthefriendshipandintegrityofthedefendant,heplacedinhishandson
11PerryonTrusts,§124;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§1030-1031.Nooneispresumedtointendtopartwithhisproperty,andespeciallyhisland,withoutsomeconsideration;andhewhofurnishesthecon-sideration-moneyispresumedtointendtoacquireacorrespondingbeneficialinterestinthelandspur-chasedtherewith..So,whentheconsideration-moneyistrustfunds,orbelongstoanother,thepersonbuy-ingpropertytherewithispresumedtointendthatthepurchaseshallenuretothebenefitofthepersonwhoisbeneficialownerofthepurchase-moneypaid.Reasonandconsciencesodeterminehisduty,and
Equityimputestohimanintentiontodischargethisduty.Whentheconsideration,orpurpose,forwhichajconveyanceismadefails,orinanywaybecomesineffectual,thebargainorisdeemedinEquitytointendthatthelegaltitleshallreverttohim.Thesegeneralprinciplesdeterminenearlyallthequestionsarisingincasesofresultingtrusts22Sto.Eq.Tur.§§1196-1210;2Pom.Eq'.,lur.,§§1032-1043.Resultingtrustsmaybe,andgenerallyare,provedbyparol.Thefollowingaresomeillus-trationsoftrustssetupbyparolinourCourts:1,

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719 SUITSINRELATIONTOTRUSTS.§930the10thdayofApril,1905,thesumofonethousanddollars,[orwhateveritwascomplainantgavedefendantinmoney,orotherproperty;ifproperty,describeitparticularly,),underanagreementthatthedefendantwouldinvestthesameinatractoflandforthesoleuseandbenefitofcomplainant,andtakethedeedincomplainant'sname.[//anyparticularkindoflandwastobebought,aslandforfarming,orcoalmining,ormanufacturing,orbuilding-sites,sostate.] ii.Thatitwasadistinctpartofsaidagreement,andanexpressconditionofsaiddeposit,thatthedefendantwastobemerelytheagentofcomplainant,wastotakethetitletothelandwhenpurchased,incomplainant'sname,anditwasatnotimecontemplatedbycomplain-antthatthedefendantwastotakethetitleinhisownname,norwasthereanysuggestion,ortalk,ofthatkind. in.Thatthedefendant,onthe15thofApril,1905,inpursuanceofsaidagreement,purchasedfromoneJohnJones,thefollowingtractofland.[Here,describeitbylocation,corners,coursesanddistances,assetoutinthedeedtothedefendant,andgivethelocation.]Thecomplainantpaidforsaidland,asappearsfromthefaceofthedeedmadetohimforsaidland,thesumofonethousanddollars,butwhetherhepaidthatamountorless,complainanthasnoknowledge,andcallsonthedefendanttoprovewhatwaspaid.IV.That,inviolationofhisagreementwithcomplainant,thedefendanttookthetitleofsaidtractoflandtohimselfasthoughhewastherealpurchaser,thenameandinterestofcom-plainantnotappearing,norbeinginanywaymentionedinsaiddeed.Acertifiedcopyofsaiddeedisfiledwiththebill,markedExhibitA.v.Thatsincesaiddeedwasexecutedanddeliveredtothedefendant,saidtractoflandhasgreatlyappreciatedinvalueinconsequenceofthebuildingofarailroadinitsvicinity,[orinconsequenceofsomeotherfact,statingwhatitis.Butnoclaimofappreciationofvalueisessentialtothebill,suchanappreciation,ifany,beingallegedmerelyascomplain-ant'sexplanationofdefendantsbadfaithinthematter.]VI.Thatoncomplainantdiscoveringthatthedefendanthadtakentohimselfthetitletosaidland,andhadthedeedmadetohimself,hecalledonthedefendanttotransferthetitleandpossessionofsaidlandtohim,andofferedtopaythecostsofsuchtransfer,andtopaytheregistrationfee,andtaxes,growingoutofsaidconveyancetothedefendant,butthedefendantrefusedtomakesaidtransferunlesshewaspaidfivehundreddollarsforhisservicesinbuyingsaidland;andheclaimedthathehadboughtsaidlandforhimself,andsaidhewouldrefundtocomplainantsaidsumofonethousanddollars,whichheadmittedhehadpaidsaidJohnJonesfortheland. VII.Thepremisesconsideredcomplainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c.See,ante,§§158;164.]2d.Thatthecomplainantbeadjudgedtobetheequitableownerofsaidtract,andtobeentitledtothelegalownershipandpossessionthereof;andthatallthetitleandinterestofthedefendantinandtosaidlandbedivestedoutofhimandvestedincomplainantinfeesimple,andthathebegivenadeedtherefor,andwritofpossession.3d.Thatcomplainanthavesuchfurtherandotherreliefasthenatureofhiscasemayrequire. A.J.Agee,Solicitor.Thebillneednotbesworntounlesssomeextraordinaryreliefisprayed.Ifthedefendanthasreceivedanyrents,orprofits,fromtheproperty,itshouldbealleged,andanaccountshouldbeprayed,and,inapropercase,areceiver.Ifthedefendantistryingtoselltheproperty,thatshouldbealleged,andaninjunctionprayedtopreventhim.DECREEESTABLISHINGARESULTINGTRUST.[Fortitle,commencementandrecitals,see,ante,§567.]OnconsiderationwhereoftheCourtisofopinionanddothadjudgeanddecreethatthetractoflanddescribedinthebillwaspurchasedandpaidforbythedefendantwithcom-plainant'smoney,givenhimbycomplainantintrust,andthat,therefore,anequitabletitletosaidlandresultstocomplainant,andthathehastherighttohavethelegaltitletosaidland.Wherethereisanagreementfortheredemptionofrealestatesoldatajudicialsale,orunderatrustdeed;and7,Whereadeedabsoluteonitsfacewasintendedasamortgage.3King'sDig.,§5139.But,insuchcases,theproofmustbemostconvinc-ingandirrefragable.HydenV.Hyden,6Bax.,406.Thatis,thepresumptioninfavorofthewritingisstrong,anditrequiresstrongprooftoovercomeit.See,ante,§§445-447.
Wherelandwaspurchasedwithpartnershipfunds,buttitletakeninthenameofthepurchasingpartner;2,Whereadeedbyfathertosonisshowntobeforthebenefitofthemother;'.3,WhereadevisetoA,,isprovedtobefor'thebenefitofB;4,Whereahus-bandsellshiswife'spropertyonanagreementtoinvesttheproceedsforherbenefit,buttakesthetitleinhisownname;5,Whereajudgmentcreditorbuysinpropertyatajudicialsaleunderaparolagreementtoholditassecurityforthedebt;6,

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§931 SUITSINRELATIONTOTRUSTS.720'Itis,therefore,ordered,adjudgedanddecreedthatalltheright,titleandclaimofthedefendantinandtothetractoflanddescribedinthebilllyinginthecivildistrictofcounty,andboundedasfollows:[insertcoursesanddistances,]be,andthesameis,herebydivestedoutofhimandvestedincomplainantinfeesimple;andtheClerkandMasterwillmaketohim,andacknowledgeforregistration,adeedconveyingsaidlandtohiminfeesimple.Thedefendantwillpayallthecostsofthecause,forwhichanexecutionisawarded.Awritofpossessionwillissueinstantertoputcomplainantinpossessionofsaidtractofland.§931.CasesofConstructiveTrusts.—Constructivetrustsaresocalledbe-causetheyareconstructedbyCourtsofEquityinordertosatisfythede-mandsofjustice,withoutreferencetoanypresumableintentionofthepar-ties;3theyincludecases:1,Whereapersonprocuresthelegaltitletopropertyinviolationofsomeduty,expressorimplied,tothetrueowner;or,2,Wheretitletopropertyisobtainedbyfraud,duress,orotherinequitablemeans;or,3,Whereapersonmakesuseofsomerelationofinfluenceorconfidencetoob-tainthelegaltitleuponmoreadvantageoustermsthancouldotherwisehavebeenobtained;or,4,Whereapersonacquirespropertywithnoticethatan-otherisentitledtoitsbenefits.Inallsuchcases,Equity,forthepurposeofdoingjusticeinthemostefficientmanner,constructsatrustoutofthetrans-action,andmakesatrusteeoutofthepersonthusacquiringthetitle.4Themostcommonillustrationsofconstructivetrustsarethefollowing:1,Whereanother'spropertyhasbeenwrongfully,andwithnoticeofhisrights,convertedintoadifferentform;2,Whereonepartyhas,withnotice,obtainedmoneyorsecuritieswhichequitablybelongtoanother;3,Wherethelegaltitletopropertyisheldmerelyasasecurity,aswhenanabsolutedeedisreallyamortgage;4,Whereanexecutor,administrator,guardianorothertrustee,ruakesprofitsoutofthetrustfundorestate;5,Whereapartnerortrusteeob-tainsinhisownnametherenewalofafirmortrustlease;6,Whereapurchaserataforcedsaleundertakestobuyinpropertyforthedebtor,orforhisheirs,orforthebenefitofacreditor;7,Whereanadministrator,executor,guardian,orothertrustee,wrongfullyacquiresthetrustproperty,bypurchasefromhimself,orotherwise;8,Whereapersonacquirestrustpropertywithnotice,orwithoutconsideration;9,Whereapersonalrepresentativepayslegateesordistributeesbeforecreditors;10,Whereacorporationdistributesitscapitalstockwithoutpayingitsdebts;11,Whereavendeedoesnotpayfortheland
;
12,Whereanadvantageouscontracthasbeenobtainedfromapersonunderage,intoxicated,orofweakmind;13,Whereanadvantageousbargainhasbeenobtainedbymeansofarelationoftrust,confidence,orundueinfluence;14,Wherepropertyhasbeenobtainedbyfraud,duress,orbymeansofanuncon-scientiousbargain;15,Whereadeviseorlegacyhasbeenpreventedbyfraud
;
and16,Where,inanyothercase,apersonfraudulentlypreventsanactfrombeingdone.5BILLTOENFORCEACONSTRUCTIVETRUST,BYHAVINGADEEDDECLAREDAMORTGAGE.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§1SS;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.Thatonthedayof ,19—,[givethedatethedeedwasmade,]hewastheownerofthefollowingtract[orlot]ofland:[describeit.]II.Thatbeinggreatlyindebt,andharrassedbyhiscreditors,andhavingnomoney,heapplied3Smith'sEq.Jur,178.*2Pom.Eq.Jur.',§1044;1PerryonTrusts,§166.Whoeverdeals,inanyway,withpropertywhichanotherowns,orhasabeneficialinterestin,withnoticeofsuchownershiporinterest,impliedlycon-tractsthathewilldonothingprejudicialtotherightsofsuchotherperson;andthathewill,inallhisdealingswithsuchpropertyanditsprofitsand_pro-ceeds,dowhatevergoodreasonandgoodconsciencerequire.Equityimputestoeverypersonaninten-tiontofulfilhisobligations,andwillnotallowany-onetotalteanadvantageofhisownwrong,orto
extractarighttherefrom.Whenever,therefore,apersontakesthetitletosuchproperty,oritsprofitsorproceeds,inhisownname,inviolationofthisimpliedcontract,aCourtofEquitywillspecificallyexecutethecontractbydealingwithhimasatrus-tee,andtreatinghimasoneintendingtodoright,ratherthanasoneintendingtoperpetrateafraud.Inotherwords,Equityputsacharitableconstructionuponhisconduct,anathusconvertshismisconductintowhatiscalledaconstructivetrust.52Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§1195-1294;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§1044-1058;andsee"Trusts"inourDigests.

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721 SUITSINRELATIONTOTRUSTS.§931tothedefendantforcounselandassistance,whichhepretendedtobeverywillingtogive;andaftermuchconversationandthesuggestionofvariousplans,itwasagreedthatthedefendantwould"advancecomplainantenoughmoneytosatisfyhismosturgentcreditors,andthathewouldgocomplainant'ssecurityonnotesofhandtohisothercreditors,andthatdefendantshouldbe'securedforthemoneyactuallyadvanced,andindemnifiedagainstlossonsaidnotesbyamortgageoncomplainant'ssaidtract[orlot]ofland.in.Thatonthedayaftersaidagreementhadbeenmade,butbeforeanystepshadbeentakenunderit,defendantbroughttocomplainantanabsolutedeedforsaidland,statingthatitwasasimplerwaytosettletheiraffairs,thathedidnotknowhowtodrawamortgage,andthatassoonashe,defendant,wasfullypaidhewoulddeedsaidtract[orlot]oflandbacktocomplainant.IV.Thatcomplainantwasdissatisfiedwiththischangeintheagreement,butbeingdepressedbyhiscircumstances,andcomfortedbytherepeatedassurancesofthedefendantthatevery-thingwouldcomeoutallright,heexecutedsaiddeed,anddeliveredittodefendant,andithasbeendulyregistered.v.Thataboutthreemonthsaftersaidtransactioncomplainant,havingsomemoney,offeredtopayoneofsaidnotes,when,tohissurprise,hewasinformedthatthedefendanthadpaidit.Complainant,thereupon,wenttotheholdersofsaidothernotes,andlearnedfromthemthattheirnoteshadallbeenpaidbythedefendant.[Ifanyofsaidnoteswerediscounted,statethefact,andtheratesofsuchdiscount,]VI.Thatcomplainant,thereupon,wenttoseedefendantinordertohaveanunderstandingastothesumtotalheowedhim,when,tohisgreatsurprise,thedefendantinsistedonbeingallowed,notonlythebenefitofsaiddiscount,butalso,eithertwohundreddollarsforhisservices,orfifteenpercent,interestonthemoneyhehadadvanced.Thisinsistencecausedsomeangrywords,andtheconferencewasendedbydefendantdeclaringcomplainantcoulddoashechoseashe,thedefendant,hadthefarm,[orlot,]andcoulddowithitashechose.VII.That,muchalarmed,complainantwenttoanotherfriend,whoagreedtopaydefendantoff,andtakeadeedoftrustonsaidtractofland;butwhentheywenttothedefendant,herefusedtotaketheprincipalandinterestduehim;saidthetitletosaidtract[orlot]wasinhim,andthatheandcomplainantshouldsettletheiraffairsbythemselves,ortheywouldnotbesettledatall. VIII.Complainantthereforeprays:
'
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue,[&c.See,ante,§§158;164.]2d.Thatsaiddeedtodefendantbedeclaredamortgage,andtheamountduethedefendantascertained,socomplainantcanpayitintoCourt.3d.Thatdefendantbeenjoinedfromsellingorencumberingsaidtract[orlot]ofland.4th.Thatcomplainanthavesuchother,furtherandgeneralreliefashiscasemayjustify,andtoyourHonormayseemmeet.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctioninthiscase.W.R.Peters,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit.See,ante,§§161;164.]Thecomplainantmay,inhisbill,tendertheamountduedefendant,inwhichcasehemustbringthemoneyintoCourt,anddeliverittotheClerkandMasterwhenhefileshisbill,andtakeareceiptfortheamounttenderedandpaidin
;
letthereceiptshowitisformoneytenderedinthecause.Ifthedecreeisforcomplainantontheforegoingbill,itmaybeasfollows
:
DECREEDECLARINGADEEDTOBEAMORTGAGE.[Fortitle,commencementandrecitals,see,ante,§567.]I.Onconsiderationwhereofitisordered,adjudgedanddecreed,thatthedeedreferredtointhepleadingswasintendedas,andis,merelyasecurityforthemoneyadvancedandnotessignedbythedefendantassurety,andisdeclaredtobeinequityamortgage;thatcomplain-antisliabletothedefendantonlyfortherealsumspaidbythedefendant,indischargeofsaidnotes,andforinterestonthecashadvancedbydefendant,andonthesumsactuallypaidonsaidnotes,anditbeingagreed,withoutareference,6thatthesumtotalofsaidpay-mentsbythedefendant,principalandinterest,issixteenhundredandseventy-onedollars,itissoadjudgedanddecreed.II.Itisfurtherorderedandadjudgedanddecreedthatsaidsumisalienonsaidtract[orTheusualcourseinsuchacaseistorefertoItheMasterthequestionastotheamountofthein-Idebtedness.

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723 SUITSARISINGPROMFRAUDS.§932
CHAPTERXLVI.SUITSARISINGPROMFRAUDS,ACCIDENTSANDMISTAKES.SuitsArisingfromActualFrauds.ArticleI.ArticleII.ArticleIII.SuitsArisingfromConstructiveFrauds.SuitsArisingfromAccidentsandMistakes.ARTICLEI.SUITSARISINGFROMACTUALFRAUDS.932.TheRationaleoftheLawastoFraud,AccidentandMistake.933.SuitsinCasesResultingFromActualFrauds.
§934.FrameandFormofBillsinSuitstoUndoFraud.§935.FrameandFormofBillstoSetAsideJudgmentsorDecreesforFraud.§932.TheRationaloftheLawastoFraud,AccidentandMistake.—Everypersonwhohasbusinessdealingswithanotherhastherighttoexpectthathewill,ineverymatterconnectedwithsuchdealings,dowhatevergoodreasonandgoodconsciencerequire.Indeed,eachpartytoabusinesstransaction,beforeenteringuponanynegotiationsrelativethereto,impliedlycontractswiththeotherorothersthat,inmakingandperforminghisengagementshon-esty,franknessandfidelitywillcharacterizehisconduct.1Inconsequenceofthemutualconsciousnessofthisimpliedobligation,neitherpartytoanexpresscontract,ordinarily,deemsitnecessarytoinquireoftheothers,whethersuchistheunderstanding.Ifsuchinquiryshouldbemade,thepartyinterrogatedwouldalmostinvariablyrespondwithanemphaticaf-firmative,accompaniedwithemotionsorexpressionsofrealorpretendedindig-nationbecauseoftheimplicationofdistrustcontainedinthequestion.Thisimpliedcontractnotonlyprecedesandentersintoeveryexpresscontract,buteveryexpresscontractisimpliedlyconditioneduponitsfaithfulperformance.Ifthisfundamentalantecedentimpliedcontractisanalyzeditwillbefoundtocontainthefollowingelements:1.Neitherpartywillmaketotheotheranymaterialrepresentationsconcern-ingthesubject-matterofthecontractthatarenottrue.22.Neitherpartywillconcealfromtheotheranything,withinhisknowledge,materialtothesubject-matterofthecontract,thattheotherpartyoughttoknow,andcannoteasilyascertainbyhimself.33.Neitherpartyhasdone,norwilldo,anythingtohinder,delayordefeatafaithfulcompliancewiththecontractonhispart.44.Ifoneofthepartieshastrustorconfidencespeciallyreposedinhimby1Thelawrequiresgoodfaithinalltransactionsbetweenmanandman.Craddocku.Cabiness,1Swann,483,ante,§58.Badfaithistreasontoman-kind,andifgenerallypracticedwoulddestroyhumansociety.See,ante,§48.Pideabrogata,omnishu-manasocietastollitur..(Goodfaithabolished,allhumansocietyisdestroyed.)2Whileatlawbeforeamisrepresentationcanbefraudulent,itmustbemadewithaguiltyknowledgeofitsfalsity,inEquitysuchknowledge.isnotnec-essary.Apersonmaking'anuntruestatement,with-outknowingorbelievingittobeuntrue,andwithoutanyintenttodeceive,maybechargeablewithactualfraudinEquity.2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§884-885.Theinjurytotheotherpartyisthesame,whetherthere
wasanyintentiontodeceiveornot,andwherealossmusthappentooneoftwopartiesitmustbebornebyhimwhoseconductoccasionedit.HenceitisasettledruleinEquitythatwhereapersonmakesastatementoffactwhichisactuallyuntrue,andhehasatthetimenoknowledgeofthematter,heischargeablewithfraud;andhisclaimthathebe-lievedinthetruthofhisstatementiswhollyimma-terial.2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§887.Aperson,however,isallowedtofairlycommend.Simplexcommendationonobligat.SSuppressioveriestsuggestiofalsi.Frausestcelarefraudem.4Afraudulentconveyancetodefeatacreditorvio-latesthisimpliedcontract.

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§933SUITSARISINGFROMFRAUDS.724theother,orhasspecialpowerorinfluenceoverthepersonorpropertyoftheother,hewillnotavailhimselfoftheseadvantagestotheother'sdetriment.5.Theexpresscontractwhenfinallyagreedon,iftobereducedtowriting,shallbesowordedastoexpresstherealmeaningofthecontract;andshallbesoexecuted,astoformalities,astomakethecontractobligatory,anden-forceableinCourt.6.Ifthecontracthasbeenreducedtowriting,andbyaccidentormistake,failstoexpresscorrectlythecontractreallymade,attherequestofthepartyinjuredtheotherpartywillconsentsotoreformthewritingastomakeitcon-formtothecontract.7.Afterthecontracthasbeenconsummated,eachpartywill,ingoodfaith,doallthatthecontractrequiresofhim.8.Neitherpartywilltakeadvantageofanymaterialmistakebytheotherconcerningthesubject-matterofthecontract,orhisrightsordutiesrelativethereto,suchmistakehavingmateriallyinfluencedhisconsenttothecontract,andnotbeingtheresultofanynegligenceorbadfaithonhispart.9.Neitherpartywillinsistupontheotherdoinganythingnotfairlyrequiredofhimbythecontract.10.Ifthecontractisinwritingandshouldbelostordestroyed,itwillbere-executed,ifrequiredbyeitherpartyhavinganexistinginterestinit.11.Iftheperformanceofthecontractis,orbecomes,impossiblebyreasonofitsverynature,orofsomethingwhollyuncontemplatedbyeither,orwhollybeyondthepoweroftheperformertoprovideagainst,thenperformance,sofarasimpossible,istobeexcused.Thefirstsixelementsoftheimpliedcontractabovesetforthareconditionsprecedent,andthelastfiveareconditionssubsequent.Itis,also,anelementoftheimpliedantecedentcontract,that12.Ifanyoftheimpliedconditionsprecedentareviolated,thepartytherebyinjuredshallhavetherighttorescindthecontract;andthat13.Ifanyoftheimpliedconditionssubsequentareviolated,thepartythere-byinjuredwillbecompensatedandmadewholebytheother.Violationsofthefirstfourelementsoftheimpliedcontractarefrauds;viola-tionsoftheotherelementsconstituteinequitableconduct:allofsuchviolationsareredressibleintheChanceryCourt.§933.SuitsinCasesResultingFromActualFraud.—Fraud,inthesenseofaCourtofEquity,properlyincludesallacts,omissionsandconcealments,whichinvolveabreachoflegalorequitableduty,oroftrustorconfidencejustlyre-posed,andwhichareinjurioustoanother,orbywhichanundueandunconsci-entiousadvantageistakenofanother.5Actualfraudistheintentionaldoingorsayingofsomething,ortheinten-tionalconcealmentofsomething,materialtoabusinesstransaction,byapartythereto,wherebytheotherpartyisinducedtoactornottoact,tohisinjury,theformerpartycontemplatingsucharesult,orsucharesultbeingthereason-ableandnaturalconsequenceofhisconduct.Thefollowingareillustrationsofactualfrauds,andofhowtheywillberelievedagainstinEquity:1,Deeds,mortgages,contracts,notes,bonds,wills,settlements,andotherwritings,ob-tained,orexecuted,orsurrenderedorcancelled,inwholeorinpart,astheresultoffraudbythedefendantuponthecomplainant,willbereformed,re-executed,cancelled,deliveredup,enjoined,executed,orotherwisedealtwithasmaybenecessaryfortheprotectionorenforcementofthecomplainant'srights;2,Judgments,ordecrees,orawardsobtained,orcancelled,ordis-charged,astheresultoffraudonthepartofthedefendant,willbeenjoined51Sto.Eq.Jur.,§187;Belcherv.Belcher;10Yerg.131,SmithV.Harrison,2Heisk.,243.CourtsofEquityrefusetodefinefraud,preferringtobeleftunshackledbydefinitionintheircontestswiththisProteanadversaryofgoodconscienceandgoodfaith.
TheresultisthetermhasanelementofelasticitythatenablestheCourttoadaptittoallthevariousexigenciesresultingfromthemanifolddevicesre-sortedtoinordertoobtainsomeundueadvantage.SeeSmithv.Harrison,2Heisk.,242.

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725 SUITSARISINGPROMFRAUDS.§934orenforcedasthecomplainant'srightsmayrequire;3,Money,orotherprop-erty,obtainedbythedefendantthroughfraudwillbedeclaredatrustfund]orcomplainant'sbenefit,andthedefendant,andallclaimingunderhim,notbonafidepurchasers,willbecompelledtosurrenderit,oraccountforit;and4,Adeed,orothercontract,obtainedbythedefendantatashockinglyinadequateconsideration,especiallyifaccompaniedwithcircumstancesshowingimpositionorundueadvantage,willbesetaside.6§934.FrameandFormofBillsinSuitstoUndoFraud.—Allfraudsgrowoutofrelations,andarethoseviolationsofthedutiesarisingfromrelations,7causedbybadfaith.Therefore,indrawingabillinasuitbasedonthefraud-ulentconductofthedefendant
:
1st.Specifytherelationsbetweenhimandthecomplainant,theirnatureandorigin,whetherimposedbykinship,law,orsocialduty,orarisingfromcon-tract,expressorimplied.2d.Stateparticularly,andincircumstantialdetail,inwhatwaythede-fendanttookadvantageofthoserelations,andwhereinheviolatedtheconfi-dencecomplainantreposedinhim,andinwhatmannerhedeceivedcomplain-ant,andbywhatmisrepresentation,concealment,orotheractoractsofbadfaithobtainedfromhimmoney,property,oracontract,orarelease,ordis-chargefromsomecontractorobligation,ordeceitfullyortreacherouslyengi-neeredcomplainantintoasituationwhereinhehassuffered,ormustsuffer,loss,andthedefendanthasobtained,orwillobtain,abenefit.3d.ShowwhatactionoftheCourtisnecessarytoneutralizetheeffectsofthedefendant'sinequitableconduct,andrestorecomplainanttohisrights,andmakehimwhole;andspecifywhatextraordinaryprocess,suchasaninjunction,attachmentorreceiver,isnecessarythebettertosecurehisrightsandproperty,andstaytheinequitableconductofthedefendant;anddetailthefactsandcircumstancesjustifyingsuchremedies.4th.Thenprayforallordinaryandextraordinaryprocessneeded,andforadecreeundoingthedefendant'sactsofbadfaithandgivingcomplainantwhatheisentitledto,andrequiringthedefendanttodo,orprayingtheCourttodo,everythingnecessarytoputcomplainantasnearlyinstatuquoaspossible,underthecircumstances;andwhenamoneyequivalentisnecessary,oneratingthedefendantwiththepaymentofasmuchmoneytothecomplainantasmayberequisitetomakecomplainantperfectlywhole.5th.And,finally,prayforgeneralrelief,andstatethatyourbillisthefirstapplicationforaninjunction,attachmentandreceiver,oranyoneormoreofthosewrits,inthecase.Beparticulartogiveinfullthefactsandcircumstancesconstitutingthebreachesofgoodfaith,fortheCourtwillpaynoattentiontogeneralchargesoffraud,misrepresentation,concealment,deceit,andimposition,whenunac-companiedbythedetailsandparticularsthereof.8AlargeproportionofthesuitsinChanceryconsideredunderotherheadsinthisbookcouldwellbeconsideredundertheheadoffraud,actualorconstruc-tive;butareconsideredelsewhereforconvenienceoftreatmentandofrefer-ence.BILLTOSETASIDEADEED,OROTHERINSTRUMENT,FORFRAUD.[Foraddressandcaption,seeante,§155-164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.Thatonthe....dayof....l9....[insertthedateofthedeed,orotherinstrument,wasmade,}heowned[infee,andwasinpossession,ifsuchbethefact,]thefollowinghouseandlot[orfarm,orotherproperty]realorpersonal:describeitfully;see,ante,§172.]ii.Thatonsaiddayhewasinducedbythedefendanttosellandconvey[ormortgage,or6See2Sto.Eq.Jur.%%186-257;2Pom.Eq-Jur.,IAnexaminationofthesesectionswillbeofbenefit.$5872-909;and"Fraud"inourDigests.See,also,ante,5408.7Forthenatureofrelatives,see,ante,§§165-169.I 8See,ante,§§142,sub-sec.,3;838.

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§935SUITSARISINGFROMFRAUDS.726giveadeedoftruston,orabillofsalefor]saidhouseandlot[orfarm,orotherpropertydescribedinparagraphi.]tohimfortheconsiderationof[herespecifytheconsideration.]That[Hereshowwhereofthefraudconsisted,suchas(1),aconsiderationthatwasworth-less;(2),apromiseneverperformedandneverintendedtobeperformed;(3),otherprop-ertytowhichhehadnotitle;(4),noteofhandoninsolventpartiesrepresentedbyhimtobesolvent;(5),banknotes,orothernotes,worthlessforanyreason,statingthereason;(6),orthatcomplainantwasmadedrunk;or(7),putunderduressbythreats,orfalserepresenta-tionofdangerofarrest;or(8),thattheconsiderationwasabet,ormoneylostingambling;or(9),someotherillegalorimmoralconsideration.Explainfully,andindetail,allthepar-ticularsandcircumstancesofthefraudalleged,andifanyrelationsoftrustorconfidenceexistedbetweencomplainantanddefendantbeparticulartosetthemforth.]9IV.That[Iftherebeanyfactsorcircumstancessufficienttoawakenareasonableapprehensionthatthepropertymaybesoldbythedefendant,specifythemasgroundsforaninjunction.Alsospecifyanyactsofwastecommitted,orbeingcommittedbyhim,especiallysalesordestructionoftimber.]Complainantthereforeprays:1st.Thatsubpeenatoanswerissue,[&c,see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.Thatsaiddeed[billofsale,mortgage,deedoftrust,orotherwriting,]bedeclaredvoidashavingbeenobtainedbythefraudofthedefendant;thatallright,titleandinterestofthedefendanttosaidhouseandlot[orotherpropertydescribedinparagraphi,]bedi-vestedoutofthedefendantandvestedincomplainant,andthatcomplainantbeputinpos-sessionthereof.That[Ifthefactsjustifyaninjunctionorreceiver,]aninjunctionissuetorestrainandinhibitthedefendantfromsellingorencumberingsaidproperty,orcommittinganyv-astethereon,andthatareceiverbeappointedtotakepossessionofsaidproperty,andofitsrentsorprofits,pendingthissuit.4th.Thatcomplainantsrecoverofthedefendanttherentsandprofitsofsaidpropertywhileinhispossession,orunderhiscontrol,andthevalueofalltimbercut[andanyotherprofitmadebyhim,specifyingit.]Sth.Thatcomplainanthavesuchother,furtherandgeneralreliefashemaybeentitledto,andtoyourHonormayseemmeet.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunction[andreceiver]inthiscase.HughL.McClung,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit,see,ante,§§161;164.]§935.FrameandFormofBillstoSetAsideJudgments,orDecrees,forFraud.—Abilltoimpeachandsetasideajudgmentordecreeforfraud,orimposition,muststatethejudgmentordecree,andtheproceedingswhichledtoit,andthensetoutthefraud,orcircumstancesofimposition.11AHofthepartiestotheoriginalsuitliabletobeaffectedbythereliefsought,areneces-sarypartiestothebill,eventhoughnofraud,orothermisconduct,isallegedagainstthem.12Theprayershouldbetohavethejudgmentordecreesetasideandannulled,and,ifnecessarytotherightsofthecomplainant,thatanewdecreebemadegivingthereliefhe"maybeentitledto,andespeciallysuchreliefaswillavoidtheeffectsofthejudgmentordecreeannulled.Itmaybesaidthat,asarule,toentitleapartytothisrelief,itmustbemadeevidentthat,ifadefendant,hehadadefenceonthemerits,and,ifacomplain-ant,hehadarighttothereliefsought,andthislossofadefence,orfailuretoobtainrelief,mustinallcasesbeoccasionedbythefraudoractoftheprevail-ingparty,orbymistakeoraccidentonthepartofthelosingparty,unmixedwithanyomission,neglect,ordefaultonthepartofhimselforhisagents.13BILLTOIMPEACHADECREEFORFRAUD."TotheHon.A.J.Abernathy,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatPulaski
;
WilliamWest,aresidentofMaurycounty,complainant,vs.F.dwardEast,aresidentofGilescounty,defendant.ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.Thatheandthedefendant,downtoJanuaryS,1890,werepartnersintradeinGilescounty,9See,ante,8§46;165-169.11JonesV.Williamson,5Cold.,376;Maddox1'.Apperson;14Lea,604;Sto.Eq.PL,§428.Abillwillnotlietoimpeachadecreeforfraud,andatthesametimereviewit.Butsuchabillmaybedis-missedastoqnephaseandmaintainedonanother.Murphyv.Johnson,23Pick,552.
12Paulv.Wiles,1Tenn.Ch.,519;Walkerv.Day,8Bax.,83.13Maddoxv.Apperson,14Lea,596.14Astothecharacteroftheallegations,see,ante,§§142;838;934.Thebillisnotrequiredtobe

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727 SUITSARISINGFROMFRAUDS.§935underthestyleofEast&West;thatonsaidday,inconsequenceofirreconcilabledifferences,thefirmwasdissolved;andonthesamedaythedefendantfiledabillagainstcomplainantinthisCourt,allegingthatthefirmwaslargelyindebted,thattheassetswerenotsufficienttopaysaidindebtedness,thatcomplainantwaslargelyindebtedtothefirm,thatheandthecomplainantcouldnotagreeuponaplantowindupthefirm'sbusiness,andpraying,(1)foranaccountbetweenthem,(2)fortheascertainmentoftheindebtedness,(3)forthecon-versionofallassetsintomoney,(4)forthepaymentofalldebts,(5)foradecreeagainstthecomplainantforwhathemightowethefirm,and(6)foraninjunction,andareceiver,andgeneralrelief. ii.Complainantwasinfailinghealthwhensaidbillwasfiled,andjustreadytogotoCali-forniaforrest,andforthebenefittobederivedfromtheclimate;andnotwishingtobedelayedbyanylitigationhe,onthedayhewassubpoenaedtoanswersaidbill,enteredintoacompromiseinwritingwiththedefendant,whereinandwherebyitwasstipulatedandagreedthatsaidbillshouldbeatoncedismissedatthecostofthedefendant,East,andinconsid-erationthereof,complainanttransferredtohimallhisinterestinthefirm'sassets,andinadditionpaidhimonethousanddollarsinmules,inconsiderationwhereofthedefendantboundhimselftoassumeandpayallthecostsofsaidsuit,andalltheindebtednessofsaidfirm.Saidcompromiseagreementisnowincomplainant'spossession,andwillbefiledandreadatthehearing.in.Relyingx>nsaidagreement,whichwasinallrespectsfullycompliedwithbythecom-plainant,heatonceproceededtoCalifornia,notdoubtingthathispartnershiptroubleswereallover.Butsoitis,thedefendantinutterviolationofsaidagreement,andinviolationofgoodfaith,proceededwithsaidsuit,tookonorderproconfessoagainstcomplainant,aninterlocutorydecreeforanaccount,andafinaldecreeontheaccountasstatedandreportedbytheMaster.Saidfinaldecreeadjudgesthatcomplainantwasindebtedtosaidfirminthesumofthirty-twohundreddollars,andadjudgesone-halfofthecostsofthesaidsuitagainstComplainant.IV.Saidproconfesso,account,report,anddecreeswerealltakenatthetermrecentlyad-journed;andcomplainantwasputoninquiryrelativetheretobyseeingatwo-linenoticeofthecase,intheproceedingsofsaidterm,publishedinaPulaskinewspaper,senthimbyafriend,containinganobituarynoticeofcomplainant'sfather,whodiedashorttimebeforethelasttermofthisCourt.Complainantatonceopenedcorrespondencewithfriends,andascertainedtheforegoingfactsinreferencetosaidsuit.v.ComplainantfurthershowstotheCourt,thatheatoncereturnedtoGilescounty,andde-mandedofthedefendantanexplanationofhis"saidconduct.Defendantpretendedthattheindebtednessofthefirmwaslargerthanhesupposedwhenhemadesaidwrittenagreement,thatthesaidmuleswerenotworthonethousanddollars,andthatbythedeathofcom-plainant'sfather,complainanthadbecomepossessedofabundantmeansandoughttopayhimforhistroubleandexpenseinwindingupthepartnershipbusiness.Complainantchargesthatsaidjudgmentwasobtainedasameansofblack-mailinghim,andinordertofraudu-lentlycoercemoneyoutofhim;andthatthedefendantistherebyendeavoringtoconvertthemachineryofyourHonor'sCourtofEquity,beneficentlydevisedtouncoveranddis-comfitfraud,intoanengineofiniquityandoppression,inviolationofgoodconscienceandcontrarytogoodfaith.Complainantaversthatalltheaforesaidpretencesofthedefendantareutterlyfalse,exceptthestatementthatbythedeathofhisfathercomplainanthasbecomepossessedofalargeestate.Thisstatementistrue,andthisfactwastoostrongatemptationforthedefendanttoresist,andhencesaidfraud.VI.Anexecutionhasissuedonsaiddecree,andhasbeenleviedoncomplainant'slandsbytheSheriffofGilescounty,saidlandsbeingsituatedtherein,andhehasadvertisedthemforsaletosatisfysaiddecree.VII.Complainantisadvisedthatallofthesaidproceedingsinsaidcase,afterthefilingofsaidbill,wereandareafrauduponyourHonor'sCourt,andafrauduponcomplainant,andcon-trarytogoodconscienceandgoodfaith;andtherefore,thepremisesconsidered,hecomesintoyourHonor'sCourtandprays
:
1st.Thatallproperprocessissuetobringthedefendant,WilliamWest,intoyourHonor'sCourt,andtomakehimanswerthisbill,buthisoathtohisansweriswaived.2d.ThataninjunctionmayissuebyfiatofyourHonorrestrainingandinhibitingthedefendantfromfurtherproceedingintheenforcementofsaiddecree,andfromtransferringthesame;andthatyourHonorgrantcomplainantarestrainingorderaddressedtothesaid.SheriffofGilescounty,requiringhimtostayallproceedingsonsaidexecutionuntilfurtherordersofyourHonor.broughtwithinthreeyears.Goodmanv.Tenn.M.Co.,1Head,178.Aninfanthasnomorerightsinimpeachingadecreethananadult.Hurtv.Long,6Pick.,445.

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§936SUITSARISINGFROMFRAUDS.7283d.That,onthehearing,thedecreeinsaidcauseofEastvs.Westbedeclaredtobeutterlyvoidforfraud,andthatsaidinjunctionmaybemadeperpetual.4th.Andthatcomplainantmayhavesuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledtoonthefactsofthecase.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctioninthiscase.[Annexaffidavit.See,ante,§789.] P.C.Smithson,Solicitor.
ARTICLEII.SUITSINRELATIONTOCONSTRUCTIVEFRAUDS.§938.FrameandFormofaDecreeinCaseofConstructiveFraud.§936.SuitsinCasesofConstructiveFrauds.§937.FrameandFormofBillsforViola-tionsofFiduciaryRelations.§936.SuitsinCasesofConstructiveFraud.—Constructivefraudsareacts,statementsoromissions,whichoperateasvirtualfraudsonindividuals,orwhich,ifgenerallypermitted,wouldbeprejudicialtothepublicwelfare,andarenotclearlyresolvableintomereaccidentormistake,andyetmayhavebeenunconnectedwithanyselfishevildesign,ormayamount,intheopinionofthepersonchargeabletherewith,tonothingmorethanwhatisjustifiableorallowable.1Constructivefraudsmainlyconsistofthefollowing
:
1.FraudsagainstLaw,orPublicPolicy,suchas(1)usuriousandgamingcon-tracts;(2)contractsinrestraintofmarriage;(3)contractsinrestraintoftrade;(4)contractsinreferencetobuyingorsellingoffices,orillegallyinflu-encingpublicofficers;(5)contractstosuppresscriminalprosecutions;and(6)contractsfoundeduponillicitintercourse,oruponthedoingofsomeactinviolationoflaw,oruponfailingtodosomeactrequiredbylaw.2Z.FraudsuponPersonswholly,orpartially,IncapableofContracting,suchas,(1)contractswithpersonsunderage,orofunsoundmind;(2)contractswithpersonsintoxicated,orunderduress;(3)contractswithpersonsingreatpecuniarynecessityanddistress;(4)contractswithpersonsveryignorant,orilliterate;(5)contractswithsailors,expectantheirs,reversionersandothershavingexpectantinterests;and(6)contractsinanycasewhereinfluenceisacquiredandabused,orwhereconfidenceisreposedandbetrayed.33.FraudsPresumedbecauseoftheFiduciaryRelationsoftheParties,asincasesofveryadvantageouscontractsby(1)aguardianwithhisward,(2)anexecutororadministratorwithadistributeeorlegatee,(3)atrusteewiththebeneficiary,(4)anagentwithhisprincipal,(5)anattorneywithhisclient,(6)aparentwithhischild,(7)ahusbandwithhiswife,(8)aphysicianwithhispatient,(9)apriestwithapenitent,and(10)orbyanyotherpersonoccupyingapositionofspecialtrustandconfidencetowardsthepartyfromwhomheob-tainsagift,oracontractundulyadvantageous.44.FraudsonSuretiesas(1)incaseswherethecreditor,uponsufficientcon-sideration,givestheprincipaldebtorfurthertimeforpayment,withoutthesurety'sconsent;(2)inanyothercaseofasubsequentcontractbetweentheprincipaldebtorandthecreditortothedetrimentofthesurety;and(3)anycasewherethecreditordoesanyactinjurioustothesurety,oromitsanyactheisboundtodo,andthesuretyisinjuredbysuchomission.5thepartybenefitedtoprovehisgoodfaith.2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§922.22Pom.Eq.Jur.,§929-936;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§J260-306.81Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§307-346;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§943-945.41Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§307-330;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§e1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§326;383;883;2Pom.En.Jur.,§907.
lSmith'sEq.Jur.,71.Constructivefraudissim-plyatermappliedtoagreatvarietyoftransactions,havinglittleresemblanceeitherinformorinnature,whichEquityregardsaswrongful,andtowhichitattributesthesameorsimilareffectsasthosewhichfollowfromactualfraud,andforwhichiteivesthesameorsimilarrelief.Itembraces:(1)Contractsillegal,and,therefore-void;(2)transactionsvoida-blebecausecontrarytorjublicpolicy;and(3)trans-actionsmerelypresumptiveoffraudandrequiring

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729 SUITSARISINGFROMFRAUDS.§937&.FraudsonCreditorsas(1)incaseofsecretagreementsbyaninsolventdebtorwithanycreditortopayhimmorethanhisproportionatesharetojoininacomposition;(2)whereaninsolventdebtormakesvoluntaryconveyanceofhisproperty,and(3)caseswhereadebtormakesconveyances,orsuffersajudgment,inordertohinder,delayordefraudcreditors.6§937.FrameandFormofBillforViolationsofFiduciaryRelations.—
A
considerationofthedoctrineofrelationsinformersections,7andoftheframeofabilltoundofraudintheprecedingArticle,8willgreatlyaidadraughtsmanindrawingabillunderthissection;butasafurtheraidthefollowinggeneralformisgiven
:
GENERALFORMOFBILLFORVIOLATIONOFFIDUCIARYRELATIONS.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§155;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i..That[Hereshowthatcomplainanthadanestateasaward,distributee,legatee,beneficiary,principal,orotherwise,andthatthedefendantis,orwas,guardian,executor,trustee,agent,attorney,orinsomeotherconfidentialrelation,andassuchhadthecustody,controlormanagementofcomplainant'ssaidestate,describingsuchestate.]n.That[Hereshow,ifsuchbethefact,thatcomplainantwasnotfullyinformedastotheamountorvalueofhissaidestateinthehandsofthedefendant,orunderhiscontrol,orzrithinhisknowledge;andifdefendantkeptbackfullinformation,orgavemisinformation,inreferencetosaidamountorvalue,orinanywaymisledordeceivedcomplainant,sostate,andgivetheparticulars,andshowwhatefforts,ifany,complainantmadetoascertainthesaidamount,orvalue.]in.That[Hereshowinzvhatwaycomplainantwasdependentonthedefendantforinforma-tionastothevalue,amount,orcharacterofhissaidestate,andwhatconfidenceortrustcomplainantreposedinhim,especiallyifhewashisagent,attorney,parent,physician,kins-man,orotheradviser;andinwhatwaythedefendanttookadvantage*ofcomplainant':dependenceonhimtosecurethetitletosaidestate,orapartthereof,givingtheparticulars.]IV.That[Hereshowthatthepropertythusacquiredbythedefendantwasworthgreatlymorethantheconsiderationcomplainantreceived,orifthepropertywasmoneythattheamountcomplainantreceivedwasgreatlylessthantheamountjustlyduehim,or,asthecasemaybe,showhow,whereinandtowhatextentthedefendantdefraudedthecomplainant,givingtheparticulars.]v.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c;see,ante,§§158-164.]2d.Thatsaid[transaction,specifyingit,]besetasideasfraudulentandthereforevoid;rndthatcomplainantberestoredtothepossessionofsaidproperty[ifrealestateorpersonalpropertycapableofrestoration,ifnot,thenomitallaftertheword"void"andinsert:]andthatcomplainanthaveadecreeagainstthedefendantforthedifferencebetweenthecon-siderationhereceivedandtherealvalueofthepropertythedefendantacquiredasaforesaid.[Ifthepropertyivasmoney,thenletthedecreebeforthedifferencebetweentheamountcomplainantreceivedandtheamounthewasentitledto.]3d.That[Ifanaccountisnecessarytoascertaintheamountduecomplainant,sopray:see,ante,§159,sub-sees.6,10-12.] *4th.Thatcomplainantmayhavesuchotherfurtherandgeneralreliefashemaybeentitledto. P.G.Fulkerson,Solicitor.§938.FrameandFormofDecreeinCaseofConstructiveFraud.—Asalreadystated,adecreewheninbehalfofthecomplainant,usuallyfollowsthespecialprayersofthebill.9Ifmoneywasfraudulentlyobtainedfromthecom-plainantthedecreewillbeagainstthedefendantfortheamounthejustlyowestract,orotherwrittenagreement,fraudulentlyframed,astomakeitexpresstherealintentionofthecontracting:parties;(3)byrequiringthewrong-doerspecificallytoperformtheobligationsrestinguponhimaccordingtotheirveryspirit,andthusgivingthedefraudedpartytheveryrightofwhichtheothersoughttodefraudhim;and(4)bycom-pensatingthepartydefraudedwhennootherremedyisadequate,orpracticable.7See,ante,§§165-168.8See,ante,§936.9See,ante,%%566;581.
62.Sto.EqJur.,§§349-379;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,96S-974.ReliefsGrantedinCaseofFraud.—Thejurisdic-tionoftheChanceryCourtincasesoffraud,actualorconstructive,isco-extensivewiththeinjurydone,andtheremedyrequiredtherefor.Inframingandapplyingthfseremedies,thepoweroftheCourtispracticallylimitedonlybytherequirementsofjus-tice.Themostimportantoftheseequitablereliefsareconferred:(1)byrescindingorcancellingthecontract,conveyanceorjudgmentfraudulentlyob-tained,andtherebyrelievingtheinjuredpartyfromitsobligations;(2)bysoreforming'thedeed,con-

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§939SUITSARISINGFROMACCIDENTSANDMISTAKES.730thecomplainant,withinterest;iflandwasobtainedthedeedwillbedeclaredfraudulent,andallthetitleconveyedtherebydivestedoutofthedefendantandreinvestedinthecomplainant;ifpersonalpropertywasobtaineditmayberestored,or,asistheusualrule,adecreepronouncedagainstthedefendantforthedifferencebetweenitsvalueandwhathepaidforit.Whererealorpersonalpropertyisrestoredtothecomplainantalienmaybedeclaredonittosecuretothedefendanttherepaymentoftheconsiderationbyhimpaidforit.IfareferencetotheMasterisnecessaryitwillbeordered,and,asarule,thecostsareadjudgedagainstthedefendant.DECREEINCASEOFCONSTRUCTIVEFRAUD.[Fortitle,commencementandrecitals,see,ante,§§567-568.]Onconsiderationwhereofitisordered,adjudgedanddecreed
:
1st.Thattherelationofguardianandward[orotherrelation,statingit]existedbetweencomplainantanddefendantwhenthedeedwasexecuted[or,receiptgiven,orothertrans-actionoccurred,specifyingit,]andthatthedefendantassuchguardian,administrator,agent,attorney,[orothertrusteeoradviser]tookundueadvantageofsuchrelationandobtainedanunconscientiousbargainfromthecomplainant,asallegedinthebill.2d.Thatsaiddeed[receipt,orotherwriting,specifyingit,]becancelled,andsetaside,andalltheright,titleandclaimofthedefendantinandtothetractoflandbysaiddeedconveyedtohimbe,andthesameherebyaredivestedoutofhimandvestedincomplainantasanindefeasibleinheritanceinfeesimple,forever,andthatawritofpossessionissuetoputcomplainantinpossessionofsaidtract,whichisdescribedasfollows:[Herecopythedescriptiongiveninthedeed:see,ante,§172]Thedefendantwillpayallofthecostsofthecause,forwhichexecutionwillissue.
AETICLEIII.SUITSARISINGFROMACCIDENTSANDMISTAKES.§939.CasesArisingFromAccident.§940.CasesArisingFromMistake.§941.FrameandFormofBillsinCasesArisingFromAccidentsandMis-takes.§939.CasesArisingFromAccident.—Accident,asremedialinEquity,maybedefinedtobeanunforeseenandinjuriousoccurrence,notattributabletomis-take,negligenceormisconduct.1ThefollowingaccidentswillberelievedagainstinEquity:1,Whenadeed,bond,note,will,orothervaluableinstrumentinwriting,hasbeenaccidentallytost,mislaid,destroyed,ormateriallymutilatedordefaced;2,Where,incon-sequenceoffailuretopayadebt,orredeemamortgage,orcomplywithanyotherspecificduty,byadaynamed,apenaltyorforfeiturehasbeenincurred,whichcanbecompensatedforindamages;3,Wheretrustees,agents,bailees,executorsoradministratorshavesufferedlossoftrustfundsorproperty,byinevitableaccident,suchasfire,robbery,reasonableconfidencedisappointed,orthelike,withoutanynegligenceormisconductontheirpart;4,Where,byaccident,apowerwasdefectivelyexecuted;and5,Wherebysomeunavoidableaccidentapartyhasbeenpreventedfrommakinghisdefenseatlaw,andinconsequenceanunjustandoppressivejudgmenthasbeenrenderedagainsthim.2§940.CasesArisingFromMistake.—Amistakemaybedefinedtobeanactwhichwouldnothavebeendone,oranomissionwhichwouldnothaveoccurred,butfromignorance,forgetfulness,inadvertence,mentalincompe-tence,surprise,misplacedconfidence,orimposition.3
1Smith'sEq.Jur.,36.Accidentisanunforeseenandunexpectedevent,whereby,withoutnegligenceormisconductonhispart,andcontrarytohisownintentionandwish,apartylosessomelegalrightorbecomessubjectedtosomeliability,andanotherpersonacquiresacorrespondinglegalrightwhichit
wouldbeagainstgoodconscienceforhim,underthecircumstances,toretain.2Pom.Eq.Jur..§823;1Sto.Eq.Jur,§78.2See1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§875-109;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§823-837;and"Accident"inourDigests.3Smith'sEq.Jur.,45.Mistakeexists,inalegal

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731SUITSARISINGPROMACCIDENTSANDMISTAKES.§940Thefollowingmistakesoflawandfactwillberelievedagainst:1,Wherearbitratorsintendingtofollowthelaw,mistakethelaw;2,Whereanendorserpromisedtopayunderamistakeofmixedlawandfactastohisliability;3,Whereapartyerroneouslysupposedhewasacquiringavalidtitle,beingmis-takenbothastolawandfact;4,Whereapartysurrendersavalidtitleinignoranceofplainlaw;5,Wherebothpartiesbelievetheseller'stitletobef.ood,wheninfactitisdefectiveorvoid;6,Wherealinewasagreedonbe-tweentwoadjoiningfarmsuponamistakeastothecallsofthedeeds;7,Wherelandissoldbytheacreandthereisamistakeastothenumberofacres
;
S,Wherelandissoldandthedeedconveysmoreorlessthanthecontractcalledfor;9,Wherelegateesdividednotesbelievedtobegood,andsomeprovetobeworthless;10,Wherearedeemingcreditorpaidunderbeliefthattheexecutionsalewasvalid;11,Wheremoneyispaidbymistake;12,Whereadeedoftrustmisdescribesanoteintendedtobesecured;13,Whereanotewasmisdrawnbymistake;14,Whereasettlementincludesitems,oromitsitems,bymistake,accidentorfraud;15,Whereindrawinganywritingamaterialerrorhasbeenmadebyaccident,orbymistakeoflaworfact,sucherrorbeingtheerrorofthedraftsman;16,Whereawillonitsfaceshowsanerror;17,Whereapersonpartswitharightortitleinignoranceofitsexist-ence;18,Where,atthetimeofthesale,thepropertysoldhadceasedtoexist,havingbeendestroyedbyfloodorfire,orhavingdied,oralifeestatehadterminated,andthepurchaserignorantofthefact;19,Whereatestatorcan-celledaformerwillunderabeliefthatalaterwillwasproperlyexecuted^whenitwasnot;20,Whereapartysurrenders,orcancels,anoteofhand,bond,deed,orotherinstrument,eitherinignoranceofhisrightsthereunder,oronmistakenbeliefthattheinstrumenthadbeenpaidorotherwisebecomeofnoeffect;and21,Whereapowerhasbeendefectivelyexecuted,infavorofacharity,apurchaser,creditor,wifeorchild.4InallcasesofmistakeinwritteninstrumentsCourtsofEquitywillinterfereonlybetweentheoriginalparties,orthoseclaimingundertheminprivity—suchaspersonalrepresentatives,heirs,devisees,legatees,assignees,judgmentcreditorsorpurchasersfromanyofthemwithnoticeofthefacts.Asagainstbonafidepurchasersforavaluableconsiderationwithoutnotice,CourtsofEquitywillgrantnorelief.5Thefollowingmistakesoflaw,orfact,willnotberelievedagainst:1,Wheretheobligeereleasesoneoftheobligorsonabondthinkingtheotherwouldcontinuebound;2,Whereapayeereleasesonesuretythinkingtheother,orothers,willcontinueliable;3,Whereapersonreleases,oracceptssatisfactionfrom,oneofseveraljointtrespassers,thinkingtheotherswouldcontinueliable
;
4,Whereanotewasdrawncallingforusuriousinterest,inignoranceofthelaw;5,Whereawidowfailedtodissenttoherhusband'swillintime,beingignorantofthelimitofdissent;6,Wherethepurchaseroflandknewofavendor'slien,butthoughttherewasenoughpersonalpropertytosatisfyit;7.Whereanadministratorpaidtoamotherandchildrenwhatwhollybelongedtothemother,underamutualmistakeoflaw:hewasrequiredtoaccounttoherfortheresidue;8,Whereapartysellslandinignoranceofamineonit,thepurchasernotpracticinganyfraud;and9,Wherethepriceofanarticlehasbeensuddenlygreatlyenhanced,thesellernotknowingit,andthebuyerpracticingnodeception.6sense,whereapersonactinguponsomeerroneousconviction,eitheroflaworoffact,executessomeinstrument,ordoessomeact,oromitstodosomeact,which,butforthaterroneousconviction,hewouldnothaveexecuted,doneoromitted.Hayne'sOutlinesofEquity,132;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§839.Butthedoctrineissettledthat,ingeneral,amistakeoflaw,pureandsimple,isnotanadequategroundorrelief;forignorantiajurisnonexcusat.Whereapartywithknowledgeofallthematerialfacts,andwithoutanyotherspecialcircumstancesgivingrisetoanEquityinhisbehalf,entersintoatransaction
affectinginterests,rightsorliabilities,underanig-noranceorerrorwithrespecttotherulesoflawcontrollingthecase,Courtswillnot,ingeneral,re-lievehimfromtheconsequencesofhismistake2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§842.Mistakes,toberemediableinEquity,mustcausealosstothepartycomplainingwhichtheotherpartyoughtnotinreasonandcon-sciencetotakeadvantageof.iSee1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§110-183;2Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§838-856;and"Mistake"inourDigests.61Sto.Eq.Jur.,§165.6Seeauthoritiesnextabovecited.

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§941SUITSARISINGPROMACCIDENTSANDMISTAKES.732§941.FrameandFormofBillsinCasesArisingFromAccidents,andMis-takes.—Theframesandformsofbillstosetupinstrumentslost,destroyedormutilatedbyaccident,andofbillstoreforminstrumentsbecauseofmistake,willbefoundintheArticlestreatingofsuchbills,7andreferenceismadethereto.Greatparticularityofdetailsisrequiredinframingsuchbills;thecircumstancesattending,orcausingtheaccidentormistakecomplainedofshouldbefullysetforth,anditshouldbeshownthatcomplainantwasfreefromanyfaultinthematter,andinnowayresponsiblefortheaccidentormistake.Thebillshouldbefiledpromptlyafterthehappeningoftheaccident,orthediscoveryofthemistake,orthedelayshouldbeaccountedfor.BILLTOCORRECTAMISTAKEINADEED.s[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§155,164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
I.ThatonNovember9,1905,hesoldtothedefendantthefollowingtractoflandincivildistrictNo.4,inDicksoncounty,[Heresetoutthecorners,courses,anddistancesaccord-ingtothedeed.] ii.Thatthedefendantcontractedtopaythirty-fivedollarsperacreforsaidtract,anditwasagreedthatasurveyshouldbemadetoascertainthenumberofacres,andamanwasem-ployedtomakethesurvey.Inthemeantimeandbeforethedeedwasdrawn,defendantpaidcomplainantonehundreddollarsandgavehisnoteforfourhundreddollars,andwastogivehisnotesfortheresiduewhentheacreagewasascertainedastheresultofsaidsurvey.*
in.Thataftersaidsurveywasmade,butbeforeitsresultwasknowntocomplainant,de-fendantcametocomplainant'shouse,bringingwithhimthedeedandnotesfortheland.ComplainantinquiredastoItheresultofthesurvey,butdefendantstatedthathedidnotknow,butwaswillingtotakethefarmatthirty-fivedollarsperacreforthirtyacres,andurgedcomplainanttosignthedeedhehaddrawncallingfor"thirtyacres,moreorless,"defendantsayinghehadurgentofficialbusinessathome,andwasinahurrytoleave.Socomplainantsignedanddeliveredthedeed,andtookthedefendant'snotesforfivehundredandfiftydollars,thebalanceofthepurchasemoney.IV.Thatsincedeliveringsaiddeedcomplainanthasascertainedthatsaidtractcontainsforty-fiveacres,fifteenmorethanhewaspaidfor.Complainantwillherestatethatthedefendantwaswiththesurveyorwhensaidsurveywasmade,andstayedthatnightwiththesurveyor,makingcalculationsfromthelatter'sfieldbook,andthatwhensaiddeedwassignedhewellknewthatsaidtractcontainedlargelyoverthirtyacres;andcomplainantwouldprobablyhaveascertainedthisfactfromthesurveyor,whowaspresentasdefendant'scompanion,buthadnotmadehiscalculationsastotheacreage,hadnotdefendanthurriedhimtosignthedeed,andhastenedawayassoonasthesigninghadbeendone,hardlywaitingfortheinktodryoncomplainant'ssignature.Complainantwillfurtherstatethatheisanoldandfeebleman,andwassickthedayhesignedthedeed,andwantedthesigningputoffuntiltheacreagewasascertained,butthedefendantwouldnotagreesotodo,andurgedimme-diatefaction:socomplainantsigned.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c.:see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.Thathebegivenadecreeagainstthedefendantforthepriceofsaidfifteenacresatthirty-fivedollarsperacre,andthatsuchdecreebedeclaredalienonsaidtractofland,andifnototherwisepaid,thelandbesoldtosatisfythesame.3d.Thatifnecessarysaiddeedbereformedsoastoshowthatthelandcontainedforty-f'veinsteadofthirtyacres,andthattheconsiderationwasfifteenhundredandseventy-fivedollars,insteadoftenhundredandfiftydollars,asmistakenlystatedinsaiddeed.4th.Thatcomplainanthavesuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledto.RobertM.Jones,Solicitor.
7SeeArticleonSuitstoSetupLostInstruments,I »ThisbillisbasedonBarnesvGregory,1Head,§§942-944;andArticleonSuitsfortheReforma-230.donofWrittenInstruments,§§945-946.

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733SUITSTOSETUPANDREFORMWRITINGS.§942
CHAPTERXLVII.SUITSTOSETDP,REFORMANDRESCINDWRITINGS.ArticleI.SuitstoSetupWrittenInstruments.ArticleII.SuitstoReformWrittenInstruments.ArticleIII.SuitstoRescindWrittenInstruments.
ARTICLEI.
SUITSTOSETUPWRITTENINSTRUMENTS.
!942.SuitstoSetup,orHaveRe-executed,LostorDestroyedInstruments,orRecords.
i943.FrameandFormofBillsandDecrees
toSetupLostorDestroyedInstru-ments,orRecords.§944.StatutoryMethodofSupplyingLostInstruments,PapersandRecords.§942.SuitstoSetup,orHaveRe-executed,LostorDestroyedInstruments.Whenawrittencontract,suchasanoteofhand,deed,will,lease,partnershipagreement,orothervaluableinstrument,oraCourtrecord,hasbeenaccident-allylostordestroyed,undercircumstancesnotattributabletoanyreprehensi-blenegligenceonthepartofitsowner,onhisapplicationanddueprooftheChanceryCourtwillsetitupandenforceit.1Ifthelossordestructionwascausedbythefraud,negligenceorothermisconductofthedefendant,andtheinstrumentwasoriginallyexecutedbyhim,theCourtwill,byattachment,compelhimtore-executeit,ifsuchre-executionisessentialtothecomplain-ant'senjoymentofhisrightsthereunder.Inthesamesuitinwhichaninstru-ment,orrecord,issetuporinstrumentre-executedtheCourtwill,onabillframedforthepurpose,proceedfurtherandfullyenforcecomplainant'srightsthereunder.§943.FrameandFormofBillstoSetupLostorDestroyedInstruments,orRecords.—Thebillshoulddescribetheinstrumentorrecordasfullyaspossible,andshouldsetout,onitsface,orinanexhibitiftheinstrumentorrecordwillcovermorethanapage,asperfectacopyascomplainantcanmake
;
and,ifaninstrument,willallegeitsexecutionbythedefendant,orbysomeoneauthorizedtobindhim,andshowtheconsiderationthereforpaidbycom-plainant;andwillsetforththeloss,destruction,ormutilationoftheinstru-mentorrecord,andthecircumstancesthereof;andshouldshowthatcom--plainantwasguiltyofnonegligenceorblameinthematter.Thebillshould,also,showhowandwhereincomplainantisinjuredbysuchloss,destructionormutilation,andshouldpraythatsaidinstrumentorrecordbesetupandestab-lished,anddeclaredinforceandoperative;and,inapropercase,maypraythattheinstrumentorrecordbeenforced,orthereliefsoughtinthesuitwhoserecordissetupbegranted.1Thebillshouldbeswornto.2BILLTOSETUPALOSTNOTE.[Foraddressandcaptionofthebill,see,ante,§§155;164.]i.ThatonoraboutthefirstdayofJuly,1905,thedefendant,JohnJones,forvaluereceived,,executedanddeliveredtocomplainanthispromissorynoteforfivehundreddollarspayablesixmonthsafterdatewithinterestfromdate,whichnoteisstillthepropertyofcom-plainantandwhollyunpaid.ii.Thaton,orabout,thefourthdayofJuly,1905,saidnotewaslost[ormutilated,orde--1Halev.Hord,11Heisk.,242. I 2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§82,88.

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§943SUITSTOSETUPANDREFORMWRITINGS.734stroyed]inthefollowingmanner:[Herestatebrieflythecircumstancesoftheloss,mutila-tionordestruction,ifknown,tocomplainant;ifnotknownheshouldsostate,butshouldaverthathewasguiltyofnoblameornegligence,butwaswhollywithoutfaultinthematter.] m.Thatcomplainantdrewatruecopyofsaidnote,exceptthesignatureofthedefendantthereto,andrequestedthedefendanttosignandreturnit,ortomakehimanewnoteintheplaceoftheonelost[ormutilated,ordestroyed]andofferingtoindemnifyhimagainstanyandalllossthatmightarisefromtheoriginalnotecomingupagainsthim,butthedefendantrefusedandstillrefusestosignsaidcopy,ortorenewsaidlostnote.Complainantrenewshissaidofferofindemnity,andwillcheerfullysubmittoanyorderyourHonormaymakefortheindemnityofthedefendantagainstsaidnote.IV.Thatcomplainanthasmadediligentsearchforsaidlostnoteamonghisvaluablepapersandinallreceptaclesandplaceswherehekeepsvaluablepapers,orwheresaidlostnotewouldinanyprobabilitybe,buthasutterlyfailedtofindthesame,andsoheallegesandchargesthatsaidnoteisutterlylost,andthathewillinevitablylosethesameandthemoneydueandpayablethereon,unlessyourHonor'sCourtwillgivehimreliefandremedy.v.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.That.subpoenatoanswerissue[err.:see,§§158;164.]2nd.ThatsaidlostnotebesetupandestablishedbydecreeofyourHonor'sCourt,andbedeclaredunpaidandpayable,andthatyourHonorpronounceadecreeagainstthedefend-antfortheamountdueonsaidnote,principalandinterest,andawardexecutiontherefor,andforthecostsofthecause,incomplainant'sfavor.3rd.Thatcomplainanthavefurtherandotherrelief. ,Wm.York,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavitandjuratasin§789,ante.]Abilltosetupanegotiableinstrumentmustbeswornto,3andshouldofferabondofindemnitytothedefendantagainstliabilityarisingfromsuchlostinstrumentreturningtotormenthim.4TheCourtmay,however,staythedecreeuntilsuchbondisgiven,whennobondistenderedinthebill.5Thedefendantmaymakeanydefencestothebillthatcouldbemadetoabillsuingdirectlyonthenoteifinexistence,suchasnonestfactum,payment,thestatuteoflimitations,infancy,failureofconsideration,illegalconsideration,duress,fraud,orthelike.DECREETOSETDPALOSTNOTE.[Fortitle,commencementandrecitals,see,ante,§567.]UponconsiderationwhereofitisorderedanddecreedbytheCourtthatcomplainantwastheownerofthenotesetoutinhisbill,andthatthesamehasbeenlost[mutilatedorde-stroyed]withoutfaultonhispart,andthatheisentitledtohaveitsetupandestablished,ashisproperty,andthatthedefendantowesthesame,andthatitisdueandwhollyunpaid.Itis,therefore,decreedthatsaidnotebesetupandestablished,andthedefendantpaythecomplainantthesumofsixhundredandtendollars,theamountdueonsaidnote,prin-cipalandinterest,andthathe,also,paythecostsofthiscause,andonhisfailuresotodointhetimerequiredbylawanexecutionwillissue.TheexecutioninthiscasewillbestayeduntilcomplainantfileswiththeClerkandMasterabondinthepenaltyoftwelvehundredandtwentydollars,withtwosolventsuretiestobeapprovedbytheClerkandMaster,toindemnifythedefendantagainstanylosstohimbyhavingtopaysaidnoteoranypartthereoftoanyotherperson.BILLFOBTHERE-EXECDTIONOPADEED.[Foraddressandcaptionofthebill,see,ante,§§155;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.Thatonthe23dofSeptember,1905,thedefendantexecutedanddeliveredtohimawar-rantydeedforthefollowingtractoflandintheStateofKentucky.[Heregivethecountyinwhichthelandlies,andotherwisedescribeitasdescribedinsaiddeed.]Theconsiderationexpressedinsaiddeedwasonethousanddollars,allofwhichwaspaidbycomplainantwhenthedeedwasdelivered.n.Thataftertheexecutionanddeliveryofsaiddeed,complainantentrustedittothedefend-anttotaketoKentuckyandhaveitprobatedandregisteredinsaidcounty,thedefendantvol-unteeringtodoso,statingthathehadsomebusinessinsaidcounty.Complainantgavede-fendanttwodollarstopaythefeesforprobatingandregisteringsaiddeed.8See,ante,5161. 1 5Lowryv.Medlin,6Hum.,450.*1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§583-88. I

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735SUITSTOSETUPANDREFORMWRITINGS.§944ni.That,ondefendant'sreturncomplainantwenttoseehimtogetthedeed,buthepretendedhehadforgottenit,andwouldsendforit.Thereupon,complainant,afterwaitingamonthormore,wrotetotheregisterofdeedsofsaidcountyandwasinformedbyhimthatnosuchdeedhadbeenleftwithhim,orbeenregisteredinhisoffice.Complainant'ssuspicionbeingarousedhemadeinquiriesandlearnedthatdefendantwasdenyingeverhavingsoldsaidlandtocomplainantandwastryingtosellittootherparties,pretendingtoithemthatthedeedhadbeencancelledanddestroyedwithoutregistration.IV.Complainantthereupon,throughhisattorney,calleduponthedefendanttomakehimanotherdeed,orproducetheoriginal.Thisherefusedtodo,andpretendedtobecomeveryangry,settingupvariouspretencesandconflictingexplanations,butadmittedthatthedeedhadbeenmadebyhim. v.That,inasmuchasthelandissituatedintheStateofKentuckyand,therefore,outofthejurisdictionofyourHonor'sCourt,complainantisadvisedthathisremedyistoapplytoyourHonorforadecreetocompelthedefendanttore-executesaiddeed.BaVI.Complainantthereforeprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c;see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.Thatthedefendantberequiredtore-executesaiddeed;andthat,inthemeantime,hebeenjoinedfromsettingupanyclaimitosaidtractofland,orinanywaytransferringorencumberingthesame.3d.Thatcomplainantmayhavesuchother,furtherandgeneralreliefasthenatureofhiscasemayrequire.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctioninthiscase.Ed.P.McQueen,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavitandjurat.See,ante,§§161;164.]§944.StatutoryMethodofSupplyingLostInstruments,PapersandRec-ords.—TheCode6providesasummarymethodofsupplyinginstruments,papersandrecords,andunderitsprovisionsanyrecord,proceedings,orpaper,iflost,ormislaidunintentionally,orfraudulentlymadewaywith,maybesupplied,uponapplication,undertheordersoftheCourt,bythebestevidencethenatureofthecasewilladmitof.7PapersareoftensuppliedintheChanceryCourtun-derthisstatute.8Toentitleapartytosupplyarecord,paper,orproceeding,lost,mislaid,ormadeawaywith,itmustbemadetoappear:1.Thatsucharecord,proceeding,orpaperonceexistedintheCourtwhere-intheapplicationtosupplyismade,ifitbeapleading,deposition,orotherpartofafile,itmust,also,appearthatitwasfiledinthecause.92.Thatsuchrecord,proceeding,orpaperislost,mislaidunintentionally,orfraudulentlymadeawaywith;andthatdueanddiligentsearchhasbeeninef-fectuallymadeforitintheplacewhereitshouldbe,orwaslastknowntobe
;
andthatthelastorpropercustodianofitdoesnothaveit,andcannotfinditonduesearch,anddoesnotknowwhereitis,andbelievesitislost,ormislaidunintentionally,orfraudulentlymadeawaywith.3.OnsuchfactsbeingmadetoappearbytheaffidavitsoftheClerkandMaster,10andoftheSolicitorsinthecause,orotherperson11lasthavingitinhispossession,ifsuchbethecase,theCourtwill,ifsatisfiedthattheseaffidavitsmakeoutacaseunderthestatute,ordertherecord,proceeding,orpapertobosuppliedbythebestevidencethatthenatureofthecasewilladmitof.This5aWhenlandissituatedinanotherState,butthedefendantlivesinthisState,andisbeforetheCourtbyserviceofsubpoena,theCourtmaybyprocessofcontemptcompelhimtoexecutedeedsorotherin-struments.See,ante,§652.6Code,§§3°01-3908a.Thisstatuteinnoway,limitsthejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtPow-ersv.FitzhuKh,10Hum.,417;Halev.Hord,11Heisk.,242.See,ante,§37.7Code,§3907.8ThepracticeinsuchacaseisfullysetoutinCorneliusV.CityBank,3Tenn.Ch.,5.9Mullinsv.Aiken,2Heisk.,SSI;Baker».Mayor.Ibid,117.Theseandsimilarcasesshowtheimpor-tanceoftheClerk'sentriesofthefilingofpapersinhisruledocket. „,.10TheClerkbeingthecustodian,hisaffidavitmustalwaysbemade,showingthatheistheClerkand
thecustodianofthefilesandrecordsoftheCourt;thatsucharecord,proceeding,orpaperwasinhisoffice,accordingtohisownknowledge,oraccordingtosomerecordonhisruledocket,trialdocket,orexecutiondocket,asthecasemaybe;thathehasmadediligentsearchforitinhisoffice,andinsuchotherplaceorplacesasitislikelytobefound,andthathehasbeenunabletofindit;andthatitislost,mislaid,orfraudulentlymadeawaywith.Thedeputyclerk'saffidavitisinadmissible,ordinarilyCorneliusv.Bank,3Tenn.Ch..7.11TheaffidavitofsuchSolicitororotherpersonmust,also,befiled.Indeed,theSolicitorsofbothpartiesshouldmakeaffidavitoftheexistenceoftherecordorpaper;thattheyhavemadediligentsearchforit,andcannotfindit;andthattheyverilybe-lieveitislost,ormislaid,orfraudulentlymadeawaywith.

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§945SUITSTOSETUPANDREFORMWRITINGS.736evidenceisordinarilytheaffidavitsoftheClerk,Sheriff,andSolicitors,bestacquaintedwiththefacts.TheClerkgenerallymakesaffidavittoallwritsbyhimissued,orbondsbyhimtaken,orotherpapersdrawnbyhim;theSheriffmakesaffidavittoallreturnsmadebyhim,andtothefactthathehadthelostwrit;theSolicitorsmakeaffidavittoallpleadingsorotherpapersbythemdrawnrespectively;andtheentriesontheruledocket,thetrialdocket,andtheexecutiondocket,willberegardedasinthenatureofarecordtoaidinsupplyingthelostrecord,proceeding,orpaper.4.OnsuchaffidavitsandotherevidencebeingpresentedtotheCourt,theCourtjudiciallydetermineswhether(1)theyconstitutethebestevidencethenatureofthecasewilladmitof;and(2)ifso,whethertheyaresufficientlyclear,cogentanddefinitetoenabletheCourttoadjudicatethattherecord,proceeding,orpaper,exhibitedtotheaffidavits,issubstantiallyacopyoftherecord,proceeding,orpaper,allowedtobesupplied.IftheCourtdeterminesthisaffirmatively,anorderwillbeenteredontheminutesshowingtheloss,theordertosupply,thefactthattherecord,proceedingorpaperhasbeendulysuppliedundertheorder,andthatitisorderedtobefiledinthecause,andtobesubstitutedfor,andhavealltheforceandeffectof,theoriginalrecord,pro-ceeding,orpaper.5.Ifthelostpapersconsistofdepositions,theCourtmay,initsdiscretion,orderthetestimonytoberetaken,ifthewitnessesarealive.12Thefollowingistheformofanorderwhereapaperhasbeensuppliedunderthestatute:13ORDERSUPPLYINGALOSTPAPER.TohnDoe,vs.\No.678.RichardRoe.JInthiscause,itappearingfromitheaffidavitsoftheClerkandMaster,andoftheSolicitorsoftheparties,thatthefile[orsomeotherpaper,namingit,]inthiscauseislostormislaidunintentionally,orfraudulentlymadewaywith,sothatitcannotbefoundorhad;andtheCourtbeingsatisfiedfromsaidaffidavits,[andfromaninspectionoftheruledocket,thetrialdocket,andtheexecutiondocket,ifanyofthemareputinevidence,]thatsaidfile[orotherpaper]onceexisted,andthatithasbeenlost,ormislaidunintentionally,orbeenfraudulentlymadeawaywith,itissoorderedandadjudged.TheCourt,therefore,ordersthatsaidfile[orotherpaper]besuppliedbythebestevidencethenatureofthecasewilladmitof.Thereupon,thecomplainant[or,defendant,]presentedtotheCourtallegedcopiesof(hebill,prosecutionbond,subpoenatoanswerandreturnthere-on,theanswerofRichardRoe,14andthedeedfiledasanexhibittothebill[orotherpaperorpaperssoughttobesupplied]alongwiththeaffidavitsoftheClerkandMaster,thedeputyClerkandMaster,theSheriff,theSolicitorsofbothparties[andofanyotherpersondepos-ing,]fromallofwhichtheCourtbeingsatisfiedthatsaidcopiesaresubstantialcopies,itisorderedanddecreedbytheCourtthateachandallofsaidcopiesbefiledinthecause,andbesubstitutedfortheoriginals,andhavealltheforceandeffectthereof,andbeandcon-stitutethefileinthiscause.
ARTICLEII.SUITSTOREFORMWRITTENINSTRUMENTS.§945.SuitsfortheReformationofWrittenI§946.EffectofReformingaWrittenInstru-Instruments.! ment.§945.SuitsfortheReformationofWrittenInstruments.—Whenanagree-mentismadeandreducedtowriting,butthroughmistake,inadvertenceorfraud,thewritingfailstoexpresscorrectlythecontractreallymade,theCourtofChancerywillreformtheinstrumentsoastomakeitconformtothereal12Code,§3908. 14TheCourtmayordereachpartytosupplyhis13Thisstatuteisoneofmanyinstances,inwhichownpleading.Cornelius«.CityBank,3Tenn.theremediesofEquityhavebeengranted'totheCh.,8.CircuitCourtsbystatute.See,ante,§T„wheremanyotherinstancesaregiven.

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737SUITSTOSETUPANDREFORMWRITINGS.§946intentionoftheparties-;and,inapropercase,aftersuchreformation,thebillsoprayingjtheCourtwillenforcetheinstrumentbyadecreefortheamountduethecomplainant,,ifamoneydemand;or,inapropercase,adecreeaward-ingthepossessionofthe.propertysuedfortothecomplainant.BILLTOREFORMADEED.[Foraddressandcaptionofthebill,see,ante,§§155-164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thatthecomplainantcontractedwiththedefendanttopurchasefromhimthe-followingtractofland.[Describeit.by,itslocationandboundaries,andstateitsacreage.'].Andthedefendantcontractedtoconveysaidtracttocomplainantandmakeanddelivertohima>deedthereforwithfullcovenants,andacknowledgethesameforregistration,forthefol-lowingconsideration:[Herestatetheconsideration,andifithasbeen,paidsostate,and'ifnotpaidshow,thefactsinreferencetopayment.]n.Thatthedefendantdidonthe8thdayofApril,1905,execute,deliverandacknowledgeforregistrationapaperwritingwhichcomplainantthenbelievedtoconveytheaboveboun-daryofland,andcomplainantfullypaidthepurchasemoney[orhasdonetheactsrequiredastheconsideration,specifyingthem.]Thatoncomparingthemetesandboundsinsaiddeedwiththetractoflandaboveagreedtobesoldtohimcomplainantfindsandsochargesthat[Hereshowthemistakewhetherinmetesandbounds,orotherwise.]in.That[Ifcomplainanthasgroundtochargethatthedefendantmadeamistakeindrawing-thedeed,orthedraughtsmanmadethemistake,lethimsocharge.Ifhehasgroundstochargethatthedefendantactedknowinglyandfraudulentlyinhavingthedeedsodrawn,lethimsocharge.] IV.Thatcomplainanthascalledonthedefendanttocorrectsaiddeedandmakeitconformtotheircontract,ormakeanddelivertohimanewdeedsoconforming,butthedefendantrefusedandstillrefusessotodo. v.That[Ifthedefendantiswithholdinganypartofthelandbelongingtocomplainantsoallege,andgivethefactsrelatingtheretofully.]vi:Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays:
1st.Thatsubpcenatoanswerissue[see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.That'saiddeedbereformedsoastoexpresstherealcontractofthepartiesthereto,andespeciallythatthemistakeallegedbecorrected.3d.That[Ifthedefendantiswithholdinganypart.ofthelandcoveredbythedeedasit.shouldbereformed,praythatcomplainantbegivenpossessionthereof.]4th.That[Ifcomplainantdesiresanyextraordinaryprocessorrelief,lethimpraythereof,havinglaidthenecessarygroundsthereforinthebodyofthebill.]
'
5th.Thatcomplainanthavesuchfurtherand,other.reliefashe,maybeentitledto.J.H.Wallace,Solicitor.Thebillneednotbesworntounlesssomeextraordinaryprocessisprayed,inwhichcaseadd
:
Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunction,[attachment,orreceiver]inthiscase.DECREEOPREFORMATION.[Fortitleofcause,commencementandrecitalsofdecree,see,ante,§567.]Itisthereforeordered,adjudged,anddecreed,thatthecomplainantisentitledtohavethedeedreferredtoinhisbillreformedasprayed;andtheClerkandMasterwillexecute,acknowledgeforregistrationanddelivertocomplainantadeedwithfullcovenantsconvey-ingtohiminfeesimpleforeverthetractof-landdescribedinthebill,boundedasfollows
:
[Heregivetheboundariesofthedeed,asreformed.]Thatall.therightandtitleofthedefendanttosaidtractoflandbedivestedoutofhimandvestedinthecomplainant,andthatawritofpossessionissuetoputthecomplainantinfullpossessionofsaidtract,andofeverypartthereof.Thatthedefendantpayallthecostsofthecause,forwhichanexecutionwillissue.Iftheinstrument,asreformedcallsforthepayment,ofmoney,thedecree,inapropercase,willadjudgetheamountduecomplainantthereon,andawardanexecutiontherefor.§946.EffectofReformingaWrittenInstrument.—Whenawrittenagree-menthasbeenreformed,itstandsinallrespects,andhasidenticallythesame

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§947SUITSTORESCINDWRITTENINSTRUMENTS.738forceandeffect,betweentheparties,asthoughoriginallymadeinitsreformedcondition,forEquityregardsthatasdonewhichoughttohavebeendone.Thereformedinstrumentissubstitutedfor,andisinlieuof,theoriginalinstru-ment,andtakeseffectfromthedateoftheoriginalinstrument.Thechangeismadenuncprotunc,andthereformedinstrumentbecomestheonlyevidenceoftheoriginalagreement.Onthereformationofaninstrument,therightsoftherespectivepartiestheretoaredeterminedexclusivelybytheinstrumentasreformed;andthoserightsarepreciselythesame,nomoreandnoless,foreachandallofthepar-ties,astheywouldhavebeenhadthereformedinstrumentbeentheoneorig-inallybythemsigned.Theresultis,thecomplainantisgenerallyrequiredtogoonestepfurtherinhisbillforreformation,andprayfortheenforcementofthereformedcontract:ifadeed,forinstance,hasbeenreformedasagainstadefendantinpossession,orclaiminganinterest,complainantmayprayforawritofpossession,oradecreeadjudicatingthetitle,orboth.So,whateverthecharacteroftheinstrumentreformed,ifthecomplainanthasrightsunderitneedingaffirmativeenforcement,hemay,inthesamesuit,havetheinstrumentreformed,andenforcedasreformed.Ifadefendantissuedonaninstrumentthatmaybereformedtohisadvantage,hemayfileacross-billandhaveitre-formed,andthenrelyonthereformedinstrumentasadefencetotheoriginalunit.1
ARTICLEIII.SUITSTORESCINDWRITTENINSTRUMENTS.§947.SuitsfortheRescissionandDelivery-'-|§948.FormofBillforRescission,upofWrittenInstruments.!
§947.SuitsfortheRecissionandDelivery-upofWrittenInstruments.Whenawritteninstrument,suchasanoteofhand,bond,deedormortgage,hasbeenobtainedbyfraud,force,orduress,orisbasedonanillegalorim-moralconsideration,orhasbeenpaidorotherwisedischarged,butisretainedbythepayee,onapplicationbythemakerofsuchinstrumentandtheproofofsuchfacts,theChanceryCourtwillrescindandcancelthesame,andrequirethedefendanttodeliveritup,andwillenjoinhimfromsettingupanyclaimunderit,orinanywayattemptingtoenforceit,andifhehasinstitutedanylegalproceedingsonsuchinstrumentwillenjointhem.Butarecissionwillnotbeallowedforfraudunlessthecomplainantdis-affirmedthedeed,orotherinstrument,promptlyondiscoveringthefraud,andconsistentlyadheredtosuchdisaffirmance;2andhemustfilehisbillpromptly,forifhesleeponhisrightshewillberepelled.3Onabillforrecissionbecausetheconsiderationwasgrosslyinadequate,theCourtwillinquire1st,wouldasaneman,uninfluencedbysomecausenotexplained,makesuchacontract
;
2d,wouldthedefendantifafairmantakesuchacontract;and3d,ifhewould,oughtaCourtofEquitytopermithimtodoit.4§948.FormofBillforRecission.—Thebillmustbedefiniteandcertain,andmustaverpositivelythefactsonwhichthecomplainantreliesforrelief;1SeeHelmv.Wright,2Hum.,72,whereamis-takeinabondwascorrected,andthebondascor-rectedsubstitutedfortheoriginalbondinasuitintheCircuitCourt.Thedecreeofcorrectionissetoutinthereport.2PreciousBloodSocietyv.Elsythe,18Pick.,40;StreetR.Co.V.Giardino,8Cates,368.3See,ante,§49;TalbottV.Manard,22Pick.,60.iHansardV.Sharp,Thomp.Cas.,73.Astoin-
adequacyofpriceasagroundforrescission,seeTalbottV.Manard,22Pick.,60.Itiscontrarytogoodconscienceforadefendanttoinsistonretain-ingthebenefitofabargainwhentheconsiderationpaidbyhimisshockinglyinadequate,andthecom-plainantisfinanciallyruinedordisastrouslyinjuredbythetransaction,whilethedefendantcanbeputinstatuquo.

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739SUITSTORESCINDWRITTENINSTRUMENTS.§948generalallegationsandconclusionsoflawarenotadequate;nevertheless,itisnotnecessary,norindeedproper,foracomplainanttosetforthallthedetailsandminutefactsconstitutingthegrievanceofwhichhecomplains.Thebillmaycontainanalternativeprayerfordamagesincasetherecissionprayedforisnotgranted.1
BILLFORTHERESCISSIONANDDELIVERY-TJPOEAMORTGAGE.[Foraddressandcaptionofthebill,see,ante,§§155-164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.ThatonDecember25,1904,heexecutedandacknowledgedinpresenceoftwowitnesses,adeedofmortgagetothedefendanton[specifyingthepropertyconveyed.}Thismortgagehasnotyetbeenregistered.li.That[Herespecifyindetailthecircumstancesunderwhich,saidmortgageTvpsexecuted,givingthedetailsthereofshowingfraud,duress,drunkenness,orconsiderationscontrarytolaworpublicpolicy,andthatthedefendantwasanactorinthematter.}in.That[Showthatcomplainantwasaninnocentvictim,ifsuchwasthecase;oriftherebeanycircumstanceswhichmitigatehisparticipationintheimmoralorillegalconsiderationsstatethem.} IV.That[Ifthedefendantisaboutorlikelytousesaidinstrumenttothedetrimentofcom-plainantgiveallthefactssoshowing,inordertolaygroundforaninjunction.}v.Complainantthereforeprays
:
1st.Thatsubpcenatoanswerissue[&c:see,ante,§§158;164]2d.Thatthedefendantberequiredtodeliverupsaidmortgage;andthathebeenjoinedfromhavingthesameregistered,andfromsettingupanyclaimto,orunder,it,andthatitbedeclaredvoidandcancelled;andthatwhatevertitleitmayhaveconveyedtothedefendantbedivestedoutofhimandreinvestedincomplainant,[or,ifthelandhasbeensoldandthepurchaserisadefendantandhisconductequitableandthepurchase-moneynotpaid,prayforajudgmentagainstthefirstpurchaserforthefullamountdueandagainstthesecondpurchaserfortheamountduefromhimonhispurchase,anddeclarealienonthelandthereforandprayasaleofthelandoncreditandinbaroftheequityofredemption,ifnecessary.}3d.Thathemayhavesuchfurtherandotherreliefasthenatureofhiscasemayrequire.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctioninthiscase.DavidA.Wood,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit.See,ante,§§161;164.]Onabillforrecissionthecomplainantmusttenderwhateverconsiderationhemayhavereceived,ifany,andoffertodowhateverisnecessarytoplacethedefendantinstatuquo.1Theanswertoabilltorescindasaleoflandforfailureoftitleshouldfullysetforthcomplainant'stitle,ifdefendantresiststherescission.2lHill«.Harriman,11Pick.,3»0. I 2Topp1).White,11Heisk.,165.

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§949,SUITSFORSPECIFICPERFORMANCE.740
CHAPTERXLVIII.SUITSFORSPECIFICPERFORMANCE.§951.DecreeforaSpecificPerformance.§949.CasesforSpecificPerformance.|9S0.FrameandFormofBillforSpecificPerformance.§949.CasesforSpecificPerformance.—Acontractisanagreementbetweentwoormorepartiestodo,ornottodo,somespecifiedthing.Toconstitutea\alidcontractenforceableinaCourtofEquitytheremustbe1,Thereciprocalormutualassentoftwoormorepersons,competenttocontract;2,Aconsidera-tiondeemedsufficientinlaw;and3,Athingtobedonewhichisnotforbiddenbylaw,orathingnottobedone,theperformanceofwhichisnotcommandedbylaw."WhenacontractisfoundtobevalidallaCourtcandoistoenforceit.ThemerefactthatonepartyortheothermayhaveobtainedanadvantagedoesnotjustifyaCourtinanendeavortomitigatethehardship;forthelawallowsapartytoobtainanadvantage,providedheoccupiesnorelationoftrustorconfidence,orpracticesnofraud,ordoesnoacttomisleadordeceivetheotherparty.CourtsofEquitydonotstandastheguardianofallpersonswhocon-tracttoseethatabsoluteequalityprevailsbetweenthem.1WhenacontractisbindingonthepartiesitisbindingontheCourts,forCourtshavejurisdic-tiononlytoenforcecontractsbetweenparties,nottomakecontractsbetweenthem.2Ifacontractissoindefiniteoruncertainastoconveynoreasonablemeaning,itisvoidforvagueness;ifitprovidesforthedoingofsomethingunlawfultobedone,orfortheomissionofsomethingrequiredbythelawtobedone,itisvoidforillegality;ifthepartyseekingtoavoidit,wasincapableatthetimeofcontractingbyreasonofsomedisability,asinfancy,coverture,duress,drunkennessorwantofmentalcapacity,thenthecontractisvoidforwantofacompetentparty;andiftheconsiderationiswantingorisillegal,thecontractisvoidforwantofalegalconsideration.Ifacontracthasalltheessentialsofvalidity,andiscertaininitsterms,isbasedonanadequateandvaluableconsideration,isfairandjustinallitsprovisions,isfreefromanyfraud,misrepresentation,illegality,ormistake,iscapableofbeingenforcedwithouthardshiptoeitherparty,andifcompensationindamagesforitsbreachisimpracticable,orwouldbeinadequate,abillwillbemaintainedforitsspecificperformance.3Thebroadgroundofjurisdictioninsuchcasesistheinadequacy,ortheimpracticability,ofdamagestodocompletejusticetothe
1TalbottDManard,22Pick.,60.2Thefollowingaretheprincipalmaximsrelatingtothelawofcontracts,notalreadygiven
:
MAXIMSRELATINGTOCONTRACTS.1.Modusetconventiovincuntlegem.(Whenthereisanagreementitstermsprevailagainstwhatotherwisewouldbethelaw.)ButEquitywillrelieveagainstaninequitableagreement.Snell'sPr.Eq.,290.2.Privatorumconventiojuripublicononderogat.(Theagreementsofprivateindividualswillnotbeallowedsotooperateastodiminishtheeffectofapubliclaw.)3.Quisentitcommodumsentiredebetetonus.(Hewhoarquirespropertyorarightmusttakeitsubjecttoallitsencumbrances.)4.Pactaquaturpemcausamcontinentnonsuntobservanda.(Contractsbaseduponimmoralorillegalconsiderationsarenotenforceablebylaw.)5.Exnudopactononorituractio(Norightofactionarisesoutofacontractbasedonnoconsid-eration.)
6.Quifacitperaliumfacitperse.(Hewhodoesanactbymeansofanagentisconsideredinlawasdoingitinperson.)7.Delegatusnonpotestdelegare.(Anagentcan-nottransferhisauthoritytoanother;)norcanatrustee.8.Respondentsuperior.(Theprincipalisrespon-siblefortheactsofhisagent.)9.Ratihabitiomandatoarquiparatur.(Whenaprincipalratifieswhathisagentdoes,suchratifica-tionisequivalenttoanordertodowhatwasdone.)10.Memopotestplusjurisadaliumtransferrequamipsehabet.(Noonecantransfertoanotheragreaterrightthanhehimselfpossesses.)33Pom.Eq.Jur.,§81401-1405.ACourtofChancerywillnotspecificallyenforceacontractwhen(1)itisillegalorimmoral;orwhen(2)itiswithoutconsideration;or(3)whenthecontractinvolvespersonalskillorknowledge,astosing,orperforminpublic;orwhen(4)thecontractistoconstructbuildings,ormakerepairs;orwhen(5)thereisawantofmutuality,aswhereoneofthepartiesisaninfant.Snell'sPr.Eq.,519-522.

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"741 SUITSFORSPECIFICPERFORMANCE.§950injuredparty.Hence,wheredamagesarepracticable,andwouldbeadequate,theCourt,asarule,willnotcompelaspecificperformance,butwillleavethecomplainanttohisremediesatlaw,orwillitselfawarddamages.Ifthecon-tractrelatestolands,oraninterestinthem,andinadditiontoallofthefore-goingrequirementsis,also,inwriting,aspecificperformancewillbedecreedasofcourse,fornodamagescanadequatelyrepresentrealestate.Ontheotherhand,chattelsofallkinds,canordinarily,beduplicatedinthemarket,orcanbereproduced;andhence,apecuniarycompensationisbothpracticableandadequate,unless,asitsometimeshappens,thearticlehasaspecialvalue,suchasakeepsake,afamilyrelic,heirlooms,paintings,gems,coins,statuary,rareworksofart,manuscript,titlepapers,andthelike,inallofwhichcasesaspecificdeliveryisordinarilydecreed.4Themostordinarycasesforaspecificperformanceare:(1)agreementsiawritingtobuyorsellland;(2)contractstogiveorrenewleases;(3)contractstogiveamortgage;(4)contractstoinsure;(5)contractsforchattelsofspecialvalue;and(6)agreementsofseparationbetweenhusbandandwife.§950.FrameandFormofBillforSpecificPerformance.—Indrawingthebillthecontractmustbefullysetout,andtheconsiderationspecified,andcomplainantmustoffertodoallthatthecontractrequiresofhim.BILLFORASPECIFICPERFORMANCE.[Foraddressandcaptionofbill,see,ante,§§155;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thatonthe1stdayofSeptember,1905,[givethedateofthecontract,]thedefendantwastheownerandinpossessionofthefollowinglot[ortract]oflandsituatedintheCountyofKnox,[givethecountyinwhichthelandlies,andrememberthebillmustbefiledinthatcounty.See,ante,§177.//thecontractdoesnotrelatetoland,herestatethesubstanceandsubject-matterofthecontract,]andboundedasfollows:[hereinsertthedescriptioncontainedinthecontract,andifthisdescriptionisnotdefiniteenoughgive,also,thedescriptioninthedeedunderwhichthedefendantholds.]n.Thatthedefendantbeingsoseizedandpossessedofsaidlot[ortract]ofland,did,onsaid1stdayofSeptember,1905,[givethedateofthecontract,]contractinwriting,signedbyhimanddeliveredtocomplainant,toconveytocomplainant,fortheconsiderationofonethousanddollars,saidlot[ortract]ofland,withtheusualcovenants.[Inthispara-graphofthebillgivethedetailsofthecontract,ifnotgiveninparagraphI,andespeciallysetforththeconsiderationcomplainantistopay,orwhatheistodoastheconsiderationofthecontract.]Saidcontractisheretoexhibited,andmarkedA.in.That,[Here,showforandtowhatextentcomplainanthascompliedwithconditionsprecedentbindingonhim,ifany,thus:]inaccordancewiththetermsofsaidcontract,thecomplainantdidonthedaysaidcontractwasexecuted,paydefendantthesumoftwohundreddollars,whichisreceiptedforontheface'ofsaidcontract[or,forwhichdefendantgavehimareceipt,ifsuchbethefact.]Onthe1stdayofNovember,1905,complainantpaidthedefendantonsaidcontractthefurthersumofthreehundreddollars,andtookhisreceipttherefor,whichisheretoexhibited,andmarkedB;andonmakingthispaymentcomplainantcalledonthedefendanttomakeanddeliversaiddeedofconveyance,whendefendant,greatlytocomplainant'ssurprise,insistedthedeedwasnottobemadeuntiltheentireconsiderationwaspaid.[Hereshowwhatreasonsandexcuses,ifany,thedefendantgivesfornotperforminghiscontract.]iv. ,That[Ifthedefendantisdoinganyact,orthreateningtodoanyact,inreferencetothesubject-matterofthecontractwhichmateriallyimpairsorwillimpairitsvalue,oristhreat-eningtoconveyit,soallegeandgivetheparticulars,asfoundationforaninjunction,thus:]thedefendantishavingmanyofthemostvaluabletreesonsaidtractoflandcutdowntobeconvertedintolumber,andhasofferedtosellsaidtracttoanotherparty.v.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c,asin§§158;164,ante.]2d.ThatsaidagreementbespecificallyperformedbyorderofyourHonor,andthatanyandallorders,injunctions,attachmentsoftheperson,andotherprocessnecessarytothatendbemadeandawardedbyyourHonor,anddulyenforced.41Sto.Eq.Jur.,§709;Womack».Smith,11Hum.,478;3Pom.Eq.Jur.,§1402.

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§951SUITSFORSPECIFICPERFORMANCE.7423d.Thataninjunctionissue[ifnecessary,torestrainthedefendantfromdoingtheactscomplainedofinthebill,thus:]torestrainthedefendantfromcuttingthevaluabletreesonsaidtract,orcommittinganywastethereon,andthathe,especially,beenjoinedfromsellingorencumberingsaidtract.4th.Thatcomplainanthavesuchfurtherandotherreliefasthefactswilljustify.[//thereisaprayerforaninjunction,add:]Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctioninthiscase. CharlesH.Smith,Solicitor.Thebillneednotbesworntounlessaninjunction,orotherextraordinaryprocess,isprayedfor.IfanymoneyhasbeentenderedbythecomplainantoutofCourt,thebillshouldsostate,andshouldrenewthetender;andthemoneyshouldbefiledwiththebill.Thebillmayprayinthealternativeforaspecificperformance,or,incasethatcannotbehad,fordamagesforthedefendant'sbreachofthecontract;or,inapropercase,suchdamagesmaybeawardedundertheprayerforgen-eralrelief.Andiftheamountofthedamagesdoesnotappearatthehearing,theMastermaybedirectedtohearproofandreportthereon.5§951.DecreeforaSpecificPerformance.—Thefollowingdecreewillindi-catethegeneralcharacterofsuchdecrees
:
DECREEFORASPECIFICPERFORMANCE.[Hereinserttitle,commencementandrecitals:see,ante,§567.]FromallofwhichtheCourtisofopinionthatcomplainantisentitledtothereliefbyhimspeciallyprayed,anditis,therefore,ordered,adjudgedanddecreedthattheagreementsetoutinthebillofcomplaintbespecificallyperformedbythedefendant.Itisfurtherorderedanddecreedthatthedefendantexecute,andacknowledgeforregis-trationbeforetwocompetentwitnessesintheMaster'soffice,anddelivertotheMasterforthecomplainantadeedconveyingtothecomplainantthefollowinglot[ortract]ofland
:
[describingitbycoursesanddistances,orothersufficientdescription^withcovenantsofwarrantyandseizin.6IfthepartiesdifferastotheformofthedeedtheMasterwillsettlethesame.[Ifanytransferistobemadeinwritingtospecificallyperformthecontract,oranytransferofproperty,sospecifyinthedecree,andifawritofpossessionisnecessary,awardit,thus:]And,onthedeliveryofsaiddeedtotheMaster,awritofpossessionwillissuetoputcomplainantinfullpossessionofsaidtract[orlot]ofland.Alienisherebydeclaredonsaidlandtosecurethepaymentofthebalanceofthepurchase-money,whichmaybepaidintotheMaster'sofficebythecomplainantforthedefendant.Thedefendantwillpayallthecostsofthecausedowntotheexecutionofthewritofpossession.AndeitherpartyisgivenlibertytoapplytotheCourtasoccasionmayrequire.7
ISSto.Eg.Jur.,§794;Pom.Eq.Jur,1410;I§§646-661;see,also,Brakfieldv.Anderson,3Pick.,Brackenv.Martin,3Yerg.,58;Actsof1877,ch.97.206.6SeeChapteronHowDecreesareEnforced,ante,I 7See,ante,§§566,note31;579.

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743 SUITSFORANACCOUNTING.§952
CHAPTERXLIX.SUITSFORANACCOUNTING.952.AccountsGenerallyConsidered.953.SuitsforanAccountingWheretheAccountisOpen.954.FormofBillandDecreeforanAc-countingWheretheAccountisOpen.SuitstoOpen,orSurchargeandFal-sifyaStatedorSettledAccount.§955
§956.FormofBillandDecreetoOpenaStatedorSettledAccount.§957.SuitstoOpenSettlementsMadebyExecutors,Administrators,andGuardians.§958.ProceedingsintheMaster'sOfficeonanAccounting.§952.AccountsGenerallyConsidered.—Anaccountisadetailedstatementofthemutualdemandsinthenatureofdebitandcreditbetweenpartiesarisingoutofcontractsorsomefiduciaryrelation.1Accountsareeither:1,Open;2,Stated;or3,Settled.1.AnOpenAccountisoneofwhichthebalancehasnotbeenstruck,orwhichisnotacceptedbybothparties.2.AstatedAccountisone,1,thathasbeenmadeoutandagreedto,or2,ren-deredandadmittedtobecorrect,or3,renderedandacquiescedin,or4,notobjectedtoinareasonabletime.3.ASettledAccountisonethathasbeenstatedandpaid.2Settlementsofexecutors,administratorsandguardians,madeintheCountyCourt,inpursuanceoflaw,aretobetakenasprimafaciecorrect;3andifadultpartiesininterestarepresentwhensuchsettlementsaremade,theyhave,astosuchparties,alltheforceandeffectofstatedaccounts.4TheChanceryCourtwill,onaproperbillfiledforthatpurposeandsus-tained,openeitherastatedorsettledaccount,1,wherebyreasonofsomemistake,oromission,oraccident,orfraud,orundueadvantage,theaccountisvitiated,andthebalanceincorrectlyfixed;5and2,wherebyreasonofsomerelationoftrustorconfidencebetweentheparties,thecomplainantwasatadisadvantage,andasaconsequencetheaccountisinequitable.6When,however,thebillisfiledtoopenthesettlementofanexecutor,admin-istratororguardian,madeintheCountyCourt,nofraud,orundueadvantage,orotherspecialEquityneedbealleged,7unlessthecomplainantwaspresentwhenthesettlementwasmade;inwhichevent,thesettlementhasalltheforceandeffectofastatedaccount,andmustbeimpeachedinthesameway.8Wherethefraud,mistake,undueadvantageorimpositionisgross,theCourtwilldirectthewholeaccounttobeopenedandtakendcnovo;butwherethemistake,omission,inaccuracy,fraud,orimpositionisnotshowntoaffectorstainalltheitemsofthetransaction,theCourtwill,ordinarily,allowtheac-counttostand,withlibertytothecomplainant,tosurchargeandfalsifyit.9Theeffectofsuchacourseistoleavetheaccountinfullforceexceptinsofarasthecomplainantcanproveerrorsandmistakes.SometimestheCourtcon-finesthecomplainanttotheparticularitemsoferrorormistakesetforthin1Bouv.LawDie,"Account."2Ibid"AccountStated;"Smith'sEq.Jur.,261.Philipsv.Belden,2EdwChy.,(N.Y.)1:MurrayV.Toland,3Johns.Ch.,'(N.Y.)569;andDesty'snotestobothcases,Law.Ed.:1Sto.Eo.Jur.,§5?6;Sto.Eq.PL,§798;1Dan.Ch.Pr„665,note;Bus-seyv.Gaut,10Hum.,238;CraigheadvBank,7Yerg.,409.3Code,§§2305;3786;see,ante,%333.4Turneye.Williams,7Yerg.,172;Matlocki.Rice,6Heisk.,33.
51Sto.Eq.Jur.,|523;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,667-668.e1Sto.Eq.Jur,527a.Butintheabsenceoffraud,andafteralongdelay,itrequiresveryclearprooftosurchargeandfalsifysettledaccounts.Pattonv.Cone,1Lea,14.rElrod«.Lancaster,2Head,571;Hillyv.Har-rison.7Cold.,191.8Turneyv.Williams.7Yerg.,172.1Sto.Eq.jur.,§523;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,667-668.

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§953 SUITSFORANACCOUNTING.744hisbill,treatingtheaccountas,inotherrespects,conclusive.10TheCourtismorereluctanttoopenasettledaccountthanastatedaccount;and,exceptincasesofapparentfraud,ormanyerrors,willallowtheaccounttostand,andgivecomplainantleavetosurchargeandfalsify.11Whereapartyisgivenleavetosurchargeandfalsify,theburdenofproofisonhim;butwheretheaccountisopenedintoto,andageneralaccountingordereddenovo,eachpartymustprovehisownchargesandhisowncredits.12§953.SuitsforanAccountingWheretheAccountisOpen.—Wherepar-tieshavebusinessdealings,involvingmanyitems,orwhereinconsequenceofrelationsoftrust,orconfidence,onepartyhashandledtheestateoftheother;ordonebusinessforhim,involvingaseriesoftransactions,ornumerousitems,abillforanaccountingwilllieinbehalfofthepartyentitledtoasettlement.Billsofthischaracterareusuallybroughtbywardsagainsttheirguardians,byprincipalsagainsttheiragents,byonepartneragainstanother,byclientsagainsttheirattorneys,bylandlordsagainsttenants,byaguardianagainsthispredecessor,bybeneficiariesagainsttheirtrustees,bylegatees,distributeesandcreditorsagainstexecutorsandadministrators,andbyoneormoretenantsincommonagainstanother,orothertenantsincommon,whentherespectivedefendantshavefaileddulytoexhibitanaccountforthefundsorotherprop-ertyinwhichthecomplainanthasaninterest,andtopayoverwhatevermaybedueorbelongtohim.Thebillinsuchasuit,shouldstartoutbystatingclearlytherelations13oftheparties,andthatinconsequenceofsuchrelationsvarioussumsofmoneyorotherpropertyofthecomplainantwent,orshouldhavegone,intothepos-session,orunderthecontrol,ofthedefendant,givingitems,dates,values,andcircumstances.Thebillshouldthenshowthatthedefendanthasrenderednoaccountofsuchmoneyandpropertyandtheprofitsthereof;or,ifhedidrenderany,thatitwasimperfectandincorrect,thatcomplainantrefusedtoacceptitinanyrespect,andsonotifiedthedefendant;andallege,ifknown,thebal-anceduecomplainantonafairaccounting;andprayforanaccounttobetakenbytheClerkandMasterandforadecreefortheamountfounddue.Ifthedefendanthasanysuretiesboundforhisgoodconducttheyshouldbemadedefendants,andtheirsuretyshipallegedinthebodyofthebill.Abillthatseekstoopenandreformastatedorsettledaccount,ortosetasidesuchanaccount,ortosurchargeandfalsifyanysettlementmadebyexecutors,administratorsorguardians,isaverydifferentbillfromoneforanaccountingwheretheaccountisopen.§954.FormofBillandDecreeforanAccountingWheretheAccountisOpen.—Thefollowingformsindicatehowthebillanddecreeshouldbeframedinordinarycasesforanaccountingwheretheaccountisopen
:
FORMOFBILLEOF.ANACCOUNTING,WHENTHEBILLISOPEN.[ForAddressandCommencementofbillsee§164,ante.}ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.That[Hereshowtherelationoftheparties,howandwhenitoriginated,andwhatitrelatedto.] II.That[Hereshowthebusinessdealingsresultingfromtherelationsoftheparties,andwhatmatterswereentrustedto,orassumedby,thedefendant,andgiveafullhistoryofallthevarioustransactionsengagedinbythedefendant,andasfullyaspossiblethemoneysandotherpropertybelongingtocomplainantwhichwentintohishands,orcouldhavegonebyduediligence.]in.That[Heredetailanymisrepresentations,concealments,fraudsorotheractsofbadfaith,bythedefendant,ifany;andanypromisesbyhimtoaccount,makecorrections,orpayoverthemoneysorpropertybelongingtothecomplainant.14]101StoEq.Jur.,§523. I 121Dan.Ch.Pr.,668;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§525.111Sto'.Eq.Jur.,§527;Pattonv.Cone,ILea,13See§§165-169,ante.14. I 14Ifthedefendanthasrenderedanaccountwhich

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745 SUITSFORANACCOUNTING-§954
IV.That[Ifthedefendanthasdone,orisabouttodo,anythingmakinganattachmentorinjunction'expedient,specifysuchinequitableconduct.]v.That[Ifthedefendanthasanysuretiesforthefaithfuldischargeofhisdutytocomplain-ant,sostate,givingtheirnames,andthenatureoftheirobligation,andinserttheirnamesasdefendantsinthecaptionofthebill.]Thepremisesconsideredthecomplainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpcenatoanswer[See§164,forprayerforprocess.]2nd.Thatthedefendantberequiredtosetoutinhisanswerafullanddetailedaccountofallmoneys,notesofhand,accounts,orotherevidencesofdebt,andallpropertyofeverykindthatcameintohishands,andshowwhatdispositionhemadeofthem.[Andifthedefendantischargedwithhavingsold,transferred,givenawayorotherwisedisposedofanypropertynotaccountedfor,prayhemayberequiredtospecifythesameandtostatewhatconsiderationhereceivedtherefor.Andifhehasfailedtoaccountforanymoneyorprop-erty,praythatheberequiredtostatewhyhesofailed,andwhathasbecomeofthesame.]3rd.ThatanaccountbetakenandstatedbytheClerkandMastershowingallthemoneys,accounts,chosesinactionandotherevidencesofdebt,andallproperty,thatwentintothedefendant'shands,orshouldbyduediligencehavegoneintohishandsbyvirtueofhisbeingtheguardian,[agent,attorney,trustee,executor,administrator,.partner,tenantincommon,orotherconfidee,15]andwhatdispositionhehasmadethereof,andwhatprofithemade,orcouldbyduediligencehavemadeoutofthemoneyandpropertythatwent,ormighthavegone,intohishandsassuchguardian,[agent,trustee,administratororotherconfidee."]ThattheMastershowinhissaidreportwhatbalanceisduecomplainant,afterallowingthedefendantalljustcredits,butnocompensation,andthatadecreeberenderedinfavorofcomplainantagainstthedefendant[andhiss3idsureties,ifany,andtheyaresued,]forsaidbalance.4th.Thataninjunctionissuetorestrainthedefendantfrom[statingtheactsofdefendanttoberestrained.]Also,thatanattachmentissueandbelevieduponthepropertyofthedefendant.And,also,thatcomplainanthavesuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledto. DavidK.Young,Solicitor.Thebillshouldbeswornto,ifitseeksaninjunctionorattachment,andshouldallegethatitisthefirstapplicationforsuchprocess.ThedecreeinfavorofthecomplainantforanaccountshouldspecifytherulestogoverntheMaster,andblazeouthisroadasdefinitelyaspossiblesoastopreventtoowidearangeofproofandinvestigation.10ThedecreeinlormordinarilyfollowsthespecialprayerofthebillinstatingwhatmatterstheMasterwillinquireintoandreporton,coupledwithsuchdirectionsastheChancellormayseefittomaketolimitanddefinethescopeoftheinquiry.DECREEEOBANACCOUNTING.[Fortitle,commencementandrecitalsseeante,§567.]Itisordered,adjudgedanddecreed,thatthemattersofaccountincontroversybeandarereferredtotheClerkandMastertotakeandstateanaccountbetweenthecomplainantanddefendantconcerningthebusinessof[statingthebusiness,ifany]andalltransactionsrelat-ingtoorgrowingoutofthesame,[and,ifapartnershipisinvolved,add:chargingeachpartywiththeseveralsumsbythemrespectivelydrawnorreceivedfromthefirmassetsontheirindividualaccount;alsointerest17thereon.]TheMasterisauthorizedtocompeltheproductionofallsuchbooks,papers,documentsandotherwritingsasmaybeintheposses-sionorpoweroftheparties,oreitherofthem,andshallbecalledforbyeitherparty,orheshallthinkpropertobeproducedbeforehimintakingsuchaccount.TheMastershallrequireeachparty,beforethetakingofdepositionsisbegun,toproduceandfilewithhimachargeorstatementinwriting,dulysigned,ofalltheseveralitemswhichheclaimstheotherpartyshouldbechargedwith,givingthedate,characterandamountofeachitem,andnoitemnotcontainedintheseseveralstatementswillbeconsideredbytheMaster,unlessongoodcauseshown,18heallowsaidstatement,orstatements,tobeamendedbytheinsertionofadditionalitemsorthealterationoftheoriginalitems.19TheMasterwillsostateandtakesaidaccountastoshowthebalancewhicheitherpartyirayowetheother,andhewillreporthereontothenexttermoftheCourt,untilwhichtimeallothermattersarereserved.TheMastershallhavelibertytostateanyspecialcir-cumstances.isfalsethebiljlmustsostate,andshowthatcom'plainantatoncerejecteditandsonotifiedthede-fendant,forifcomplainantretainedtheaccountanunreasonabletimewithoutsuchnoticetheCourtmaydecidethatheaccepted,oracquiescedintheaccount,whichwouldconverttheopenaccountintoastatedaccount.15Seenote35to§46,ant*.16See§599.
17Interestischargedagainstapartneronthebalancefoundduefromhimonthedayofthedis-solutionofthepartnership,suchdavbeingthepropertimetomakearest,andadjustthebalanceofthepartnershipaccount.Blake'sCh.Pr.,23518See,ante,§62,sub-sec.8,forwhatismeantby"goodcauseshown."19Thesestatementsofchargeanddischargewill

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§955 SUITSFORANACCOUNTING.746§955.SuitstoOpen,orSurchargeandFalsify,aStatedorSettledAccount.Ifabillisfiledforanaccount,whenthereexistsastatedorsettledaccountbe-tweentheparties,thedefendantmaypleadorsetupinhisanswerthestatedorsettledaccount,20andthusdefeatthesuit.Toavoidthisdefence,thebillmustsetforththefactsconnectedwiththeaccount,andshowthatbyreasonofsomeactsoffraud,oppression,impositionorundueadvantage,orofsomegrossandmanifesterror,orbyreasonofsomerelationoftrustorconfidencebetweentheparties,thecomplainantshouldnotbeboundbytheaccount.Thebillmustspecifythefraudulentacts,impositions,undueadvantages,orgrossandmani-festerrorscomplainedof,ortherelationsoftrustorconfidenceexisting;andwherethegroundforopeningtheaccountisfraud,orarelationoftrustorconfidence,thebillmustsetforthsuchfactsaswillshowtheaccounttobein-equitable.21Generalchargesoffraud,mistake,error,injustice,orundueadvantage,arewhollyinsufficienteitherinabilltoopenastatedorasettledaccount,orinabilltosurchargeandfalsifysuchanaccount,butthecomplain-antmustgivethespecificactsandfactscomplainedof.Thisisespeciallytrueofabilltosurchargeandfalsifywhichwillnotbesustainedunlessthespecificmistakes,omissionsanderrorsarepointedout,andprovedasstated.22Butwhileacomplainantmustspecifytheerrorsheinsistson,itisnotneces-sarytoproveallthathespecifies;ifheprovesome,heisentitledtoadecreegivinghimlibertytosurchargeandfalsify.Whereonepartyisallowedtosurchargeandfalsifytheothermaydoso,too.23Whatismeantby"surcharging"isshowingtheomissionofanitemintheaccountforwhichthecomplainantisentitledtocredit,and"falsifying"isshowingachargeagainsthimintheaccountwhichisfalse,andshouldbestrickenout.21Asurchargeseekstohavecreditsinsertedwhichhavebeenomitted,andafalsificationseekstohavedebitsomittedwhichhavebeenin-serted.Anditmustbeborneinmindthatthereisamarkeddifferencebe-tweenabilltoopenastatedorasettledaccountforageneralaccountingdenovo,andabillthatmerelyseekstosurchargeandfalsifysuchanaccount.Onabillprayingfortheopeningofastatedorasettledaccount,ifsustainedandageneralaccountingordered,theaccountcomplainedofiswhollysetasideandstandsfornought;25andeachsidemustprovethechargesandcreditsforwhichhecontends.28TheCourtwillnotordinarilyopenastatedorsettledaccountintoto,evenonabillfiledforthatpurpose,unlesstheassentofthecomplainantwasobtainedbyfraudorimposition,orwasgivenbyinadvertenceormistake,orunlesstherewererelationsoftrustorconfidencebetweentheparties;butwillallowtheaccounttostand,andgivecomplainanttherighttosurchargeandfalsifyitonareferencetotheMaster.27Theburdenofproofisalwaysonthepartywhoseekstosurchargeorfalsify,28butwhenanaccountisopenedgenerally,theburdenofproofrestsuponthepartyassertingachargeorclaimingacredit.29Onabilltosurchargeandfalsifyastatedac-countthepartieswillbelimitedtosuchmattersastheyhavespecificallyal-legedtobeovercharges,errorsandomissions,30for,onsuchabill,theaccountbefoundofgreatvaluebytheMaster.Theywillprovetobechartstoguidehimthroughthelaby-rinthsandmazesofatangledmassoftestimony,andaheterogeneousconglomerationoffactsandfigures.SuchstatementsarerequiredbytherulesofChancerypractice.SeeBlake'sCh.Pr.,218-228:1Barb.Ch.Pr..493;503-509;2Ibid,494-497;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1221-1222;Hicksv.Chadwell,1Tenn.Ch.,251;Myersl>.Bennett,3Lea,184.Forformofsuchstatements,see,post,§958.20See,ante,§§142;333;838;934;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,667.21Itseemstobewellsettledthatabilltoopenasettledaccountmustspecifytheerrorsintheac-count.Sto.Eq.PL,§800,note.22Rahtv.Mining,5Lea,22.WhileCourtswillnothesitatetorelieveagainstanerrorapparentonthefaceoftheaccount,thereisageneraldisin-clinationtounravelanoldaccount,evenwhenset-
tleduponanerroneousprinciple,unlessaconfiden-tialrelationshipexistedbetweentheparties.Ibid.231Dan.Ch.Pr.,668;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§525,note.24Bouv.Law.Die,"Falsify,""Surcharge;"1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§.525.251Dan.Ch.Pr.,668.Theaccountwillbewhollyunravelledandthepartieswillnotbeboundbydeductionsagreeduponbetweenthemontakingtheformer.account.Ibid.Whileitstandsfornoughtasanaccountitwillneverthelessbeevidenceagainstthepartywhomadeitout,insofarashechargeshimself,orcreditstheotherparty.26Philipsv.Belden,2Edw.Ch,(N.Y.)1.271Sto.Eq.Jur.,§523.28Philipsv.Belden,1Edw.Ch.,(N.Y.-)1.20Ante,§333;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,668.30Philipsv.Belden,1Edw.Ch.,(NY.)1;Stoughtonv.Lynch,2Johns.Ch.,210.

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747 SUITSFORANACCOUNTING.§956isimpliedlyadmittedtobecorrect,exceptinsofarasovercharges,errorsandomissionsarealleged."Whereabillimpeachesastatedaccount,andallegesthatthecomplainanthasnocounterpartofit,andcallsonthedefendanttofileacopyofitwithhisanswer,thedefendantmustdoso;andifoninspectionofsuchacopythecom-plainantdiscovererrorstherein,hewillbeallowedtoamendhisbilltoallegethem.31So,ifatanytime,newerrorsornewfrauds,orothernewgroundsforimpeachingtheaccountbediscovered,thecomplainantmayputtheminissuebyamendinghisbill.If,however,heisallowedtosurchargeandfalsifytheaccount,heisnotconfinedtotheerrorsandomissionsallegedinhisbillandprovedatthehearing,butmayshowothersatthetakingoftheaccountor-dered,unlesstheorderofreferenceexpresslyforbid.Ingeneral,wherefraud,imposition,undueadvantage,orfiduciaryrelationsareshowntoexist,theCourtwillinclinetoopenupthewholesettlement;incasesofaccident,mistake,omissionorinaccuracy,theCourtwillordinarilyallowtheaccounttostand,withlibertytothecomplainanttosurchargeandfalsify;or,inaweakcase,theCourtmayopentheaccountonlyastothemattersspeciallysetoutbycomplainantinhisbill.32§956.FormofaBillandDecreetoOpenaStated,oraSettledAccount.Thefollowinggeneralformswillillustrateboththeformandtheframeofbillsanddecreestoopenstatedorsettledaccounts:BILLTOOPENASTATED,ORASETTLEDACCOUNT.[Foraddressandcommencementsee,ante,§§155;164.]ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.That,[Hereshowtherelationsoftheparties,asthattheywerepartners,ormerchantandcustomer,orprincipalandagent,orguardianandward,orlandlordandtenant,ortrusteeandbeneficiary,orthattheyhadotherbusinessrelationsresultinginthevarioustrinsactionsofdebitandcreditenteringintheaccountcomplainedof.Seeante,§§165-169.]II.That[Hereshowthatwhilesaidrelationswereinexistence,orinashorttimeaftertheyhadceased,thecomplainantanddefendanthadasettlementoftheirbusiness,whichwasreducedtowriting.Iftheaccountwasmadeoutbydefendantaloneanddeliveredtothecomplainant,orsenttohim,sostate.]in.That[Hereshoweachandeveryerror,omissionormistake,intheaccountcomplainedof.Rememberthatageneralallegationofmistakeorinjusticewillnotbesufficient.Youmustputyourfingeroneachandeveryitemoftheaccountyoudispute,andmustspecifyeachandeveryitemyouclaimhasbeenomittedfromtheaccount.Itissometimeswelltogivethehistoryoftheitemsomittedormischarged,soastoshowthatyourcomplaintinreferencetoitisequitable.]IV.That,[Hereshowwhenthissettlementtookplace,andthecircumstancesinwhichitwasmade;andiftherewasanyhurryorconfusion,anypromisesmadetocorrecterrors,anyfailuretoproducevouchersorotherpapers,oranyotheractoromissionthatinterferedwithafullandhonestandintelligentsettlement,statetheseincidentsinfull,givingtheparticulars.Iftheaccountwasmadeoutbythedefendantalone,anddeliveredtothecom-plainant,orsenttohim,sostate;andiftherewasanydelayincomplaining,explainwhythelatterdidnotcomplainatonce,whyhedelayedcallingthedefendant'sattentiontotheerrorsandomissionsintheaccount.Iftheaccounthasbeenpaid,explainfullyhowthecomplainanthappenedtopayit,andifanyinducementswereheldout,orpromisesorrepre-sentationsmadetoobtainpayment,statethesefactsfully,orallege,ifsufchbethefact,thattheerrorswerenotdiscovereduntilafterpayment;andrememberitishardertoopenasettledaccountthanastatedaccount.33] v.That,[Hereshowanyfraud,imposition,undueadvantage,actofoppression,concealment,ormisrepresentation,onthepartofthedefendantwherebythecomplainantwasmisled,ordeceived,orhissuspicionsquieted,orhisobjectionsmet,orhisconfidenceobtained,orhisassentprocured.Ifanyrelationoftrustorconfidenceexistedbetweentheparties,showthefactsfully.34]311Dan.Ch.Pr.,667. I 33Pattonv.Cone,1Lea,14;1Sto.Eq.Jur..§527.32Webb&Meigs'Digest,"Accounting."I.34See,ante,§§46;48;449;932.

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§956SUITSFORANACCOUNTING.748
That,[//thedefendanthasmadeanypromisestocorrecttheerrorscomplainedof,sostate,andshowhissubsequentrefusalsotodo.Iftherehasbeenanydelayinfilingthebillgivethereasonthereoffully.']VII.Tha't,[Ifthedefendanthassuedatlatvontheaccount,sostate,specifyingwhenthesuitwasbrought,andinwhatCourt,andwhatstepshavebeentaken.See,ante,§814,andnotes.Ifthedefendantisthreateningtosue,ortoassigntheaccount,socharge.Ifanyothergroundforaninjunction,orattachment,exists,givesuchground.See,ante,§§871-873.]VIII.That,[Ifcomplainantneverhadacounterpartofsaidaccountorhaslostormislaidit,sostate,andpraythatthedefendantfileacopyofitwithhisanswer.Insuchacasereservetherighttoamendyourbill,if,oninspectingsaidaccount,youdeemitadvisable.]IX.Thepremisesconsidered,thecomplainantcomesintoyourHonor'sCourtandprays:1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c.:see,ante,§§158;164.Ifaninjunctionisneces-sarytostayasuitbroughtontheaccount,ortopreventthedefendantfromsuing,orfromtransferringtheaccount,sopray:ifanattachmentisdesired,andgroundsthereforhavebeenlaid,sopray.See,ante,§158.]2d.Thatsaidaccountbeopenedandsetaside,andthatageneralaccountofalldealingsandtransactionsbetweencomplainantandthedefendantbetakenandstatedbytheMasteronareferenceforthatpurpose;andthatonsaidreference,saidstated[orsettled]accountbeheldfornought.[If,however,ageneralaccountingisnotdesiredbutonlylibertytosurchargeandfalsify,thenpray:}Thatcomplainantbeallowedtoshowthesaiderrorsandomissionsandmis-takesinsaidaccount;andthatthesaidaccountbeopenedforthatpurpose,andbereferredtotheMaster,andcomplainantbegivenlibertytosurchargeandfalsifythesame.3d.ThatcomplainantmayhavesuchotherfurtherandgeneralreliefinthepremisesasthenatureandcircumstancesofthiscasemayentitlehimtQ,andas,toyourHonorshallseemmeet.4th.Thisisthefirstapplicationforwritsofinjunction[andattachment,]inthiscase.J.C.J.Williams,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavitasin§789,ante.]Thedecreewill,ofcourse,followthespecialprayerofthebillandtheopinionoftheChancellor,andspecificinstructionshouldbegiventheMasterastotheparticularmattersoflaworfactincontroversy.DECREEOPENINGASTATEDACCOUNT.[Forthestyleofthecause,commencementandrecitals,see,§567,ante.]Fromallofwhichitappearsthatthecomplainantisentitledtohavetheaccountreferredtointhebillopenedandsetaside,andtohaveanaccountinthisCourt.ItisthereforeorderedanddecreedbytheCourtthatsaidaccountbeopenedandsetasideandfornothingheld.AndtheMasterisdirectedtotakeandstateanaccountofalldealingsandtransactionsbetweentheparties.[Iftheaccountistobelimitedtoanypar-ticularbusiness,suchaspartnership,agency,trust,&c,thenadd:]growingoutofthepart-nership,[agency,trustorotherbusiness]referredtointhebill.TheMasterwill,beforeenteringupontheaccount,requireeachofthepartiestofileaswornstatementofthecreditsheclaims,andthechargesheadmits,35andnoitemsnotsetoutinthesestatementsshallbeconsideredbytheMasterinstatingtheaccount.[//anyspecialdirectionsastoparticularchargesandcreditsaredeemednecessarybytheCourt,heregivethem.se][Ifnecessaryfurtherorder:]Andforthebettertakingofsaidaccount,bothpartiesarerequiredtoproduceallbooksandpapersintheircustodyorpowerrelatingthereto.Allotherquestionsarereserveduntiltheincomingofsaidreport.Ifthedecreemerelyopenstheaccountforthepurposeofallowingittobesurchargedandfalsified,itwillbeasfollows
:
ItisthereforeorderedanddecreedbytheCourtthatsaidaccountbeopened,andthatanyofthepartieshavelibertytosurchargeandfalsifythesame.TheMasterwillrestatetheaccountbetweentheparties,andreportthesametothenextterm.InrestatingtheaccounthewillallowtheaccourtsetupbythedefendanttostandexceptinsofarasJtmaybesuccessfullysurchargedorfalsifiedbythecomplainant.[IftheCourtshouldlimitthelibertytosurchargeandfalsifythenadd:]Butthecomplainaritwillbelimitedtotheitemsofsurchargeandfalsificationsetforthinthebill.37Allotherquestionsarereserveduntiltheincomingofsaidreport.352t)an.ChPr.,1221-1222,note.Thisisgoodpractice.36TheCourtshouldsettletheprinciplesuponwhichtheaccountwillbetaken,andmayordercer-tainclaimstoheallowed,andotherstobedisal-lowed.Ante,%%599-600.
37TheCourtmav.also,allowthedefendanttosurchargeandfalsifywhenoncetheaccountisopened,becausewhenopenedforoneoartv,itisequallyopenforbothparties.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,668.

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749 SUITSFORANACCOUNTING.§957Iftheitemsofsurchargeandfalsificationarefew,andtheproofallin,theChancellormayreformtheaccountwithoutareferencetotheMaster,andmakeafinaldecreeatthehearing.38§957.SuitstoOpenSettlementsMadebyExecutors,AdministratorsandGuardians.—Whenabillisfiledtoopenanofficialsettlementmadebyanex-ecutor,administratororguardian,itisnotnecessarytoallegeanyfraud,im-positionorundueadvantage,unlessthecomplainant,thenanadult,waspres-entatthemakingofthesettlement,orhadduenoticethereof.Itissufficienttoshowthatthecomplainantisinterestedinthesettlement,andhasbeenag-grievedbyerrors,omissionsandfalsecreditstherein;andthatajustandlegalsettlementwillbenefithim.Ifhoweverthecomplainantwasanadult,andpresentatthesettlement,orafterattainingmajority,ratifiedthesettlement,oracquiescedtherein,hemustthenshowfraud,oppression,imposition,undueadvantage,orotherequitablecircumstances,toentitlehimtoanopeningofthesettlement.Thebillshould,asarule,befiled,notonlyagainstthepersonalrepresentativeorguardian,butalsoagainsthissuretiesonhisofficialbond,soastomakethemliableforthedecreeobtained.OnanaccountingbeforetheMaster,theofficialsettlementbythepersonalrepresentativeandguardianwillbetakenasprimafaciecorrect.39BILLTOOPENAGUARDIAN'SSETTLEMENT.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§155-164.]ComplainantrespectfullyjhowstotheCourt
:
I.Thatthecomplainant,whileaminor,becameentitledtoalargeestate[showingwhen,how,andtheamount,andthatitallwentintothedefendant'shands.*]ii.Thatthedefendantwasappointedguardianofcomplainant,[showingwhen,inwhatCourt;andifyouseektoholdhissuretiesliable,showwhotheywere.Show,also,thatallofsaidestatewent,orshouldhavegone,intothedefendant'shands.]in.Thatthedefendant,inhissettlementswiththeClerkoftheCountyCourt,falselyandfraudulentlydemandedandreceivedcreditforthefollowingitems,[shoivingeachitemas-sailed.]Thefactsrelativetosaiditemsareasfollows:[showingspecificallysuchfactsasinvalidatethecredits,andrendertheminequitable,orillegal.]IV.Thatthedefendant,insaidsettlement,falselyandfraudulentlyneglectedandfailedtochargehimselfwiththefollowingsumsofmoney,anditemsofproperty,byhimreceived,orthatmightbyduediligencehavebeenbyhimreceived,assuchguardian:[specifyingeachsumofmoney,andeachpieceofproperty,heshouldhavebeenchargedwithinsaidsettle-ment,andtheparticularcircumstancesconnectedwitheach.*1]v.That,ifthedefendanthadnotthus:obtainedsaidfalseandfraudulentcredits,andhadnotfalselyandfraudulentlykeptbacksaidsums,andpiecesofproperty,andfailedtochargehimselftherewith,hewouldhavebeenliabletocomplainantinthesumofthreethousanddollarsmorethanhissaidsettlementshows,andmorethanhepaidover,orofferedtopay,tocomplainant,andhe,assuchguardian,[andtheotherdefendants,ashissureties,iftheyoresued,]isliable42tocomplainanttherefor,onhissaidbond,andbyvirtueofhissaidtrust;andisliabletopaycomplainantcompoundinterestthereon.VI.Insaidsettlement,thedefendantisallowedunduecompensation;[showwherein,]andforhissaidfraudsheshouldbedeniedanycompensationwhatever.VII.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Forproperprocess[&c:see,ante,§§155;164.]2d.Thatcomplainantbeallowedtosurchargeandfalsifysaidsettlement,andtoshowsaiderrors,omissionsandfraudulentcharges,andtohavesaidsettlementreopenedgen-erally,totheendthatthecomplainantmayshowbyproof,notonlysaiderrors,butanyothershemayhereafterdiscover.38Grayv.State,11Pick.,317;McLeanif.State,8Heisk.,286.Thiswhilegoodlawisnotgoodprac-tice.See,ante,§597,note12.39Code,§3786.40Theitemschargedagainstthe.guardian,bytheCountyCourtClerkwill,ofcourse,be.allchargedagainsthiminthe.bill.
41TheCourtwillnotsustainabilltoopenanaccountstated,unlessspecificerrorsthereinaredis-tinctlypointedout.Sto.Eq.PI.,§251.42Thesuretiesoftheguardianonallhisbondsshouldbesuedinthesamesuitwithhim.

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§958 SUITSFORANACCOUNTING.7503d.ThattheMastertakeandstateanaccountbetweencomplainantanddefendant,show-ingtherein,fullyandindetail,thevariousamountsjustlychargeabletothedefendant,andthevariousamountsheisjustlyentitledtocreditfor;that,intakingsaidaccount,saidfalseandfraudulentsettlementwiththesaidClerkbewhollydisregarded,andfornoughtheld,[complainantneverhavinghadanynoticethereof,andbeingthenaninfant,]andthatsaidsettlementbemadeanew.Thatnocompensationbeallowedthedefendant,andthathebechargedwithcompoundinterest.4th.Andthatcomplainantmayhaveallsuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledto. AndrewGamble,Solicitor.J.W.Culton,ofCounsel.DECREEFOB,ANACCOUNTING,WITHLIBERTYTOSURCHARGEANDFALSIFY.[Fortitle,commencementandrecitals,see,ante,§567.]TheCourtdothorderanddecreethattheaccountstatedonthe....dayof,19....,[givingitsdate,]dostand,withlibertytoeitherpartytofalsifyorsurchargethesame.AndtheMasterisorderedtotakeageneralaccountofalldealingsandtransactionsbetweenthecomplainantanddefendantfromthefootofsaidstatedaccount,andreportwhatshallappeartobeduefromeitherpartytotheotheronthebalanceoftheaccountwhentaken.Itisfurtherorderedanddecreedthatthestatedaccountdatedthe._.dayof ,19—
,
[givingadateaftertheotherstatedaccount,]beopenedandsetaside,andnotconsideredbytheMaster.§958.ProceedingsintheMaster'sOfficeonanAccounting.—Theproceed-ingsintheMaster'sofficeonareferenceforanaccounthavebeenheretoforeconsideredsomewhatextensively,43andneednotberepeated.TheMastershouldrequirethepartiestofiletheirrespectivestatementsofchargeanddischargeatanearlydayafterthedecree,andshouldnotbegintheexaminationofwitnessesuntilbothofsaidstatementshavebeenfiled.Ordi-narily,inexaminingwitnesses,itisbesttoexaminethepartiesandtheirrespectiveclerks,bookkeepersandcashiersfirst,beginningwiththecomplain-ant;forbysodoingitwillbefoundthatsomanyitemsintherespectivestate-mentsareundisputedastorenderanyfurthertestimonyinreferencetothemunnecessary.TheMastershouldnotallowthesestatementstobeamendedonmeremotion,butonlyongoodcause44shown,andnoadditionsshouldbeallowedbyapartyafterheandhisclerks,bookkeepersandcashiershavebeenexamined,exceptforgoodcauseshownbyaffidavit.45Thesestatementsareinthenatureofpleadings,andiftheycouldbeamendedonmeremotiontheirvaluewouldbegreatlyimpaired.COMPLAINANT'SCHARGEBEFORETHEMASTER.JohnDoe,1vs.\Complainant'sCharge.RichardRoe.JThecomplainantinsiststhatuponthereferencependinginthiscausethedefendantshouldbechargedwiththefollowingsumsofmoney
:
1.1903,Jany.1.Cashpaid „ $100.002.Feb.2.MoneypaidfordefendanttoJohnSmith,onnote 360.003.Mch.4.Priceofhorse,saddleandbridle : 140.004.April16.Billofgoods(Billannexed)„ 30.00[Andsoontotheendofthecharges.]Complainantreservestherighttoamendthischarge,oraddnewitems,ashemaybeadvised.Nov.21,1905. JohnDoeDEFENDANT'SDISCHARGEBEFORETHEMASTER.JohnDoe,|
vs.\Defendant'sDischarge.KichardRoe.JThedefendantinsiststhatuponthereferenceinthiscasehe,thedefendant,isentitledtothefollowingcredits
:
1.1903,Jany.10,Cashpaidcomplainant_ $200.002.March5,Valueofhorse 90.003.March31,Personalservices,for1month „ 50.0043See,ante,§§603-610.t j 45Thisgoodcauseshouldbesuchaswouldwar-44Forwhatismeantby"goodcause,"see,ante,rantarehearingofadecreebecauseofnewlydis-562,sub-sec.8. Icoveredevidence.See,post,§§1215-1219.

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751 SUITSFORANACCOUNTING.§9584.April30,Paidanoteforcomplainant,(Noteattached)184.005.July31,Rentofhousefor3months,May,JuneandJuly,1903 30.006.Aug.1,Taxespaidfor1900 116.00[Andontotheendoftheitemsofdischarge.]AnddefendantclaimsinterestoneachoftheaboveitemsfromthedatethereofuntilthemakingoftheMaster'sreport.Anddefendantcravesleavetoaddto,oralter,thisdischargeashemaybeadvised.Nov.25,1905. RichardRoe.Ifeitherpartyfindsthathehasaccidentallyomittedanyitemsorclaimsinhisstatementofchargesordischarge,hemayfileafurtherstatementthus
:
FURTHERCHARGEBYCOMPLAINANTBEFORETHEMASTER.JohnDo6,"1
vs.VFurtherCharge.RichardRoe.JComplainantherebyaddstohischargeinthiscausedatedNov.21,1905,asfollows:1.Complainantinsiststhatthedefendantshouldbechargedwithinterestontheseveralitemsandamountsspecifiedinhisoriginalchargefromtheirrespectivedates.2.Sincetheoriginalchargewasfiled,to-wit,onNov.25,1905,complainanthasbeencom-pelledtopayasdefendant'ssuretyonanotetoJohnBrown,(noteattached,)$68.00.Andcomplainantcravesleavetofurtheralter,oramend,hissaidcharge.Nov.26,1905. JohnDoe.Andsothedefendantmaylikewiseamendoralterhisdischargethus,onshowingcause
:
FURTHERDISCHARGEOFDEFENDANTBEFORETHEMASTER.JohnDoe,]vs.J-FurtherDischargeofDefendant.RichardRoe.JThedefendantherebyaddstohisdischarge,datedNov.25,1905,thefollowing
:
1.1903,May2.Onesuitofclothesreturned $16.002.June13.Onecarticketforcomplainant'swifetoSt.Louisandreturn20.00Anddefendantcravesleavetofurtheralteroramendhissaiddischarge.Nov.27,1905. JamesH.Grant,Solicitor.

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§959SUITSINRELATIONTOPARTNERSHIPS.752
CHAPTERL,SUITSINRELATIONTOPARTNERSHIPS.959.PartnershipsGenerallyConsidered.
;960.SuitsbyPartnerstoWindupaPart-nership. §961.Pleadings,DecreesandProcedureinaSuittoWindupaPartnership.
§959.PartnershipsGenerallyConsidered.—Apartnershipisaunionoftwoormorepersonsonanagreementtoplacetheirmoney,effects,labororskill,orsomeorallofthem,inlawfulcommerceorbusiness,andtodividetheprofitandbearthelossincertainstipulatedproportions.Eachofthepartnershasaninterestintheassetsofthefirm,and'eachispersonallyresponsibleforitscontractsandliabilities.1Eachpartnerisanagentofthefirm,andbyusingthefirmnamemaybindthefirmbycontractastoanymatterrelatingtothebusinessofthefirm.2Whileindividualsasbetweenthemselvestheyareaunitastoallothers,sofarasthefirm'sbusinessisconcerned.CourtsofEquitywilldissolveapartnershipbeforetheregulartimeofitsexpiration,incase,byreasonoftheill-feelingbetweenthepartnersorothercircumstances,itisimpracticabletocarryontheundertakingatall,oratleastaccordingtothestipulationsofthearticles,orbeneficially;orineaseoftheinsanity,permanentincapacity,orgrossmisconductofoneoftheparties.Andapartnershipwillalsobedissolvedattheinstanceofapartnerwhowasinducedtoenterintoitonfalserepresentation.Ontheotherhand,incaseofapartnershipexistingduringthepleasureoftheparties,withnotimefixedforitsrenunciation,Equitywillgrantaninjunctionagainstadissolution,ifasuddendissolutionisabouttobemadeinbadfaith,andwouldworkirrepar-ableinjury.Andaninjunctionwillbegrantedtopreventapartnerfromdoingactsinjurioustothepartnership.Whereadissolutionhastakenplace,notonlywillanaccountbedecreed,but,ifnecessary,areceiverwillbeap-pointedtoclosethebusiness,andmakesaleoftheproperty.3Thecreditorsofthepartnershiphavearighttothepaymentoftheirdebtsoutofthepartnershipfunds,beforetheprivatecreditorsofeitherofthepart-ners.Ontheotherhand,theseparatecreditorsofeachpartnerareentitledtobefirstpaidoutoftheseparateeffectsoftheirdebtor,beforethepartner-shipcreditorscanclaimanything.4ThepartnershippropertyofallkindsisregardedinEquityasatrustfundtosecurethepartnershipdebts.Thepartnershipcreditorsmayinthefirstinstanceproceedagainsttheexec-utorsoradministratorsofadeceasedpartner,leavingthemtotheirremedyoveragainstthesurvivingpartner.5§960.SuitsbyPartnerstoWindupaPartnership.—Inasmuchasonepart-nercannotsueanotherinaCourtoflaw,whiletherelationexists,allsuchsuitsmustbeinstitutedintheChanceryCourt.Inpartnershipsuits,interscsc,allofthepartnersmustbemadeparties,eithercomplainantordefendant,andwhenoneormorepartnerswishtofileabillagainstoneormorepartnersallofthepartnerswhodonotwishtojoininthebillmustbemadedefendants,endifapartnerisdeadhispersonalrepresentativemusttakehisplaceeitherascomplainantordefendant.
1Mannv.Taylor,5Heisk.,269.2Venablev.Levick.2Head,354;Mclntirev.Mc-Laurin,2Hum.,71;Crouch&Emersonv.Bowman,3Hum.,209;Sto.Part,,5102.3Smith'sEq.Jur.,349-350.
4Penningtonv.Bell,4Sneed,200;Housev.Thompson,3Head,515;JacksonIns.Co.v.Partee,9Heisk..298;Allenv.Bank,6Lea,562.5Smith'sEq.Jur.,353.

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753 SUITSINRELATIONTOPARTNERSHIPS.§961§961.Pleadings,DecreesandProcedureinaSuittoWindupaPartner-ship.—Inasuitbyonepartneragainstanother,thefollowingformsmaybefounduseful:BILLTODISSOLVEANDWINDUPAPARTNERSHIP.[Insertaddressandcaptionasin§§155;164,ante.]ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thatonthe1stofJanuary,1895,heandthedefendantsformedandenteredintoapart-nershipagreementforthepurposeofconductingamercantilebusinessunderthenameandstyleofJohnSmith&Co.Saidagreementwasinwriting,andwillbefiledatthehearingorsoonerifrequired.[Iftheagreementwasverbalsostate,andgiveitssubstancesofarasnecessarytothelitigation.']ii.Thatthecomplainantandthedefendantswereeachtoputintosaidbusiness.[Herestatewhateachpartnerwastopayininmoney,orproperty,andwhatinservices,ifnotalreadystated,]allofwhichcomplainantdidfaithfullyaccordingtohissaidagreement,andhehasdoneallotherthingsstipulatedbyhimorlawfullyrequiredofhim.m.Thatthedefendants,JamesSmithandJohnBrown[Herestatewhattheyweretodo,ifithasnotbeenalreadystated.Ifeitherorbothofthemfailedtodowhattheyhadagreedtodo,sostate.] IV.Thatsaidpartnershipwastocontinuefiveyears,unlesssoonerdissolvedbymutualcon-sent,butafterthelapseoftwoyearsfromitsbeginningthedefendant,JohnBrown,formedhabitsofintemperancetosuchanextentastodisqualifyhimtobeamanagerorpartnerinamercantileconcern,and,notwithstandinghispromisestoreform,orretirefromthepart-nership,hehastotallyfailedtodoeither,butpersistsinparticipatinginthebusinessandprofitsofthepartnership,muchtotheembarrassmentofcomplainantandtothehazardoftheconcern.[Ifanylossesbybadbargains,orbadconductofsaidBrown,sostateinageneralway,givingamountoflosseswhenknown.]v.Thepremisesconsideredcomplainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c:see,ante,§§158;164.]2nd.Thatsaidpartnershipbedissolved,andthatareceiverbeappointedwithfullpowerandauthoritytowindupthebusinessofthepartnership,tocollectandreceiveallmoney,debtsandpropertynowdueortobecomeduetothesaidpartnership,ortoanyofthepart-nersaspartners;topayalldebtsofthepartnershipnowdueortobecomedue;tomanageandconductthebusinessofthepartnershipaslongasitcanprofitablybedone,oruntilotherwiseorderedbyyourHonor,andthentosellallthepropertyandeffectsofthepart-nershipandmakedistributionoftheprofitsaccordingtotherespectiveinterestsofthepar-tiestherein.3rd.That[Iftherebeanyallegationsthatanyofthepartieshasreceivedorbecomeac-countableinanywaytothefirm,orhastakenorreceivedmorethanhisshareofthepropertyorprofitsoftheconcern,thebillshouldpraythat]anaccountbetakenofallthepartner-shipdealingssoastoshowtheliabilityofeachpartnertothefirm.4th.That[Iftheconductofanydefendant,assetoutinthebill,issuchthatheshouldbeenjoinedfromcollectinganyofthefirm'sdebts,ormeddlingwiththefirm'sassets,ordoinganyactdetrimentaltothebusinessofthepartnership,thereshouldbeaprayertothateffect]5th.That[Ifadefendanthasfraudulentlydisposedofanyofhisproperty,orofanyofthefirm'sproperty,andthebillmakesoutacaseforreliefagainstthetransferree,heshouldbemadeadefendant,andanattachmentprayedfortobelevieduponsuchproperty,andthesaleoftheattachedpropertyprayedfor,theProceedstobeappliedtowardstheliquidationofthefraudulentpartner'sliabilitytothefirm.]6th.Andthatcomplainanthavesuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledto.JamesA.Greer,Solicitor.Thebillmustbeswornto,ifaninjunctionorattachmentisprayed;amithereshouldbeaddedtoittheallegation:Thatthisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctionorattachmentinthiscase.Ifthedefendantsareunabletodefeatadissolutionofthepartnership,ordonotsodesire,theywillfileananswerconsentingthereto.ANSWERCONSENTINGTOADISSOLUTION.[Fortitleandcommencement,see,ante,§380.]Thedefendants,answeringthebillinsaidcause,donotadmitthevariouschargesofmisconductagainsttheminthebill,butdenyeachandallofthem.However,beingadvisedthatitistotheirinterestnottoresistadissolutionoftheirpartnershipwithcomplainant

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§961SUITSINRELATIONTOPARTNERSHIPS.754they,therefore,consentthereto,andunitewiththecomplainantinprayingfortheappoint-mentofareceiver,andaspeedywinding-upoftheaffairsandbusinessofthepartnership,thecollectionofitsassets,thepaymentofitsdebts,andthedivisionoftheresidueamongthepartnersaccordingtotheirrespectiveinterests.Andnow,havingfullyanswered,thedefendantspraytobedismissedwiththeircosts.SamA.BreazealE,Solicitor.Theanswermustbesworntounlessthedefendant'soathiswaived.Ifnecessary,theanswerwhileconsentingtoadissolutionandreceivership,maydisputeanymaterialallegationsofmisconduct,especiallysuchasmakethedefendantliabletothefirm,andsuchaschargemisappropriationofthefirm'sproperty,orfraudulenttransferofproperty,orotherinequitableconduct.DECREEDISSOLVINGAPARTNERSHIP.
i
,
[Fortitle,commencementandrecitals,see,ante,§567.]
'
LThatthepartnershipheretoforeexistingbetween-thecomplainantandthedefendantsbe,andthesameisherebydissolved;andthatFrankDealerbeandheherebyisappointedreceivertotakeintohispossessionallthepropertyandassetsofsaidpartnershipofeverykindandwheresoeverfound,andreducethesametocashbysaleorcollectionasspeedilyasmaybeconsistentwiththeinterestsofthepartiesto.thissuit,andtocollectalldebtsduethesaidpartnership,andtopayalljustdebtsowingbysaidpartnership.ii.Thatthecomplainantanddefendantsforthwithdelivertosaidreceiverallthebooksandpapersof-thefirm,andallcashonhand,andallaccounts,securities,notesofhand,orotherevidencesofdebt,andallthemerchandise,fixtures,furnitureandotherpropertyandeffects,ofeverykindwhatsoeverbelongingtothesaidpartnership,tobebyhimaccountedforinthiscase. in.Thatthereceiverbeauthorizedtobringallsuitshemaydeemnecessarytocollectthedebtsduethesaidpartnership,andwiththeconsentofthepartnersmaycompromiseanydoubtfulclaimwhetherinbehalfoforagainstsaidpartnership.IV.Thatthereceiverbeforeenteringonthedischargeofhisdutiesunderthisdecreeshallgivebond[&c.See§909.]ThereceiverwillreporttotheCourtfromtimetotimeastotheprogressmadebyhim,anddutiesdischarged.v.ThattheMastertakeandstateanaccount6ofalldealingsandtransactionsbyandbetweencomplainantandthedefendantsaspartnersfromthecommencementofthepartnershiptothisday;andforthebettertakingofsaidaccountthepartiesarerespectfullyrequiredtoproduceandleavewiththeMasterallbooks,papersandwritingsintheircustodyorundertheircontrolrelatingthereto.If,intakingsaidaccountanyspecialmattershallarisetheMasterisatlibertytostatethesameinhisreport.VI.Allfurtherquestionsarereserveduntiltheincomingofsaidreports;andanyofthepartiesareatlibertytoapplyasoccasionmayrequire.
6Themethodoftakingapartnershipaccountis:1.Toascertainhowthefirmstandsinrelationtothirdparties.2.Toascertainwhateachpartnerisentitledtochargeinaccountwithhisco-partners.3.Toapportionbetweenthepartnersallprofitstobedivided,orlossestobemadegood,andascertainwhat,ifanything,eachpartner*Jmustpaytothe
othersinorderthatallcross-claimsmaybesettled.MyersV.Bennett,3Lea,184;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1249.Thepartiesshouldemployacompetentbookkeepertomakeoutabalancesheet,showingtheexactstatusofthefirmbusiness.Ibid.Theprocedureinanaccountinghasheretoforebeenconsidered.See,ante,§§603-610;958.

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755SUITSFOREXONERATION,SUBROGATIONANDCONTRIBUTION.§962
CHAPTERLI.SUITSFOREXONERATION,SUBROGATIONANDCONTRIBUTION.Article;I.ArticleII.ArticleIII.
SuitsforExoneration.SuitsforSubrogation.SuitsforContribution.ARTICLEI.SUITSFOREXONERATION§962.SuitsforExonerationofSureties.§963.FrameandFormofBillforExonera-tionofSureties.§962.SuitsforExonerationofSureties.—Entiregoodfaithisrequiredbetweendebtorandcreditorandsureties.Andifacreditordoesanyactaffectingthesurety,orifheomitstodoanyactofdutywhichheisrequiredtodobythesurety,orotherwiseboundtodo,andthatactoromissionmayproveinjurioustothesurety;orifacreditorentersintoanystipulationswiththedebtor,unknowntothesurety,andinconsistentwiththetermsoftheoriginalcontract,thesuretymaysetupsuchact,omissionorstipulation,asadefencetoanysuitbroughtagainsthim,inaCourtoflaworEquity.Sothatifacreditorstipulateswithhisdebtor,inabindingmanner,uponasufficientconsideration,togivefurthertimeforpayment,withouttheconsentofthesurety,thelatterwillbetherebydischarged,ifthearrangementmightbeinjurioustohim.Meredelayonthepartofthecreditor,atleastifsomeotherEquitydoesnotintervene,unaccompaniedwithanyvalidcontractforsuchdelay,willnotamounttolaches,soastodischargethesurety;forthecreditorisundernoobligationtopresstheprincipalforpayment.However,suretiesarenotobligedtowaitfortheirprincipaltobringsuit,butareentitledtocomeintoaCourtofEquity,afteradebthasbecomedue,andcompelthedebtortoexoneratethemfromtheirliabilitybypayingthedebt.1Ifasuretyrequeststhecreditortosueforthwith,statingthathewillcon-siderhimselfnolongerboundassuretyifthecreditorfailstodoso,hewillbedischargedbythecreditor'sfailuresotosue,ifhisprincipalwassolvent2whenthenoticewasgiven,butbecomesinsolventaftertheexpirationofthetimeprobablyrequiredtoprosecutethesuittojudgmentifithadbeenprompt-lyinstitutedasrequested.3§963.FrameandFormofBillforExonerationofSureties.—Thebillmustallege(1)thefactofsuretyshipandhowarising,(2)thesolvencyoftheprin-cipaldebtorwhentherightofactionontheobligationaccrued,(3)that,aftersuchrightaccruedandwhiletheprincipalwassolvent,complainantnotifiedthecreditortobringsuitatonceonsaidobligationorhe,thecomplainant,wouldstandassuretynolonger,4(4)thataftersuchnoticethecreditorfailedtosueinareasonabletime,(5)thatintheinterimbetweensuchnoticeandthebringingofsuitbysaidcreditor,againstcomplainantonsaidobligationtheprincipaldebtorbecameinsolvent,and(6)shouldpraythatsaidcreditor'3suitbeenjoinedandcomplainantdischargedfromliabilityonsaidobligation.1Smith'sEq.Jur.,84-86;CrowderV.Denny,3Head,360;Greenev.Starnes,1Heisk.,583.SeeDigests;and,ante,§805.2Thesolvencyoftheprincipalneednotbeshownbeyondareasonabledoubt,butwillbedetermined,likeallotherfacts,bythepreponderanceofprob-abilities.See,ante,§445;andThompsonv.Wat-son,10Yerg.,362;andHopkins».Spurlock,2
Heisk.,152.ButseeJacksonv.Huey,10Lea,1843RiceV.Simnson.9Heisk.,811;LoveV.Allison,2Tenn.Ch.,Ill;Hancockv.Bryant,2Yerg.,475;McGuirev.Bank,9Hum.,440.4Orwouldbenolongerliableorresponsible,orwouldconsiderhimselfdischargedorreleased,orsomeequivalentexpression.

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§964SUITSFOREXONERATION,SUBROGATIONANDCONTRIBUTION.756BILLFOE,EXONERATIONOFASURETY.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§155-164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.ThatonFebruary1,1903,JohnDoeexecutedhisnotetothedefendantforonethousanddollars,dueoneyearafterdate,andcomplainantsigned,saidnoteassurety.ii.ThatJohnDoewasthensolvent,andcontinuedsosolventuntilonoraboutApril19,1905,whenhisstockofgoodswastotallyconsumedbyfire,andwaswhollyuninsured,hislossbeingaboutfivethousanddollars.in.ThatonMarch1,1904,complainantnotifiedthedefendant,inpresenceofawitnessthathewouldnotstandassuretyforJohnDoeanylonger,andrequesteddefendanttobringsuitonsaidnoteatonce,orhewouldconsiderhimselfdischarged.Complainantafewdaysafterwardswrotetothedefendanttothesameeffect.IV.That,notwithstandingsaidnotices,,thedefendantfailedtobringsuituntilthe2ddayofthepresentmonth,(May2,1905,)whenhesuedcomplainantandsaidJohnDoeintheCircuitCourtofAndersoncounty,wheresaidsuitisnowpending.IfdefendantrecoversajudgmentonsaidnoteagainstsaidDoeandcomplainant,complainantwillhavethewholeofittopayassaidDoeistotallyinsolvent,andhasbeeneversinceApril19,1905.v.Thepremisesconsideredcomplainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpcenatoanswerissue,[&c.see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.ThatthedefendantbeenjoinedfromfurtherprosecutionofsaidCircuitCourtsuitandfromattemptingtocollectsaidnoteinanyotherway,asagainstcomplainant;andthatatthehearingsaidinjunctionbemadeperpetual.3d.Thatcomplainanthavesuchother,furtherandgeneralreliefasthenatureofhiscasemayrequire.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctioninthiscase.M.H.Hollingsworth,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit:see,ante,§§164;789.]
ARTICLEII.SUITSFORSUBROGATION.§964.SuitsforSubrogationandSubstitu-|§965.FormofBillforSubrogationandtion. I Substitution.§964.SuitsforSubrogationandSubstitution.—Subrogationisthesubsti-tutionofonepersoninplaceofacreditor,whosedebthehaspaidundercom-pulsionnotbeingliableprimarilytherefor,andtowhoserightsastothecol-lectionofthatdebthe,thereupon,succeeds.So,wheneverasurety,orotherpersonsecondarilyliable,dischargesadebt,heisentitledtothebenefitofaltcollateralsorlienswhichthecreditorheldassecurity;andthepersonsec-ondarilyliableisentitledtobesubrogatedtotherightsofthecreditoragainstthepersonprimarilyliable.Insuchcases,Equityregardsthepaymentbyth<3surety,orotherpersonsecondarilyliable,asequivalenttoapurchaseofthecreditor'srights,equitiesandcollateralsasagainstthedebtorprimarilyliable;andtheCourtwilltreatsuchpayorasanassigneeofthecreditor,tothatex-tent.So,acreditorisentitledtothebenefitofanyindemnity,orcollateralsecurity,givenbythedebtortohissurety.Where,inanycase,onenotpri-marilyliablepaysadebt,ordischargesanencumbranceorlien,beingunderlegalcompulsionsotodo,hewillinEquitybesubstitutedtoallofthecred-itor'srightsagainstthepersonprimarilyliable.1Thefollowingarethemostusualcasesofsubstitutionandsubrogation
:
1.Whereasuretydischargesthedebtorobligationofhisprincipal.2.Whereaco-suretypaysajudgmentthatisalienontheothersurety'sland.21Bittiqkv.Wilkins,7Heisk.,307;Eberhardti).I 2Heisentitledtoenforcethe.lienastoone-halfWood,2Tenn.Chy.,438,affirmedin6hen,467';ofthejudgment.Holtv.Strain,2Shan.Cas.,1663PomEq.Jur.,§1419.

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757SUITSFOREXONERATION,SUBROGATIONANDCONTRIBUTION.§9653."Whereanyonenotprimarilyliablepaysthedebtordischargestheobliga-tionoftheoneprimarilyliable.4."Whereapurchaser,forhisownprotection,dischargesanincumbranceonthepurchasedproperty.5."Whereajuniorencumbrancerforlikereasonpaysoffapriorencum-brance.6.Whereapersonadvancesmoneytodischargeanincumbranceonanagreementthatheshouldsucceedtotherightsoftheencumbrancer.7.Whereadevisee,heir,orlegateesatisfiesadebtagainsttheestateforwhichothersareequallyliable.8.Whereanyperson,forhisownprotection,ortheprotectionofsomeinterestherepresents,paysadebtforwhichanotherisprimarilyliable.9."Whenaninsurancecompanypaysinfullaloss,ittherebybecomessub-rogatedtotherightsoftheinsuredagainstthepartycausingtheloss,andagainstotherinsurers.§965.FormofBillforSubrogationandSubstitution.—Thefollowingbillillustratesoneofthemostcommoncasesforsubrogationandsubstitution
:
BIULFORSUBROGATIONANDSUBSTITUTION.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§1SS;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
I.ThatonJune3,1903,thedefendant,JohnDoe,borrowedonethousanddollarsfromthedefendantRichardRoe,andtosecuretherepaymentthereofheexecutedtosaidRichardRoeanoteforsaidsum,dueoneyearafterdate,withcomplainantanddefendantHenryDoeassureties. n.ThatwhensaidnotebecameduesuitwasbroughtthereonbythedefendantRichardRoe,againstcomplainantandthedefendantsJohnDoeandHenryDoe,andjudgmentrecovered,whichjudgmentcomplainantwascompelledtopayonSeptember30,1905,thesumhesopaid,beingelevenhundredandthreedollars,includingthecostsofthesuit.in.ThatthedefendantJohnDoeappliedthesaidonethousanddollarsborrowedfromde-fendantRichardRoetothepurchaseofthefollowingtractofland:[describeit],buttookthetitleinthenameofhisson,thedefendant,HenryDoe,whoclaimsitashishomestead.IV.Thataboutthetimesuitwasbroughtonsaidnote,asaforesaid,thedefendantJohnDoeassignedandtransferredtodefendantRichardRoe,asfurthersecurity,anoteofhandforthreehundreddollarsexecutedtosaidJohnDoebythedefendantGeorgeJones,andnowdueandwhollyunpaid.v.ThatthedefendantJohnDoeisinsolvent,andthedefendantHenryDoehas.novisiblepropertysubjecttoexecution,exceptsaidtractofland,whichheclaimsashishomestead.ComplainantchargesandaversthatsaidpurchasebydefendantJohnDoeinHenryDoe'snamewasinfraudofcreditors,andtohinderanddelaythem,andthatsaidHenryDoeaidedhisfathertherein,andagreedtodeedsaidlandtohimwhencalledonsotodo,andinthemeantimetoholditforhim.VI.Thepremisesconsideredthecomplainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c:see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.ThatcomplainantbesubrogatedandsubstitutedtoalltherightsandcollateralsofthedefendantRichardRoeasagainsttheotherdefendants;thatsaidtractofland,andsaidnotemadebythedefendantGeorgeJones,beheldliabletoreimbursecomplainantforwhathepaidonsaidjudgmentandinterestthereon.3d.ThatthetransferofsaidlandtoHenryDoebedeclaredfraudulentandvoid,butifthatbenotdonethataresultingtrustinfavorofJohnDoebedeclaredthereon,andcom-plainantdeclaredtohavealienthereon,byvirtueofthepremises;thatdefendants,JohnDoeandHenryDoebeenjoinedfromtransferringorencumberingsaidland,andthatanattachmentissueandbelevieduponittosecurecomplainant'sclaim.4th.Thatcomplainantbegivenadecreefortheamountduehim,fromthedefendantJohnDoeasprincipal,andfromthedefendantHenryDoeasco-suretyonsaidthousanddollarnote;thatadecreeberenderedagainstthedefendantGeorgeJonesfortheamountdueonsaidnotemadebyhim,tobecollectedbyexecution;thatsaidtractoflandbesoldonacreditofsixmonthsandinbarofredemption,anditsproceeds,alongwiththeproceedsof

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§966SUITSFOREXONERATION,SUBROGATIONANDCONTRIBUTION.758thedecreeagainstsaidJones,beappliedtothesatisfactionofthedecreeinfavorofcom-plainant.Sth.Thatcomplainantmayhavesuchfurtherandotherreliefasthenatureofhiscasemayrequire.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctionandattachmentinthiscase.G.W.Montgomery,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit.See,ante,§§164;789.]
ARTICLEIII.SUITSFORCONTRIBUTION.966.SuitsforContributionbyCo-Sureties,Co-Principals,Co-Debtors,Co-Owners,Co-Heirs,Co-PartnersandOtherCo-SharersofLiabilities.§967.FormofBillforContributionBetweenPartners.
,§966.SuitsforContributionbyCo-Sureties,Co-Principals,Co-Debtors,Co-Owners,Co-Heirs,Co-Partners,andOtherCo-SharersofLiabilities.—Wheretwoormorepersonsareboundbyacommoncharge,notarisingfromatort,andoneofthempaysmorethanhisshareofthecommonliabilities,hecancompeltheotherorotherstoreimbursehim.ThisruleofEquityisbasedonthebroadprinciplethatwhereonepersonhasdischargedmorethanhisshareofadebtorobligationwhichothersareequallyboundwithhimtodischarge,theothersoughtinconsciencetorefundtohimenoughtoreducehisburdentoanequalitywiththeirs.1InaCourtofChanceryequalityisEquity.2Thisruleappliesasbetweenco-principals,co-sureties,co-ownersofproperty,co-insurers,co-heirs,co-devisees,co-legatees,co-ownersofpartywalls,co-partners,co-directorsandco-stockholdersinacorporation,andeventoco-tort-feasors,whentheoneaskingreliefwasnotprimarilyliable,orwasinnocentofthetort.3Ifaco-suretyisdeadhispersonalrepresentativemaybesuedforthede-cedent'sproportion;andifaco-suretyisinsolvent,hemaybewhollyignoredandtreatedasnosurety;butinsuchacasethebillshouldstatethefactofhi3insolvencyasthereasonheisnotsued.4BILLFORCONTRIBUTIONBETWEENCO-STJRETIES.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§155;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
I.Thatheandthedefendants,alongwithothers,wereco-suretiesonaguardianbondforonethousanddollars,payabletotheStateofTennessee,tosecurethefaithfuldischargeofdutiesbyJohnSmithasguardianofHenryBrownandWilliamJones.II.ThatinconsequenceoftheallegeddefaultsofsaidJohnSmithassaidguardian,adecreewasrenderedagainsthimintheChanceryCourtofHamblencountyonthe18thdayofApril,1905,infavorofhissaidwards,HenryBrownandWilliamJones,forthesumofsevenhundredandtendollars,and'costsofthesuitaggregatingsevenhundredandfifty-threedollars. in.Thatonsaiddecreeexecutionissuedandwasleviedoncomplainant'sproperty.Com-plainantcalledonthedefendantstocometohisrelief,andcontributeandpaytheirpropor-tionatepartsofsaiddecree,andthusrelievehisproperty,butthistheyallfailedtodo,inconsequenceofwhichthewholeburdenfellOncomplainant,andhewassocompelledtopay,andhaspaidthefullamountcalledforbysaidexecution,to-wit,thesumofsevenhundredandseventydollars,andtookthesheriff'sreceipttherefor,datedJune5th,1905,thedayhepaidsaidamount,acopyofwhichreceiptisfiledwiththebillmarkedexhibitA,and'theoriginalwillbeproducedatthehearing,orsooner,ifrequired.IV.Thatthedefendantsaretheonlyco-suretiesonsaidbondwhoaresolvent,andforthatreasontheyalonearesued.Complainanthasbesoughtthemtohelphimbeartheburden1Rileyv.Rhea,5Lea,115;Stephensv.Meek,6Lea,226;Crowderv.Denny,3Head,360.2See,ante,§47. 3Maxwellr.R.R.Co.,1Tenn.Ch.,4Smith'sEq.Jur.,347 8.

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759SUITSFOREXONERATION,SUBROGATIONANDCONTRIBUTION.§967ofsaidpaymentandcontributetheirproportionthereof,buttheyhavefailedsotodo,andsocomplainantdespairingoftheirdoingequitycomestoyourHonorandprays
:
v.1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c.:see,ante,§§158;164.]2nd.Thathebegivenadecreeagainstthedefendantsfortheirratableproportionoftheamountpaidbycomplainantasaforesaid,andoftheinterestthereon,andforthecostsofthiscause,and-~3d.Thathehavesuchfurtherandotherreliefasthenatureofhiscasemayrequire.T.A.Peace,Solicitor.§967.FormofBillforContributionBetweenPartners.—Therighttocon-tributionoftenarisesbetweenpartners.Thefollowingbillwillserveasaforminsuchacase.BILLFORCONTRIBSUTIONBETWEENPAB.TNEB.S.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§155;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thatheandthedefendantwereformerlypartners,butthatonthe18thdayofApril,1900,saidpartnershipwasdissolvedbymutualconsent,and,onJanuary8,1902,allthepartnershipmatters,sofarasthenknowntocomplainant,weresettledandadjustedbetweenhimandthedefendant,allthe.debtsofthepartnership,sofarasthenknowntocomplainant,havingbeenpreviouslypaid.>n.ThatonMay1st,1903,JohnJonesrecoveredajudgmentagainstcomplainantandde-fendantintheCircuitCourtofKnoxcounty,Tennessee,forfivehundredandtwentydollars,onanotemadetohiminSt.Louis,Missouri,bythedefendantinthefirmname,whereofcomplainantknewnothingwhensaidsettlementbetweenhimandthedefendantwasmade.Complainantchargesthatthedefendantgottheexclusivebenefitoftheconsiderationofsaidnote,andthatthepartnershipgotnone.in.Thatasthedefendantgottheexclusivebenefitoftheconsiderationofsaidnote,com-plainantinsistedthatheshouldsatisfysaidjudgmentwithoutanycontributionfromcom-plainant,butthishenotonlyrefusedtodo,buthasfailedandrefusedtopayevenhisone-halfofsaidjudgment,andcomplainantwascompelledtopay,andhaspaidtheamountdueonsaidjudgment,anexecutionhavingissuedthereforandbeenlevieduponhisproperty.w.Thatthesaidjudgmentamountedtofivehundredandsixtydollars,andwaspaidonJuly1.1903,totheSheriffofsaidcountyofKnox,andhisreceipttherefortaken,whichwillbedulyproved,andproducedatthehearing,ifdenied.v.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c:see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.Thathebegivenadecreeagainstthedefendantfortheamountpaidonsaidexecu-tion,andinterestthereonandcostsofthissuit;butifyourHonorholdsthatthedefendantisonlyliabletocontributeandpaycomplainantone-halfofsaidamountthenhepraysthere-for,andforallthecostsofthissuit.3d.Thathehavesuchfurtherandotherreliefasthenatureofhiscasemayrequire.P.C.Smithson,Solicitor.

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§968SUITSRELATINGTOPERSONSUNDERDISABILITY.760
CHAPTERLII.SUITSRELATINGTOPERSONSUNDERDISABILITY.ArticleI.SuitsWheretheChanceryCourtActsasGuardian.ArticleII.SuitstoSellthePropertyofInfantsandWives.ArticleIII.SuitsRelatingtoPersonsofUnsoundMind.ARTICLEI.SUITSWHERETHECHANCERYCOURTACTSASGUARDIAN.968.SuitsWheretheCourtGuardstheInterestsofWives.969.FrameofBilltoEnforceaWife'sEquity.
§970.SuitsWheretheCourtGuardstheInterestsofMinorsandLunatics.§971.FrameofBillbyNextFriendAgainstaGuardian.§968.SuitsWheretheCourtGuardstheInterestsofWives.—CourtsofEquityactforthosewhobyreasonofsomedisabilityofnatureoroflawareunabletoactforthemselves;1andwivesbeingunderadisabilityoflawandsometimesofbothlawandnature,frequentlyrequirethecareoftheCourtfortheirwelfare.CourtsofEquitystandinginlocoparentiswillnotsufferthehusbandtoobtainpossessionofthewife'spropertywithoutmakingasuitableprovisionforherandherchildren,unlessshebeingcapableofgivingherconsentvoluntarilyVi'aivesherrighttoasettlement.Ifthewifebenotoffullagesheisincapableofgivingherconsent,andinsuchcase,theCourtwillnottakeherexamina-tion,norsufferhertowaiveherEquity;2andwillactinspiteofherprotesta-tions.3Husbands,andespeciallyyounghusbands,cannotalwaysbedependedontoguardprovidentlythefinancialinterestsoftheirwives,andoftenthem-selvesneedaguardian'ssupervisionasmuchas,andsometimesmorethan,dotheirwives.TheChanceryCourtwillnot,however,onitsownmotion,reachforwardandinterveneinawife'sbehalf;butwhenitsprotectingcareandpowerarein-voked,theCourtiseverreadytoact;andwhethertheapplicationbemadebythewifeherself,orbynextfriend,.relative,guardian,orevenathirdpersoninherbehalf,isimmaterial,whentheCourthastheopportunitytodeclareandenforcethewife'sEquitytoasuitableprovisionoutofherpersonalestatebeforeitpassesintothehandsofherhusband,orhisassignee.4TheEquityofthewifeisenforced:1,Incidentally,whenthehusband,orhisassignee,isbeforetheCourtaskingitsaidtoreduceherpropertytohispos-session;5and2,Directlyatthesuitofthewife,orofhertrustee,guardianornextfriend,askingtheinterpositionoftheCourtinherbehalf:inwhichcasethepartyinpossessionofthewife'sestate-will,ifnecessary,beenjoinedfromturningitovertothehusband,orhisassignee,untildueprovisionhasbeenmadeforherandherchildren.Thisrightofawifetoaprovisionoutofherpropertybeforethehusbandorhisassigneehasreducedittopossession,isthecreatureofCourtsofEquity,andtheassignmentofherpersonalproperty,thoughdulyprobated,isnot1See,ante,§35. 5Insuchcaseifthewifeisnotapartyshe2PhillipsV.Hassell,10Hum.,197. should,bynextfriend,fileabillinthenatureofa3Pillowv.Thomas,1Bax.122;Murphyv.Green,crossbillandenjoinherhusband,orhisassignee,2Bax..405. fromproceedinginhissuitexceptconcurrentlywith4Pillow-v.Thomas,1Bax.,128;PhillipsV.Has-hers,andsheshouldhavethetwosuitsconsolidatedsell,10Hum.,197:MurphyV.Green,2Bax.,405;andheardtogether.Dan.Ch.Pr.,90-109. 6Dearinv.Fitzpatrick,Meigs,551.

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761SUITSRELATINGTOPERSONSUNDERDISABILITY.§969validastothewife,andwillbesetasideonapplicationtotheChanceryCourtbeforetheassigneetakespossession.7Butifthehusbandorassigneeissuf-feredtoreducethewife'spropertytohispossessiontheCourtwillnotunder-,taketofollowit.8§969.FrameofBilltoEnforceaWife'sEquity.—Toaidthepleaderindrawinganordinarybillundertheforegoingsectionthefollowingframeisgiven.Ifasuitispendingbythehusbandorassigneetoreduceherestatetohispossessionthisbillwillbesochangedastorecitesuchfact,andtopraythatherbillbefiledasanoriginalbillinthenatureofacrossbill,andthatthetwocausesbeconsolidatedandheardasone;FRAMEOFBILLTOENFORCEAWIFE'SEQUITY.TotheHonorable,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatMaryDoe,wifeofJohnDoe,whosuesbyHenryJones,hernextfriend,allresidentsofKnoxcounty,complainant,vs.JohnDoe,andGeorgeBrown,executorofThomasJones,deceased,andHenryBrownandJamesDoe,hissuretiesassuchexecutor,allresidentsofKnoxcounty,de-fendants.ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.That[Hereshowwhatpersonalestatethecomplainanthas,whencederived,asfromherfather'sestate,orfromsomelegacy,andthatitisinthehandsofthedefendantGeorgeBrown.] ii.That[Hereshowherage,thatsheisthewifeofthedefendant,JohnDoe,andgivethenumberandagesofherchildren,andifsheisafeeblewoman,oranyofherchildrenarefeeble,sostate,andiftherebeanyotherreasonwhyherfortuneshouldnotgointohishands,sostate.Ifhehasassignedit,inwholeorinpart,sostate,andmaketheassigneeadefendant.]in.That\Showthatthedebtsofherdeceasedfatherhavebeenpaid,andthatthetimehasarrivedforhisexecutor,thedefendant,GeorgeBrown,topayovertoherherdistributiveshareofherfather'sestate,specifyingtheamount,andifshehasmadeanydemandthereforsostate,andstatehisresponse.]IV.That,[Ifthehusbandorhisassigneeismakingeffortstoinducetheexecutortopaytohimsaidshare,sostate.Ifanyotherfactsexistshowingthenecessityforaninjunctiontoprotectsaidshare,statethemfullyandparticularly.]v.That,[Show.thatthedefendantsHenryBrownandlamesDoearethe'suretiesofGeorgeBrownassuchexecutor.]VI.Complainantthereforeprays
:
1st.Thatsubpeenatoanswerissueagainstallofthesaiddefendantsrequiringthemtoanswerthebillfullyandonoath[orfully,butnotonoath.]2nd.ThattheamountduecomplainantfromthedefendantGeorgeBrownandhissaidsuretiesbedecreedtoher,andbesettleduoonatrustee,orotherwisesafelyinvestedforhersoleandseparateuse,freefromtheliabilitiesandcontrolofhersaidhusband.[IfthisamounthasnotbeenfixedbysettlementwiththeClerkoftheCountyCoui*t,orotherwise,andanaccountingisnecessarytoascertaintheamountthenpray:]andthatallnecessaryaccountsbetakentoascertainsaidamount.„3d.Thataninjunctionissuetorestrainthedefendants,oranyofthem,frominanywayinterferingwithcomplainant'ssaidequity,andtorestrainthedefendant,GeoreeBrown,frompayingit,oranypartofit,toanyofthedefendantsortoanyoneelse.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctioninthiscase.4th.Thatcomplainantmayhavesuchother,further,andgeneralreliefasthenatureofhercasemayrequire. EugeneWebb,Solicitor.[Tobeswornto:see,ante,§789.]§970.SuitsWheretheCourtGuardstheInterestsofMinorsandLunatics.TheChanceryCourthasjurisdictionofthepersonsandestatesofinfants,andofidiotsandlunatics,andotherpersonsofunsoundmind,andmayappointguardiansforthem,andhavetheirestatescaredforandtheirinterestspro-motedtothesameextentandinthesamemannerasdotheCountyCourts;'
7Coppedge*.Threadgill,3Sneed,579;seeSmithf>.Grcr,3Hum.,118;McElhattonv.Howell,4Hay.,19 sDearinv.Fitzpatrirk,Meitrs,551.9See,ante.§24.Originally,inNorthCarolina,fromwhichStateourlawswerederived,theChan-

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§971SUITSRELATINGTOPERSONSUNDERDISABILITY.762and,inmanyveryimportantparticulars,morefully.Thus,theChanceryCourtmaymakefullerprovisionfortheeducationoftheinfant,andforitsmedicalorsurgicaltreatmentinextremecases,andmayexpendapartoralloltheinfant'sestateforthesepurposes,whennecessaryforitspermanentwelfare;andtheCourtmayexerciseamuchlargerdiscretionindealingwiththepropertyofidiots,lunaticsandotherpersonsofunsoundmindashereaftershown.10Aguardianmaytrespassonthecorpusofhisinfantward'sestate,mcaseofsickness,death,marriage,orforothergoodreason,orurgentneces-sity,andtheChanceryCourtwillratifysuchaction,onhisshowingastateoffactsthatwouldhavejustifiedsuchanallowanceonabillfiledbyhiminChan-ceryforthatpurpose,andonhisgivinggoodreasonfornotappealingtotheCourtinadvance.11Butitisbetterfortheguardiantogetauthorityforsuchexpendituresinadvancebybillapplyingtherefor;for,evenwhentheCourtratifieshisactioninsuchmatters,itoftentaxeshimwiththecosts;whereasonaproperbill,filedinadvance,costsandcounselfeeswillbepaidoutoftheward'sestate.Ifaguardianfailtomakehissettlementsasrequiredbylaw,failstorenewhisbond,orconvertshisward'sfundsbypayinghisindividualdebtswiththesame,orfailstokeepitloanedongoodsecurity,butusesitashisowninmakinghispersonalexpenditures,itiscauseforhisremoval.12TheChanceryCourtdelightstohelpthosewhocannothelpthemselves,andwhenevertheestateofaninfant,idiot,orlunaticisbeingwasted,orconverted,whetherbyaparent,guardian,orstranger,theCourt,onabillfiledbyanyoneasnextfriend,13willrightthewrong,andholdthewrongdoerliable,treatinghimasatrustee,whennecessarytopromotetheinterestofthebeneficiary.14"Wheneveritisnecessaryforthewelfareofaninfant,idiotorlunatictoconverthisrealty-intopersonalty,orhispersonaltyintorealty,ortoinvesthismoney,ortoratifyoravoidhiscontracts,theChanceryCourthasauthoritytoorderittobedone,andtosuperintendtheexecutionofitsorder.InshorttheChanceryCourt,actinginlocoparentis,andasgeneralguardianforminors,idiots,lunaticsandpersonsofunsoundmind,willdoforthemandtheirprop-erty,whattheythemselveswouldinallprobabilityhavedoneifpossessedofgoodreasonandgoodconscience.§971.FrameofBillbyNextFriendAgainstaGuardian.—Thefollowin-rframeofabillisgiventoaidtheSolicitorofthenextfriendindrawinga*>illtocovertheusualdelinquenciesofageneralguardian.Ofcourse,alloftheenumerateddelinquenciesneverexistinanyonecase,and,asarule,itisenoughifanyoneofthemexists.FRAMEOPBILLBYNEXTFRIENDAGAINSTAGUARDIAN.TotheHonorableH.B.Lindsay,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatKnoxville.TheStateofTennessee,fortheuseofSarahBrown,aninfant,[oridiot,orlunatic,orpersonofunsoundmind,]whosuesbyJohnBrown,hernextfriend,bothres-identsofKnoxcounty,complainant,15vs.CharlesBrown,guardianofsaidSarahBrown,andHenryBrownandGeorgeBrown,hissuretiesassuchguardian,andRichardRoe,allresidentsofKnoxcounty,de-fendants.eeryCourt,byitsinherentpower,hadexclusivejurisdictionofthepersonsandestatesofinfants;andwhen,forgreaterlocalconvenience,theCountyCourtsweregivenjurisdictionthereof,itwasex-presslyprovidedinthestatute,(Actof1762.ch.5,§26)that"thepowersoftheCourtofChanceryoverorphansandtheirestatesshouldnotbeabridged"thereby.1Scott'sRev.,105.Andthisprovisionhasexistedinourstatutesevprsince.Code,§2493.SeeOakleyV.Mitchell,10Hum.,256;Lakev.McDavitt,13Lea,26;TalbotV.Pro-vine,7Bax.,510.ioSee,post,§984.See,also,Code,§§3708-3719.Imbecilityfromoldageiscoveredbythestatute.PortervPorter,3Hum.,589;Fentressv.Fentress,7Heisk.,'431.llOwensV.Pearce,10Lea,45;Hobbsr,Harlan,10Lea,268.TheCountyCourthasnojurisdictionoverthesematters.Mitchellv.Webb,2Lea,152.
12Fincherv.Monteith,5Lea,144.Ifaguardianwilfullyneglects,orobstinatelyrefuses,toexhibithisaccount,theCourtmayattachhimuntilhedoesso.Code.§2528.13StephensonV.Stephenson,3Hav.,123;Milesn.Kaieler,10Yerg.,10;Benton17.Pope,5Hum.,393;Johnsonv.Hunter.9Bax.186;Coheni>.Shyer,1Tenn.Ch..192;Green«.Harrison,3Sneed,131.See,ante,§§103-108.Wardsmaybynextfriend,recovertrustpropertysoldbytheirguardianwithoutauthority.GrossV.Gillenwaters,2Sban.Cas.,537.11Nflsnn«.Allen,1Ycrg.,374.15Tbetillmaybefiledbytheminororlunaticbynextfjieid,directly,v-ithoutusingthenameoftheState.See,ante,§§927;957.Forformofcaptionandcommencement,see,ante,§156.

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763SUITSRELATINGTOPERSONSUNDERDISABILITY.§971Thecomplainant,theStateofTennessee,suingfortheuseofSarahBrown,aninfant,whosuesbyJohnBrown,hernextfriend,respectfullyshowstotheCourti
I.That[HereshowwhatestateandrightsSarahBrownhas,and,ifland,giveitslocationandvalue. n.That[HereshowthatthedefendantCharlesBrownisherguardian,andspecifyinwhatway,andtowhatextentheisviolatinghistrust,suchasfailingtosettlewiththeCountyClerk,ortorenewhisbond,or,ifhehassettled,chargethatthesettlementisfalseandfraudulent,andspecifyinwhatparticulars;orthathefailstokeepthetrustmoneyloanedorproperlyinvested;iftheestateislandshowthattheguardianhasletitgreatlydeteriorate,ordoesnotkeepitleasedorunderpropercultivation,orsouseitastoderiveareasonableprofittherefrom.Iftheguardianis,inanyway,neglectinghisduty,specifyinwhatway;ifheisspeculatingontheassetssostate,andparticularizehow;ifheisusingtheassetsforhisownuseorprofit,socharge;ifhehassoldanypropertytoRichardRoewithoutauthorityspecifyit,andgivethefactsinfull;ifheiscommittinganywasteoftheestate,orallowingRichardRoe,oranyothers,tocommitany,specifyinwhatway;ifhehasboughtanypropertywithhisward'smoneyandtakenthetitleinhisownname,orisloaninghiszrard'smoneytoRichardRoe,oranyoneelse,andtakingnotesinhisindividualname,givetheparticularsinfullsoastoidentifythepropertysobought,orthenotessotaken;ifhehasusedtheward'sestatetopayhisowndebtstoRichardRoe,ortoanyotherperson,orislendinghermoneyoninsufficientsecurity;ifhefailstocollectfromRichardRoealargesumofmoneyowingbysaidRoetocomplainant,givethefactsandcircumstances;andshowanyotherdefaultonhispartasguardian.]in.That[Heresetforthanygroundthatmayexistforaninjunctiontopreventanyactbytheguardianoranyotherdefendant,especiallyRichardRoe,thatifdonewillbeprejudicialtocomplainant'srightsandinterests,givingtheparticulars,andshowingclearlytheneces-sityforsuchinjunction.]IV.That[Ifitbenecessarytoattachanyofthepropertyofanyofthedefendantstosecurethepaymentofthemoneyduecomplainant,andifanystatutoryorequitablegroundofattach-mentexist,stateit.] v.Thatthedefendants,HenryBrownandGeorgeBrown,arethesuretiesofthedefendantCharlesBrownasguardianofSarahBrown,andalongwithhimhavegivenbond,datedAugust14,1905,payabletotheStateofTennesseeinthepenaltyoffivethousanddollars,conditionedforthefaithfuldischargeofthedutyofsaidHenryBrownassaidguardian;andcomplainantchargesandaversthattheconditionofsaidbondhasbeenbrokenbyde-fendantCharlesBrownbythevariousviolationsofhissaiddutyhereinbeforesetoutandalleged. VI.Complainantthereforeprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c:see,ante,§§1S8;164.]2d.ThataninjunctionbeorderedbyyourHonor[&c:ante,§158,sub-sees.,3,4.]3d.Thatanattachmentissueandbelevied[&c.:see,ante,§158.]4th.ThatanaccountbetakenbetweenSarahBrownandthedefendantCharlesBrown,showingtherein,fullyandindetail,thevariousmattersandmoneysjustlychargeabletohim,andvariousmattersandmoneysheisjustlyentitledtocreditfor;thathebehellliableforthereasonablerentsofsaidlands,andforallwastebyhimcommittedorper-mittedthereon,andforthereasonablevalueofthesaidpropertyofSarahBrownbyhimappropriatedorconverted,thatthetitletothesaidtractoflandbyhimpurchasedwithcomplainant'smoney,fromthedefendantRichardRoe,anddeedtakeninhisownname,bedivestedoutofhimandvestedincomplainant;thatnocompensationbeallowedhim,andhebechargedwithcompoundinterest;thatadecreeberenderedinSarahBrown'sfavoragainsthimandhissaidsuretiesforthefullamountfoundduefromhim,andthatheberemovedasguardianandanewguardianbeappointed,andthatthedefendantRichardFloebeheldliabletoSarahBrownforalltrustmoneyandpropertybyhimreceivedasaforesaid,andthathebeheldtoaccountforthesameastrustee;thatallattachedpropertybesoldtosatisfySarahBrown'sclaims,andthatshemayhaveallsuchfurtherandotherreliefasshemaybeentitledto.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctionoranattachmentinthiscase.G.W.Pickle,ofCounsel. W.R.Turner,Solicitor.[Attachaffidavittobill:see,ante,§§161;164.]

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972SUITSRELATINGTOPERSONSUNDERDISABILITY.764Incaseofabillbyanextfriendagainsttheguardianofalunatictheaboveframewillbefoundhelpful,thenecessarychangesbeingveryfew,andsuchonlyaswillreadilyoccurtothepleader.Theliabilitiesanddefaultsoftheguardianofanidiotorlunaticaremainlythesameasthoseoftheguardianofaninfant,andthebillagainsthimismainlythesame.
ARTICLEII.SUITSTOSELLORLEASETHEPROPERTYOFINFANTSANDWIVES.972.WhenaSaleorLeaseMaybeMade.973.TheFrameofaBilltoSell.974.ProceedingsonBehalfofthe'Defend-ants.975.ReferencetotheMastertoAscertaintheFacts.
§976.ReportoftheMasterastotheSale.§977.ActionontheReport,andFinalPro-ceedings.§978.ProceedingstoConfirmaSalePre-viouslyMade.§979.ProceedingstoAuthorizeorRatifyaPurchaseofLandbyaGuardian.§972.WhenaSaleorLeaseMaybeMade.—Propertyisvaluableonlyasameansofsupportandeducation;andasmallestatebelongingtoaninfantcannotbebetterinvestedthanineducatingandsupportinghim.1It,also,oftenhappensthataveryadvantageoussalemaybemadeofaninfant'sormarriedwoman'sproperty,orthatthepropertyshouldbesoldbecausedilap-idating,orunproductive,orencumbered.Itis,therefore,providedbytheCode,that,wheneverasaleoftheproperty,realorpersonal,ofaninfantormarriedwomanis(1)necessaryfortheirsupport,education,andmaintenance,or(2)ismanifestlyfortheirinterest,theChanceryCourtmayconsenttoanddecreeasalethereof.2Andthejurisdictionmaybeexercisedastoanykindofproperty,andwhethertheinterestorestateofthepersonunderdisability,oranyofthepartieslitigant,isinpossession,reversion,orremainder,orsubjecttoanylimitation,restriction,orcontingencywhatsoever;3except,thatinnocaseshallpropertybesold,ifitbeclaimedunderawillwhichexpresslydirectsotherwise.4Evenpropertywhereinpersonsnotinbeingmayhaveaninterestmaybesold,ifallthoseinterested,theninbeing,arebeforetheCourt;andsaleisnecessary,ormanifestlyfortheinterestofsuchpersonstheninbeing,havingacommoninterestwiththosewhomaycomeintobeing.5ButthejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtintheforegoingmattersdoesnotdependexclusivelyontheCode;thatCourthasinherentpowerovertheper-sonsandestatesofinfants,6andhasplenaryjurisdiction,iiponproperplead-ingsandprocess,tocontrolandsell,orconsenttothesaleof,therealestateofminors,andtocompromisetheirrights.7Indeed,itmaybesaid,generally,thattheChanceryCourthasinherentpowertoconvertrealtyintopersonalty;andinsodoingcanbindtherightsandinterests,legalorequitable,vestedorcontingent,presentorfuture,ofallpersonswhetherinesseorinposse,and1Wheneverapersonisdisabledbylawornaturetorarefortheirownpersonsorproperty,aCourtofChancerywillartforthem,anddoallthatmaybenecessaryforthewelfareoftheirpersons,theeducationoftheirminds,andthemanagementordispositionoftheirproperty.TheCourtwillappointguardians,removeguardians,andcompelguardianstodotheirduty,and,whenproper,willauthorizeguardianstoexpendapartoralloftheprincipaloftheirward'sestateinmaintainingoreducatingthem;andwillsellthelandsofthewardforthatpurpose.See.ante,5352Code,§§3323;3333.Inasmuchasthegreatercontainstheless,theCourtcould,itwouldseem,consenttoanddecreealongleaseoftheirproperty
whenmanifestlyfortheirinterest.Notetooriginaledition.—Andithasbeensoheldsinceth^originaleditionofthisworkwaspublished.SeeRicardiV.Gaboury,7Cates,484.TheCourtwillinapropercase,confirm,orconsentto,asaleorleasealreadymadeornegotiated.Ibid.Post,§979.3Code,§33?7.4Code,§3340.ButseePortert>.Porter,1Bax.,299.5Code,§3337;Grayv.Barnard,1Tenn.Ch.,298.oOaklevVMitchell,10Hum.,256;Lakeandwife<\McDavitt,13Lea.?6.7Wilsonv.Schaefer,23Pick.,300:Hurtv.Long,6Pick.,445;Lenowv.Arrington,3Cates,720.

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765SUITSRELATINGTOPERSONSUNDERDISABILITY.§973whethersuijuris,orunderdisability,whoarebeforetheCourtbyserviceofprocessorbyvirtualrepresentation.8§973.TheFrameofaBilltoSell.—Thebillmaybefiledbythehusbandofthewife,andbytheregularguardianoftheinfant,againstthepersonunderailisability;9andshouldbefiledinthecountywheretheproperty,realorper-sonal,soughttobedisposedof,is,orwherethep'ersonunderdisabilityatthetimeresides,attheoptionofthecomplainant.10Thebillshouldsetforthfullyandparticularly:(1)theage,circumstancesandconditionofthepartyunderdisability,(2)whatotherproperty,ifany,,suchpersonowns,orisinanywayentitledto;(3)andthecausesorreasonwhyasaleoftheparticularpropertyissought;and(4)mustbeswornto.11ThefollowingisaformofaBILLTOSELLLANDOFMINORSFORTHEIREDUCATION.TotheHon.Thos.M.McConnell,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatManchester
;
JohnRogers,guardian,&c,aresidentofCoffeecounty,complainant,!
vs.. f-HenryClarkandMaryClark,residentsofthesamecounty,defendants.JThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
I.Thatthedefendants,HenryClarkandMaryClark,areinfants,withoutmotherorfather-living,andcomplainantistheirregularguardian.SaidHenryClarkiseighteenyearsold,andsaidMaryClarkistwelveyearsold;andtheresidenceofallthepartiesisinCoffeecounty. ILThedefendantsaretheowners,astenantsincommon,infeesimple,ofatractoflandintheSthcivildistrictofsaidcounty,boundedasfollows:Beginningonarock,CharlesErown'scorner,[andgivingthemetesandbounds,]tothebeginning,containingaboutone-hundredacres.Theyownnootherrealty,andthevalueoftheirpersonalestateislessthanfiftydollarstoeach,andismoney.in.Thatsaidtractoflandisworthaboutfivehundreddollars,andisunencumbered,exceptthetaxesonitforthelastyearareunpaid.Thelandhasnoimprovementsexceptasmallcabinandaclearingofaboutoneacre.Ityieldsnorevenuewhatever,andcomplainanthasnomeans,asguardian,sufficienttopaytaxes.12IV.
.Thedefendant,Henry,isanapt,energetic,andindustriousboy,anddesirestoqualifyhimselftobeacivilengineer.Itwillcostaboutonehundredandfiftydollars,tocompletehiseducationforthatbusiness,coupledwithwhathecanhimselfearn.Hehasalreadypartiallyqualifiedhimselfforthebusiness,andhasatalentandafondnessforit.v.Thedefendant,Mary,isabrightchild,withatalentformusic,andhasanaunt,MaryBrown,whowillkeepher,ifcomplainantasguardianwillhelppayforhermusicaleduca-tion.Thisisanopportunitytoovaluabletohelost.VI.Complainantbelievesthatitismanifestlyfortheinterestofhiswards,as.wellasnecessaryfortheirsupportandeducation,thatsaidlandbesold;13andthereforeprays
:
1st.Thattheybemadepartiestothisbillbyserviceofsubpoena;thatthedefendant,.Henry,answerinpersonaswellasbyguardianadlitem,andthataguardianadlitemandSolicitorbeappointedforbothofthem.2d.Thatsaidtractoflandbesold,andtheproceeds.beusedforthepurposesabovestated.3d.Thatsuchotherreliefbegrantedastherightsandinterestsofthedefendantsandthe-dutiesofcomplainantmayrequire JohnRogers,Guardian.[Tobesworntobycomplainantinperson,andonhisownknowledge.See,anter.§789.]
8Ridleyv.Halliday,22Pick.,607;Ricardiv,Gaboury,7Cates,484.9Code,§33^4.Thebillmay,also,befiledbyanextfriend.Code,§§3335;3339;Masonv.Tinsley,ITenn.Ch.,154.10Code,§3326;Williamsv.Williams,10Heisk,
11Code,§3329;Greenlaw,IVGreenlaw,,16Lea,435.12Iftheguardianhasnomeansofpayingthetaxes,this,alone,willjustifythesaleofaninfant'sland.Greenl™v.Greenlaw,16Lea,.435.13Ifthebillisfiled'toconfirmasalealreadyne-gotiatedbycomplainant,theproposingpurrhasershouldbemadeadefendant,andparagraphVIwouldreadasfollows:Complainantrealizing,thenecessityofasaleofsaidland,hasnegotiatedthe
sametothedefendant,[purchaser'},forsixhundred'dollars,asumbelievedtobeonehundreddollarsmorethancouldbeobtainedatpublicsale;and'be,thesaidpurchaser,,iareadyandwiltingtopayforthesameinsuchinstallmentsasyourHonormayprescribe,andhaspaidcomplainantonehundreddollars,asaforfeit,whichsumispaidintoCourtwiththefilingofthisbill.Andinsuchcase,theforegoing,prayerwillbesochangedastopray:2d.Thatthesaidsaleofsaidtracttothedefendt-ant,[purchaser],beratifiedandconfirmed,,andtheproceedsbeusedforthepurposesabovestated;Seefurther,astoconfirmingasale,post,§979.Whenasaleissoughttobeconfirmed',the-pur-,chasemoneymustbepaidintoCourt.Masonv.Tinsley,1Tenn.Ch.,1-54.

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§974SUITSRELATINGTOPERSONSUNDERDISABILITY.766§974.ProceedingsonBehalfoftheDefendants.—Onorafterthereturnclayofthesubpoenadulyservedonthedefendants,theCourt,ifinsession,ortheChancellororMaster,14ifinvacation,willappointaguardianadlitemfortheinfantdefendants,andforadefendantwhoisamarriedwoman,andtheguardianadlitemmayberequiredtogiveabond15faithfullytodischargehistrust.Ifthepersonunderdisabilityisnotrepresentedbycounsel,theCourtwillappointcounselforsuchaperson,andfixthecompensation,whichshallbethesamewhetherasaleisorderedornot,andshallinnoeventexceedonehundreddollars.16Theinfant,ifoverfourteenyearsofage,andthemarriedwoman,mustanswerthebillinperson;17andintheiranswershouldfullyandtruthfullysetforthanyfactsmaterialtotheirinterestsandtothesuit,notcontainedinthebill;andshoulddeny,orcorrect,anymisstatementsinthebill;andshouldstatetheirownwishesinreferencetothesale,andtotheapplicationoftheproceeds.Theiranswermustbeswornto.§975.ReferencetotheMastertoAscertaintheFacts.—TheCourtmayhearthecasewithoutareference;buttheusualpracticeistodirecttheMastertoexamineunexceptionableanddisinterestedwitnesses,andtoputsuchques-tionsaswillelicitthewholetruth,andwillenabletheCourttoobtainafullunderstandingofther«alfactsofthecase.18Ifthecaseisheardwithoutsuchareference,theCourtwillbeobligedtodetermineituponsuchproofasthepartiesmaythemselvesseefittopresent.Butprooftheremustbe,andcogentproof,toauthorizeadecree,andnoconsentsofpartiessuijuriswillbindaninfant.18aThefollowingisaformofanORDEROFREFERENCE.JohnRogers,guardian,&c,1vs. (HenryClark,etal. JThiscause,comingonforordersbeforetheHon.ThomasM.McConnell,Chancellor,onthisSept.6,1891,onthebilltheanswersofthedefendants,byCharlesWilson,theirguardianadlitem,andtheanswerofsaidHenryClarkinperson;theCourt,inordertoascertaintherealfacts,ispleasedtodirecttheMastertoexaminedisinterestedandunexceptionablewit-nesses,andreportuponthefactsestablishedbytheproof:1st.Whatestateeachofthedefendantspossess,itskindandvalue,andthenetincomederivedtherefrom;andhowtheyarebeingsupported.2d.Whatistheageofeachofthedefendants;andhaseachoreitherofthem,anyandwhattalentforanyparticularbusiness,trade,orprofession;andwhathavetheybeendoingforthelastyear?3d.Whetherasaleofthelanddescribedinthebillisnecessaryforthesupport,education,andmaintenanceofthedefendants,orisotherwisemanifestlyfortheirinterest,andwhy.Andwhatisareasonableminimumpriceforsaidtractofland.TheMasterwillbasehisconclusionsonthefactsprovenbythewitnesses,andnotontheiropinions;andhewillexaminesuchwitnesses,andputsuchquestions,aswillelicitthewholetruth;andwillreportagainstasaleunlessthetestimonyleavesnoreasonabledoubtastoitspropriety.HewillreporttothepresentornexttermoftheCourt.§976.ReportoftheMasterastotheSale.—TheMasterisexpectedtouseextraordinarydiligenceandgoodfaithinascertainingthefacts,incasesofthischaracter,andinreportingthemtotheCourt.19Hisreportwillbeinthensualform;but,asanillustrationofitscharacter,thefollowingformisgivenoftheMaster'sresponsetothe3dheadofinquiry,intheforegoingreference.14TheMastermayappointtheguardianadlitemandSolicitor.Beaumontv.Beaumont,7Heisk
,
226.15Code,§3324.Astoguardiansadlitemgener-erally,see,ante,§§106-108.Theguardianintheseproceedingscannotfileacrossbilltohaveasaleconfirmed.Browning-V.Browning,11Lea,106.16Code,§3330.CounselnotappointedbytheCourtarenotentitledtoanycompensationoutofthefundinCourt;theysometimesreallyrepresentthirdpartieswhoaremoreanxioustobuytheprop-ertythanguardtheinterestsofthepersonunderdisability.Forthisreason,theCourtshouldrelyontheguardianadlitem,ornextfriend,ratherthanoncounselnotappointedbytheMaster,orChan-
cellor.TheMastershouldappointnooneasguar-dianadlitem,orSolicitor,whoisatallinsympathywithaproposingpurchaser.17Code,§3325.Theirguardianadlitemshouldalsoanswerforthem.Heshould,asarule,contenthimselfwithaformalanswer,unlessheknows,orhasreliableinformationof,factsthatshouldbemadeknowntotheCourt.Heshouldnevermakeanyad-missionsexceptastotheinfancyofhisward,andtheward'sownershipoftheproperty.Forformofaformalanswer,see.ante,§383.18Code,§§3331-333418aSawyersv.Sawyers,22Pick.,597.i»Code,§§3331-3334.

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767SUITSRELATINGTOPERSONSUNDERDISABILITY.§977REPORTASTONECESSITY,OB,PROPRIETY,OPASALE.
Astothenecessity,orpropriety,oftheproposedsale.Onthispoint,theMasterreportsthatthefactsclearlyshow
:
1st.Thatthesaleprayedforisnecessaryforthesupport,education,andmaintenanceofthedefendants,because(1)thedefendantsarebothorphans;(2)thepersonalestateofeachofthemisonlythirty-nineand43-100dollars,whichisinmoneyintheirguardian'shands,[Dep.ofJohnRogers,p.2,q.3;andexhibitA;](3)theyhavenoothersourceofincomeorsupport,excepttheirownlabor,[Dep.ofJohnRogers,p.3,q.4;](4)HenryClarkislearningcivilengineering,isapt,industrious,andcapable;andforonehundredandseventy-fivedollarscancompletehisstudies,andbepreparedtoengageinthebusinessofcivilengineer-ing,whichisagoodbusiness,andhehasatalentandafondnessforit,[Deps.ofWilliamBrown,pp.2-4,q.2;CharlesJones,pp.1-3,q.2;andHenryClark,pp.2-4,q.3;](5)MaryClarkhasatalentformusic,andheraunt,MaryBrown,aprofessionalmusicianofgoodrepute,willboard,clothe,andeducateherforfortydollarsayear.[Deps.ofMaryClark,pp.2-5,qs.2and3;andHenryJames,pp.1-2;q.1.]2d.Andsaidsaleis,also,manifestlyfortheinterestofthedefendants,because:(1)thelandyieldsnorevenue;andcannotbemadetoyieldany,withoutconvertingitintoafarm,whichwouldrequirealargeexpenditureofmsney,[Deps.ofHenryFarmer,pp.2-4,qs.2and3;andJohnRogers,p.6,q.7;](2)thedefendantshavenomeansofpayingthetaxes,andtheguardianhasbeencompelledtoselltimberforthatpurposefromtheland,whichisnowdeficientingoodtimber,[Dep.ofJohnRogers,p.7,q.8;]and(3)thelandiscoveredwithscrubbytimber,andisbeingdamagedbyseverallargeandgrowingwash-outsthroughitsmidst,[Dep.ofHenryFarmer,p.5,q.4.]Allofwhichisrespectfullysubmitted.Sept.8,1891.JohnS.Moore,C.&M.TheotherheadsonwhichtheMasterisrequiredtoreportwillbereportedonwithequalfullnessandexactness,totheendthattheCourtmayhavethatfullunderstandingofthecircumstancesandconditionofthepersonunderdis-abilityrequiredbythestatute.20TheMastershouldsummonwitnesseswhobestknowthefactsandshouldnotdependonwitnessessuggestedtohimbytheparties.21§977.ActionontheReport,andPinalProceedings,—ItisthedutyoftheChancellortoheartheproofread,andtosetasidetheMaster'sreport,onhisownmotion,eventhoughunexceptedto,ifnotfullysatisfiedthatthecaseforasaleisclearlymadeout,22IftheMaster'sreportisconfirmed,theCourtordersthelandtobesold.Noguardian,nextfriend,orwitness,canpurchaseatthesale,oratanytimeafter-wardsuntilfiveyearsfromtheremovaloftheexistingdisabilities;andasaletoanysuchpersonisvoid.23TheCourtwillseethattheproceedsofthesale,ifmadeforeducationorsupport,aresoapplied;andifmadeforreinvestment,areinvestedinlands,bondsofthisState,oroftheUnitedStates,orloanedongoodmortgagesonrealty.24ThefollowingwillserveasaformofDECREEORDERINGASALE.JohnRogers,guardian,&c,]vs. [HenryClark,etal. JThiscause,comingontobeheard,thisSept.19,1891,uponthepleadings,includingtheansweroftheminordefendant,HenryClark,[inperson,ifoverfourteenyearsofage,and]byguardianadlitemandSolicitor,andproof,andreportoftheMaster,whichreportisinthewordsandfiguresfollowing
:
1.[Heresetitout,infull.]Andsaidreportbeingunexceptedto,andtheCourtbeingfullysatisfiedthatthecaseforasaleofthelandofthedefendant,,HenryClark,'forhiseducationandsupport,isclearlymadeoutbyproofoffactsestablishedbyunexceptionableanddisinterestedwitnesses,theconclu-sionsoftheMasterarefullyratifiedandapproved,andhisreportinallthingsconfirmed.20Code,§3334.21See,Huntv.Glenn,11Lea,16.•22Code,S3334.23Code,§3339.
24Code,§3338.Awitnessisnotdisqualifiedtopurchaseunlesshetestifiestosomematerialfactnecessaryforadecreeofsale.Huntc.Glenn,11Lea,16.

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§978SUITSRELATINGTOPERSONSUNDERDISABILITY.768
Itis,therefore,orderedanddecreedbytheCourt,thatthetractofland,describedincomplainant'sbillandintheMaster'sreport,besoldbytheMaster,inthemannerprovidedbylaw,tothehighestbidder,onacredit,six,twelve,eighteenandtwenty-fourmonths.TheMasterwilltakenotesfromthepurchaser,fortheinstalments,drawinginterestfromdate,withgoodpersonalsecurity,andwill,also,retainalienonthelandforfurthersecurity.Hewillnotsellsaidlandforlessthanfivehundreddollars;25andwillnotselltotheguardian,nextfriend,oranywitnessinthecause.HewillreporttothenexttermoftheCourt. in.Saidsaleisorderedbothbecauseitismanifestlytotheinterestofthedefendants,andbecausetheproceedsarenecessaryforthesupport,andespeciallyfortheeducation,ofthedefendants;andsaidproceedswillbepaidoutforsaidpurposes,undertheorderofthisCourt,totheendthatthedefendantsmayreceivethefullbenefitthereof.AndthecausewillberetainedinCourtuntilthefundsarealldisbursed,andthepurposeofthisproceedingfullyattained.Ifthebillisdismissed,theCourtmayadjudgeallthecostsofthecauseagainstthecomplainant,personally,includingthecounselfeesofanycounselappointedbytheCourt.26§978.ProceedingstoConfirmaSalebyaGuardian.—Inanycasewhereitwouldbeproper,onabillfiledforthatpurpose,toselltheproperty,realorpersonal,ofaninfantoramarriedwoman,theCourtmayconfirmoradoptasale,alreadymadebytheguardianorhusband,orconsenttoasaleproposedtobemade.27WhentheactionoftheCourtissoughtinsuchacase,abillmustbefiledforthatpurposeinthesamemanneraswhenasalesought,andthesameproceedingsmustbehad,thesameanswersputin,thesamekindofwit-nessesexamined,andthesamereportmade.Insuchaease,however,thepur-chaser,orproposingpurchaser,shouldalso,bemadeadefendant.Thebill,afterrecitingthefactsshowingapropercaseforasale,shouldthenproceedtoshowthatanadvantageoussalehasbeennegotiated,andshouldstateitsterms,andpraythatitberatified,andconfirmed.Theformofsuchabillisthesameasabillforasale,withthechangesindicatedinthemarginalnotes.23Onsuchabillbeingfiledandanswered,theMaster,inadditiontothemat-tersreferredtohimonabillforsale,29willbedirectedtoreport
:
REFERENCETOMASTERASTOCONFIRMATIONOFASALE.4th.Whetherthesalereferredtointhepleadingsisanadvantageousone,andwhetheritismanifestlyfortheinterestofthedefendantunderdisabilitytoconfirmthesame,statingthefactsandreasons.Iftherebeanyprobabilityofahigherpricebeingobtainedthanthatofferedbytheproposingpurchaser,itwouldbeprudenttodecreeaprivatesaleoftheproperty,anddirecttheMastertoaccepttheproposedoffer,ifnohigherbidwasobtainedbeforethenexttermoftheCourt,orbeforesomeotherfixedperiod.Onconfirmationofsuchasale,theproceedswillbeapplied,orreinvested,asinothercasesofsale.§979.ProceedingstoAuthorizeorRatifyaPurchaseorExchangeofLandbyaGuardian.—Onproperbillfiledthereforundertheruleshereinbeforestated,andonsuitablereferencesandreportsshowingthattheinterestsoftheminorwillbemanifestlypromotedbythepurchaseofrealestatemadeorpro-posedbythegeneralguardian,theminorbeingbeforetheCourt,representedbyaguardianadlitem,andansweringinpersonifoverfourteenyearsofage,theCourtmayauthorizeorratifytheproposedpurchaseofrealestatebythefareofthepartyunderdisability.SeeCode,§§3324;3330-3332;3334-3335;3339;Huntv.Glenn,11Lea,16;Porterv.Porter,1Bax.,302.27ThelanguageoftheStatuteis.theCourt"mayconsenttoanddecreeasale,"Code,§3323;and"togiveconsent,ororderthesale,"Code,§3334;HurtvLong,6Pick.,445.28See,ante,§973.20See,ante,§975,fortheremainderoftheorderofreference.
25Inasaleofthiskind,itispropertofixaminimumpricefortheland..HornV.Denton,2&need,126.20Code,§3335.Theobjectofthestatuteistoguardwelltheinterestsofthoseunderdisability
;
andextraordinarycareisrequiredoftheCourt,extraordinarygoodfaithisrequiredoftheregularguardian,thenextfriend,theguardianadlitem,andthewitnesses,andextraordinaryimpartialityanddiligencearerequiredoftheMaster,andallareexpectedandrequiredtoseeknothingbutthewel-

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769SUITSRELATINGTOPERSONSOFUNSOUNDMIND.§980generalguardianwithhisward'smoney,beingcarefultoseethatthetitleoftheminortothelandwillbegood.Andso,onlikeproceedings,theCourtmayauthorizeorratifyanexchangeoflands,whenclearlyshowntobetothemanifestinterestoftheminor.
ARTICLEIII.SUITSRELATINGTOPERSONSOFUNSOUNDMIND.§980.TheJurisdictionofChanceryOverPersonsofUnsoundMind.
§981.HowJurisdictionisExercised.
§982.ProceedingsonanInquisitionofLunacy.§983.AppointmentofaGuardian.§984.TheGuardian'sDutiesandPowers.§980.TheJurisdictionofChanceryOverPersonsofUnsoundMind.—TheChanceryCourthasjurisdictiontotakecareofthefinancialaffairsofpersons<vhoarementallyincompetenttopromoteorprotecttheirowninterests;andtomakeanydecreeinreferencetotheirestates,requiredforthewell-beingofiheirpersonsortheirproperty.TheCourtmaydoanythinginreferencetotbeirpropertywhichtheywould,ingoodreasonandgoodconscience,havebeenboundtodo,ifcapableofmakingcontracts.AndbystatutetheCourtisfivenjurisdictionoverthepersonsandestatesofidiots,lunatics,andotherpersonsofunsoundmind,1wheretheestateexceedsfivehundreddollars.2§981.HowJurisdictionisExercised.—Wheneverapersonofunsoundmindhasanestateinexcessoffivehundreddollars,andnoregularguardian,anyperson3mayfileaswornpetitionintheChanceryCourtofthecountywherethenoncomposresides,4settingforththefactsinregardtothepersonandpropertyofthesupposedidiot,orlunatic,allegingthathisestateexceedsfivehundreddollars,5andmakinghimadefendant.6ThefollowingisaformofAPETITIONFOBANINQUISITIONOFLtTJNACY.TotheHon.B.M.Webb,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatJamestown:
ThepetitionofFrankFriend,)
against [JohnNeed,bothresidentsofFentresscounty.JPetitionerwouldrespectfullyshow
:
i-Thatthedefendant,JohnNeed,hasrecentlybecome[oris]apersonofunsoundmind,sothathehasnotcapacitysufficientforthegovernmentofhimselfandproperty.Hehasawife,SusanNeed,andtwoyoungchildren,dependentonhimforsupport.Heisalsocon-siderablyindebted.ii.ThesaidJohnNeedownsthefollowingproperty:(1)afarmofonehundredacresinthe2dcivildistrictofsaidcountyofFentress,adjoiningthefarmsofHenryJones,JohnTate,GeorgeSmith,andperhapsothers,andworthonethousanddollars;(2)twohorses,threecows,variousagriculturalimplements,andasetofhouseholdfurniture;and(3)asmallstockofmerchandise,worthaboutsixhundreddollars.in.InconsequenceofthementalunsoundnessofsaidJohnNeed,hisbusinesshasfallenintoconfusion,andhispropertyisbeingwasted.Hiscreditorsarenotbeingpaid,andhisdebtsarenotbeingcollected.Andunlessaguardianisappointedtotakechargeofhisestate,itwillsufferirreparableinjury.inpersonam.Thestatutedesignatesthepersonpro-ceededdgainstas"thedefendant"andspeaksof"bothparties"and"eitherparty,"Code,§§3693-3707,andrequiresthedefendanttobenotified,andservedwithacopyofthepetition.Code,§3695.Thedefendantistreatedbythestatuteashavingalltherightsofasaneman,untilthejurydeterminethatheis1notsane.See,Dozier,exparte,4Baic,
1Code,§§3681;4298.Apersonincapable>fgoverninghimselforpropertymayhaveaguardianappointedforhimunderthestatute;.Fentress.ViKentress,7Hfisk.,428.2Code,§3692.32Barb.Ch.Pr„228.4Code,53682.5Code,§§3691-3692.CiTheproceedingisriotexparte,orinrem-,but

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§982SUITSRELATINGTOPERSONSOFUNSOUNDMIND.770
IV.Therefore,thepetitionerprays
:
1st.Thatawritofinquisitionissuetoinquireandascertainwhetherthedefendantbeapersonofunsoundmind;andthatdefendantbe'givenduenoticethereof.2d.Thatifsofound,aguardianbeappointedto.managehispersonandestate;and3d.Forgeneralrelief.L.T.Smith,Solicitor. FrankFriend.[Annexaffidavitandjuratasin§797,ante.7]UponthispetitionbeingpresentedtotheChancellor,eitherinCourt,oratChambers,hewillendorseonthepetitionanorderforawrittobeissued,onbondbeinggiven.ThefollowingwillserveasaformofTHECHANCELLOR'SFIAT.TotheClerkandMasterofsaidCourt
:
Uponthepetitionergivingbond,withgoodsecurity,inthesumoffivehundreddollars,conditionedasrequiredbythestatute,8youwillissueawritofinquisitionasprayed,anddoallsuchactsinconnectiontherewithasarerequiredofyoubylaw.June4,1890. B.M.Webb,Chancellor.WRITOFINQUISITION.StateofTennessee,\CountyofFentress.JTotheSheriffofsaidcounty:Youareherebycommandedto'summonajuryoftwelvefreeholderstomeetatadayandplacetobedesignatedbyyou,toinquireandascertainbytheirverdict,whetherJohnNeedisanidiot,lunatic,orpersonofunsoundmind;9andifso,thevalueofhisestate,ofwhatitconsists,andwhowouldbehisheirs,andnextofkin,werehetodieintestate.10Witness,O.C.Conatser,ClerkandMasteroftheChanceryCourtofsaidcounty,atoffice,inJamestown,the4thdayofJune,1890. O.C.Conatser,C.&M.11Summon,also,thefollowingpersonstoattendatthetimeandplacefixedfortheinquisi-tion,totestifyinbehalfofthepetitioner:Dr.JohnJones,GeorgeBrown,andHenrySmith.O.C.Conatser,C.&M.§982.ProceedingsonanInquisitionofLunacy—TheClerkandMasterwillcausethedefendanttobeservedwithacopyofthepetition,andnoticeofthetimeandplaceofholdingtheinquest,atleastfivedayspreviousthere-to.12ThefollowingwillserveasaformofTHENOTICETOTHEDEFENDANT.FrankFriend,]vs.VIntheChanceryCourt,atJamestown.JohnNeed.JMr.JohnNeed:.Takenotice,thatawritofinquisitiontoinquireastoyourallegedunsoundnessofmindhasbeenissuedinsaidcausebytheChanceryCourtofFentresscounty;andtheinquestwillbeheldonJuneIS,1890,intheCourtHouseofsaidcounty,beginningatnineo'clock,a.m.,whenandwhereyoucanattend,ifyouwish,withyourwitnesses.June6,1890.O.C.Conatser,C.&M.RETURNOFTHEOFFICER.Thisnotice,andacopyofthepetitioninthecause,cametohandJune6,1890.Atruecopyofthisndtice,andsaidcopyofthepetition,weredeliveredtothedefendant,andthecontentsthereoffullymadeknowntohim.ThisJune7,1890.A.J.Mace,Sheriff.Thedefendantshouldberepresentedbycounselemployedbyhimself,orfriends.Bothpartiesareentitledtoprocessofsubpoena,andanattachment,ifnecessary,tobeissuedbytheClerk,tocompeltheattendanceofwitnesses.Atthetrial,theClerkandMasterpresides,andreceivestheverdict.13Thejurymustnotonlyhearthetestimony,butshouldinspectandexaminethedefendanthimself.14TheClerkmusttakedownthetestimonyofthewitnesses,TCode,§3691.8Code,§3693.»Code,§3694.10Code,§3699.11ThisformfollowstheformgivenintheCode,83683.12Code,§3695.AstheSheriffdesignatesthetimeandplace,heshouldfixthetimefarenoughaheadtoenabletheClerktogivethefivedays'no-tice.ItwouldbewellfortheSheriffandClerktoagreeonatimeandplaceinordertoavoidconfus-ion.Noticetothedefendantisessential.Dozier,exparte,4Bax.,81.
13Code,§§3696-3697.14Code,§3697.Butthedefendantmavbecon-finedinadistantasylum,hemavhavewanderedoff.itmaybedangeroustohishealthofmindforhimtobeexamjned,oreventobepresent,sothatitmaybeimpracticableorinexpedientforthejurytoin-spectandexaminehim.Insuchacase,hisexam-inationisprobablynotessentialtothevalidityoftheproceedings.ThenextsectionoftheCode,(§3698)says,"hisexamination,ifmade,shallbetakendown,"thusshowingthatthestatutecontem-platescircumstanceswhenanexaminationwillnotbemade.Code,§§3706-3707,.would,also,seemto

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771SUITSRELATINGTOPERSONSOFUNSOUNDMIND.§983andtheexaminationofthedefendant,ifmade,andreturnthemwiththever-dicttotheChancellorinCourt.15Theverdictofthejurymaybeendorsedon,orattachedto,thewritofin-quisition,asfollows
:
THEVERDICTOFTHEJURY.SlateofTennessee,1Fentresscounty.JTheundersignedjurors,havingbeendulysummonedandsworn,toinquireandascertainwhetherthewithinnamedJohnNeedisanidiot,lunatic,orpersonofunsoundmind,uponoath,dosay:1.Thatheisofunsoundmind,sothathehasnotcapacitysufficientforthegovernmentofhimself,orofhisproperty.2.Thatthevalueofhisestateisabouttwothousanddollars,andconsistsofthefarm,stockofgoods,twohorses,threecows,variousagriculturalimplements,andsetofhouseholdfurniture,specifiedinthepetition,andvariousdebtsduehim;and3.Hisnext-ofkinandheirs,werehetodieintestate,'arehistwochildren,JamesandJaneNeed,bothinfants;hehas,also,awife,SusanNeed.Aswitnessourhands,thisJuneIS,1890.[Tobesignedbyallthejurors.]Thisverdict,receivedbymefromthejurors,thisJune15,1890.O.C.Conatser,C.&M.
.
Ifthejurycannotagree,theClerkmayissueanewwrittotheSheriff,whoshallsummontwelveotherfreeholders,beforewhomthemattershallbeagaintried,andinthesamemanner.Thedefendantisentitledtoanewnoticeofthetimeandplaceofthenewinquest.Thesecondjurymusthearthewit-nessesanew,andinspectandexaminethedefendantforthemselves.TheClerkmustissueprocessforwitnesses,presideoverthetrial,andtakedownthetes-timony,asinthefirsttrial.Ifthesecondjurydoesnotagree,theevidenceonbothtrialsmustbereturnedtotheCourt,andsubmittedtotheChancellor,whomayorderanewinquisition,ordecidethecaseforhimselfuponthetestimonythusreturned,andsuchothertestimonyasmaybeoffered,andmayinspectandexaminethedefendant,ifhethinkproper.16AtthefirsttermoftheCourtafterthereturnoftheinquisition,eitherpartymaymovetheCourttosettheverdictofthejuryaside,andgrantanewtrial.Uponthismotion,theCourthearstheevidence,andtheexaminationofthedefendant,astakendownandreturnedbytheClerkandMaster,andalso,suchaffidavitsasmaybecompetentandproper,andgrantsorrefusesanewtrial.Uponsettingasidetheverdictofthejury,theChancellormay,athisdiscretion,orderanotherinquesttobeheld,ormaypronounceafinaldecreeuponthefacts,17adjudgingthedefendanttobeofunsoundmind,andappoint-ingaguardian,oradjudginghimsaneanddismissingthepetition.Ifthedefendantdiependingthelitigation,evenafteranappealtotheSupremeCourt,thesuitabates,andcannotberevivedagainsthisadministratorevenastothecostsaccrued.18§983.AppointmentofaGuardian.—Ifthejuryfindthedefendantofun-soundmind,itisthedutyoftheClerktoappointaguardiantotakecareofthedefendant,andmanagehisestate,untilthenexttermoftheChanceryCourt,atwhichtimetheCourtwillappointaregularguardian,19unlesstheverdictofthejuryissetaside.Ifthedefendantisfinallyadjudgedtobeanidiot,lunatic,orpersonofun-soundmind,theCourtwillappointaregularguardianforhispersonandestate.Thefollowingisaformofanorderbasedupontheverdictofajury
:
implythattheChancellormaydeterminethecasewithoutinspectingandexaminingthedefendant.Theappearanceofthedefendantmaybeenforcedbyattachinghisperson.Youriev.Nelson,1TennCh.,275.15Code,§3698.16Code,§53701-3707.17Code,§§3703-3705.Itisacalamity,andnotacrime,forapersontobecomeinsane;andtheprooftosustainachargeofinsanityneednot,therefore,bebeyondareasonabledoubt.Apreponderanceofevidenceissufficient,thepresumptionofsanity,
however,countingassomuchevidenceindefend-ant'sbehalf._Adefendant,evenifnotinsane,can-notbemuchinjuredbyhavingagoodmanappointedhisguardian.Juriesshouldregardthematterfromabusinesspointofview,fromadollar-and-centstandpoint;andnottreatitasacriminalprosecu-tion.Thetruequestionis:hasthedefendantsuffi-cientcapacityfortheeovernmentofhimselfandSroperty?Code,§3683;Fentressv.Fentress,7(eisk.,428.18Poseyv.Pnsey,5Cates,588.10Code,§3700.

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§984SUITSRELATINGTOPERSONSOFUNSOUNDMIND.772ORDERAPPOINTINGAGUARDIAN.FrankFriend,]vs.JohnNeed.ThiscausecomingontobeheardbeforetheChancellor,thisJuly20,1890,uponthepeti-tiontohavethedefendantdeclaredapersonofunsoundmind,andtohaveaguardianappointedforhispersonandestate,anduponthewritofinquisitionandtheverdictofthejury,andtheevidence,whichverdictisasfollows
:
I.[Herecopytheverdictinfull.]ii.Andthereuponthedefendantmoved'theCourttosetasidethesaidverdict,andgranthimanewtrial;andtheCourthavingheardtheevidence,andtheexaminationofthedefend-antastakendownandreturnedbytheClerkandMaster,andtheaffidavits20insupportofthemotion,andtheargumentofcounsel,overruledsaidmotion,andrefusedanewtrial.21in.Itis,therefore,orderedandadjudgedthatsaidverdictbeandthesameisherebyinallthingsconfirmed,theCourtbeingofopinionthatitiswellsustainedbytheevidence,andthatthedefendant,JohnNeed,isapersonofunsoundmind.IV.AndtheMasterhavingappointedFrankFriendguardianofthedefendant'spersonandestate,andtheCourtbeingsatisfiedthatheisasuitablepersonforsaidtrust,itisorderedthatsaidFrankFriendbe,andheishereby,appointedtheregularguardianofthepersonEndestateof'thedefendant,JohnNeed,uponhisbeingdulyswornandgivingbondassuchinthepenaltyoffivethousanddollars,withtwosufficientsuretiestobeapprovedbytheMaster,andconditionedfaithfullytodischargeallhisdutiesassuchguardian.v.ThesaidguardianwillatoncemakeoutandfilewiththeClerkandMasterofthisCourt,afullandtrueitemizedinventoryofalltherealandpersonalestateofsaidJohnNeed,whichreporttheClerkwillenteruponhisBookofGuardianSettlements.VI.Thecostsofthiscause,includingafeeof/twenty-fivedollarstoJamesC.Taylor,Esq.,thedefendant'scounsel,willbepaidbythesaidguardianoutoftheestate.ofhisward.Shouldthedefendantafterwardshecomerestoredinmind,hemay,onappli-cationbypetitiontotheCountyCourt,haveajuryappointedtoinquireintotheconditionofhismind;andiffoundofsoundmind,andcompetenttocon-trolhimselfandproperty,theCourtwilldeclarehimofsoundmind;andtheguardianshipofhispersonandpropertythereuponceases,andhemaydemandasettlementofhisguardian.22§984.TheGuardian'sDutiesandPowers.—Theguardianshouldreporthisreceiptsanddisbursements,andmakesettlementsandrenewhisbond,intheMaster'soffice,instrictcompliancewiththelawgoverningguardiansofinfants.Inadditiontotheseduties;(1).HemayfileabillinChancerytohaveachildofhisward,comingofageormarrying,decreedaportionoftheward'sestate.23Thisbillisinthenatureofabillforpartialpartition,andallpersonsshouldbemadepartieswhowouldhaveanyinterestintheward'ses-tate,incaseofhisdeathintestate,includinghiswife,ifany.(2).HemayfileapetitioninChancery,tohavehisward'sproperty,24realorpersonal,soldwhenmanifestlyfortheward'sinterest,ortheinterestofthewardandhisfamily.25Tothispetitionthewardshouldbemadeadefendant,.andthepro-ceedingsshouldbesimilartothoseuponabillbyaguardianofaninfanttobellhisward'sproperty.26Thesamestateoffactsthatwouldjustifythesaleofaninfant'spropertywouldjustifythesaleofthepropertyofapersonofunsoundmind;andinthelatter'scasethewelfareofhisfamilymaybecon-sideredalongwithhisown.20Theseaffidavitsaresuchaswouldbeproperinsupport,orrebuttal,ofamotionforanewtrialintheCircuitCourt.21Code,53704.22Actsof1887.rh149.23Code.§§3708-3715.Thebillmay,also,befiledbythechildcoiningofage,ormarrying,inwhichcase,theguardianmustbemadeapartydefendantalongwiththeothersindicatedinthetext.
2-tAninterestinexpectancymay,also,besold.Code,§3328.25Code,§§3716-3719.Thestatuteevidentlymeansthatthispetitionshallbeintheformofahill.Theterm,petition,iselsewhereusedinsim-ilarcasesassvnonymouswithabill.Code,§§3270;3274;3294;3298:3324-3326.20See,ante,§5972-973.

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773SUITSTOAPPOINTANADMINISTRATOR.§985
CHAPTERLIII.SUITSTOADMINISTERTHEESTATESOFDECEDENTS.ArticleI.SuitstoAppointanAdministrator.ArticleII.SuitstoSellaDecedent'sLandtoPayHisDebts.ArticleIII.SuitstoAdministerInsolventEstates.
ARTICLEI.SUITSTOAPPOINTANADMINISTRATOR.§987.ProceedingsAftertheFilingoftheBill.§985.WhenandHowanAdministratorMaybeAppointedinChancery.§986.FrameandFormoftheBill.§985.WhenandHowanAdministratorMaybeAppointedinChancery.Ordinarily,theCountyCourtappointsadministrators;buttherearetwostatesoffactsinwhichtheChanceryCourtmayappointanadministrator
:
1."Wheresixmonthshaveelapsedsincethedeathofaperson,andnoonewillapply,orcanbeprocured,toadministeronhisestate.1Insuchacaseabillmaybefiledfortheexpresspurposeofhavinganadministratorappointed.2.WhereasuitispendingintheChanceryCourt,2andtheestateofade-ceasedpersonisinvolved,andthereisnoexecutororadministratorofsuchestate,ortheexecutororadministratorthereofisinterestedadverselythereto,theChancellormay,onmotion,appointanadministratoradlitemofsuchestateforallthepurposesofthatparticularsuit.Anadministratoradlitem,soap-pointed,willnotberequiredtogiveanybond,exceptincaseswhereitbe-comesnecessaryforhimtotakecontrolorcustodyofthepropertyorassetsofhisintestate,inwhichcasehemustgiveabondwithgoodsecurity,andinsuchamountastheChancellormayorder.Thisbondwillbeconditionedasincaseofanordinaryadministrator'sbond.Ifthedeathofthedecedentdoesnotappearofrecordinthecause,itmaybemadeknowntotheCourtbytheaffi-davitofanypersoninterestedinthecase.TheMastermaymaketheappoint-mentinvacation,onthefactsbeingmadetoappear.3TheorderofappointmentwhenmadeinCourtmaybeasfollows
:
ORDERAPPOINTINGANADMINISTRATORADLITEM.JohnDoe,]vs. I-No.618.RichardRoe,etal.JInthiscauseitappearingfromtherecord[or,fromtheaffidavitofJohnDoe,thecom-plainant,]thatthedefendant,RobertRoe,isdead,intestate,andthatnoadministratorhasbeenappointedtotakechargeofhisestate;anditbeingnecessarytohavesaidestaterepre-•
sentedinthissuit,onmotionofthecomplainantitisorderedbytheCourtthatRichardRoebeappointedadministratoradlitemoftheestateofsaidRobertRoe,andnobondisrequiredofhim[or,anditappearingthatitwillbenecessaryforsaidadministratoradlitemtotakeintohiscontrolandcustodythepropertyandassetsofhisintestate,itisfurtherorderedbytheCourt,that,beforeenteringuponthedischargeofhisduties,thesaidRichardRoewillexecuteanadministrationbond4withgoodsecurity,inthepenaltyofonethousanddollars,conditionedasrequiredbylaw.Suchbondwillbefiledasapartoftherecordinthiscause.1Code,§2209.ItwouldseemthatthelapseofsixmonthswithoutanyoneapplyingtotheCountyCourt,ispresumptiveevidencethatnoonewillapply,orranbeprocuredtoadminister.2AnadministratoradlitemcannotbeappointedbytheSupremeCourt.Ragiov.Collins,17Pick.,662.
3Actsof1889,ch.137;Denningv.Todd,7Pick.,422.4Fortheform_ofanadministrator'sbond,see,Code,§22?3Thisformissuitableforanadminis-tratoradlitem.

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§986SUITSTOAPPOINTANADMINISTRATOR.774§986.FrameandFormofBillforAppointmentofAdministrator.—Ifthenextofkindesirestohaveanadministratorappointed,oranycreditorofthedeceasedsodesires,hemayfilehisbillforthatpurposeintheChanceryCourtofthecountyinwhichthedeceasedresidedatthetimeofhisdeath,orinwhichhisestateoreffectswereatthetimeofhisdeath.5Ifthebillisfiledbyacreditor,itmustbeonbehalfofallothercreditorswhomaywishtocomeinandbemadeparties;andthedistributeesandheirsmustbemadedefend-ants.Ifthebillisfiledbythenextofkin,oranyofthem,itmustbeonbehalfofallthedistributeesandheirs,andagainstallcreditorswhomaybemadeorbecomedefendants.6Thebill,bywhomsoeverfiled,willsetforth(1)thedeathofthedeceased;(2)whereheresided,orwherehiseffectswere,atthetimeofhisdeath;(3)ofwhatthoseeffectsconsisted,andtheirprobablevalue;(4)thatsixmonthshaveelapsedsincehisdeath;(5)thatnopersonwillapplyorcanbeprocuredtoadminister;and(6)willpraythatanadministratorbeappointed,withsuchotherspecificprayersasarerequiredbythefacts,andforgeneralrelief.7ThefollowingisaformofaBILLTOHAVEANADMINISTRATORAPPOINTED.TotheHon.AlbertG.Hawkins,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatHuntingdon.GeorgeRich,aresidentofHaywoodcounty,onbehalfofhimselfandall
"
othercreditorsofWilliamKent,deceased,complainant,vs.SusanKent,GeorgeKent,andCharlesKent,residentsofHaywoodcounty,defendants. tThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.ThatinJune,1889,WilliamKentdiedintestate,leavingdefendantSusanKenthiswidow,anddefendantsGeorgeKentandCharlesKent,hisonlychildren,distributees,andheirsatlaw,saidCharlesKentbeingaminorwithoutregularguardian.II.ThesaidWilliamKent,atthetimeofhisdeath,residedandhadconsiderableestateinHaywoodcounty,andsixmonthshaveelapsedsincehisdeath,andnopersonwillapplyorcanbeprocuredtoadministeronhisestate.m.ThesaidWilliamKent,atthetimeofhisdeath,wasindebtedtocomplainant,bynote,foronethousanddollars,datedMay10,1888,andpayableonedayafterdate,whichnote,withtheinterestthereon,remainswhollyunpaid,andisherewithfiled,markedexhibitA,andprayedtobetakenasapartofthisbill.SaidnotewasgiveninsettlementofbalanceduecomplainantondissolutionofapartnershipbetweenthecomplainantandsaidWilliamKent. IV.ThesaidWilliamKentdiedseizedandpossessedofatractoflandinthe10thcivildis-trictofHaywoodcounty,containingaboutonehundredacres,adjoiningthelandsofJamesJones,GeorgeCole'sheirs,andothers,beingthesameonwhichthesaiddefendantsnowreside.Saidland,subjecttothehomesteadanddowerrightsofthewidow,isavailableassetsforthepaymentoftheliabilitiesofsaid,estate,andiswellworthtwothousanddollars.Saiddecedent,also,leftconsiderablepersonalestate,includingtwohorses,threecows,amule,alargeflockofsheep,andamowingmachine;andcomplainantisinformedandbe-lieves,andonthatinformation•andbeliefcharges,thatthesaiddecedentleftaboutonethousanddollarsinmoney,andaconsiderableamountincollectiblechosesinaction,allofwhichisnowinpossessionofhissaidwidow.v.ThesaidWilliamKentislargelyindebtedtoothersbesidecomplainant,andhissaidestatewasacquiredmainlywithwhatheobtainedfromhiscreditors.Neverthelesshiswidowandheirs,thedefendants,areunwillingtopaysaidindebtedness,andhaveconspiredtodenyandconcealalargepartofsaidpersonalassets,especiallythesaidmoneyandchoses-inaction;andareseekingtodefraudsaidcreditors,andappropriatethewholeestateamongthemselves;andtoaidinthis,theynotonlyrefusetoadministeronthedecedent'sestate,butdiscourageothersfromadministering.VI.Noyear'ssupportorexemptpropertyhasbeensetaparttothewidow,norhashomestead5Code,§52209-2210.6Code,§§2211-2212.Thewidowisadistributeeunderthestatute,andisanecessarypartytoacreditor'sbill.Shemay,also,fileabillherselfto
haveanadministratorappointed,andthisherinter-estsmayoftenrequire.7Code,§§2209-2210.

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775SUITSTOAPPOINTANADMINISTRATOR.§987ordowerbeenassignedher,butshehassaidtractoflandandsaidchattelsinherpos-session.Complainantthereforeprays
:
1.Thatprocessissuetocausethedefendantstoappear,andthattheyberequiredtoanswerthisbillfully,butnotonoath;andtheymayberequiredandenjoinedtodelivertotheadministrator,whenappointed,allthemoney,chosesinaction,andotherpersonalty,notexemptfromexecution,belongingtosaidWilliamKentathisdeath;andthataguardianadlitembeappointedforsaidCharlesKent,whoisaminor.2.ThatanadministratorofsaidestatebeappointedbyyourHonor;thatallnecessaryac-countsbetakenoftheassets,realand,personal,ofthesaiddecedent,andthatduedistribu-tionthereofbemadeamongthecreditorsofhisestate;thathomesteadanddowerbeassignedthesaidwidow,andtheremainderinterestinsaidtractoflandbesoldforthesatisfactionoftheliabilitiesofsaidestate,ifnecessary;thattheadministrationofsaidestatebecon-ductedundertheauthorityofthisCourt,inaccordancewiththestatuteforsuchcasemade;andthatgeneralreliefbegranted.3.Thatpublicationbemadeforallother.creditorsofsaidestatewhomaywish,tocomeforwardandhavethemselvesmadeparties,andfileandprovetheirclaims.Hawkins&Hawkins.,Solicitors.Thebillshouldbesworntobythecomplainant,especiallyifheseekstheimmediateappointmentofanadministrator,orguardianadlitem.§987.ProceedingsAftertheFilingoftheBill.—Uponthefilingofthebill,IheCourtintermtime,ortheChancellorinvacation,8willappointanadmin-istratoroftheestateuponsuchtermsashemaythinkbest.ThefollowingisaformofanORDERAPPOINTINGANADMINISTRATOR.GeorgeRich,&c,vs.SusanKent,etal.Inthiscause,itisorderedbytheCourtthatCharlesSmithbeappointedadministratoroftheestateofWilliamKent,deceased;andthesaidCharlesSmiththereuponappearedinopenCourtandacceptedsaidappointment,andhavingbeensworntoperformthedutiesofsuchadministrator,andhavinggivenbondinthesumoftwothousanddollars,withHenrySmithandGeorgeRich,hissureties,conditionedforthefaithfulperformanceofallthedutiesrequiredofhimbylawintheadministrationofsaidestate,heis'clothedwithallthepowersofadministratorofsaidWilliamKent,deceased;andlettersofadministrationwillissuetohimonhisdemand.Thesaidadministratorwillforthwithdemand,andtakeintohispossession,allthepersonalestateofsaiddecedentliabletohisdebts,wheresoeverandinwhosoever'shandsfound;andconvertthesameintomoney,andreportatrueinventorythereoftothisCourt,atitsnextterm.9ThedefendantsareherebycommandedandenjoinedtodelivertosaidCharlesSmith,allmoney,chosesinaction,andotherpersonalty,notexemptfromexecution,belongingtosaidWilliamKentathisdeath.TheMasterwillmakepublicationforallcreditorsofsaidWilliamKenttocomeforward,andhavethemselvesmadeparties,andprovetheirclaims.Theadministratorthusappointedbecomesapartytothesuit,andisboundbyanyorderordecreeinthecause.10HeisunderthesameresponsibilitiesasareceiverinChancery,andmustmakereportstotheCourtinthesamemanner.Hemayberemovedfromofficeforneglectorimproperconduct,asareceivermaybe,andwhenheisremoved,ordies,orresigns,theCourtmayappointasuccessor.11Anadministratorthusappointedisnotinanywaylimitedinhispowersorjurisdiction,buthasalltheauthorityofageneraladministratorappointedby8Iftheorderismadeinvacation,itwillbeasfollows:CHAMBERSORDERAPPOINTINGANADMINISTRATOR.InthiscauseitisorderedbymethatCharlesSmithbeappointedadministratoroftheestateofWilliamKent,deceased.Beforeheentersuponthedutiesofhistrust,however,hewillbedulyswornbytheClerkandMaster.Theadministratorwillgivebondwithsuretyinthepenaltyoftwothousanddol-lars,payabletotheState,conditionedasreauiredbylawinsucheases.Afterthegivingofsaidbond,thesaidadministratorwilltakeintohispossessionandsellalltheperishablepropertybelongingtothe
estate,exceptsuchasisexemptfromexecution;andthedefendantsareherebycommandedanden-joinedtodelivertohimallmoney,chosesinaction,andotherpersonalty,notexemptfromexecution,intheir_possessionorundertheircontrol,belongingtosaidWilliamKentathisdeath.TheMasterwillnotifythedefendantsofthisorder.February10th,1890.AlbertG.Hawkins,Chancellor.See,Code,§§2213-2215.Code,§2214.ioCode,§2216.11Code,§2218.

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§988SUITSTOSELLDECEDENTS'LANDSTOPAYDEBTS.776theCountyCourt,12andmustdischargeallthedutiesofageneraladminis-trator,exceptthathissettlementsaremadewiththeClerkandMaster.TheadministrationisconductedundertheauthorityoftheCourt,inthesamemanner,andunderthesamerules,astheadministrationofaninsolventestateinChancery;andcreditorsmusthavethemselvesmadeparties,andprovetheirclaims;reportsofassetsandliabilitiesaremade;therealestateissold,whennecessary;andtheassetsdistributedinthemannerhereaftershownintreatingoftheadministrationofinsolventestates.13
ARTICLEII.SUITSTOSELLADECEDENT'SLANDSTOPAYHISDEBTS.§988.WhenandHowaDecedent'sLandsMaybeSubjectedtoHisDebts.§989.FormofanAdministrator'sBilltoSellLands.§990.FrameandFormofaCreditor'sBilltoSellaDecedent'sLandtoPayHisDebts.§991.DefencestotheBillbyHeirsandOthers.
§992.PetitionsbyCreditorsandClaimantstoBecomeParties.§993.ReferencetotheMastertoAscertaintheFacts.§994.TheMaster'sReportofAssetsandLiabilities.§995.DecreeofSale.§996.ProceedingsSubsequenttotheSale.
§988.WhenandHowaDecedent'sLandsMaybeSubjectedtoHisDebts.Whenanexecutornotauthorizedbywilltosellandconveyrealestate,oranadministrator,hasexhaustedthepersonalestateofthedeceasedinthepay-mentofhisdebts,leavingjustdebtsordemandsagainsthimunpaid,orpaidbytherepresentativeoutofhisownmeans,andthedeceaseddiedseizedandpossessedofrealestate,suchexecutororadministratormayfileabillintheChanceryCourt,1tohavesuchland,orenoughthereof,soldtosatisfysuchdebtsordemands.2Thebillmustbefiledinthecountywherethelandorsomeportionofitlies,"anditmustallege,asjurisdictionalfacts:1,Thedeathoftheowneroftherealtysoughttobesold;2,Theappointmentofcomplainantashisexecutor,oradministrator;3,Theexhaustionofthedecedent'spersonaltyinthepaymentoi'hisbonafidedebts;4,Theexistenceofdebtsordemandsagainsthimre-mainingunpaid,orpaidbytherepresentativeoutofhisownmeans;and5,Thatthedeceaseddiedseizedandpossessedofrealestate,someportionofwhichliesinthecountywherethebillisfiled.4Thebillshouldspecifyparticularlythenamesofthecreditors,andtheamountsofthedebts,orthedemandsofeach,forthesatisfactionofwhichthelandissoughttobesold;andshouldalsodescribethevarioustractsoflandbymetesandbounds,orotherdescriptionsufficienttoidentifythem,5andshouldprayforthesaleofsuchrealestate,orsuchportionsthereof,asmayproveleastinjurioustotheheirsandlegalrepresentatives,andbesuffi-cienttosatisfythedebtsordemandssetforthinthebill,andshowntoexist.Theheirs,devisees,legatees,widow,andallpersonshavinganylegalorequitableinterestintheland,mustbemadepartiesdefendant:andifthetitle447;Shownv.Mi12ToddVWright,12Heisk.Mackin,9Lea,604.,13Code,§2219.See,post,§997,forproceedingsintheadministrationofaninsolventestate.1TheChancery"Courthasinherentjurisdictiontowinduptheestatesofdecedentsandselltheirlandstopaytheirdebts.AllenV.Shanks,6Pick.,359.2Code,§2267.ThejurisdictionoftheCourtinsuchacaseisnotlimitedtoonethousanddollars.Bashawfl.Temple,7Cates,596.3Code,§§2267;2270.4Griffithv.Philios,9Lea,417.5See,ante,§172.oCode,§2267.Alldebtscanbepaidthatareshowntoexistinthecourseoftheinvestigation
originatedbythebill,whethersetforthinthebill,ornot.Dal'asV.Read,6Yerg,53;Kendallv.Tius,9Heisk.,727.Nosalecantakeplaceuntiltherehasbeenanaccountandareportconfirmed,showingadeficiencyofpersonalassets,andtheconsequentnecessitvofasaleofrealty.Frazierv,Pankey,1Swan,75;JonesV.Douglass,1Tenn.Ch..359.Itisnotenoughthatthenecessityforasaleaopearprobable;itmustactuallyappear,andbesoadjudi-cated,andadjudicateduponthefacts,thosefactstobeordinarilyascertainedbyaMaster'sreport,show-ingthedueexhaustionofthepersonalty,andbonafi/tedebtsoutstanding.Wsdev.Fisher,10Heisk.,490;KendallV.Titus,9Heisk.,727.

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777SUITSTOSELLdecedents'landstopaydebts.§989ofthedeceasedisequitable,theholderofthelegaltitlemustalsobemadeaparty.Allpersonsknowntohaveclaimsagainsttheestateshouldbemadeparties,andcalledontoprovetheirclaimsbeforetheMasterwhentheaccountprayedforistaken.§989.FormofanAdministrator'sBilltoSellLand.—Theframeandordinaryallegationsofanadministrator'sbilltoselllandtopaythedecedent'sdebtsaresubstantiallygivenintheprecedingsection.Iftherebeanyliensorotherencumbrancesontheland,theownersthereofmustbemadeparties
;
andifthedecedentheldtheequitabletitleonly,theholderofthelegaltitlemustbemadeaparty.ThefollowingwillserveasaGENERALFORMOEABILLTOSELLLANDTOPAYADECEDENT'SDEBTS.[Addressandcommencementofbillasin§§155-156,ante.]ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thatinthemonthof[givingmonthandyear]AB[theintestate]departedthislife,in-testate,athisresidencein[givename]county,leavingthesaid[namingthedefendantswhoare]hisonlychildrenandheirsatlaw,whoseplacesofresidencearerespectivelyasstatedinthecaptionofthebill.Complainantistheadministratorofsaidestate,dulyappointedbytheCountyCourtofsaidcountyatits[statingmonthandyearof]term;andthenandtheredulyqualifiedassuch.[Thesaiddefendant,OP,isaminorwithoutageneralguardian.]II.Thewholeoftheavailablepersonalassetsofsaidestate,forthepaymentofdebts,amountedtoaboutthesumofonethousanddollars,andcomplainanthasappliedthemalltothepaymentofthedebtsandliabilitiesofsaidestate,leavingbonafidedebts,ashebelieves,outstandingandunpaidtotheamountofaboutonethousanddollars,to-wit:1.AjudgmentintheCircuitCourtofsaidcounty,renderedon[givingdate,]infavorofthedefendant,CD,foronehundreddollarsandcostsofsuit,nowamountingtoonehundredandtwenty-threedollarsinall.2.Anote,executedtoGH,andbyhimendorseditothedefendantCD,dueoneyearafterdate,forthreehundreddollars,datedJanuary1st,1889,anddrawinginterestfromdate;and3,AnaccountclaimedbyEF,foraboutfivehundreddollars,forservicesasattorney-at-lawinsaidsuitofCDagainstsaidintestate.Theremaybeotherclaimsagainstsaidestate,whichhavenotyetbeenpresented.in.ThesaidAB[theintestate]diedseizedandpossessedofonehundredandsixtyacresotland,moreorless,lyinginthe8thcivildistrictof[givenameof]county,andboundedasfollows:[Heredescribeitbymetesandbounds.]Thislandistheonlyassetnowleftforthepaymentofsaidoutstandingdebts.[Iftherebetinyhomesteadordowerrightsattaching'
tothisland,sostate,andstatewhethertheyhavebeenassigned.]IV.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatprocessissueagainsttheresidentdefendantsaforesaid,andthatpublicationbemadeastosaidnon-residentdefendants,tocausesaiddefendantstoappear.;andthattheyberequiredtoanswerthisbillfullyandparticularly,buttheiroathstotheiranswersarewaived.[Thataguardianadlitembeappointedtoanswerforsaidminor,O.P.]2d.Thatanaccountoftheassetsandliabilitiesofsaidestatebetaken,totheendthatitmayappearwhetherthepersonalestateofsaidintestatehasbeendulyexhausted,andwhetherasaleofsaidlandisnecessary.3d.Thatsaidland,orsomuchthereofasmaybenecessary,besoldtopaysaidoutstand-ingliabilitiesofsaidestate;andalsoanybonafidedebtsandchargesagainstsaidestatewhichmaybefoundtoexistinfavorofanyothercreditorsnotnamedhereinwhomaychoosetocomeforwardandbecomepartiestothisproceeding,andestablishtheirclaimstothesatisfactionoftheCourt,beforetheproceedsofsaidsalearepaidout.4th.Thathemayhaveallsuchfurtherandotherrelief,asthenatureofhiscasemayrequire. JesseL.Rogers,Solicitor.[Thebillneednotbesworntounlessitfallswithinsomeoftheexceptionsstatedin§161,ante.]Inasmuchasbillsofthischaracterareoftenfiled,thefollowingmorespeeialandcomplicatedformofabillisgiven,asafurtherguidetodraftsmen
:
BILLTOSELLTHELANDOFADECEDENT.TotheHon.JohnP.Smith,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatDandridge
:
JohnWilson,administratorofJamesWilson,deceased,aresidentofJefferson]county,complainant,vs.HenryWilson,HenryJones,CharlesStiles,GeorgeBrownandhiswife,SusanBrown,SarahWilson,senior,andSamuelWilson,aminorwithoutgeneralguardian,allresidentsofJeffersoncounty,andSarahWilson,Junior,anon-residentoftheState,defendants.

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§989SUITSTOSELLDECEDENTS'LANDSTOPAYDEBTS.778ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.ThatJamesWilsondiedintestateinJeffersoncounty,whereheresided,onJune1,leavingashisonlyheirsatlawthecomplainantandthedefendants,HenryWilson,SusarBrown,formerlyWilson,SamuelWilson,aminorwithoutregularguardian,andSarahWilson,junior.He,also,leftawidow,thedefendant,SarahWilson,senior.GeorgeBrownismadeapartyintherightofhiswifeonly.ComplainantwasonJune15,1888,appointedanddulyqualifiedastheadministratoroftheestateofsaidJamesWilson,deceased;andhasbeenactingassucheversince.ii.Thepersonalestateofsaiddecedent,availableforthepaymentofhisdebts,amountedtcsevenhundredandtwentydollars,allofwhichhasbeenexhaustedindischargingtheindebt-ednessofsaiddecedent;.andsettlementthereforhasbeenmadewiththeCountyCourtClerkofJeffersoncounty,andsuchsettlementdulyapproved.inThereremainsoutstandingandunpaidthefollowingdemandsagainsttheestateofsaiddecedent:71.Onenoteforsixtydollars,andaccruedinterest,executedtoHenryJones,Sept.1,1886anddueinonedaythereafter;andnowallegedtobethepropertyofsaidHenryJones.2.OnejudgmentinfavorofCharlesStiles,forfourhundreddollars,renderedOct.10,1885,byJamesJohnson,aJ.P.forJeffersoncounty,creditedJan.15,1886,withtwohundreddollars.3.Threehundredandtendollars,whichHenryBrownclaimstobeduehimformoneyallegedtohavebeenpaidJuly15,1886,bysaidBrownasstayorofsaiddecedent,onajudg-mentrenderedagainstthelatter,byJohnWright,aJ.P.ofJeffersoncounty,Sept.4,1885.4.Thedefendant,HenryWilson,haspresentedaswornaccountfortwohundreddollarsagainstsaidestatefornursingandcaringforthedecedentinhislastillness.Twoyearsandsixmonthsnothavingelapsedsincecomplainantwasappointedadministrator,theremaybeotherclaimsagainstsaidestatenotyetpresented.Complainantknowsofnoevidenceorfactswherebyhecancontrovertthejusticeofsaiddemands,andhecallsuponthewidow,heirs,anddistributees,ofthesaidJamesWilson,tocontestthesame,iftheysodesire.8 IV.Saiddecedentathisdeathwastheownerinfeeofthefollowingtractsofland:andthreetownlotsinJeffersoncounty:TractNo.1beinghishomestead,wherehedied,containingfourhundredacres,beginningatablackwalnutonthebankofFrenchBroadriver,[ands-Jen,givingthemetesandboundsexactlyastheyappearinhisdeed.]TractNo.2containingonehundredandfortyacresbeginning[&c,givingmetesandboundsasinthedeed.]ThethreetownlotsareonMainstreetinDandridge,andareknownintheplanofsaidtownaslotsNo.24,No.25andNo.26,alladjoining,eachfrontingonsaidMainstreet,andrunningbacktwohundredfeettoaten-footalley,thesaidlotNo.24beginningatastake,thejunc-tionofMainandBlountstreets[&c,describingeachlotaccordingtothedeeds,orother-wise,soastofullyspecifytheboundsofeach.]v.Neitherhomesteadnordowerhavebeenassignedtosaidwidow,butsheandhersaidminorson,Samuel,areoccupyingtheHomeFarm,worthabouttwothousanddollars,asahomestead.Allofthelotsandtractshereinabovedescribedareliableforsaiddecedent'sdebts,subjecttothehomesteadrightsofsaidwidowandminor,andsubjecttothewidow'srightofdower.Complainantbelievesandsochargesthatthesaidthreetownlotswillbringenoughtopayalloftheoutstandingindebtednessofhisintestate;andthatitwouldbetotheinterestoftheheirstosellsaidthreelotsratherthanselleitherofsaidtwofarms,eitherofwhichisworthatleasttwothousanddollars.VI.Complainant,therefore,prays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenaissueagainsttheresidentdefendants,andthatpublicationbemadeastothedefendant,SarahWilson,whoisanon-residentoftheState.2d.Thataguardianadlitembeappointedfortheminordefendant,SamuelWilson,hehavingnoregularguardian.3d.Thatallthedefendantsberequiredtoanswerthebillfullyandonoath,exceptthedefendants,HenryWilson,HenryJones,andCharlesStiles,whoseoathstotheiranswersarewaived.4th.Thatanaccountbetakenoftheassetsandliabilitiesofsaidestate,andofwhatbonafidedebtsofsaidestateareoutstandingandunpaid,includingthosehereinbeforesetout,andsuchothersasmaybedulypresentedbypetitioninthiscause,anddulyproved.7BoththebillandthereportoftheMastershouldshow(1)theamountofthepersonalassets,(2)thebonatidedebtsoutstanding,(3)thenamesofthecreditors,and(4)theamountdueeach;andthesaleshouldbemadetopavthesespecificdebts.Youngv.Young,12Lea.335Wheretherearcminors,theirguardianadlitemshoulddemurtothebill,ifitfails-tosetoutthespecificdebtsforthe
paymentofwhichthelandissoughttobesold,orfailstosetoutanyotherjurisdictionalfact.Manydoubtfulclaimsarefrequentlyallowed,which,iftheyhadbeensetoutinthebill,andthushadattentiondrawntothem,couldhavebeensuccess-fullyresisted.Administratorsshouldbeheldtothestrictlawwhentheyseektoselltherealty.8Theheirshavetherighttocontestthejustness

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779SUITSTOSELLdecedents'landstopaydebts.§990.5th.Thatthedefendants,HenryWilson,HenryJones,andCharlesStiles,berequiredtoprovetheirclaimsbeforetheMasteratthetakingofsaidaccount.6th.Thatasalebemadeofsuchpartofsaidrealestateasmaybesufficienttopayalloftheoutstandingindebtednessofsaidestate,includingcosts,counselfees,andcompensationtocomplainantforhisservicesasadministrator;and,ifnecessary,thatthehomesteadofsaidwidowandminor,andthedowerof<thewidow,belaidoff,totheendthattheremainderinterestoftheheirsinthelandsoassignedmaybesold.7th.Thatcomplainanthavesuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledtounderthepleadingsandproofinthecause,andasmaybenecessarytoenablehimproperlyandeffectuallytodischargehistrust.9 AllenG.Mathews,Solicitor.§990.FrameandFormofaCreditor'sBilltoSellaDecedent'sLandstoPayHisDebts.—Abonafidecreditormay,likewise,filethebill,inwhicheventthesuitshouldbeforthebenefitofallotherbonafidecreditorsoftheestate;andthepersonalrepresentative,thewidow,heirs,legatees,devisees,andotherpersonsinterestedintheland,orintheproceedsthereof,shouldbemadede-fendants.Othercreditorsmustcomeforwardbypetition,whichtheadminis-tratororotherpartyinterestedmayanswer.ThejustnessofallclaimsfiledmaybecontestedbeforetheMaster.Theproceedingsuponabillbyacreditorarethesameasonabillbythepersonalrepresentative.Thefollowingwouldbetheformofthecaptionandcommencementofthebillwhenfiledbyacreditor
:
CAPTIONANDCOMMENCEMENTOEACREDITOR'SBILL.CharlesStiles,aresidentofJeffersoncounty,whosuesinbehalfofhimselfand
'
allothercreditorsoftheestateofJamesWilson,deceased,complainant,vs.JohnWilson,administratorofsaidJamesWilson'sestate,HenryWilson,HenryJones,GeorgeBrownandwife,SusanBrown,SarahWilson,senior,andSamuelWilson,aminorwithoutgeneralguardian,allresidentsofJeffersoncounty,andSarahWilson,junior,anon-residentoftheState;defendants._Thecomplainant,whosuesinbehalfofhimselfandallothercreditorsoftheestateofJamesWilson,deceased,respectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
That[Acreditor'sbillcontainsthesameallegationsasanadministrator'sbill,andmustshowthesamefacts,except(1)thatitmustallegethatcomplainantisabonafidecreditorofsaidestate,andstatetheoriginorcharacteroftheindebtedness,and(2)itmaystatewhythecomplainantdidnotwaitfortheadministratortoMethebill:thislatterstatementisnotessential,butifagoodreasonbegiven,suchasanunreasonabledelayonthepartoftheadministrator,itgivesthebillabettersavor.]§991.DefencestotheBillbyHeirsandOthers.—Inasmuchasthepersonalestateistheprimaryfundforthesatisfactionofadecedent'sdebts,theper-sonstowhomhislandsdescend,orhavebeenbequeathed,andallotherpersonsinterestedinthelands,ortheproceedsthereof,havearighttorequirethatallcreditorsbesatisfiedoutofthepersonalestate,andthatthelandsortheirpro-ceedsbenotsubjectedtothepaymentofthedecedent'sdebtsuntilthepersonalestatehasbeenexhaustedinduecourseofadministration.When,therefore,abillisfiled,whetherbythepersonalrepresentativeorbyacreditor,toselladecedent'slandstopayhisdebts,theheirs,widow,devisees,andtheotherpersonsinterestedintheland,orinitsproceeds,havetherighttoshow:1,Thattheallegeddebts,forwhichthelandissoughttobesold,areillegal,orunjust,orhavebeenpaid,orarewithinthestatuteoffrauds,orarebarredbythestatutesoflimitation,orareotherwisenotrecoverable;or2,Thatifrecoverable,neverthelessthelandshouldnotbeheldliablefortheirsatisfac-tion,forthereasonthatpersonalassetssufficienttopaythesamecame,orbyduediligenceshouldhavecome,intothehandsofthepersonalrepresentative
;
or3,Thatthepersonalassetshavebeenwasted,thatfalseclaimshavebeenpaid,andthattheestatehasbeensootherwisemisadministeredthatthead-ministratorisliableonhisofficialbondforenoughtosatisfythedebtssoughttobemadeachargeonthedecedent'sland;or4,Thatsevenyearshaveelapsedsincethedeathofthedecedent.ofalldebtssetforthinthe.bill,andofallbroughtI aThebillneednotbeswornto,exceptfortheforwardduringtheprogressofthecause.Ipurposesstatedin§161,ante.

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§992SUITSTOSELLDECEDENTS'LANDSTOPAYDEBTS.780Anadministratordebonisnoncannotmaintainabilltosellthedecedent'slandtopaydebtsuntiltherehasbeenasettlementwiththepreviousadmin-istrator,showingthatthepersonalassetshavebeenlegallyadministered.10Thefollowinggeneralformofananswerwillserveasaguideincasetheheirsdeemitnecessarytocontestthesaleofthelanddescribedinthebill
:
GENERALFORMOFANANSWERTOABILLTOSELLLAND.[Fortitle,andcommencement,see§380,ante.]Thesedefendants,jointlyandseverallyansweringthebillfiledagainsttheminthiscause,say: i.TheyadmitthedeathandintestacyofAB[theintestate],deceased,andtheappointmentandqualificationofcomplainantasadministratoroftheestateofsaidintestate,asstatedinthebill;andthatthelegalheirs.ofthesaiddecedentareasstatedinthebill.They,also,admitthedescenttothemoftherealestatedescribedinthebill.[Heresetupanyclaimorfactsrelativetohomesteadordower,ifany.]ii.
,Furtheranswering,theysaythatthecomplainantmayhavepaidoffsomedebtsthatwereowingbysaidintestate,butrespondentsdonotknowtowhom,ortowhatamount.Neitherdotheyknowwhetherornotanyoralloftheclaimsmentionedinthebillarejust,norwhetherthereareanybonafidedebtsagainsttheestate,yetoutstandingandunpaid
;
andtheyrequirestrictproofuponthesepoints.[Heresetupanydefencesknowntoanyofthedebtsorclaimssetoutinthebill.Relyonthestatuteoflimitationsastosaiddebts,ifavailable,andpleadtheseven-yearstatuteasagainstallclaimants,ifavailable.]in.Respondentshavenopersonalknowledgeastowhetherornotcomplainanthasexhaustedthepersonalestateinthepaymentofdebts,butaccordingtotheirinformationandbelief,heliasnotdoneso,buthas,orshouldbyduediligencehavehad,aboutonethousanddollarsinhishandsassuchadministrator,whichhasnotbeenappliedtothepaymentofdebts;orotherwisedulyaccountedfor;andaccordingtothebestoftheirinformationandbelief,itwillnotbenecessary,tosellsaidrealestatetopaydebts,ifsaidpersonalestateisdulycol-lectedandproperlyapplied.[IftheadministratorhasmadenosettlementwiththeCountyCourt,soallege.Ifyoucanshowanyassetshehasnotcollected,orhasnotaccountedfor,specifythem.] IV.Andnow,havingfullyanswered,theserespondentspraytobehencedismissedwiththeirreasonablecosts. BeatyCecil,Solicitor.[Theanswermustbeswornto,unlesstheoaththeretoiswaivedinthebill.§380,ante.]§992.PetitionsbyCreditorsandClaimantstoBecomeParties.—Anycred-itor,notmadeapartytothebill,whodesireshisdebtpaidoutoftheproceedsofland,.mustcomeforwardbypetition,andprovehisclaimbeforetheMaster.Andanypersonclaimingtheland,oranyinteresttherein,notmadeapartytothebill,mayasserthisrightsbypetition,11orhemayfileanoriginalbillendenjointhesale.Formofsuchpetitions,andproceedingsthereunder,havebeenheretoforegiven.12§993.ReferencetotheMastertoAscertaintheFacts.—Nodecreeofsalecanbemade,untilthetruthofthejurisdictionalfactsstatedinaprecedingsection,hasbeensatisfactorilyshowntotheCourt;andnodebtscanbepaidoutoftheproceedsofthesaleexceptthoseshownto*existduringtheprogressofthecause.Iftherebeanycreditorwhosedebthasnotbeensetforthinthebill,hemusthavehimselfmadeapartybypetition,showingthereinthenatureandamountofthedebt,andwhyitwasnotpresentedtothepersonalrepresentative.Toascertainwhetherasaleshouldbemade,theCourtwillmakeareference13totheMastertotakeandstateanaccountwiththeadministrator,toascertainwhethertherebeadeficiencyofpersonalassets,and,also,toreportwhatbonaf.dedebtsareowingtocreditors,ortothepersonalrepresentative.Areturnofnullabonaonanexecutionagainsttheadministratorisnotsufficienttoauthorizeadecreetoselladecedent'slandstopayhisdebts.Theremustbe10WoodfinV.Anderson,2Tcnn.Ch.,331;Jonesv.Douglass,1Tenn.Ch.,357.11See,ante.§§795;797,andpost,§1003,whereformsofpetitionsaregiven.12Ibid.
13Thisreferencewillbemadewhetherthebillbefiledbythepersonalrepresentative,orby;acred-itor.Nosalecanbeordereduntiladeficiencyofpersonalassetshasbeenadjudged.Frazierv.Pan-key,1Swan,75;Jonesv.Douglas,1Tenn.Ch.,359.

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781suitstoseixdecedents'landstopaydebts.§994aninvestigationoftheadministrator'saccounts,andareportthereonbytheMaster.Intakingtheaccount,itshouldbeshown:1,Whatpersonalassetstheadministratorreceived,ormightbyduediligencehavereceived;142,Whatbunafidedebtsandchargeshehaspaid;3,Whatbonafidedebtsandchargesareoutstandingagainsttheestate,andtowhomowing;4,Whetherthepersonalestatehasbeendulyexhaustedinthepaymentofbonafidedebtsandcharges
;
and5,Whatrealestatethedecedentdiedseizedandpossessedof,andwhatpartthereofshouldbesoldtopaytheoutstandingindebtedness.Thefollow-ingisaformofREFERENCETOTHEMASTER.JohnWilson,admr.,&c,"I
vs. VNo.543.HenryWilson,etal.JInthiscause,onmotionofcomplainant'ssolicitor,theMasterisdirectedtohearproofandreporttothepresentornexttermoftheCourt
:
1.WhatpersonalassetsoftheestateofJamesWilson,deceased,cameoroughtbyduediligencetohavecome,tothehandsofthecomplainantasadministratorofsaidestate,showinginthereportthetotalgrossamount,andspecifyingtheamountfromeachprincipalsource.2.Whatbonafidedebtsandchargesagainstsaidestatehavebeenpaidbytheadministra-tor,specifyingtheprincipalexpenditures,andgivingthetotalamount.3.Whetherthepersonalassetsofsaidestatehavebeendulyexhaustedinthepaymentofbonafidedebtsandcharges.4.Whetheranybonafidedebtsandchargesagainstsaidestateremainoutstandingandunpaid;andifso,theamountandnaturethereof,andtowhomowing.5.WhatrealestatethesaidJamesWilsondiedseizedandpossessedof,andwhatisits.reasonableminimumvalue.6.Whetheritwillbenecessarytosellanyorallofsaidrealestate,topaysaidoutstanding-debtsorcharges;andifnotnecessarytosellall,thesaleofwhatpartwillproveleastinjurioustotheheirsandlegalrepresentatives.7.[Onallegationorsuggestionthatsaidrealestateisencumbered,addthefollowing:].Whetheranyofsaidrealestateisencumbered,ifso,thenatureandamountoftheer.cumb-lance,andtheownenthereof.TheMasterwillreportonnoclaimnotspecifiedinthepleadings,orinapetitiondulyfiled,unlessthepartieswaiveapetition.16Ifanypetitionsbefiled,hewillnotifytheadminis-tratorandtheSolicitorofthedefendantsthereof.Petitionsandclaimsmaybefiledanytimepriortotheclosingoftheaccount.§994.TheMaster'sReportofAssetsandLiabilities.—TheMasterwillproceedintheusualmanner,inmakinghisreport.16Noclaimwillbereportedonnotsetforthinthepleadings,ordulybroughtforwardbypetition,unlessthepartiesininterestallowclaimstobefiledbeforetheMasterwithoutpeti-tion.ThefollowingwillserveasaformofTHEMASTER'SREPORT.JohnWilson,admr.,&c,1vs. >No.543.HenryWilson,etal.JInobediencetotheorderofreferencemadeinthiscauseatthelast[orpresent]termoftheCourtinrelationtothenecessityofsellingthelandofcomplainant'sintestatetopaydebts,theMasterrespectfullyreportsasfollows
:
i.ThepersonalassetsoftheestateofJamesWilson,deceased,whichcame,oroughtbyduediligencetohavecome,tothehandsofthecomplainant,astheadministratorofsaidestate,areasfollows
:
1.Cashonhandatdecedent'sdeath, $216.40(Dep.ofJohnWilson,page5,q.12.)2.Amountoftheadministrator'ssaleofpersonalproperty,840.00(Ex.Atodep.ofJohnWilson.)3.Cashcollected,(principalandinterest,)fromJohnSmith,uponanoteexe-cutedbyhimtothedecedent,- - 618.00(Dep.ofJohnSmith,page2,q.3.)Totalamountofpersonalassets,- $1,674.40'14Theadministratorisresponsibleforall_thepersonalassets,wheresoeverfoundwithinthelimitsoftheState.GilchristV.Cannon,1Cold.,581.15Ifacreditorisnotapartytothebill,hemustmakehimselfapartybyapetitionsettingforththenatureandtheamountofh»sclaim.Reidv.Huff,9Hum.,345.Butifallpartiesacquiesce,claims
maybefiledwithoutpetitions,inwhichcasethosefilingclaimshavealltherightsofparties.Ewingv.Maury,3Lea,389;Caruthersv.Caruthers,2Lea,264.TheMastershouldnotifytheadministrator-andtheSolicitoroftheheirs,ofthefilingofallclaimsandpetitions.Reidv.Huff,9Hum.,345.18See,ante,§§603-610.

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§995SUITSTOSELLDECEDENTS'LANDSTOPAYDEBTS.782
ii.Theadministratorhaspaidthefollowingbonafidedebtsandchargesagainstsaidestate
:
1.Funeralexpensesofsaiddecedent,- $63.002.JudgmentandcostsinfavorofJohnJohnstonagainstthedecedent,1.604.10(Dep.ofJohnWilson,p.7,q.16;andcopyofjudgment.)3.ChargesandfeespaidCountyClerk,-- 8.60(Ex.Btodep.ofJohnWilson.)Totalamountofdebtsandchargespaid, $1,675.70in.Thepersonalassetsofsaidestatehavebeendulyexhaustedinthepaymentofthebonatidedebtsandchargesabovenamed.rv.Thefollowingbonafidedebtsandchargesagainstsaidestateremainoutstandingandunpaid
:
1.JudgmentinfavorofCharlesStiles,interestsandcosts, $418.20(Ex.Ctodep.ofJohnWilson.)2.NotebythedecedenttoHenryJones,dueJan.1,1890,includinginterest,63.113.Amountexpendedinmakingsaleofpersonalestate, 12.45(Ex.Dtodep.ofJohnWilson.)4.FeeduePickle&Turner,forservicesasattorneysinthesuitofCharlesStilesvs.complainant,- - 50.00(Dep.ofW.R.Turner,p.2,q.3.)5.Amountduetheadministratorforexcessofdisbursementsoverreceipts,1.306.Amountduecomplainantforservicesasadministrator,notyetfixed,Totaloutstandingliabilities,notincludingamountduecomplainantasadmin-istrator, $545.06v.TheonlyrealestateofwhichJamesWilsondiedseizedarethetwotractsoflandandthethreetownlotsdescribedinthebill.17[ExhibitsE,F,G,H,andI,todep.ofJohnWilson.]Eachofthetwotractsiswellworth$2,000;oneofthetownlotsisworth$500,andthetwoothersarewortheach$200.Itistotheinterestoftheheirstosellthethreetownlots.[Dep.ofGeo.Brown,p.4,q.10.]VI.Itwillbenecessarytoselltwo,ifnotallthree,ofsaidtownlotstopaysaidoutstandingdebtsandliabilities,theamountduetheadministrator,andthecostsofthisproceeding.Allofwhichisrespectfullysubmitted,thisJune12;1890.Dan.H.Meek,C.&M.TheMastermustbesufficientlyspecificinhisreporttoenableanypartyininteresttoexcepttoanyitemthereof;andtheproceedingsuponexceptionsfiledarethesameasinordinarycases.18§995.DecreeofSale.—OntheconfirmationoftheMaster'sreportshowingtheexistenceofspecificdebts,theexhaustionorinsufficiencyofthepersonalty,andthenecessityofasaleofasufficiencyoftherealestatetopaythedece-dent'sdebts,theCourtdecreesasaleaccordingly.19Ifhomesteadanddowerrightsexist,theymustbedeterminedandsetapart,beforethesaleismade,sothattheremaybenoconflictbetweentherightsofthepurchaserandthoseofthewidowandminorheirs.DECREEOESALE.JohnWilson,admr.,&c,1vs. \No.543.HenryWilson,etal.JThiscausecameontobefurtherheardbeforeChancellorJohnP.Smith,onthis14thdayofJune,1890,onthepleadingsandproofinthecause,andespeciallyonthereportoftheMastertothepresenttermoftheCourt,whichreportisasfollows
:
[Herecopyit.]Andsaidreportbeingunexceptedtoisinallthingsconfirmed.1.AnditappearingtotheCourtfromthesaidreportthatthepersonalassetsoftheestateofJamesWilson,deceased,havebeendulyexhaustedbytheadministratorinthepaymentofbonafidedebtsandchargesagainstsaidestate,leavingbonafidedebtsandchargesagainstthesamestilloutstandingandunpaidtotheamountoffivehundredandforty-five37Ifthelandsarenotdescribedinthebill,orinexhibitsthereto,theMastershoulddescribetheminhisreportsufficientlytofullyidentifythem.Theyshouldbedescribedbymetesandboundsinthede-creeofsaleSee,ante,§172.isSee,ante,§615-617.
19Itiserrortodecreeasalebeforeadjudicatingdebtsagainsttheestate.Millerv.Taylor,2Shan.Cas.,461.TheinheritancefathershavelefttheirchildrenshouldbedealtwithreverentlybytheCourts,andsavedfromsacrilege.See,post,%1141,sub-sec,6.

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783SUITSTOSELLDECEDENTS'LANDSTOPAYDEBTS-§996dollarsandsixcents,notincludingtheamountduetheadministratorforhisservicesassuch,andthecostofthisproceeding;ii.AnditfurtherappearingfromsaidreportthatsaidJamesWilsondiedseizedoftwocer-taintractsoflandandthreetownlots,fullydescribedinthebill,andinthedeedsexhibitedtothesaidreport;thatitwouldbeleastinjurioustotheheirstohavesaidtownlotssoldratherthaneitherofthefarms,andthatitwillbenecessarytosellallthreeofsaidlotstopaysaidoutstandingliabilities;saidlotsbeingdescribedasfollows:[Heredescribethemaccordingtothetitlepapers,soasfullytoidentifythem.]in.Itis,therefore,decreedbytheCourtthattheMaster,afteradvertisingaccordingtolaw,20proceedtosellsaidthreetownlotsatpublicsale,attheCourtHousedoorinDandridge,tothehighestandbestbidder,onacreditofsixandtwelvemonths[exceptthesumofonehundreddollars,whichhewillrequiretobepaidinhand,21]takingnotesdrawinginterestfromdate,withapprovedsecurity,foreachinstallmentofthepurchase-money,andretainingalienonthelandforfurthersecurity.TheMasterwillreporthisactioninthepremisestonexttermoftheCourt,untilwhichtimeallfurtherquestionsarereserved.§996.ProceedingsSubsequenttotheSale.—Theproceedingspreliminaryto,during,andsubsequentto,thesale,arethesameasinordinarycases;22andthedecreeconfirmingthesale,anddivestingandvestingtitle,isintheusualform.TheMastershouldpayouttheproceedsofthesale,nottheadministrator.DECREECONFIRMINGSALE.JohnWilson,admr.,&c,"I
vs. VNo.S43.HenryWilson,etal.JThiscausecameontobeheardbeforeChancellorJohnP.Smith,onthis12thdayofDe-cember,1890,onthepleadingsandproof,andespeciallyontheMaster'sreportofsaletothepresentterm,whichreportisinthewordsandfiguresfollowing:[Herecvpythereportinfull.]i.Andsaidreport,beingunexceptedto,isbytheCourt,inallthingsconfirmed.Itis,there-fore,decreedthatalltheright,title,andinterest,ofallthepartiestothissuit,complainantanddefendant,andespeciallyofsuchasaretheheirsatlawofJamesWilson,dec'd,inandtosaidthreelotsofland,bedivestedoutofthemandvestedinsaidpurchaser,CharlesStiles,subjecttothelienaforesaidfortheunpaidpurchase-money.Onpayingthelegalfeesthere-for,thesaidpurchasermayhaveacopyofthisdecreeforregistrationasamunimentoftitletosaidland;or,ifhesoprefer,theMasterwillmakehimadeedconveyingtohimsaidthreelotsasanindefeasibleinheritanceinfeesimpleforever.Ondemandofthepurchaser,awritofpossessionwillissuetoputhimintothepossessionofsaidthreelots. II.Outoftheproceedsofsaidsale23aspaidin,theMasterwillretainenoughtopayallthecostsofthiscause,andthenwillpayparipassu:1.TheamountdueonthejudgmentinfavorofCharlesStiles.2.TheamountdueonthenoteofHenryJones.3.ThefeeoffiftydollarsduePickle&Turner.4.Thesumofonehundreddollarstocomplainant,infullofallservicesrendered,andallexpensesincurred,andallsumspaidoutofhisownmeans.5.ThesumoffiftydollarstoAllenG.Mathews,Esq.,forhisservicesasSolicitorofcomplainantinthiscause.6,.ThesumoftendollarstoGeorgeJames,theguardianadlitemofSamuelWilson.ThissumwillbechargedtosaidSamuelbytheMasterinpayingouttheresidueinhishandstothedistributees.7.WhateverbalancemayremaininthehandsoftheMasteraftermakingtheabovepay-ments,andpayingthecostsofthecause,hewillpayouttotheheirsofJamesWilson,de-ceased,shareandsharealike.TheamountsdueanyofthepartieswhoaresuijurismaybepaidtotheirSolicitorsofrecordinthiscause.
20Inasmuchasthestatuteprovideshowlandsshallbesoldunderadecree,itisnotnecessarytoencum-bertheminutes,andconsumethetimeoftheCourt,byrecitingthesestatutoryprovisions.Code,§§2145o-2155.If,however,specialdirectionstotheMasteraregiven,suchasdirectionstoadvertisebyposters,orhand-bills,orinspecialnewspapers,ordirectionstosellohthepremises,ordirectionstosubdividethelandandsellinlots,suchdirections.willbeinsertedhere.
21Asarulenocashpaymentshouldberequired,forreasonsheretoforegiven;butifunpaidtaxes,orotherpressingliens,exist,itmaybenecessarytorequireacashpaymentsufficientfortheirdischarge.See,ante,§623,note11.22Ante,§§621-627.23TheproceedsofthesaleshouldbepaidoutbytheMaster.#undertheordersoftheCourt,andnotbytheadministrator.Theadministrator'sbonddoesnotcovertheproceedsofrealtysoldtopaydebts.Gambillv.Campbell,12Heisk.,739.

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§997SUITSTOADMINISTERINSOLVENTESTATES.784
ARTICLEIII.SUITSTOADMINISTERINSOLVENTESTATES.1002.1003.1004.
OrderSustainingBill,andTransfer-ringtheSettlement.PetitionsbyCreditors,andClaimants.TakingtheAccount,andFinalDis-tribution.
I997.JurisdictionalFacts.|998.FrameofBill,g999.FormofBill.§1000.ProceedingsonBill,atChambers.§1001.ProceedingstoBringPartiesinIn-terestBeforetheCourt.§997.JurisdictionalFacts.—TheadministrationoftheestatesofdecedentsisordinarilywithintheexclusivejurisdictionoftheCountyCourt;butwheretheassetsofanestate,realandpersonal,amountto,orexceed,onethousanddollarsinvalue,2areinsufficienttopaythedebtsoftheestate,accordingtothecomplainant'sinformationandbelief,andtheestatehasbeenreportedinsolventtotheCountyCourt,ortoitsClerk,thepersonalrepresentative,oranycreditor,mayfileabillintheChanceryCourtandhavetheadministrationofsuchestatetransferredfromtheCountytotheChanceryCourt.3Theexecutororadministratormay,astherepresentativeofthecreditorsofaninsolventestate,fileabilltosetasideafraudulentconveyanceofproperty;andwhensuchconveyanceissetaside,theassetsrecoveredmustbedistributedprorataamongthecreditors.4Anycreditormay,also,filesuchabill.Butthesuitcannotbemaintainedunless:(1)theestatebeinsolvent,(2)andsuchinsolvencydulysuggested,and(3)theconveyanceshowntobefraudulent.Inasmuchastheassetsofaninsolventestatearedistributedratablyamongallthegeneralcreditors,andasthesuit,whetherinstitutedbyapersonalrep-resentativeorbyacreditor,isforthecommonbenefitofallentitledtoshareintheassets,thestatuteprovidesthatthesuitshallbeconductedonequitableprinciples,andafterthemannerofageneralcreditor'sbill.5§998.FrameofBill.—Thebillmustbefiledinthecountywherethewillwasproved,orthelettersofadministrationgranted,orwherethepersonalrepresentativeresides,orisservedwithprocess;6andmaybefiledatanytimeaftertheestateisreportedinsolventtotheCountyCourt,oritsClerk,orDeputyClerk.7Thebillshouldsetforth:81.Thattheassetsoftheestate,realandpersonal,amounttoasmuchasonethousanddollars,invalue.92.Thattheassetsareinsufficienttopaythedecedent'sdebt,andthecostsofadministration,accordingtothecomplainant'sinformationandbelief.103.Allthedebtsthecomplainantknows,orbelieves,areowingbythede-2Code,§2362,amendedbyActsof1871,ch.106;M.&V.'sCode,§3207.But,wheretherehavebeennosuggestionandadvertisementoftheinsolvencyofanestateintheCountyCourt,theChanceryCourthasjurisdictiontoselladecedent'slandtopayhisdebts,evenwhenhisestateislessthanonethousanddollarsinvalue.Bashawv.Tempie,7Cates,596.3Code,§§2364;2381.TheChanceryCourt,inadministeringaninsolventestate,has,inadditiontoitsownpowers,allthepowersoftheCountyCourtinsuchacase.Code,§'2382.4Code,§2395.Whenthepersonalrepresentativefilesthebill,itmust(1)beonbehalfofcreditors,(2)itmustallegethattheestateisinsolvent,andthattheinsolvencyhasbeensuggested,(3)thattherearebonafidedebtsagainsttheestate,(4)thattherewerebonafidedebtswhentheallegedfraudulentdeedwasmade,and(5)thatthesaleofthelandsofraudulentlyconveyedisnecessarytopaythedece-dent'sdebts.Boxleyv.McKay,.4Sneed,286;Pitts,admr.,t>.Poole,7Pick.,70.
5Code,§2363.Thepleadingsandpracticeinageneralcreditors'billaregiven,post,S§1030-1035.8Code,§2362.7Code,§§2328;2366;Wadev.Fisher,10Heisk.,495;Boxleyv.McKay,4Sneed,286.8Code,§2364.Itisnotnecessarythattheinsolvencyofanestateshouldbecertain;theprobabilityofinsolvencyissufficient.Oftenbyvirtueoftheprudentman-agementoftheChanceryCourtanestateiss^vedfrominsolvency.TheCode,§82379;2388;2389;2392,dearlyshowsthatthelawcontemplatesaprobabilityofinsolvencyandapossibilityofsol-vency.Indeed,thesuggestionofinsolvencyisoftenamereprecautionofprudenceonthepartofanadministrator.10Ifthisallegationisomitted,thebillmaybedismissedonmotion,ifmadeatthefirsttermafterthefilingofthebill,buttheomissionmayhesup-rli-dbyaswornamendmenttothebill.Code,§2365.

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785SUITSTOADMINISTERINSOLVENTESTATES.§999ceased,givingnamesofcreditorsandtheamountofeachdebt,wherepossible
;
also,alldisputedclaimsagainsttheestate,theamountofeach,andthenamesoftheclaimants.4..Thattheestateisinsolvent,anditsinsolvencyhasbeendulyreportedtotheCountyCourt,oritsClerk,orDeputyClerk,asthecasemaybe.11Ifthepersonalrepresentativefilethebill,hemaydoitinhisownbehalf,aswellasinbehalfthewidow,heirs,andlegatees,ordistributees,oftheestateagainstallsuchofthecreditorsandclaimantsasarenamedthereinandsoughttobeenjoined,andallothersinterestedandnotnamedascomplainants;12Lutthebetterpracticeistojointhewidow,heirs,andlegateesordistributees,asdefendants.13Ifacreditorfilethebill,hemustfileitinbehalfofhimselfandallothercreditorsandpersonsinterestedintheestate,andwhomaywishtocomeinunderthedecree;andmustfileitagainstthepersonalrepresenta-tive,andsuchotherpersonsasaresoughttobeenjoined;14thewidow,heirs,devisees,distributees,andlegatees,shouldalsobemadedefendants,especiallywhenthedeceaseddiedseizedofrealestate.18Allpersonswhoaresuingorthreateningtosuetheadministrator,eitheratlaworinEquity,shouldbemadedefendants,andifanysuits,orthreatenedsuits,arevexatiousorliabletobecostlyoroppressive,thefactsshouldbefullysetforthinthebill,andaninjunctionshouldbeprayedagainstthecommence-mentorprosecutionofallsuitsagainsttheestate.16§999.FormofBill.—Theformofthebillissubstantiallythesame,whetherfiledbyanadministratororexecutor,orbyacreditor.17Thefollowingformwillserveasaprecedent:BILLTOWINDUPANINSOLVENTESTATE.TotheHon.AndrewAllison,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourt,atNashville
:
JohnSmith,aresidentofDavidsoncounty,andadministratorofWilliam
'
Smith,deceased,complainant,vs.NancySmith,thewidow,andSarahSmithandThomasSmith,theheirsofsaidWilliamSmith,JohnJones,ThomasJohnson,HenryStokes,GeorgeBrown,andRobertMoore,allresidentsofDavidsoncounty,andallothersinterestedintheestateofWilliamSmith,deceased,defendants.ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.ThatWilliamSmith,acitizenofDavidsoncounty,diedonthe2ddayofFebruary,1890,intestate,andonthefirstMondayofMarch,1890,complainantwasdulyappointedbytheCountyCourtofsaidcounty,anddulvqualified,toadministeruponhisestate.NancySmithisthewidow,andSarahSmithandThomasSmitharetheonlyheirsofsaiddecedent.Thesaidwidowhashaddulyassignedtoherayear'ssupport,theexemptpersonalty,andhome-stead,anddower. ii.Theassetsofsaidestate,realandpersonal,subjecttothedecedent'sdebts,exceedonethousanddollarsinvalue,butareinsufficienttopaythedecedent'sdebtsandthecostsofad-ministration,accordingtocomplainant'sinformationandbelief;andhehasaccordinglyre-portedtheinsolvencyoftheestatetosaidCountyCourt.Acertifiedcopyofsaidreportofinsolvencyisherewithfiledasapartofthisbill,markedA.11ThebillwillnotHeuntilafterthesuggestionCAPTIONOPACREDITOR'SBILL.JohnJones,aresidentofDavidsonCounty,whosuesinbehalfofhimselfandallothercreditorsof,andpersonsinterestedin,theestateofWilliamSmith,deceased,complainant,vs.JohnSmith,theadministrator,NancySmith,thewidow.SarahSmithandThomasSmith,theheirsanddistributeesofsaidWilliamSmith,HenryStokes,ThomasJohnston,RobertMoore,andGeorgeBrown,allresidentsofDavidsoncounty,defendants.Itwouldbewellforthecreditortoshowwhyhefiledthebill,insteadofwaitingfortheadmin-istratorto.file"it;this,however,isnotnecessary.Iftheadministratoristooslow,orincompetent,orincollusionwithanycreditororheir,orisotherwiseremissinthedischargeofhistrust,itwouldbeproperforanycreditortofilethebill,withoutwait-ingfortheadministratortodoso.
ofinsolvencytotheCountycourt,oritsClerk.Campbellv.Bryant,2Shan.Cas.,146.12Code,§2367.13Itwouldseemfromascrutinyofthestatutethatoneofitsobjectswastosavesomethingforthewidow,heirs,andlegateesordistributees,outofthewreckthatwouldprobablyresultfrommanysuitsagainsttheadministrator,andfromtheloosemethodsofadministrationprevalentintheCountyCourt.Itisinthisview-thattheadministratormaysueinbehalfofthewidow,heirs,andlegateesordistribu-tees,andthusbefriendthem.14Code,§236S.15Code,§52379-2380.16Code.§2383.Oneofthemainobiectsandben-efitsofthisproceedingisthesavingofthecostsin-cidenttoamultiplicityofsuits;andconsequently,allsuitscommencedorthreatenedshouldbeenjoined.17Ifthebillisfiledbyacreditor,itscaptionwouldbeinthefollowingform:

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§999SUITSTOADMINISTERINSOLVENTESTATES.786Thefollowingdebtscomplainantbelievestobejustlyowingbysaidestate:1.Ajudgmentagainstthedecedentinfavorofthedefendant,JohnJones,renderedJuly2,1889,bytheCircuitCourtofDavidsoncounty,amountingtoninehundredandeighteendollarsdebt,andforty-twodollarscosts.2.Anoteofhandforsixhundreddollars,executedbythedecedentonJune12,1889,tothedefendant,HenryStokes,bearinginterestfromdate,andoneyearafterdate.3.AnaccountforonehundreddollarsbyDr.ThomasJohnsonformedicalandprofes-sionalservicesrenderedthedecedentintheyears1889and1890.4.Thereareotherclaimsagainstsaidestateforvariousminoramounts,believedtobejust,thelargestofwhicharethefollowing:(1)ThomasCook,(account,)$10.00;GeorgeDalton,(account,)$8.00;SamuelLong,(note,)$12.00;andEdmundGray,(account,)$42.00.rv.Thedefendant,RobertMoore,hasbroughtsuitagainstcomplainantintheCircuitCourtofDavidsoncountyforfivethousanddollars,whichthesaidMooreclaimstheestateoweshimforabreachofcontractbythedecedent.Complainantbelievessaidclaimisunjust.SaidMoorehashadasubpoenaissuedforalargenumberofwitnesses,andifheobtainsevenasmallrecovery,thecostswillprobablybeverygreat.v.Thedefendant,GeorgeBrown,claimsthatthedecedentoweshimalargebalanceonasettlementmadebetweenthemaspartnerstwoyearsago,andhethreatenstobringasuittoenforcehisclaim.Thedecedentstatedonhisdeath-bedthatheowedsaidBrownnothing,andcomplainantbelievessuchtobethefact.VI.Thereareseveralotherpersonswhoassertthattheyhaveclaimsagainstsaidestate,someofwhichmaybejust,butcomplainanthasnomeansofascertainingtheircorrect1ness,exceptbyhavingthemdulyestablishedbyproofbeforetheMaster,inyourHonor'sCourt.ThepersonalestateofsaidWilliamSmith,consistsofaboutsixhundredandeighteendollars,theproceedsofasmallstockofmerchandise,ofnotes,andaccounts,andofsomehorses,andcattle,andotherpropertyconvertedintomoneybycomplainant,afullinventoryofallwhichhasbeenfiledinsaidCountyCourt.Therealestateofwhichhediedseizedandpossessedconsistsof(1)onehouseandlot,No.46,onJohnstreet,Nashville,worthaboutfifteenhundreddollars,andwhichhasbeenassignedashomesteadanddowertohiswidow
;
(2)andalotNo.216,onSandersstreet,Nashville,worthaboutfifteenhundreddollars.Thedeedstosaidtwolotsareherewithfiledasexhibitstothisbill,markedBandC,andwillbereadatthehearing.VIII.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1.Thatallthosenamedasdefendantsinthecaptionbemadesuchbyserviceofsubpoena,butthatnocopyofthebillbeissued,unlessexpresslyorderedbyyourHonor.ThatanabstractofthebillbemadeoutbytheClerkandMaster,andbemadeknowntosuchofthedefendantsasyourHonormayrequire;18butanswerunderoathiswaivedastoeachofthedefendants.2.ThattheadministrationofsaidestatebetransferredfromtheCountyCourtofDavidsoncountytothisCourt;10andtothisendthatallnecessaryreferencesbeordered,andallproperaccountsbetaken,andproperdistributionoftheestatebemadeamongthoseentitled.203.ThatallfurtherproceedingsinreferencetotheadministrationofsaidestateinthesaidCountyCourtbeenjoined;21thatthecommencementorprosecutionofallsuitsatlaw,andofallothersuitsinEquityagainstcomplainantbeenjoined;22thatthedefendantRobertMoorebespeciallyenjoinedfromfurtherprosecutinghissaidsuitatlawagainstcomplainant;andthatthedefendantGeorgeBrownbeenjoinedfrombringinganysuitagainstcomplainantinreferencetosaidestate.4.Thatallpersons,defendantsincluded,havingclaimsagainstsaidestateberequiredtopresentandsubstantiatetheminthiscausebylegalproofbeforetheMaster23withinsuchtimeasyourHonormayorder,orbeforeverbarred.245.Thatsaidrealestatebesold,subjecttothewidow'shomesteadanddowerrights,andtheproceedsthereof,aswellastheproceedsofthepersonalestateofthedecedent,beappliedmduecourseofadministration,andpaidouttothosethereuntolegallyentitled;andthatproperallowancebemadecomplainantforhisservicesasadministrator;andthatproperallowancebemadehisSolicitorsfortheirservicesinthiscause.6.Andthatcomplainant,andthewidowandheirsofthedecedent25havesuchotherandfurtherandbetterreliefastheyoranyofthemmaybeentitledto,underthepleadingsandproofsinthecause.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctioninthiscase.JohnM.Lea,Solicitor.18Code,§§2369-23701001,post..19Code,§2381.20Code,§§238721Code,§2381.22Code,§2383.
Thisabstractisgivenin
2392.
S3Code,g§2371;2373;2386.24Code,§2376.25Thebillisforthebenefitofthewidowandheirs,andtheadministratoracts'intheirbehalf.Code,§2367.

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787SUITSTOADMINISTERINSOLVENTESTATES.§1000Thebillshouldbeswornto,asitbothseekspreliminaryinjunctiverelief,andtransfersthejurisdictionofthecause.§1000.ProceedingsonBill,atChambers.—IftheCourtbenotinsessionwhenthebillisfiled,itmustbepresentedtotheChancellor,atChambers,forhisaction.Ifhethinksacopyofthebillshouldbeissued,hewillsoorder;andwilldesignatesuchofthedefendantsasshallbeservedwithprocess.26Hewill,also,orderproperpublicationtobemade.27Ifanysuitshavebeenin-stituted,orarethreatenedagainsttheadministrator,theChancellormayen-jointhem,ormakeotherordersinreferencetotheminhisdiscretion,havinginviewtherightsofthepartiessuing,aswellastheinterestoftheestate.28Thefollowingformforafiatwouldbeadaptedtothebillintheprecedingsection.CHANCELLOR'SFIATONANINSOLVENTBILL.TotheClerkandMasteratNashville
:
Filetheforegoingbill;issueabstractofthebillandsubpoena,tobeservedonallnamedasdefendantsinthecaptionofthebill.MakepublicationintheNashvilleBannerforfourweeks,notifyingallcreditorsofWilliamSmith,deceased,andallotherpersonsinterestedinhisestate,tocomeforwardandexhibittheirdemands,andhavethemselvesmadepartiestothebill,withinthetimeprescribedbylaw.29IssueaninjunctionagainstRobertMooreandGeorgeBrownasprayedinthebill,withoutbondtherefor.AndrewAllison,Chancellor.June4,1890.§1001.ProceedingstoBringthePartiesinInterestBeforetheCourt.—Assoonasthebillisfiled,andprosecutionbondgiven,theClerkandMasterwillissuetheabstractandprocessrequiredbytheChancellor'sfiat.Thefollowingabstractoftheforegoingbillwillserveasaform.ABSTRACTOFBILL.JohnSmith,admr.,&c,1„vs. [AbstractoftheBill.No.7163.NancySmith,etal.JThebillinthiscauseisfiledagainstthewidow,heirs,andcreditors,ofWilliamSmith,deceased,andalleges
:
1.Thatcomplainantistheadministrator,thatNancySmithisthewidow,andthatSarahandThomasSmitharetheonlyheirsofsaidWilliamSmith.Thattheyear'ssupport,theexemptproperty,homestead,anddower,haveallbeensetaparttothewidow.2.Thattheassetsoftheestateexceed$1,000;butthattheestateisinsolvent,andhasbeensoreportedtotheCountyCourt.3.Thattheestateowesthefollowingdebts:(1)JohnJones,$918.00debt,and$42costs,onajudgment;(2)HenryStokes,$600onanote;(3)Dr.ThomasJohnson,$100onanaccount,and(4)othersmalleramountstovariousotherparties.4.ThatRobt.MoorehasbroughtsuitintheCircuitCourtofDavidsoncountyagainsttheestatefor$5,000onanallegedbreachofcontract,believedtobeunjust.5.ThatGeorgeBrownisthreateningtosuetheestateforanallegedbalanceduehimasapartnerofthedeceased.6.Thatthereareotherpersonsassertingclaimsagainstsaidestate.7.Thatthepersonalestateofthedecedentamountstoabout$618;andhisrealestateconsistsoftwolqtsinNashville,worthabout$1,500each,oneofwhich,No.46Johnstreet,hasbeenassignedthewidowashomesteadanddower;theother,No.216Sandersstreet.8.Thebillmakesallsaidpersonsdefendants,waivestheiranswersunderoath;andpraystohavesaidestateadministeredinChanceryasaninsolventestate;andtohaveallsuitsagainsttheadministratorenjoined,especiallythesaidsuitofRobt.Moore,andthethreatenedsuitbyGeorgeBrown.[Signed] JohnM.Lea,Solicitor,anddulysworntobythecomplainant.26Code,§§2369-2370.27TheClerkandMastermay,also,maketheorderforpublicationtobemade.Code,§2371.28Code,§§2383-2384.29Code,§§2370-2371;2376.Thepublicationno-ticesometimesrequiresallclaimstobefiledwithinsixmonths,orbebarred.Butthereisnolawau-thorizingsuchaprocedure.If,however,thefundshaveallbeendistributedbeforeacreditorcomesforward,hewouldbeforcedtocompelthosewhohadreceivedthefundstocontributetohisjustprorata.Creditorsmaypresenttheirclaimswithinthetimeprescribedbylaw.Code,§2376;thatis,withintheordinarytimeforsuitsagainstadminis-trators.See,Code,§§2393-2393.
Thereasonwhycreditorsandclaimantsareex-cluded,unlesstheycomeinwithinalimitedtime,is,because,(1)otherwise,theCourtwouldnotknowhowtodistributethefund;and(2)thosewhoarevigilantshouldnotbekeptoutoftheirrightsbythelachesofthenegligent.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1204-1205,notes.Acreditorwhocomesinafteradistributionmaysuethosewhohavedrawnoutthefundforhisprorata.Anexecutor,administrator,trustee,orClerkofCourt,whohaspaidoutsuchfunds,undertheorderoftheCourt,cannot,how-ever,beheldpersonallyliableforanyfundsbythemsopaidordistributed.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1206-1207.

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§1002SUITSTOADMINISTERINSOLVENTESTATES.7881certitythattheforegoingisacorrectabstractofsaidbill,andthattheprayerforaninjunctionhasbeengrantedbytheChancellor.June5,1890. Geo.K.Whitworth,C.&M.Thisabstractwillbesubstitutedforacopyofthebillitself,unlesstheChan-cellororderthewholebilltobecopied.30TheMasterwill,also,makeduepublicationforcreditorsandothersinter-estedtohavethemselvesmadeparties.IftheChancellor'sfiatdoesnotorderpublication,theMastermayorderit.31ThefollowingisaformofPUBLICATIONNOTICETOCREDITORS.32TotheCreditorsofWilliamSmith,deceased:JohnSmith,admr.,&c,]vs. InChancery,atNashville.NancySmith,etal.Allcreditors,andotherpersonsinterestedintheestateofWilliamSmith,deceased,areherebyorderedtocomeforward,andexhibittheirdemands,andhavethemselvesmadepartiestothebillinthiscause,withinthetimeprescribedbylaw,ortheywillbeforeverbarred.33ThisorderwillbepublishedforfourconsecutiveweeksintheNashvilleBanner.ThisJune5,1890. Geo.K.Whitworth,C.&M.Whenanon-residentcreditor'sclaimexceedsonehundreddollars,acopyo.ttheabstractmaybeforwardedtohimbytheClerkathisusualplaceofresidence,bymail;andthisshallbeequivalenttoserviceofprocess.34§1002.OrderSustainingBill,andTransferringSettlement.—Ifthebillomitanyjurisdictionalfact,itmaybedismissedonmotion,orondemurrer,atthefirstterm,afteritisfiled,unlessproperlyamendedonaffidavit.35Ifitcontaintheproperallegations,36theCourtwill,onmotionofanyparty,sustainthebill,andordertheadministrationoftheestatetobetransferredfromtheCountyCourt,andfurtherproceedingsthereinintheCountyCourtenjoined.Thisordermaybeinthefollowingform:ORDERSUSTAININGTHEBILL,lohnSmith,admr.,&c,
)
vs. \No.7163.NancySmith,etal.JOnmotionofcomplainant,anditappearingthatthebillinthiscauseisproperlyfiled,itisorderedbytheCourtthatthebillbesustained;andthattheadministrationoftheestateofWilliamSmith,deceased,betransferredfromtheCountyCourtofDavidsoncountytothisCourt.Theinstitutionofanyandallsuitsagainstsaidestateisherebyenjoined,andtheMasterwillsostateinnoticetocreditors.Allpersonshavingclaimsagainstsaidestatewillfiletheminthiscausebypetitionaccompaniedbyaproperprosecutionbond.TheClerkoisaidCountyCourtwillforthwithtransmittothisCourtallinventories,reports,settlements,vouchers,andotheroriginalpapers,inhisoffice,relatingtosaidadministration;and,also,atranscriptofallorders,decrees,andotherentries,inthecause,ontheminutesofhisCourt.AndallproceedingsrelativetosaidadministrationintheCountyCourtareherebyenjoined,thisCourtnowassumingexclusivejurisdictionofsuchadministration,andofallmattersproperlyincidentthereunto.ItisnotnecessaryforallthepartiestobebeforetheCourttoenableanorderordecreetobemade,providedsuchandsomanyofthemarebeforetheCourt,astoenabletheCourttodocompletejusticeintheparticularmatter.37§1003.PetitionsbyCreditorsandClaimants.—Ifthebillseekstoselllandthatthedecedentdidnotownathisdeath,theownermaybecomeapartybypetitionandmakedefence;38orhemayfileanoriginalbill,andenjointhesuit.39Anypersonhavingaclaimagainsttheestate,andnotmadeaparty,mustfileapetitiontobecomeaparty,andprovehisclaim.Thispetitionwill(1)beaddressedtotheChancellor,(2)willgivethestyleofthecauseinwhich30Code,§2369.Asarule,thesavingofexpensebytheissuanceofanabstractisinsignificant.31Code,§2371.32Thisismerelythenameofthenotice,andshouldnotbepublished.See,ante,§198.33Code,§§2371;2376.34Code,§2372.Theobjectofthisnoticeistoenablethecreditortofilehisclaimbeforeadistribu-tionismade.
35Code,§2365.See,also,ante,§§430-432.3GPerhapsthereshouldbeproofofthesugges-tionofinsolvency,ifdemandedbyanydefendant.37Code,§2385.3SCode,§2799;See,ante,§§794-795.39Haynesv.Rizen,14Lea,252.See,ante,§795.

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789SUITSTQADMINISTERINSOLVENTESTATES.§1003itistobefiled,(3)willstatetheamountandcharacteroftheclaim,andhowevidenced,and(4)willprayforleavetopetitionertofilethepetition,tobecomeaparty,tothecause,andtoprovehisclaimandtohaveitallowed,andpaidoutoftheassetsoftheestate.Ifthepetitionerhasanylienonthepropertysoughttobesold,entitlinghimtopriorityofsatisfaction,orhasanyequitysuperiortothoseofthegeneralcreditors,heshouldsetitforthinhispetition,withdueprecisionandparticularityalongwiththewrittenevidencesthereof,ifany.Thepetitionershould,also,offertocontributetotheexpensesofthesuit,incasetheexpensescannotbepaidoutofthefundssoughttobereached.40Thefollowingformwillshowthecharacterofsuchapetition:PETITIONBYACREDITORTOBECOMEAPARTY.JohnSmith,admr.,&c,^vs. }•"No.7163.—InChancery,atNashville.NancySmith,etal.JTotheHon.AndrewAllison,Chancellor:Yourpetitioner,RobertRoe,aresidentofNashville,Davidsoncounty,respectfullysnow9totheCourt: 1.ThatWilliamSmith,deceased,complainant'sintestate,diedjustlyindebtedtohiminthesumofonethousanddollars,evidencedbyanoteofhand,datedAug.3,1889,dueonedayafterdate,which,withinterest,iswhollydueandunpaid.[//theclaimisbasedonaccount,orisforworkandlabor,orforservices,orforgoodsorchattels,orforanyothermatter,sostate,andspecifyitfullyandparticularly,givingitsamountanddate.]11.YourpetitionerwouldhavesuedthecomplainantasadministratorofsaidWilliamSmith,deceased,hadhenotbeenrestrainedfromsodoingbythependencyofthissuit,andyourHonor'sinjunction.Petitioneris,therefore,constrainedtoprayyourHonortoallowhimtobecomeapartytothiscause,totheendthathemayprovehissaiddebt,andhaveadecreefortheamountthereof,andhaveitpaidoutoftheassetstobeadministeredinthiscause.He.filessaidnoteasapartofthispetition,andmarksitA.in.YourpetitionerwouldfurthershowthatsaidnotewasgivenbysaidWilliamSmithasevidenceoftheamountheowedyourpetitioneraspartofthepurchasepriceofthehouseandlotNo.216Sandersstreet,Nashville,soughttobesoldinthiscause;andtoseenrethepay-mentofsaidnote,alienwasexpresslyretainedonthefaceofthedeedexecutedbypetitionertosaidWilliamSmith,forsaidhouseandlot,aswillbeseenbyreferencetosaiddeed,nowonfileinthiscause,andmarkedexhibitCtocomplainant'sbill.Petitioner,therefore,claimsapriorandsuperiorlienandequitytotheproceedsofsaidhouseandlot.andpraysyourHonortodecreehimsatisfactioninfullinpreferencetothegeneralcreditorsofsaidestate.[Ifthe,petitionerhasanyrightorclaimtopriorityofsatisfactionbasedonanycon-tract,orstatutorylien,oranyattachmentorjudgmentlien,sospecificallyshow,givingthefactsinfull,andprayingtohavehispriorityofsatisfactiondecreedandenforced.]IV.PetitionerpraysyourHonortoallowhimtofilethispetitioninthiscause,andtobecomeapartytothecause,forthepurposesaforesaid;andforgeneralrelief.Andheherebyofferstocontributetotheexpensesofthesuit,inanywayyourHonormaydeemitequitableforhimsotodo. JohnJ.VertrEES,Solicitor.[Tobedulysworntobythepetitioner,firbyhisagent,orSolicitor,asshownin§789,ante.]Thecomplainant'sanswer,underoath,tosuch,apetitionmerelymakesanissue,andhasnoprobativeforce.41TheCourtmay,byconsentofparties,allowclaimstobefiledwithoutthenecessityofaformalpetition.Buteveninsuchacase,unlesstheclaimisitselfevidencedbywriting,itshouldbereducedtowriting,specifyingitsdate,character,andamount,andshouldbesignedbytheclaimant,andswornto.Suchaclaimcouldbeputintotheformofaprovenaccount,thus
:
INFORMALCLAIM.JohnSmith,administratorofWilliamSmith,deceased,ToJohnDoe,Dr.1889.Aug.2.To20bus.corn, -- $10004."60"wheat,- -- -- 75.00"20."10days'workonbarn,- - 15.00$100.00402Dan.Ch.Pr.,1213-1214.I 41Irvinev.Dean,9Pick.,346.

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§1004SUITSTOADMINISTERINSOLVENTESTATES.790StateofTennessee,)DavidsonCounty.JPersonallycameJohnDoe,andmadeoaththattheforegoingaccountisjustandcorrect,andisallunpaid,andduetohim,andisentitledtonocredits.Sworntoandsubscribedbefore] JohnDoe.me,JulyS,1891.Geo.K.Whitworth,C.&M.§1004.TakingtheAccount,andFinalDistribution.—Afterthetimeal-lowedbylawforcreditorstohavethemselvesmadepartieshasexpired,42theCourtwill,onmotionofanyparty,directtheMastertotakeandstateanaccountoftheassetsandliabilitiesoftheestate.Theorderofreferencemaybeasfollows:ORDERFORANACCOUNTOFASSETSANDLIABILITIES.JohnSmith,admr.,&c,1vs. \No.7163.NancySmith,etal.JInthiscause,onmotionofthecomplainant'sSolicitor,itisorderedbytheCourtthattheMasterreporttothenexttermoftheCourt
:
i.Whatassets,realandpersonal,WilliamSmithdiedseizedandpossessedof,specifyingthemainitemsthereof,anddescribingtherealestatefully.ii.Whatpersonalassetscame,oroughtbyduediligencetohavecome,tothehandsoftheadministrator,specifyingthemainitemsthereof,andgivingthetotalamount.ill.Whethertheyear'ssupport,theexemptpersonalty,andhomesteadanddower,havebeendulysetapartforthewidow,andinwhatrealestate,homesteadanddowerhaveteenassigned,ifassigned.IV.Whatbonafidedebtsandchargesagainstsaidestatehavebeenpaidbytheadministrator,ifany;towhatcreditorspaid,andtheamountpaidtoeach.v.Whatbonafidedebtsandchargesagainstsaidestateremainoutstandingandunpaid,specifyingeachcreditor,theamountduehim,andthetotalamount.VIWhetherthereareprobablyanyotherbonafidedebtsagainsttheestateoutstandingandunpaid;andifso,inwhosehands.VII.TheMasterwillreportonanyothermatterthatmaybepropertoenabletheCourttoproperlydistributetheassets,realandpersonal,ofthedecedentamongthoselawfullyentitledthereto.Allothermattersarereserveduntiltheincomingofsaidreport.TheMasterwillconsiderallclaimspresentedbypetition,orfiledwithoutpetitionbyconsentoftheadministrator,downtotheclosingoftheaccount.NoticeofallclaimspresentedtotheMastershallbegiventothecomplainant,orhisSolicitor,andifnotadmittedbyhimtobejust,theclaimantmustsub-stantiatethembylegalproof,whichshallbereducedtowritingandfiled.43Noticeofclaimsfiledshould,also,begiventheSolicitorsoftheprincipalcred-itors;andtheymaycontestaclaim,evenwhereadmittedbythecomplainanttobejust,andmayexcepttothereportallowingit.Creditorswhosedebtsarenotduemustbecomeparties,andpresenttheirclaims,orbebarred;and,tosavethebar,anycreditormaypresenthisclaimtotheMasterinvacation,andapplytobecomeaparty.44ThereportoftheMaster,andtheexceptionsthereto,andtheproceedingsthereon,andthedecreetoselltherealty,aresubstantiallythesameasinasuittoselllandtopaydebts.45Theestateofthedecedenthavingbeenallcon-vertedintomoney,andthetotalliabilitiesascertained,afinaldecreeispro-nouncedinsubstanceasfollows
:
42Thiswillbetwoyearsandsixmonthsafterqualificationofthepersonalrepresentative.TheCourtwillnot,ordinarily,delayayearlongerf"rthebenefitofnon-residentcreditors.Code,§2372,isprobablyintendedtowarnnon-residentstosuewithinthetwoyearsandsixmonths,orrunthe
riskoftheestatebeingdistributedbeforetheydosue.43Code,§2386.44Code,§§2375-7378.45See,ante,§§994-996.

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791SUITSTOADMINISTERINSOLVENTESTATES.§1004FINALDECBEE.JohnSmith,admr.,&c,]vs. \No.7163.NancySmith,etal.JThiscause,comingonthisJan.12,1891,beforeChancellorAllison,tobefurtherandfinallyhearduponthewholerecordinthecause,includingthereportoftheMaster,showingthevariouscreditors,andtheamountsdueeach,andthetotalamountfordistributionamongthem,andtheexceptionsofthedefendants,RobertMooreandGeorgeBrown,totheMaster'sreport,filedJan.10,1891;theCourt,afterdueconsiderationofsaidexceptions,overruledeachandallofsaidexceptions,andconfirmedsaidreport,andorderedittobespreadontheminutes,46whichisdoneinthewordsandfiguresfollowing
:
[Herecopyit,infull.]Itis,therefore,adjudgedanddecreedbytheCourt,thattheMaster,afterdeductingfromthefundsinhishandsallthecostsofthecause,andafterpayingJohnM.Lea,Esq.,afeeoffivehundreddollarsforhisservicesinthecause,willdistributethebalanceofsaidfundsprorataamongthecreditors,assetoutinhissaidreportofJan.10,1891,hereinabovecopied,andmadepartofthisdecree.TheproceedsofthesaleshouldbedisbursedbytheClerkandMasterundertheorderoftheCourt,andnotbytheadministrator.47,Iftheestateshouldprovetobesolvent,andtherebeasurplusafterpayingthedebtsandcosts,theCourtwilldistributethissurplusamongthoseentitled,takingrefundingbonds,ifnecessary.4846Ifthereportisvoluminous,theCourtshouldI 47Mosesv.Moses,1Shan.Cas.,414.orderittoberecordedintheInsolventBook.Code,48Code,§§2392-2393.M.&V.,|3237. [

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§1005SUITSWHEREJUDGMENTSCANNOTBEOBTAINED.792
CHAPTERLIV.SUITSBYCREDITORSWITHOUTREMEDYATLAW.ArticleI.ArticleII.
ArticleIII.
ArticleIV.ArticleV.ArticleVI.
SuitswhereJudgmentatLawCannotbeObtained.SuitswhereJudgmentatLawHasbeenObtained,butExecutionatLawCannotbeLevied.SuitswhereJudgmentatLawHasbeenObtained,butaDis-coveryofPropertybyBillisNecessary.SuitswhereaCreditorHasObtainedaJudgmentinAnotherStateandHasExhaustedhisLegalRemedyThere.SuitswhereJudgmentsatLawMaybeHad,butExecutionsatLawCannotbeLevied.SuitsbyGeneralCreditorsfortheirProRataofanInsolventDebtor'sProperty.ARTICLEI.SUITSWHEREJUDGMENTSATLAWCANNOTBEOBTAINED.1005.SuitsinCasesWherenoOriginalProcessCanbeEexecuted.§1007.FrameofBillsWhereJudgmentsatLawCannotbeObtained.§1008. at1006.SuitsinCasesWheretheDemandis§1008.FormofBillsWhereJudgmentsPurelyofanEquitableNature.LawCannotbeObtained.§1005.SuitsinCasesWherenoOriginalProcess1CanbeExecuted.—TheCodeprovidesthatinallcases(1)wherepersonalserviceofprocesscannotbemadeatlaw,andwherenooriginalattachmentatlawwilllie,andnojudgmentatlawcanbeobtained;and,also,(2)incaseswherethedemandispurelyofanequitablenature,theCourtofChanceryhasjurisdictiontosubjectlegalandequitableinterestsineverykindofproperty,2exceptpropertyheldintrustforthedefendant,whenthetrusthasbeencreatedby,orthepropertysoheldhasproceededfromsomepersonotherthanthedefendanthimself,andthetrustisdeclaredbywilldulyrecorded,ordeeddulyregistered.3Inthefirstclassofcasesabovementioned,(wherenojudgmentcanbeob-tainedatlaw,)thefollowingfactsmustallco-exist,andmustallbespecificallyallegedinthebill
:
1.NoPersonalServiceofProcessCanbeMadeatLaw.Thismustariseeitherfromthenon-residenceofthedefendant,orfromsomeoftheothercausesmen-tionedintheCodewherepersonalserviceofprocesscannotbemadeatlaw.42.NoOriginalAttachmentatLawWillLie.sThis,ofcourse,mustarisefromthefactthatthedefendanthasnopropertyliabletolevyatlaw.Hemayhaveequitableinterestsinproperty,butthesecannotbeleviedonatlaw.3.NoJudgmentCanbeObtainedatLaw.Thisresults,ofcourse,fromtheothertwofactsabovesetout.For,ifnoprocesscanbeservedeitheronthedefendant'spersonoronhisproperty,aCourtoflawwouldhavenojurisdic-tiontorenderajudgmentagainsthim.6§1006.SuitswheretheDemandisPurelyofanEquitableNature.—ThesecomprisethesecondclassofcasesnamedintheCodesection,(4287,)nowbeingconsidered.7Inthisclassareincludednoneoftheessentialsspecifiedinthe1By"originalprocess"ismeanteitherasubpoenatoansweroranoriginalattachmentofproperty.2Code,§4287.3Code,§4283.4See,ante,§§196;870.
5Allenv.Gilliland,6Lea,535.Whenthesethreefactsco-existthenabillwilllieunderCode,§4287.Herndonc.Pickard.5Lea,702.See,also.Gnhamv.Merrill,5Cold.,622.TSee,ante,%1005.

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793SUITSWHERE.JUDGMENTSCANNOTBEOBTAINED.§1007precedingsection;allthatisnecessarytogivetheCourtjurisdiction,primafacie,istoallegesuchastateoffactsastoshowthatthedemandispurelyofanequitablenature,thatis,ademandnotcognizableinaCourtofcommonlaw,butcognizableinaCourtofEquityonly.Thisclassofcasesincludesallthoseheretoforeenumeratedintreatingoftheexclusiveandinherentjurisdic-tionoftheChanceryCourt,8whereintheCircuitCourtshavenoconcurrentjurisdiction.9§1007.FrameofBillswhereJudgmentsatLawCannotbeObtained.—Indrawingabillinthefirstclassofcasesabovementioned,careshouldbetakentoshowthatcomplainanthasajustclaimagainstthedefendant,givingitsnaturewithparticularityandpreciseness,sothattheCourtmayseethattheclaimisajustone;and,also,sothat,onaproconfessoafinaldecreemaybepronounced.Thedraughtsmanshouldthenshowthatthecomplainanthasnotbeenabletorecoverajudgmentatlawagainstthedefendantbecausethelatterwasnotinreachofprocess,andhadnopropertyliabletoattachmentatlaw;andthatthereforecomplainanthasnoremedyexceptintheChanceryCourt.Thebillshouldthensetforththeequitableinterestsownedbythede-fendant,suchas:1,amortgage;2,avendor'slien;3,amechanics'orotherstatutorylien;4,aninterestinapartnership;5,aninterestinlandboughtinanother'snamewiththedefendant'smoney;6,adebtduebutthatcannotberealizeduntilthedebtor'sassetshavebeenmarshalled;7,propertyinanother'snamebutbelonginginEquitytothedefendant;8,propertyheldintrustforthebenefitandenjoymentofthedefendantonanagreementinparol;9,prop-ertyheldintrustforthedefendantunderawillnotrecordedorunderadeednotregistered;10,propertyconveyedtoanotherbythedefendantinfraudofhiscreditors;11,propertyofdefendantdevisedtoanotherinfraudofcom-plainant;and12,anyotherproperty.interest,orestate,ofthedefendantvisibletotheeyeofEquity,buthiddenfromthesightofthelawbytheveilsofform,orconcealedunderthecloaksoffraud.10Theseinterestsshouldbeasfullydescribedandasdefinitelylocatedaspossible,andthenamesofthe*personsgivenwhohavethepossessionofthem,andthelegaltitle,orostensiblelegaltitle.Thebillshouldmakeallsuchpersonsdefendants,and,ifdeemedadvisa-ble,theyshouldbecompelledtosetforthanddiscoverthenature,locationandvalueofanyandallpropertyintheircustodyorcontrol,orwithintheirknowledge,or,inthecustodyorcontrolofanyotherperson,belongingtothedefendantdebtor,orinwhichhehasanyinterestorconcern.Anattachmentshouldbeprayedagainstallofthedefendantdebtor'sproperty,leealaswellasequitable,andespeciallyagainstthepropertydescribedinthebill;andallofthedefendantsshouldbeenjoinedfromselling,transferring,encumbering,concealing,orinanywaydisposingofthepropertydescribed,orofanyotherproperty,legalorequitable,towhichthedefendantdebtorhasanytitleorinterest,orhasthebenefitoruseof.§1008.FormofBillwhereJudsrmentatLawCannotbeObtained.—Thedraughtsmanshouldkeepinmindtheessentialsofthebillasstatedintheprecedingsection,andalsowhatissaidabouttheconsiderationofrelations11indrawingabill.Thefollowing.generalformwillaidhimintheclassofcasesitbelongsto:
BILLWHEREJUDGMENTATLAWCANNOTBEOBTAINED.[Foraddressandcaptionsee,ante,§§155;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thatthedefendant,RichardRoe,isjustlyindebtedtohiminthesumof dollarsandinterestthereonfromthedayof ,198See,ante,§523-25. 10Forvariouskindsofequitableproperty,see,BOfcourse,iftheCircuitCourthasjurisdictionante,\882.ofanycaseitcannotbe"purelyofanequitable11See,ante,§§165-169.nature."

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§1009SUITSWHEREEXECUTIONCANNOTBELEVIED.794
That,[Hereshowthegroundofsaidindebtedness,asanoteofhand,anaccount,breachofcontract,orotherwise.Seeformsofbillsin§§873;1079.]iii.That,[Hereshowthatthedefendant,RichardRoe,isanon-resident,orforsomeotherstatutoryreasonprocesscannotbeserveduponhim.See,ante,§§196;870.]IV.Thatthedefendant,RichardRoe,has,sofarascomplainantknowsorbelieves,noprop-ertyliabletoattachmentatlaw,andcomplainanthasmadediligentinquiryforsuchproperty.[Ifanattachmenthasbeensuedoutatlawandbeenreturned"nullabona,"sostate,andtellwhatbecameofthesuit;showingitisended.]v.Thatthedefendant,RichardRoe,[Hereshowwhatequitableinterestshehas,describingandlocatingit,andnamingtheownerofthelegaltitle,whomustbemadeadefendant.']VI.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c:see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.Thatcomplainantbegivenadecreeagainstthedefendant,RichardRoe,fortheamountheowescomplainantbyreasonofthepremises,includinginterest.3d.That,[Herepraythattheequitableinterestsdescribedinthebillbesoldalongwiththelegalestate;andthat,afteranypriorliensaresatisfied,theremainderoftheproceedsofsuchsalebeappliedtothepaymentofcomplainant'sdebt.]4th.Thatthedefendantsbeenjoinedfromselling,transferringorencumberingsaidprop-erty,oranypartthereof,oranyotherproperty,legalorequitableofthedefendant,RichardRoe,andthatanattachmentbeissuedandleviedthereon.Sth.Thatcomplainanthavesuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledto,andtoyourHonormayseemproper.Thisisthefirstapplicationforanattachmentorinjunctioninthiscase.ClemJ.Jones,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit;see,ante,§789.]
AKTICLEII.SUITSWHEREJUDGMENTATLAWHASBEENOBTAINED,BUTEXECUTIONATLAWCANNOTBELEVIED.§1015.DefencesandDecreesinSuitstoSetAsideFraudulentConveyances.§1016.SuittoSetaGeneralAssignmentasFraudulent.SomePracticalSuggestionsinSuitstoSetAsideFraudulentConvey-ances.§1018.SuitsinAidofaJudgmentCreditorWherenoFraudisAlleged.
§1017.
§1009.SuitstoSetAsideFraudulentCon-veyances.§1010.OrdinaryBadgesofFraud.§1011.WhenFraudWillbePresumed.§1012.ConveyancesWhenFraudulentinLaw.§1013.FrameofBilltoSetAsideaFraud-ulentConveyance.§1014.FormofBilltoSetAsideaFraud-ulentConveyance.§1009.SuitstoSetAsideFraudulentConveyances.—Thelawfavorscred-itors.TheConstitutionhasestablishedCourtsforthebenefitofthosewhohavebeeninjuredinperson,property,orcharacter-,1andtheLegislaturehasenactedmanylawstoenablecomplainantstoobtainredressforinjuriesdoneorrightswithheld,andtohavereliefdecreedtothem,accordingtorightandjustice.Allofadebtor'sproperty,realandpersonal,exceptingsuchasisspeciallyexemptedbystatute,is,intheeyeofthelaw,afundforthebenefitofhiscred-itors.Thisfundheisnotallowedtogiveawaytotheinjuryofthosetowhomheisindebted,forthelawrequireseverymantobejustbeforeitpermitshimtobegenerous,honestybeingdeemedagreatervirtuethangenerosity,espe-ciallywhenthatgenerosityisatanother'sexpense.2Neitherdoesthelaw
1Const,ofTerm.,Art.I,§17.2Itisafraudinlawanddishonestinmorals,foramantogivetootherswhatisrequiredtopayhisdebts.Theverypropertyhegivesawaymayhavebeendirectlyorindirectlypurchasedwiththemoneyheowes;orthedebtheowesmayhavebeencon-
tractedonthefaithofthatpropertybeingameansofitspayment.Whilemuchhasbeensaidandwritten,inandoutoftheCourts,abouttherapacityofthecreditorclass,itiscertainthatcreditors,asarule!aremoreslowincollectingthandebtorsareswiftinpaying;and,asarule,creditorsinventno

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795SUITSWHEREEXECUTIONCANNOTBELEVIED.§1010allowadebtortohinder,delay,ordefraudhiscreditorsbymakingconveyances,orsufferingjudgments,orbyputtinghispropertyoutoftheirreach,orbycoveringitup,byshamdeedsorothercolorabletransactions,orbyresortingtoanyotherdevice.Thelawmakesallsuchconveyances,judgments,transac-tionsandotherdevicesutterlyvoid,except(1)asagainstthefraudulentdebtorhimself,and(2)as'againstaninnocentpurchaserfromhim,orfromhisas-signee.3Fraudulentconveyancesarevoid,notonlyastoexistingcreditors,butalso,astosubsequentcreditors.4Anyoneisacreditorwithinthemeaningofthestatutewhohasajustrightofrecovery,whethersuchrightbebasedoncontractoronatort,orbereducedtoajudgmentornot.5Butinordertoinvalidateatransferforavaluableconsideration,itmustbeshownthatitwasmadewithafraudulentintentonthepartofthedebtor,andthatthegranteehadnoticeofthisintent,andparticipatedinit.6Fraudulentintentis,sometimesaquestionoflaw.Everymanis-presumedtointendthenecessaryconsequencesofhisacts;andifanactnecessarilyde-lays,hinders,ordefrauds,creditors,thenthelawpresumesthattheactwasdonewithfraudulentintent.Ifthelawadjudgestheeffectoftheconveyancetobetodelay,hinder,ordefraud,creditors,thenthetransferistoberegardedasfraudulent,thoughthismaynothavebeentheintentionofthepartiestothetransfer.Insuchacase,theintenttodefraudisaquestionoflaw.7§1010.OrdinaryBadgesofFraud.—Inasmuchasfraudsaregenerallyse-cret,andhavetobetrackedbythefoot-prints,marksandsignsmadebytheperpetrators,8anddiscoveredbythelightoftheattendingfactsandcircum-stances,theseevidencesaretermed"badgesoffraud."9Themostcommonbadgesarethefollowing:1,Thefactthatthedebtorisembarrassed;2,thatasuitispendingorthreatened;3,thathetransfersallofhisproperty;4,thetransfersecretlyorhurriedlymade;5,falserecitalsofconsiderationorothermattersinthedeed;6,givinganabsolutedeedasameresecurity;7,inade-quacyofactualconsideration;8,unusuallylongcreditgiventothevendee;9,theretentionofthepossessionofpropertyconveyed;10,theenjoymentoftheuse,benefit,rents,proceeds,orotherprofitsofthepropertyconveyed;11,actsmoredevices,andputforthnomoreefforts,toob-tainpayment,thandebtorsdotopostpone,evade,ordefeatpayment.Allthelawsmadeto_enablecred-itorstocollecttheirdebtswerenecessitatedbyde-laysofdebtorsinpayment,'orbytheirinventionsanddevicestohidetheirproperty_bypretendedsales,orfraudulentgifts,orothertrickstodeceiveorthwarttheircreditors,oravoidthepaymentofhonestdebts.Thedistresscausedbythefailureofadebtorinpayingisoftenasgreatasthatcausedbythesuccessofacreditorincollecting.3Code,§1759.ThisstatuteisbasedontheNorthCarolinaActof1715,ch.38,whichin,turnisbasedontheEnglishstatute,13Elizabeth,ch.5,anno,1570.Thefraudulentconveyanceisnotpermittedtostandassecurityformoneyadvancedbvthecon-veyee.LazellV.Powell,Thomp.Cas.,195.Afraudulentconveyanceisinviolationoftheimpliedfundamentalantecedentcontractbetweenthepartiesthatneitherhasdoneorwilldoanythingtohinder,delay,ordefeatafaithfulcompliancewiththecontractonhispart.See,ante,§§58;932.4Youngv.Pate,4Yerg.,164;Nicholasv.Ward,'1Head,325.5Patrickv.Ford,5Sneed,532;Code,§4288.Formerly,noonewasdeemedacreditorunlesshehadajudgment.6PeckV.Carmichael,9Yerg.,325;MillsV.Haines,3Head,332;BumponFraud.Conv.,582.7Thestatuteagainstfraudulentconveyancesre-ferstoalegalintent,andnotamoralintent;foroneman'srightdoesnotdependonanothermansmoralsense.Themoralsenseismuchstrongerinsomementhaninothers.Thestatutesupposesthateveryoneiscapableofperceivingwhatiswrong;and,ifhedoeswhatisforbidden,intendingtodoit,heisnotallowedtosaythathedidnotintendtodoaforbiddenact.Aman'smoralperceptionsmaybesopervertedastoimagineanacttobefair
andhonestwhichthelawjustlypronouncesfraud-ulentandcorrupt;butheisnot,therefore,toescapefromtheconsequencesofsuchanact.Thelawmusthaveamorecertainstandardofmeasuringmen's'intentsthaneachindividual'svaryingandcapriciousnotionsofrightandwrong.Whateveraman'sopinionsofhisownactsmaybe,therearecertainrules,foundedinexperienceandestablishedbylaw,fordeterminingthevalidityoftransfersunderthestatute;andiftheserulesaretrans-gressed,thetransfersarevoid,withoutregardtotheopinionsoftheparties.BumponFraudConv.,25.A-debtor'sevidenceastohisintentisnotre-gardedasanythingmorethananexpressionofhisopinionastothecharacterofthetransaction;and,unlesssupportedbyotherevidence,isentitledtobutlittleweight.Ibid,593-594.Ifthequestionoffraudulentintentcouldbedeterminedbytheparties,thestatutemightaswellberepealed.Nomancanbethejudgeofhisowncase:itisforthejuryortheChancellor,underthelawandfactsofthecase,tojudgeoftheintentoftheparties.Thepartiesmayadmitthattheymadeaconveyance^todefraudcreditors,andyet,ifnocreditorwas,infact,de-frauded,theconveyancewouldbegood;whereas,theymaydeny,andtruthfullydeny,thatapartic-ularconveyancewasmadetodefraudcreditors,andyet,,iftheeffectofsuchaconveyancewastohinderordelayasinglecreditor,thelawadjudgesittobefraudulent.Itisanunnecessary,andoftenacruelstrainofadefendant'sconscienceforhisSolicitortoaskhimwhethertheconveyanceinquestionwasmade,ortaken,withanyintenttohinder,delay,or
'defraud,anycreditor.8See,ante,§448.s>T!umponFraud.Conv.,31;2Meigs'Dig.,§1522;WaiteonFraud.Conv.,§§224-242.A"badgeoffraud"isanyfactthatthrowsasuspiciononthetransactionandcallsforanexplanation.Ibid.

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§1011SUITSWHEREEXECUTIONCANNOTBELEVIED.796connectedwiththetransferoutoftheusualcourseofsuchtransactionswhenbonaMe;12,unusualmodeofpayment;13,relationshipoftheparties;14,longcreditinconnectionwiththeinsolvencyornon-residenceofthevendee;15,theuseofunusualclausesandexpressionsinthedeed;16,theuseofgeneralandsweepingtermstodescribethepropertyconveyed,10and17,antedatingthecon-veyanceandotherpapersconnectedtherewith,if*any.Whatweightshallbegiventoanyoneormoreofthesebadgesisaquestionforthejury,orChancellor;andhowmanyofthemarenecessarytoexistinagivencasetoprovethefrauddependsontheotherfactsandcircumstancesex-istinginthatcase.11§1011.WhenFraudWillbePresumed.12-^-ACourtofEquitywillnotpre-sumefraudintheabsenceofanyproofonwhichtofoundthepresumption;butwheninculpatoryfactsareproved,whicharetermedbadges,orsigns,offraud,theCourtwillpresumeitsexistence.InfindingfraudaCourtofEquitywillactonalowerdegreeofproofthanwhatisrequiredinaCourtoflaw.13Fraudwillbepresumedinthe,followingcases
:
1.Wheretheconveyanceisvoluntary,thatiswithoutavaluableconsidera-tion,andcreditorsarehinderedordefraudedbysuchconveyance,whateverbetherealintentofthedebtor.142.Wherethedebtorremainsinpossessionofpersonaltyafteranabsoluteconveyancethereof;but,inthiscase,thepresumptionmayberebutted.153.Wheretheassignmentreservesabenefittotheassignor;ortheassignorisallowedtoretainthepossessionoftheproperty.164.Wherethepropertyassignedisconsumableinuse,andtheassignmentgivesthedebtortherighttouseit.175.Wheretheassignmentkeepstheproceedsofthepropertyawayfromthecreditorsforaperiodexceedingthelaw'sdelay.186.Wherefictitiousdebtsaresecuredbythedeedofassignment.197.Wherethedeedoftrustrequirescreditorstoreceiptinfull,orgetnoth-ing.208.Wheretheconsiderationofanabsoluteconveyanceisgrosslyinadequate.21Ifthecomplainant'sevidenceplacetheconveyanceattachedunderagreat(suspicionoffraud,theburdenisthencastonthevendeetoprovethebonafidesofthetransaction,or,atleast,removethesuspicion.Andiftheconsidera-tionisimpeachedbythebill,andtheproofcastssuspicionuponit,theburdenisthenonthevendeetoshowthatavalidconsiderationwaspaid.22§1012.ConveyanceswhenFraudulentinLaw.—Whentheconsiderationisgreatlyinadequate,orwasobtainedundersuspiciouscircumstances,butactualfraudisnotshown,theCourtwillconsidertheconveyancevoluntarytotheextentofthevalueofthepropertyinexcessofthepricepaid,andwilldeclaresuchconveyancefraudulentinlaw,andtreatitasameresecurityfortheconsiderationactuallypaid.23Butwherefraudisprovedtheconveyancewillnotbepermittedtostandassecurityforthemoneypaid.24§1013.FrameofBilltoSetAsideaFraudulentConveyance.—Whereadebtorhasmadeanyconveyance,orsufferedanvjudgment,orresortedtoanyotherdevice,tohinder,delay,ordefraudhiscreditors,oranvofthem;or,wherehehasgivenawayanyofhisproperty,whetherfraudulentlyorotherwise,theproperremedyisbyabillintheChanceryCourt,againstthedebtorandthe10BuninonFraud.Conv.,31-60;WaiteonFraud.Conv.,§§224-242;andsee"FraudulentConvey-ances."inourDigests.11Quanonvaleantsingula,junctajuvant.Ante,§448.note;BumponFraud.Conv.,601.12Onthesubjectoftheprnnfandthepresump-tionoffraud,see.ante.§§448-449.13Smith'sEa-Jur.,57;see.ante,5448.14BumponFraud.Cnnv.,271.152Meigs'Dig.,§1522.
181Meigs'Dig.,§235.17Ibid.liIbid.;BumDonFriud.Conv.,412.101Meigs'Dig.,§235.20Ibid.212Pom.En.Jur.,5927.222Meigs'Diij.,§1527.23Alleyv.Connell,3Head,578;TurbevilleGibson,5Heisk.,586.24Lazellv.Powell,Thomp.Cas.,195.

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797suitswhere;executioncannotbelevied.§1014fraudulentgrantee,orbargainee,orthevoluntarygrantee,ordonee,ortheirrepresentativesorassigns.Thebillinsuchacaseshould:1.Setoutthefacts,showingthatthevendorordonorisindebtedtothecom=plainant,thedateandamountofsuchindebtedness,andhowevidenced.Jfthedebtbeevidencedbyanote,orotherwriting,itshouldbeexhibitedtothebill,andfiledwithit.2.Itshould,also,showwhatpropertysaidvendorordonorhad,describing-andlocatingit,andshowtowhomithasbeentransferred,howandwhen;andanyandallinequitable.orillegalfactsorcircumstancesconnectedwithsuchtransfer,andinvalidatingthesame.3.Thebillshouldpositivelyaverandchargethatsuchtransferwasforthepurposeofhindering,ordelaying,ordefraudingthecomplainant,orothercreditororcreditorsofthevendorordonor;andshouldallegethatthevendeeordoneehadknowledgeofsuchpurpose,orthathepaidnothingfortheprop^erty,orboth.4.Thebillshouldprayforanattachmenttoimpoundtheproperty,andaninjunctiontorestraintheconveyeefromtransferringit;andshould,also,praytohavethesale,transferorgiftsetaside,andthepropertysubjectedtothe,satisfactionofthecomplainant'sdebt;andforgeneralrelief.Thebillmaybefiledforthebenefitofthecomplainantalone,243,orhemay-tileitinbehalfofhimselfandofalltheothercreditorsofthefraudulentvendor.25Thecomplainantwill,however,ordinarilyfilethebillforhisownexTelusivebenefit,unlessthepropertyisofvaluesufficienttopayallofthedebts,orunlessthelitigationthreatenstobeveryonerous,andthecomplainantde-siresallthehelphecanget.Soanynumberofcreditorsmayjoinascom-plainantsinonebill,eachsettingforthhisseparateclaiminaseparatepara-graph.26Butwheresuchbillmustbeswornto,eachofsuchco-complainants,orhisagentorSolicitor,mustverifyit.Abillmaybefiledtosetasideafraudulentconveyancemadebyadeceaseddebtorwhoseestateisinsolvent.Insuchacase,however,itmustbeageneralcreditors'bill;anditmustallegethattheinsolvencyofthedecedent'sestatehasbeensuggestedtotheCountyCourt,ortoitsClerk.27§1014.FormofBilltoSetAsideaFraudulentConveyance.—Thesubstanceofthebill,asgivenintheprecedingsection,andthefollowingform,willenablethedraftsmantoframeabillforanyordinarycaseoffraudulentorvoluntary-conveyance.BILLTOSETASIDEAFKAITJDDXENTCONVEYANCE.TotheHon.WilliamB.Staley,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatKnoxville.JohnDoe,aresidentofKnoxcounty,complainant,28vs.RichardRoeandRolandRoe,bothresidentsofKnoxcounty,defendants.ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:
i.Thatthedefendant,RichardRoe,isjustlyindebtedtohiminthesumofonethousand,dollars,evidencedbyanoteofhand,datedJanuary1.1880,anddueonedayafterthe.date,thereof,whichnote,withtheaccruedinterest,iswhollyunpaid.[Iftheindebtednessisevidencedbyajudgment,orbyanywriting,sostate.Showtheamount,date,andcharacterofthedebt,andanyspecialequitiesattachingtoit,ifany.]ii.ThesaidRichardRoebeingthusindebtedtocomplainant,andintendingorcontrivingnot24aAjudgmentatlawisnotnecessarytoenablethecomplainanttomaintainthebill.Code,§428S.25Code,§4288.28Thus:1.ComplainantArespectfullyshowstotheCourtthatthedefendant,C,isjustlyindebtedtohiminthesumof—dollars,evidenced,&c.2.ComplainantBrespectfullyshowstotheCourtthatthedefendant,C,isjustlyindebtedtohiminthesumof—dollars,evidenced,&c.Allofthecomplainantswilljoininchargingthefraud.27Code,52395;Boxlyv.McKay,4Sneed,286.See,ante,§997,note4.
28Ifthebillisfiledinbehalfofallthecreditors,thecaptionshouldsoshow;thus:JohnDoe,aresidentofKnoxrounty,whosuesforhimselfandalltheothercreditorsofRichardRoe,[thegrantorordonor,]complainant,vs.RichardRoe,[thefraudulentorvoluntarygrantorordonor,]andRolandRoe,[thefraudulentorvoluntarygranteeordonee,]bothresidentsofKnoxcounty,defendants.Thecomplainant,whosuesinbehalfofhimselfandalltheothercreditorsofthedefendant,RichardRoe,respectfullyshowstotheCourt:

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§1015SUITSWHEREEXECUTIONCANNOTBELEVIED.798topaysaiddebt,did,onAugust6,1881,conveytohisco-defendant,RolandRoe,whois,also,hisbrother,[showtherelationshipoftheparties,ifany,]thefollowingtractoflandinthe10thcivildistrictofKnoxcounty:[Describeitbymetesandbounds,or,atleast,soastofullyidentifyit.2a]Thisconveyancewasmadeandcontrivedoffraud,covin,collusion,andguile,totheintentandpurposetodelay,hinder,anddefraud,thecreditorsofsaidRichardRoeoftheirjustandlawfuldebts;30andespecially,todelay,hinder,anddefraud,complain-antofhissaiddebt. in.Thedefendant,RolandRoe,tooksaidconveyancefromhisco-defendant,wellknowingthefraudulentpurposeandcharacterthereof,andwithintenttoaidsaidRichardRoetohinder,delay,anddefraudhiscreditors,especiallycomplainant,oftheirjustdebts.Andcomplainantaversthatsaidconveyancewascollusivelymade;andthatthereisasecretagreementbetweenthedefendantswhereunderthesaidRolandRoeistoholdsaidlandinsecrettrustandforthebenefitofhisco-defendant,RichardRoe.[Iftherebeanythingshowingsuchatrust,orshowinganycollusionbetweentheparties,orshowingthatthegrantoristohaveanybenefit,ortohaveanyrentsorprofits,ortoretainthepossession,statethesefactsfullyandparticularly.]IV.Saidconveyancerecitesthatitwasmadeontheconsiderationofonethousanddollarsinhandpaid.Complainantchargesthatthisrecitalisabsolutelyfalse,thatnocashwaspaidatall;andthatifanywaspretendedtobepaiditwasameredeviceinfurtheranceofthecovin,collusion,andfraudwherebythedefendantswerecontrivingtohinderanddelaycomplainant.[Ifanyrelationship,orbusinessconnection,orspecialconfidence,existedbetweentheparties,statethefacts.Show,also,anyfacts,orcircumstances,thatimpeachtherecitalsofthedeedastothepaymentoftheallegedconsideration.]v.Thepremisesconsidered,thecomplainantprays:311st.Thatthosenamedasdefendantsinthecaptionbemadesuchbytheissuanceandserviceofallproperprocessrequiringthemtoanswerthisbill;buttheiransweronoathiswaived.2d.Thatthecomplainantmayhaveadecreeagainstthedefendant,RichardRoe,fortheamountduehimashereinaboveshown,principalandinterest,andforthecostsofthissuit;[and,ifthesuitisinbehalfoftheother-creditors,thenadd:andthatalltheothercreditorsofthedefendant,RichardRoe,whomaycomeinunderthisproceedingandprovetheirdebts,mayhavedecreesagainsthimfortheamountsjustlyduethem,respectively.]3d.ThatsaidconveyancetothedefendantRolandRoebedecreedtobefraudulent,null,andvoid,asagainstcomplainant,[andifthesuitisbroughtinbehalfofallothercreditors,thenadd:andasagainstalltheothercreditorsofthedefendant,RichardRoe;]andthatsaidtractoflandbesoldonacreditofnotlessthansixnormorethantwenty-fourmonths,andinbarofallequityorrightofredemption;andtheproceedsofsaidsalebeappliedtothesatisfactionofthedebtofcomplainant[andofalltheotherdebtsthatmaybeprovedbytheothercreditorsofsaidRichardRoe,whomaycomeinunderthisbill.]4th.ThatallothercreditorsofsaidRichardRoemaybeallowedtocomeinbypetition,filedinvacationorinterm,andprovetheirdebts,andhaveadecreetherefor.Thatthisbillbesustainedasageneralcreditors'bill;andthatduenoticebegivenbypublicadvertise-mentthatallofsaidcreditorsmaybecomepartiestothiscausewhodesire,toobtainthebenefitsofthisproceeding.[//thesuitisfortheexclusivebenefitofthecomplainant,thisparagraphoftheprayerwillbeomitted.]5th.Thattosecureandimpoundsaidproperty,awritofattachmentbeissuedbyfiatofyourHonor,andbeleviedonsaidtractofland;andthataninjunction,also,issuetoinhibitandrestrainthedefendantRolandRoefromselling,encumbering,orinanyothermannerdisposingofsaidproperty,oranypartthereof.Thisisthefirstapplicationforwritsofattachmentandinjunctioninthiscase.6th.Complainantpraysforallsuchother,further,andgeneralreliefashe[ortheothercreditorswhomaycomeinunderthisbill]maybeentitledtoon.thefactsasallegedandproved. JamesComfort,Solicitor.Webb&McClung,ofCounsel.[Thebillmustbeswornto,asin§789,ante.]TheattachmentinthiscasemustissueonthefiatofaJudgeorChancellor,j.ndcannotbeissuedbytheClerkandMasterwithout.§1015.DefencesandDecreesinSuitstoSetAsideFraudulentConveyances.Theusualdefencesare:1,Thatthedefendantdoesnotowethedebtalleged;or29Thisdescriptionisimportant,asitgivescom-plainantalienuponthepropertyspecificallyde-scribed,fromthefilingofthebill.Unlesstheprop-ertyisspecified,thelienwillonlydatefromthelevyoftheattachment.30Itiswelltofollowthephraseologyofthestatute,eventhoughsomewhatstiffandantiquated.Code,§1759.
31Ifthesuitisinbehalfofalltheothercred-itorsofthefraudulentgrantor,thensay:Thepremisesconsidered,thecomplainant,inbehalfofhimselfandalltheothercreditorsofRichardRoe,prays:

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799SUITSWHEREEXECUTIONCANNOTBELEVIED.§10162,Thatitisbarredbythestatuteoflimitations;or3,Thatitisbasedonausuriousconsideration,oronsomeotherillegalorimmoralconsideration;or•1,Thatitiswithoutconsiderationinwhole,orinpart;or5,Thattherewasrofraudintheconveyance.Thedefendantmaydenytheallegedfraudinhisanswer.32Thedecree,ifforthecomplainant,1.Shouldadjudgethattheprincipaldefendant,(thevendor,)isindebtedtothecomplainantbyreasonofthefactsallegedandproved,specifyingtheamountofthedebt,principalandinterestwhereitdrawsinterest.2.Thedecreeshouldnextadjudgethattheconveyancecomplainedofinthebill(describingtheproperty,and,ifland,givingitsboundariesandlocation,)wasmadewithintenttohinderanddelaycomplainantincollectingthesaiddebtandthatthevendeedefendantknewofthisintentandaidedtherein,andthat,therefore,suchsalewasfraudulentandvoid,asagainstcomplainant.3.Thedecreeshouldfinallyorderthesaleoftheland,orotherproperty,mentionedinthebill,describingthepropertyifnotalreadydescribedinthedecree,specifyingthetermsofthesale,anddirectinghowtheproceedsshouldbedistributed.4.Ifanypropertynotdescribedinthebillhasbeenattachedorderits.sale,also;anddirectanexecutiontoissueforanyresidueaftertheproceedsofthesalehavebeenexhaustedinsatisfyingthedecree.GENERALFORMOEDECREESETTINGASIDEAFRAUDULENTCONVEYANCE.[Fortitleofcause,commencementandrecitals,see,ante,§567.]ii.ThatthedefendantJohnBrownisjustlyindebtedtothecomplainantinthesumofeighthundredandtendollars,theprincipalandinterestdueonthenote[orjudgment,oraccount,orcontractsuedon,orotherwise.SpecifytheamountofdebttheCourtfindsthedefendantowes,andoutofwhatarising.]in.ThatthedefendantJohnBrownsoldandconveyedtohisco-defendantJamesBrownthetractoflanddescribedinthebillwithintenttohinderanddelaythecomplainantincollectinghissaiddebt,thedefendantJamesBrownwell-knowingtheintentandpurposeofthecon-veyance,andaidingtherein,andthatthereforesuchsaleandconveyanceisfraudulent,nullandvoidasagainstcomplainant.IV.Thatsaidtractofland,to-wit:[Heredescribeitbymetesandboundsandbylocation.^besoldonacreditofsixandtwelvemonthsandinbaroftheequityof'redemption,thecomplainantsopraying:thatoutoftheproceedsofsuchsale,whenconfirmed,therebepaid1st,thecostsofthecause;2nd,theamountofthedebthereindescribedtocomplainantandinteresttodateofpayment,and3rd,thebalance,ifany,tothedefendantJamesBrown.If,however,theproceedsofsaidsaleshouldbeinsufficienttopaythecostsofthecause,andthedebtofcomplainantashereindecreed,anexecutionwillissueagainstthedefendantJohnBrownfortheresidue.Butifthecomplainantfailtoestablishthefraudhemayhaveadecreefortheamountofhisclaim.Insuchacase,however,hewillbetaxedwithallthecostsdowntothedecree.33§1016.SuittoSetAsideaGeneralAssignmentasFraudulent.-^Ifagen-eralassignmentforthebenefitofcreditorsfailstocomplywiththestatute,orgivesthetrusteeanunreasonabletimetoclosethetrustandpaythecreditors,itisfraudulentinlaw,andmaybesetaside.Thefollowingistheusualformofbillinsuchacase:33aBILLATTACKINGAGENERALASSIGNMENT.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§1SS;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.Thatthedefendant,RichardRoe,isjustlyindebtedtohiminthesumoftwothousanddollars,andinterestthereonfromNovember24,1900:saidindebtednessevidencedbyanoteofhandofthatdate,dueoneyearafterdatewith.interestfromdate.Nopartofsaidnotehaseverbeenpaid. courseexcepted,ifabeneficiary.Thisbillisbasedonthethreecasesreferredtointhefollowingnotes,andisanillustrationofwhatcanbedonebyaparty82Templetonv.Mason,23Pick.,625.33Code,§4292.33aThebillshouldbefiledagainstthegrantorandgranteeofthedeedofassignment,andagainstallthebeneficiariesnamedinsaiddeed,complainantofwho,inthewordsofJudgeNeil,is"diligentandwise."ScheiblerV.Mundinger,2Pick.,694.

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§1017SUITSWHEREEXECUTIONCANNOTBELEVIED.800
ii.ThatonOctober3,1902,saidRichardRoepretendedtomakeageneralassignmentofallhispropertyforthebenehtofhiscreditors,thedeedofassignmentbeingmadetothede-fendantRichardFen.Theotherdefendantsandcomplainantarethecreditorsnamedinthebill.Saiddeedisheretoattached,markedA,andmaueapartofthebill.Hi.ComplainantknowsnothingofthevalidityoramountsoftheallegeddebtsofRichardRoetothedefendantcreditors,andifatanytimeintheprogressolthissuititbecomesnecessarytohavesuchvalidityandamountsestablished,complainantrequiressatisfactoryproofthereof. IV.Complainantchargesthatsaiddeedofassignmentisfraudulentandvoidasagainsthim.1st.Thedescriptionofthepersonalpropertysoughttobeconveyediswhollyinsufficient,thelanguageoftheschedulebeing,"allnotesandaccountsdueme,"thegrantor.342d.'ihesaidscheduleisnotverifiedbytheoathofthegrantor,thewords"sworntoandsubscribedbeforeme,"theclerk,notbeinganaffidavit.383d.Thedelayrequiredbysaiddeedforconvertingthepropertyconveyedintomoneyisunreasonableandoppressivetocomplainantandtheothercreditorsofsaidgrantorandoperatesasafrauduponthembyhinderinganddelayingtheminthecollectionoftheirdebts.38Allthreeofsaiddefectsinsaiddeedwillmorefullyandatlargeappearbyreferencetosaiddeedwhichismadeapartofthebill.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c:see,ante,§§1S8;164.]2d.Thatsaiddeedofassignmentbedeclaredfraudulentandvoid,andthataninjunctionissuetoprohibitthedefendant,RichardFen,astrusteeorotherwise,fromtakinganystepsundersaiddeed,andfrominanywaymeddlingwiththepropertyinsaiddeedorschedulesmentioned,ordescribed.3d.Thatanattachmentissueandbelevieduponallofsaidproperty,andespeciallyupontheleaseholdinterestinthestorehouse,anduponthegoods,waresandmerchandise,notesandaccounts,insaiddeedofassignmentandsaidschedulesmentioned,ordescribed.4th.Thatareceiverbeappointedtotakechargeofallsaidproperty,andconvertthesameintocashasrapidlyasmaybeprudent.Sth.Thatcomplainantbegivenadecreefortheamountduehimonsaidnote,principalandinterest,andthatenoughoftheproceedsofsaidpropertybeappliedtosatisfythesameandthecosts-ofthecause.6th.Thatcomplainanthavesuchotherandfurtherreliefashemaybeentitledto.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunction,attachmentorreceiverinthiscase.T.L.Carty,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit:see,ante,§§164;789.]§1017.SomePracticalSuggestionsinSuitstoSetAsideFraudulentCon-veyances..—Ifthedefendantvendorandvendeedonotbecomewitnessintheirownbehalf,thecomplainantmaybecompelledtomakewitnessesofthemhim-self.Ineitherevent,makethemspecifywhen,whereandfromwhomtheven-deegotthemoneytomakethepaymentsfortheland,andwhatthevendorhasdonewiththemoneybyhimsoreceived.Makethemshowtheplace,dayandhourwhenthewritingsweredrawn,andsignedandwhowerepresent.Provebythemthatthevendeeknewthevendorwasindebt,especiallytocom-plainant,andwasliabletobesued.Asktheminreferencetoconversationsbetweenthem,ortalkbyeitherofthem,inreferencetothevendor'sdebts,andhisliabilitytothesued.Provetheexistenceofasmanybadgesoffraud37aspossiblebythemselves,orbyotherwitnesses.Showthatthevendeewasinasituationtoknowofhisvendor'sindebtedness.Ifthedefenceisfabricated,thechancesarethatthedefendantsintheirde-positionswillcontradicteachother,orthestatementsintheiranswers.Beparticularinexaminingthemtoquestionthemcloselyastothetime,placeandcircumstancesoftheconveyance;dothisattheveryoutsetoftheirexaminationandrepeatitattheveryclose;andnoteinconsistencies,ifany.§1018.SuitsinAidofaJudgmentCreditorwhereNoFraudisAlleged.'TheCodegivestheChanceryCourtsexclusivejurisdictiontoaidacreditorbyjudgmentordecree,tosubjectthepropertyofthedefendantwhichcannotbe34Scheibler«.Mundinger,2Pick.,674. I 36Bankv.Martin,12Pick:,1.ZiIbid;LookoutBankv.Noe,2Pick.,21. 37See,ante,§1010.

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801SUITSWHEREEXECUTIONSCANNOTBELEVIED.§1018reachedbyexecution,tothesatisfactionofthejudgmentordecree,undertheprovisionsoftheCode.88Thisisacomprehensiveandfarreachingstatute,andincludesallmannerofjudgmentsanddecreesformoney,nomatterbywhatCourtrenderedorwhethertheamountexceedsfiftydollarsornot,39andsub-jectstotheirsatisfactionallpropertyofthedefendantthatcannotbeleviedonunderanexecution;anditisnotnecessarytohaveanexecutionissued,andreturned"nullabona,"beforefilingthebill,norisitnecessarytochargeinthebillthatthedefendanthasfraudulentlytransferredorconcealedhisproperty,orthatadiscoveryisnecessary.40Thecomplainanthasalienupontheequitableinterestofthedefendantinrealestateorotherpropertyfromthefilingofthebill;buthemayacquirealienfromtherenditionofthejudgmentordecreebycausingamemorandum
Ihereof,withinsixtydaysfromitsrendition,toberegisteredasprovidedinCodesections2984,2985,andbyfilinghisbillwithinthirtydaysfromthereturnoftheexecutionunsatisfied.41Ifthepropertyreachedbythebillisinsufficienttosatisfycomplainant'sdemand,andthedefendantisreceivingtherentsbutfailstopaythetaxes,areceivermaybeappointed.42Thecharacterofthepropertythatmaybereachedunderthissectionisdescribedinanothersection.43AbillwillnotlieunderCode,§4282,inbehalfofajudgmentcreditortoreachpropertythatmaybeleviedonatlaw,for,havingajudgmentalready,hecanhaveanexecutiononit.44Norwillitlieinbehalfofacomplainantwhohasnojudgment,onthesolegroundthatthedefendantisinsolventandcom-plainantfearshemaysellorencumberwhatpropertyhehas.45Thefollowingisaformofabillunderthissection
:
BILLBYAJUDGMENTCREDITOR.[Foraddressandcommencement,see,ante,§§156;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.ThatonMay1,1890,herecoveredajudgmentintheCircuitCourtofMcMinncountyagainstthedefendant,RichardRoe,forfivehundredandtendollars,andcostsofsuit.[Onthisjudgmentanexecutionissued,andwasreturnedJune10,1890,"nopropertyfound.''Thisallegationisunnecessary*6exceptincasesspecifiedinCode,§§2984-2986.]11.Thatthedefendant,RichardRoe,hasnopropertysubjecttoexecutionatlaw;butonApril12,1889,heconveyedbyregistereddeedtothedefendant,HenryFen,atractoflandinthe2dcivildistrictofsaidcountyintrusttosecuretohimthepaymentofanallegeddebtoifourhundreddollars.Saidtractoflandisboundedasfollows:[Givedescription:see,ante,§172.]Saidtractoflandiswellworthonethousanddollars.in.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c.,see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.Thatsaidtractoflandbesold,1sttosatisfywhatever,ifanything,maybeduethedefendantHenryFenundersaiddeedoftrust;and2d,thatwhatbalanceoftheproceedsofsalemayremainbeappliedtosatisfycomplainant'ssaidjudgment;thatsaidsalebeonacreditoftwelvemonthsandinbarofredemption.3d.Thatcomplainanthavesuchfurtherandotherreliefasmaybeconsistentwithequity.Geo.G.Williams,Solicitor.38Code,§4282;Stark«.Cheatham,2Term.Chy.,302.39Putnamv.Bentley,8Bax.,84;Statev.Coving-ton,4Lea,58;Malonev.Dean,9tea,338;PianoCo.v.Schell,6Cates,41Q.40ConsiderableconfusioninthereportedcasesonCode§4282,hasarisenfromdealingwith§4282asamerepreludeto§§4283-4286,whereasI4282isanindependentsection,originatingwiththeCodeof1858.Porterv.Lea,4Pick.,792-3;and§§4283,4284,4285,4286and4287aretakenfromtheActof1832,whichwascopiedfromtheNewYorkActof1828.Jourolmonv.Massengill,2Pick.,119,121.InvariousdecisionsofourCourts,andinThompson&Steger'sCode,section4282iscreditedtotheActof1832.EvenJudgeCooper,onee-ftheauthorsoftheCodeof1858,severaltimesreferstosection
4282,astakenfromtheActof1832.SeeJohnson1\Tucker,2Tenn.Chy.,399;Hooberryv.Harding.3Tenn.Chy.,684,andTurleyv.Taylor,3Lea,172.See,also,BryanV.Zarecor,4Cates,516-517,wherecontradictorystatementsareinadvertentlymade.41Code,§4286;Starkv.Cheatham,2Tenn.Ch.,302.Noattachmentisnecessarytomakegoodthislien.42Conev.Paute,12Heisk.,506;andJohnson«.Tucker,2Tenn.Ch.,398.43See,ante,§882.44Bryanv.Zarecor,4Cates,513.45McKeldinv.Gouldy,7Pick.,677,citing§788,(now§806,)ofthisbook.SuchcomplainantcantakehisdecreeandexecutionundertheActof1877,andnomore.Ibid.48Starkv.'Cheatham,2Tenn.Ch.,300.

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§1019SUITSWHEREADISCOVERYISNECESSARY.802Iftherebeanygroundsforanattachment,orinjunction,orreceiver,theyshouldbespecificallyalleged,andthenthebillshouldstatethatitisthefirstapplicationforsuchprocess,andmustbeswornto.
ARTICLEIII.SUITSWHEREJUDGMENTATLAWHASBEENOBTAINEDBUTADISCOV-ERYOFPROPERTYISNECESSARY.§1023.FormoftheBillofDiscovery.§1024.CharacteroftheOrderstoCompeltheDiscovery.§1019.WhenaBillofDiscoveryWillLie.§1020.CharacteroftheDiscoveryEnforced.§1021.RightsAcquiredUndertheBill.§1022.FrameoftheBillofDiscovery.§1019.WhenaBillofDiscoverywillLie.—TheCode1providesthatacreditorwhoseexecutionhasbeenreturnedunsatisfiedinwhole,orinpart,mayiileabillinChanceryagainstthedefendantintheexecution,andanyotherpersonorcorporation,tocompelthediscoveryofanyproperty,includingstocks,chosesinaction,ormoneyduetosuchdefendant,orheldintrustforhim,exceptwhenthetrusthasbeencreatedby,orthepropertysoheldhaspro-ceededfromsomepersonotherthanthedefendanthimself,andthetrustisdeclaredbywilldulyrecordedordeeddulyregistered.Tosustainsuchabillthecomplainantmustallegeandprove:1st,thatheisacreditorbyjudgmentordecreeonwhichanexecutionhasissuedandbeenreturnedunsatisfiedinwholeorinpart;2d,thatthedefendant,(whoisthejudgmentdebtor,)haspropertylegalorequitable,orboth;and3d,thatthispropertyhasbeensoconcealedthatitcanbereachedonlybyaidofadiscovery.Suchabillwillnotlietoreachpropertycapableofbeingreachedonanexecu-tionbylevyorgarnishment,2normoneyinthedebtor'spossession.3§1020.CharacteroftheDiscoveryEnforced.—Thestatuteaimstoaidthejudgmentcreditor,totheutmostlimitofthepowersofaChanceryCourt,inhiseffortstoferretouttheassetsandestateofhisdebtor,andtouncoverallreceptaclesofpropertyandopenalldoorstodeposits.Andnotonlyisthecreditorauthorizedtosearchtheconscienceofthejudgmentdebtor,andofanyotherpersonorcorporation,byinterrogatoriesinhisbill,inordertoascertainwhatstocks,chosesinaction,moneyorotherlegalorequitableproperty,ofthejudgmentdebtorisintheirpossession,orundertheircontrol,orwithintheirknowledge,includingmoney,stocks,chosesinaction,orotherpropertyheldintrustforhim,buthemay,also,taketheirdepositions,or,ifopportunitypermit,cross-examinethemtotheuttermosttocompelthemtodisclosealltheymayknow,andtodisgorgealltheymayhave,pertinenttothereliefsoughtbythebill.UnderCodesections4283,4284,4285,thedebtordefendantmaybecompelledtodisclosewhatpropertyinanywaybelongstohim,includingstocks,chosesinaction,ormoney,duehimorheldintrustforhim,withtheexceptionabovestated;andwheresuchpropertyis,and,ifinanother'spossession,thenameandplaceofresidenceofsuchperson;andwhentheexistenceofanypropertyisdisclosedbytheanswerofthedefendantordefendants,eitherintheiranswerstothebillortointerrogatoriesorquestionspropounded,theCourtwillcompelthepartyinpossessiontosurrenderthesameintothecustodyoftheCourt,anditwillbesubjectedtothesatisfactionofcomplainant'sjudg-mentordecree.Ifanyofthedefendantsfailorrefusetomakefulldisclosuresinanswertothebill,ortointerrogatoriesorquestions,orhavingmadedisclosures,or,thefactsotherwiseappearing,failorrefusetosurrender,orpayintoCourt,money,stocks,chosesinaction,orotherpropertydueorbelongingtothedebtorde-1Code,§4283. Ition,then§979,ofthisbook.2Bryanv.Zarecor,4Cates,503,citingabovesec-I 3Webbv.Jones.13Lea,200.

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803SUITSWHEREADISCOVERYISNECESSARY.§1021fendantjorheldintrustforhim,withtheexceptionstated,orrefusetomakeallnecessarytransferstopassthetitleorpossessionofsuchproperty,whendulyorderedbytheCourt,thedefendantssofailingorrefusingmaybeim-prisonedbyprocessofcontemptuntiltheycomply.4§1021.RightsAcquiredUndertheBill.—Thecomplainanthasalienuponallofthejudgmentdebtor'spropertyfromthefilingofhisbill,buthemayacquirealienfromtherenditionofhisjudgmentordecree,bycausingamem-orandumthereofwithinsixtydaysfromitsrenditiontoberegisteredaspro-\idedinCodesections2984-2985,andbyfilinghisbillwithinthirtydaysfromthereturnoftheexecutionunsatisfied.5§1022.FrameoftheBillofDiscovery.—Astheobjectofthelawistocom-pelthediscoveryofthejudgmentdebtor'spropertyandtopreventitstransfer,paymentordeliverytoanyotherperson,sothebillofcomplaintshouldbeequallyasvigorousandfar-reaching.6Thebillinsuchacaseshouldcontainthefollowingavermentsandprayers
:
1.Itshouldcommencebystatingtherecoveryofthejudgmentonwhichthebillisfounded.ThenameoftheCourtrenderingthejudgment,thenamesoftheparties,theamountofthejudgment,anditsdate,shouldallbesetforthwithsubstantialaccuracy.2.Itshouldnextshowthatanexecutiondulyissueduponsaidjudgment,specifyingwhenandtotheSheriffofwhatcounty;andthatsaidexecutionhasbeendulyreturnedunsatisfied,inwholeorinpart.Theverywordsofthereturnoughttobegiven;butthisisnotessential.3.Itshouldaverthatthedefendanthasproperty,specifyingit,andshowingitscharacter,amount,form,andwhereaboutsasnearlyaspossible,andifinthehandsofthirdparties,sostating,andmakingsuchavermentsandchargesinreferencetosuchproperty,andtothepossessionorcontrolthereofbyanyoftheco-defendants,asthecomplainantisjustifiedinmaking.4.Itmustprayforprocess,andforadiscoveryofthepropertyofthejudg-mentdebtor,andtosubjectthesametothesatisfactionofthecomplainant'sjudgment,whethersuchpropertycouldbeleviedonornot.7Thediscoverycalledforshouldbeofthemostsearchingcharacterprobingtheknowledge,memoryandconscienceofthedefendantstotheuttermost.Ifaninjunctionoranattachment,orboth,arenecessaryandproper,theymaybeprayedfor,also.§1023.FormoftheBillofDiscovery.—ThesubjectofBillsofDiscoverywillhereafterbefullytreated,andreferenceismadetotheChapteronthesubject.8Thefollowingformwillindicatethecharacterofbillcontemplatedbythe.statuteunderconsideration;BILLOFDISCOVERYBYAJUDGMENTCREDITOR.TotheHonorableOliverP.Temple,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatKnoxville
:
JohnDoe,aresidentofKnoxcounty,complainant,vs.RichardRoe,RobertRoe,JohnSmith,WilliamBrownandHenryJones,allresidentsofKnoxcounty,defendants.ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:9i.ThatattheJanuaryterm,1876,oftheCircuitCourtofKnoxcounty,herecoveredajudg-mentforfivethousanddollarsandcostsofsuitagainstthedefendants,RichardRoeandRobertRoe,saidRobertbeingthesuretyofsaidRichardonthenoteonwhichsaidjudg-mentwasbased. il.InFebruary,1876,anexecutionwasdulyissued,onsaidjudgment,totheSheriffofKnox4CresswellV.Smith,8Lea,688.Thisstatutewasturn.(Worthlessisthatpowerwhichisneverused.)intendedtobeefficacious,andthereisnoreason7Code,§4284;Bryanv.Zarecor,4Cates,518.whytheCourtshouldnotmakeitso.Inarepublic8See,post,§§1116-1121.noone,notevenadebtor,shouldbesuperiortotheoThisbillisbasedonaformin2Barb.Ch.Pr.,law.Letitnotbesaid,Delegibusnoncuratdebt-587-593.OurstatuteisverysimilartothatofNewtort York.Cresswellv.Smith,8Lea,700.See,Code.5Code,§4286. . . §83088;3478-3495.6Vanaestiliapotentiaquanunqnamvenitinac-

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§1023SUITSWHEREADISCOVERYISNECESSARY.804county,beingthecountythenandnowofthesaidtwodefendants'residence.SaidSheriffmadediligentsearchforgoodsandchattels,landsandtenements,butwasunabletofindany,andsohereturnedsaidexecutionwhollyunsatisfied,forthatreason,hisreturnsoshowing.[Ifanymoneywascollectedontheexecution,soshow,andshowthatthebalanceofsaidexecutionisunsatisfied.]in.ComplainantchargesandaversthatthedefendantRichardRoe,shortlybeforesaidjudg-ment,wasamerchantinthetownofKnoxville,andhadbeendoingalargebusiness;andcomplainantchargesandaversthatmanypersonsareindebtedtohiminvariousamounts,largeandsmall;andthatheholdsmanynotes,duebills,accountsstatedandopen,countywarrants,bonds,coupons,andvariousothersecuritiesandevidencesofdebt,toalargeamount,andhasgoods,waresandmerchandise,chosesinaction,andchattels,otvariouskindsanddiversamounts,inhispossession,orunderthecontrolorpossessionofothersforhisuse,advantageorbenefit,orsubjecttohisorder,orwhereinheisinsomemannerbeneficiallyinterested;allofwhichproperty,debts,chosesinaction,andotherestate,mightandoughttobeappliedtothesatisfactionofcomplainant'ssaidjudgment.[Specifyanydebts,chosesinaction,orothereffectsoftheprincipaldefendantsduefrom,orinthehandsof,theotherdefendants.]IV.ComplainantchargesandaversthatthesaiddefendantRobertRoewaspossessedofcon-siderableestatewhenhebecamesecurityonsaidnote,butaboutthetimesuitwasbroughtonsaidnoteheputallofhispropertyoutofsightofaCourtoflaw.ComplainantchargesandaversthatsaidRobertistheownerof,orinsomewayormannerbeneficiallyinterestedin,somerealestateinthisState,orsomecontractoragreementrelatingtorealestate,ortherents,profitsorissuesofsomerealestate,orsomeinterestinsomerealestate;alsothatthesaidRobertistheownerof,orinsomewaybeneficiallyinterestedinsomerealestate
;
alsothatthesaidRobertistheownerof,orinsomewaybeneficiallyinterestedin,thestock,propertyorprofitsofsomecompany,incorporatedorunincorporated,orinthestock,propertyorprofitsofsomecompanyorpartnership;orhassomeothersourcesofincome,orsomeotherkindofestateheldforhimbysomeoneasfriend,agent,bailee,tenant,clerk,custodianortrustee;orhasmoney,countywarrants,notes,bonds,coupons,certificates,accounts,securitiesorotherchosesinaction,orevidencesofdebtordeposit,depositedinsomebank,orwithsomecompany,firmorpersontohiscredit,orforhisuseorbenefit,orintrustforhim,orinsomewaytobesubjecttohisorderorbeappliedaccordingtohisdirectionorsuggestion.[Ifanyspecificfactsareknown,chargethemfullyandparticularly.]v.Complainantfurthercharges,andaversthattheotherdefendantsJohnSmith,WilliamBrownandHenryJones,areindebtedtosaidRichardandRobert,ortooneofthem,orhavemoney,countywarrants,notesofhand,duebills,accounts,trustdeeds,mortgages,stockcertificates,bonds,coupons,orotherevidencesofdebt,orsecurities,orvaluablepapers,orpropertyofsomeotherkind,belongingtosaidRichardorsaidRobert,ortoboth;orsubjecttotheorder,orcontrol,ofeithersaidRichard,orsaidRobert,orofboth;orheldforthebenefitofoneortheotherofthem,orofboth;orinwhichthesaidRichardandRobert,one,both,oreither,havesomebeneficialinterest,orsomerightofuse,enjoy-mentorprofit,whethersaidpropertyisheldinthenameofsaidRichardorRobertorofeitherofthem,orinthenameofanyorallofthedefendantsorofanytwoormoreofthem,orheldinanyothermannerorform.[Ifanyofthesedefendantsareknownorbelievedtohaveanypropertyofanykindbelongingtotheirco-defendants,orheldfortheiruseorbenefit,ortobeinanywaytheirdebtor,trustee,bailee,agent,depositaryordonee,astoanydebts,effects,chosesinaction,interestsorestates,ofanykind,specifythesupposedfactsfullyandparticularly.]VI.AndifthesaidRichardorRobertRoehavemadeanyassignmentortransferofanyoftheirpropertyoreffects,complainantchargesandaversthatsuchassignmentortransferismerelycolorable,andmadewithaviewandforthepurposeofplacingthesamebeyondthereachofcomplainant'ssaidjudgmentandexecutionthereon,andofenablingthesaidRichardandthesaidRobert,oneorboth,tocontrolandenjoythesame,andhavetheuse,benefit,andproceedsthereof;andsoitwouldappeariftheywouldstateandsetforthwhenandtowhomsuchtransferorassignmentwasmade,andwhatwasthekind,amountandvalueoftheproperty,debts,chosesinaction,oreffectssoassignedortransferred,andwhatwerethetermsorconditions,expressorimplied,uponwhichsuchtransfersorassignmentsweremade,andwhatdispositionhasbeenmadeofthepropertysoassignedortransferred,andinwhosepossessionthesamenowis,orwhathasbeendonewiththesame,ortherents,profits,pro-reeds,orincomethereof.Complainantclaims,andcallsfor,afullandcompletediscoveryofallsuchproperty,debts,claims,effects,andthingsinaction,belonginginanywaytosaidRichardorRobertRoe,ortoboth;andofallagreementsorunderstandings,expressorimplied,andofalltrusts,wherebyanyproperty,debts,chosesinaction,orothereffects,ortheuse,benefit,income,rents,issues,orprofitsthereof,areheldfortheuseorbenefit,oratthedisposal,ofsaidRichardorRobert,orofboth;andofeveryassignmentortransfer,bailmentorpledge,giftordonation,whicheitherorbothofsaidlastnameddefendantshas,

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80SSUITSWHEREADISCOVERYISNECESSARY.§1023orhave,madedirectlyorindirectlypfhisortheirproperty,debts,chosesinaction,orothereffects,orofanypartthereof,andofthepersonorpersonstowhomsuchassignment,trans-fer,bailmentorpledge,giftordonation,hasbeenmadedirectlyorindirectly,inwholeorinpart;theamountandvalueoftheproperty,debts,chosesinaction,orothereffectssoas-signedortransferred;andthetrusts,conditions,limitations,agreements,orunderstandings,expressorimplied,uponwhichsuchassignment,transfer,bailment,pledge,donationorgift,wasmade,andallthefactsandcircumstancesrelatingthereto;andparticularlywhatisthesituationofsaidproperty,debts,chosesinaction,orothereffects,assigned,transferred,delivered,pledged,donatedorgivenaway,directlyorindirectly,atthetimeofthefilingofthisbill,andinthepossession,orunderthecontrolofwhatpersonsthesameis,atsuchfiling.[Ifanyspecificfacts,orsupposedfacts,arecharged,identifyinganyparticularchattel,debt,chnseinaction,orotherpropertyorestate,legalorequitable,oftheprincipaldefend-ants,callforadiscoveryinreferencethereto.]VII.Complainantchargesandaversthatthedefendants,JohnSmith,WilliamBrown,andHenryJones,havejointlyorseverallyconfederatedandagreed,directlyorindirectly,ex-presslyorimpliedly,toaidsaidRichardandRobertRoe,oneorboth,incoveringuphisortheirproperty,effects,debts,chosesinaction,andotherestate,andhavethemselvesposses-sionorcontrol,directlyorindirectly,ofsomeoftheproperty,effects,debts,chosesinaction,andotherestateofsaidRichardandRobert,orofoneortheotherofthem;orthatotherpersonsholdsomeofsaidproperty,effects,debts,chosesinaction,stocks,moneys,checks,bonds,countywarrants,coupons,certificates,orevidencesofproperty,debt,deposit,stock,orinterest,inpledgeorinbailmentforthesaidSmith,Brown,andJones,orforoneormoreofthem,andthey,thesaidSmith,BrownandJones,oneormoreofthem,holdthesamebysomeagreement,trust,orunderstanding,expressorimplied,forsaidRichardorRobertRoe,orbothofthem.[Herespecifyanyfactorfactscomplainanthasreasontobelievetobetrue,showingthatanyoftheforegoinggeneralchargesaretrue.]VIII.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissueastoallofthosenamedasdefendantsinthecaptionofthisbill,andthattheyallbemadepartiesdefendanthereto,andberequiredtoabideandperformyourHonor'sordersanddecrees.2d.Thateachofsaiddefendantsberequiredtoanswerthisbillfullyandparticularly,uponhisoath,paragraphbyparagraph,accordingtothebestofhisknowledge,remembrance,information,andbelief;andthateachofthembecompelledtosetforthanddiscoverthenature,character,kind,amount,value,andwhereaboutsofalltheproperty,debts,chosesinaction,effects,andotherinterestsorestateofthesaidRichardandRobertRoe,orofeithercfthem,whetherinthehandsofanyofthedefendants,orofanyotherpersonasbailee,pledgee,donee,trustee,lessee,mortgagee,ordesuositary,directorindirect.3d.Thateachofsaiddefendants,RichardRoeandRobert,answerfullyandparticularlytothebestoftheirknowledge,remembrance,information,andbelief,(1)whetherthey,orcitherofthem,atthetimeofthefilingofthisbill,owneddirectlyorindirectlyanyandwhatproperty,debts,notes,accounts,chosesinaction,countywarrants,certificatesofde-posit,orofindebtedness,stocks,bonds,coupons,shares,orinterestsinanycompanyorfirm,corporatedorincorporated,ofanykindwhatsoever;or(2)whetheranyandwhatpersonorpersons,orcompany,orcorporation,atthetimeofthefilingofthisbill,heldforthem,orforeitherofthem,directlyorindirectly,orastrustee,pledgee,bailee,ordonee,anyprop-erty,debts,notes,accounts,money,chosesinaction,checks,countywarrants,certificatesofdepositorofindebtedness,stocks,bonds,coupons,sharesorinterestsinanyfirm,companyorcorporation,orotherestate,orevidencethereof,ofanykindorcharacterwhatsoever,andtheamountandvaluethereof;or(3)whethertheyoreitherofthemhave,sincetheexecu-tionofsaidnote,assigned,transferred,donated,given,pledged,bailed,ordeliveredtoanyandwhatperson,firm,company,corporation,orpartnership,anyofhisortheirpropertyoreffects,money,chosesinaction,countywarrants,accounts,claims,stocks,bonds,coupons,checks,certificatesofstock,interest,deposit,pledge,bailment,giftortrust,oranyotherkindorevidenceofproperty,oroftheuse,benefitorenjoymentthereofwhatsoever;andwhen,towhom,forwhatpurpose,anduponwhatterms,conditions,understandings,oragreements,verbalorwritten,expressorimplied,directorindirect,suchassignment,trans-fer,donation,gift,pledge,bailment,ordeliverywasmade;andwhathasbecomeofsaidproperty,effects,orestate;andwhetherthey,thesaidRichardandRobert,oreitherofthem,oranymemberofthefamilyofeither,oranypersonforeitherofthem,orforanymemberofthefamilyofeitherofthem,sincesuchtransfer,assignment,donation,gift,pledge,bail-ment,ordelivery,havereceivedanyofthebenefits,oranyoftherents,issues,income,interest,hire,orotherprofitsofanyofsaidproperty,effects,orestate,ofanykind,character,oramount,orinanyshapeorformwhatsoever,andthekind,amount,andvaluethereof.4th.Thateachofthedefendants,Smith,Brown,andJones,answerfullyandparticularlytothebestoftheirknowledge,remembrance,information,andbelief,(1)whetherthey,oreitherofthem,haveintheirpossession,orundertheircontrol,orwhetheranyotherperson,orpersons,forthem,oreitherofthem,haveinhis,her,ortheirpossessionorcontrol,asdebtor,assignee,transferree,vendee,lessee,trustee,bailee,ordonee,anyproperty,money,

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§1024SUITSBYFOREIGNCREDITORSAGAINSTFOREIGNDEBTORS.806goods,chattels,effects,debts,claims,notes,accounts,countywarrants,checks,bonds,cou-pons,certificates,orevidences,orshares,ofstockorinterestinanyfirm,company,orcor-poration,orotherchosesinaction,orevidencesofproperty,interest,orestate,belongingtosaidRichardandRobertRoe,oreitherofthem,directlyorindirectly,orwhereinsaidRichardandRobert,oreitherofthem,areinterested,directlyorindirectly,orwherefromthesaidRichardandRobert,oreitherofthem,orthefamily,oranymemberthereof,ofeitherofthem,receive,derive,obtain,orinanywayhaveanybenefit,use,profit,income,interest,rent,orissue;andthekind,character,amount,andvalueofsuchproperty,estate,oreffects;and(2)whetherthey,oreitherofthem,atthetimeofthefilingofthisbill,wasinanywayindebtedtosaidRichardandRobertRoe,ortoeither,ortoanyotherpersonfortheiruseandbenefit,ortotheuseandbenefitofeitherofthem,aiidhowandtowhatamount;and(3)whetherthereare,totheirknowledgeorbelief,ortotheknowledgeorbeliefofeitherofthem,anyandwhatproperty,debts,andeffectsinthepossessionorunderthecontrolofanyotherandwhatperson,belongingtosaidRichardandRobertRoe,ortoeitherofthem,ortoanyotherpersonfortheiruseandbenefit,ortheuseandbenefitofeitherofthem,orofthefamily,oranymemberofthefamilyofeitherorbothofthem,directlyorindirectly.[Interrogatethemastoallspecialfactschargedagainsttheminthebill;andcallonthemtoshowfullywhattheyhavedonewithpropertyallegedtohavebeenintheircustody.]Sth.Thateachandallofthedefendantsbeenjoinedandrestrainedfromselling,assign-ing,transferring,delivering,negotiating,discharging,receiving,collecting,encumbering,orinanywayormannerdisposingof,orintermeddlingwith,anydebts,demands,claims,ac-counts,money,property,checks,bonds,coupons,countywarrants,orothereffects,dueorbelonging,directlyorindirectly,tosaid.RichardandRobertRoe,ortoeitherofthem,ortoanybodyforthem,oreitherofthem,andfromassigning,transferringordeliveringtoany-bodyanyoftheproperty,goods,chattels,money,debts,claims,accounts,notes,checks,bonds,coupons,countywarrants,certificatesorevidencesofdebt,deposit,snaresorinterestinorwithanyperson,firm,company,orcorporation,orotherchosesinaction,orpropertyorevidencesofproperty,orofanyinterestinproperty,adiscoverywhereofisinthisbillsoughtandprayedfor.6th.Thatontheincomingoftheanswersofthedefendants,orsoonerifnecessary,areceiverbeappointedofalltheproperty,chosesinaction,effectsandotherestateofsaidRichardandRobertRoe;andthattheproceedsofallofsaidproperty,effects,andestatebeappliedtothesatisfactionofcomplainant'ssaidjudgment,andofthecostsofthis-suit.7th.Thatcomplainantmayhaveadecreefortheamountofhissaidjudgmentatlaw,andthecostsofsaidsuitatlaw;andthathemayhaveallsuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledtoatthehearing.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunction,orareceiver,inthiscase.L.C.Houk,ofCounsel. A.Caldwell,Solicitor.[Affidavitandjuratasin§789,ante.]§1024.CharacteroftheOrderstoCompeltheDiscovery.—Ifthedefend-ants,oranyofthem,failtofullyanswerthebill,givingindetailfullanddirectanswertoeachspecificationandrequirementofthebill,theanswersodeficientmaybeexceptedto,and,if,afterexceptionssustained,thedefendantindefaultfailstomakeasufficientanswer,thecomplainantmayhavehimattached,ormayhaveanordertakinghisbillforconfessed.10
ARTICLEIV.SUITSWHEREACREDITORHASOBTAINEDJUDGMENTINANOTHERSTATE,ANDHASEXHAUSTEDHISLEGALREMEDYTHERE.
§1025.WhenaBillbyaForeignCreditorWillLieAgainstaForeignDebtor.§1026.FrameoftheBill.§1027.FormoftheBill.
§1025.WhenaBillbyaForeignCreditorWillLieAgainstaForeignDebtor.—UndertheCode,whenajudgmenthasbeenrecoveredinanotherStateagainstaresidentofsuchState,andthecreditorhasexhaustedhislegalremedy,therealorpersonalpropertyofthedebtorinthisStatemaybesub-jectedtothesatisfactionofsuchdebt,bybillstatingthefactsunderoath,andfiledintheCountyinwhichthepropertyissituated.1Anon-resident10See,ante,§424.Andifthebillallegesmoneyorotherpropertyofthedebtordefendantinthehandsofhisco-defendantafinaldecreemaybepro-nouncedsubjectingthesame.
1Code,§4297.Taylorv.Badoux,8Pick.,249;Bankv.Motherwell,11Pick.,172.TheCode,saysthebillistobefiledinthe"districtinwhich,"&c.See,ante,§177.note15.

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807SUITStYFOREIGNCREDITORSAGAINSTFOREIGNDEBTORS.§1026creditorwithoutajudgmentcannotmaintainabillagainstanon-residentdebtoreitherunderCode,§4297,.orunderthegeneralprinciplesofEquityjurisdiction.2§1026.FrameoftheBill.—ThebillshouldbedrawnwithgreatprecisionastheinclinationofourCourtsseemstobetoconstruethestatutestrictly.3Thebillshouldopenbydeclaringandrecitingthejudgmentcomplainanthasobtainedagainstthedefendant,andwhen,where,andforwhatamountob-tained,andshouldaverthatsuchjudgmentisunpaid,andinfullforceandeffect;andthatonsaidjudgmentanexecutionissuedandwasreturnedwhollyunsatisfied,orsatisfiedonlyinpart,asthecasemaybe,givingtheamountrealizedonthejudgment,ifanything,andgivingthedatesoftheissuanceandreturnoftheexecution.Ifthepropertyofthedefendantisknownitshouldbedescribedsoastoidentifyit,forthiswouldoperateasalispendens;andanattachmentshouldbeprayedasfurthersecurity.ThedraughtsmanshouldbecarefultoshowthatthedefendantisaresidentoftheStateinwhichthejudgmentwasrecovered,andthatthecomplainantisaresidentofthesamestate.4Ifthebillshowsthatallof.thedefendant'spropertyintheStateofhisresi-dencehasgoneintothehandsofareceiver,orthatthedefendantisinsolvent*theissuanceandreturnnullabonaofanexecutionbecomeunnecessary,andthebillmaybefiledatonce.5ItisnotnecessaryforthecomplainanttoallegethatthepropertyofthedefendanthasbeenfraudulentlyremovedtothisStatetoevadetheprocessofthe'lawintheStateoftheirresidence.6LandsdescendedtoheirsinthisStatecannotbereachedinthisproceedingtosatisfyajudgmentagainsttheadministratorinanotherState.7§1027.FormoftheBill.—Theformofthebilliswellindicatedinthepre-cedingsection,butthefollowingillustrationmaybeofservice
:
BILLTOENFORCEAFOREIGNJUDGMENT.[Foraddressandcaptionsee,ante,§§155;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
I.Thatonthe....dayof....l9..~[insertthedateofthejudgment^herecoveredajudementforseventeenhundredandtendollars,andthecostsofthesuit,inthelawCourtofCincinnati,Ohio,onwhichjudgmentanexecutiondulyissued,andwasreturnedonthe....dayof....l9....[givethedate]"nullabona,"allofwhichwillmorefullyappearbyreferencetosaidjudg-ment,executionandreturn,certifiedcopieswhereofareherewithfiled,markedA,BandC,respectively.Saidjudgmentremainsinfullforceandeffect.ComplainantanddefendantbothresidedinOhiowhensaidjudgmentwasrendered,andhaveresidedthereeversince,andnowresidethere. ii.ThatsaiddefendantownsthefollowingtractoflandinBlountcounty,Tennessee.[Heredescribeit,andspecifyanyotherpropertyheownsinthisState,realorpersonal,giv-ingthecountywheresituated.]in.Complainantthereforeprays
:
1st.Thatanattachmentissueandbeleviedonsaidtractofland,andonanyotherpropertyofthedefendanttobefoundintheState.2d.Thatonsuchlevybeingmade,publicationbemadeaccordingtolawinattachmentsuits,notifyingthedefendantthereof,andrequiringhimtoappearandanswerthebill,buthisoathtohisansweriswaived.3d.Thatcomplainanthaveadecreeagainstthedefendantfortheamountduehimonsaid2Gasgetv.Scott,9Yerg.,244.3Thereseemstobenoreasonforthe,disfavoroftheCourts,unlessitbethatitwasthefirststatuteeverpassedinTennesseedispensingwithserviceofsubpeenauponthedefendant.GilmanV.Tisdale,1Yerg.,285;Davis,exrs.,v.Fulton,1Overton,<Tenn.)121.4Suchseems-tobetheholdingoftheCourts,buthasnotbeendirectlydecided.SeeGilmanv.Tisdale,1Yerg.,285.InDavis'exrs..v.Fulton,1Overton,121;inTaylorv.Badoux,8Pick.,249;andinBank
v.Motherwell,11Pick.,172,bothpartiesresidedinthesameState;butdoesthelawsorequire?5Davis'exrs.,v.Fulton,1Overton,(Tenn.),121;BankV.Motherwell,11Pick.,172.t.exneminemcogitadvanaseuinutiliaperagenda.(Thelawforcesnoonetodovainoruselessthings.)6Tivlor»>.BaH<v,x,8Pick.,249TheArtof1871,ch.122,Code,§3455a,doesnotmodifyCode,§4297,butanrcliestothegeneralattachmentlaws.Ibid.7Gilmanv.Tisdale,1Yerg.,285.

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§1028SUITSTOSUBJECTPROPERTYOFMARRIEDWOMEN.808judgrilent,andifthesameisnotpaidbyagivenday,thatsaidtractoflandbesold.[See,§1626;844;977;995.]4th.ThatcomplainanthavesuchfurtherandotherreliefashiscasewillwarrantandasyourHonormaydeemmeet.Thisisthefirstapplicationforanattachmentinthiscase.J.E.Cassady,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit;see,ante,§164;789.]
ARTICLEV.SUITSWHEREJUDGMENTSATLAWMAYBEHAD,BUTEXECUTIONSATLAWCANNOTBELEVIED.§1028.SuitstoSubjecttheSeparateProp-ertyofMarriedWomen.§1029.SuitstoMarshalSecurities.
§1028.SuitstoSubjecttheSeparatePropertyofMarriedWomen.—When-everrealorpersonalpropertyisgiven,grantedordevisedtoawomanaftermarriage,orincontemplationofmarriage,forherseparateuse,andfreefromIhecontrolofherhusband,itwillbedeemedaseparateestate;andastosuchproperty,Equityconsidersherasinglewoman,concedingtoherthepowertochargeitwithdebtsorengagements:1thispowersheexercisesbyexpresswordsorbyclearimplication,2inwriting,orbyparole.3Equityregardsherengagementasinthenatureofanallotmentofenoughofherseparateestatetodischargeherliability:andinsubjectingthisestatetothesatisfactionofherengagement,theChanceryCourtregardstheseparateestateasthedebtor,andabilltoenforcesuchanengagementisinthenatureofaproceedinginrem,ratherthaninpersonam.'1Thebillshould,therefore,specifyandlocatetheproperty5heldbythewifeasherseparateestate,andaveranexpressengagementonherparttopaythedebt,ordischargetheliability,outofsuchestate.5aThefollowingwillindicatetheframeandformofaBILLTOSUBJECTAWIFE'SSEPARATEESTATE.[Foraddressandcaption,seeante,§§155;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.That,[Hereshowtherelationsofthepartiesoutofwhichtheliabilityofthewifearose.Suchasgoods,wares,andmerchandisesoldanddeliveredfortheuseofherselfand.family,ormoneyloanedhertopayobligations,orthelike.}ii.That,[Hereshowthatcomplainantmadesaidadvancesontheexpressstipulationofthewifethatshewouldpayhimoutofherseparateproperty,andthatcomplainantmadesaidadvancesonthefaithofsuchstipulation.Ifawritingwasexecutedbyherinevidenceofherengagement,sostate,andsetitoutinfull,andmakeitanexhibittothebill.}in.Thatatthetimesaidnotewasexecuted,[orsaidengagemententeredinto]thedefendant[zvife]ownedthefollowingpropertyasherseparateestate.[Heredescribethepropertyandgiveitslocationsoastofullyidentifyit.}IV.That,[//thehusbandisinsolvent,soallege,andmakehimadefendantwhetherhesignedthenoteorotherwriting,ornot.}v.That[Iftherebeanyothermaterialmatter,hereallegeit.}1SeeWoodfolkv.Lvon,14Pick.,269.2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§1379.3Eckerlyv.McGhee,1Pick..661.Suchcontractsare,however,generallyinwriting.Butawriting,suchasanote,notexpresslybindingtheseparatees-tatecannotbeshownbyparoletobesobinding.Ibid.
4Tnrdanv.Everett,9Pick.,390.5Thepropertymustbelocatedwithinthejurisdic-tionoftheCourt.Flanniganv.GroceryCo.,14Pick.,599._5a"Ibindmyseparateestateforthepaymentofthisnote,"insertedinthebodyofthenoteissuffi-cient.Warreni>.Freemanandwife,1Pick.,513.

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809 SUITSTOMARSHALSECURITIES.§1029
VI.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c.;see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.Thatcomplainanthaveadecreeagainstthedefendant[wife]fortheamountduehim,includinginterest,andthatenoughofhersaidseparatepropertybesoldtosatisfythesame.63d.Thathehavesuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledto.DavidC.Young,Solicitor.Thebillneednotbesworntounlesssomedefendantisanon-residentorsomeextraordinaryprocessisprayed:noinjunctionorattachmentisnecessarytofixalienupontheproperty,thefilingofthebillcreatingalien,thedoctrineoflispendensapplyinginsuchacase.7§1029.SuitstoMarshalSecurities.—"Wheneveronecreditorhasalienupontwofunds,ortwoparcelsofproperty,andanothercreditorhasalienupononlyoneofthem,theChanceryCourtwillrequiretheformercreditortoseeksatisfactionfirstoutofthatfundorpropertyuponwhichtheothercred-itorhasnolien.8Thus,whereonecreditor(A)issecuredbytwoormorefunds,(saytwo,XandY,)andanothercreditor(B)issubsequentlysecuredbyonlyoneofsaidfunds,(sayX,)aCourtofChanceryondueapplicationwillcompelAtoex-haustfirstthefund,Y,beforeresortingtofund,X;andifAhasexhaustedthefund,X,withoutobservingthisrule,theChanceryCourtwillsubrogateBtoA'srightagainstfund,Y.Andthisruleapplies,also,infavoroftwoormorecreditorsagainstoneormorepriorcreditors.BILLTOMARSHALSECURITIES.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§15S;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.ThatthedefendantRichardRoe,isindebtedtohiminthesumofsixhundreddollars.[Shozvtheamountoftheindebtedness,andthatitissecuredonfarm,lotorfundA,statinghowsecured,andspecifyingthesecurity,andgivingitsdate.]ii.ThatthedefendantRichardRoeis,also,indebtedtohisco-defendant,RolandRoe,buttheamountofsuchdebtcomplainantdoesnotknow.ThisdebtowingtoRolandRoe,allegedbyhimtobeeighthundreddollars,issecuredbyadeedoftrust,[mortgage,lien,orinsomeotherway;specifyhow,]onsaid[farmorlotA,specifyingtheproperty,]andalsoon[anotherpieceofpropertyB,describingit.]Saiddeedoftrust[mortgage,orlien,]infavorofRolandRoe,isdatedthe....dayof....190{givedate.]in.Thatthedeedoftrust,[mortgage,orotherlien,]ofdefendant,RolandRoe,isapriorandsuperiorlientothatofcomplainant,andheisabouttosellsaid[farm,lot,or,&c,A,]withoutrecoursetosaid[lotB.]havingadvertiseditforsaleunderhissaiddeedoftrust.Complainantisinformedandbelieves,andsochargesandavers,thatsaidfarmisnotworthandwillprobablynotsellformorethantheamountofthedebttodefendantRolandRoe,inwhicheventcomplainant'ssaidsecuritywillbecomeworthless.rv.ThathehasrequestedthedefendantRolandRoetofirstsellsaid[lotB,]buthehasrefusedsotodo.[Itisnotnecessarytomakesuchanallegation,butiftherequestwasmadeandrefused,sostate.] v.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpcenatoanswerissue[&c,see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.Thataninjunctionissuetorestrainandprohibitthedefendant,RolandRoe,fromselling[farm,lot,or&c,A.]3d.Thatthedebtduethedefendant,RolandRoe,ifany,besetupandestablishedinyourHonor'sCourt,andthatcomplainanthaveadecreeforhisdebtalso,andthatsaidtwo[tractsofland,lotsor&c,AandB,]besoldonacreditofnotlessthansixnormorethantwenty-fourmonths,andinbaroftheequityofredemption,andthattheproceedsofsaidtwolots[ortracts]bemarshalled,andthedebttothedefendantRolandRoebefirstpaid,ifhebefoundentitledthereunto,andthatoutoftheproceedsofthesaleofsaid[farm,lotor&c.A]complainant'ssaiddebtbepaid.6Ifthepropertyisrealty,andasaleinbarofre-I 8Whitev.Fulghum,3Pick.,285:3Pom.Eq.Jur.,demotionisdesired,sopray.See,ante,|626.§1414:1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§§642-645.7Jordanv.Everett,9Pick.,300. I GilliamV.McCormack,1Pick.,597.

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§1030SUITSBYGENERALCREDITORS.8104th.Thatcomplainanthavesuchother,furtherandgeneralreliefasthenatureofhiscasemayrequire.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctioninthiscase.J.W.Gaines,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit,see,ante,§§161;789.]Ifthepropertyisnotfullyworthbothdebts,andisdeterioratinginvalue,oruninsured,orthetaxesunpaid,statethesefactsinthebillandprayforareceiver.10
ARTICLEVI.SUITSBYGENERALCREDITORSFORTHEIRPRORATAOFANINSOLVENTDEBTOR'SPROPERTY.§1030.RationaleofthePro-ratingoftheAssetsofanInsolventDebtor.§1031.WhenaGeneralCreditors'BillWillLie.§1032.RationaleofaGeneralCreditors'Bill.
§1033.FrameofaGeneralCreditors'Bill.
§1034.FormofaGeneralCreditors'Bill.
§1035.ProceedingsonaGeneralCreditors'Bill.§1030.TheRationaleofthePro-ratingoftheAssetsofanInsolventDebtor.—Asarule,theassetsofaninsolventdebtorare,directlyorindirectly,composedofwhathehasobtainedfromhisvariouscreditors,andfailedtopaybackorotherwisemakegood;sothat,ineffect,theseassetsareindirectlytheequitablepropertyofthesecreditors,thelegaltitleonlybeinginthedebtor,andheinEquityholdingtheseassetsintrustforhiscreditorsastheequitableowners.Hence,theinsolventdebtorhasnoequitableormoralrighttotakethewhole,oranundueproportion,ofhisassetstopayoneormoreofthesegeneralcreditors,forthatwouldbeusingtheequitablesharesoftheol.hercreditorsinthoseassetstopaythosethuspreferred;norhasanyoneofthesegeneralcreditorsanyequitableormoralrighttothewhole,oranundueproportion,ofhisdebt,for,ifhegotmorethanhisequitablepropor-tionoftheassets,hegotmoreorlessoftheproportionsoftheothergeneralcreditors,andwouldbeliable,inEquity,toaccounttherefor.Itismanifestthattheonlywayinwhichsuchassetscanbeequitablydis-posedofistoreturntoeachgeneralcreditorhisproportionofthewholewith-outtakingfromanyotherwhatishis.Itwillthusbeseenthattheassetsofaninsolventdebtorconstituteaquasitrustfundwherewithtopayhisdebts.Theseassetsarethecropproducedbyhisdebts,andareoftenapartoftheverymoneyorpropertyorservicesreceivedfromthecreditors.Everypersonv?holaboredforthisdebtoronaccount,orloanedhimmoney,orsoldhimpropertyoncredit,didsoonthefaiththatthedebtor'sassetswouldconstituteafundfromwhichhewouldbereimbursed.But,astheseassets,thecommonfundforthepaymentofallthecreditorsandinEquitybelongingtoall,arenotsufficienttopayeachcreditoronehundredpercent,ofhisdebttheonlvequitableruleofdistributionistopayeachoneaslargeapercent,asthesssetswillwarrant,givingeachonethesameproportionofhisdebt,andthusadministeringthatequalityinwhichEquitytakesdelight.1§1031.WhenaGeneralCreditors'BillWillLie.—WheneverthereisafandwhichaCourtofEquitywilldistributeratablyamongallthecreditorsoftheownerofthatfund,thenanyoneofthecreditorsmayfileabillinbehalfofhimselfandofalltheothercreditorsofsaidowneragainstsaidowner,inordertohavethefundproratedamongsuchcreditors.2Andifthecommondebtorhasassignedsaidfundtoathirdpersonforthebenefitofhis10See,ante,§§895-902. Iration,partnership,orindividual.1Pom.Eq.Jur.,1Ante,§47. §410;BankofRomev.Haselton,15Lea,230.See,2Thisownerorcommondebtormaybeacorpo-'ante,§47.

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811 SUITSBYGENERALCREDITORS.§1031creditors,suchassigneemustbemadeadefendant,also.Ifanyofthecommonereditotrshavefiledseparatebillsexclusivelyfortheirownbenefit,onagen-eralcreditors'billbeingfiledprayingtohavetheindividualsuitsenjoined,theCourtwillenjointhem,andwillrequirethecomplainantsthereintocomeinunderthegeneralcreditors'bill.Acomplainant,whohasfiledanindivid-ualbill,will,however,beallowedtosoamenditastomakeitageneralcred-itors'bill,ifsuchamendmentbemadebeforeageneralcreditors'billhasbeenfiled.Themostcommoncasesforthefilingofgeneralcreditors'bills,andbillsinthenatureofgeneralcreditors'bills,arethefollowing:1.BillstoWindupInsolventCorporations.Theassetsofaninsolventcorpora-tionconstituteatrustfundforthebenefitofallthegeneralcreditorsofsuchcorporation.2.BillstoWindupanInsolventEstate.Theassetsofaninsolventestatearerequiredbystatutetobedistributedratably,underthestatuteamongallthegeneralcreditors,asheretoforeshown.33.BillstoEnforceTrustDeedsandAssignmentsfortheBenefitofCreditors.Whenanindividual,partnership,orcorporationmakesatrustdeedorassign-mentforthebenefitofallhisoritscreditors,orforthebenefitofthosethereinnamed,anycreditorentitledtoshareinthefundmayfileabillonbehalforhimselfandallothercreditorsinordertoassert,protect,andenforcehisandtheircommonrightstothepropertyconveyed.Butinsuchacasethebillmustshowthattheassigneeortrusteeisunableorunwillingtoexecutethetrust,orisguiltyofinequitableconductendangeringtheinterestsofthebene-ficiaries,orthatforsomeothersufficientreasontheCourtshouldexecutethefrust.4.BillstoSelltheLandsofaDecedenttoPayHisDebts."Whensuchabillisfiledbyacreditoritmustbefiledinbehalfofalltheotherbonafidecreditorsofthedecedent.5.BillsbyaCreditortoHaveAdministratorAppointed.WhenabillisfiledinChancerytohaveanadministratorappointed,iffiledbyacreditor,itshallbeonbehalfofallothercreditorswhomaywishtocomeinandbemadepartiesodtheusualterms;andthedistributeesandheirsmaybemadepartiesde-fendants;andifthebillisfiledbythenextofkin,oranyofthem,itshallbeonbehalfofallthedistributeesandheirsagainstthecreditors,whomaybe-comedefendants.6.BillstoSetAsideFraudulentConveyancesMadebyanInsolventDecedent.Suchaconveyancewhensetasideenurestothebenefitofallthegeneralcred-itorsofthedecedent,andthebillmust,therefore,beinbehalfofallsuchcreditors.7.BillstoSetAsideFraudulentConveyancesofaLivingDebtorAcreditormayfilesuchabillforhimselfalone,orhemayfileitinbehalfofhimselfandallothercreditorsofthefraudulentdebtor,inwhichlattercaseitbecomesageneralcreditors'bill.48.BillstoEnforcetheLiensofMechanics,Laborers,andMaterialMenareakintogeneralcreditors'bills.5Thepropertytowhichthelienattachesisinthenatureofatrustfundforthecommonbenefitofallthelien-holders.Thebillmaybefiledinbehalfofallhavingliens,andonsuchabillallothersuitstoenforcelikeliensmaybeenjoined.sSee,ante,§§997-1004.4Insuchacase,thereisagrowingpracticeofjoining,ascomplainantsinthesamebill,severalcreditorswhosedebtsandclaimsagainstthedefend-antsarewhollyseparateanddistinct,andprayingoneattachment,anddecreesforthedebtdueeachofthedefendant.Noobjectionisapparenttosuchapractice;butinsuchacasethebillshouldbesworntoby,oronbehalfof.eachofthecomrlainants.Ifthedefendantshoulddemurtosuchabillbecauseofitsmultifariousness,theChancellorwouldnotdomorethanrequireseparatebillstobefiledbyeachcomplainantagainstthedefendant,Code,§4326,giv-
ingtothecomplainantineachthebenefitoftheat-tachmentinthebillalreadyfiled.Suchabillwouldnot,however,bemultifarious,butwouldbedeemedasinthenatureofageneralcreditors'bill.Code,§4288.5SeeCode,§§3544-3546.Theywouldnot,instrictness,begeneralcreditors'bills,butratherbillsinthenatureofgeneralcreditors'bills.Thebills,however,areframedinthesumeway,andallowalltheclaimantstocomeinunderthem;andthepro-ceedingsonthebillsaresubstantiallythesameasincaseofgeneralcreditors'bills.

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§1032SUITSBYGENERALCREDITORS.8129.BillstoEnforceLiensonBoatsareinthenatureofgeneralcreditors'bills,andmaybefiledinbehalfofallthepartieshavingsuchliens.Onsuchabillallpersonswhohavepriorliensontheboatmay,also,bemadepartiestothebill."10.BillstoEnforcetheLiensofContractorsandLaborersonRailroads,andtheLiensofEmployeesofCorporations,PartnershipsandMerphants,are,also,inthenatureofgeneralcreditors'bills,andmaybefiledonbehalfofthecomplain-ant,andofallotherpersonshavingliensonthedefendant'sproperty.Incaseofbillstoenforceanyofthenextthreeforegoingclassesofliens,thepropertytowhichthelienattachesmayberegardedasacommonfundinwhichallthelienholdersareentitledtoshareratably.
•§1032.RationaleofaGeneralCreditors'Bill.—Ifallormanyofthoseentitledtoacommonfundwereallowedtoinstituteseparatesuitstherefor,itismanifestthatthecostsofthevarioussuitswouldconsumeall,oralargepartofthefund,andthusnothingbeleftforthecreditors.Besides,ifthefundbelongstoallthecreditorsincommon,ratably,itwouldfollow,instrictlaw,thatnooneofthemhastheexclusiverighttosubjectanypartofittothesatisfactionofhisindividualclaim,regardlessoftherightsoftheothei-creditors.Andinthethirdplace,ifthefundbelongsratablytomanycred-itors,itisimpossibletodistributeitamongthoserightfullyentitledthereto,unlessallthecreditorshaveachancetobeheardinoneandthesamesuit,whereintheirrespectiveclaimscanbeproperlyadjudicated,andtherightfiventoalltoprovetheirownclaimsandcontesttheclaimsofothers.Whereas,whenasuitisbroughtbyonecreditorinbehalfofhimselfandalltheothercreditorsofacommondebtor,inordertohaveacommonfunddis-tributedprorataamongthecreditors,theexpensesoflitigationarereducedtoaminimum,allthecreditorshavearighttobeheard,andbyonedecreealloftheirvariousequitiesmaybeeffectuallyadjudicated,andthefunddividedequitably,accordingtoeachhisproperprorata.Andsoitmaybesaidthatthemainobjectofgeneralcreditors'billsare(1)topreventamultiplicityofsuits,(2)tomakeanequitabledistributionofacommonfund,and(3)topreventtheaccumulationofcosts.6aEquitydelightsinequality,andwhenevertheCourtisnotembarrassedbysuperiorliens,orequities,itwillapportionafundinitseustodyprorataamongthecreditorsoftheownerofthatfund,7whethersuchownerbeanindividual,apartnership,acorporationoradeceaseddebtor.8§1033.FrameofaGeneralCreditors'Bill.—Indrawingageneralcreditors'billthefollowingmattersshouldbekeptinmind
:
1.Thebillmustshowonitsface,eitherinthecaption,orintheprayer,thaiitisfiledinbehalfofthecomplainantandofalltheothercreditors9oftheinsolventestate,person,firm,orcorporation.2.Itmustbefiledagainsttheinsolventdebtor,andthepersonsinchargeofhisoritsassets;andagainstanyandallpersonsintermeddlingwithsaidassets,ortryingbysuitorotherwisetoappropriatethem,oranypartofthem.3.Thebillmustshowonitsfacethatthecomplainantisabonafidecreditoroftheinsolventdefendant;andshouldfiletheevidenceofhisdebt,ifany:1''
ifheisajudgmentcreditor,heshouldsoallege;andifexecutionhasissuedonhisjudgmentandbeenreturnednullabona,heshouldsoshow,andshouldfileacertifiedcopyofthejudgment,executionandreturn.4.Thebillmustpositivelyallegetheinsolvencyofthedebtororestatewhoseassetsaretobeadministered,ifthesuitbeagainsttheestateofadecedent,
eCode,5§3557-3562.SeeEmoryI.&C.Co.v.Wood,6Heisk.,198;Fergusonv.Vance,3Lea,90.eaSpenrerv.Goodlet.20Pick.,648,citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§967.rv7See,Ante,§47.81Pom.Eq.Jur.,§410.
oAbillfiledinbehalfofthecomplainantaloneisnotageneralcreditors'bill.Parksv.SawCo.,20Pick.,23.10AgeneralcreditorcanmaintainthDbill.Trades-manCo.v.CarWheelCo.,11Pick.,634.
/0-^V

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813 SUITSBYGENERALCREDITORS.§1034thebillmustshowthattheinsolvencyoftheestatehasbeensuggestedtotheCountyCourt,ortoitsClerk.Ifthesuitisagainstaperson,partnership,orcorporation,it,isalwayswelltoshowthatanexecutionhasissuedagainstthedefendant,andbeenreturnedunsatisfied.5.Thebillshouldspecifyasfullyaspracticablethecharacter,locationandamountoftheassetsofthedefendantdebtor;and,sofaraspossible,thenamesoftheprincipalcreditors,wheretheyreside,andtheamountdueeach,andonwhataccount.Thesecreditorsshouldallbemadedefendants.6.Ifanyfraudulentconveyances'areassailed,thepropertyallegedtobesoconveyedmustbedescribed,thefraudchargedspecifically,andtheconveyeemadeadefendant.7.Thebillshouldpray:(1)thatitmaybeallowedtobefiledinbehalfofcomplainantandofalltheothercreditorsofthedefendantdebtor;(2)thatallthosenamedasdefendantsinthecaptionbemadesuchbytheissuanceandserviceofallproperprocess;(3)thatallofsaidcreditorsnotmadepartiesbeallowedtocomeinbypetition,andfileandprovetheirrespectiveclaimsinthecause,andhavethebenefitofalldecreesmadetherein;andthatallcred-itorsbenotifiedhereofbyduepublication;(4)thatallsuitsagainstthede-fendantdebtor,andallpersonsintermeddlingwiththeassetssoughttobeadministered,beenjoined;(5)thatareceiverbeappointedtotakepossessionofalltheproperty,realandpersonal,andallthechosesinaction,franchisesandotherassetsofthedefendantdebtor;andthatsuchreceiverconvertallofsaidpropertyintomoney;(6)thatallaccountsbetakennecessarytoshowt,heamountofsaidassets,thepriorliensthereonifany,thenamesofthecred-itorsandtheamountdueeach,andwhohaveliensandwhonone;and(7)thatafterpayingthecosts,andexpensesofthesuit,includingcomplainant'scounselfees,theamountsduethepreferredcreditorsbepaid,andthebalanceoftheassetsproratedequitablyamongthegeneralcreditors.,
§1034.FormofaGeneralCreditors'Bill.—Theframeofthebill,asgivenintheprecedingsection,maybebetterunderstoodbyanexaminationofthefollowingform:GENERALCREDITORS'BILL.TotheHon.JohnP.Smith,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatTazewell
:
JohnDoe,aresidentofKnoxcounty,complainant,whosuesonbehalfofhimselfandallothercreditorsoftheRiverImprovementCompany,vs.ThesaidRiverImprovementCompany,acorporationunderthelawsofTennessee,whoseprincipalofficeisinClaibornecounty,andwhosechiefofficersresidethere,andHenryHU1andDavidDoe.bothresidentsofsaidClaibornecounty,andRichardRoe,JohnSmith,andJesseJames,non-residentsofTennessee,jComplainant,whosuesinbehalfofhimselfandofalltheothercreditorsofthesaidRiverImprovementCompany,respectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.Thatheisabonafidecreditorofthedefendant,theRiverImprovementCompany,asfollows
:
1.HehasanoteforfivethousanddollarsexecutedtohimbysaidCompanyonJanuary4.1891,anddueninetydaysafterdate,allofwhichisowingtohimandunpaid.2.HehasanaccountagainstsaidCompanyforworkdoneontheClinchriver,undera.writtencontractwithsaidCompany,amountingtofourthousanddollars,allofwhichisduehimandunpaid.3.HehasajudgmentagainstsaidCompanyforthreethousandandsixty-onedollarsandcostsofsuitrenderedbytheCircuitCourtofKnoxcountyagainstsaidCompanyatitsMayterm,1891,andthatonsaidjudgmentanexecutionhasdulyissuedtotheSheriffofClaibornecounty,andbeendulyreturnedbytheSheriffofsaidcountywhollyunsatisfied.ii.Thesaidnote,thesaidaccount,andacertifiedcopyofsaidjudgment,execution,andreturn,areheretoattachedasexhibits,andmarkedA,B,andC,respectively.ThedefendantCompanyis,also,largelyindebtedtovariousotherpersons,to-wit:toP.G.FulkersonandJ.H.S.MorYison,aboutonethousanddollarseachforattorneys'fees;toC.H.Rogersinalargesum,believedtobeaboutfivethousanddollars;toG.W.Montgomeryaboutonethousanddollars,andtoT.W.StoneandE.A.Hurst,invariouslargesums,aggre-

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§1034SUITSBYGENERALCREDITORS.814gatingseveralthousanddollars.SaidCompany,also,owesvariousotherpersonsvariousamounts. in.TheliabilitiesofsaidCompanycomplainantisinformedandbelieves,andonthatbeliefchargesandavers,willnotfallbelowthirtythousanddollars;whereasitsassetswillnotexceedtwentythousanddollarsinvalue.TheCompanyhasceasedtodobusiness,itsofficeisclosed,anditscorporatefranchisesarenotused.SaidCompanyisunabletopayitsdebts,andisinsolvent.rv.TheprincipalassetsofsaidCompanyare
:
1.Itsboominthe-Clinchriver,inClaiborne.county,includingthelogs,chains,pillars,andropes,belongingthereto.2.Thelogsinsaidboom,andlogsatmanyplacesonClinchriver,anditstributariesabovesaidboom.3.Thesawmillnearsaidboom,includingtheengine,boiler,gearing,attachments,andtools,thereuntobelonging,andtheshedcoveringsaidmill.4.Thelumbernowsawedandstackednearsaidmill;andotherlumberthereunstacked.5.ThefollowingtractsoflandinClaiborneandHancockcounties:[Describingeachtractbymetesandbounds.]6.TheofficefurnitureofsaidcompanyintheirofficeatTazewell,consistingofdesks,chairs,tables,safe,stove,book-case,books,maps,drawings,&c,&c.7.TheCompanyhas,also,largedebtscomingtoitfromvariousparties;buthowmuchcanberealizedtherefromcomplainantisnotadvised,anddoesnotknow.v.Thedefendant,RichardRoe,isjustlyindebtedtothesaidRiverImprovementCompanyinthesumofthreethousanddollarsformoneycollectedbyhimforsaidCompanyandnotaccountedfor.Heisanon-residentoftheState,butownsavaluablehouseandlotatCumberlandGap,adjoiningthelotsofDanielBoone,David'Crockett,andSimonKenton.VI.ShortlybeforecomplainantobtainedhissaidjudgmentagainstthedefendantCompany,itconveyedavaluabletractof.timberlandinthe4thcivildistrictofHancockcountytothedefendantJohnSmith.SaidtractadjoinsthelandsofJohnBrown,JamesJones,andCharlesClark,andcontainsaboutthreethousandacres,beingthetractconveyedtosaidCompanybysaidC.H.Rogers,towhom'aportionofthepurchase-moneyisyetdue.ThesaidconveyancetosaidJohnSmithwasmadebythedefendantCompanyforthepurposeofhindering,delayinganddefraudingcomplainantandtheother.creditorsofsaidCompany,andnoconsiderationreallypassed,butsaidSmithholdssaidtractoflandunderasecrettrustforthebenefitofJesseJames,thepresidentandgeneralmanagerofsaidCompany.VII.ThedefendantsHenryHillandDavidDoeareeachprosecutingaseparatesuitagainstthedefendantCompany,intheCircuitCourtatTazewell,claimingfivethousanddollarseachasdamagesforanallegedbreachofcontract;andtheyhaveeachattachedsaidmill,logs,lumber,andofficefurnitureofthedefendantCompany.Andcomplainantavers,oninformationandbelief,thatothercreditorsofthesaidCompanyarethreateningtobringsuitagainstsaidCompany,sothatitsassetsareingreatdangerofbeingconsumedbythecostsincidenttoamultiplicityofsuits..VIII.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thathemayb^allowedtofilethisasageneralcreditors'bill,inbehalfofhimselfandofalltheothercreditorsofthesaidRiverImprovementCompany;andthatthebillbebyyourHonorsustainedassuch.2d.Thatallofthosenamedasdefendantsinthecaptionofthisbillbemadesuchbytheissuanceandserviceofsubpoenaastoalltheresidentsandbyduepublicationnoticesastoallthenon-residents;andthattheyeachandallberequiredtoanswerthisbill;buttheoathtotheanswerofeachiswaived.3d.ThatallofthebonafidecreditorsofthedefendantCompanyberequiredtoprosecute••heirclaimsanddemandsagainstsaidCompanyinthisCourtandinthiscause;andtothatendthattheybeallowedtofiletheirpetitionsintermorinvacation,exhibitingtheirrespec-tiveclaimsanddemands,andtoprovethesamebeforetheMaster;andthattheybegrantedallthebenefitsofthisproceedingtowhichcomplainantmaybeentitled;andthattheMasterbedirectedtonotifybyduepublicationallthecreditorsofsaidCompanytofiletheirclaimsinthiscause.4th.ThatajudgmentberenderedagainstthedefendantRichardRoefortheamountduefromhimtothedefendantCompanyasaforesaid,andthatanattachmentissueandbeleviedonthesaidhouseandlotownedbyhimatCumberlandGap;andonanyotherpropertyhemayowninthisState.Sth.ThattheaforesaidconveyancebythedefendantCompanytoJohnSmithbedeclared.fraudulentandvoid;andthatthesaidtractoflandsofraudulentlyconveyedbeattachedbythelevyofanattachmentthereon,andbesoldandtheproceedsappliedtothesatisfactionofthedebtsofthedefendantCompany.

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,815 SUITSBYGENERALCREDITORS.§10356th.ThatthedefendantsHenryHillandDavidDoebeenjoinedfromfurtherprosecuting•theirsaidsuitsintheCircuitCourtagainstthedefendantCompany;andthatallothercred-itorsbeenjoinedfrominstitutinganysuitorsuitsagainstthedefendantCompanyinanyCourt,oronanyaccount;andthatsaidHenryHillandsaidDavidDoe,andalltheothercreditorsofthedefendantCompanyberequiredtoprosecutetheirclaimsinthisCourt,andinthiscause.7th.ThatareceiverbeappointedtotakeintohispossessionallofthepropertyofthedefendantCompany,ofeverysortwhatsoever,real,personal,ormixed;andthatsaidre-ceiverbeempoweredanddirectedtoconvertallofsaidpropertyintomoney,attheearliestpracticablemoment;andthathebeauthorizedanddirectedtobringallsuitsnecessarytocollectdebtsduethedefendantCompany,ortoassentitsrightsorclaimstoanyproperty:.andtodoallotheractsnecessarytocollectorprotecttheassetsofthedefendantCompany.8th.ThattheMasterbedirectedtotakeandstateanaccountshowing:(1)TheamountoftheassetsofthedefendantCompany;
. _^2)Thenamesofthepreferredcreditors,ifany,andtheamountdueeach,andthepar-ticularassetonwhicheachhasalienorsuperiorequity;(3)Thenamesofthegeneralcreditors,andtheamountdueeach;(4)Theprobableamountofthecostsandexpensesofthesuit,includingtheexpensesandcompensationofthereceiver,andareasonablecounselfeefortheSolicitorsofthecomplainant;and(5)Theprorataofthegeneralcreditorsoutofthefundsubjecttodistributionamongthem. '
9th.Thatthepropertyhereinattachedandprayedtobeattachedbesoldonacreditofsixmonths,andinbarofthe.rightofredemption.10th.ThatcomplainantandtheothercreditorsofthedefendantCompanybegrantedall
'suchfurtherandotherreliefastheymaybeentitledto.Thisisthefirstapplicationforanattachment,injunctionorreceiverinthiscause.JohnP.DavisandE.A.Hurst, TullyR.Cornick,Jun.,OfCounsel. Solicitor.[Annexaffidavitandjurat,asin§789,ante.]§1035.ProceedingsUponaGeneralCreditors'Bill.—Thebillbeingfiledonbehalfofallpersonsentitledtoshareinthecommonfund,thecomplainantthereinshould,attheearliestpracticablemoment,obtainanorderofthe
•Courtsustainingthebillasageneralcreditors'bill,andorderingthatpub-
•licationbemadeforthecreditorstoappearandfiletheirpetitions11andprovetheirclaims,inthatparticularcause;12and,ifnoinjunctionhasalreadybeengranted,theCourtshould,thereupon,restraintheprosecutionofallothersuitsbyanyofthecommoncreditors.Thefollowingistheformofsuchanorder
:
ORDERSUSTAININGAGENERALCREDITORS'BILL.JohnDoe,vs. No.987.TheRiverImprovementCo.,eial..
i.Thebillinthiscausehavingbeenread,anditappearingtotheCourtthatitisfiledin
•_behalfofthecomplainantandallothercreditorsofthedefendantcorporation,andtheinsol-vencyofthedefendantappearingbythereturnofnullabonaontheexecutionexhibitedtothebill,[orbythejudgmentproconfessoheretoforetakenandenteredagainstit,orbytheadmissioninitsanswer,orbytheadmissionsofitsSolicitorinopenCourt,]itisorderedbytheCourtthatthebillbesustainedandorderedtostandasageneralcreditors'bill,andassuchenuretothebenefitofallcreditorswhomayclaimitsbenefits,orcomeinunderit.II.AndtheClerkandMasterisorderedtomakepublicationinsomenewspapernotifyingallthe-creditorsofthedefendantofthefilingofthebillinthiscause,andrequiringthemtocomeinbypetition,*'3andfileandprovetheirrespectiveclaimsagainstthedefendant,onor
:.beforethefirstdayofAugust,1892,[allowingatleastsixmonths,]ortheymaybeexcludedfromthebenefitsofthisproceeding.,in.Andonmotionofthecomplainant,theinstitutionofanyseparatesuitsbyanyofsaidcred-itThecomplainant'sanswerunderoathtosuchpetitionshasnoprobativeforce,andmerelymakesanissue.Irvinev.Dean,9Pick.,346.122Dan.Ch.Pr.,1203-1204;BankofRomev.Haselton,15Lea,230-231.Inaccordancewithitsfundamentalruletosodetermineamatterincontroversythatallpersonsinterestedinitmayhaveachancetobeheard,theCourtinallcasesrelatingtothedistributionofafunddistributableamongvariouscreditorsorother
claimants,willrequiresuchstepstobetakenbythecomplainantaswillenableallpersonsinterestedinthefundtosetuptheirrespectiveclaims.Th:sistheruleoftheCourt,whetherthisfundbelongtotheestateofadecedent,ortoaninsolventpartnership,companv,orcorporation;andwhetherthefundtobedistributedbelongstocreditors,legatees,distribu-tees,orotherclaimants.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,991..13Fortheformofapetition,see,ante,§1003.

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§1035SUITSBYGENERALCREDITORS.816itorsorclaimantsagainstthedefendantcorporationisherebyenjoined;andallpartiestoanyandallsuitsnowpendingagainstsaidcorporationareenjoinedfromproceedingfurtherinthemthantojudgment;andtheMasterwillsostateinsaidpublicationnotice.IV.Allcreditorsfilingpetitionsinthiscausewillexecuteandfileproperprosecutionbonds,ortakethepauperoathinlieuthereof.Suchpetitionsmaybefiledwithoutotherleavethanthisorder. v.Afterthetimeforfilingclaimshasexpired,theMasterwillstateanaccountshowingwhoarethebonafidecreditors,theamountsoftheirrespectivedebts,andanyliensorprioritiesthatmayexistinfavorofanyofthecreditors.ThisordercanbemadeonlyinopenCourt,orbyconsent,oratChambersonnotice;1*andcannotthenbemadeuntilinsolvencyisshownasstatedinthedecree,orisshownandadjudgedonareferencetotheMasterforthatpurpose.ThepublicationnoticetocreditorsbytheClerkandMastermaybeasfollows
:
ADVERTISEMENTFORCREDITORS.TotheCreditorsoftheRiverImprovementCompany.InobediencetoanordermadebytheChanceryCourtatTazewell,inthecaseofJohnDoevs.TheRiverImprovementCo.,etal.,thecreditorsofsaidcompanyare,hereby,notifiedtohavethemselvesmadepartiestosaidcausebypetition,andtofileandprovetheirclaimsagainstsaidcompanyinsaidcause,onorbeforethefirstdayofAugust,1892,ortheymaybeexcludedfromthebenefitsofsaidsuit,andfromsharingintheassetsofsaidcompany.Saidcreditorsandclaimantsare,also,herebynotifiedthatbyorderofsaidCourt,insaidcausethey,andeachofthem,areenjoinedfrominstitutinganysuitagainstsaidcom-pany,otherwisethanbypetitioninsaidpendingcause;andallpartiesnowsuingsaidcom-panyareenjoinedfromproceedingintheirsuitsfurtherthantojudgment.ThisAugust3,1891.• I.G.Leabow,C.&M.Ifareceiverbenecessary,asisoftenthecase,theCourt,ortheChancelloratChambers,willappointone,andorderhimtosellalltheproperty,realandpersonal,eollectallthedebtsofthedefendant,andconvertallofhisoritsestateintomoney.15TheMasterwill,attheexpirationofthetimeallowedforfilingclaims,bedirectedtotakeandstateanaccount,showing(1)theamountoftheassets,(2)theclaimsentitledtopriorityofsatisfaction,and(3)thenamesofthegeneralcreditors,andtheamountdueeach.Thisreport16willbesubjecttoexceptionbyanycreditororclaimant.TheCourtwillpayalltheexpensesofthesuitoutofthefund,orassetsoftheinsolventdefendant,includingamongtheseexpenses(1)theexpensesandcompensationofthereceiver;(2)thecosts(ofthelitigation,and(3)thereasonablefeesoftheSolicitorsofthecomplainantinprosecutingthesuit.TheCourtwill,however,adjudgeagainstapetitioneranycoststhatheshould,inEquity,payastheresultofanyfalseclaim,orofanyinequitableeonductorcontentiononhispart.17Ifthebillisnotsustainedasageneralcreditors'bill,thecomplainantmay,nevertheless,prosecutethesuitforhisownexclusivebenefit.Andif,onthetakingoftheaccount,thecomplainantisshowntobenotacreditor,theCourtwillsustainthebillforthebenefitofthosewhoareshowntobecreditors,forthesuithasbecomethesuitofallwhohavefiledpetitionsandcostbondstobecomeparties.18Butinsuchacasesomepetitioneroughttobesubstitutedascomplainantsothatthesuitmayproceedinterpartes.Thecomplainanthascontrolofthesuit,andmaydismissitatcertainstages.1914See,ante,§775. | 17BankofRomev.Haselton,1?tea,253.15SeeChapteronReceivers,ante,§§891-917.I 18Fallv.B.&L.Association,21Pick.,2616-Forformofreport,see,ante,§994. I 19See,ante,§§523-524.

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817 SUITSTOENFORCELIENS.§1036
CHAPTERLV.SUITSTOENFORCELIENS.1036.LiensGenerallyConsidered.1037.LiensSpeciallyConsidered.1038.GeneralRightsofPartiesHavingLiens.1039.FrameandFormofBillstoEnforceLiens.
1040.FormsofReferencesandDecreesinRelationtoLiens.1041.FormsofBillstoEnforceContractLiens.
§1036.LiensGenerallyConsidered.—Alienisdefinedtobe"aholdorclaimwhich,onepersonhasuponthepropertjrofanotherasasecurityforsomedebtorcharge."1Whoeverownspropertysubjecttoalienownsonlywhatremainsofitafterthelienhasbeendischarged.Therearefourkindsofliens,allenforceableinChancery:1,CommonLawLiens;2,EquitableLiens;3,StatutoryLiens;and4,ContractLiens.1.CommonLawLiensarethoselienswhicharerecognizedintheCourtsofcommonlaw;andinclude1,agenerallien,whichistherighttoretainthepropertyofanothertosecureageneralbalanceofaccounts;and2,aparticularlien,whichisarighttoretainthepropertyofanotheronaccountoflaboremployedormoneyexpendeduponthatidenticalproperty.2Acommonlawlienissimplytherightofacreditortoretainpossessionofthechatteluntilsomedebtordemandduethecreditorsissatisfied;andpossessionissoessen-tialtothelienthat,ifitbevoluntarilysurrenderedbythecreditor,thelieuisatonceextinguished.3Thefollowingaretheprincipalcommonlawliens:1,commoncarriers'liens;2,innkeepers'liens;3,bailees'liens;4,pawnees'orpledgees*liens;5,factors'liens;6,brokers'liens;7,bankers'liens;8,wharfingers'andware-housemen'sliens;9,attorneys'liens;and10,executionliens.2.AnEquitableLienisnotanestateorpropertyinthethingitself,norarighttoobtainpossessionofthething.Itissimplyarightofaspecialnatureoverthething,constitutingachargeorencumbranceuponitentitlingtheownerofsuchrighttosubjectthepropertysochargedorencumberedtothesatisfactionofthatparticularclaimofhiswhichconstitutesthechargeorencumbrance.4Inshort,anequitablelienonpropertyisarighttosubjectthatparticularpropertytdthesatisfactionofadebtwhichisachargeuponthatveryproperty.Ashasbeenstated,acommonlawlienordinarilydependsonthecreditorretainingthepossessionofthechatteltowhichthelienattaches.Ontheotherhand,anequitablelienexistsalthoughtheencumberedpropertybeinpossesrsionofthedebtor;indeed,asarule,thedebtorretainsthepossession,incasesofequitableliens,andthecreditorseldomhastherighttokeepordemandthepossession:whenhehassuchright,itgrowsoutofspecialcontract.
:Thefollowingaretheprincipalequitableliens:1,vendors'liens;2,lispendensliens;3,liensofcreditorsonassetsofinsolventpartnershipsandin-solventcorporations;4,liensofvendeesfortheirdebtswhentheirdeedsaredeclaredmortgages;5,liensonpropertyboughtwithtrustmoney;6,jointowners'liens;7,partners'liens;and8,bonafideimprovers'liens.3.AstatutoryLienisarightgivenbystatutetosubjectcertainpropertyto
lBouv.LawDie.,"Lien.1
12Kent'sCom.,.634. 33Pom.Eq.Jur.,§1233.t3Pom.Eq.Jur.,§1233.

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§1037SUITSTOENFORCELIENS.818thesatisfactionofaparticulardebt,suchdebtbeingordinarilyinsomewayconnectedwiththeproperty,orgrowingoutofit,orcontractedonthefaithofit.Statutorylienspartakelargelyofthecharacterofequitableliens.Inbothclassesofliensthepossessionofthepropertytowhichthelienattachesisinthedebtor,andthecreditorordinarilyhasnorighttothepossession.Hisrightsaremainlytohavethepropertysold,andenoughofitsproceedsappliedtopayhisliendebt.Thefollowingaretheprincipalstatutoryliens:1,landlords'liens;2,me-chanics'liens;3,materialmen'sliens;4,boatcreditors'liens;5,liensofcor-poration,partnershipandmercantileemployees;6,liensofcreditorsonadecedent'sland;7,farmlaborers'liens;8,liensofrailroadcontractorsandlaborers;9,cotton-sellers'liens;10,wharfageliens;11,pasturageandseasonliens;12,innkeepers'liens;13,taxliens;14,attachmentliens;15,judgmentliens;and16,liensofjudgmentcreditorsonareturnofnullabonaandbillfiled.4.AContractLienisonecreatedbytheexpressagreementoftheownerofthepropertyonwhichthelienisfixed,andgivesthelienortherighttosellorhavesoldthepropertyinsatisfactionofastipulateddebt,usuallyonaspeci-fiedcontingency.Theprincipalcontractliensarethosecreated(1)bydeedoftrust,(2)bymortgages,(3)byreservationsindeedstosecurepurchase-moneyunpaid,and(4)byotherwritings,or(5)byparolagreementthatspecifiedpropertyshallstandassecurityforcertaindebts.AnyoftheseliensmaybeenforcedbyabillinChancerywhentheamountdueislargeenoughtogivetheCourtjurisdiction.§1037.LiensSpeciallyConsidered.—TheprincipalliensenforcedinChan-ceryarethefollowing,thesubstanceandcharacterofeachbeingbrieflyandgenerallyindicated,withoutattemptingtospeciallyandpreciselydefineanyofthem:1.LiensofVendorsonLand.Alienforthepurchase-moneyexistsinfavorofthevendoronlandsoldbyhim:1,Whenthevendeetakesacleardeed,butexecutesamortgageoratrustdeedexpresslytosecurethepurchase-money;2.Whenthevendorgivesthevendeeatitle-bondonly;and3,Whenthevendoronthefaceofhisdeedtothevendeeexpresslyretainsalientosecuretheun-paidpurchase-money;4,Whenthedeedbythevendorshowsonitsfaeethatapartofthepurchase-moneyisunpaid,anEquityexistsinsuchvendor'sfavor,whichwillbecomealienonthelanduponthefilingofabilltoenforcesuchEquity.Inalltheforegoingcases,thelienmaybeenforcedagainstthevendee,oragainstanypersonholdingunderorthroughhim,withnotice,actualorconstructive;5,Whennoexpresslienisgivenorretained,andthedeedshowsonitsfacethatthepurchase-moneyhasbeenpaid,wheninfactithasnotbeen,thevendormay,byfilingabill,obtainalienonthelandagainstthevendee,oragainstanypersonholdingunderorthroughhim,whoboughtwithnoticeofthefactthatthepurchase-moneywasstillowingtothecom-plainant.Whenthevendorhasanexpresslien,thelienpassesto,andmaybeenforcedby,theassigneeofthepurchase-moneynotes.2.LiensonLandstoSecureDebts.Allmortgages,5andalltrustdeeds,how-soeverdrawn,aredeemedinEquityasmeresecurities,notwithstandinganystipulationsthatthetitleistobecomeabsoluteoncertainconditions;andsuchconveyancesconstitutemereliens,andmustbeenforcedassuch.3.OtherLiensonLand.Ajudgmentordecreeisalienonthedefendant'sland;alieniscreatedbylevyinganattachmentorexecutionuponland;arecognizanceinCourtconstitutesalienontheobligor'sland;andassessedtaxesarealienonthelandassessed.5Anabsolutedeedgiveninpaymentofapre-exist-Iingdebt,ortosecureborrowedmoney,isdeemeda
Imortgage.

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§19 SUITSTOENFORCELIENS.§1037
.4.LiensofContractorsandLaborersonRailroads.AlienexistsuponaT&iUroad:(1)tosecuretheprincipalcontractorforworkdoneandmaterialsfur-nishedinconstructingtheroad,oritsappurtenances;and,(2)tosecuresub-contractors,laborers,andfurnishersofmaterial,whentheirprincipalcon-tractorfailsorrefusestopaythem.Theprincipalcontractor'sliencontinuesforsixmonthsaftertheperformanceofthework,orthedeliveryofthema-terial,anduntiltheterminationofanysuitcommencedwithinthattimetoenforcethelien.Thelienofsub-contractors,laborersandfurnishersofma-terialtocontractors,doesnotexistunlessanduntiltheygivecertainwrittenUQticesspecifiedinthestatute,andthensuchlienisonlytotheextentoftheindebtednessofthepersonnotifiedtothedebtorofthepersongivingthenotice.65.LiensofEmployeesofCorporations,PartnershipsandMerchants.Allemploy-eesanddaylaborersofcorporations,partnershipsandindividualmerchantsdoingbusinessinthisState,havealienuponthecorporation,partnershiporindividualproperty,realandpersonal,tosecurepaymentfortheirlaborandservicesperformedforsuchcorporation,partnershiporindividual.76.LiensofMechanicsandMaterialMen.Allpersonswhodoanyoftheworkon,orfurnishanyofthematerials,fixturesormachinery,foranybuildingorimprovement,constructedorrepaired,onanylotortractofland,orwhoputanyfixturesormachinerythereon,byspecialcontractwiththeownerorhisagent,havealienuponsuchlotortractoflandtosecurepaymentforsuchwork,materials,fixtures,andmachinery.87.LiensonBoats.Alienexistsonanysteamorkeelboat,hertackleandfur-niture,(1)tosecurepaymentforworkdoneormaterialorarticlesfurnished,inbuilding,repairing,fitting,furnishing,orequippingsuchboat;and(2)tosecurepaymentforwagesduethehandsofsuchboat.98.LiensforWharfage.Theownersandproprietorsofwharvesandlandingswherewharfageisallowedbylaw,havealienonallboats,rafts,andotherwatercrafts,andtheirloading,forthe.paymentoftheirwharfagefees.100.LiensonCrops.Thestatutesgivealienonthecropgrowingormade,onaparticulartractofland:1,tosecurethepaymentoftherentduetheland-lord;112,tosecurepaymentforsupplies,labor,money,implementsofindus-try,orworkstock,furnishedbytheownersofthelandtolessees,orbylesseestosub-tenants,andusedinthecultivationofthecrop;123,tosecurepaymentforthenecessarysuppliesoffoodandclothingfurnishedbythelandlordorhisagenttothetenanttoenablehimtomakethecrop;134,tosecurepaymentforlabororserviceincultivatingthesoilandmakingthecrop.1410.LiensofCottonSellers.Whenmerchants,factorsorcottonbrokersselleotton,theyhavealienuponthecottonsold,tosecurepaymentofthepur-chase-moneyagreedtobepaid.1511.LiensonTobacco.Liensexistinfavorofallpersonswhomakeadvancesinmoneyontobacco,inbarns,storage-houses,warehouses,shedsorelse-where.1612.LiensUponAnimals.Liensexist1,uponanyanimaltosecurethepay-mentofpasturage,orforserviceofthemale;2,upontheoffspringofthemaletosecurethepaymentfortheseason;17and3,uponallstockreceivedbyliverystablekeepersforboardandfeed,tosecurethepaymentofallreasonablecharges.1813.LiensUponOtherPersonalProperty.Alien,exists1,uponthefurniture,baggage,wearingapparelorothergoodsandchattelsofanyguestorpatron6M.&V.'sCode,§§2774-2783.7Actsof1897,ch.78.8M.&V.'sCode,§§2739-2750;Actsof188?,ch.103:LumberCo.p.Loeb,2Gates,251.9Code,§1991.10Code,§1993.11Code,§3539.
12Code,§3S42a.13M.&V.'sCode,§4285.14M.&V.'sCode,§2771.15M.&V.'sCode,§27.6J.16Actsof1905,ch.6,17M.IkV.'sCode,n2756-2759.isM.&V.'sCode,52760.

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§1038SUITSTOENFORCELIENS.820ofahotel,boarding-houseorlodging-house,tosecurethepaymentofallsumsdueforboardorlodging;192,uponanymaterialorarticleleftwithanartisantobemanufacturedorrepairedandnotcalledfor,tosecurepaymentforstor-age,repairsorothernecessaryexpenses;203,lawyershaveliensuponmoneysbythemcollected,andupontheirclient'spapers,tosecuretheirreasonablefees;and4,alienexistsonpropertyexpresslypledgedtosecurethepaymentofadebt,ortheperformanceofaduty.§1038.GeneralRightsofPartiesHavingLiens.—Theordinarypurposeofalienistosecurethepaymentofadebtfastenedbyoperationoflaw,Equityorcontractuponaparticularpieceofproperty;andtheChanceryCourttreatsthisparticularpropertyasasecurityforthedebt;and,ifthedebtisnotdulypaid,theownerofthelien,(sometimescalledthelienor,)hastherighttofileabillinChancery,andhavesuchpropertysoldinsatisfactionofhisdebt.§1039.FrameandFormofBillstoEnforceLiens.—AnyoftheforegoingliensmaybeenforcedbyabillintheChanceryCourt;21andthereisnospecialformforsuchabill.Indrawingthebill,thedraftsmanshouldstatedefinitelyiindparticularly,theground,origin,oroccasion,ofthelien;whenandhowitoriginated;theamountofthelien,onwhatpropertyitrests,andwhoistheownerthereof;andifnoticetothedefendantisnecessarytobindhim,suchnoticemustbealleged.Thepropertyshouldbefullydescribed;and,ifitbeland,thedescriptionshouldbebymetesandbounds.Thebillshouldpraytohavetheliendeclared,andenforcedbyadecreeofsale;and"forgeneralrelief.Differentbillstoenforcedifferentliensonthesamepropertymaybecon-solidated;oronebillmaybefiledbyalienoragainsttheowneroftheprop-ertyandalltheotherlienors,inthenatureofageneralcreditors'bill;oronelienormayfileabillinbehalfofhimselfandallotherlienorsagainsttheowneroftheproperty,eachbillprayingthatthevariousliendebtsbeascertained,thepropertysold,andtheproceedsadministeredaccordingtotheprioritiesofthevariouslienors.Ifaninjunction,attachmentorreceiverisprayedforthebillshouldstatethatitisthefirstapplicationtherefor.AnattachmentinsuchacasecanissueonlyonthefiatofaJudgeorChancellor.22Suchanattachmentisancillary.2-!
GENERALFORMOFBILLSTOENFORCELIENS.[Addressandcommencementofthebillasin§§155;164,ante.]ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
I.That[Hereshowhowandwhentheallegedlienoriginated,statingthecontract,particu-larly.Giveanyspecialfactsorcircumstancesthrowinglightonthenature,originorextent,ofthelien.Ifanynoticeisnecessarytomakethedefendantliable,orifanynoticeisre-quiredbythestatutetofixthelien,showthatsuchnoticewasgiven;andshowthatallotherantecedentstepsnecessarytoestablishthelienweredulytaken.]II.That[Hereshowwhateffortshavebeenmade,ifany,toobtainpaymentwithoutrecoursetotheCourt;andifnoefforts,why.Thisisnotnecessary,butisproper;andsometimesaffectstheadjudicationofcosts.]
19M.&V.'sCode,§§2784-2786.20M.&V.'sCode,§§2763-2766.21Thestatutesinreferencetothe.enforcementofsaidliensareasfollows:1.Mechanics'Liens.M.&V.'sCode,§§2747;4286-4289;Actsof1889,ch.103.2.LiensonCraps.M.&V.'sCode,§§4280-4285;2772.3.Li'nsonBoats.M.&V.'sCode,§§2752;4293-4305.4.Cotton-Sellers'Liens.M.&V.'sCode,§2762.5.RailroadContractors'andLaborers'Liens.M.&V.'sCode,§§2774-2783.6.LiensofEmployeesofCorporationsandPart-nerships.M.&V.'sCode,§§2768-2770.
7.Vendors'Liens.M.&V.'sCode,§§4306-4309.8.StatutoryLiensonPersonalty.Actsof1889,ch.12.Thisstatuteappliestocaseswherenospe-cificremedybystatuteexists.SeeLumberCo.v.Loeb,2Cates,251.22LumberCo.v.Loeb,2Cates,251;Lanev.Wood,1Shan.Cas.,648.
_23Anattachmentinaidofastatutorylienisan-cillary,andnotintendedtoenforcethedefendant'sappearance:asubpoenatoanswermustissue,orpub-licationbemade,tobringthedefendantintoCourt.Barnesv.Thompson,2Swan,313;Brownv.Brown.2Sneed,431.

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821 SUITSTOENFORCELIENS.§1039in.That[Herespecify,locate,andfullydescribe,thepropertyboundbythelien,ifsuchde-scriptionhasnotalreadybeengiven.]IV.That[Ifanypersonbesidestheprincipaldebtorisinterestedinsaidproperty,orissettingupanyclaimtoit,orissecondarilyliableforcomplainantsdebt,givethefactsrelativethereto,fully,andmakehimaco-defendant.Iftherebeanysuperiorliensontheproperty,soshow,andmaketheholderthereofaco-defendant.]v.That[Iftherebeneedforit,andastatutoryorothergroundofattachmentexist,statesuchground.Iftherebeanynecessityforaninjunction,andsufficientcause,specifyindetailthefactsandcircumstanceswarrantingsuchaninjunction.]VI.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c,asin§164,ante.]2d.Thatcomplainanthaveadecreeforthefullamountofhissaiddebt,principalandinterest;andthathebedeclaredtohavealienonthepropertyhereinbeforedescribed,toscuretheamountofsaiddebt.3d.Thattoenforcesaidlien,saidpropertybesoldonacreditofnotlessthansixnormorethantwenty-fourmonths,andinbarofallequityofredemption;andthattheproceedsofsaidsalebeappliedtothesatisfactionofthisdecree,andindischargeofsaidlien.4th.Thatanattachmentissueandbelevieduponsaidproperty;andaninjunctionissuetorestrainthedefendant[fromdoingtheactoractsspeciallycomplainedof,statingthembriefly.]5th.Thatcomplainanthaveallsuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledtoatthehearing.[Ifanattachmentorinjunctionisprayedfor,add:]Thisisthefirstapplicationforanattachment[andinjunction]inthiscase. H.M.Goins,Solicitor.[Thebillshouldbedulyswornto;see,ante,§789.]
BILLTOENFORCEAMECHANIC'SLIEN.[Addressandcommencementofthebillasin§§155;164.]ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.Thatbyspecialcontractwiththedefendant,heconstructedandbuiltforhimadwelling-houseonalotofgroundbelongingtothedefendant,inthe10thcivildistrictofKnoxcounty,complainantfurnishingallthematerials,anddoingallthework,accordingtosaidspecial.
contract.< ii.Bythetermsofsaidspecialcontract,complainantwastobepaidthesumofonethousanddollarscash,wheneversaidhousewasfinished.[Herespecifythetermsofpayment.]Complainantaversthathehasfullycompliedwiththetermsofhissaidspecialcontract,thatsaidhousewas>fullyfinishedonthe9thdayofJune,1891,andwasonthatdaydeliveredto,andacceptedbythedefendant;andheandhisfamilyatoncemovedintoit,andarenowlivinginit. III.Thedayafterpossessionwasdeliveredasaforesaid,complainantdemandedsaidsumofonethousanddollars,towhichhewasthenentitledinaccordancewiththetermsofhissaidcontract.Thedefendant,thereupon,begantofindfaultwithsomeoftheworkmanshipandsomeofthematerial,butsaidhewouldcalloncomplainantinafewdaysandarrangematterswithhim.Butsoitishehasnotsodone;andcomplainanthasnowwaitedonemonthinvain,althoughhehassentwordtothedefendantandwrittentohim,urgingpayment. IV.Saidlotofgroundonwhichsaiddwelling-housewasbuilt,asaforesaid,isinthe10thcivildistrictofKnoxcounty,adjoiningthelandsofJohnDoeandRichardRoe,andboundedasfollows:Beginningonamaple[andfullydescribingitbymetesandbounds,]tothebeginning,containingtenacres,moreorless.Complainantisadvisedthathehasalienonsaidlotofgroundtosecurethepavmentoftheamountjustlyduehimforconstructingandbuildingsaiddwelling-house,andforfurnishingthematerialtherefor,asaforesaid.Lessthanoneyearhaselapsedsincesaidworkwasfinishedandsaidmaterialsfurnished.v.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c;see,ante,§164.]2d.Thatcomplainantmayhaveadecreeagainstthedefendantforsaidsumofonethousanddollars,andforinterestthereonfromJune9,1891,andforallthecostsofthiscause.3d.Thattosecurethepaymentofthisdecree,andthebettertoenforcecomplainant'slien

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§1040SUITSTOENFORCELIENS.822onsaidlotofground,anattachmentbeissuedandleviedthereon.Thisisthefirstappli-cationforanattachmentinthiscase.4th.Thatatthehearingcomplainant'ssaidlienbedeclared,andthatsaidlotofgroundbesoldonacreditofnotlessthansixnormorethantwenty-fourmonths,andinbarofallequityofredemption,andthattheproceedsofsaidsalebeappliedtothesatisfactionofthisdecree.Sth.Thatcomplainanthavesuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledtoatthehearing. L.A.Gratz,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavitandjurat,asin§789,ante.]Ifthebillbefiledbyajourneymanorotherpersonemployedbythecon-tractortodoworkorfurnishmaterials,itsmaterialallegationswillbeasfollows
:
BILLBYAJOURNEYMANOBSUB-CONTRACTOB.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§164.]ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
I.ThatJohnDoe,[theprincipalcontractor,]wasemployedbyRichardRoe,[theowneroftheland,]byspecialcontracttobuildadwelling-houseonalotofgroundinthe10thcivildistrictofKnoxcounty,saidDoetodoalltheworkandtofurnishallthematerial,forwhichthesaidRoeagreedtopayhimthesumofonethousanddollars,whensaidhouseshouldbefullyanddulycompletedandfinished,accordingtothetermsofsaidcontract.II.ThatcomplainantwasemployedbysaidDoetodothebrick-workonsaidhouse,andtofurnishthebrick,mortar,lime,sandandhair,requisiteandnecessarytosaidbrick-work.Underhissaidcontractcomplainantbuiltthebrickfoundationsforsaidhouse,builtthechimneys,laidthehearths,andmadethewalks.Complainantfilesherewithanitemizedac-countofallthematerialbyhimfurnished,andalloftheworkbyhimdone,underhissaidcontractwiththedefendantDoe,whichaccountiscorrect,justandtrue,andowingtothecomplainant,andamountstothesumofonehundredandninedollars,allofwhichisduefromsaidDoe,andwhollyunpaid.in.Withinthirtydaysaftersaidmaterialwasfurnishedandsaidworkdone,complainantnotifiedthedefendantRoeinwritingthatheclaimedalienonsaidlotofgroundfortheworkbyhimdone,andthematerialbyhimfurnished,asaforesaid.Complainant,also,withinsaidthirtydaysfiledwiththeCountyRegisterofKnoxcountyaswornstatementoftheamountdueforsuchwork,laborandmaterials,andsaidRegisterdulyregisteredsaidstatementandaffidavit.iv.Complainantnothavingbeenpaidsaidaccountbyeitherofthedefendants,andhavinggiventhenoticeaforesaidandcausedittoberegistered,andlessthanninetydayshavingelapsedsincehegavesaidwrittennotice,heisadvisedandclaimsthathehasalienonsaidlotofgroundtosecurethepaymentoftheamountduehimonhissaidaccount,whichaccountisherewithfiled,markedA,andmadeapartofthisbill.Saidlotofgroundisboundedasfollows[Describeitfully,bymetesandbounds,ifpracticable.]v.[Theprayersaresubstantiallythesameasthoseintheprecedingform;andthebillshouldbestvornto.]§1040.FormsofReferencesandDecrees.—Whenpaymentshavebeenlnadeastowhichthereissomedispute,orthereisadisputeastotheamount,characterorvalueofworkdoneormaterialsfurnished,orastowhethercom-plainanthascompliedwithhiscontract,orastoanyothermatteraffectingtherightoramountofrecovery,theChancellorgenerallynarrowsthedisputedowntoafewquestionsoffactandrefersthemtotheMaster.ThefollowingisgivenasageneralillustrationoftheformofanorderofreferencetotheMaster
:
ORDEROFREFEBENCEASTOAMOUNTOFLIENDEBT.JohnDoe,I
vs. \No.619.RichardRoe,etal.JThiscausecameontobeheardthis10thdayofJune,1890,beforeChancellorW.S.Bearden,upontheoriginalbill,theanswersofallthreeofthedefendantsthereto,thecross-billofthedefendant,SarahRoe,andtheanswerthereto,andtheproofinthecause,includingthestipulationsignedbyallthepartiesexceptSarahRoe,anduponargumentofcounsel,fromallofwhich,i.TheCourtisofopinionthatthedefendant,RichardRoe,wastheownerofthelotupon

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823 SUITSTOENFORCELIENS.§1040Whichthedwelling-house,and'otherimprovements'specifiedinthebill,weremadeatthetimetheywejremade;^ndthatthedeedmade-byhimtohiswife,SarahRoe,nothavingbeenregistered,andbeingbasedonnovaluableconsideration,buthavingbeenmadetodefraudcomplainantandothercreditors,isvoid,andofnoeffectasagainstcomplainant,andthede-fendant,Charles'Stokes,anditisSoadjudgedanddecreedaccordingly.ii.Itis,therefore,decreedbytheCourt,thatthecomplainanthasamechanic'sandfurnisher'slienuponsaidhouseandlot,andalltheimprovementsthereon,tosecurethepaymentofalltheworkbyhimdone,andofallthematerials,byhimfurnished,inerectingthehouses,andmakingtheimprovements,specifiedinhisbill,onthelotdescribedinthebill;andthathehasarighttohavesaidlienenforcedbyasaleofsaidlotandimprovementsasprayedbyhim. in.Butbecauseitdoesnotfullyappearhowmuchisduefromthedefendant,RichardRoe,"forsaidimprovements,andhowmuchofthedebtduefromsaidRoetocomplainantbelongstothedefendant,Stokes,theCourtorderstheMastertoconsiderthepleadingsandcompe-tentproofnowonfile,andsuchfurthercompetentevidenceasmaybeproducedbyeitherorbothparties,andreporttothenextterm
:
1.Whatamountwasoriginallyduefromthedefendant,RichardRoe,tothecomplainantfortheconstructionofthedwelling-housereferredtointhebill,afterdeductingpaymentsmadetothecomplainantbeforetheassignmentbycomplainanttothedefendant,Stokes.Infixingthisamount,theMasterwilltakethewrittencontractbetweenthepartiesasprimafacieproofofthetrueamount,butwillallowsuchdeductionsandpaymentsasthedefendant,RichardRoe,mayprove,andsuchadditionsascomplainantmayprove,byreasonofchangesmadeinthecontractafteritwassigned.TheMasterwillreportwhetherthe$300.00checkwasCashed,andifnot,whynot.2.Howmuchofthedebtduefromthecomplainanttothedefendant,CharlesStokes,didthedefendant,RichardRoe,pay,andunderwhatsortofcontract;andwhatpaymentssaidRoemadetosaidStokesbyvirtueofsaidassignment.3.Whethersaiddwelling-housewasconstructedaccordingtocontract;andifnot,whatdeductionshouldreasonablybemadefromthecontractprice,byreason-ofimperfectma-terialsordefectiveworkmanship,orforanyotheroftheviolationsofcontractallegedintheanswerandcross-billofSarahRoe.4.Whatamountdoesthedefendant,RichardRoe,owecomplainantforbuildingtheout-bousesandfencesonthelotcontainingsaiddwelling-house,afterdeductingallpaymentsmadebysaidRoe,orhiswife,andallcreditsfordefectivework,ifanybeshown.IfRoeorhiswifemadeanypaymentonthisaccounttothedefendant,Stokes,itwillbeallowedasacredit.5.Whatbalanceisduefromthedefendant,RichardRoe,andwhatpartofsaidbalancebelongstocomplainant,andwhatpartthereoftothedefendant,CharlesStokes.TheMasterwillnotlookatsomuchofthetestimonyofthedefendant,Roeandwife,asseekstosetupconversationswithcomplainantpriortothesigningofthecontracttobuildthedwelling-house;suchtestimonybeinginadmissibletovarysaidcontract.Allthereceiptsevidencingpaymentsmadebythedefendant,RichardRoe,nowonfilewillbeallowed,exceptthecheckhereinbeforereferredto,andtheMasterwillinquireasorderedinreferencetothat.Thecross-billofSarahRoeisdismissed,andallcoststhereof,includingthecostsofwit-nessesexaminedrelativetothequestionofhertitle,willbepaidbyherandherprosecutionsurety,JohnBright,forallofwhichexecutionisawarded.'Thefollowingformsofdecreesenforcingliensillustratethegeneralframeofdecreesinsuchcases.Inallcasesthedecreeshouldshowthatthedebtisalien,andshouldspecifythepropertytowhichthelienattaches,andshouldorderitssalein.enforcementofthelien.GENERALFORMOFDECREETOENFORCELIENS.[Fortitle,commencementandrecitals,see,ante,§567.]Onconsiderationwhereof,itisordered,adjudgedanddecreedbytheCourt:1st.Thatthedefendantisindebtedtothecomplainantinthesumof—dollars,theamountduefor[specifyingwhat,whetherforworkinbuildingahouse,ormaterialfurn-ishedforsuchbuilding,orrepairing,orequippingaboat,orworkormaterialsinconstructingarailroad,orlaborandservicesperformedforacorporation,partnership,orindividualmerchant,]andinterestthereonfromthe....dayof~..19.„.[insertdatewhentheworkwasdone,ormaterialsfurnished,orservicesrendered,]makinginalltheSumof—dollars.2d.Thatsaidsumisalienonsaidhouseandlot[orrailroad,orboat,orthepropertyofsaidcorporation,orpartnership,orindividualmerchant,]andcomplainantisentitledtohaveSaidlienenforcedbythesalethereof,unlesspreviouslypaidanddischarged.Saidbouseandlotaredescribedasfollows:[Hereinsertlocationanddescription;ifarailroad,locateitbyterminiandcounty;ifaboat,givehername,nameofherownersorofficersand

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§1041 SUITSTOENFORCELIENS.824riveronwhichsailing;ifacorporationorpartnership,orindividualmerchant,locatetheirpropertyandplaceofbusiness.]3d.Andunlesssaiddebt,andthecostsofthecause,whichareadjudgedagainstthedefendantarepaidintoCourt,insixtydays,itisOrderedanddecreedthattheClerkandMastersellsaidhouseandlot[orotherproperty.Porformsofdecreesofsale,see,ante,§§626;844;977;995;1069,]andoutoftheproceedsofsaidsalehewillpayfirstthecostsofthiscause,thenpaycomplainanttheamountduehimonthisdecree,andtheremainder,ifany,tothedefendant.Iftheproceedsofsaidsalefailtosatisfythisdecreeanexecutionwillissueforthebalanceunpaid.Anexaminationoftheforegoingdecreewillshowthatitcontainsonlythreeparts:1,Anadjudicationthatthedefendantisindebtedtothecom-plainantinacertainsumonacertainaccount,specifyingeach;2,Thatthisdebtisalienonthepropertyforbuildingwhichthedebtarises,orisalienonsuchotherparticularpropertyonorconcerningwhichtheworkwasdone,theservicesrendered,orthematerialsfurnished;3,That,intheeventsaiddebtisnotpaidbyafixeddate,theClerkandMasterisorderedtoselltheproperty,andpaythecostsofthecauseandsaiddebtoutoftheproceeds.Astheproceedsofthepropertymaynotsatisfythedecreeitisprudenttoawardanexecutionforthebalance.DECREEENFORCINGAMECHANIC'S,FURNISHER'SORLABORER'SLIEN.{Aftergivingthestyleofthecause,andadjudgingtheamountoftheindebtedness,see,ante,§§567-568,thenproceedasfollows:]Anditfurtherappearingthatcomplainanthasamechanic's[orfurnisher's,orlaborer's,orother]lientosecuresaidindebtedness,uponthefollowinglotofground[ortractofland:][Heredescribeitasdescribedinthebill,orproof,]andthatanattachmenthasbeendulyleviedthereon.Itisthereforeordered,adjudgedanddecreed,thatcomplainanthassuchalien,andhastherighttohavesaidlot[ortract]soldinsatisfactionofsaidlien,andinpaymentofsaidindebtedness;andthatifthesameisnotoaidandsatisfiedwithinsixtydaysfromthisday,theClerkandMasterwill,afteradvertisingaccordingtolaw,sellsaidlotofground[ortractofland]tothehighestandbestbidder[&c,asin§626,ante.]§1041.FormsofBillstoEnforceContractLiens.—Whereadebtissecuredbyamortgagewithpowerofsale,orbyadeedoftrust,thebillshouldallege,andtheproofshow,somereasonforcomingintoCourt;or,whiltgrantingthereliefprayed,aportionofthecostsmaybeadjudgedagainstthecomplain-ant.24Indrawingdecreesitwouldbewell,incaseofanydifficulty,torefertowhatissaidonthesubjectintheChapteronDecrees.25BILLTOENFORCEAVENDOR'SLIEN.[Addressandcommencementofthebillasin§§155;164.]ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.ThatonJanuary2,1889,hesoldtothedefendantthefollowingtractoflandinBlountcounty.[Heredescribeitfully,bymetesandbounds.]Theconsiderationpriceforsaidlandwasonethousanddollars,fivehundreddollarsofwhichwaspaidcashinhand,andfortheotherfivehundreddollarsthedefendantexecutedanddeliveredtocomplainantanote,pay-ablewithinterestoneyearaftersaidJanuary2,1889.Saidnoteisherewithfiledasapartofthisbill,andmarkedA. ii.Complainantexecutednodeedtothedefendantforsaidland,butgavehimabondfortitle[or,complainantmadethedefendantadeedforsaidland,butexpresslyretainedalienonthefaceofsaiddeedtosecurethepaymentofsaidfivehundreddollars;or,complainantmadethedefendantadeedfortheland,whichdeedshowsonitsfacethatsaidnotewasapartoftheconsiderationpriceforsaidland;or,complainantexecutedanddeliveredtothedefendantadeedforsaidland,saiddeedshowingthatthewholeofsaidonethousanddollarswaspaidinhandonthedayofsale,butinfactonlyfivehundreddollarswasthenpaid,andsaidnotewasgivenfortheresidue.]in.Saidnoteforfivehundreddollarshaslongbeenoverdue,andiswhollyunpaid,principalandinterest.[Ifanypartofithasbeenpaid,sostate,specifyingtheamountsanddatesofthecredit.]24See,ante,§587. I 05See,ante,§§566-568.

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825 SUITSTOENFORCELIENS.§1041
IT.
.[Ifthedefendantiscuttingandremovingvaluabletimber,isallowingthetaxestofallinarrears,isfailingtokeepthepropertyinsuredwhenthebuildingonit.constitutesitschiefvalue,orif,inanyway,thesecurityisgreatlyendangeredbythedefendant'smisconductorgrossnegligence,showthefactswithfullnessandparticularity,sothattheCourtmayseethatthelandisliabletobecomeinsufficienttosecurethepurchase-money.]V.Thepremisesconsidered,thecomplainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c:see,ante,§164.]2d.Thathemayhaveadecreeagainstthedefendantfortheamountduehimonsaidnote,[ornotes;]andalienbedeclaredtoexistinhisfavoronsaidtractoflandtosecurethepaymentofthisdecree.3d.Thatinenforcementofcomplainant'slien,andinsatisfactionofthisdecree,saidtractoflandbesoldonacredit[&c,asintheforegoingforms.]4th.[Ifaninjunctionorreceiverisnecessary,thenpray:]ThataninjunctionissuebyfiatofyourHonortoinhibitandrestrainthedefendant,hisagentsandemployees,fromcuttingorremovinganytreesortimberonorfromsaidtract,[andthatareceiverbeappointedtotakechargeofsaidproperty,andtocollecttherentsandprofitsthereof,andtokeepdownthetaxes,andseethatthepropertyiskeptwellinsured.]Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunction[andreceiver]inthiscase.5th.Thatcomplainantmayhavesuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledto.WillA.McTEER,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavitandjuratasin§789,ante.]BILLTOENFORCEADEEDOFTRUST.TotheHon.B.M.Webb,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatJamestown,forthecountyofFentress
:
JohnBrown,aresidentofFentresscounty,complainant,vs.WilliamJohnsonandGeorgeSmith,bothresidentsofthesamecounty,defendants.ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thatonthe10thdayofJune,1888,heloanedthedefendant,Johnson,onethousanddollars,forwhichJohnsonexecutedanddeliveredtocomplainanthisnote,dueJanuary1,1889,whichnoteismadeapartofthisbill,andattachedhereto,andmarkedA.ii.Tosecurethepaymentofsaidnote,defendantJohnsonexecutedatrustdeedtohisco-defendant,GeorgeSmith,conveyingtohim,intrust,thefollowingtractoflandinthe2dcivildistrictofFentresscounty,boundedasfollows:[Heresetoutitsboundswithfrecision,]containingonehundredacres,moreorless.Saidtrustdeed[or,acertifiedcopyofsaidtrustdeed,]isherewithfiledasanexhibittothebill,andmarkedB.m.Ifsaidnotewasnotpaidatmaturity,saidSmithwasrequiredbysaiddeedtosellsaidland.Saidnoteisthepropertyofcomplainant,andoverdueandwhollyunpaid,butsaidSmith,whoistherebyseekingtoaidhisco-defendant,Johnson,failsandrefusestosellsaidland,thoughoftenrequestedbycomplainantsotodo.[Showwhythetrusteerefusestoact,orthathedoesrefuseorfailtoact.]IV.Therefore,thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatthedefendantsbemadepartiesheretobytheserviceofprocess,andberequiredtoanswerthisbill,butnotonoath.[Ifthetrusteehasthetrustdeedinhispossession,thenadd:RespondentSmithwillfilesaidtrustdeedwithhisanswer;orcomplainantwill,atthehearing,readacertifiedcopythereof.]2d.Thatsaidtrustdeedbeenforced,andthelandthereinconveyedbesoldtosatisfycomplainant'ssaiddebt,andtheinterestthereonandthecostsofthissuit;andthatsaidsalebeonacreditofnotlessthansixnormorethantwenty-fourmonths,andinbaroftheequityofredemption.3d.Thatcomplainantmay,also,havesuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeen-titledto. LutherT.Smith,Solicitor.BILLTOFORECLOSEAMORTGAGE.[Addressandcommencementofbill,asin§§155;164,ante.]ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thatonthe10thdayofAugust,1887,thedefendantexecutedtohimamortgageonthefollowingtractofland,inMarioncounty:[Heredescribeitfully,followingthedescriptioninthemortgage,ifitbefull.]Saidmortgageisherewithfiledasanexhibit,markedA.ii.Thatsaidmortgagewasmadetosecuretocomplainantthepaymentofanotefortenthousanddollars,executedtocomplainantbythedefendantformoneyloanedhim,onthe

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§1041SUITSTOENFORCELIENS.826sameday,anddueoneyearthereafter,withinterestfromdate.Saidnoteisthepropertyofcomplainant,andisoverdue,andwhollyunpaid,exceptthesumofeighthundreddollars,paidJanuary5,1890.Saidnoteismadeapartofthisbill,andisheretoattached,andmarkedB. iii.SaidmortgageprovidesthatinCasesaidnotewasnotpaidatmaturity,thesaidlandshouldbecomeabsolutelythepropertyofcomplainant,'butheisadvisedthataCourtoiEquityregardssuchaninstrumentasameresecurityforthedebt.IV.Saidlandisinpossessionofthedefendant,whorefusestosurrenderit,andreliesonhisrightsasamortgagorinaCourtofEquity.Heisnotproperlycaringforsaidland,andisallowingittogreatlydeteriorate.Heishavingallthevaluabletimbercutoffthelandforrailroadties.Thelandisnotnowworthmorethanthemortgagedebt.Hehasnotpaidthetaxesthereonforthelastyear;andnoneofthebuildingsthereonareinsured.Heiswhollyinsolvent.[Allegeanyfactsshowingthatthevalueofthelandisbeinglessened,orthesecurityendangered,andshowingthenecessityofaninjunctionandareceiver.]v.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpeeriatoanswerissue[&c:see,ante,§164.]2d.Thatsaidmortgagebeforeclosed,that,saidtractoflandbesoldto.satisfycomplainant'ssaiddebt,andthecostsofthissuit;andthatsaidsalebeonacreditofnotlessthansixnormorethantwenty-fourmonths,andinbaroftheequityofredemption.[Ifthemortgagecontainsapowerofsale,soshow,andpraythatthesalemaybeonthetermsspecifiedinsuchmortgage.]3d.Thatcomplainanthaveadecreefortheamountduehimonsaidnote,principalandinterest,andthatiftheproceedsofsaidsaledonotsatisfythisdecree,thathemayhavemexecutionforthebalanceduethereon.264th.Thataninjunctionbeissued,byfiatofyourHonor,toinhibitandrestrainthedefendantfromcutting,removing,orsellinganymoreofthetreesortimberonsaidland
;
andthatareceiverbeappointedtotakepossessionofsaidland,andapplyitsrentsandprofits,includingthetimbernowcut,(1)tothepaymentofsaidtaxes,(2)totheinsuranceofthebuildingsonsaidland[ifthebuildingsconstitutealargeproportionofthevalueofthesecurity,]and(3)tothedischargeoftheinterestonsaidnote.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctionorareceiverinthiscase.5th.Thatcomplainantmayhavesuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledto.Bright&Earley,Solicitors.[Annexaffidavitandjurat:see,ante,§789.]20NolenV.Woods,12Lea,616.

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827SUI^TSTOPROTECTINTERESTSINLANDS.§1042
CHAPTERLVI.SUITSTOPROTECTANDRECOVERREALANDPERSONALPROPERTY.ArticleI.SuitstoProtectInterestsinLand.ArticleDZ.SuitstoRecoverInterestsinLand.ArticleIII.SuitstoRecoverEscheatedProperty.ArticleIV.SuitstoRecoverPersonalProperty.
ARTICLEI.SUITSTOPROTECTINTERESTSINLANDS.§1042.SuitsQuiaTimet. I§1044.SuitstoRedeem.§1043.SuitstoProtecttheHomestead.I
§1042.SuitsQuiaTimet.—Billsquiatimet1liewhereapersonhasreason-ablefearsofbeingsubjectedtofutureinconvenience,probableorevenpos-sibletohappenbytheneglect,inadvertenceorculpabilityofanother,inwhichcasetheCourtwillquiethisapprehensionsbyremovingthecause.2Themainobjectsofsuchabillare:1,toguardagainstpossibleorprospectiveinjuries,and2,topreservethemeansbywhichexistingrightsmaybeprotectedfromfutureorcontingentviolations.3UnderthisjurisdictiontheChanceryCourt1.Willcancelavoidorvoidabledeed,bond,noteorotherinstrument,thatiaaybeusedinthefuturetocomplainant'sdetriment.2."Willappointareceiver,whenthereisdangeroftrustpropertybeingmisused,orthetrusteeisinsolvent,orhisbondinsufficient.3.Willremovecloudsfromone'stitle,orpreventanactwhichwillcreateacloud.44.Willenjointheestablishmentofanewcountythatwillreduceanoldcountybelowitsconstitutionalarea.55.Whereasuretyisindangerofbeinginjuredbythecreditor'sdelayinbringingsuit,hemaybringthecreditorandprincipaldebtorbeforetheCourt,andhaveadecreeontheobligationinquestioninfavorofthecreditoragainsttheprincipal.66.Wheretheprincipalisdeadthesuretymay,bybill,compelhisexecutororadministratortoexoneratehim.77.InanycasewherethecomplainantissecondarilyliableforanydebthemaybringhisprincipalandthecreditorintoCourt,andhaveadecreeagainsthisprincipalandhimselfandinfavorofthecreditorforthedebt,andifthecreditorhasanycollateralsecurity,oranylienofanysort,tosecuresuchdebt,thecomplainantmayhavesuchcollateralorlienappliedtothepaymentofthedebtandsatisfactionofsaiddecree.88.Whereatenantforlife,orotherpartyinrightfulpossessionofland,is1Becausehe,[complainant,]fears[someinjurytohisrights.]2Andersonv.Talboit,1Heisk.,407.410.32Am.&Eng.Ency.ofLaw,258;See,ante,Injunction,§§811-812;ExonerationofSureties,§962;Rescission,§947.4SaundersV.Everett,3Tenn.Ch.,520.Seeante,5812.
6Bradleyv.Commissioners,2Hum.,428.6SeecasesintheDigestsunder"Sureties."See,also,ante,§§805;962.7Millerv.Speed,9Heisk.,198.8Deckardv.Edwards,2Sneed,93,102:McNairyv.Eastland,10Yerg.,310;GreeneV.Starnes,1Heisk.,582;Watsonv.Sutherland,1Tenn.Ch.,211.See,Subrogation,ante,§964.

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§1043SUITSTOPROTECTINTERESTSINLANDS.'828doing,orthreateningtodo,someactdetrimentaltotherightsoftheremainderman,thelattermay,onabillquiatimet,enjointhepartyinpossessionfromdoingsuchact.§1043.SuitstoProtecttheHomestead.—Aconveyanceofthehomesteadwithouthiswifejoiningthereinasrequiredbythestatuteisvoidsofarassheisconcerned;andshemay,bynextfriend,fileabillinChancerytohavesuchsaledeclaredaclouduponherhomestead,andthepurchaserperpetuallyen-joinedfromattemptingtoenforceit.Herhusbandmustbemadeadefendantalongwiththepurchaser.Sothehusband,oranyheadofafamily,mayfileabilltoprotecthishomesteadwhenleviedonillegally,orinanycasewhenhisrightisputinjeopardy.BILLBYWIPETOPROTECTHEP.HOMESTEAD.[Foraddressandcaptionsee,ante,§§155;164.]Complainant,MaryDoe,wifeofthedefendant,JohnDoe,suingbyJamesBuck,hernextfriend,respectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
I.ThatsheisthewifeofthedefendantJohnDoe,andthatdowntoApril1,1905,sheandhersaidhusbandwereinpossessionofthefollowingtractofland[or,houseandlot;locatingitanddescribingit:see,ante,§172.]ii.Thatsaidtractofland[orhouseandlot]wastheonlyrealestateownedbyherhusbandonsaidApril1,1905,andwasthenoccupiedbyherhusbandandhisfamily,herselfincluded,astheirhomestead.Onsaiddayherhusbandsoldandconveyedsaidtractofland[orhouseandlot]tohisco-defendant,JohnShort.Complainantdidnotjoininsaidconveyance,andinnowayparticipatedtherein.9Ontheotherhand,shepositivelyrefusedtosignthedeed,havingregardtothefactthatherhusbandownednootherland,andthatshewasthemotherofsixchildren,theoldestofthemthirteenyearsold.in.Thatherhusbandhasacquirednorealestatesincesaidconveyancebyhim,andifheandsheshouldbedispossessedundersaidconveyancetheywouldhavenohomeorlandoftheirowntogoto. IV.That[Ifthedefendant,Short,obtainedsaidconveyanceforaninadequateconsideration,orinpaymentofolddebts,oronanyotherunmeritoriousconsideration,statethefacts.Ifheisthreateningtotakeanylegalstepstoobtainpossession,sostate.Ifhehasbeenendeav-oringtopersuadeorpaycomplainanttosignandacknowledgesaidconveyance,statethecircumstances.}v.Complainantisresolvednevertovoluntarilygiveuphersaidhomesteaduntilanotherisprovidedforher,andthereisnoprospectofanother:therefore,shecomestoyourHonorandprays
:
1st.Thatsubpcenatoanswerissue[&c.:see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.Thatsaidconveyancebyherhusbandtohisco-defendant,JohnShort,bedeclarednullandvoidandofnoeffect,andacloudonherhomesteadrights;andthatsaiddefendant,JohnShort,beperpetuallyenjoinedatthehearingfrominanywayasserting,orattemptingtoassert,anyclaimtosaidtractoflandundersaidconveyance,andthatherrighttosaidhomesteadbedeclaredandquieted.3d.Thatshehavesuchfurtheraridotherreliefashercasemayrequire,andyourHonormaydeemproper. JamesSevier,Solicitor.§1044.SuitstoRedeem.—Whenevertherighttoredeemlandexists,whetherbycontract,decree,oroperationoflaw,andthepartyinpossessionunderthecontract,decreeorsheriff'sdeedrefusestosurrenderthepossessionontenderoftheredemptionmoney,ordisputescomplainant'srightofredemp-tion,theproperremedyisabillinChancerytoenforcesuchright.Therighttoredeemlandexists:(1)wherethemortgagee,orhisassignee,isinposses-sion,andthemortgagedebthasbeendulypaidortendered;and(2)wherethelandhasbeensoldsubjecttoredemption,andtheamountofthebidandinteresthasbeendulypaid,ortendered.
Thewifeisnotboundbyanyparticipation,un-llessshesignedandacknowledgedthedeedasre-
|quiredbythestatute.

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829SUITSTOPROTECTINTERESTSINLANDS.§1044BILLTOREDEEM.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§155;164.]i.Thatonthe19thdayofApril,1901,hewastheownerinfeeofthefollowingtractoflandinthe4thcivildistrictofCampbellcounty,adjoiningthelandsofWilliamAllen^Alex-anderLloyd,andothers,andboundedasfollows:BeginningonastakeatthendfthwestcorneroftheBaptistChurchlot,[givingdescriptionbycorners,coursesanddistances,orotheradequatedescription:see,§172,ante.]II.Thatonsaiddaysaidtractoflandwassold[Hereshowhowitwassold,whetherbytheSheriffunderanexecution,orbytheClerkandMasterofaChanceryCourt,andnotinbarofredemption,orbyaComityTrustee.Ifunderexecutionordecree,specifytheCourt,ondifbyaCountyTrusteestateofwhatcounty.Ifsoldunderamortgageordeedoftrustwithpowerofsale,sostate,andbrieflydescribetheinstrument.]in.Thatatsaidsalethedefendantbecamethepurchaseratthepriceofsixhundreddollars[Ifanyoneredeemedfromthepurchaser,sostate,andgivethefacts,andmakehimthedefendant.Iftheoriginalpurchaserhaspartedwithhisinterestinthelandstatethefactsandmakehisassigneeorvendeethedefendant,oroneofthedefendants.]Thedefendantisinpossessionofsaidlandunderhissaidpurchase,andhassobeeninpossessioneversincethe2nddayofAugust,1901,enjoyingtherentsandprofitsthereof[Ifthedefendantisnotinpossessionbyselfortenant,omitthisallegation.]IV.Thatonthe2nddayofJanuary,1902,complainanttenderedtothedefendantthesumof[statingtheamountofmoneytendered,which,ofcourse,mustbethefullamountpaidforthelandatsaidsale,andinterestthereontothedayofthetender.IfthetenderorpaymentismadetotheClerkoftheCourtunderwhosejudgmentordecreethelandwassold,sostate,andexplainwhynotmadetothepurchaser,10]whichherefusedtoreceive,denyingcom-plainant'srighttoredeemandclaimingthatheownedthelandfreefromanyliabilityofredemptionbycomplainant.[//themoneywaspaidtotheClerkandrefusedbythedefend-ant,somodifytheaboveallegation.]vThepremisesconsidered,complainantnowbringssaidredemptionmoneyintoCourt,principalandinterest,andcontinuesthetenderthereofandprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c.:see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.Thatcomplainant'srighttoredeemsaidtractoflandbedeclaredandenforced,andthetitleandpossessionthereofberestoredtohimasfullyasthoughsaidsalehadneverbeenmade.3d.Thatthedefendantbecompelledtoaccountfortherentsandprofitsofsaidlandwhileinhispossessionorunderhiscontrol,andthatareferencetotheMasterbehadtoascertaintheamountdue.4th.Thatcomplainanthavesuchfurtherandotherreliefinthepremisesasmaybejustandequitable. W.A.Owens,Solicitor.Ifthedefendantiscommittinganywasteontheland,sochargeinthebill,andspecifythecharacterandamountofsuchwaste,andifitbeconsiderable,andtheredemptionmoneyinsufficienttocoverit,prayforaninjunctionagainstthewaste,andalsoforareceiver.Insuchacasethebillmustbeverified.10Actsof1870,ch.111.ThepartyentitledtoredeemhastherighttopaytheredemptionmoneytotheClerk.IfthemoneyhasbeenpaidtotheClerkoftheCourtnotenderisnecessary;norisanytendernecessarywherethecomplainant'sright
ofredemptionisabsolutelydenied.Rogersv.Tin-dell,15Pick.,356.IftheClerkreceivedthemoney,butthedefendantrefusedit,andclaimstheland,denyingcomplainant'srighttoredeem,soallege.

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$1045SUlTgTORECOVERLAND. 830
ARTIQLEII.
SUITSTORECOVERINTERESTSINLAND.1045.AnEjectmentBill.1046.FormofanEjectmentBill.1047.WhataComplainantinanEjectmentSuitMustProve.1048.DefencestoanEjectmentBill.
§1049.FrameandFormofDecreesinSuitstoRecoverLand.§10S0.OrdersandBondstoSecureRentsinCaseofAppeal.
§1045.AnEjectmentBill.—AbillmaybefiledintheChanceryCourt(1>torecoverlandwhenthetitleofthecomplainantisdisputed,or(2)torecoverthepossessionofhousesorlandswhenthecomplainant'srightofpossessionisdeniedordisputed.1Indrawinganejectmentbillitis,ordinarily,notneces-sarytodomorethan(1)toaverthatthecomplainantistheownerinfeeof,orhasapresentsubsistinglife-estatein,orhasaleaseholdestate,orhasanundividedinterestastenant,incommon,orhasaneasement,orsomeotherspecifiedvalidsubsistinglegalinterest,intheparticularlanddescribedinthebill,andarighttotheimmediatepossessionthereof;2(2)todescribethelandsoastoidentifyit;(3)toshowwhenandhowthedefendantobtainedpossession,orwhatactsofownershipheisexercising,whatdamageheisdoingtothefee,ifany,and,generallywhereinandhowheisinterferingwiththecomplainant'srightsorinterestsinortosaidland;(4)tospecifywhatrentsandprofitsthedefendanthas,ormighthavereceived,orisliablefor,andwhattimberhehascut,coalmined,stoneormarblequarried,buildings<irfencesremoved,orotherwastecommitted,andthevaluethereof;3(5)topraytohavethecomplainant'srightstosaidlanddeclaredandenforced,toL.avehimputinpossessionthereof,tohavethedefendant'sdeedorotherevi-denceoftitle,ifany,declaredacloudoncomplainant'stitle,andremoved,andthedefendantperpetuallyenjoinedfromsettingupanyfurtherclaimtosaidlandundersaidtitle,and(6)toprayforanaccountoftherentsandprofitsreceived,andofthewastecommitted,bythedefendant,andadecreetherefor,andforgeneralrelief.Ifthedefendanthasanycoloroftitle,itmaybeprudenttospecifyit,andshowitsinfirmity,andpraytohaveitdeclaredacloud.Theland,lot,orhousesuedforshouldbedescribedaccord-ingtothecomplainant'stitlepapery;andthesuitmustbebroughtinthecountywheretheland,orsomepartofit,issituated.Thebillneednotbeswornto,unlessitpraysforsomeextraordinaryprocess.Ifthecomplainantisentitledtotheimmediatepossessionofthehouse,lot,ortractsuedfor,itisnotnecessarytoallegetitle;orifhehastitleincommonwithothers,orhasamerelife-estateoraleaseholdinterest,itisnotnecessary
1Inotherwords,wheneveranejectmentsuitoraforcibleentryanddetainer,oraforcibleorunlawfuldetainersuitwilllieintheCircuitCourt,abillwilllieinChanceryforthesamerelief.ThejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourttoenter-tainanejectmentbillwaswellsettledbeforetheActof1877,ch.97.Almonyv.Hicks,3Head,39;Buckv.Williams,10Heisk.,277;CoalCreekM.&M.Co.v.Ross,12Lea,8;andRossv.Scott.15Lea,489;WalshV.Crook,7Pick.,388.Now,undertheActof1877,thejurisdictionoftheChan-ceryCourtisco-extensivewiththatoftheCircuitCourtinsuitstorecoverpossessionofland.Smithv.Taylor,11Lea,743.Andthefactthatthelandisoflessvaluethanfiftydollarsdoesnotdeprive
theChanceryCourtofitsjurisdiction.FrazierV.Browning,11Lea,253.2Code,§§3229;3235.3AnejectmentbillinChanceryismoreeffectivethananejectmentsuitintheCircuitCourt,becauserentsandthevalueofwastecanberecovered,andwasteandtrespassescanbeenjoined,inthesamesuit;wbereas,intheCircuitCourt,thevalueofthewasteandtherentscannotberecoveredintheeject-mentsuit.Andtenantsincommonmayrecoverthelandbyanejectmentbill,andbythesamebillhavethelandpartitioned.tBurksv.Burks,7Bax.,357.Butanejectmentbillbyonetenantincommondoesnotenuretothebenefitofhisco-tenants.Williamsv.M.&M.Co.,7Cates,578.

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83
J
SUITSTORECOVERLAND.§1046todefinetheextentorcharacterofhistitle:itwillbesufficientforhimtoallegethatheisownerof,andentitledto.thepossessionof,thetractsuedfor.Nevertheless,asarule,itisbetterpleadingtospecifythecharacterandextentofthecomplainant'stitleandinterest,because,althoughwhenhesuesforth<swhole,hecanrecoversuchapartandsuchaninterestashemaybeentitledtp,neverthelessanexcessiveorgeneralclaim,whennotjustifiedbytheproo£>maycausesuchanincreaseofcoststhatthecomplainantmaybetaxedwiths,partthereofasapenaltyfornotspecifyinghistitleorclaimmoreprecisely.Ifthebillbetorecoverpossessionalone,inthenatureofadetainerbill,itneedallegeonly(1)thatthecomplainantisentitledtotheimmediateposses-sionofthetractorlotofland,describingit,and(2)thatthedefendantunlaw-fullydetainsthesamefromhim;andmayprayforadecreeforrents,asweUasthatthecomplainantberestoredtothepossessionofthepremisessuedfor.Thevalueoftheland,oroftheinterestclaimed,oroftheuseorrentsoftheland,isimmaterialtothejurisdictionoftheCourt,4whetherthebillseekstorecoverthelandonthestrengthoftitle,orseekstorecoverthepossessiononly.§1046.FormofanEjectmentBill.—Thefollowingformwillhelptoillus-tratethegeneralrequisitesofanejectmentbill:ANEJECTMENTBILL.TotheHon.HenryR.Gibson,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatHuntsville
:
JohnClaimer,aresidentofScottcounty,complainant,vs.GeorgePossessor,JamesWaster,andHenryTrespasser,allresidentsofScottcounty,defendants.ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thatheistheownerinfeeof[or,thatheownsforandduringthetermofhisnaturallife,or,thatheownsforandduringthetermofthenaturallifeofSarahBrown,thewidowofJohnBrown,or,duringthetermofthenaturallifeofJohnBrown,tenantbycourtesy<vfthelandsofSarahBrown,hisdeceasedwife,or,thatheownsanundividedone-fourthtnterestinfee,orforhislife,astepantincommonwiththesaiddefendants;or,thatheistheownerofaleaseholdestateoffiveyearsin]andentitledtotheimmediatepossessionor,thefollowingtractofland,situatedinthe2dcivildistrictofScottcounty:Beginningonalargewalnut,[andsoon,describingthelandprecisely,accordingtothedescriptionbymetesandboundsinthecomplainantsdeed,orotherevidenceoftitle,}tothebeginning,containingtwohundredacres,moreorless,andadjoiningthelandsofCharlesBrownandHenryWhite. ii.ComplainantfurthershowstotheCourtthat,notwithstandinghisownershipofsaidland[or,ofsaidinterestinsaidland;]andnotwithstandingheis,andhaseversincethe1stdayofMay,1890,beenentitledtotheppssession,use,andenjoymentofsaidland,andoftherents,profits,andfruitsthereof,thedefendant,GeorgePossessor,onthe1stdayofJune,1890,tookpossessionofsaidland,andhascontinuedinpossessionthereofeversince,usingitashisown,andappropriatingtherentsandprofits.Andthedefendants,JamesWasterandHenryTrespasser,havebeen,byagreementwithsaidGeorge.Possessor,cuttingvaluabletreesonsaidland,andarenowengagedincuttinganddestroyingothertreesonsaidland,andremovingthemtherefrom.[Specifyallactsofwasteortrespasscommittedbythedefendants,orbyanyofthem.]Thedestructionofsaidtreesisanirreparableinjurytosaidland. in.Thedefendant,GeorgePossessor,hasrecentlyobtainedagrantfromtheStateforfivethousandacresofland.Thisgrantcoverscomplainant'ssaidtract,andisacloudonhistitlethereto.Complainantholdsunderanentryandgrantthirty-sixyearsolderthandefendant's,andcomplainant'sprivieshadtwentyyears'possession-underthegrantfromwhichcom-plainant'stitleisderived.Theotherdefendantsareclaimingtoholdandactundertheirco-defendant,GeorgePossessor.rv.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantnrays:1st.Thatprocessissue[&c,asin§§1S8;164,ante.}2d.Thatthedefendantsbeenjoinedfromcuttinganytrees,orcommittinganyotherwaste,•onsaidtractofland;andthattheybeenjoinedfromremoving,selling,orjnanywaydis-4TheChanceryCourthasjurisdictionevenwhenIthelandisoflessvaluethanfiftydollars.Frazier
Iv.Browning,11Lea,253.

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§1047SUITSTORECOVERLAND.832posingofthetreesalreadycutonsaidland;andthatareceiverbeappointedtosellthesaidtreesalreadycut,andholdtheproceedssubjecttotheorderoftheCourt.3d.Thatthetitleandrightofpossessiontosaidtractoflandbedecreedtocomplainant,andthathebeputinthepossessionthereofbydecreeofyourHonor'sCourt._4th.Thatcomplainantbegivenadecreeforalltherentsandprofitsofsaidlandwhileinthedefendants'possession,andforthevalueofalltreescutonsaidlandbythedefendants,orbyanyofthem;andthatfulldamagesbeallowedcomplainantforanyandallwasteandotherinjurydonesaidlandbythedefendants,oranyofthem,andthatanaccountbetakentoascertainthevalueofsaidrentsandprofits,thevalueofthesaidtreescut,andtheamountofdamagesforwasteandinjurytosaidland.5Sth.Thatthesaidyoungerentryandgrantofthedefendant,GeorgePossessor,bedeclaredvoid,andacloudoncomplainant'stitle,andremovedassuch;andthatthedefendantsbeperpetuallyenjoinedfromsettingupanyclaim,ordoinganyactswhatsoever,underorbyvirtueofsaidentryorgrant.6th.Andthatcomplainantbegivensuchotherandfurtherreliefashemaybeentitledtoatthehearing.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctionorreceiverinthiscase.JimF.Baker,Solicitor. JohnClaimer.[Annexaffidavittothebill,asin§789,ante.]Noticetothedefendant
:
Atthehearingofthiscause,Iwillintroduceandreadasproofthefollowingdocumentaryevidence
:
1st.AgrantforsaidlandfromtheStateofTennesseetoThomasChambers,No.12,643,basedonentry819,byDennisAngel,madeintheentrytaker'sofficeinScottcounty,onMay21,1853.SaidgrantisdatedJuly1,1854.2d.AdeedforsaidgrantedlandfromThomasChamberstoJamesWilliams,madeSep-tember3,1860.ThisdeedisregisteredinScottcounty.3d.AdecreemadeMarch30,1869,bytheChanceryCourtofScottcountyinthecaseofHenryAdkinsvs.JamesWilliamsetal.,vestingthetitleofsaidlandinme,thecomplainant.Iwillintroducetheoriginalrecordinthecause.4th.AdeedbyJ.M.Newport,C.&M.,conveyingsaidlandtomebyvirtueofsaidChan-cerydecree.May20,1891. JohnClaimer,ByJimF.Baker,Solicitor.§1047.WhataComplainantinanEjectmentSuitMustProve.—Thecom-plainantmustshowavalidsubsistinglegalorequitableinterestintherealpropertysuedfor,andtherighttotheimmediatepossessionthereof;6and,ifthedefendantisnotinpossession,must,also,showthathe,thedefendant,isclaiminganinteresttherein,orwasexercisingactsofownershipthereonwhenthebillwasfiled.7Alegaltitleisordinarilyproved:1,ByagrantfromtheState;or2,bj'connectedconveyancesfromthegrantee;or3,bysevenyears'adverseposses-sionunderacoloroftitle;or4,byadecreedivestingthetitleoutofthede-fendantandvestingitinthecomplainant;or5,byadeedfromthedefendant,orfromaSherifforCourtCommissioner,conveyingthedefendant'stitle,whensoauthorized:or6,byasuperiordeed,ortitle-bond,fromthepartyunderwhomthedefendantclaims;or7,byproofthatthedefendantwasatenantwhosetermhasexpired,orbeenforfeited;or8,byproofbythecom-plainantmortgagorthatthemortgagedebthasbeenpaid,whenthemortgageeisdefendantandinpossession.8§1048.DefencestoanEjectmentBill.—ThecomplainantmustintroducethesamecharacterandquantityofproofinsupportofanejectmentbillinChancery,asisrequiredinanejectmentsuitintheCircuitCourt;and,ontheotherhand,thedefendantmaymakethesamedefences.9Thedefendantmaymakedefencebypleainabatement,motiontodismiss,demurrer,pleainbaroranswer,orhemaydisclaiminwholeorinpart;orifSeeBainsv.Berry,1Lea.37.6Code,§3229.ThecomplainantintheChanceryCourtcansueonanequitableinterestcoupledwiththerightofimmediatepossession.Thus,hecansuehisvendee,inpossessionunderanabsolutedeed,whichisreallyamortgage,andthemortgagedebtpaid;orhecansueadefendantholdingunderasheriff'sdeedwhentheredemptionmoneyhasbeenpaid.7Code,83231.
8SeeDigestsforthedecisions.oAnejectmentbillmustnotbeconfoundedwithbillstosetupandenforceequitablerightsto,orinterestsin,realty,ortoremoveclouds;thelatterarestrictlybillsinEouity,andthecharacteroftheproofandofthereliefarequitedifferent,asis,also,thecharacterofthedefencesmade.Aneject-mentbill,ordinarily,seekstoenforcelegalrights,only.

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833 SUITSTORECOVERLAND.§1048heisentitledtoanyaffirmativereliefagainstthecomplainant,oragainstthecomplainantandaco-defendant,hemayfileacrossbill.Thedefenceonthemeritsisusuallymadebyanswer;orbyanswerastosomuchofthelandsuedforasthedefendantclaims,andbydisclaimerastotheresidue.Theusualdefencestoanejectmentbillare:(1)adenialofthecomplainant'stitle;(2)thepleaoftitleinthedefendant;10and(3)thepleaofthestatuteoflimitations.11Thesepleasmaybe,andgenerallyare,setupinananswer.Thepleaofinnocentpurchaserisnotavailableagainstapureejectmentbill.13Thefollowingformswillindicatehowtheforegoingdefencesareusuallymadeinananswer
:
ANSWERDENYINGTHECOMPLAINANT'STITLE."Furtheranswering,the[or,this]defendantdeniesthatthecomplainanthasanytitlewhat-evertothelanddescribedinhisbill,ortoanypartthereof,ortoanyinteresttherein;anddeniesthatthecomplainanthasanyrightwhatevertothepossessionofsaidland,orofanypartthereof;andthe[or.this]defendantwillrequirethecomplainanttoprovehistitleandrightofpossessionbystrictlegalproof.Thedefendantdenies,also,thatheisguiltyofun-lawfullywithholdingthesaidtractofland,oranypartthereof.14ANSWERSETTINGDPTITLEINTHEDEFENDANT.Furtheranswering,the[or,this]defendantsaysthatthetitletothelanddescribedinthebill15isinhim;thathehasbeeninpeaceablecontinuousadversepossessionthereof,[inpersonandbythosethroughwhomheclaims,]formorethantwentyyearsbeforethebillwasfiled,claimingtitletheretoinfee;andthe[or,this]defendantreliesonandpleadssaidtwentyyears'possession;and,also,pleadsthathehadhadactualcontinuousadverseposses-sionofsaidlandformorethansevenyearsbeforethecomplainant'sbillwasfiled,andhepleadsthestatuteoflimitationsofsevenyearsinbarofsaidbill.10ANSWERPLEADINGSEVENYEARS'POSSESSIONUNDERCOLOROPTITLE.Furtheranswering,thesedefendantssaythatbeforethebillwasfiledinthiscause,they,[bythemselvesandthosethroughwhomtheyclaim,or,bythosethroughwhomtheyclaim.asthecasemaybe,]hadhadsevenyears'actualcontinuousadversepossessionofthelanddescribedinthecomplainant'sbill[or,ofthefollowingtractofland,describingit,]holdingbyconveyance[devise,grant,orotherassuranceoftitle,specifyinghistitle-paper,]purportingtoconveytothesedefendantsanestateinfee;andthesedefendantssaythattheyhaveagoodandindefeasibletitleinfeetothelandsodescribedintheirsaidconveyance,[devise,grant,orotherassuranceoftitle;]andthey,also,pleadandrelyonthestatuteoflimitationsofsevenyearsinbarofsaidbill.Ifthedefendantclaimsapart,only,ofthelandsuedfor,hemuststatedis-tinctlyinhispleadingstheextentofhisclaim,orhewillbetaxedwithall,oratleast,apartofthecostsofthecauseeventhoughhesucceedstotheextentofhispossessions,oractualclaim.Thedefendantcannot,however,disputethetitleofthecomplainanttothezvholetract,and,inthesameanswer,dis-claimastoapartofthe,tract.17Thefollowingistheformofanansweranddisclaimertoanejectmentbill,whenthedefendantclaimsonlyapartofthelandsuedfor
:
ANSWERANDDISCLAIMERTOANEJECTMENTBILL.JohnDoe,1vs. fNo.423.—IntheChanceryCourt,atKingston,Tenn.RichardRoe,etal.JThisdefendant,RomeoRoe,forseparateansweranddisclaimertothebillfiledagainsthimandothers,inthiscause,says
:
i.Thatwhenthebillinthiscausewasfiledhewas.andnowis,'"inpossessionofthefollowingtractofland:18[Heredescribeitbymetesandbounds,accordingtothedefendant'sdeedorotherwriting,ifhehaveany;ifnone,describeitbynaturalobjects,fences,orothersufficientdescription.]Thisdefendantthenclaimed,andnowclaims,saidtractofland10SeePleaofTitleintheDefendant,ante,§327.11See,ante,§331.121Pom.Eq.Jur.,5§743;765.13Whenthecomplainant'stitleisdeniedhemustshowatitleagainstalltheWorld;andthedefendantcan,insuchacase,showanoutstandingtitlewithoutspeciallypleadingit.Bleidornv.Pil^tMt.CoalCo.,5Pick..166:Woodsv.Bonner,5Pick.,411.14Code,§3239.15Ifthedefendantdoesnotclaimthewholetract,
hemustcarefullyanddefinitelyspecifytheboundsofthetractheclaims;anddisrlaimastothere-mainderofthelandsuedforinthebill.ioItisprudenttoaddthepleaofthestatuteofsevenyearstothedefenceoftwentyyears'posses-sion;and,also,tothedefenceofsevenyears'pos-sessionUnderacoloroftitle.17See,ante,8395.ISCode,§§3231;3234.

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§.1049 SUITSTORECOVERLAND. 834ashisown,anddeniesthatthecomplainanthas,oratthecommencementofthissuit,had,cinytitleorjustclaimtheretowhatever,oranyrighttothepossessionthereofwhatsover.ii.Furtheranswering,thisdefendantsays,thathehadhadtheactual,open,notorious,andadverse,possessionoftheabovedescribedtractoflandformorethansevenwholecontin-uousyearsbeforesaidbillwasfiled,andthatsuchpossessionstillcontinuesandnowexists;andhereliesuponsaidadversepossession,forsaidtermofsevenyearsbeforethissuitwasbrought,asabartothissuit,andpleadsthestatuteoflimitationsofsevenyears,inandforsuchcasemadeandprovided,asadefencetocomplainant'sbill.in.Furtheranswering,thisdefendantsays,thatastotheremainderofthetractdescribedinthebill,heisnotinpossessionthereof,norwasheinpossessionthereof,orclaiminganyinteresttherein,orexercisinganyactsofownershipthereover,19atorbeforethebringingofthissuit;andastosuchremainder,thisdefendantsaysheneveratanytimeclaimedit,oranyinteresttherein,andnowdisclaimsallandeveryright,titleandclaimthereinandthereto,legalandequitable.^IV.Furtheranswering,thisrespondentsaysthatheadmitsthathehashadtheuseandbenefitofthelanddescribedinthefirstparagraphofthisanswer,andhasenjoyedthefruits,rents,andprofitsthereof;andsayshewasentitledsotodo,thelandbeinghis.Andnow,havingfullyanswered,thisdefendantpraystobedismissedwithhiscosts.RomeoRoe.T.A.Wright,Solicitor.Whereadefendantdisclaims,hisanswershouldbesignedbyhiminperson,.mdmustbesworntoasincaseofotheranswers,unlesshisoathiswaived.20§1049.FrameandFormofDecreesinSuitstoRecoverLands.—AsalreadystatedintheChapteronDecrees.21adecreeforacomplainantusuallyfollowsthespecialprayerofthebill:soadecreeinasuittorecoverland,ifforthebill,willusuallygivethecomplainantwhathespeciallypraysfor,anddeclaresthenatureandextentofhistitleandinteresttoandinthepremisessuedfor,andawardshimthepossession.Ifthesuitisforpossessiononlythedecreewilldeclarehimentitledtothepossession.Ifcomplainantis,also,entitledtoanyrentsandprofits,andtodamagesforwaste,22thedecreemayordertheMastertoreporttheamountsthereof.DECREEONANEJECTMENT[OBRETAINER]BILL.[Fortitle,commencementandrecitals,see,ante,§567.]Onconsiderationwhereofitisordered,adjudgedanddecreed,bytheCourt:1st.Thatcomplainantistheownerinfeeof,[orhasalifeinterestin,orisentitledtothepossessionof,]thetractoflanddescribedinthebill,[or,ofthefollowingportionofthetractoflanddescribedinthebill,describingit:see,ante,§172,]andhastherighttothepossessionthereof;23andawritofpossessionwillissuetoputhiminpossession.Saidlandsoadjudgedtothecomplainantisdescribedasfollows:[Heregivecorners,courses,anddistances,andlocation,ifnotbeforegiveninthedecree.Se'e,ante,§172.]2d.ThattheMasterhearproofandrtporttothenexttermoftheCourt,thereasonablevalueoftherentsandprofitsofsaidtractoflandwhileinthepossessionofthedefendant,orofthoseholdingunderhim;and,untiltheincomingofsuchreport,allotherquestionsarereserved.Thedefendantwillpayallthecostsofthecause,forwhichanexecutionwillissue.§1050.OrdersandBondstoSecureRentsinCaseofAppeal.—Ifthedecreeisinfavorofthecomplainant,heisputinpossessionatonce,unlessthede-fendantappealsandgivesbondfordoubletwoyears'rentofthepremises.Ifthedefendantappealswithoutgivingbond,thecomplainantgivesalikebond,andisputintopossession.IfthepartygivingthebondisfinaUyde-featedadecreeisrenderedagainsthimandhissuretiesonsaidbondforthevalueoftheaccruedrentsandthecosts.24Thepartyappealingmaytakethepauperoathastothecosts,butnotasto19Code,§3231.Thecomplainanthastherighttoshow,byproof,thatthisdisclaimerisfalse,andthusoneratethedefendantwiththecostsof_thesuit,andobtainawritofpossession^Butnowritofpossessioncanbehadunlesscomplainantshowsthatthedisclaimerisfalse.McDonoughV.Prater,2Shan.Cas.,114.20SeeArticleonDisclaimerstoBills,ante,
§§393-398.21See,ante,§§566-568.22Thecomplainantwouldbeentitledtodamagesforwasteifinhisbillheprayedaninjunctiontostaywastebeingcommitted.See.ante,§536;38.23Thisclausewillbeomittedinadetainerdecree.24Actsof1879,ch.85.

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835 SUITSTORECOVERLAND.§1050'therents.IfthebondbythepartyinpossessionatanytimebecomesdeficienttheCourtinwhichthesuitispendingwillrequirenewandsufficientsecurity,orreturnthepossessiontotheotherparty.25Thefollowingwouldbetheformofaprayerandgrantofappealinsuchacase:FromtheforegoingdecreethedefendantpraysanappealtothenexttermoftheSupremeCourttobeheldatKnoxville,andhavinggivenbondforrentsandcostssaidappealisgranted.[Or,buthavingfailedtogiveabondforrentsandcosts,andthecomplainanthavinggivensuchbond,awritofpossessionwillissueinstantertoputhiminpossessionofthepremisesdescribedinthedecree.Uponthedefendantexecutingabondforcosts,ortakingthepauperoath,hisprayerisgranted.]BONDBYDEFENDANTTOCOVER,RENTSONAPPEAL.JohnDoe,1vs.J-InChanceryatNashville.RichardRoe.JWe,RichardRoe,JohnJones,andHenryLong,acknowledgeourselvesindebtedtoJohnDoeinthepenalsumof dollars,[insertdoublethevalueoftsvuoyears'rentofihspremises;]butthisobligationtobevoidifsaidRichardRoeshallpaythecostsanddamageswhichsaidJohnDoemaysustainbyhisfailuretoobtainpossessionofthepremisesbyhimrecoveredintheaboveentitledcause,andwillabidebyandperformthejudgmentoftheSupremeCourtrenderedonthefinalhearingofsaidcause.[Bondtobedulydated^signedandwitnessed.]Thefollowingareformsofbondstobegivenonanappealinsuchcases
:
BONDBYCOMPLAINANTTOCOVERRENTSONAPPEAL.JohnDoe,]
vs.J-InChanceryatNashville.RichardRoe.JWe,JohnDoe,andCharlesBrownandJohnSmith,acknowledgeourselvesindebtedtoRichardRoeinthepenalsumof dollars:[insertdoublethevalueoftivoyears'rentofthepremises:]butthisobligationtobevoidifsaidJohnDoeshallpayallcostsanddamageswhichmaybesustainedbysaidRichardRoefromsardJohnDoeforwrongfullyenforcingawritofpossessionawardedhimintheaboveentitledcause,andwillabidebyandperformthejudgmentoftheSupremeCourtrenderedonthefinalhearingofsaidcause.[Bondtobedulydated,signedandwitnessed.]BILLTORECOVERLAND,TOHAVEARECEIVERANDREMOVEACLOTTD.20[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§1SS;164.]ComplainantsrespectfullyshowtotheCourt:1.Thattheyaretheownersinfeeofthehouseandlot,No.26,Homestreet,inthecityofNashville,saidlotfronting25feetonsaidstreetandrunningduenorthbetweenparallellinesabouttwohundredfeettoJonesalley;andisboundedontheeastbythelotofWilliamPriceandonthewestbythelotofGeorgeJones.Thislotcomplainantsinheritedfromtheirfather,JamesDoe,whohasrecentlydiedintestate,leavingnowidow,andcomplainantsarehisonlyheirsatlaw. n.Thatsaidhouseandlotareinthepossessionofthedefendant,RachelRoe,whopretendsthatsheboughtthesamefromcomplainants'father,butcomplainantschargethatthereisnofoundationinlawforsuchpretence;andthatifshehasanywritingofanysort,itwasobtainedbyfraud,impositionorundueinfluence,whiletheirfatherwasunlawfullycohabit-ingwithher,andwasweakinmindandbody,andcompletelyinherpower;andifshehasanysuchwriting,ordeed,forsaidhouseandlotfromtheirfather,complainantscallonhertoproduceandfileitwithheranswer,andtostatewhatconsiderationshepaidtherefor.in.Thattherentsofsaidhouseandlotarewellworthtendollarspermonth,andthedefend-anthashadpossessionthereofeversinceJune10,190S,thedateoftheirfather'sdeath,nownearlysixmonths;andsheisutterlyinsolvent,havingnovisiblepropertyexceptsomecheaphouseholdandkitchenfurniture,worthnotexceedingfiftydollars.IV.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c:see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.Thatthetitleandrightofpossessiontosaidhouseandlotbedecreedtocomplainants,andthattheybegivenadecreeagainstthedefendantforthereasonablerentsofsaidhouseandlotsincethedateoftheirfather'sdeath.isIbid IPick.,282:andforananswerandcrossbilltoit,26ThisbillisbasedonVaughnV.Vaughn,16|see,ante,§405.

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§1051SUITSTORECOVERESCHEATEDPROPERTY.8363d.Thatareceiverbeappointedtotakepossessionofsaidhouseandlotandcollecttherents,pendingthislitigation;andthatifthetaxesareunpaid,andthehouseuninsured,hepaythetaxesandinsuranceoutofsaidrents.4th.Thatifthedefendanthasanypaperwritingpurportingtobeadeedorconveyanceofanyinterestinsaidhouseandlot,thatitbedeclaredfraudulentandvoid,andbecancelledasacloudontheirtitle.Sth.Thattheyhavesuchotherandfurtherreliefastheymaybeentitledto.Thisisthefirstapplicationforareceiverinthiscase.JamesTrimble,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit:see,ante,§§164;789.]ORDER,INREFERENCETOARECEIVER.TheapplicationfortheappointmentofareceiverinthiscasecomingonforhearingatChambersiscontinueduntiltheincomingofthedefendant'sanswer.ThisNovember22,190S. JohnAllison,Chancellor.ItwouldhavebeennotimproperinthiseaseiftheChancellorhadappointedareceiver,asprayed,unlessthedefendantwithinfivedaysgavebondandsecurityfortherents.
ARTICLEIII.SUITSTORECOVERESCHEATEDPROPERTY.§1051.WhenPropertyEscheatstotheState.I§1052.FrameandFormofBilltoHave
I PropertyDeclaredEscheated.§1051.WhenPropertyEscheatstotheState.—TheStatehastheultimumdominium,oreminentdomain,overallpropertywithinitsterritory;xandwhenanypersondiesintestateintheState,leavingnowidoworrelatives,allofhisproperty,realandpersona),escheatstotheState,fortheuseofthecommonschoolfund;2anditisthedutyoftheDistrictAttorneytofileabillintheChanceryCourtoftheCountywhereintheescheatedlandissituated,inthenameoftheState,andwithoutsecurity,tohavethelanddeclaredescheated,3andtohaveitsold.4§1052.FrameandFormofBilltoHavePropertyDeclaredEscheated.TheDistrictAttorneyofthecountyinwhichthelandliesincaseofland,orinwhichthedecedentresidedatthetimeofhisdeathincaseofpersonalprop-erty,filesthebill;andthefollowingframeandformmayaidhiminformulat-inghisbill
:
GENERALFORMOFANESCHEATBILL.[Foraddressandcaptionseetheformnextafterthis.]Complainant,theStateofTennessee,suingby ,herDistrictAttorney,respectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
I.That[Hereshowthat hasdiedintestatein county,withoutissue,andleavingnoividow,norrelativesentitledtohisestate.]II.Thatsaidwasathisdeaththeownerofthefollowingrealandpersonalpropertyinsaidcounty:[Heredescribeit.]in.That,[Hereshowwho,ifanyone,hasbeenappointedadministrator,andmakehimadefendant;andshowwhat,ifanything,hasbeendoneiviththepersonalestate.]IV.That,[Hereshowwhoisinpossessionoftherealestate,andwhatprofitsorrents,ifany,haveaccruedtohimtherefrom,andmakehimadefendant.]1Townsendv.Townsend,Peck,17. | 3Code,(M.&V.)§2144a;State1>.Allen,2Tenn'
2Code,§2138. |Ch.f42.
I 4Code,(M.&V.)§2144d.

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837SUITSTORECOVERESCHEATEDPROPERTY.§1052
v.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c,asin§§158;164,ante.]2d.[Forremainderofbillseetheformfollowing.)BILLTODECLAREANDENFORCEANESCHEATSToHon.F.H.Heiskell,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatMemphis
:
TheStateofTennessee,complainant,vs.ThomasL.Beasley,aresidentofShelbycounty,andtheunknown)heirsofHarrisGoldberg,deceased,defendants.\Complainant,TheStateofTennessee,suingbyGeorgeS.Yerger,herDistrictAttorney,respectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.ThatHarrisGoldbergdiedintestateinShelbycounty,January17,1897,leavingnowidoworchildren,orotherrelativeorheir,butseizedandpossessedofthefollowinglotofland.[Describingit.] ii.Thatthedefendant,ThomasL.Beasley,isinpossessionofsaidlot,claimingitunderataxdeed,whichcomplainantchargesisvoid,1st,becausesuchdeedisbasedonasalemadeaftersaidGoldberg'sdeath;2d,becausedefendant,Beasley,whenhemadehissaidpurchaseandtooksaiddeed,wastheagentofsaidGoldberginpossessionofsaidlot;and3d,hehadfundsinhishandsassuchagentsufficienttohavepaidsaidtaxes,anditwashisdutytohavesoappliedthem;andsocomplainantchargesthathissaidpurchasewasfraudulentandvoid,andthatsaiddeedisacloudoncomplainant's'titletosaidland.in.ThatRichardRoewasappointedadministratorofthepersonalestateofsaidGoldberg,andthatallofhisdebtshavebeenpaid,leavingsaidlotfreefromalllawfulclaimbyanycreditororotherperson;butdefendantBeasleyisinpossessionofsaidlot,enjoyingitsrentsandprofits,claimingunderhisdeedasaforesaid.IV.ThatcomplainanthasmadediligentinquiryforthenamesandresidencesoftheheirsandrelativesofsaidGoldberg,ifany,buthasbeenunabletoascertainwhethertherebeany,andsocomplainantchargesthattherearenosuchheirsnorrelatives,andthatthereforesaidlotoflandiscomplainant'spropertybyescheat,andwasherpropertywhensaidtaxsalewasmade,wherebysaidsalewasvoid,thetaxlienhavingbecomemergedintothecomplain-ant'sfeetitletothelot. v.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissueagainstdefendant,Beasley,requiringhimtoappearandanswerthisbill,buthisoathtohisansweriswaived.2d.Thatpublicationbemade,asrequiredbylaw,callingupontheunknownheirsofsaidHarrisGoldberg,andallpersons,claimingunderhim,inanymannerorwaywhatever,toentertheirappearanceandanswerthisbill. /
3d.That,ifnolawfulclaimanttosaidlotoflandappear,saidtaxdeedbedeclaredacloudoncomplainant'stitleandremoved,andthesaidlotbesold,anditsproceedsappliedunderthestatuteinreferencetoescheats.4th.That,inthemeantime,areceiverbeappointedtotakechargeofsaidlot,rentoutthesame,andaccountfortherentsandprofitsthereof;andthatthedefendant,Beasley,berequiredtoaccountforallrentsandprofitsbyhimreceivedfromsaidlotsincethedeathofsaidGoldberg.5th.ThatcomplainanthavesuchfurtherandotherreliefastoyourHonormayseemproper.Thisisthefirstapplicationforareceiverinthiscase.GeorgeS.Yerger,DistrictAttorney.[Annexaffidavit;see,ante,§789.]5ThisbillisbasedontheStatev.Goldberg,5Cates,298.

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§1053SUITSTORECOVERPERSONALPROPERTY.838
ARTICLEIV.SUITSTORECOVERPERSONALPROPERTY.
§10S3.AReplevinBill.§1054.FormofaReplevinBill. §1055.FormoftheBond,andWritofRe-plevin.§10S6.ProceedingsUponaReplevinBill.§1057.ADetinueBill:ItsFrameandForm.§1053.AReplevinBill.—AreplevinbillmaybefiledintheChanceryCourtinanyeasewhereareplevinsuitmaybebroughtintheCircuitCourt.1Formerly,areplevinbillwouldnotlieinChancery,unlessthepropertypos-sessedsomepeculiarextrinsicvalueasanheir-loom,afamilyrelic,apicture,silverplate,aring,orsomeotherarticleofpeculiar,uncommon,oruniquecharacter,orunlessitpossessedsomeotherspecialvaluenottobecompen-satedindamages;butundertheActof1877,2theChanceryCourtnowhasjurisdictioninareplevinsuitinanycasetriableintheCircuitCourt.Thebillinsuchacaseshouldcontainthesubstanceoftheaffidavitforthewrit,andthesubstanceofthedeclaration,atlaw;andshouldaver1,thatthecomplainantisentitledtothepossessionofthepropertyproposedtobereplev-ied,describingitwithreasonablecertainty;2,thatthedefendanthasseized,ordetainsthesame;and3,thatitwasnotsubjecttosuchseizure,detentionorexecution;and4,shouldprayforawritofreplevin,andforthevalueofthehireoruseofthepropertyfromadaynamed.3Thebillmustbesworntobythecomplainant,hisagentorattorney.4§1054.FormofaReplevinBill.—Thefollowingistheformofareplevinbill,omittingtheaddressandcommencement;whichareintheusualform
:
AREPLEVINBILL.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:I.Thatheistheowner,andentitledtotheimmediateandexclusivepossession,ofacertain,pairofbayhorses,abouteightyearsold,withastarintheirforeheadsandasmallRbrandedontheleftshoulderofeach;andofacertainsetofdoublenickle-platedharnesswornbysaidhorses;andofacertaintwo-horsefamilycarriage,allnoworlatelyinthestableandcarriage-house,No.27Jockeystreet,inthecityofMemphis,Shelbycounty.II.Thatsaidpropertyisunlawfullydetainedfromthecomplainantbythedefendant;andhasbeensounlawfullydetainedfortheperiodoftwentydays,duringwhichtimethedefend-anthashadthepossessionandusethereof.Noneofsaidpropertyissubjecttodetentionbydefendant;andthedetentionthereofiswhollyunlawful.Saidpropertywasbequeathedtocomplainantbyhisfather;andforthatreasonhasgreatextrinsicvaluetothecomplainant,nottobeestimatedinmoney.' .
1Thefactthatthepropertyisoflessvaluethanfiftydollarsisnoobjectiontothejurisdiction.SeeFrazierv.Browning,11Lea.253.2Ch.97.Areplevinsuitisnotforanyinjurytotheproperty,butmerelytorecoveritspossession,andthevalueofthehireorusethereofduringthedetention.Colbvv.Yates,12Heisk.,267.Areplevinbill,beforetheArtof1877,couldbefiledtoenforcethespecificdeliveryofpropertytothecomplainantwhenthepropertywasofpeculiarvalueandimportance,andthelosscouldnotbefullycompensatedindamages.1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§709.TheChanceryCourthasalwayshadjurisdictiontocompeltherestoration,ordeliveryofpossession,ofspecificchattelsofsuchapeculiar,uncommon,oruniquecharacterthattheycannotbereplacedby
meansofmoney,andnotsusceptibleofbeingcom-pensatedforbyanvpracticalorcertainmeasureofdamages.1Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§177;185;Womackr.Smith,11Hum..478.AreplevinbillinEquityismoreeffectivethanareplevinatlaw.Atlaw.thedefendantmaysocon-cealthepropertythattheofficermaybeunabletofindit,whileinEquitytheCourtwill,byprocessofattachment,compelthedefendanttosurrenderthepropertv.3Code,853374-3376.4TheaffidavitmustbebeforetheClerkoftheCourtinwhichthebillisfiled;andsuchaffidavitmavbe"ntheaffiant'sinformationandbelief.Code,§3376.

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'839SUITSWRECOVERPERSON'ALPROPERTY.§1055Thatsaidpairofharsesisreasonablyworth,fivehundreddollars;saidharnessisreasori-.ablyworthonehundredandtwenty-fivedollars,andsaidcarriageisreasonablyworthfourhundreddollars;and.theuseofsaidhorses,harnessandcarriage,isreasonablyworththi-eedollarsaday. . '
,
J
IV.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays:'1st.ThatthedefendantbebroughtintoCourtbytheissuanceandserviceofaltnecessaryandproperprocess,andberequiredtoanswerthisbill,buthisoathtohisansweriswaived.2d.ThatawritofreplevinbeatonceissuedbytheClerkandMaster[bycommandofyourHonor,6]tohave>saidpropertytakenoutofthepossessionofthedefendantandde-liveredtothecomplainant.3d.That,thetitleofthecomplainanttosaidproperty,andhisrighttotheimmediateandexclusivepossession-thereof,bedecreed,anddulyenforcedbyall'necessaryorders.4th.Thatcomplainantbegivenadecreeforthevalueofthehireanduse'ofsaidpropertywhile,sodetainedfromhimasaforesaid. ^,5th.Thatcomplainanthavesuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledto,eitherinlaworequity. W.H.Buttram,,Solicitor.;Areplevinbillmustbesworntoby"thecomplainant,hisagentorattorney.*WhiletheClerkandMastermayissuethewritofreplevinwithoutthefiatofaChancellor,orJudge,.theremaybecaseswhenitmightbeprudenttoobtainsuchafiat,inwhichcasethefollowingformmaybeused
:
FIATFOE,AWRITOFREPLEVIN.TotheClerkandMasteratMemphis
:
Issuethewritofreplevinprayedforintheforegoingbill,oncomplainantgivingaproperreplevinbond,inthepenaltyoftwenty-twohundreddollars.[Doublethevalueofthepropertytobereplevied^)July3,1890. B.M.Estes,-Chancellor.§1055.FormoftheBond,andWritofReplevin.—Bondmustbegivenindoublethevalueoftheproperty,conditionedtobevoidifthecomplainantabideby,andperform,thejudgmentoftheCourt.8TheproceedingsonareplevinbillaresubstantiallythesameasonareplevinsuitintheCircuitCourt.TheClerkwillissuethewritofreplevinintheusualform,uponthebillbeingsworntoandfiled,andtheproperbondgiven.NofiatofaChan-cellororJudgeis,ordinarily,necessarytoauthorizetheissuanceofthewrit.Thefollowingformswillserveasaguidebothforthebondandthewrit
:
REPLEVIN-BOND.We,JohnDoeandHenryDoe,acknowledgeourselvesindebtedtoRichardRoeinthesumoftwenty-twohundreddollars;butthisobligationtobevoidifthesaidJohnDoeabidebyandperformthedecreeoftheChanceryCourtatMemphisinthecaseofJohnDoevs.RichardRoe.ThisJuly8,1890. JohnDoe,HenryDoe.WRITOFREPLEVIN,TheStateofTennessee,TotheSheriffofShelbycounty
:
SummonRichardRoetoappearonorbeforethe1stMondayofAugustnext,attheofficeoftheClerkandMasteroftheChanceryCourtatMemphis,toanswerthebillofJohnDoe;andhaveyouthenandtherethiswrit.Saidbillpraysthatawritofreplevinissuetoputthecomplainantinpossessionofapairofbayhorses,abouteightyearsold[andsoon,describingthepropertyexactlyasitisdescribedinthebill.)SaidpropertyisallegedtobeinthepossessionofthedefendantRich-ardRoe.[AndtheHon.B.M.Estes,Chancellor,havingorderedmetoissuesaidwritofreplevin,!youare,therefore,commandedtotakesaidpropertyoutofthepossessionofsaidRichardRoe,anddeliverittothesaidJohnDoe;andmakeduereturnhereonofthemannerinwhichyouhaveexecutedthiswrit.WitnessmyhandthisJuly8,1890. E.B.McHEnry,C.&M.5ThewritcanprobablybeissuedbytheClerkandMaster,withoutanyfiatbytheChancellor,astheCircuitCnnrtClerkissuesitwithoutanyfiat.6Code,§3376.7Code,§3377.8Code,§3377.Thecomplainantmaypauperthe
costs,butmustgivebondindoublethevalueoftheproperty,notwithstanding.Creamerv.Ford,1Heisk.,307.TheClerkwillbeliableforfailingtotakethebond.Code,§3393.9Thiswillbeomittediftherebenofiat.

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§1056SUITSTO.RECOVERPERSONALPROPERTY.840§1056.ProceedingsUponaReplevinBill.—ThewritofreplevinwillissueandbeexecutedinthesamemannerasintheCircuitCourt;butthedefendantwillfilehisanswers,ormakeotherdefencetothebill,andthepartieswilltaketheirproofandtrythecause,accordingtothepracticeintheChanceryCourt.AlloftheprovisionsoftheCodeapplicabletoreplevinsuitsintheCircuitCourt10applyequallytoreplevinsuitsintheChanceryCourt,subjecttothemodificationsnecessitatedbythepleadingsandpracticeinuseinthelatterCourt;andtherights,dutiesandliabilitiesoftheofficersoftheCourt,andoftheparties,arethesameasintheCircuitCourt,exceptthataCourtofChan-cerymay,whennecessary,useitsextraordinaryprocesstoenforceitsorders,andmorefullyeffectuatetheendsofjustice.§1057.ADetinueBill:11ItsFrameandForm.—Theonlydifferencebe-tweenadetinuebillandareplevinbillisthattheformerdoesnotseektoob-tainthepossessionofthepropertyindisputeuntiltheendofthesuit;there-fore,iftheforegoingbillisfiledasadetinuebillthesecondprayerwillbeomitted.12Adetinuebillneednotbeswornto,andmaybeprosecutedonanordinarycostbond,oronapauperoath.10Code,§§3374-3393.11Inadetinuesuitthecomplainantmustshowageneralorspecialpropertyinthesubject-matter,andtherighttoitsimmediatepossessionwhenthebillwasfiled.Robbv.Cherry,14Pick.,72.
12Ifcomplainantisgivenadecreefortheprop-ertyawritofpossessionwillbeawarded.Code,§2997.

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841 SUITSTOPARTITIONLANDBYDIVISION.§1058
CHAPTERLVII.SUITSTOPARTITIONLANDS,ORTHEIRPROCEEDS.ArticleI.PartitionbyDivision.ArticleII.PartitionbySale.ArticleIII.GrossValueofLifeEstates.
ARTICLEI.
PARTITIONBYDIVISION.1058.WhenLandMaybePartitioned,orSold.1059.FrameofaBillforPartition,orSale.1060.FormofaBillforPartitioninKind.'1061.ProceedingsAftertheFilingoftheBill.
§1062.DutiesoftheCommissionersinMak-ingPartition.§1063.ReportoftheCommissioners,andActionThereon.§1064.DecreeofPartition,onReportofCommissioners.§1058.WhenLandMaybePartitioned,orSold.—Thepolicyofthelawistogiveeachpersonhisown,inseveralty,andnottoforceapersontocontinueinpartnershipwithanother.Hence,anypersonhavinganestateofinheri-tance,orforlife,orforyears,inlands,andholding,orbeinginpossessionthereof,astenantincommon,orotherwise,withothers,isentitledtopartitionthereof,orsaleforpartitionj1andthefact1,thatthepremisesaresubjecttoalifeestatebydower,orcourtesy,orencumberedbymortgage,orotherwise;or2,thatsomeofthejointownersareinfants,andthatitisnottotheirinter-estthatthepropertyshouldbepartitioned;or3,thattheseveralestatesandinterestsofthepartiesarealtogetherdifferentanddistinct,doesnotaffecttherightofpartition.TheCourtmaysetapart,tosuchofthepartiesasde-sireit,theirsharesinseveralty,leavingthesharesofothers,ifdesired,incommon;andmayleavethesharesoftheminorsincommon,iftotheirinterest.2TheCourtwillnotpartitionatractoflandwhilethelegaltitletoitisindispute.Insuchacase,thebillshouldbefiledbythetenantsincommon,orsomeofthem,againsttheadverseclaimantsorpossessors,makingdefendantsofsuchtenantsincommonasdonotjoininfilingthebill;and,onsuchabill,prayfirsttohavethelegaltitlesettled,andthenforpartition,orsaleforpar-tition,amongthoseentitled.3NorwilltheCourtpartition,orsellforpartition,atractwhenthetitleofthepartiesispurelyequitable.Butif,insuchacase,thepartieshavearighttothelegaltitle,theholderofthelegaltitlemaybebroughtbeforetheCourt,andthelegaltitledivestedoutofhim,andvestedintheotherparties;andpartition,orsaleforpartition,thereupondecreed.TheCourtofChancery,undertheActof1877,andpreviousActs,andunderitsinherentjurisdiction,haspowertoadjustallclaimsandtitles,legalandequitable,andtodeterminetherightsofallparties.4
1Code,§3262.SeeBiercev.James,3Pick.,538,whereitwasheldthat"holdingandbeinginpos-session"shouldread"holdingorbeinginposses-sion."2Code,§§3263-3265.OurstatuteonthesubjectofpartitioncloselyfollowsthestatuteofNewYork,andwas,inpart,copiedfromit.Forthisreason,
severalNewYorkdecisionsarereferredto,incon-nectionwithourownReports.3Hopkinsv.Toel,4Hum.,46:BurksV.Burks,?Bax.,357:Carterv.Taylor,3Head,30:Almonyd.Hicks,3Head,39;Deanv.Snelling,2Hcisk.,489.4Seecasesabovecited:andCode,§3277;Actsof1877,ch.97;GassV.Hawkins,1Thomp.Cases,238.

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;§io59SUITSTOPARTITIONLANDBYDIVISION.842Anypersonentitledtoapartitionofpremisesisequallyentitledtoharesuchpremisessoldforpartition:1,Wherethepremisesaresosituatedthatparti-tionthereofcannotbemade;or2,Wherethepremisesareofsuchdescriptionthatitwouldbemanifestlyfortheadvantageofthepartiesthatthesameshouldbesoldinsteadofpartitioned.5§1059.FrameofaBillforPartition,orSale.—Thebillforpartitioninland,orforsaleforpartition,6maybefiledinthecountyinwhichthelandoranypartofitlies,orinwhichthedefendantsreside.7Thebillshouldsetforthasfarasknown:1,thenamesoftheowners;2,theirresidence;3,whichofthemareinfants,ormarriedwomen,andifmarried,towhommarried;4,thedescriptionoftheproperty,anditssituation;5,thetitlebywhichitisheldandpossessed;6,theinterestofeachoftheparties;7,incaseanyoneormoreofthepersonsinterested,ortheshareorquantityoftheirinterest,beun-known,orbeuncertain,orcontingent,ortheownershipoftheinheritancesoughttobepartitionedshalldependonanexecutorydevise,ortheremaindershallbeacontingentremainder,sothatsuchpartiescannotbenamed,thefactsshallbesetforth;8,suchotherfactsshallbestatedasmaybenecessarytoshowthevariousrightsandequities8ofanyandallparties;and9,shouldprayforadivisionofthepropertybypartition,ifpracticableoradvisable,amongtheclaimants,accordingtotheirrespectiverightsandtitles;andifpartitionisnotpracticable,oradvisable,asalemaybeprayedfor.9Ifthelandisadverselyheldthebillmaybefiled1,torecoverthepossessionandclearthetitle,and2,topartitionit,making,ofcourse,allthetenantsincommonpartiesaswellastheadverseclaimants.10Everypersonhavinganyinterestintheproperty,whetherinpossessionorotherwise,andeverypersonentitledtohomestead,dower,courtesy,orotherestateforlifeorforyears,orhavingamortgageorotherlienontheproperty,shouldbemadeaparty.11Thedecreeofpartitionwill,however,notaffectanytenants,orpersonshavingclaimsastenantsindower,bythecourtesy,orforlife,tothewholeofthepremises,12unlesstheirclaimsareexpresslyad-judged.§1060.FormofaBillforPartitioninKind.—Allofthetenantsincommonmayjoininabillforpartition;13but,asarule,theadultsdesiringapartition!>ytheCourt,joininthebill,andmakealltheothertenantsincommon,andotherpartieshavinganyinterestofanykindintheland,defendants.Thisisthecorrectpractice,asitenablestheCourtthebettertoprotecttheinterestsoftheminors,andtoadjudicatetherightsofallparties.14Thefollowingisaform15ofa BILLFORPARTITIONINKIND.TotheHon.J.Somers,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatDresden
:
5Code,§3293.Exactlywhatismeantbyitsbeingmanifestlyfortheadvantageofthepartiesthatthepropertybesold,isnotsoclearwhenitisconsideredthatsection3296allowsa_salewhenpar-titionisnotadvisable,andthatsection3297allowsasaleforsatisfactorycauseshown.Thespiritofthelawseemstobethatasalewillbeorderedwhenplainlyfortheinterestoftheparties.Code,§329S.See,Post.51065.6Thebillmayapply,inthealternative,forparli-•tion,ifpracticableoradvisable;and,ifotherwise,forsale.Code,§3296.Theformofabillpravingforasaleisgivenbelow,§1066;andisadaptedbyfoot-notestoabillforpartition.7Code,§3268.Ifalltheclaimantsjoininthepetition,orassenttothepartition,itmaybefiledinanycountyintheState.Code,§3269.8Thestatuteprovidingforpartitiondoesnotde-privetheChanceryCourtoftheiurisdirtionright-fullybelongingtoitoverthesubjectofpartition,andoversalesofrealtvforthepurposesofdivision.Code,53267.TheChanceryCourtcanadjudicate.andsettleeveryquestionoflaworeauitybetweenthevariousownersandclaimantsrelativetothe
ownershipoftheland,backrents,improvements,encumbrancesexisting,ordischargedbyanyofthepartiesforthecommonbenefit,canelectfor"infants,reinvestthesharesofpersonsunderdisability,en-forcetheequitiesofmarriedwomen,anddetermineandadjusteverymatterbetweenthepartiesonprin-ciplesofEouity.andinaccordancewithlaw.9Code,553?70-3272;3296.Forproperpartiesinasuitforpartition,see,ante,§126.10Burksv.Burks,7Bax..357.11Code,553271;3263;3291.12Code.§3292.13Aminorcan,bynextfriend,fileabillforpartition.Freemanv.Freeman,9Heisk..301;andminorsmay,bynextfriend,joinascomplainantsinapartitionsuit.BurksV.Burks.7Bax.,353.Hus-bandandwifemayjoinascomplainants,unlesstheirinterestsareantagonistic,orunlessshebeofun-soundmind.Winchesterv.Winchester,1Head,460;Kindcllv.Titus,9Heisk.,744:StephensV.Porter.11Heisk.,344.14See,ante,§101.15Foraformofabilltoselllandforpartition,see,post,§1066.

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843SUITSTOPARTITIONLANDBYDIVISION.§1061JohnScottandSamuelScott,bothresidentsofWeakleycounty,complainants,)vs. LHenryScott,CharlesScott,aminorwithoutguardian,GeorgeJones,Mary(Jones,andFranklinPierce,allresidentsofWeakleycounty,defendants.IComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.ThatWinfieldScottdiedintestateinWeakleycounty,onJuly4,1884,theownerinfeeofthefollowingtractofland,inthe3dcivildistrictofsaidcounty.Beginningonalargerock,GeorgeJones'corner,[andthencontinuingthedescriptionbymetesandboundstothebeginning,]containingeighthundredacres,andworthaboutfourthousanddollars.Hisdeedforsaidtractisherewithfiledasanexhibitmarked"A,"andwillbeofferedinevidenceatthehearing. ii.ThesaidWinfieldScottleftthefollowinghisonlychildrenandheirsatlaw:(1)JohnScott,(2)SamuelScott,(3)HenryScott,(4)CharlesScott,aminorwithoutregularguard-ian,and(5)MaryJones,formerlyScott,wifeofGeorgeJones.Eachofsaidchildrenhaveanequalestateofinheritanceinsaidland,bydescentfromsaidfather.ThesaidWinfieldScottleftsurvivinghimnowidow;andthereisnoencumbranceonsaidlandknowntocomplainants.FranklinPierceismadeadefendantbecauseheclaimstoowntheshareofthedefendantMaryJones.m.Thesaidtractoflandiscapableofbeingadvantageouslypartitionedamongthepartiesentitled,andcomplainantsthereforepray
:
1st.Thatthosenamedasdefendantsinthecaptionbemadesuchbyserviceofsubpoena,andberequiredtoanswerthebill.2d.ThataguardianadlitembeappointedforCharlesScott,whoisaminorwithoutgen-eralguardian.3d.Thattherights,titles,andinterestsofthepartiesinthepremisesbedeclared,andespeciallytheconflictingclaimsofthedefendants,MaryJonesandFranklinPierce;andthatpartitionofsaidtractbemadebetweenthepartiesaccordingtotheirrespectiverights.4th.They,also,prayforgeneralrelief;andifapartitionbeimpracticable,orunadvisable,theyprayforsaleofsaidland,andapartitionoftheproceeds.18EmersonEtheridge,Solicitor.Thebillneednotbeswornto,unlessitpraysforextraordinaryprocess,orlorpublication,orforaguardianadlitem.§1061.ProceedingsAftertheFilingoftheBill.—Thedefendantsmayplead,demur,oranswertothebill.Ifanyofthemdisputecomplainant'srighttoapartition,orareminors,lunatics,ornon-residents,thecomplainantsmustmakesuchproofaswouldentitlehimtoarecoveryinejectment.17ThecomplainantsmayhaveareferencetotheMastertohearproofandreport
:
1.Whetherthecomplainants,orany,andwhichofthem,havesuchanin-terestinthelanddescribedinthebillasentitledthemtoapartitionthereof;andifso,2.Whatisthenatureandextentoftheirrespectiveinterests
;
3.Whatshareorpartofthepremisesbelongstoeachoftheotherpartiestothesuit.4.Whetherpartitionispracticable,oradvisable.Thelastheadofreferencewillbeimpertinent,unlessthebillprayforpar-tition,orsale,inthealternative;orunlesstheanswerofsomeofthedefendantsaskforasale.18IftheCourtissatisfiedfromtheproof,orfromtheMaster'sreport,thatcomplainantsanddefendantsaretenantsincommon,andareentitledtoapartitioninkind,adecreetothateffectwillbepronounced,declaringtherightsoftheparties,andtheextentoftheirrespectiveinterestsintheprem-ises.10ThefollowingisaformofaDECREEFORPARTITION.JohnScott,etal.,vs.HenryScott,etal.„ThiscausecameontobeheardbeforetheHon.J.Somers,Chancellor,onthis4thday16Code,§3296. 18Code,§§3796-3297.172Barb.Ch.Pr.,295.ThestatutesofNew19Code,§3277.Yorkinreferencetopartitionarealmostidenticalwithours.

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§1062SUITSTOPARTITIONLANDBYDIVISION.844ofJune,1885,onthepleadingsandproofinthecause,includingtheanswerofCharlesScottbyhisguardianadlitem,andtheexhibittothebill.AnditappearingtotheCourtthatthecomplainants,JohnScottandSamuelScott,andthedefendants,HenryScott,CharlesScott,andMaryJones,aretheheirsatlawofWinfieldScott,deceased,andassuchareentitled,bydescent,toequalundividedinterests,astenantsincommoninthetractoflanddescribedinthepleadings,to-wit:atractlyinginthe3dcivildistrictofWeakleycounty,beginningonalargerock,GeorgeJones'corner[andthencontinuingthedescriptionbymetesandboundstothebeginning,]containingeighthun-dredacres,moreorless,therightsofthepartiesaredeclaredaccordingly;anditisad-judgedanddecreedthatpartitionofsaidtractbemadeinaccordancewiththeirrightsandinterestssodeclared,andsoastoallottoeachofthemanequalone-fifthpartofsaidtract,qualityandquantityrelativelyconsidered.ii.AndtheCourtappointsJohnPrice,JamesBaker,andRichardPage,thecountysurveyorofWeakleycounty,eachbeingarespectablefreeholder,commissionerstomakepartitionofsaidlandamongthepartiesaccordingtotheirrespectiverightsandinterests,asherein-beforedeclared. m.Thesaidcommissioners,havingfirstbeendulysworn,willdividethesaidtractofland,andmaketheallotmentoftheseveralshares,accordingtotherightsofthepartiesasad-judgedinthisdecree,havingdueregardtotherelativequalityandquantityoftheseveralshares.Theywillplainlydesignatetheseveralsharesby.posts,stones,markedtrees,orotherpermanentmonuments.Andifexactpartitionofsaidlandcannotbemadeamongsaidparties,agreeablytotheirrightsaforesaid,withoutmaterialinjurytosuchparties,orsomeofthem,thecommissionerswillmakethepartitionasnearlyequalastheycan,andchargethelargersharesforthebenefitofthesmallershares,withthesumsnecessarytoequalizealltheshares,or,iftheyfindthatsaidtractcannotbepartitionedwithoutgreatprejudicetotheowners,thecommissionersmaysoreport.IV.Thecommissionerswillbegivenacopyofthisdecree,andwillreporttheiractioninwritingtothenexttermoftheCourt,describingthelanddivided,andthesharesofeachparty,bymetesandbounds,orothersufficientdesignation,andfilingaplatofthetract,aspartitioned,withtheirreport.v.Itisfurtheradjudgedanddecreedthatthedefendant,FranklinPierce,hasnotitleto,orinterestin,saidtractofland.VI.Theadjudicationofthecosts,andallotherquestions,arereserveduntiltheincomingofsaidreport.§1062.DutiesoftheCommissionersinMakingPartition.—TheCourtap-pointsthreeormorerespectablefreeholders,anythreeofwhommayperformtheduty,tomakethepartitioninaccordancewiththedecreeoftheCourt.20Thecommissionersbeforetakinganystepassuchmustbeseverallysworntodojusticeamongtheparties,tothebestoftheirskillandabilities,accordingtothedirectionsoftheCourt.21Inmakingpartition,thecommissionersshallgiveeachpartysuchapropor-tionoftheland,qualityandquantityconsidered,asthedecreeadjudgeshim,andtheywilldesignatetheseveralshares,byposts,stones,markedtrees,orotherpermanentmonuments,andtheymayemployasurveyor,withtheneces-saryassistants,toaidtherein.22Ifexactpartitioncannotbemadewithoutmaterialinjurytotheparties,orsomeofthem,thecommissionersmaymakepartitionasnearlyequalastheycan,andchargethelargershareswiththesumsnecessarytoequalizealltheshares;23ortheymayabandonthepartition,ifsatisfiedthatthepremises,oranyportionthereof,aresosituatedthatapartitioncannotbemadewithoutgreatprejudicetotheowners.24Ifhomesteadordowerhasneverbeenassignedtoanypartyentitledthereto,theCourtmayorderthesametobesetapartbythecommissioners;butsuch20Code,§3279.InsomeDivisions,thepracticeistoappointthreecommissioners,oneofthemasur-veyor.IftheUndslieindifferentcounties,theCourtmayappointseparatesetsofcommissionersforeachcounty,oronesetforallthelands.Code,5328621TheClerk,theofficersummoningthem,the
CountySurveyor,hisdeputy,oranvJusticeofthePeace,mayadministertheoath.Code,§3280.22Code.§3281.Stakecornersarenotincom-pliancewiththestatute.23Code,§3283.24Code,§3299.

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845SUITSTOPARTITIONLANDBYDIVISION.§1063assignmentwillnotpreventthepremises,includingthepartcoveredbythedower,beingpartitionedamongtheclaimants.25TheClerkshouldgivethecommissionersacopyofthedecree,andacom-missionauthorizingthemtoproceed.ThefollowingisaformoftheCOMMISSIONTOTHECOMMISSIONERS.ToJohnPrice,JamesBaker,andRichardPage:YouhavebeenappointedbytheChanceryCourtofWeakleycountycommissionerstopartitionthelanddescribedinthedecreeofsaidCourtinthecaseofJohnScott,etal.,vs.HenryScott,etal.,inaccordancewiththerightsofthepartiesasdeclaredinsaiddecree."Youareauthorizedtomakesaidpartition,togouponthesaidlandforsaidpurpose,andtoemployasurveyor,withnecessaryassistants,toaidyouinmakingthepartition.Youwillmakeduereportofyouractioninthepremises,andacopyofthesaiddecreeisheretoannexedforyourinformationandguidance.June_20.1S85._ B.B.Edwards,C.&M.Theircommission,andthecopyofthedecree,shouldbedeliveredtothemaftertheyhavebeensworn.§1063.ReportoftheCommissioners,andActionThereon.—Thecommis-sionersmustmakeareportinwriting,signedbyatleastthreeofthem,showingwhattheyhavedone,describingthelanddivided,andthesharesofeachparty,bymetesandbounds,orothersufficientdesignation,26andshowinghowmucheachofthelargersharesischargedwith,ifanything,andhowmucheachofthesmallersharesshallreceive,ifanything,inordertoequalizealloftheshares.27 REPORTOFTHECOMMISSIONERS.TotheHon.J.Somers,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatDresden
:
JohnScott,etal.,vs.HenryScott,etal.Theundersigned,appointedbyyourHororcommissionerstomakepartitionofthelandsinthiscause,respectfullyreportthat,afterhavingbeendulyswornbytheClerkandMaster,wewentonthepremises,andcarefullyexaminedthesame,andmadepartitionthereofbetweenthepartiesaccordingtotheirrespectiveinterests,assetforthinyourHonor'sdecree,asfollows
:
1st.WesetapartinseveraltyandallottedtoJohnScott,ashisshare,thetractnumbered1,ontheannexedplat,andboundedasfollows:Beginningonalargerockthebeginningcornerofthewholetract[&c,describingitbymetesandbounds,]tothebeginning,con-tainingsixtyacres,moreorless,whichsharewevalueatninehundreddollars.2d.WesetapartinseveraltyandallottedtoSamuelScott,ashisshare,thetractnum-bered2,ontheannexedplat,andboundedasfollows:Beginning[givingthedescriptionbymetesandbounds,]tothebeginning,containingonehundredacres,moreorless,whichsharewevalueateighthundreddollars.3d.WesetapartinseveraltyandallottedtoHenryScott,ashisshare,thetractnumbered3,ontheannexedplat[&c,asinNo.2.]4th.WesetapartinseveraltyandallottedtoMaryJonesthetractnumbered4,ontheannexedplat[<S-c,asinNo.2.]Sth.WesetapartinseveraltyandallottedtoCharlesScott,ashisshare,thetractnum-bered5,ontheannexedplat,[describingitbymetesandbounds,]whichsharewevalueatsevenhundreddollars. ,6th.WechargetheshareallottedtoJohnScottwiththesumofonehundreddollars,tobepaidbyhimtoCharlesScottinordertoequalizetheirshareswiththeothersinvalue.JohnScott'ssharehasmostofthebuildings,anditwasconsideredbesttogivehimenoughlandtomakeafarm,whichcouldonlybedonebycharginghimforthesurplus.7th.Thesaidannexedplatismadeapartofthisreport,signedbythe,surveyor,RichardPage,andmarkedexhibitAtothisreport.Abillofthecostsofthepartitionisalsoannexed.Allofwhichisrespectfullysubmitted,thisJuly20,1886.JohnPrice,JamesBaker,RichardPage,Commissioners.25Code,§§3289-3290.26Code,§3282.TheChancellorshouldnotcon-firmanyreport,unlessthesharesaredescribedbymetesandbounds.
27Code,§3283;Hardinv.Cogswell,5Heisk.,549;Burdettev.Harwood,15Lea,491.

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§1064SUITSTOPARTITIONLANDBYDIVISION.BILLOFCOSTS.JohnPrice,threedays,mileage,20miles,JamesBaker,threedays,-RichardPage,threedays,"two"assurveyor,
$3.001.00
3.006.00
846
$4.003.009.00JohnSmith,chain-carrier,twodays,- - 2.00ThereportoftheCommissionershastheforceandeffectofaspecialverdictwhenitsetsoutthereasonsforgivingsometenantsmorelandandsomelessthananaliquotpart.28Thereportofthecommissionersmaybeexceptedtobyapartydissatisfiedtherewith,andforsufficientcausemaybesetaside,,orcorrected,oramended.Ifthereportis.setaside,anewsetofcommissionersmaybeappointed.29§1064.DecreeofPartition,onReportofCommissioners.—Ifthereportofthecommissionersisconfirmed,theCourtwill,inthedecreeofconfirmation,divestandvesttitleaccordingtothetermsofthereport.Thefollowingwillserveasaguideindrawingsuchadecree
:
DECREECONFIRMINGAPARTITION.JohnScott,etal.,vs.HenryScott,etal.Thiscause,comingonthis,January9,1887,tobefinallyheardbeforeChancellorJ.Somers, I.Uponthewholerecordinthecause,andespeciallyonthereportofthecommissionersappointedtomakepartition,whichreportisinthewordsandfiguresfollowing:[Heresetoutthereport,infull.]Andsaidreportbeingunexceptedto,is,bytheCourt,inallthingsconfirmed,andsaidpartitionratifiedandapproved.II.Itis,therefore,adjudgedanddecreedbytheCourt,thatalltheright,title,andinterest,ofeachandallthepartiestothissuit,inandtoeachofsaidsharesorlotsofland,bedivestedoutofthemandeachofthem,andbevestedintherespectivepartiestowhomthecommissionershaveallottedthem,intheirforegoingreport,tobebythesaidpartiesrespectivelyheldinseveraltyforever,assetforthinsaidreport.AndtheMasterwill,ondemandofanyofthesaidparties,andthepaymentofthelegalfee,execute,acknowledgeforregistration,anddelivertosuchparty,adeedconveyingtosuchpartyinseveraltytheparticularshareoflandallottedtohiminsaidreport,ashismunimentoftitle.in.Itisfurtheradjudgedanddecreedthatthecomplainant,JohnScott,payintoCourtforthedefendant,CharlesScott,thesumofonehundreddollars,inordertoequalizetheirshareswiththeothers;andalien30isdeclaredontheshareofJohnScotttosecurethepaymentofsaidsumandinterestfromthisday.Thislienmaybeenforcedbymotion,ifnecessary,atthenextoranysubsequentterm.IV.Itisfurtherorderedanddecreedthateachofthepartiestothissuit,exceptGeorgeJonesandFranklinPierce,payone-fifthofthecostsofthecause.CharlesScottwillpayhisguardianadlitem,H.ClayJames,Esq.,afeeoftwentydollars.v V.ThesaidfeeandthecostschargeabletoCharlesScottwillbepaidoutofsaidonehundreddollarswhenpaidintoCourt.Executionsareawardedtoenforcethisdecreeastosaidonehundreddollars,and,alsoastocosts,unlessthesamearepaidwithinsixtydays.28Hardinv.Cogswell,5Heisk.,549;Burdette».Norwood,15Lea,491.20Code,§3284;2Barb.Ch.Pr.,301.Ifthegroundoftheexceptiondoesnotappearonthefaceofthereport,oronthefaceoftheexhibitsthereto,thepartyexceptingwouldberequiredtosupporthisexceptionsbyaffidavit,orbyaswornpetition,cor-roboratedbyaffidavits.TheCourtwillnotlightlyregardtheswornreportofthreerespectablefree-
holders;andithasbeendecidedthattheirreportcanbeimpeachedonlyforfraud,partiality,mistake,orgrosserrorofjudgment.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1159,note.Thecommissionersareregardedashavingacharactersimilartoarbitrators.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1154-1156.TheCourtshouldrequireastrongcasetobemadeoutbeforesettingasidethereport.30Code,§3284.

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847 SUITSTOSELLLANDFORPARTITION.§1065
ARTICLEII.PARTITIONBYSALE.§1067.ReferencetotheMasterastotheAdvisabilityofaSale.§1068.ReportoftheMasterastoaSale.§1069.DecreeforSale,andDispositionofProceeds.
§106S.WhenLandWillbeSoldforParti-tion.§1066.FormofaBillforSaleofLandforPartition.§1065.WhenLandWillbeSoldforPartition.—Thecaseswhereinlandwillbesoldforpartitionhavebeenalreadyconsidered.1Thesecasesresolvethemselvesintotwoclasses:1,Caseswherepartitionisimpracticable;and2,Oaseswhereasaleisplainlyfortheadvantageoftheparties.21.WherePartitionisImpracticable.Wherethepremisesaresosituatedthatpartitionthereofcannotbemade,thepartiesareentitledtoasalefordivision.Thus,wherethepremisesareahouseandsmalllot,oramill,mill-seat,mill-race,orarailroad,oracanal,oralotcontainingamanufacturingplant,oramine,oraquarry,orthelike,partitioninkindwouldbeimpracticable.2."WhereaSaleisPlainlyAdvantageous.Wherethepremisesareofsuchde-scriptionthatitwouldbemanifestlyfortheadvantageofthepartiesthattheyshouldbesold,insteadofpartitioned',theCourtwillsodecree.Thetest,whetheritismanifestlyfortheadvantageoftheownersthatatractoflandshouldbesoldinsteadofpartitioned,iswhetheritwillbringmoremoneywhensoldasawholethantheseveralshareswouldbringintheaggregatewhensoldseparatelytodifferentpurchasers,afterapartitioninkind.3Ifthetenantsincommonwould,veryprobably,realizemoremoneybyhavingthetractsoldasawhole,orsoldinfewerpartsthanthereareshares,thantheywouldveryprobablyrealizebysellingtheirrespectivesharesafterapartition,thenitwouldbemanifestlytotheiradvantagethatthelandshouldbesoldinsteadofpartitionedinkind.Theadvantagethestatutereferstoisafinancialadvan-tage,andthemoneyvalueofthewholetractascomparedwiththeaggregatemoneyvalueoftheseveralsharesafterpartitioninkind,isthetestofadvan-tage.Whenthelandisadverselyheldorclaimed,thebillcanbesoframedastofirstsettlethetitleandthensellforpartition,makingtheadverseclaimantsdefendants,andsopraying.4Andwhensomeofthetenantsincommonhavenotreceivedtheirproportionoftherentsandprofitstheymayhaveanac-countingagainstthosewhohavereceivedmorethantheirproportion,andtheamountduemaybepaidoutofthelatter'sshareoftheproceeds,onproperpleadings.5TheChanceryCourthasinherentpowertoconvertrealtyintopersonalty;andinsodoingcanbindtherightsandinterests,legalorequitable,vestedorcontingent,presentorfuture,ofallpersons,whetherinesse,orinposse,andwhethersuijurisorunderdisability,whoarebeforetheCourtbyserviceofprocess,orbyvirtualrepresentation.53,
§1066.FormofaBillforSaleofLandforPartition.—Tb,ereisnodiffer-encebetweentheformofabillforpartitioninkind,andabillforsalefor1See,ante.51058.2Code§3293.Astowhatismeantbymanifestadvantage,see,Code,8§3296-32993Orwilltheprobablepriceofthevariousshares,iflaidoffandseparatelysold,aggregateagreater
pricethanthelandwouldprobablysellforaswhole.4Burksv.Burks.7Bax.,357.oOmihundro».Elkins,1Cates,711.5aRidleyV.Holliday,22Pick.,607.

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§1066SUITSTOSELLLANDFORPARTITION.848partition,exceptthatgreatercareshouldbemanifested,bothbythepartiesandbytheCourt,tohavebeforetheCourtallthepartiesinanywayinterestediutheland,orinitspossession,use,orproceeds,orhavinganymortgage,trust,Jien,orotherencumbrance,orentitledtoanyestateforlife,orforyears,onthewholetract,oranypart,orparcel,orshare,thereof.6Thefollowingisaformofa BILLFOESALEFOBPABTITION.TotheHon.AlbertG.Hawkins-,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatJackson
:
JamesToddandGeorgeTodd,bothresidentsofMadisoncounty,complainants,
"
vs.F.dwardTodd,EmilyTodd,JaneTodd,WilliamBrown.JamesBrown,CharlesJohnson,GeorgeJohnson,aminor,EmilyJones,JamesF.Jones,andGeorgeCash,allresidentsofMadisoncounty,andRobertTodd,HenryTodd,JohnTodd,andSarahTodd,non-residentsofTennessee,andresidentsofTexas,defendants.ComplainantsrespectfullyshowtotheCourt
:
I.ThatEdwardTodd,senior,diedaboutthreemonthsago,seizedandpossessedinfeeofthefollowingtractofland,inthe2dcivildistrictofMadisoncounty:Beginningonawalnut,near[&c.,givingdescriptionbymetesandbounds,accordingtohisdeed,]containingtwohundredacres,moreorless.Hisdeedisherewithfiled,markedexhibitA,andwillbereadatthehearing.ThesaidEdwardTodd,senior,leftnowidow,andtherearenoen-cumbrances7onsaidtractknowntocomplainants,exceptavendor'slienheldbythedefend-ant,GeorgeCash,theexactamountofwhichistocomplainantsunknown;andsaidCashiscalledontoestablishsaidamountbyproof.II.ThesaidEdwardTodd,deceased,hadthefollowinglawfulchildren:(1)JamesTodd,(2)GeorgeTodd,(3)EdwardTodd,(4)EmilyJones,formerlyTodd,wifeofJamesF.Jones,allofwhomarelivingandpartiestothissuit,(5)ColumbusTodd,whoisdead,leavingashissoleheirs,EmilyToddandJaneTodd,(6)SusanBrown,formerlyTodd,nowdead,leavingashersoleheirs,WilliamBrownandJamesBrown,(7)CatherineJohnson,formerlyTodd,whohasdiedsinceherfather,leavingahusband,CharlesJohnson,andanonlyheir,GeorgeJohnson,aminor,withoutaguardian,and(8)HoustonTodd,whohasdiedsincehisfather,leavingawidow,SarahTodd,andRobertTodd,HenryTodd,andJohnTodd,ashisonlyheirs.ThesaidEdwardTodd,senior,deceased,hadanotherson,WilliamTodd,buthediedmanyyearsbeforehisfather,unmarried,andwithoutissue.in.Thesaidpartiesareownersofsaidtractofland,orhaveintereststherein,astenantsincommon,orotherwiseinthefollowingproportions,ormanner:(1)JamesTodd,(2)GeorgeTodd,(3)EdwardTodd,(4)EmilyJones,and(S)GeorgeJohnson,eachownan
.undividedone-eighthinthefee;(6)EmilyToddandJamesTodd,heirsofColumbusTodd,eachownanundividedone-sixteenth;(7)WilliamBrownandJamesBrown,heirsofSusanBrown,eachanundividedone-sixteenth;(8)RobertTodd,HenryTodd,andJohnTodd,heirsofHoustonTodd,eachanundividedonetwenty-fourth.CharlesJohnson,ashusbandofCatherineJohnson,istenantbythecourtesyoftheone-eighththatdescendedtohiswife;andSarahToddisentitledtodowerintheone-eighththatdescendedtoherhusband,Hous-tonTodd.JamesF.JonesismadeapartysolelyasthehusbandofEmilyJones,andGeorgeCashclaimsavendor'slienonthewholeofsaidtract,andinsiststhatitissuperiorinequitytotherightsofalltheotherparties.IV.Thesaidtractoflandisworthaboutonethousanddollars,itisnotnearanytown,andisadaptedexclusivelytofarminguses;anditwouldbemanifestlyfortheadvantageofthepartiesthatitbesoldforpartition,insteadofpartitionedinkind,therebeingonitonlyonehouse,onespring,andasmallquantityoftimber.8v.Theresidencesofthevarioustenantsincommonandlifetenantsareasstatedinthecaption,andGeorgeJohnsonisaminorwithoutgeneralguardian.VI.Therefore,thepremisesconsidered,complainantspray:1st.Thatallthosenamedasdefendantsinthecaptionbemadesuchbyserviceofsub-poenaontheresidents,andbypublicationastothenon-residents,andthattheyallberequiredtoanswerthebill,JbuttheoathofthedefendantCashtohisansweriswaived.Code,§§3309-3315.Fortheframeofabillforpartition,orsale,see,ante,§1059.7Itisthedutyofparties,whenasaleisappliedfor,orordered,todiscloseanyencumbranceunonthepremises,oranypartthereof.Code,§§3309-3315.
8Ifthebillseeksapartitioninkind,thispara-graphwillbeentirelyomitted.Withthisexception,andwiththeexr-entionoftheprayer,billsforsaleandbillsforpartitionarealike.

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849 Suitstoselllandforpartition.§10672d.Thataguardianadlitembeappointedfortheminordefendant,GeorgeJohnson,tomakedefenceforhim.3d.ThattherightsofthepartiestosaidlandbesettledanddeclaredbythedecreeoftheCourt,andthatthesaidtractoflandbesold,andtheproceeds,aftersatisfyingthesaidlienOfthedefendantCash,ifany,bedividedamongthepartiesinaccordancewiththeirre-spectiverights;9andtothisendthatallnecessaryreferencestothe'Masterbemade.104th.ThatthetenancybythecourtesyofCharlesJohnson,andthedowerrightsofSarahTodd,insaidland,besoldwiththerestoftheland,totheendthatthepurchasermaygetanunencumberedtitleinfee,saidCharlesJohnsonandSarahToddbeingwilling,ascom-plainantsareinformedandcharge,totakethevalueoftheirrespectiveinterestsinmoney.11Sth.ThatthedefendantCashmaysetupandestablishbyproperproofanylienhemayhavetosaidland,andshowfullyandclearlythenatureandamountthereof.6th.Andcomplainants,also,prayforgeneralrelief.T.C.Muse,Solicitor.Thebillneednotbesworntounlessitpraysextraordinaryprocess,orforpublication,orforaguardianadlitem,orforareceiver.§1067.ReferencetotheMasterastotheAdvisabilityofaSale.—Aftertheanswersofthedefendantsareallin,ordecreesproconfessoenteredagainstthosenotanswering,iftherightofcomplainantstoasaleisdisputed,ortherebeminors,orpersonsOfunsoundmind,ornon-residents,whoaredefendants,onmotionofcomplainantstheCourtwillorderareferencetotheMaster.REFERENCETOTHEMASTERASTOASALE.JamesTodd,etal.,1vs. \No.816.F.dwardTodd,etal.JThebillinthiscauseprayingasaleforpartition,butthefactsnotsufficientlyappearing,itisorderedbytheCourtthattheMasterhearproof,andreportinstanter,[or,tothenexttermofthisCourt.]1st.Whoaretheownersofthepremisessoughttobesold,andtherespectiverights,titles,andinterests,ofthepartiestherein,andwhatshareorpartbelongstoeach.122d.Whetherthepremisesaresosituatedthatpartitionthereofcannotbeequitablymade,orwhethertheyareofsuchdescriptionthatitwouldbemanifestlyfortheadvantageofthepartiesthatthesameshouldbesold,insteadofpartitioned.3d.Whetherthereareanyencumbrancesonthepremisesnotdisclosedinthepleadings;andifso,what,andtowhombelonging.134th.Whatwouldbeareasonableminimumpriceforthepremises.[Thisinquirymaybeomittedifallthepartiesaresuijuris.']Inascertainingthenecessityofasale,thetruequestionfortheMastertodecideis,whetherthepropertysoldasawhole,orsoldinfewersubdivisionsthanshares,wouldbringalargerpricethanthevariousshareswouldbringintheaggregate.14Inotherwords,whethertheaggregatevalueoftheseveralparcelsintowhichthewholepremisesmustbedividedwill,whendistributed9Code,§3302.10Ifthebillseeksapartition,thisclausewillbeasfollows:3d.ThattherightsofthepartiestosaidlandbesettledanddeclaredbythedecreeoftheCourt,andthesamebe.partitionedbetweenthepartiesaccordingtotheirrespectiverights,andthatcommissionersbeappointedforthatpurpose.11Code,§§3305-3307.Thisclauseofthebill,andtheonenextfollowing,willbeomittedwhen'parti-tionaloneissought.12ThisinquiryisnecessarytoenabletheCourtstosettletherights,titles,andinterests,ofthepar-tiestoandintheproperty.Code,§§3277;3302.Withoutthis,theCourtmightsellpropertytowhichnoneoftheparties,hadanytitle.Instrictpractice,adecreesettlingthetitleofthepartiesshouldpre-cedethereferenceastotheadvisabilityofasale.Jonesv.Douglass,1Tenn.Ch.,357;andthetitleofthecomplainant,ifnotadmittedbytheanswer,shouldbesuchaswouldenablehimtorecoverinejectment.Larkinv.Mann,2Paige,(N.Y.)27.Ifanyofthepartiesclaimunderawill,orunderaconveyance,theMastershouldrequireittobefiled;andhemayrequireanabstractofthetitletobefurnished.2Barb.Ch.Pr.,307.13Code,§3309.Itistheobjectofthelaw,andthedutyoftheCourt,togivethepurchaseraperfecttitle,dischargedfromallencumbrances,unlessthedecreeotherwisespecifyonitsface.Thepurchasermay,aftersale,haveareferencetoascertainwhetherthereareanyencumbrancesonthepremises;and,if
anyarediscovered,theCourtmayorderthemtobepaid,ormayrelievethepurchaserofhispurchase,iftheencumbrancewasnotmadeknownatthesale.Code,§§3309-3315.TheMastershouldsearchtherecordsforencumbrances,andshouldexaminesuchpersonsasappeartobecreditors.2Barb.Ch.Pr.,307.14Thefollowingquestionsmaybepropoundedtowitnessastotheexpediencyofasale:Q.1.Howneartosaidtractdoyoulive;andwhatopportunitieshaveyouhadtobecomeac-quaintedwithit?Answerfully.Q.2.Describesaidland;andgivethenumberandcharacterofitsimprovements,houses,barns,stables,cribs,fences,clearedfields,andotherimprovements,ifany;andshowwheretheyaresituated.Q.3.Whatissaidtractbestadaptedto,consider-ingitscharacter,locationandquantity;tofarming,manufacturing,building,mining,grazing,ortimber?Statewhv.fully.Q.4.Whatwouldbeareasonablepriceforsaidtractifsoldasawhole?[or,ifsubdividedintotwoorthreelots,andsosold?]Q.5.Whatwouldbeareasonablepriceforeachoftheisharesinsaidland,ifsaidtractshouldbesubdividedintoasmanysharesastherearetenantsincommon,andeachshareov/nedbyadifferentperson?Q.6.Woulditbetotheinterestofthepartiestosellsaidtract,ortodivideitinkind?Givefullyyourreasonsforyouropinion.

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§1068SUITSTOSELLLANDFORPARTITION.850amongthedifferentpartiesinseveralty,bemateriallylessthanthevalueofthesamepropertyasawhole,orassubdividedintofewerpartsthanthereareshares.15Iftherealtyheldincommonis1,ahouse;or2,ahouseandlot;or3,alotsosmallthatanysharewouldbetoosmalltobereadilysalable;or4,afarmsosmall,thatanysharewouldbetoosmalltosupportafamily;or5,aquarry,coalbank,ironorothermine;or6,amanufacturingplant;or7,property,otherwisepartitionable,heldunderalongleasefromtheancestorsorpreviousowners,16orfittedupatgreatexpensetobeoperatedasawhole,asaleshouldbeordered,unlesstheotherdefendantsareinfants,ordesiretheirsharestobeleftincommon,andthecomplainantcanhavehissharesetapartinseveraltywithoutgreatprejudicetotheothers.17Iftherebeanyuncertaintyastotheboundariesoftheland,orthenumberofacresinit,itshouldbesurveyedbe-foresale,andifanypartyisunderdisabilityaminimumpriceforthelandshouldbefixed.18§1068.ReportoftheMasterastoaSale.—TheMastershoulddiligentlyinquireastothefacts,especiallywherepersonsunderdisability,non-residents,orunknownheirs,areinterested,andwhereencumbrancesareprobable.Hecancallbeforehimanywitnesshedeemsnecessaryforthediscoveryofthetruth.ThefollowingistheformofaREPORTOPTHEMASTERASTOASALE.No.816.—Master'sReportastoSale.JamesTodd,etal.,vs.EdwardTodd,etal._Theundersignedwouldrespectfullyreportthat,inobediencetoadecreemadeinthiscause,requiringhimtoreport:1st.Astotherights,titlesandinterestsofthevariouspartiesinandtothelanddescribedinthebill;2d,Astothemanifestadvantagesofasale,ratherthanapartitioninkind;and,3d,Astoencumbrances,ifany
;
Hehasconsideredtheproof,whichhasbeentakeninthecause,andreportsasfollows
:
1st.ThatEdwardTodd,Senior,diedintestate,seizedandpossessedinfeeofthetractoflanddescribedinthebill;andthatitdescendedtohisheirs,inthemannerandtotheextentdeclaredinthebill.[Dep.ofJamesTodd;pp.4-5,gs.8-10;andExhibitAthereto.]2d.Thatsaidheirsandtheirrespectiveinterestsorsharesinsaidlandareasfollows:(1)JamesTodd,ason,(2)GeorgeTodd,ason,(3)EdwardTodd,ason,(4)EmilyJones,adaughter,and(5)GeorgeJohnson,heirofCatherineJohnson,adeceaseddaughterofsaidEdwardTodd,Senior,deceased,eachownanundividedone-eighth(%)ofsaidland,(6)EmilyToddandJamesTodd,heirsofColumbusTodd,adeceasedson,(7)WilliamBrownandJamesBrown,heirsofSusanBrown,adeceaseddaughterofsaidEdwardTodd,Senior,areeachentitledtoanundividedone-sixteenth(1-16)ofsaidland;and(8)RobertTodd,HenryToddandJohnTodd,heirsofHoustonTodd,adeceasedsonofsaidEdwardTodd,Senior,owneachanundividedone-twenty-fourth(1-24)ofsaidland.3d.CharlesJohnsonashusbandofsaidCatherineJohnson,deceased,istenantbythecourtesyoftheone-eighthundividedinterestbelongingtosaidGeorgeJohnson.4th.SarahToddisentitledtodowerintheone-eighthundividedinterestbelongingtosaidheirsofherdeceasedhusband,HoustonTodd.[Deps.ofJamesTodd,pp.5-p,qs.14-16;andSarahTodd,pp.1-3,qs.1-2and5.]11.Itwouldbemanifestlytotheadvantageofthepartiesthatthelandshouldbesoldinstead15Clasonv.Clason,6Paige,(N.Y.)541.Thus,iftheproperty,takenasaWhole,wouldhereason-ablyworth,sayonethousanddollars,andifthevarioussharesafterpartitionwouldnotbereason-ablyworthmorethaneighthundreddollars,intheaggregate,thenasalewouldbemanifestlyadvan-tageous.Or,ifthepropr-tywhensubdivided,intosaytwoorthreetracts,wouldaggregateagreaterpricethantheseveralshareswouldaggregate,ifsoldafterpartition,thenasalewouldbeadvantag-eous.Oftentimes,atractcanbeadvantageouslydividedintoasmallernumberoftractsorlotsthantherearetenantsincommon,andasaleofthetractasthussubdividedwill,often,produceamuchlarger
sumthanthetractwouldsellforasawhole,orthanthevariousshareswouldsellforafterapartition.Inallsuchcases,asaleismanifestlyadvantageous;andit,also,givesthetenantsincommonafairchancetobuy,iftheydesire;and,also,achancetopreventthelotsfromsellingtoolow.Thisplanoftensatisfactorilysolvescontestsasto-whetheratractshouldbesold,orpartitioned.16InsucnacasejtheSaiew;uj,emadesubjecttotherightsofthelessee,whowillbecomethetenantofthepurchaser.Woodworthv.Campbell,SPaige,17Code,§'§3264-3265;3299.18Hornv.Denton,2Sneed,126.

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851 SUITSTOSEIXLANDFORPARTITION.§1069ofpartitioned.10[Deps.ofJamesTodd,p.10,q.17;GeorgeHarris,p.2,q.1;CharlesCooper,p.4,q.3.]Itisveryprobablethatitwouldbringalargerpriceifsubdividedintotwolots,andsosold.[Dep.ofJamesTodd,p.11,q.18]Hi.Areasonableminimumpriceforsaidtractoflandisseventeenhundreddollars,andJamesToddofferstostartthebiddingatthatsum.IV.Thereappeartobenoliensorencumbrancesonsaidland,except
:
1st.Alienfortwenty-onedollars,Stateandcountytaxesfortheyears1889and1890,[Dep.ofJamesTolson,p.1,q.1;]and2d.Avendor'slienbelongingtothedefendant,GeorgeCash,theprincipalandinterestofwhich,downtothisdate,amountstoonehundredandtwenty-threedollars.[Dep.ofGeorgeCash,pp.1-3,q.2;andexhibitAthereto.}Respectfullysubmitted,Jany.4,1891. R.A.Hurt,C.&M.§1069.DecreeforSale,andDispositionoftheProceeds.—ThereportoftheMasterissubjecttoexceptions,modifications,orrecommittal,asincaseofallotherreports.Ifthereportinfavorofasaleisconfirmed,asalewillbeordered;ifthereportshouldshownoadvantageornecessityofasale,oncon-firmationthereof,thebillwillbedismissedunlesscomplainantsamend-theirbillandprayforpartition,orunlessthedefendantsprayforapartition.Thefollowingisaformofa DECREEFOBSALE.JamesTodd,etal.,]vs. }EdwardTodd,etal.JThiscausecameontobeheardthisJanuaryIS,1891,beforeChancellorAlbertG.Hawkins,1.Uponthepleadingsandproof,andthereportoftheMaster,whichreportisasfollows
:
[Herecopythereport,infull.]Andsaidreportbeingunexceptedto,is,bytheCourt,inallthingsconfirmed.11.AndtheCourtbeingsatisfiedthatthefactsareassetoutinsaidreport,therespectiverightsandinterestsofthepartiesareadjudgedandsettledaccordingly,theshareofeachpartybeingasreportedbytheMaster.in.Itis,therefore,orderedanddecreedbytheCourt,thatsaidtractoflandbesoldforpar-tition,20andthattheMastersellthesameaccordingtolaw,onthepremises,onacreditofsixandtwelvemonths,tothehighestandbestbidder,takingnoteswithsecuritydrawingin-terestfromdate,andretainingalienonthelandforfurthersecurity.TheMasterwillnotsellsaidtractforlessthanseventeenhundreddollars.[Thisminimummaybeomittedwhenallthepartiesaresuijuris.]Butwillreportthehighestbidreceived.Saidtractisdescribedasfollows:[Heredescribeit,bymetesandbounds.]IV.TheMasterwillreporthisactiontothenextterm,untilwhichtimeallfurtherquestionswillnotbidonthelots,butwillreservetheirbidsuntilthewholetractisoffered;andthusthesmallerbidderswill,bepreventedfromgettingthelotsde-siredbythem,andforwhichtheywould,underpropercompetition,havegivenalargersumintheaggregatethanthetractsoldforasawhole.Whensoldasawholefirst,thelargerbiddersareforcedtocompete,bothwiththemselvesandwiththesmallerbidders,whenthesubdivisionsareofferedforsale.Insuchacase,theforegoingdecreewouldcon-tinue,insubstance,asfollows:DECREEFORSALEINLOTSANDASAWHOLE.AnditappearingtotheCourtfromtheproof[or,fromtheMaster'sreport;or,AnditbeingsuggestedtotheCourtbytheparties.]thatsaidtractoflandmaybeadvantageouslysoldinsubdivisions,itisorderedbytheCourtthattheMasteremployacom-petentsurveyor,andhavehimsubdividesaidtractintotwoormorelots,asmayappeartothebestinterestsoftheparties,makingaplatofthesub-divisions,anddescribingthembymetesandbounds.Andatsaidsale,theMaster,aftersellingsaidtractasawhole,willthensellit,onthesameterms,assubdivided,andwilladoptthatsalewhichproducesthelargestsum.Ifsoldinlots,hewilldescribesaidlotsbymetesandboundsinhisreport,andfilesaidplatasanexhibitthereto.
19TheMastermayaddthefactsonwhichhebaseshisconclusionthus:Thetractcontainsabouttwohundredacres,andisadaptedespeciallytofarm-ing.Thereisonlyonehouseonit,onespring,andasmallquantityoftimber,allinonecornerofthefarm.Thehouseisnearlyasvaluableasalltherestofthefarm. .......Mereopinionsofwitnessesastotheadvisabilityofasaleareofnovalue,andareentitledtonocon-sideration,exceptinsofarastheyaresustainedbythefactsandreasonsgivenbythewitnesses.Opin-ionsarebutlittlemorethanguesses.Nodecreecanbefoundedonsuchincompetenttestimony,andtheMastershouldwhollydisregardit.Davidson):.Bowden,5Sneed,129;Woodfolkv.N.&C.R.R.Co.,2Swan,429;Stretchv.Gowdey,3Tenn.Ch.,565.Realestatedealersmaygivetheiropinions,theybeingexperts......20Oftenitisadvantageoustosubdivideatract,andsellitbysubdivisions.Atractmayfrequentlybeadvantageouslydividedintotwoormoretracts,orlots,whenitwouldnotbearsubdivisionintoasmanylotsasthereareshares.Insuchcases,asaleistotheinterestoftheparties.If,insuchacase,thelandisorderedtobesold,bothasawhole,andinlots,itshouldbesoldasawholefirst,forthiswillpreventcombinationsamongbidderstobuyitasawhole,andthensubdivideittosuitthemselves.Ifsoldfirstinlots,thepartieswhodesirethewhole

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§1069SUITSTOSELLLANDFORPARTITION.852arereserved,especiallyquestionsrelativetothedispositionoftheproceedsofthesale,andthedischargeoftheencumbrancesreportedbytheMaster.Afterthesalehasbeenmadeandconfirmed,21andthecostsandencumb-rancespaidoutofthepro'ceeds,thesharesoftheadultparties,notunderanydisability,intheremainderoftheproceedswillbepaidovertothem,orontheirorder.22Thedecreeorderingthesale,orthedecreeconfirmingit,shouldspecificallyshowtheproportionateinterestsoftherespectivepartiessotheClerkandMastermayknowhowtodistributetheproceedsofthesale.TheCodeexplicitlyprovidesforthemethodofpayingoutthesharesofallparties,underanydisability,andofreinvestingsuchshares,aswellasthesharesofpartiesunknownornon-resident.23Ifthemoneyofanyinfant,orpersonofunsoundmind,isorderedtobepaidtotheguardianofsuchperson,suchpaymentshouldbeonconditionthattheguardianexecuteaspecialbondintheChanceryCourttosecuretheproperaccountingforsuchmoney.Suchbondmaybeinthefollowingform
:
GJOARDIAN'SSPECIALBOND.Knowall'menbythesePresents:Thatwe,RolandRoe,JohnSmith,andHenryBrown,herebyobligateandbindourselvestopaytheStateofTennesseethesumof[doubletheamounttogointotheguardian'shands]dollars.ButthisobligationtobevoidifthesaidRolandRoe,whohasbeen,bytheCounty[or.Chancery]CourtofKnoxcounty,appointedguardianofRomeoRoe,aminor,[or,personofunsoundmind,]shallfaithfullydischargeallofhisdutiesassuchguardian,andespeciallyshalldulyaccountforandpayoverallmoneysbyhimreceivedbelongingtohissaidwardfromtheChanceryCourtofKnoxcountyinthecaseofJohnDoevs.RichardRoe,etal.,orinanyothercaseinsaidCourt;andshallperformanyandalldecreesofsaidChanceryCourtinreferencetosaidmoneys.Witnessourhands,thisAugust12,1881.AcknowledgedinopenCourtbyallthemakers,with")RolandRoe,eachofwhomIampersonallyacquainted;and! JohnSmith,acceptedandapproved.Aug.12,1881. I HenryBrown.W.B.StalEy,Chancellor.JThefollowingistheformofanorderdirectingthemoneyofthewardtobepaidtotheguardian
:
ORDERTOPAYMONEYTOGUARDIAN.JohnDoe,vs. !•987.RichardRoe,etal.Inthiscause,thisdaycameRolandRoe,andpresentedhislettersasguardianofthedefendant,RomeoRoe,aminor[orpersonofunsoundmind],andmovedtheCourttodirecttheMastertopayovertohimthemoneyinCourtinthiscause,belongingtohissaidward,whichmotiontheCourtdeclinedtoallow,exceptonabondbeinggiveninthisCourttocoversaidfund.Thereuponthesaidguardian,RolandRoe,presentedthefollowingbond
:
[Herecopythebond,infull.]AndsaidbondhavingbeenacknowledgedinopenCourtbysaidRolandRoe,JohnSmithandHenryBrown,tobetheirseveralactsanddeeds,andtheChancellorhavingexaminedsaidsuretiesonoathastotheirsolvency,andbeingsatisfiedthattheyaresolventandfullyworth,aboveallexemptionsandliabilities,morethantwicethepenaltyofsaidbond,saidbondisbytheCourtapprovedandaccepted,andorderedtobeenteredinfullontheminutesoftheCourt,whichishereinabovedone!AndthereuponitwasorderedthattheMasterpaytosaidRolandRoe,asguardianaforesaid,allthefundsinthiscausebelongingtohissaidward,andtakeandfilehisreceipttherefor.SaidreceiptwillbetakenandenteredontheRuleDocket,infull.21Forformofadecreeofconfirmation,see,ante,I 23Code,§§3317-3322.AstothedutiesofMas-§630. |tersinpayingout,see,post,§§1167-1168.22Code,§3316. 1

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853 GROSSVALUEOFLIFEESTATES.§1070
ARTICLEIII.GROSSVALUEOFLIFEESTATES.§1071.MortalityTables,andTheirValue.§1072.AnnuityTables,andTheirValue.§1070.ValueofaLifeEstate,HowAscer-tained.§1070.ValueofaLifeEstate,HowAscertained.—TheCourtisoftencalledontofixagrosssumasthevalueofalifeestate,eitherinlandsorinpersonalty.Themostfrequentoccasionfortheexerciseofthispowerisinsuitstoselllandencumberedbydower,homestead,atenancybythecourtesy,orotherestateforlife.1InourStatethereisnoarbitraryrule,basedontheaverageexpectancyoflife,wherebythevalueofalifeestatecanbeascertained.Eachcaseisdeterminedonitsownfacts,theobjectbeingtoascertainthemarketvalueofthelifeestateinmoney,aspracticalbusinessmenwouldestimateit,ifitwereputonthemarketforsale.2Theprincipalfactsenteringintotheestimateofthisvalueare:1,theageofthelife-tenant;2,hishealthgenerally,andatthetime;3,hishabitsaffectinghishealth;4,thelongevityofhisparents,and5,thepresence,orabsence,ofhereditarydiseaseinhisparentsortheirchildren.Thewitnessesexaminedshouldknowthelife-tenant,hisage,health,habits,andconstitution;and,hav-ingstatedfullytheirknowledgeonthesepoints,shouldthengivetheirestimateofthevalueofhislifeestateintheparticularfund.3Thewitness,especiallyifheisthefamilyphysician,mayalsostatehowmanyyearsthelife-tenantwillprobablylive,consideringhisage,health,habits,andconstitution;andwhethertheprobabledurationofhislifeisaboveorbelowthegeneralaverageofpersonsofhisage.Thetestimonyoflifeinsuranceagentsmay,also,betakentoshowtheaver-ageexpectancyoflifeofpersonsofthesameageasthelife-tenant,accordingtothetablesusedbyreputablelifeinsurancecompanies.Andproofastotheexpectancyoflifeofthelife-tenant,andofthegeneralmortalityofthecom-munityinwhichhelives,wouldalsobeadmissible.TheClerkandMaster,orCourt,afterconsidering:1,themortalityandan-nuitytablesprovedtobereputable,ifanybeintroduced;2,theevidenceofthewitnessesastotheage,health,habits,andconstitutionofthelife-tenant;and3,theopinionoftheexperts,ifany,astotheprobabledurationofthelifeinquestion,willfirstdeterminethenumberofyearsthelife-tenantwillprobablylive,andthen,onthatprobability,estimatethevalueofthelife-estateinthefund.*§1071.MortalityTables,andtheirValue.—Theexpectancyoflifeisascer-tainedbytheaveragemortalityoflargenumbers;and,forconvenience,theseaveragesaregatheredintotables.Thereareseveralsuchtables,EnglishandAmerican;andanyofthem,showntobeusedbyreputableinsurancecompa-nies,wouldbeadmissible;withsuchotherproofasthepartiesmayoffer,eitherastotheconditionoftheindividual,orthegeneralmortalityofthecommunityinwhichhelives.5
1Code,§3307.2Carries«.Polk,5Heisk..244.3Ibid;Washb.onRealProp.,248;Railroadv.Ayres,16Lea,729.4Seeeasescitedinprecedingnote.5RailroadV.Avres,16Lea,729.Thereiscom-parativelylittledifferencebetweenthevariouslifetablesingeneraluse.InCarnesv.Polk.5Heisk.,248,theSupremeCourtsaysthattheCarlisleTablesmaybeusedinconnectionwithotherproof;and
Washburn,inhisworkonRealProperty,Vol.I,page248.saysthattheCarlisleTablesaregenerallyusedintheUnitedStates.TheAmericanExperienceMortalityTable,andtheCombinedExperience,orActuaries',TablearetheonesgenerallyusedbyAmeriranLifeInsuranceCompanies,andhavebeenadoptedbythestatutesanddecisionsofseveral.oftheStates.ThePortsmouthorNorthamptonTableis,also,recognizedbytheCourts.

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857 SUITSINCASESACTIONABLEATLAW.§1073
CHAPTERLVIII.SUITSINCHANCERYINCASESACTIONABLEATLAW.§1073.FrameofBillsinSuitsBasedonMattersActionableatLaw.§1074.SuitsonCommonLawCounts.§1075.SuitstoRecoverMoneyAgreedtobePaidasLiquidatedDamages.§1076.SuitstoRecoverUnliquidatedDam-ages.§1077.SuitstoRecoverMoneyDueona
Judgment,Decree,Award,StatedAccount,Fine,orPenalty.§1078.SuitsonAccountsFromAnotherCounty,orState.§1079.FormsofBillsinOthercasesAc-tionableatLaw.§1080.FormsofDecreesinCasesAction-ableatLaw,WhereThereisaMoneyRecovery.§1073.FrameofBillsinSuitsBasedonMattersActionableatLaw.—InsuitsbasedonmattersactionableintheCircuitCourt,thematerialallegationsoftheBillwillcorrespondinsubstanceandinverbiagewiththematerialallegationsofadeclarationatlawonthesamecauseofaction.1TheCode'formsofdeclarations2canbeincorporatedalmostbodilyintoabillonthesamegroundofsuit,strikingoutthewords''Theplaintiffsues,''atthebegin-ningofthedeclaration,andinsertinginlieu:ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thathesuesthedefendantfor[&c,usingthebalanceoftheCodeformofdeclaration,andthenaddingprayersforprocess,foradecreefortheamountclaimed,andforgeneralrelief.']Thus,asanillustration,takeCodeformNo.I,3inasuitbyanendorseeagainstanacceptorofabillofexchange;thebill,omittingtheaddressandcaption,wouldbeasfollows
:
ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thathesuesthedefendantforfivehundreddollars,andsaysthatsumisduehimonabillofexchangeheretotheCourtshown,drawnbyEF,onthe....dayof....l9....[at....,ifaforeignbillluponthedefendant[at....,]andacceptedbyhim,payabletooneGH,onthe
...dayof..-19....,andbyhimandoneJK,endorsedtocomplainant.Thesaidbillnotbeingpaidatmaturity,wasdulyprotestedfornon-payment;andtheamountthereof,withinterestandprotestfees,isunpaid.4 ii.Complainantthereforeprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c,see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.Thatcomplainantbegivenadecreeagainstthedefendantfor,[orthatthecomplain-1Mr.Danielsays:AlthoughtherulesofpleadinginCourtsofEquity,especiallyincaseofbills,arenotsostrictasthoseadoptedinCourtsoflaw,yet,inframingpleadingsinEquity,thedraftsmanwilldowelltoadhereascloselyashecantothegeneralruleslaiddowninthebookswhichtreatofcommonlawpleadings,wheneversurhrulesareapplicabletothecasewhichheiscalledupontopresenttotheCourt:fortherecanbenodoubtthatthestatedformsofdescriptionandallegationwhichareadoptedinpleadingsatlawhaveallbeendulydebatedundereverypossibleconsideration,andsettleduponsolemndeliberation;andthat,havingbeenestablishedbylongusage,experiencehasshownthemtobepref-erabletoallothersforconveyingdistinctandclearnotionsofthesubjecttobesubmittedtotheCourt;andifthisbesoatlaw,thereappearstobeno"
reasonwhytheyshouldnotbeconsideredasequallyapplicabletopleadingsinCourtsofEquity,incaseswheretheobjectofthepleaderistoconveythesamemeaningasthataffixedtothesametermsintheordinaryCourts[oflaw].***Andwhereitistoexpressthingsforwhichadeouatelegalortechnicalexpressionshavebeenadoptedinpleadingsatlaw,theuseofsuchexpressionswillbedesirableasbestconducingtobrevityandclearness.1Dan.
Ch.Pr.,362.InpleadingsinEquitythesameformofwordsasareusedinpleadingsatlaw,maygen-erallybeintroducedwithadvantage.Ibid.,363.Indrawingbillstoenforcealegalcauseofaction,the_declarationproperatlawinsuchacasecaneasilybetransformedintoabillinChancerv.astheformsgiveninthissectionclearlyshow.Whereabillisamerepleading,itshould,initsessentialaverments,beasconciseanddirectasadeclarationatlaw;butwhenitisbothapleadingandanaffi-davit,itshouldclothetheskeletonofthepleadingwiththemuscles,flesh,andfeaturesoftherealcase,andinfuseintoitallthebreath,energy,andpassionoflife.ThefailuretokeepthisdistinctioninmindresultsinmanybillsbeingsodrawnastopossessmanyoftheelementsofanaffidavitwhennoneofthemareatallneressaryintheparticularcasestobebroughtbeforetheCourt.See,ante,%\141;170;andpost,§1079.2Code,§2939.3Ibid.4Sofar,aswillbeseenbycomparison,thebillfollowsthedeclaration,wordforword;andtheonlyadditionsareprayersforprocessandforspecialandgeneralrelief.

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§1074SUITSINCASESACTIONABLEAT.LAW.858anthaveandrecoverofthedefendant,orthatthedefendantberequiredtopaycomplainant,5]saidsumoffivehundreddollars,andallthecostsofthecause.3d.Thatcomplainantmayhavesuchfurtherandotherrelief,ashemaybeentitledto,andastoyourHonormayseemmeet. H.Y.Hughes,Solicitor.§1074.SuitsonCommonLawCounts.—SuitsbroughtinaCourtoflawonanopenaccount,oronanaccountstated,orformoneyloanedthedefendant,orformoneypaidbytheplaintiffforthedefendant,atthelatter'srequest,orformoneyreceivedbythedefendantfortheplaintiff'suse,orforworkandlabordonebytheplaintiffforthedefendantatthelatter'srequest,orforpoods,waresandmerchandisesoldanddeliveredtothedefendantbytheplaintiff,arecalledsuitsonthecommoncourts.SuchsuitsmaynowbebroughtintheChanceryCourtbybill.Thefollowingformofbillcaneasilybeadaptedtoallsuitsofthischaracter,andallsimilarsuits:GENERALFORMOEBILLONCOMMONCOUNTS."[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§155;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thatthedefendantisindebtedto'him-inthesumoffivehundreddollarsdueonthe....dayof—.19....[insertdate]byaccount;[or,formoneyloanedbycomplainanttohimonthe.—dayof—19—,[insertdate];or,onanaccountstatedbetweencomplainantanddefendantonthe.—dayof-..19—,[insertdate];or,forgoodswaresandmerchandise,(orspecificarticlesnamingthem)soldtodefendantbycomplainantonthe—.dayof—19—,[insertdate];or,formoneypaidbycomplainantforthedefendantatthelatter'srequest,onthe....dayof—19—
,
[insertdate],orforworkandlabordoneforthedefendantbycomplainantatthedefendant'srequest,onthe....dayof ,19....,[insertdate],whichsumofmoneywiththeinterestthereonfromsaiddayisnowjustlydue.II.That[Tftherebeanygroundsforanattachment,allegethemhereasshowninsuitsbyattachment,ante,§873]. in.Complainantthereforeprays:1st.ThatSubpoenatoanswerissue[&c,see,ante,§§155;164.]2d.Thathebegivenadecreeagainstthedefendantfortheamountduebyreasonofthepremisesandinterestthereon.73d.Thatcomplainantmayhavesuchfurtherandotherreliefasthenatureofhiscasemayrequire. H.N.Cate,Solicitor.§1075.SuitstoRecoverMoneyAgreedtobePaidasLiquidatedDamages.Wheneverthepartiestoacontractagreethatintheeventofitsbreachacer-tainamountshallbepaid,itissometimesdifficulttotellwhetherthisamountistobetreatedasliquidateddamages,orasapenalty.Ifitbeliquidateddam-ages,thenitcanberecoveredasinthenatureofafixedliability;ifitbeapenalty,thenonlyenoughofitcanberecoveredtoindemnifycomplainantagainstthelosssustainedbybreachofthecontract.Ineitherevent,suitcanbebroughtontheagreement,andtheCourtwilldetermine.whetherthecon-tractistobeconstruedasliquidatingthedamages,orasfixingapenalty;andwilldecreeaccordingly.Thecourtwillpeerthroughtheformofthecontractintoitsheart,andseewhethertheamountspecifiedtobepaidwasreallyin-tendedasameresecurityforthecontract,orasafixed,definiteandun-changeablesumtobepaidwithoutdiminution.Iftheinjuredpartycanbeadequatelycompensatedbydamages,andthesedamagescanbereasonablywellascertained,theCourtwillinclinetoregardtheamountspecifiedasapen-alty,andwillallowsomuchofittothepartyinjuredaswillmakegoodhisloss.5Eitherofthesethreeformsofdecreeingmaybeused:the1stismostcommon,the2dmostlikeacommonlawform,andthe3dmostlikeaChanceryform.6Anyoneormoreofthesecountsmaybejoinedinonebillifagainstonedefendant._Indeed,onabillagainstonedefendantasmanydistinctandun-connectedmattersofsuitmaybeunitedasthecom-plainanthasagainsthim,notincludinganymatters
ofwhichtheCourthasnojurisdiction.See,Code.§4327;ante,§149.Forformofadecreeoncommoncounts,see,post,1080.7TheCodeformofdeclarationintheCircuitCourtinsuitsonthecommoncounts,joinsademandforinterestaswellasprincipal.SeeCode,§2939,form8.See"Interest,"ante,§563.

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859 SUITSINCASESACTIONABLEATLAW.§1076BILLTOCOLLECTLIQUIDATED1DAMAGES.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,•§§155-K164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:,I.Thatheandthedefendantonthe—dayof....19....,[insertthetruedate,]enteredintoanagreementto[herespecifywithparticularitythedetailsoftheagreement.)ii.Thatcomplainantwasverysolicitoustohavesaidworkdone[inthemanner,or]onorbeforethedatespecifiedinsaidagreement[Showthereasonsinfullwhytheagreementspecifiedthepaymentofdamagesforthe.default,butbewareofusingtheword"penalty"*anywhereinthebill.] in.Thatthedefendantrealizedtheimportancetocomplainantof[statewhatthedamageszvereintendedtoeffect,]andreadilyagreedtopaysaiddamagesasaliquidateddebt,onhisdefault. rv.Thattheamountofsaiddamagessoagreedtobepaidwasintendedasareasonableliquida-tionofthelossthatwouldaccruetocomplainantincaseofdefendant'sfailuretocomplywithsaidagreement;andthedefendanthavingfailedtocompletesaidbuildinginthetimeandmannerspecifiedinsaidagreement[orhavingfailedtodothethingspecifiedinsaidagreement,statingwhatitwas]saidamounthasbecomedueandpayabletocomplainant.v.Complainantthereforeprays:1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c,see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.ThatyourHonorgivecomplainantadecreeagainstthedefendant[ifthereareseveralbound,saydefendants]fortheamountofsaidliquidateddamages,andinterestthereon'fromthe....dayof....19—.,thedateofsaidbreachofagreement.3d.Thatcomplainanthavesuchother,furtheraridgeneralreliefasthenatureofhiscasemayrequire. C.T.Rankin,Solicitor.§1076.SuitstoRecoverUnliquidatedDamages.—TheChanceryCourthasjurisdictiontoawardunliquidateddamagesforbreachofanycontract,obliga-tionorduty,orforanyinjuriesresultingfromnegligence.ThefollowingisaformofBILLFOE,UNLIQUIDATEDDAMAGESEOB,BREACHOECONTRACT.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§155;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.Thatonthe....dayof—19....,[givethedate]hemadeacertaincontractwiththedefendant[ifinwriting,sostate]wherebyfortheconsiderationof[specifytheconsideration]thede-fendantcontractedandboundhimselfto[heresetoutwhatthedefendantwasboundtodo,usingtheverywordsofthecontract.]ii.Thatnotwithstandingthetermsofsaidcontractthedefendantfailedto[herespecifyivhereinthedefendantfailedtocomplywiththecontract:giveparticulars.]in.Thatinconsequenceofdefendant'ssaidbreachofsaidcontract,complainantwasgreatlyinjuredandsufferedgreatlossinthis.[Herestatefullyandparticularlywhereincomplain-ant'sdamagesconsist.]Andhe,therefore,suesforthousanddollarsforsaiddamages.rv.That[//complainantmadeanyeffortstoinducedefendanttocomplywiththecontract,sostate.Iftherebeanyaggravatingcircumstancesconnectedwithdefendant's-conductinreferencetosaidcontract,sostate;andineachcasegivetheparticulars.]v.Complainantthereforeprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue\&c,see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.Thatcomplainantmaybeawardedsaidsumofthousanddollarsasdamagesforsaidbreachofcontract[ItmaybewelltorememberthatChanceryveryseldomawardspuni-tivedamages;asarule,damagesarecompensatoryinChancery.]3d.Thatcomplainantmayhavesuchotherandfurtherreliefashemaybeentitledto,andasyourHonormaydeemmeet. J.WillTaylor,Solicitor.§1077.SuitstoRecoverMoneyDueonaJudgment,Decree,Award,StatedAccount,FineorPenalty.—Theordinarywayofenforcingajudgmentordecreeformoneyisbyanexecutionbasedonsuchjudgmentordecree;butwhenajudgmentordecreeisabouttobebarredbythestatuteoflimitation,8TheChanceryCourtislothtoenforceapenalty,IEquityjurisdictionwillnotenforceapenalty.See,evenundertheActof1877.Courtswithnonebut|ante,§296.

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§1078SUITSINCASESACTIONABLEATLAW.860orhasbeenrenderedinsomeotherstateorcountry,orsomeobstacletoitsenforcementexists,orwherethecomplainantdesirestoreachequitableassetsforitssatisfaction,inanyofthesecases,itmaybecomeimportantfortheownerofsuchjudgmentordecree,whetherhebethejudgmentcreditororownthejudgmentbyassignment,tobringsuitonsuchjudgmentordecree;andhemaydosobybillinChancery.So,anawardofmoneymaybeenforcedintheChanceryCourt.Anaccountthathasbeenagreedto,orsignedbythepar-ties,orthathasbeenacquiescedinbythedefendant,isregardedasastatedaccount,andtheamountshownbyittobeduemayberecoveredbyabillinChancery.Pinesimposedbylaworinaccordancewithsomelaw,orordinance,andpecuniarypenaltiesimposedbylawforitsviolation,andallmoneydueonaquitarnaction,mayberecoveredinChancery.Inallsuchcasesthelawimpliesapromisetopaytheamountadjudged,awarded,statedorimposed.BILLTORECOVERMONEYDUEUNDERTHISSECTION.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§155;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thatonthe....dayof....19—.herecoveredajudgment[ordecree,orobtainedanaward,againstthedefendant,orstatedanaccountwithhim,orafineorpenaltywasimposedonhim]inthesumof....dollars,[statingexactamount]allofwhichisunpaid.ii.That[stateanycircumstancesattendingtheaward,orthestatingoftheaccount,toshowthatthedefendantparticipated,orthatheagreedtotheawardortotheaccount,oracqui-escedtherein.'] in.That[stateanyeffortstocollectsaidjudgment,ordecree,oraward,andgivethereasons,ifany,whyeffortshavenotbeenmadetocollectthesame,andexplainanydelay.]IV.Complainantthereforeprays
:
1st.Thatsubpcenatoanswerissue[&c,see,ante,§§158;164.]2d.Thatcomplainantmayhaveandrecoverofthedefendanttheamountdueonsaidjudgment[decree,award,accountstated,fineorpenalty,]andinterestthereon.3d.Thathehavesuchfurtherandotherreliefashiscasemayrequire,andmaybejust.O.T.TindEll,Solicitor.§1078.SuitsonAccountsFromAnotherCounty,orState.—Whensuitisbroughtonaswornaccountcomingfromanothercounty,orState,9thebilishouldexplicitlyaverthatthesuitisbroughtontheaccount,thattheaccountcomesfromanothercountyorState,andthatitisdulyverified;andprofereshouldbemadeoftheaccountbymakingitanexhibittothebill.10Theallega-tionsmaybesubstantiallyasfollows
:
AVERMENTSOFABILLONASWORNACCOUNT.ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
Thatthedefendantisjustlyindebtedtohiminthesumofonehundreddollars(100.00,)dueonanaccountcomingfromanothercountyofthisState,to-wit:Morgancounty,[or,comingfromtheStateofMissouri.]Saidaccountwasdulyverifiedinsaidcounty[or,State]bytheaffidavitofcomplainanttoitscorrectness,andsaidaffidavitiscertifiedaccordingtolaw.Complainantbringsthissuitonsaidaccounttorecovertheamountduethereon,andherewithexhibitssaidaccountandmarksit"A,"andmakesitapartofthisbill."Whensuchanaccountisthefoundationofthesuit,thedefendantmustdenytheaccountinhisanswer,andmustsweartothatdenial,otherwisetheaccountwillbeconclusiveuponhim.12Ifthedefendant'soathtohisansweriswaived,thatdoesrelievehimfromthenecessityofdenyingtheaccountonoath,asalreadyshown.13Hemay,however,limithisaffidavittosuchdenial,ifhesodesires,thus
:
AFFIDAVITDENYINGANACCOUNT.StateofTennessee,\CountyofRoane.JRichardRoe,thedefendant,makesoaththatsomuchofhisforegoinganswerasdenies9Code,§3780;M.&V.'sCode,§4529.10Hunterv.Anderson,1Heisk.,1.liHunterv.Anderson,1Heisk.,1;Wilkhornv.Gillespie,6Heisk.,329.
12Code,§3780;Williamsv.Lenoir,8Bax.,399.13Ante,§374.

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861 SUITSINCASESACTIONABLEATLAW.§1079theaccountsuedonbythecomplainantistrue;andthatsaidaccountisnotjustorcorrectinwhole,orinpart. RichardRoe.[Annexaproperjurat:see,ante,§789.]§1079.FormsofBillsinCasesActionableatLaw.—TheChanceryCourtnowhavingstatutoryjurisdictionofmostofthecasesactionableatlaw,itmaybeofimportancetotheinexperiencedpleadertoknowthatanygoodde-clarationatcommanlawcanreadilybetransformedintoagoodbillinChan-cery.Thisisespeciallytrueofdeclarationsonawards,inassumpsit,onbillsofexchangeandpromissorynotes,againstcommoncarriers,oncovenants,indebt,andoninsurancepolicies.14Asillustrationsofhowthismaybedone,thefollowingbillsaregiven,eachofwhichisbasedonadeclarationatlaw,forthesamecauseofactionasissetforthinthebill:BILLTOENFORCEANAWARD.[Addressandcommencement,asin§§1SS;164,ante.]ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thattherewerediverscontroversiesbetweenthecomplainantandthedefendantcon-cerningtheirmutualaccounts,debts,anddealings;and,thereupon,theyonthe8thdayofAugust,1890,bytheirmutualagreementinwriting,submittedandreferredsaidcontroversies,[andallothermutualdemandsbetweenthem,]tothefinalawardanddeterminationofA,B,andC,[namingthearbitrators;]andinandbysaidwritingfurtheragreed[heresetoutanyothermaterialpartsoftheagreement,]thattheawardofthesaidA,B,andC,oranytwoofthem,beingdulymadein-thepremises,[inwriting,or,anddulynotifiedtotheparties,asthecasemayhavebeen,]shouldbefinalandbinding.n.AndcomplainantaversthatthesaidA,B,andC,afterdulyhearingbothcomplainantanddefendant,did,onAugustIS,1890,makeandpublishtheiraward[inwriting,]anddidtherebyawardandfinallydetermine,thatthereremainedabalanceduefromthedefendanttothecomplainantoffivehundreddollars,tobepaidtothecomplainant[ondemand.]m.Notwithstandingsaidagreementandaward,thedefendanthasfailedtopaysaidsumoffivehundreddollars,oranypartthereof,andrefusestopayanypartthereof,thoughoftenthereuntorequested.rv.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays:1st.[Forprocess,asin§164,ante.]2d.[Foradecreefortheamountdueonsaidaward,asin§159,sub-sec.7.]3d.Forsuchfurtherandotherreliefascomplainantmaybeentitledto.ClemJ.Jones,Solicitor.BILLAGAINSTACOMMONCARRIER.Abailor,whodeliversgoods.tobetransported,1vs. [Acommoncarrierwhofailstodeliver.J[Addressandcommencement,asin§§155;164,ante.]i.Thatcomplainant,onJanuary8,1888,deliveredtothedefendantinthecityofMemphis,Tenn.,twohundredbalesofcotton,worththreehundreddollarsabale,onacontractthatthedefendantwoulddeliversaidcottontoComplainantinthetownsfNewport,Tenn.,ingoodorder,thedefendant,foravaluableconsideration,contractingsotodo,inareasonabletime.Thedefendantwasacommoncarrierforhireatthetimehe[or,it]madesaidcontract. ii.Thatnoneofsaidcottonhaseverbeendelivered,althoughthetimeforsodnins;haslongsinceexpired;andcomplainantisdamagedtwothousanddollarsthereby.
, in.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.[Forprocess,&c.,asin§164,ante.]2d.ThatcomplainanthaveadecreeagainstthedefendantforthevalueofsaidcottonatNewportatthetimeitshouldhavebeentheredelivered,andforinterestontheamountfromthatdate,andforalldamageshehassufferedbythebreachofsaidcontract.3d.Forgeneralrelief. H.N.Cate,Solicitor.BILLTORECOVERADEBTDUEBYNOTE,ORACCOUNT.[Addressandcommencement,asin§§155;164,ante.]ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:14Declarationsinallthesecasesmaybefoundinthenotesto2GreenleafonEvidence.

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§1079SUITSINCASESACTIONABLEATLAW.862
i.Thatthedefendantisindebtedtohiminthesumofonehundred?ndtendollarsduebynote,datedMay1st,1891,anddueonedayafterdate,andherewithfiledasapartofthisbill,andmarkedexhibitl;10[or,dueonaccountforgoods,waresandmerchandise;or,onanaccountforworkandlabordone,herewithfiledasapartofthisbill,andmarkedexhibit1
;
or,dueformoneypaidoutfortheuseandbenefitofdefendantinpaymentoftaxesonatractoflandinKnoxcounty,ofwhichcomplainantanddefendantareowners_a-stenantsincommon;or,dueforprofessionalservicesasphysician,orattorneyatlaw,or,fortherentfortheyear1890,ofthetractoflandonwhichthedefendantlivedinsaidyear,[describingttbriefly.] n.Complainantthereforeprays
:
1st.Thatthedefendantbemadeapartytothissuitbytheserviceofsubpoenatoanswer,[orbypublication,ifheisanon-resident;]buthisoathtohisansweriswaived.2d.Thatcomplainantbegivenadecreeagainstthedefendantfortheamountdueonsaidnote,[oraccount,]includingtheinterestthereonfromthematuritythereof,[crfromthefilingofthebill,incaseofanaccount.]3d.Thatcomplainantmayhavesuchotherandgeneralreliefashemaybeentitledtoatthehearing. B.L.Risedan,Solicitor.BILLBYENDORSEEAGAINSTTHEMAKEROEANOTE."[Addressandcommencement,asin§§155;164,ante.]ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.Thatthedefendant,onAugust8,1890,byhispromissorynoteinwriting,forvaluereceived,promisedoneEFtopayhim,orhisorder,onethousanddollarsinninetydaysfromsaiddate.Saidnoteisherewithfiledasapartofthisbill,andmarkedA.ii.ThatthesaidEFdulyendorsedsaidnotetothecomplainant,induecourseoftrade,forvalue,andbeforethematuritythereof;[ifsuchbethefactanditisimportanttosoallege,or,waivingdemand,protestand"rrotice,ifsuchbethefact]in.Thatallofsaidnote,principalandinterest,isdueandunpaid,andthatalthoughthede-fendanthasoftenpromisedtopaysaidnote,heyetfailssotodo.IV.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.[Forprocessasin§164,ante.]2d.Foradecreeinhisfavorfortheamountduehimonsaidnote,principalandinterest.3d.Forsuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledto.F.D.Owings,Solicitor.BILLAGAINSTTHEMAKEROFANOTE.Theadministratorofthepayeeofanote,vs.Theexecutorofthemakerofthenote.[Addressandcommencement,asin§§155;.164ante.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.ThatAB,[themaker,]onJune4,1888,foravaluableconsideration,executedanddeliv-eredtoCD,[thepayee,]apromissorynoteforfivethousanddollars,payabletothesaidCD,ninetydaysafterdate,withinterestfromdate,allofwhichisunpaidandnowdue.Saidnoteisherewithfiledaspartofthisbill,markedA.ii.ThatsincethedeliveryofsaidnotethesaidABhasdiedtestate,andthedefendantishisexecutor;thesaidCDhasalsodied,butintestate,andthecomplainantishisadmin-istrator. in.[Theprayersarethesameastheprecedingbill.See,ante,§§158;164.]BILLAGAINSTTHEENDORSEROPANOTE.Theendorseeoianote,vs.Anendorserofthenote.[Addressandcommencement,asin§§155;164,ante.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.ThatonMarch4,1889,AB[themaker]madeanddeliveredhispromissorynoteforeightpayabletocomplainantninetydaysafterthedatethereof,withinterestfromdate,allofwhichnote,principalandinterest,isunpaidandnowdue.Saidnoteismadeapartofthisbill,andfiledherewith,markedA.laThisbillisbasedon2Green.Ev.,8155,note.
15Thefollowingisafullerform,but,perhaps,nobetter:I.Thatthedefendant,onMay1,1891,foraval-uableconsideration,executedanddeliveredtocom-plainantapromissorynoteforfivethousanddollars,

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863 SUITS'INCASESACTIONABLEATLAW.§1079hundreddollarstothedefendant,dueninetydaysafterdate;andthatonthesameday[or,thereafter,]thedefendantendorsedanddeliveredsaidnotetocomplainant,forvalueandinduecourseoftrade,waivingdemand,protestandnotice,[ifsuchbethefact.]ii.ThatsaidnotewaspresentedtosaidAB,[maker,]atmaturityandpaymentdemanded
:
itwasnotpaid,andduenoticeofitsdishonorwasgiventhedefendant,buthehasfailedtopaythesameoranypartthereof.Saidnoteisfiledherewithaspartofthisbill,andmarkedA.[Ifdemand,protestandnoticewerewaivedbythedefendantendorser,theyneednotbeaverred.] m.Complainantthereforeprays
:
1st.Forprocess[asin§164,ante.]2nd.Foradecreeagainstthedefendantfortheamountdue.onsaidnote,principalandinterest.3rd.Forgeneralrelief. HenryT.Cooper,Solicitor.BILLONAWRITTENCONTRACT.[Addressandcommencementasin§§1SS;164,ante.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.That,onAugust9,1889,thedefendantcontractedwithhiminwritingtodelivertohimathisstorehouseinSevierville,withinonemonthfromthatday,twothousandbushelsofgoodmerchantablewheat,ingoodsacks.ii.Thataspartconsiderationcomplainantpaidthedefendanttwohundreddollarsincashonsaidday,andagreedtopayhimeighteenhundreddollarsmorewhensaidwheatwasalldeliveredaccordingtosaidcontract.Saidcontractisfiledherewithaspartofthisbill,andmarkedA. in.Thatthedefendanthasfailedtodeliveranyofsaidwheattocomplainant,althoughthetimeagreeduponforsodoinghasexpired;andsaidfailurehasdamagedcomplainantfivehundreddollars. IV.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.[Forprocessasin§164,ante.]2d.Foradecreeagainstthedefendantbothforsaidtwohundreddollarsandforthedamageshe,complainant,hassustainedbyreasonofthebreachofsaidcontract.3d.Forgeneralrelief. JamesR.Penland,Solicitor.BILLONAPOLICYOFINSURANCE."[Addressandcommencement,asin§§1SS;164,ante.]ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thatheowned[or,hadaleaseon]acertaindwelling[or,store]houseinSevierville,Tenn.,onJuly1,1891,worthonethousanddollars;andhecontinuedtoown[or,havealeaseon]saidhouseuntilthedestructionofsaidhousebyfire,ashereinaftershown.ii.ThatthedefendantCompany,onsaidJuly1,1891,inconsiderationofapremiuminmoneythenandtherepaidtoitthereforbythecomplainant,madeanddeliveredtocom-plainantapolicyofinsuranceuponsaidhouse,andtherebypromisedthecomplainanttoinsurefivehundreddollarsthereonfromsaidJuly1,1891,untilJuly1,1892,againstallsuchimmediatelossordamageasshouldhappentosaidhousebyfiretotheamountaforesaid,tobepaidtocomplainantinsixtydaysafternoticeandproofofthesame;uponconditionthatcomplainantincaseofsuchlossshouldforthwithgivenoticethereoftothedefendantCompany.[Andsoon,specifyingthetermsofthepolicyonthissubject.1*]Allofwhichwillmorefullyappearbyreferencetosaidpolicy,whichisheretoexhibitedmarkedA.in.Thataftertheexecutionanddeliveryofsaidpolicy,andbeforetheexpirationthereof,to-wit,onSeptember4,1891,thesaidhousewasaccidentallyburned,andbymisfortunetotallyconsumed;ofwhichlossthecomplainantforthwithgavenoticetothedefendantCompany,andmadetheproofs,requiredofhimbysaidpolicyofinsurance,andinallpar-ticularscompliedwithhispartofsaidcontract.19rv.That,thoughrequested,andthoughsixtydaysaftersuchnoticeandproofofsaidloss17Thisbillisbasedonadeclarationin2Greenl.Ev.,§404,note.ISThebillshouldshowwhatcomplainantwasre-quiredbyhispolicytodotoentitlehimtothein-surancemoney,followingtheconditionssetforthonthefaceofthepolicy.
19Ifthepolicyspecifiesanyactstobedonebythecomplainantasaconditionprecedenttopayment,suchasnoticeoftheloss,andproofsoftheloss,thebillmustaveraperformanceofsuchconditions.

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§1080SUITSINCASESACTIONABLEATLAW.864
No.642.—FinalDecree.
haveelapsed,thedefendantCompanyhasneverpaidsaidsumoffivehundreddollarstothecomplainant,oranypartthereof.v.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.ThatallproperprocessissuetobringthedefendantCompanybeforetheCourt,andtorequireittoanswerthisbill.2d.Thatthecomplainanthaveadecreeagainstthedefendantfortheamountduehimonsaidpolicy,andforinterestthereonafterthelapseofsaidsixtydays.3d.Thatcomplainantmayhavesuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitledto.Geo.L.Zirkle,Solicitor.§1080.FormsofDecreesinCasesActionableatLawWherethereisaMoneyRecovery.—Thefollowingformsofdecreeswill,alongwithwhathasalreadybeensaid,sufficientlyindicatetheformofadecreeincasesactionableatlawwherethereisameremoneyrecovery
:
DECREEEOBDEBTONALEGALDEMAND.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etal.Thiscasecameontobeheard,thisMay27,1895,beforeHon.H.B.Lindsay,Chancellor,upontheoriginal[andamended]bills,theanswerofthedefendant,RichardRoe,thejudg-mentproconfessoastotheotherdefendants,theexhibitstothebillandtheotherproofinthecause,fromallwhichitappearingthatthedefendantsareindebtedtothecomplainantonthepromissorynote[orontheaccount,oronthecontractsuedon,20]inthesumofeighthundredandtendollars,principalandinterest.Itisthereforeordered,adjudgedanddecreedbytheCourtthatthecomplainanthaveandrecoverofthedefendantsaidsumofeighthundredandtendollarsandallthecostsofthecause,forwhichexecutionisawarded.SHORTER.FORMOFDECREEFORDEBT.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etal.Thiscausewasheardthisdayonthepleadings,[proconfesso]andproof,onconsiderationwhereofitwasadjudgedanddecreedthatthecomplainanthaveandrecoverofthedefend-antsthesumofeighthundredandtendollars,andallthecostsofthecause,forwhichexecutionisawarded.Thisformcontainsalltheessentialsofavaliddecree,andisexpresslyauthor-izedbytheCode.21DECREEONANAWARD.[Fortitle,commencementandrecitals,see,ante,§§567.]OnconsiderationwhereoftheCourtisofopinionthatcomplainantisentitledtothereliefprayedforinhisbill,anditisthereforeordered,adjudgedanddecreedthathehaveandrecoverofthedefendantthesumoffivehundreddollars,theprincipaloftheawardsueden,andthefurthersumoffortydollarsasinterestthereonfrom[statingthedayzvlientheawardbegantodrawinterest,]makinginallthesumoffivehundredandfortydollars,and,also,thecostsofthecause,forallofwhichanexecutionwillissue.OnmotionofJamesC.Ford,complainant'sSolicitor,alienisdeclaredontherecoveryinthisdecreetosecurehisreasonablefee.DECREEFORDEBTONACOMMONCOUNT.[Fortitle,commencementandrecitals,see,ante,§567.]OnconsiderationwhereoftheChancellorisofopinionthatthecomplainantisentitledtothereliefbyhimprayedforinhisbill.Itisthereforedecreedthathehaveandrecoverofthedefendant[ordefendants]thesumoffivehundreddollars,theprincipaloftheclaimsuedon,andthefurthersumofeightydollarsasinterest22thereonfromMay1st,1891,thedayitwasdue,[orfromthefilingofthebill,]makinginallthesumoffivehundredandeightydollars,andalsothecostsofthecause,forallofwhichletanexecutionissue.20Itisnotnecessarytospecifyinthedecreetheparticulargroundonwhichthedecreeisbased.Itwouldbesufficienttosay"fromallofwhichitap-pearingthatthedefendantowesthecomplainanteighthundredandtendollars,principalandinterest.Itisthereforedecreedthatthecomplainanthaveandrecover,"&c,asabove.Seenextform.
No.642.—FinalDecree.
21Code,§4476.22Interestwill,ofcourse,becalculatedfromthedatefixedbytheChancellor,ifanyisallowed.Wheninterestwillbeallowed,see,ante,§563.

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865SUITSINTHENATUREOFAQUOWARRANTO.§1081
CHAPTERUX.SUITSINTHENATUREOPAQUOWARRANTOPROCEEDING.§1083.GeneralFormofBillAgainstCor-porations,TrusteesandUsurpers.§1081.SuitsAgainstCorporations,PublicTrusteesandUsurpers.§1082.FrameofaBillAgainstCorpora-tions,Trustees,andUsurpers.§1081.SuitsAgainstCorporations,PublicTrusteesandUsurpers.—TheChanceryCourt,bothinherentlyandbystatute,hasextensivejurisdictionovercorporations,andalsooverpersonsactingasofficialswithoutauthority.Abillwilllieagainstthepersonorcorporationoffendinginthefollowingcases
:
1.Wheneveranypersonunlawfullyholds,orexercises,anypublicofficeorfranchisewithinthisState,oranyofficeinanycorporationcreatedbythelawsofthisState
;
2."Wheneveranypublicofficerhasdone,orsufferedtobedone,anyactwhichworksaforfeitureofhisoffice
;
3."WhenanypersonsactasacorporationwithinthisStatewithoutbeingauthorizedbylaw
;
4.Or,ifbeingincorporated,theydooromitactswhichamounttoasurren-derorforfeitureoftheirrightsandprivilegesasacorporation
;
5.Orexercisepowersnotconferredbylaw;6.Orfailtoexercisepowersconferredbylaw,andessentialtothecorporateexistence.1Abillwill,also,lie(1)tobringthedirectors,managersandofficersotacorporation,orthetrusteesoffundsgivenforapublicorcharitablepurpose,toanaccountforthemanagementanddispositionofpropertyintrustedtotheircare,(2)toremovesuchofficersortrusteesonproofofmisconduct,(3)topreventmalversation,peculationandwaste,(4)tosetasideandrestrainimproperalienationsofsuchpropertyorfunds,andtosecurethemforthebene-fitofthoseinterested;and(5)generallytocompelfaithfulperformanceoftheirduty.2Abillwillnotliebycitizensintheirownnamestodischarteranincorpo-ratedtown;thesuitmustbeinthenameoftheState,byherlocalAttorneyGeneral,ontheirrelation.3Butcitizensandtaxpayersmaymaintainabilltohaveacharterdeclaredvoidwhenantecedentessentialswerenotcompliedwith.4TheprovisionsoftheCode,§3410,inreferencetosuitsagainsttheofficersofcorporations,andagainstpublictrustees,donotlimitthejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtoversuchmatters,butconfirmsandenlargesthatjurisdic-tion;andinsuitsinthatCourtagainstsaidofficersandtrustees,thereisplenaryjurisdictiontomakeallsuchorders,eitherinCourtoratChambers,andallsuchdecrees,andissueallsuchprocess,asmaybenecessarytopreventorremedywrongsthreatenedordone,torestorewhathasbeenwasted,aniltoeffectuallyenforcethefullandfaithfulperformanceofeveryduty.§1082.FrameofaBillAgainstCorporations,TrusteesandUsurpers.Thebillisfiledinthecountyinwhichtheofficeisusurpedorheld,orthecor-porationorsupposedcorporationholdsitsmeetings,orhasitsprincipalyjlaceofbusiness;6or,ifagainstpublictrustees,inthecountywhereoneormoreof1Code,I3409.ThechapteroftheCodecontain-ingthissectioncoversmattersinthenatureof"aquowarranto.Statev.McConnell,3Lea,337;StateV.Johnson,8Lea.74.2Code,§3410.
3Hooperv.Rhea,3Shan.Cas.145;Statev.White'sCreekTurnpikeCo.,3Tenn.Ch.,166;Statev.McConnell,3Lea,334.4Hooperv.Rhea,3Shan.Cas.,145.6Code,§3411.TheCodesaysthesuitistobe

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§1083SUITSINTHENATUREOPAQUOWARRANTO.866themmaybefound;7andshouldsetforthbriefly,andwithouttechnicalforms,thegroundsuponwhichthesuitisinstituted.8Inasmuchastheproceedingissupposedtobeintheinterestofthepublic,andinfurtheranceofpublicjustice,theStatemustfilethebill;ortheconsentoftheStatemustbehad,ifaprivatecitizenshouldwishtofilethebill.WhentheStatesuesalonethebillisbroughtinhernameascomplainantbytheAttorneyGeneral9forthecircuitcontainingthecountyinwhichthesuitistobeinstituted.Whenhesueshemustbedi-rectedsotodobytheGeneralAssemblyoftheState.ThebillmayalsobebroughtbytheStatealone,whentheGovernorandtheAttorneyGeneraloftheStateconcur.Whenaprivatecitizensues,thebillisstillinthenameoftheState,byherAttorneyGeneralforthepropercircuit,ontherelationofsuchcitizen.10Whenthebillisfiledagainstapersonforusurpinganofficeorafranchise,inadditiontotheothernecessaryallegations,thenameofthepersonrightfullyentitledtotheoffice,orfranchise,withastatementofhisrightthereto,maybeadded,andhemadeadefendant,ifheisnottherelator;andthetrialshould,ifpracticable,determinetherightofthecontestingparties.11Iftherebesev-eralclaimantstotheofficeorfranchise,theymayallbemadedefendants,sotheCourtmayinonesuitdeterminetheirrespectiverights.12ButthevalidityofanyelectionwhichmaybecontestedundertheCodebythepartywhoseeksthisremedycannotbetriedinthisproceeding.13Itwouldseemthat,inviewoftheenlargedjurisdictionoftheChanceryCourt,thebill,incaseofusurpationofoffice,mightwellbeentertainednotonlytoousttheusurperandputthecomplainantinpossessionoftheoffice,butwouldalsohesustainedifitwentfurtherandsoughttorecoverthefeesoftheofficeandthedamagesthecomplainanthassustainedbyreasonoftheactsofthedefendant.14UnderthejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourttoawardamandatoryinjunc-tion,aperemptorymandamus,andallnecessarywritstooustusurpers,orofficerswhohaveforfeitedtheiroffices,15andinviewofthefactthatinChan-cerynamesandformsareimmaterial,theCourthasplenarypower,ononeandthesamebill,regardlessofitstechnicalname,161st,tocompelanofficerorusur-pertoputthingsinstatuquo,ordoanyotheracttherightsofthecomplainantorofthepublicrequire;2d,toputthecomplainant,ortherightfulperson,inhisplace;and3d,tomakeagainstthedefendantadecreeforsuchdamagesascomplainantmaybeentitledto.ButsuchabillmustbebroughtbytheDistrict-Attorneyandsignedbyhim.§1083.GeneralFormofBillAgainstCorporations,TrusteesandUsurpers.ThefollowinggeneralformwillaidindrawingabillunderthisChapter
:
broughtin"thecountyordistrict,"meaningthat,whenthereisaChanceryCourtforthecounty,thebillisfiledinthecounty,butwhereaChanceryCourtisheldinadistrictcomposedoftwoormorecountiesthebillisfiledinthedistrict.See,ante,§177,note15.7See,ante,§178,sub-sec.IS.8Code,§3415.8Thestatutessometimesdenominatethisofficer,"DistrictAttorney."See,Code,§519,527,669,715,716,719,900,981(Shan.)1026,(Shan.)1445,(Shan.)1557,1629(Shan.)1903a,214J<i.3-^S,3952c,3961,5090a,5568,S596,5597,and5598.Thisseemstobethebetterdesignation,andavoidsallconfusion.ThereshouldbebutoneAttorneyGen-eral,andhisjurisdictionco-extensivewiththeState.SeeShannon'sSupplementtotheCode,pp.198,211,763,and764.10Code,§§3411,3412.Astothemeaningoftheword"District,"inthesetwosections,seeante,§177,note15.11Code,§§3419-3420.12Code,§3422.13Code,§3423;Stateexrel.V.Wright,10Heisk.,237;Andersonv.Gossett,9Lea,644.14Ante,Code,§3421,doesnotprohibitsuchapro-
ceeding.Itmerelypreventstheadjudicationinthesuitforousterbeingpleadedinbarofasecondsuitfordamages,basedonthesamecauseofaction.IftheoriginalsuitwasintheCircuitCourtasecondsuitfordamagesmightbenecessary,butnoreasonisapparentwhythereshouldbetwosuitsintheChan-ceryCourtaboutthesamematter.ThedictuminStateexrel.v.Wright,5Heisk.,612,isnotconclusiveofthisquestion,thedecisionnotbeingonthepointwhetherthedamagesmaynotberecoverableintheoriginalsuit.Besides,thede-cisionwasmadein1871,andbeforethepassageoftheActsof1877enlargingthejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourtovermatterspreviouslyoflegalcog-nizance.Bonijudicisestlitesdirimere,nelisexliteoriatur.(Itisthedutyofagoodjudgetoputanendtol:t'gaticn,and^ottoallowonesuittobegetanother.)See,ante,§§36:38.15Code,§§3409;3419-3420.18Thepersistentspiritoftechnicality,thoughcon-stantlyforbiddentoentertheportalsofEquity,stillfrequentsitsCourts,andoftenpromptsitsder-ees.Butitsmaligninfluencethereisalwaysonthevane;andthedispositiontodocompletejusticeineverysuitisconstantlyincreasing.

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867SUITSINTHENATUREOFAQUOWARRANTO.§1083BILLAGAINSTCORPORATIONS,TRUSTEESANDUSURPERS.TotheHonorableHughG.Kyle,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatHuntsville
:
TheStateofTennessee,whichsuesbyW.H.Buttram,herAttorney-General,ontherelationofAB,aresidentofScottcounty,complainant,vs.CDandEF,residentsofthesamecounty,defendants.Thecomplainant,theStateofTennessee,whichsuesbyW.H.Buttram,herAttorney-General,ontherelationofAB,aresidentofScottcounty,respectfullyshowstotheCourt:
,i.That,[Heresetforththeparticularactofusurpationorforfeiture,orotherimproperconductcomplainedof.] ii.That,[Heresetforththetitleoftherelatortotheofficeorfranchise,orhisrightsinthepremises,ifany.Ifnorelator,showwherein'theusurpationconsists,orhowtheinterestsandrightsofthepublicarejeopardized;and,incasetrusteesaresued,specifytheparticularwrongconductcomplainedof.] in.That,[Heresetforththefacts,ifany,thatrequireanattachmentofproperty,oraninjunction,orareceiver,ortwoorallofthese,oranyotherextraordinarypreliminaryproceeding.11] rv.Complainantthereforeprays:1st.Thatsubpcenatoanswerissue[&c.,see,ante,§§155;164.]2d.Thatthedefendantbeenjoinedfrom[doingtheactoractscomplainedof;thattheirpropertybeattached,ifanattachment,statutoryorequitable,benecessaryandallowable;andthatareceiverbeappointed,ifapropercaseforsuchaction.]3d.Thatanaccountbetaken[whentrusteesaresued,toshowhowthetrusteeshavemanagedtheestate,whatdispositiontheyhavemadeofthetrustfunds,andmoney,andotherpropertywhichareorshouldbeintheirhands.Specifyanyspecialactsofmisman-agement,malversation,peculation,waste,improperalienations,orothermisconduct,forwhichanaccountingshouldbehad.1&]4th.That,atthehearing[Herespecifythesubstantialfinalreliefdesired,keepinginmindtheCodesectionsonthesubjectaswellasthegeneralpowersoftheChanceryCourt.19]5th.That,[intheeventtherelatorisshowntohavebeeninjuredbytheconductofthedefendant,andtobeentitledtoanaccountingforfeesandmoneysandpropertybyhimreceived,orshouldhavebeenreceived,that]anaccountbetakenthereof,andcomplainantbegivenadecreeforalldamagesbyhimsustainedbyreasonoftheactsoromissionsofthedefendant.206th.Thatcomplainanthavesuchotherandfurtherreliefasthenatureofthecasemayrequire.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunction,attachment,orreceiver,inthiscase.W.H.Buttram,AttorneyGeneral.Ifthebillisfiledontherelationofaprivateindividual,heisliableforsuchcostsasarenotadjudgedagainstthedefendant,21andmayberequiredtogiveabondforcosts.Ifheobtainsanattachment,orinjunction,orboth,hemustgiveabondorbondstocoverdamages.IfthebillisbytheStatealonenobondisrequiredforcosts.Thebillmustbesworntoifanyextraordinaryprocessissought,therelatormakingtheaffidavitwhenthebillisonrelation.Thebillinallcasesonre-lationmustbesignedbytheDistrictAttorney.2217Code,§3417.18Code,§3410.19UndertheCodesectionsgoverningthisproceed-ing,andits'jurisdictiontoawardamandamus,oramandatoryinjunction,andtoenforceitsdecreesbyattachmentoftheperson,theCourt'spowersareallsufficientforeveryemergency.See,ante,§§36;38.
20Seeprecedingsection.21Code,§3414.22TheStateexrel.v.Campbell,8Lea,74.AndtheDistrictAttorneymaydismissthebillwithouttheconsentoftherelator.Stateexrel,v.TurnpikeCo.,4Cates,615;Stateexrel.v.Agee,21Pick.,588.

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§1084SUITSFORAMANDAMUS.868
CHAPTERLX.SUITSFORWRITSOFMANDAMUS.§1086.FormofBillforaWritofMan-damus.§1087.FormsofWritsofMandamus.§1084.SuitsforMandamusGenerallyCon-sidered.§1085.PleadingsinSuitsforMandamus,andProceedingsThereon.§1084.SuitsforMandamusGenerallyConsidered.—TheChanceryCourthasfulljurisdictiontoissuewritsofmandamusuponbillorpetition,mak-ingthenecessaryallegations,anddulyswornto.1Theobjectofamandamusistocompelthedefendanttodosomespecificministerialact,whichthelawrequireshimtodo,butprovidesnoadequateandspecificremedyincaseofhisnon-performance.Itisusuallyresortedtowhereanofficialrefusestodosomespecificministerialactwhichitishisdutytodo,andthereisnootheradequateandspecificremedyforhisdefaultorrefusal.2TheCourtsaremoreliberalingrantingthiswritthanformerly,theremedybeingfreelyappliedwhennecessary.3Itisageneralrulethatwheneverastatutegivespowerto,orimposesanobligationon,aparticularpersontodosomeparticularact,orperformsomeparticularduty,andprovidesnospecificremedyfornon-performance,amandamuswillbegranted.4WhileorigiDallyamandamussuitwasstrictlyacommonlawproceeding,ourCodehasgreatlychangedthepleadingsandpracticeandmadethemcon-formtothoseinChancery;5andnowtheChanceryCourthasjurisdictiontoawardthewrit,itwouldseemthattheCourtafterawardingandenforcingthemandamus,mightwellgofurther,thebillsopraying,anddecreetocomplain-antanydamageshemightbeentitledtobyreasonofthewrongfulconductofthedefendantinthepremises.6ThestatutegivingtheChanceryCourtjurisdictiondoesnotconvertthatCourtintoalawCourt,butmerelyenlargesitsjurisdiction,protanto,asaCourtofEquity,andenablesitinadditiontoitspowersasaCourtofEquity,toadministerjusticeincaseswhereamandamusisnecessary;andtheruleinChanceryisthatwheretheCourthasjurisdictionforonepurposeitwilltakejurisdictionforallpurposes,anddeterminetheentirecontroversy.7§1085.PleadingsinSuitsforMandamus,andProceedingsThereon.—ThebillisinthenameoftheState,ontherelationofthepersoninterested,whoistreatedastherealcomplainant,sofarasthepleadingsandprocedurearc-con-cerned,andmustgiveaprosecutionbond.TherulesofpleadingandpracticeintheChanceryCourtareproperinamandamusproceeding.Indeedinmanyrespectsthepleadingsandpracticeinasuitforamandamus,underourCode,resemblethoseintheChanceryCourtsinasuitforamandatoryinjunction81Hawkinsv.Kercheval,10Lea,535.AndthesuitmaybebroughtinChancerywhentheamountclaimedisunderfiftydollars.Stateexret.V.Alex-ander,7Cates,156.2SeeDigests,underthetitle"Mandamus,"forcaseswherethewritwillandwillnotbegranted.3Mobile&OhioR.R.Co.v.Wisdom,5Heisk.,125,152.iWintersv.Burford,6Cold.,328;M.&O.R.R.Co.i>.Wisdom,5Heisk.,152.5State,exrel.v.Williams,2Cates,549.Inthiscasethepracticeinamandamussuit.isfullytroated.6BecausedamagesarenotawardedinamandamussuitatlawisnoconclusivereasonwhytheymaynotbeawardedinChancery.Themesneprofitscannot
berecoveredinanejectmentsuitatlaw,butarere-coverableinanejectmentsuitinChancery.ThepresentmandamusbillinChanceryisasdifferentfromamandamusproceedingatcommonlawasanejectmentsuitinChanceryisdifferentfromaneject-mentsuitatcommonlaw.7See,ante,§§36;38.ItisamaximoftheChan-ceryCourtthatEquitywillnotdecreeasuitwhereitmaydecreearemedy.Fran.Max.,p.42.Indeedthejurisdictionandpracticeinmandamusisalmostidenticalwithmandatoryiniunctions.SeeCondonv.Maloney,24Pick.,82;Hawkinsv.Kercheval,10Lea,535.8Thereareabill,afiat,analternativewrit,ananswer,issuesoffactforajury,thirdpartiesallowed

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869 SUITSFORAMANDAMUS.§1085orforaspecificperformance.9OnthebillbeingdulysworntoandpresentedtotheChancellor,10hewillendorsehisfiatthereonforanalternativemandamusasonabillforaninjunctionorattachment.Onthewritbeingservedonthedefendanthewilldotheactrequiredofhim,orshowcauseinhisansweratthenexttermoftheCourt,oratthenextruledayrequiredbythepracticeoftheCourt,whyheshouldnotbecompelledtodowhatthewritrequires.IfanissueoffactismadebythepleadingstheCourtmaydetermineitorsubmitittoajury.Ifathirdpersonisinterested,hemay,onbeingnotifiedbythedefendant,becomeapartydefendant,andfileananswerupongivingsecurityforcosts.11Itwouldseemfromsections3571and3573oftheCodethatthedefendantmaydiscloseinhisanswerathirdpersonclaimingtitleto,orinterestin,thematterincontroversy;andthatifsuchthirdpersonfailstohavehimselfmadeapartybyanswering,itwouldbeproperforasubpoenatoissuerequiringhimtoanswer,andifheisanon-residentorunknown,12publicationmustbemadeagainsthim,andineithercaseproconfessotakenagainsthimifhefailtoappearandanswer.So,itwouldseemthatthecomplainantmightmakesuchinterestedpersonapartydefendanttothepetition,ifawareofhisinterestbeforethepetitionisfiled.Ifthedefendantdesirestotakeadvantageofanydefectintheapplicationforamandamus,orintheformorsubstanceofthebill,heshoulddosobeforefilinghisanswer,byamotiontodismiss,orbyademurrer,orsuchdefectwillbewaived.13Ifthedefendantmakesdefaultbynotansweringthebill,orfailstomakeothereffectivedefensebymotiontodismissordemurrer,orifadecisionismadeagainsthimafterappearance,theCourtwilldirectaperemptoryman-damustoissueagainsthim.Itisordinarilyunnecessarytoactuallyissueaperemptorywrit,asthedefendanteithersubmitstothedecreeawardingit,orappeals.Ifthewritshouldissue,however,itwillbesimilarinformtothealternativewrit,butwillperemptorilycommandthedefendanttodoforthwithwhatthedecreerequiresofhim,andtoreturnthewritshowinghehasfullycompliedwithitscom-mands.Ifthedefendantfailtocomplywithaperemptorywritofmandamus,analiaswritistheproperremedy,andinadditionthedelinquentmaybepunishedforcontempt.14Ifupontheincomingoftheanswerthecomplainantdeemsitinsufficient,hemaymoveforaperemptorywrit,whichmotionwouldbe,ineffect,ademurrertothereturn,theanswerunderourCodebeingthereturnrequiredbythealternativewrit.15Iftheanswershowsonitsfacesuf-ficientcausewhytheperemptorywritshouldnotissue,complainantmustproveitsfalsity,andtheissuesmadebythepleadingswillbedeterminedbytheChancellor,orbyajury,asinothercasesintheChanceryCourt.16Greatparticularityisrequiredintheanswertothebill,andiftheanswerfailtodenyimportantfactsallegedinthebill,everyintendmentwillbemadetointervene,publicationastonon-residents,protcon-fessos,aperemptorycommand,andcostsdiscre-tionary,all.asinChanceryproceedings.Code,§§3567-3575.Indeedthetwoproceedingsarepracticallyidentical,theonlymaterialdifferencebeingthatabillforamandamusisinthenameoftheState,ontherelationofthecomplainant,andeventhisdiffer-enceisnotrequiredbythestatute,andperhapsnotnecessary;and,inanyevent,ispurelytechnical,andabsolutelywithoutsubstance,asthewritsinbothin-stances(injunctionandmandamus,)runinthenameoftheState.9Onabillforaspecificperformance,orforaman-datoryinjunction,asonabillforamandamus,thedefendantiscoercedintodoingaparticularartheisunderobligationtodo,andtheproceedingsineachsuitarealmostidentical.Soapetitionformanda-musinChanceryisentirelyathomeinthatCourt.Condonv.Malonev,24Pick.,82;HawkinsV.Ker-cheval,10Lea,535.
,10InthesightofourTennesseejurisprudenceanalternativewritofmandamusmaybeconsideredex-traordinaryprocessgrantablebyanyJudgeorChan-cellor.Code,§§3946;4434.ThebillmaybepresentedinopenCourt,andin-steadofafiatthereon,anorderofrecordmadeawardingthealternativewrit.11Code,§3571.12Code,§3573.Perhapsforthevorl"unVnown,"weshouldread"hisresidenceunknown."fortheCourtwouldhardlyproceedagainstanunknownper-sonbymandamus.13TheState,exrel.-o.BoardofInspectors,6Lea,12.See,Waiver,ante.§71.14State,exrel.v.Memphis,2Shan.Cas.,185.15Cide.§3570:State,exrel.v.Williams,2Cates,549.Orthecomplainantmaysetthecausedownforhearingonbillandanswer,whichisthesameinsubstance.Ibid.16Code,§3570,3572.

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§1086SUITSJ/ORAMANDAMUS.870againstit:allegationsofthebillnotdenied,norconfessedandavoided,willbetakenastrue.17§1086.FormofBillforaWritofMandamus.—ThereisnothingtechnicalabouttheformofthisbillexceptthatitisinthenameoftheState,ontherelationofthepetitioner.Practically,theentirelitigationisonthelinesofChancerypleadings,practiceandprocedure.BILLFOEAMANDAMUS.TotheHonorableH.B.Lindsay,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatJacksboro
:
TheStateofTennessee,ontherelationofJohnJones,18aresidentofCampbellcounty,vs.JohnSmith,aresidentofthesamecounty,defendant.TheStateofTennessee,suingontherelationofJohnJones,respectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
BillforaMandamus.
That,[Hereshozvwhatrightorofficedefendantiswithholdingfromthecomplainant.Beparticulartostatefullyandclearlytherightsofcomplainant,andifanynotice,orotherpreliminaryactisrequiredtomaturetheserights,showthattheserequirementshavebeenfullycompliedwith.Theessentialfactsmustbepositivelyaverred.]II.That,[Hereshowthatdemandhasbeenmadeupondefendanttodotheactthecom-plainantinsistsupon,statingtimeandplaceofthedemand,andthatthedefendantrefused,andstillrefuses,todotheact.]ill.ThatcomplainanthasnoadequateremedyforthewrongshecomplainsofexcepttheState'swritofmandamus,andhethereforepraysyourHonor,1st.Toorderanalternativewritofmandamustoissuerequiringthedefendantto[Herespecifyfullyandparticularlytheactrequiredtobeperformed—theprecisethingthecom-plainantwishesthedefendanttodo;]orshowcauseatthenexttermofyourHonor'sCourt,[or,atthenextruledayaftertheserviceofthewrit]whyhehasnotdoneso,anduponhisfailuresotodo,oruponadecisionagainsthimatthehearing,thataperemptorywritofmandamusissue.2d.Thatcomplainantbegivenadecreeagainstthedefendantfordamagesforwrong-fullywithholdingfromhim.[Herespecifytherightorofficewithheld,andanyspecialdamageorotherwrongdonebythedefendanttothecomplainant,inconnectionwiththesubject-matterofthelitigation.].3d.Thathehavesuchotherandfurtherreliefashemaybeentitledto.WilliamJ.Bryan,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit:see,ante,§§161;789.]ThebillmustbesworntobeforeaJudge,JusticeofthePeaceorClerkoftheCircuitCourt.19 FIATFOB,ANALTERNATIVEMANDAMUS.TotheClerkandMasteroftheChanceryCourtatJacksboro
:
Filethisbillandissuethewritofalternativemandamusasprayed,onthecomplainantgivirgbondforcosts,ortakingthepauperoathinlieu.ThisApril1,1895. H.B.Lindsay,Chancellor.17State,exrel.V.Williams,2Cates,549.Thisisthetrueruleofbothlawandlogic;andshouldbeappliedandenforcedastoallanswersinChancerv.See,ante,§455,note.Astothenecessityofafullandempiricanswer,see,State,ex.rel.v.Alexander7Cates,156.•
ISTheperson,onwhoserelationthebillisfiled,isgenerallytermedthe"relator."buttheCodetermshimthe"petitioner."Code,3574.Indeed,itwouldseemthatthisrroceedingislargelystatutory,andthattheCodedidnotrontemplatethatthepetitionshouldheinthenameoftheState,atall;and.there-fore,didnotcontemplateanvrelator.SeeHawkinsv:Kerrheval,10Lea,535,whichwasabilltreatedasamandamussuit.NooneshouldhaveanyrighttosueinthenameoftheSt^te,withoutexpressau-thorityfromtheState.Thisauthorityhasbeengivengenerallyinsuitsonofficialbonds,_(Code,§27970andspeciallyincaseof(1)motionsonofficialbonds,aeainstSheriffs,Clerksandotheroffi-cersCCode,§3584;)(2)suitsagainstadministratorsandexecutorsontheirbonds,("Code§2231;)and(3)proceedingsagainstcorporations,usurpers,andpublictrustees,(Code,§3409;)butisnotgivnincaseofbillsorpetitionsforamandamus.Never-theless,inWhitesidesii.Stuart,7Pick.,710,itis
saidthatthesuitmustbeinthenameoft'leStateontherelationofthepartycomplainingInnearlyallofthereportedcasespriortoWhitesidesv.Stuart,thesuitswerebroughtdirectlyinthenameofthepetitioners.InHawkinsV.Kercheval,10Lea,542,abillinChanceryinthenaturenfamandamussuitwassustained;inBrannonV.Wright,5Cates,692,itwasheldthattheStatewasnotanecessarvpartyinasuitinChanceryonaguardian'sbond.WhatinteresthastheStateinasuitbyateachertocollecthersalary?Arringtonv.Cotton,1Bax.,316.WhenamandamussuitisinstitutedintheChanceryCourt,underourstatutes,itshouldnotbesmotheredbytheeffetetechnicalitiesofthecommonlaw.Letusfavorprecedentswhichmakeforsimplicityandeouity,andnotbowdowntothosetechnicalruleswhichoncedroveJusticefromhernativeseatintheCourtsofcommonlaw.Therul-inginWhitesidesV.Stuart,7Pick.,710,isana-chronisticandsavorsofthemediaeval:itisanaddi-tiontothestatute,butnotanimprovement.inWhitesidesv.Stewart,7Pick.,710;Code,53567.ButanaffidavitbeforeaChancellororaClerkandMasterisprobahlvwithintheequityandintendmentoftheActof1877.

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871 SUITSFORAMANDAMUS.§1087§1087.FormsofWritsofMandamus.—FortheinformationoftheClerksandMastersthefollowingformsofwritsofmandamusaregiven
:
ALTERNATIVEWRITOFMANDAMUS.StateofTennessee,1CampbellCounty,j ToJohnSmith:2°Whereas,JohnJones,asrelator,onthe1stdayofApril,1895,presentedhisbilltotheHon.H.B.L,indsay,Chancellor,allegingthatyou[Heregiveabriefbutclearstatementofthespecificactthedefendanthasfailedtodo,]aswillmorefullyappearbyreferencetothecopyofsaidbillherewithserveduponyou;andwhereasthesaidChancellorhasorderedanalternativewritofmandamustoissueasprayedinsaidbill.Youarethereforecommandedto[Herestate.whatcomplainant,inhisbill,praysthedefendantbecompelledtodo,usingsubstantiallythespecialprayerofthebill,]orappearatthenexttermoftheChanceryCourtatJacksboro,tobeheldontheMondayin ,1895,[or,atthenextruledayofsaidCourt,]andshowcausewhyyouhavenotdoneso;andthatyouthenandtherereturnthiswritalongwithyouranswertosaidbill.21ThisApril1,1895. WinstonBaird,C.&M.Ifthedefendant'sanswerfailstoshowsufficientcausewhytheperemptorywritshouldnotissue,complainantwillmovethatthewritbeissued.Thismotionisequivalenttoademurrertothereturnfornotstatingfactssufficienttoconstituteadefence.22MOTIONANDORDERFORPEREMPTORYWRITOFMANDAMUS.TheStateofTennessee,ontherelationofJohnJones,vs.JohnSmith.InthiscausethecomplainantthisdaymovedtheCourtforaperemptorywritofmandamus,andargumenthavingbeenheard,andtheCourtbeingoftheopinionthattheanswerofthedefendantfailstoshowcause,itisthereforeorderedanddecreedbytheCourt,thataperemptorywritofmandamusissuecommandingthedefendantforthwithto[Hereshowwhatthedefendantisrequiredtodo,followingsubstantiallytheprayerofthebillforspecialrelief.]Thedefendantwillreturnthiswritonorbefore[specifyingthetime^showingthereon,ortherewith,howhehasexecutedthesame.Hewillalsopayallthecostsofthiscause,forwhichanexecutionwillissue.Ifthecomplainantsodesires,andtheCourtdeemsitproper,areferencemaybemadetotheMasterforanaccounttoshowwhatdebt,ordamages,thecomplainantisentitledtobyreasonofthewrongdone.23PEREMPTORYWRITOFMANDAMUS.StateofTennessee,\CountyofCampbell.\ ToJohnSmith
:
Whereas,inthecaseofJohnJonesagainstyouintheChanceryCourtofsaidcountyitwasorderedanddecreedbysaidCourtthatyou[HeresetoutsomuchofthedecreeasspecifieswhatthedefendantJohnSmithistodo,andwhenandhowheistodoit,]allofwhichmorefullyandatlargeappearsinsaiddecree.Now,therefore,youareherebycommandedandenjoinedforthwithtodoandperformwhatisrequiredofyoubysaiddecree,andthatyouespeciallyandimmediately[Heresetoutwhatthedefendantisrequiredtodoasshowninthepreambleofthiswrit.]AndyouarefurthercommandedtoanswerthiswritatthenexttermoftheChanceryCourtofsaidcountytobeheldattheCourtHouseinJacksboroontheMondayof ,1895,andshowinyouranswerhowyouhaveexecutedthiswrit.ThisJuly1,1895. WinstonBaird,C.&M.TheSheriffexecutesthewritbyservingacopyofitonthedefendant,andmakingareturnontheoriginalthathehassodone,givingthedateofsuchservice.20Thewritisaddressedtothedefendant.For-merlywritsofinjunctionwere,also,addressedtothedefendant.See,ante,§834,note43.21Code,§3S69.Thealternativewritmustbe
returnabletotheCourt,^ndnottotheChancelloratChambers.Whit'sides>'.Stewart,7Pick.,710.22State,exrel.,v.Williams,2Cates,549.23See,ante,§1084.

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§1088SUITSFORDIVORCEANDALIMONY.872
CHAPTERLXI.SUITSFORDIVORCEANDALIMONY.ArticleI.MattersRelatingtotheJurisdiction.ArticleII.•
ArticleIII.PleadingsandProcedure.Trial,Orders,andDecrees.
ARTICLEI.
§1088.MarriageandDivorceGenerallyConsidered.§1089.GroundsofDivorce.
MATTERSRELATINGTOTHEJURISDICTION.§1090.LocalJurisdictionoftheCourt.§1091.RestorationofConjugalRights.§1088.MarriageandDivorceGenerallyConsidered.—Therelationofhus-bandandwifeisnotonlyapersonalrelation,dependingontheconsentofthepartiesforitscontinuance,butitis,alsoastatus,whichisestablishedandenforcedbylaw,andcanonlybechanged,orabrogatedbylaw.Adivorcesuit,inconsequence,notonlyinvolvesthepersonstoit,butitalsoinvolvesathing,astatus,themarriagerelation;anditis,therefore,aproceedingpartlyinpersonamandpartlyinrem.Anditisonthislattergroundthatadivorcecanbegranted,andthechildrenofthemarriagegiventoaresident,whentheotherpartyisanon-resident,eachStatehavingtherighttodeterminethestatusofitsowncitizens.1Sofarasadivorcesuitrelatestothestatusoftheparties,ortheirchildren,itisaproceedinginrem;andsofarasitrelatestoalimony,itisaproceedinginpersonam.Andforthisreason,whileavaliddecreeofdivorcecanbepro-nouncedinfavorofaresidentagainstanon-residentdefendant,novaliddecreeforalimonycanberenderedagainstanon-residentdefendant,unlessheisbeforetheCourtbyserviceofsubpoena,orbyvoluntaryappearance,2orunlesshehaspropertywithinthejurisdictionoftheCourt;andinthelattercase,onlytotheextentofsuchproperty:indeed,theproceedingagainstsuchprop-ertyis,ineffect,aproceedinginrem,also,whentheCourthasnojurisdictionofthepersonofthedefendant.AspartiescannotmarryinthisStatewithouttheconsentoftheState,suchconsentbeingmanifestedbyalicenseissuedbyaCountyCourtClerk,sotheycannotunmarry,ordivorcethemselves,withouttheconsentoftheState.ThisconsentourConstitutionauthorizestheLegislaturetogrant,throughtheCourts,forsuchcausesasmaybespecifiedbylaw.3AndbeforeaCourthasauthoritytogivethisconsentfortheState,thecomplainantmustallegeandproveoneofthecausesofdivorce,specifiedbythelawoftheState.§1089.GroundsofDivorce.—Thejurisdictiontograntdivorcesisstatu-tory;andthegroundsofdivorcearestatutory;4and,inconsequenceoftheinterestthecommunityhasintheenforcementofallmaritalobligations,theCourtisalwayscareful,notonlytokeepwithinthelimitsofitsjurisdiction,buttorequirethecomplainanttoallegeandproveeverythingnecessarytoclearlyjustifythedivorceprayed.Thefollowingarethecausesofdivorcefromthebondsofmatrimony:15A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,746;751.25A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,762.8Const,ofTenn.,Art.XI,§4.AllmarriagesinthisStatemustconformtoourstatutes,andcommonlawmarriagesarevoid.7Cates,12.45A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,749.Smithv.Bank,

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873 SUITSFORDIVORCEANDALIMONY.§10901.Thateitherparty,atthetimeofthecontract,was,andstillis,naturallyimpotent,andincapableofprocreation.2.Thateitherpartyhasknowinglyenteredintoasecondmarriage,inviola-tionofapreviousmarriagestillsubsisting.3.Thateitherpartyhascommittedadultery.4.Wilfulormaliciousdesertion,orabsence,ofeitherwithoutareasonablecause,fortwowholeyears.55.Beingconvictedofanycrime,which,bythelawsoftheStaterendersthepartyinfamous.6.Beingconvictedofacrime,which,bythelawsoftheState,isdeclaredtobeafelony,andsentencedtoconfinementinthepenitentiary.7.Thateitherpartyhasattemptedthelifeoftheother,bypoison,oranyothermeansshowingmalice.8.Eefusal,onthepartofawife,toremovewithherhusbandtothisState,withoutareasonablecause,andwilfullyabsentingherselffromhimfortwoyears.9.Thatthewomanwaspregnantatthetimeofthemarriagebyanotherperson,withouttheknowledgeofthehusband.610.Habitualdrunkennessofeitherparty,whenthehusbandorwifehascontractedthehabitofdrunkennessaftermarriage.7Thefollowingarecausesofdivorcefrombedandboard,andfromthebondsofmatrimony,atthediscretionoftheCourt
:
1.Thatthehusbandisguiltyofsuchcruelandinhumantreatmentorcon-ducttowardhiswife,asrendersitunsafeandimproperforhertocohabitwithhim,andbeunderhisdominionandcontrol.2.Thathehasofferedsuchindignitiestoherpersonastorenderhercondi-tionintolerable,andtherebyforcedhertowithdraw.3.Thathehasabandonedher,orturnedheroutofdoors,andrefusedorneglectedtoprovideforher.8Butineitherofthethreenextprecedingcasesthedefendantmayjustifyhisconductbyprovingtheillconductofthecomplainant.9Adivorcemaybegrantedforanyoftheforegoingcauses,thoughtheactscomplainedofwerecommittedoutoftheState,orthepetitionerresidedoutoftheStateatthetime,nomatterwheretheotherpartyresides,ifthepeti-tionerhasresidedinthisStatetwoyearsnextprecedingthefilingofthepeti-tion.10ButwherethegroundsofdivorcearisewithintheStatenotermofpriorresidenceintheStateisrequired.11§1090.LocalJurisdictionoftheCourt.—Thebillmaybefiledeither:(1)inthecountywherethedefendantresides,or(2)inthecountywhereheisfound,or(3)inthecountywherethecomplainantresides,ifthedefendantisanon-resident,orapenitentiaryconvict,or(4)inthecountywherethepartiesresidedatthetimeoftheirseparation.12Ifthedefendantisaresident,hewillbebroughtbeforetheCourtbyserviceofsubpoena;ifheisanon-resident,oraconvictconfinedinthepenitentiary,hemaybebroughtbeforetheCourtbypublication.13Ifthewifeiscomplainant,andthedefendantlivesinthecountywherethebillisfiled,thesuitmaybetriedandadivorcegranted,with-outserviceofsubpoenaorpublication,ifthebillwasfiled,andsubpoenaforthedefendantplacedinthehandsoftheSheriffofthecountyinwhichthesuitwasinstituted,threemonthsbeforethetimewhenthesubpoenaisreturnable;buttheofficerhavingthesubpoenashallexecuteitifhecan.14"Wherenosub-5Theoriginalactread"wilfulandmalicious."See,post,§1095.Butasupplementalbillofdivorcefortwoyears'absencewillnotliewhentheorigimlbillwasfiledforothercausesbeforethetwoyears'absence.ThomasV.Thomas,2Cold.,126.6Code,§2448.7Actsof1867-8,ch.62;M.&V.'sCode,§3306.8Code,52449.9Code,§2466.10Code,§2450.
11Cartern.Carter,5Cates,509.12Code,§§24S1-2451o.13Code,§2454.14Code,§2456.Thissectionappliesonlywhenthedefendantisaresidentofthecountvinwhichthesuitisbrought.Templev.Temple,13Lea,160.Theofficer'sreturnmustshowthatthesubpcenawasinhishandsthreefullmonthsbeforethereturnday,andthathetriedtoexecuteit,thus:"Cametohand,March1,1893.Searchmade,butthede-

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§1091SUITSFORDIVORCEANDALIMONY.874poenaisserveduponthedefendant,thecomplainantmustprovethefactsonwhichthelocaljurisdictionoftheCourtdepends.15IfthebillisfiledinthewrongcountytheCourthasnojurisdictiontotrythecase.10§1091.RestorationofConjugalRights.—Ifuponafalserumor,apparentlywellfounded,ofthedeathofoneoftheparties,whohasbeenabsenttwowholeyears,theotherpartymarriesagain,thepartyremainingsingle,may,uponreturning,insistuponarestorationofconjugalrights,oruponadissolutionofthemarriage;andtheCourtshallsentenceanddecreeaccordingly,to-wit:thatthefirstmarriageshallstand,andthesecondbedissolved;or,viceversa;butsuchbillmustbefiledwithinoneyearafterthereturn.17Thebillwillmakethepartywhohasremarried,andthehusbandorwifeofsuchpartydefendants,forthelatterhasarighttobeheard,andmust,be-sides,bemadeapartyinordertobeboundbythedecree.Thebillshouldallege(1)thefactofthefirstmarriage,(2)theabsenceofcomplainantfortwowholeyears,(3)therumorofcomplainant'sdeath,(4)thesecondmar-riage,and(5)thereasonswhythecomplainantprefersarestorationofhisconjugalrights,orwhyheprefersadissolutionofthefirstmarriage,and(6)shouldprayaccordingly.TheCourtwillbegovernedlargelybythewishesofthepartiestothefirstmarriageindeterminingthecase.
ARTICLEII.PLEADINGSANDPROCEDURE.•§1092.TheProcedureinaDivorceSuit.§1096.§1093.FrameofaDivorceBill. §1097.§1094.GeneralFormofaDivorceBill.§1098.§1095.SpecialFormofaDivorceBill.81092.TheProcedureinaDivorceSuit-
Answer,andCrossBill.AlimonyPendenteLite.PetitionforAlimonyPendenteLite,andProceeding'sThereon.-AdivorcesuitiscommencedinChancerybyabill,filedbythepartyseekingadivorceagainsttheotherparty.Onsuchbillbeingfiled,andsecurityforcostsgiven,orpauperoathtaken,1asubpoenatoanswerthebillwillissue,ifthedefendantisaresidentoftheState
;
ifthedefendantisanon-resident,orconvictconfinedinthepenitentiary,pub-licationwillbemade.2Thedefendantonappearingmaymovetodismissthebill,ormaydemurtoit,ormaypleadtoit,ormayanswerit;hemay,also,filehisanswerasacrossbill,andsetupthereinanygroundofdivorcehemayhave,andprayforadecreeofdivorce.Onsuchanswerandcrossbillbeingfiled,thesamestepsmustbetaken,asonanoriginalbill,tocompelananswertoit.Ifeithertheoriginalorthecrossbillisnotansweredinduetimeafterpro-cessserved,itmaybetakenforconfessed.Thecausestandsfortrialatthefirsttermafterserviceofsubpoena,andtheproofmaybemadebydepositions,orbywitnessesexaminedinopenCourt.Atthehearing,theissuesoffactmaybetriedbytheChancellor,orbyajury;andadivorcemaybegrantedthecomplainantontheoriginalbill,or,iftherebeacrossbill,thepartyfilingitmaybegrantedadivorce,orbothbillsmaybedismissed,asthejusticeofthecasemayrequire.ThedecreeoftheCourt,insofarasitgrantsorrefusesadivorce,canberevisedonlybyanappeal;3butawritoferrorwilllietosomuchofthedecreefendant,RichardRoe,nottobefoundinmyCounty,lune12,1893.J.K.Lones.Sheriff."Astoserviceofsubpoenas,see,ante,§192.15Majorsv.Majors,1Tenn.Ch.,265.16Waltonv.Walton,12Pick.,25.17Code,§2461.
1Personssuingforanabsolutedivorcecannotsueunderthenauneroath.See,ante,§182,sub-sec.1.2Code,§2454.3Code,§3158.Itcannotbereviewedbyawritoferrorcoramnobis.WillisV.Willis,20Pick.,382.

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875 SUITSFORDIVORCEANDALIMONY..§1093asallowsalimony,andtosomuchofthedecreeasaffectsotherpartiestothesuitthanthehusbandandwife.4§1093..FrameofaDivorceBill.—AbillfordivorceshouldconformtotherulesofChancerypleading,5andshouldshowonitsfaceeveryfactthatisessentialtothejurisdictionoftheCourttopronouncethedecreeprayed.Itshouldallege,1.Themarriageofthecomplainantanddefendant.2.Oneormoreofthestatutorycausesofdivorceparticularlyandspeciallysetforth,givingcircumstancesoftimeandplacewithreasonablecertainty.63.IfthecauseofdivorceoriginatedoutsideoftheStatethebillshouldallegethatthecomplainanthasresidedinthisStateatleasttwoyearsnextprecedingthebringingofthesuit.74.AstatutorygroundoflocaljurisdictionintheCourtwherethebillisfiled5.Andshouldprayforadivorce,orforadivorceandotherandfurtherrelief.86.Andthebillmustbeverified,bytheaffidavitofthecomplainantinper-son,thatthefactsstatedinthebillaretruetothebestofthecomplainant'sknowledgeandbelief,andthatthecomplaintisnotmadeoutoflevity,orbycollusion10withthedefendant,butinsincerityandtruth,forthecauses11men-tionedinthebill.Adivorcebillmaybeamendedasfreelyasanyotherbill;12butiftheamend-mentconsistsintheavermentofafact,suchamendmentmustbeverifiedbythecomplainant'soath.Adivorcebillisfiledintheproperpersonandnameofthecomplainant.Ifthewifeiscomplainant,shefilesthebillinherownname,asthoughshewereasinglewoman.13§1094.GeneralFormofaDivorceBill.—Inordertoillustratethefore-goingsection,andtoshowthevariouspartsofabill,intheirorderlyconnec-tion,thefollowinggeneralformofadivorcebillisgiven
:
GENERALFOBMOFADIVOECEBILL.TotheHonorable[insertnameof]Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtat[insertnameoftownwherethebillistobefiled.]AB,aresidentof[insertnameofcountywhereABresides]icom-plainant,vs.CB,aresidentof[insertnameofcountywheredefendantresides,ifaresidentoftheState;ifanon-resident,sostate,]defendant.ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thatshe[orhe]andthedefendant,CB,weremarriedonthedayof[insertday,month,andyear,ofthemarriage,]in County,Tennessee,inwhichStatetheyhave4ParmenterV.Parmenter,3Head,225;OwensV.Sims.3Cold.,544;McBeeV.McBee,1Heisk.,558.5DivorcecausesareinthenatureofChancerySuits,andtheproceedingsinthemareaccordingtothecourseofpracticeinChancery,exceptwhereadifferenceismadebystatute.Richmondv.Rich-mond,10Yerg.,343;Hawkinsv.Hawkins,4Sneed,105.6Code,82452;Stewartv.Stewart,2Swan.,59!;HomeV.Home,1Tenn.Ch.,259.Thecausefordivorcemustbeaverredintheverywordsofthestatute,orinwordsfullyequaltotheverywordsofthestitute,anddefiniteintheirmeaning.Ibid.Rutledgev.Rutledge.5Sneed,554;WardV.Ward,1Tenn.Ch..262;Dismukesv.Dismukes,1Tcnn.Ch.,267.Thesecasesshowtheimportanceofthebillallegingthecauseofdivorce.intheverywordsandmannerrenuiredbytheCode,82452.7Code,§2450;Carterv.Carter,5Cates,509.8Code,§2452.Nodivorcecanbegrantedunlessspeciallyprayedfor.Pillowv.Pillow,5Yerg.,420.9Code,§2453.10Collusionistheagreementofthepartiestomakeupacaseforthepurposeofobtainingadi-vorce:thisagreementmaybe^(1)tocommitadul-tery,ortoappearsotodo,or(2)todoanyother
actmadeacauseofdivorce,or(3)tosuppressfactsthatwoulddefeatthedivorce.5A.&E.Ency.oftaw,819-820.itThecausesmentionedinthebillshouldbeoneormoreofthestatutorycausesofdivorce,andtheattendingcircumstancesoftimeandplace.Code,§2452.Itisnouncommonthingforthedraftsmantosubstitutetheword"purposes"fortheword"causes;"thisisafatalerror."Causes"isthevitalwordintheaffidavit.Ofcourse,thebillisfiledforthepurposesmentionedinthebill.SeeDeArmondV.DeArmond,8Pick.,41.12Theprayermaybeamended,andthebillswornto,evenaft<-rthetrialcommences.HackneyV.Hackney,9Hum.,452.13code.§2451;Hawkinsv.Hawkins,4Sneed,105.Ifthecomplainant,whetherhusbandorwife,beaninfant,itwouldseemthataccordingtothestrirtrulesofEquitynleading,he,orshe.shouldsuebvnextfriend.Woodv.Wood.2Paige,(N.Y.)108.Thepractice,however,hasbeenotherwise,ontheprinriplethatonewhoisoldenoughtomarry,isoldenoughtosue,orbesued,foradi-vorce,inhprorhisownname.5A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,767-768.

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§1094SUITSFORDIVORCEANDALIMONY.876livedeversince.[IfthepartiesweremarriedoutofTennessee,sostate.IfthecausesfordivorceoriginatedoutsidethisState,becarefultoshowthatcomplainanthasresidedintheStateatleasttwoyears1*nextprecedingtheMingofthebill.]II.That[Heresetoutparticularly,andspecially,thestatutorycauseofdivorcereliedon,usingtheverywordsofthestatute,andthenstatethecircumstancesoftime,andplace,oftheactoractscomplainedof,withreasonablecertainty;andifadulteryischarged,givethenameofthepersonwithwhomitwascommitted,andtheplaceandtime,withreasonablecertainty;or,giveasufficientreasonfornotsodoing.16]m.That[Ifitbenecessarytoallegeasecondgroundofdivorce,theallegationshouldherebemade,observingalltherulesnextabovestated.19]IV.That[HereshowthegroundofthelocaljurisdictionoftheCourt,suchasthatthedefendant,ifaresident,resides,oristemporarilystaying,inthecountywhereinthebillisfiled;orifdefendantisanon-resident,orpenitentiaryconvict,showthatthecomplainantlivesinthecountywhereinthebillisfiled,orthattheparties,atthetimeoftheirseparation,residedinthecountywhereinthebillisfiled.17]v.That[Iftherebechildren,thefruitofsaidmarriage,andcomplainantdesirestheexclusivecustodyofthem,oranyofthem,soallege,andgivetheirnames,sex,andages,andshowwhycomplainantshouldhavetheircustody.]VI.That[Ifalimonyissought,herespecifytherealandpersonalpropertyownedbythedefendant,itemizingit:andshowwhatpropertythewifeowns,orownedatthetimeofhermarriage,inherownright,ifany.Ifanyofthedefendant'sestateisinthehandsofathirdparty,orconsistsofdebts,sostate,namingthethirdparty,andmakinghimadefendant.]VII.That[Ifthedefendantisattemptingtotakeanyofthechildren,oranyofhispropertyoutofthejurisdictionoftheCourt,orisabouttofraudulentlydisposeofhisproperty,orisdoingorthreateninganyotheractthatwilljustifyaninjunction,oranattachment,allegeallsuchactsandthreats,givingtime,place,andcircumstance,withconsiderableminuteness.Followthepreciselanguageofthestatuteinallegingthegroundsforanattachment.]VIII.That[Ifthedefendanthasconveyedawayanyofhisproperty,tohinderanddelaycom-plainantinhereffortstoobtainalimony,andtodefraudherofthesame,soallege,specifyingtheproperty,andfullydescribingit,andgivingthenameofthefraudulentvendee,andmakinghimaco-defendanttothesuit.]IX.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays
:
1st.Thattheproperprocessissuetocompelthedefendanttoappear,andanswerthebill;lsbuthisoathtohisansweriswaived.2d.Thatatthehearingthebondsofmatrimonyunitingcomplainantanddefendantbeabsolutelyandperpetuallydissolved,andthatcomplainantbeforeverfreedfromtheobliga-tionsthereof,19andberestoredtoalltherisrhtsandprivilegesofanunmarriedperson;[andifthecomplainantbethewife,shemayaddtothisprayer,"andthathermaidenname{statingitinfull,boththegivenandthesurname?)mayberestoredtoher."20]3d.That[Ifcomplainantbethewife,shewill,alto,prayforalimonypendentelite,andforthesuitablesupportandmaintenanceofherselfandchildren,outofthedefendant'sproperty.21]4th.That[Ifthecomplainantbethehusband,hemaypraytohavehisrightstohiswife'sproperty,realandpersonal,declaredaccordingtothestatute,22inwhichcaseheshould,inhisbill,specifyanddescribehersaidproperty.]5th.Thattheexclusivecustodyofallofsaidchildren[orofsuchofthemasisdesired,]becommittedtocomplainant.14Allegationandproofofthetwoyears*residenceareessentialtotheiurisdirtionoftheCourt.SeeFickler.Fickle,5Yen;.,203;SA.&E.Ency.ofLaw,757.Butthisallegationandproofisneces-saryonlywhenthecausesofdivorceoriginatedout-sideofthisState.Carterv.Carter,5Catcs,509.15Code,§2452.Stewartv.Stewart,2Swan,591:Homev.Home,1Tenn.Ch.,259;Futledgev.Rutledge,5Sneed.554.Thebillmustallegeastatutorygroundofdivorce;andtheprudentdrafts-manwillemploytheverywordsofthestatuteinallegingtheparticulargroundherelieson,andthenfollowupthisgeneralstatementofthegroundofdivorcebyaspecificationofthecircumstancesandparticulars,includingthetimeandplace,avoidi"galldisnlaysofindignation,disgust,nrothers"nti-mentality;andusingnopoetry,rhetoric,orindecentorprofanelanguage.Divorcebillsarenotthe
properpapersforsensationalliterarydisplays.See,ante,§410.sub-sec.7.16Asecondgroundofdivorce,ifitexists,shouldbealleged#withthesamedefinitenessandparticular-ity,asifitweretheonlyground;andshouldnotbemixedup-inamiscellaneousmannerwiththefirstground.Thebillmavfailastothefrstground,butbesustainableastothesecondground,ifitbeprop-erlvaverred.17Code.§52451-2451o.Thebi'lmustshowonitsfacethattheCourthaslocaljurisdiction,oritmaybedismissedonmotion,orondemurrer,forwantofjurisdictionofthedefendant.isCode.5?4S4.10Code,5?465.20CnAe,SS3<36-3639.21Code,524fi8.22Code,|2472.

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877 SUITSFORDIVORCEANDALIMONY.§10956th.Thataninjunctionissuetorestrainthedefendantfromremovingsaidchildren,oranyofthem,fromtheState,[ifsuchinjunctionbenecessary.]7th.Thatanattachmentissueandbeleviedonenoughoftheproperty,realandpersonal,ofthedefendant,tosatisfycomplainant'sclaimforalimony,maintenanceandsupport,andshesaysthatdollars[statingareasonablesum,]isjustlydueheronsaidclaim.28[Omitthisifanattachmentisnotobtainable,orisnotdesired.]8th.Thatthesaidconveyancetohinderanddefraudcomplainantbesetaside,andfornothingheld;andthepropertysoattemptedtobeconveyedbesubjectedtothesatisfactionofcomplainant'srighttoalimony.[Insertthisprayerifanyfraudulentconveyanceshavebeenallegedinthebill.]9th.Andthatcomplainanthavesuchfurtherandotherreliefasshe[or,he,]maybeentitledto.[Ifanyextraordinaryprocessisprayed,add:]Thisisthefirstapplicationforextraordinaryprocessinthiscase. GH,Solicitor.StateofTennessee,1Countyof . )AB,beingdulysworn,makesoaththatthefactsstatedinhis[or,her,]foregoingbillaretruetothebestofhis[or,her,]knowledgeandbelief;andthatthecomplaintisnotmadeoutoflevity,orbycollusionwiththedefendant,butinsincerityandtruth,forthecauses24mentionedinthebill. A.B.Sworntoandsubscribedtobeforeme,Sept.3,1890.IK,C.&M.§1095.SpecialFormofaDivorceBill.—Indrawingabillforadivorce,theessentialrequirementssetforthintheprecedingsectionshouldberigidlyobserved,for,ifthebilldoesnotallegeastatutorycauseofdivorce,proofbe-comesirrelevantanduseless,andnodecreeofdivorcecanbemade.25ThefollowingisaformofaBILLFOB,DIVORCE.TotheHon.WilliamB.Staley,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatHuntsville,fortheCountyofScott
:
JaneDoe,aresidentofScottcounty,complainant,vs.JohnDoe,aresidentoftheStateofKansas,andWilliamBrown,aresidentofScottcounty,defendants.ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.Thatsheandthedefendant,JohnDoe,weremarriedinScottcounty,Tennessee,onthe31stdayofAugust,1880,and-thatshehasbeenaresidentofsaidcountyeversince.ii.Thatmorethantwowholeyearsago,thedefendant,JohnDoe,wilfully26desertedcom-plainantwithoutareasonablecause,andhascontinuedsaiddesertioneversince.Complain-antandthesaiddefendant,Doe,were,intheyear1881,livingwithcomplainant'smotherinsaidcounty,anddefendantbecameveryangrybecausehermothersuggestedtohimthatheoughttobelookingoutforahomeofhisown,andleft,declaringhewouldneverlivewithcomplainantanymore.He,onoraboutOctober,1881,wenttoKansas,andhasneverbeenbacksince,andhasneverwrittentocomplainant,norsentheranymessageormoney,orinanywayprovidedforthesupportofcomplainant,andhertwoinfantchildren.Heleftcomplainant,andtheirtwoinfantchildren,MaryandCharles,whollydependentonherparents,andonherownlabor.Hehaswrittentofriendslivingnearcomplainant,andhislettersshowthatheispassinghimselfoffasasingleman,andthatheismakinglovetosinglewomen,andthatheisspendingagreatdealofmoneyonthem.Complainanthaswrittenhimseverallovingletters,noneofwhichhasheanswered,buthaswrittentoathirdpersontotellcomplainanttokeepherlove,andherletters,toherself.m.Thatthedefendant,Doe,inadditiontotheforegoingwrongs,committedadulterywithoneSallieFox,onorabouttheSthdayofJune,1881,atornearthehouseofsaidSallie,inthe4thcivildistrictofScottcounty;and,sincehehasbeeninKansas,hassentaffection-23Code,§3469.24Code,§2453.Thatis,forthestatutorycausesofdivorcereliedoninthisbill.Code,2452.Thisstatutoryaffidavitcannotbemateriallydepartedfrom.DeArmondV.DeArmond,8Pick.,41.See,contra,Hackney0.Hackney,9Hum.,453.Sometimestheword"purposes"issubstitutedfor"causes,"butinsuchcasestheaffidavitisfatallydefective,themean-ingofthetwowordsbeingwhollydissimilar,asalreadyshown.Thereisnoneedofanaffidavittosatisfy'theCourtthatthecomplaintisforthepurposeofobtainingadivorce!Seeprecedingsec-tion,note11.
25Stewartv.Stewart,2Swan,591;Wardv.Ward,1Tenn.Ch.,262.26Thelanguageoftheoldstatutewas"wilfulandmalicious."TheCodesays,"wilfulorma-licious;"hence,theeffectofthecasesofStewartV.Stewart,2Swan,591;andRutledgev.Rutledge,5Sneed,254,mustbesomewhatmodified.Neverthe-less,theCourtwillrequireprooftoshowthatthedesertionwasintentional,andpromptedbyfeelingsofillwill,orindifference,towardsthecomplainant;andaccompaniedbyarecklessdisregardofcom-plainant'swelfare,.andofdefendant'sdutytowardsthecomplainant.

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§1096SUITSFORDIVORCEANDALIMONY.878atemessages,andsomepresents,tosaidSallie.Complainantneverlearnedofsaidadulteryuntilabouttwoweeksago. iv.Complainantaversthatshehasbeentruetohermarriagevows,andhaslivedchastely,andhasgivendefendantnocause,orjustexcuse,forhissaidmisconduct,andhasnotcon-doned27thesame. v.Thedefendant,Doe,hasbythedeathofhisfather,recentlybecometheownerofafarminthe2dcivildistrictofthiscounty,describedasfollows:Beginningonarock,inWilliamJones'northline,thence[describingitbymetesandbounds,]tothebeginning,containingaboutfortyacres,andworthlessthanonethousanddollars.Thistractcomplainantclaimsforherhomestead.Thehouseonsaidfarmcontainsanassortmentofhouseholdandkitchenfurniture,andsaidfarmiswellstockedwithpoultry,hogs,sheep,horses,cowsandcalves,allofwhichdefendant'sfatherlefthimbywilldulyprobated.Defendantnow,bylikedevise,hasavaluablefarminKansas,andconsiderablepersonalestatethere.VI.Thedefendant,Doe,alsopurchasedfromhisfather,inthelatter'slifetime,ahouseandlotinthetownof{herelocateand.describeit,]worthaboutonethousanddollars.Thislothehasfraudulentlyconveyedtohisco-respondent,WilliamBrown,tohinderanddelaycomplainantinobtainingadivorceandalimony,thesaidBrownaidingandabettinginsaidfraud;anddefendant,Doe,isaboutfraudulentlytodisposeofthebalanceofhispropertyinthisState. VII.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantprays:1st.Thatproperprocessissuetocompelthedefendantstoappearandanswerthisbill,andthatpublicationbemadeastothedefendant,JohnDoe,hebeinganon-residentofthisState.Bothdefendantsareexcusedfromansweringonoath.2d.Thatalimonypendentelitebeallowedher,forhersupport,andtoenablehertodefraytheexpensesofthissuit,includingareasonablefeetoherSolicitor.3d.Thatanabsolutedivorcebegrantedher,thathermaidenname,JaneJones,bere-storedtoher,andthatshebegiventheexclusivecustodyofhertwochildrenbysaidmar-riage,MaryDoe,andCharlesDoe,bothbeingverytenderinfants.4th.Thatalimonybedecreedher,includingsaidhomestead,andallthepersonalpropertyonit,andinthehouse.Sth.Thatanattachmentissue,andbeleviedonalltheforegoingpropertyofthedefendant,Doe,realandpersonal,anduponsaidhouseandlotconveyedtothedefendant,Brown;tosecuretheamountjustlyduethecomplainantasalimony,whichamountistwothousanddollars,assheverilybelieves;andthatareceiverbeappointedtotakechargeofsaidfarmoffortyacres,andallofthepersonalpropertyinthehouse,orontheland,andtoapplytherentsandprofitsthereoftothesupportofcomplainant,pendingthissuit.6th.Andthatshemayhavesuchfurtherandotherreliefasthejustibeofhercasemayrequire.Thisisthefirstapplicationforanattachmentorreceiverinthiscase.JaneDoe.DanielJeffers,Solicitor.StateofTennessee,SCountyofScott.5JaneDoe,beingdulysworn,makesoaththatthefactsstatedinherforegoingbillaretrue,tothebestofherknowledgeandbelief,thathercomplaintisnotmadeoutoflevity,orbvcollusionwiththedefendant,butinsincerityandtruth,forthecausesmentionedinthebill.28 JaneDoe.Sworntoandsubscribedbefore1me,September6,1884.3ReubenHurtt,ClerkoftheCircuitCourt.§1096.AnswerandCrossBill.—Thedefendantmaypleadinabatement,ormovetodismissthebill,orhemaydemur,orpleadinbar,oranswer,oranswerandfileacrossbill.29Ifthebilldoesnotallegeastatutorycauseofdivorce,ordoesnotallegethetwoyears'residenceintheStatewhennecessary,asaboveshown;29aor,ifthebillshowsonitsfacethatitisnotfiledintheprop-ercounty,thedefendantmaydemur.Ifthebillshowsalltheseessentials,the27Condonationwillbeimplied,ifthepartieswil-linglycohabit,aftertheinjuredpartyhasobtainedfullknowledgeofthewrong.Butthereisanim-pliedconditiontoeverycondonation,theconditionbeingthattheinjurywillnotonlynotberepeated,butthattheinjuredpartywillbetreatedwithcon-jugalkindnessinthefuture.Iftheimpliedcondi-tionbeviolated,therightsoftheinjuredpartyare
revived,andthewrongdoneceasestoheforgiven,andmaybereliedon.5A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,820-824.28Thisaffidavitcannotbevaried.See,ante.%1093,note11.20SeeIndex,forreferencestothesevariousde-fences.20aSee,ante,§1093,sub-sec.3.

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879 SUITSFORDIVORCEANDALIMONY.§1096defendantmustanswer,ifheorshedisputesthetruthofthebill.Ifthebillbefalse,andthedefendanthaveagoodcauseofdivorce,heorshemayanswer,andfileacrossbill,ormayfiletheanswerasacrossbill,makinginsuchanswerthesameallegationsaswouldbecontainedinaseparatecrossbill.Theusualpracticeinsuchcasesistofiletheanswerasacrossbill.Supposingtheoriginalbilltobefiledbythewifeundersection2449oftheCodethefollowingwillserveasaformofANSWERANDCROSSBILL.IntheChanceryCourtatBlountville,Tennessee.AB,vs.CD.,TheanswerofCBtothebillinsaidcause,theanswerbeingfiledasacrossbillagainstsaidAB.Thedefendant,CB,foranswertosaidbill,says
:
i.Thatheadmitshismarriagetothecomplainant,atoraboutthetimeandplacestated
;
andthattheyhavelivedinTennesseeovertwoyearsnextprecedingthefilingofherbill;andthatsheisthemotherofthreechildrenbydefendant.ii.Defendantdeniesthechargesofcruelandinhumantreatmentsetforthinthebill,anddeniesthatshehadanyjustcause,orexcuse,forleavinghishome,anddeniesthatherefused,orneglected,toprovideforher,assheallegesinhersaidbill.in.Defendantadmitsthatheownsthepersonalpropertydescribedinthebill,andadmitsthatheisinposssessionofthefarmmentionedinthebill,thelegaltitletowhichisincom-plainant,butheisnowtenantthereofbythecourtesy.IV.Defendantdenieseveryallegationinthebillnothereinexpresslyadmitted;andaversthattheconductofthecomplainantwassuchthat,tohisgreatgrief,hewasobligedtoremonstrate,andtodenyhersomeprivilegeshewouldhavebeengladotherwisefreelytohaveaccordedher.Sheisveryfondofgaycompany,anddelightsinthesocietyoffastyoungmen;andherwholeheartissetonfinedress,picnics,theaters,base-ballcontests,dances,andallmannerofpublicamusements;sothathernameisbeingbandiedtoandfro,withwinks,andhints,andinsinuations,reflectinguponhervirtueandgeneralcharacterasamatron.Inshort,herconducthasbeenexceedinglyunbecoming,foramarriedwoman,themotherofthreechildren.Defendant'sremonstrancesandreproofsresultedinthealter-cationsshecomplainsof,andthedefendantaversthatthesaidillconductofthecomplainantwasthecausethereof,andhepleadssaidillconductinjustificationofallhesaidordid.30v.AndnowbywayofcrossbillagainstthesaidAB,thedefendant,CB,respectfullyshowstotheCourt,inadditiontothefactshereinabovebyhimexpresslyadmitted,oralleged
:
VI.Thatthecomplainanthas,sincesheleftdefendant'shome,andhrthemonthofSeptem-ber,1889,committedadulterywithoneGeorgeSly,intheboardinghousewhereshenowlives,inthetownofBristol,andthatherconductisemphaticallythatofanunchastewoman
;
andthatshehasbeenguiltyofotheradulterieswithsaidSly,insaidtown.VII.Respondentaversthathehasnotbeenguiltyoflikecrime,thathehasnotcondonedcomplainant'sconduct,andthatheisinnowayresponsibletherefor.VIII.Thepremisesconsidered,thedefendantprays
:
1st.Thatthisanswerbefiledandtreatedasacrossbill,31andthatsubpoenaissuetocompelthecomplainant,thesaidAB,toanswerthesame.2d.ThatabsolutedivorcebegrantedhimfromthesaidAB,andthathisrighttotherentsandprofitsofhersaidfarmbedecreedtohimduringhislife,32andthatthecustodyofsaidthreechildrenbecommittedtohim.3d.Andthathehavesuchfurtherandotherreliefashemaybeentitled,andastoyourHonormayseemproper. C.B.StateofTennessee,jSullivanCounty.)CBbeingdulysworn,makesoaththatthefactsstatedinhisforegoinganswerandcrossbillaretruetothebestofhisknowledgeandbelief,thatthecomplaintinhiscrossbilliswithoutobjectionforwantofbondorprocess,theCourtmaydecreereliefonthecrossbill.See,ante,%736,note55.32Code,§2472.30Code,§2466.31Itwillnotbedeemedacrossbill,unlessaprosecutionbondbegiven,andprocessissue.Ifthedefendanttothecross.,billanswersit,however.

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§1097SUITSFORDIVORCEANDALIMONY.880notmadeoutoflevity,orbycollusionwithAB,thedefendanttosaidcrossbill,butinsincerityandtruth,forthecausesmentionedinthecrossbill. C.B.[Addaproperjurat,asabove.]IfthedefendantsustainshiscrossbilltheCourtwilldismisstheoriginalbill,andgrantdivorceandotherproperreliefonthecrossbill.Thewifewhensuedforadivorcebyherhusbandmay,inlikemannerfileacrossbillandobtainadivorce,ifthefactsjustifyit.§1097.AlimonyPendenteLite.—Whenthewifeisapartytoadivorcesuit,sheisentitledtoalimonypendingthelitigation,whethershebecomplain-antordefendant;for,ineithercase,sheisstillthewifeoftheotherparty;andassuch,is,ifnotpossessedofsufficientmeansofherown,entitledtoareasonableallowanceforhersupport,andfortheexpensesofthesuit,includ-ingreasonablecounselfees.33Thegrantingofsuchanallowanceisdiscretion-arywiththeChancellor;and,inexercisingthisdiscretion,hewillconsiderthefinancialabilityofthehusband,andtheconductandnecessitiesofthewifeasdisclosedinthepleadings,orinaffidavits,34orinboth.Anallowancependenteliteshouldbeputatalowfigure,andproportionedtothehusband'sincomeandproperty;andwherehersuitiswithoutanyjustorreasonablefoundation,noallowancewillbemade.35Alimonypendenteliteceasesuponthedismissalofhersuitbythewife,36oruponthedeathofherhusband.37Toentitlethewifetoalimonypendenteliteitshouldappear,1.That,ifcomplainant,herbillshowsaprimafaciecase,entitlinghertoadivorce;or,ifdefendant,herswornanswerdisclosesagooddefence,orcon-tainspositiveandspecificdenialsofthematerialchargesofthebill.2.Thatshehasnomeansofherown,ornosufficientmeans,ifany,topayforhersupport,andtheexpensesofthelitigation.3."Whatmeansshehas,andwhatmeansherhusbandhas,shouldbemadetoappearbyaffidavit,orbythewife'spleading.4.Shemustshowdiligenceinpreparingfortrial,oralimonywillberefused
;
or,ifalreadyallowed,willbediscontinued.38TheCourtmaydiscontinuethepaymentofalimonypendentelite,initsdis-cretion.Anappealwillnotliefromaninterlocutoryorderallowingalimonypendentelite;32butwillliefromafinaldecreeallowingalimony.TheusualmodeofascertainingtheamountofalimonypendenteliteisbyareferencetotheMaster;buttheCourtmayactwithoutareference.40Wherethefacts,onwhichthemotionforalimonypendenteliteisbased,donotappearinthepleadings,theyshouldbebroughtforwardbypetition,oraffidavit;butonsuchmotion,thequestionoftheguiltorinnocenceofthewifewillnotbein-quiredinto,beyondwhatappearsinherownpleading,petitionoraffidavit,undertherulesheretoforegiven.Counteraffidavitswillnotbeheardonap-plicationsforalimonypendentelite.41§1098.PetitionforAlimonyPendenteLite,andProceedingsThereon.—Ifthewifeisthecomplainant,eitherintheoriginalbill,orinacrossbill,sheamatterofcoursetoallowalimonypendentelite,when(l)_thewife,ifcomplainant,showsinherbillameritoriouscauseofaction,andgoodgroundforadivorce;orwhen(2)ifdefendant,herswornan-sweremphaticallydeniesthechargesinthebill,ordisclosesotheradequatedefencetothesuit.2Barb.Ch.Pr.,265-268.35Lisheyv.Lishey,2Tenn.Ch.,3.36PersonsV.Persons,7Hum.,183.37SwanV.Harrison,2Cold.,534.Afterthedis-missalofhersuitbythewife,itistoolatefortheCourttoallowalimony,orcounselfees.Thompsonv.Thompson,3Head,527.38See,Lisheyv.Lishey,2Tenn.Ch.,1;BurrowV.Burrow,6Lea,499.39Pearsont).Pearson,Peck,27.Butwouldnotasupersedeaslieinapropercase?Code,§3933.40Lisheyv.Lishey,2Tenn.Ch.,1.412Barb.Ch.Pr.,268.
33Thompsonv.Thompson,3Head,527;Lisheyv.Lishey,2Tenn.Ch.,3;ShyV.Shy,7Heisk.,125.Thewifeisentitledtoalimonypendentelite,ifherbillshowsaprimafaciecase,andshehasnoade-quatemeansofherown.Lisheyv.Lishey,2Tenn.Ch.,1.Inthiscase,onehundreddollarswasal-lowedforcounselfees;thirtydollarsamonth,fromthefilingofthebilluntilthenextterm,wasal-lowedforalimony,andfortydollarsforincidentalexpenses,makingfivehundreddollarsinall;andexecutionwasawardedtherefor,ifthewholeamountwasnotpaidwithintwentydays.Thedefendant'sestatewasvaluedbytheCourtattwentythousanddollars,andhisincomefromtentotwelvehundreddollars.InShyV.Shy,7Heisk.,125.twoSolicitorswereheldnottobetoomany,andonehundreddollarswereallowedeach;anditwasheldthattheChanceryCourt#hadjurisdictiontoallowcounsel'feesforservicesintheSupremeCourt,also.34Lisheyv.Lishey,2Tenn.Ch.,I.Itisalmost

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881 SUITSFORDIVORGEANDALIMONY.§1098mayprayinherbill,orcrossbill,foralimonypendentelite;butifsheneglecttodoso,orifshebethedefendantandhasfilednocrossbill,shemaypetitiontheCourtforanallowancetoherforhersupportandexpensesduringthependencyofthelitigation.Suchpetitionmaybeinthefollowingform
:
PETITIONFORALIMONYPENDENTELITE.JohnDoe,vs.-IntheChanceryCourt,atLoudon.JaneDoe.TotheHonorableWilliamB.Staley,Chancellor
:
Yourpetitioner,theabovenamedJaneDoe,respectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.ThatthecomplainanthasfiledinthisCourtagainstherabillfordivorce,allegingthatshehaswilfullydesertedhimwithoutreasonablecause,[settingforththegroundofdivorceallegedinthebill,]aswillmorefullyappearbyreferencetosaidbill.ii.Tosaidbillyourpetitionerhas[thisday]filedherardswer,showingthatthe.complainantdrove-herfromhishomeafterthemostcrueltreatmentonhispart,andthathehassincepersecutedher,andslanderedher;andthatshedidnotdeserthim,butthathecastheroffwithoutcauseandwithoutexcuse,[statingthesubstanceoftheanswer;]allofwhichwillmorefullyappearbyreferencetohersaidanswer,whichismadeapartofthispetition;andsheaversthateverystatementinhersaidansweristrue.in.PetitionerfurthershowstoyourHonorthatsheisindestitutecircumstances,havingnomeansofsupport,andnomeanstopayherSolicitorinthissuit,ortodefrayanyofitsex-penses,shebeingdependentonherparentsforfoodandclothing,andbeingfeebleinhealth,andhavingayoungchild.[Statingthefactsastheyare.]Thecomplainantownsagoodfarm,fairlywellstocked,worthaboutonethousanddollars,andisoutofdebt,sofaraspetitionerknows,orisinformed.[Statethepropertythehusbandpossesses,andshowfullyhisabilitytosupporthiswife,notbygeneralallegations,butbyspecifyingthepropertyheowns.] IV.Petitioner,therefore,praysthatyourHonorwillmakeherareasonableallowanceoutofherhusband'sestateforhersupportandmaintenanceduringthislitigation,andforthesup-portandmaintenanceoftheirsaidchild,andtoenablehertoemployandpaycounseltoaidherinthissuit,andtodefraytheothernecessaryexpensesofthesuit.She,also,praysforgeneralreliefastothemattersaforesaid. JaneDoe.J.E.Cassady,Solicitor.[Annexanaffidavitandjurat,asin§797,ante.]TheChancellormayhearoralproof,inopenCourt,andadjudicatetheallowancetobemadethepetitioner,orhemayreferthemattertotheMaster,asfollows
:
REFERENCETOTHEMASTERASTOALIMONYPENDENTELITE.JohnDoe,1vs.No.345.JaneDoe,JThiscausecameontobehearduponthepetitionofthedefendantforalimonypendentelite,andforexpenses.Andthebillandanswerhavingbeenread,andargumentheardonbehalfoftherespectiveparties,theCourtorderedtheMastertohearproof,andreportinstanter
:
i.Whatpropertythecomplainantispossessedof,specifyingitskind,andthevalueofeachkind,andwhatincomehehasfromit,andfromothersources.ii.Whatmeansofsupportthedefendanthas,ifany,andhowsheandherchildaresup-ported. in.Whatwouldbeareasonableallowanceforthesupportandmaintenanceofthedefendantandherchild,untilthenexttermofthisCourt.IV.WhatwouldbeareasonableallowanceforherSolicitor'sfees,andfortheothernecessarycostsandexpensesofthissuit. v.TheMasterwillreportanyothermatterthatwillaidtheCourtincomingtoanequitableconclusioninreferencetoanyoftheforegoingmatters.Untilthecominginofsaidreportallothermattersarereserved.

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§1099SUITSFORDIVORCEANDALIMONY.882IftheCourtshoulddeterminethematterwithoutareference,asitwillordinarilydo,theorderofallowancewouldbeasfollows
:
ORDEB.ALLOWINGALIMONYPENDENTELITE.[Followingtheforegoingorderdownto"read,"]andthetestimonyofwitnesseshavingbeenheard,andthemattershavingbeenarguedbycounselfortherespectiveparties,theCourtisofopinionthattheprayerofthepetitionershouldbegranted.i.Itis,thereforeorderedbytheCourtthatthecomplainantpayintotheofficeoftheClerkandMasterofthisCourtwithinthirtydaysthesumofseventy-fivedollars,forthesupportandmaintenanceofthedefendantandherchild,untilthenexttermoftheCourt;andwillpayinthefurthersumoffiftydollarstopayherSolicitors'fees,andtheothernecessarycostsofthislitigation.Andifbothofsaidsumsarenotpaidashereinordered,anexecutionwillissueagainstthecomplainantforsomuchashasnotbeenpaidin.
ARTICLEIII.TRIAL,ORDERS,ANDDECREES.§1099.TrialofaDivorceSuit.§1100.KindsofDivorceGranted.§1101.AlimonyonFinalDecree.§1102.Wife'sRemediestoSecureAlimony.
§1103.OtherReliefGranted.§1104.FrameofaDivorceDecree.§1105.RightsofCreditorsoftheHusband.§1099.TrialofaDivorceSuit.—Ifthesubpoenatoanswerbeserveduponthedefendant,thecausemaybetriedatthefirsttermoftheCourtthereafter;1andeitherpartymaytakeproofbydepositions,orhavethewitnessesexaminedinopenCourt.2TheissuesoffactraisedbythepleadingsmaybedeterminedbytheChancellor,or,attherequestofeitherparty,maybetriedbyajury."NeithertheChancellor,northejury,can,however,actontheadmissionsofthedefendant,oronajudgmentproconfesso,butmustheartheproofofthefactscharged,anddeterminethecaseuponsuchproof.4Ifthedefendantisrequiredtoanswerunderoath,andsoanswers,suchanswerhasnogreaterweightthananunswornanswer,andonlyservestomakeupanissue.5Ifthestatutesetsoutanyactsthecomplainantmustdoinordertobeenti-tledtoadivorce,suchactsmustbeproven.Thus,ifthehusbandsuefordivorceonthegroundofthewife'srefusaltoremovewithhimtothisState,andofherwilfulabsencefortwoyearswithoutreasonablecause,hemustproveendeavorstoinducehertolivewithhimaftertheseparation,andthathedidnotremovefromtheStatewheresheresidedforthepurposeofobtainingadivorce.6Andwhenadivorceissoughtuponthegroundofadultery,itmustbeshownaffirmatively,bysatisfactoryproof,thatthecomplainanthasnotbeenguiltyoflikecrime,andhasnotcondonedtheoffense;and,ifthecomplainantisthehusband,thathedidnotconniveat,orallow,hiswife'sprostitution,orexposehertolewdcompany.71Code,§2455.Itisnouncommonpracticetotrydivorcecausesatthefirsttermafterpublicationmade;butthissectiondoesnotseemtowarrantatrialatthefirstorappearanceterm,exceptwhenthedefendantisbroughtintoCourtbyserviceofsubpoena.2Code,§2462.3Code,§2453.4Code,§2459.TheCourtcannotdivorcethepartiesontheirconsentingtosuchadecree,becausetheproceedingsisinrem,aswellasinpersonam.Consentingtoadivorcesometimessavorsofcollus-ion,andmaybaradivorce.Neitherhavearbitratorsanypowertograntadivorceoralimony.SwanV.Harrison,2Cold.,534.TheCourtmustheartheevidence,andbesatisfiedtherefromthatthecom-plainantisentitledtoadivorce,beforeadecreeofdivorcecanbegranted.Nothingwillsatisfythe
statuteexceptproof,bywitnesses,ofthefactschargedinthebill.Code,§2459.TheCourtmay,however,decreealimonybyconsent,beingcarefultoseethatthewifeisnotover-reached,andherchildrennotdeprivedoftheirhomesteadrights.Richmond».Richmond,10Yerg.,347.Surhananswerwould,whenresponsive,probablybeevidenceforthedefendant,onthequestionofalimony.6Code,§2463;Lanierv.Lanier,5Heisk.,463.7Code,§2460;Cameronv.Cameron,2Cold.,375;Majorsv.Majors,1Tenn.Ch.,264;Dismukesv.Dismukes,1Tenn.Ch.,266.Marriageisnotonlyapersonalrelation,butapublicinstitution,onthepurityandintegrityofwhichthewelfareofsocietydepends;andforthisreason,notonlycannotmar-riagesbedissolvedbytheconsentoftheparties,butitisthedutyoftheCourttoseethatacauseofdivorceisdulyallegedandfullyproved,andthat

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883 SUITSFORDIVORCEANDAIJMONY.§1100§1100.KindsofDivorceGranted.—Ifthecauseofdivorcebeanyofthosespecifiedinsection2448oftheCode,reliefmaybegrantedeitherbypronounc-ingthemarriagenullandvoid,fromthebeginning,orbydissolvingitforever,andfreeingeachpartyfromtheobligationthereof,orbyaseparationforalimitedtime.8Ifthecauseofdivorcebeanyofthosespecifiedinsection2449oftheCode,theCourtmaygrantreliefaccordingtotheprayerofthebillbyannullingthemarriage,orbyorderingaseparation,perpetualortemporary,orsuchotherdecreeasthenatureandcircumstancesofthecasemayrequire.1'
Itwillthusbeseenthat,foranycauseofdivorce,theCourtmayseparatethepartiesformonths,orforyears,orforever,asthepleadingsandproofmaywarrant;ormaydeclarethemarriagenullandvoidfromthebeginning,10whenthenatureofthecasesorequires;ormaygrantadivorcefrombedandboard,withareservationofthepowertograntanabsolutedivorceatasubsequentterm.11§1101.AlimonyonFinalDecree.—Whenadivorceisgrantedawife,itisusualtoallowheralimonyalso,whenprayedfor.Theamountofalimonyshouldbeinproportion,(1)tothehusband'sestate,afterhisdebtsarepaid;(2)totheamountofthepropertyheacquiredthroughhiswife;(3)tothenumberofchildrencommittedtothewife'scustody,and(4)tothewife'ssta-tioninsociety.12Ingeneral,notmorethanhalfofthehusband'sestate,afterdeductinghisindebtedness,willbeallowedasalimony;buteachcasemustbegovernedbyitsowncircumstances.13Whereadivorcefrombedandboardisdecreed,theCourtshouldmakeamonthlyorquarterlyallowancetobepaidthewifebythehusband,andinsuchcase,hissubsequentearnings,includinghisofficialincome,andeventheproceedsofhispersonallabor,areallcharge-therehcsbeennoimpositionupontheCourt.TheconsentoftheStatemustbeobtainedbeforeadi-vorcecanheobtained;andtheCourthavingjuris-dictionofthecauseisgivenjurisdictiontoconsentfortheSiate.TheCourtshould,then,carefullyscrutinizetheevidence,listento_thesuggestionofthirdparties,cross-examinethewitnesses,requireanexplanationofsuspiciouscircumstances,andevenpostponethecase,andendeavortoreconcilethepar-ties,whereitseemsproperanddesirable.5A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,771-772;Swanv.Harrison,2Cold.,534;Dismukesv.Dismukes,1Tenn.Ch.,266.8Code,§2465;ante,§1089.9Code,§2467;ante,§1089.Adecreeofabsolutedivorceforeverdissolvesthebondsofmatrimony,andtotallydestroysthestatusoftheparties.Aftersuchadecree,thecomplainantanddefendantbecomestrangersinlaw,inrights,inrelationsandinduties,asthoughneitherhadeverbeenmarriedtotheother:theybecomesinglepersons,andmaycontractwitheachother,sueeachother,andmayagainmarryeachother;andmaymarrywhomsoverandwhenso-evertheyplease,exceptthepersonwithwhomthedecreeshowstheadulterywascommitted,forwhichthedivorcewasgranted.Code,§2475.Wherethehusbandobtainsadivorce,hisrightstotherentsandprofitsofthewife'slands,andtoherpersonaltyinpossession,orinaction,continueasthoughthedivorcenadnotbeengranted;Code,§2472;andthewifeforfeitsallrightsofalimony,dower,anddistributionoutofherhusband'sestate.Code,§2473.Andifthednorreisgrantedforadulteryonthepartofthewife,andsheafterwardsopenlycohabitswiththeadulterer,sheistherebyincapaci-tatedtoconvey,ordevise,anyofherlands.Code,§2474.If,however,amarriageisdeclaredtohavebeenabsolutelyvoid,(notvoidable),fromthebeginning,itwouldseem,onprinciple,thatneitherpartywouldhaveanypropertyrightsagainsttheothergrowingoutofthevoidmarriage;andthatalltheirrightsofpropertywouldbeexactlythesameasthoughnomarriageceremonyhadeverbeenperformed;andthattheCourtwouldhavenorighttodecreeali-mony.Foravoidmarriageisnomarriage,andhencenolegalrightsordutiescouldresultfromsuchamarriage.TheCourtcoulddeclarethemar-riageabsolutelyvoidfromthebeginning;andcouldadjudgecosts;butcouldgonofurther.5A.&E-Ency.ofLaw;Allenv.McCullough,2Heisk.,185.
Adecreeoftemporarydivorce,ordivorcefrombedandboard,doesnotdissolvethemarriagerela-tion:andthepartiescontinuehusbandandwife,andtheirrightsandduties,assuch,continue,exceptcohabitationanditsincidents,andthewife'srightofsupport.Duringsuchadivorce,thewifehasnoclaimon.herhusbandformaintenance,otherthansuchasissetforthinthedecreeseparatingthem.Onthehusband'sdeath,insuchacase,thewifehasarighttodower,homestead,ayear'ssupport,theexemptproperty,andadistributiveshareofhisper-sonalestate;andonthewife'sdeath,thehusbandhasthesamerightstoherpersonaltyandrealtyasthoughnodecreeoftemporaryseparationhadeverbeenmade.Inshort,onthedeathofeitherpartytoadecreeoftemporaryseparation,therightsoftheotherarethesameasthoughnodivorcefrombedandboardhadeverexisted.SeeChenaultv.Chenault,5Sneed,248.10Amarriageisvoidfromthebeginning,(1)wheneitherpartywasalreadylawfullymarried;or(2)wheneitherofthepartiesiswhiteandtheotheranegro,orofnegrodescent;or(3)whenthepar-tiesarewithintheprohibiteddegreesofkinship;or(4)when,foranyotherreason,themarriagewasprohibitedbylaw,anditscontinuanceisinviolationoflaw.Amarriageisvoidablefromthebeginning:(1)wheneitherpartywasinsane;or(2)thecom-plainantwasunderduress;or(3)wasundertheageofconsent;or(4)whentheconsentwasob-tainedbyforce,orfraud,andwasgivenbymis-take;or(5)whenthedefendantwasimpotent;or(6)whenthewomanwaspregnantbyanothermanwithouttheknowledgeofthecomplainant;or(7)when,foranyotherreason,themarriagewasnotbindingonthecomplainant.Whereamarriageisvoidableforwantofabind-ingconsent,itwillbecomevalidifthepartieslivetogetherasmanandwife,voluntarily,afterthepartybecomescapableofabindingconsent.Avoid-ablemarriagecan,ordinarily,benullifiedonlyonthecomplaintofthepartyinjured.11McAlisterv.McAlister.10Heisk.,345.12Code,§§2468-2469;Stillmanv.Stillman,7Bax.,18313Stillmanv.Stillman,7Bax.,183.Wherethehusband'sestateissmall,andthewifeisburdenedwiththechildren,theybeingVeryyoung,sheshouldbegivenhisentireestate.

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§1102SUITSFORDIVORCEANDAUMONY.884ablewithsuchallowance.14Butwherethedivorceisabsolute,theCourtwillnotbindthehusband'sfutureearnings.15Asarule,onadivorcefromthebondsofmatrimonybeinggrantedthewife,shewillbedecreedallthelandsofwhichsheisowner,andalsoallgoods,chattels,orchosesinaction,inherpossessionandacquiredbyherownindus-try,orotherwise.16Andbyexpressstatute,thetitletothehomesteadmustbevestedinherforherlife,andafterherdeathitwillpasstotheirchildren.17Ifthehusband'spropertyisinanotherState,theCourtmaygivethewifeamoneydecreeforalimony,ifsubpoenahasbeenservedonhim,orhehasvolun-tarilyappeared;theamountofsuchalimony,however,incaseofabsolutedivorce,mustbebasedontheamountofthedefendant'spresentestate,andnotuponhisfutureearnings.18Allrighttoalimonyceasesuponthedeathofthehusband.19§1102.Wife'sRemediestoSecureAlimony.—Thewife'srighttoalimonyisviewedbythelawasadebtdueherfromherhusband,contingentuponherobtainingadivorce;andshehaseveryremedytosecureandenforceherrighttoalimonythatanyothercreditorhas.Agaresult,shemayhaveaconvey-ance,madetodefeatherrighttoalimony,setaside;20shemayhaveanattach-mentagainstherhusband'sestatetosecureheralimony;shemayenjoinhimfromtransferringorencumberinghisestate;shemayhaveareceiverappointedwhennecessarytoenforcepaymentofheralimony.21"Whereadivorcefrombedandboardisdecreed,theCourtmaysecurethealimonyallowedbydeclaringitalienuponallthedefendant'srealestate.§1103.OtherReliefGranted.—Thecustodyofthechildrenmay,inthediscretionoftheCourt,beawardedtoeitherparty;orsometoone,andsometotheother;22ortheCourtmaydeclinetomakeanydispositionofthem.Indisposingofthechildren,theirwelfarealonewillbeconsidered,andnotthewishesofthechild,orofeitherparent.23Themaidensurnameofthewifewillberestoredtoher,ifshesoprayinherbill,uponobtaininganabsolutedivorce.24Ifthehusbandisinterferingwithherperson,orherproperty,orthechildreninhercustody,orinvadingherpeace,ordisturbingherretreat,orthreateningandlikelysotodo,shemayobtainaninjunctionagainsthim,oruponherap-plicationinapropercase,theCourt,orChancelloratChambers,willorderhisarrestandrequireofhimsuretiestokeepthepeace.2514ChenaultV.Chenault,5Sneed,248.15Boffgersv.Boggers,6Bax.,300.16Code,%2471.See,also,M.&V.'sCode,§§3338-3353;(OldCode,§§2481-2488);Aikenv.Suttle.4Lea,111.17Code,§2121a.18BoggersV.Boggers,6Bax.,299.5A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,762.IftheCourthasjurisdictionofthedefendantbyserviceofsubpoena,itmaycompelhim,byprocessofcontempt,tomakethenecessaryconveyancestohiswife.See,ante,§§651-652.19SwanV.Harrison,2Cold.,534.Butherrightthenbeginstohomestead,dower,ayear'ssupport,theexemptproperty,andherdistributiveshareofthehusband'spersonalty.Ibid.20Brooksv.Caughan.3Head,465;NixV.Nix,10Heisk.,546;BoilsV.Boils,1Cold..284.21Code,§2470.WherethehusbandiswithinthejurisdictionoftheCourt,andhispropertyoutsidetheState,andheisthreateningtoleavetheState,theChancellormightgrantaneexeat.DentonV.Denton,1Johns.Ch.,(N.Y.),364.See,ChapteronNeExeats,ante.§§864-865,note10.22TheCourtwillnotmakeanydispositionofthechildren,unlesstheyaretooyoungtochoosedis-creetlyforthemselves.Theircustodyisordinarilyawardedtothecomplainant,butthisruleisoftendepartedfrom,whenthechildisveryvounc,themotherthenbeinggenerallypreferred.ThedecreeoftheCourtdisposingofthechildrenisbindingupontheparties,andcannotbecollaterallyim-peachedorinquiredinto,bythem,butmnybein-auiredintobythechildren,bynext^friend.IftheCourtmakenodispositionofthechildren,orifthechildrenthemselves,bynextfriend,objecttosuch
disposition,therighttotheircustodymaybead-judicateduponahabeascorpus;insuchacase,theCourtwillconsidertheinterestsofthechildren,exclusively.'TheCourtmayprohibitthepartyen-trustedwiththechildrenfromremovingthemoutofitsjurisdiction.5A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,835-837.23LyleV.Lyle,2Pick.,372.Themothermaybeappointedtheguardianofherchildren,ifsheisgrantedadivorce.Code,§2490.Astothedis-positionofthechildren,seePaynev.Payne.4Hum,.535;Wardv.Raper,7Hum.,Ill;Robinsonv.Robinson,7Hum.,440.Ifthechildrenareveryyoung,andthemotherisaproperpersontohavethecustodyofthem,sheshouldbepreferred.Lyle©.Lyle,2Pick.,373.Theparentnotgiventhecustodyofachildshouldbegiventherighttovisitit.Mc-Allisterv.McAllister,10Heisk.,345.Courtsshouldnotdivorceparentandchild,unlessthewelfareofthechildimperativelyrequiresit.Thetemporarygriefattendantupon"thepartingofparentandchildshouldnot,however,beallowedtostandinthewayofthepermanentwelfareofthechild.5A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,832-836.TheheadoftheChancellormustbekeptabovehisheart,atalltimes.24Code.§§3637-3639.TheChanceryCourthasthesamejurisdictioninthismatterashastheCircuitCourt.Actsof1877,ch.97;ante,page22.Adi-vorcedwomanmayresumehermaidenname,ifshesodesire,withoutanydecreetothateffect.Thereshouldnotbetwowomenentitledtothenameofthesamehusband.5A.&E.Fncv.nfLaw,842.25HighonInjune.,§§1387-1398.DentonV.Deri-ton,1Johns.Ch.,(N.Y.)364;Code,§4943.

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885 SUITSFORDIVORCEANDALIMONY.§1104§1104.FrameofaDivorceDecree.—Adecreeofdivorceshouldshowthatthedefendantanswered,orthataproconfessowasdulyenteredagairisthimforwantofananswer,andthatoneormoreofthestatutorycausesofdivorcewerechargedinthebillandwereestablishedbytheproof;andthat,therefore,adivorcewasgrantedthecomplainant.Ifalimonyisalloweditshouldbespecificallydecreed,andthemannerofpossessingherofitshouldbeadjudged.Ifthewifeobtainadecree,herrightstoherownproperty,realandpersonal,shouldbedeclaredinordertopreventfuturelitigation;andso,ifthehusbandobtainadivorce,hisrightstotherentsandprofitsofhiswife'slandsshouldbedeclared,forthesamereason.Thecustodyofallthechildrenunderfourteenyearsofageshouldbedetermined;andtherightoftheparent,deprivedofthechildren,tovisitthem,atcertaintimesandplaces,shouldbeprovidedforinthedecree,ifsuchrightbegranted.Ifadivorcefrombedandboard,only,bedecreed,fullandparticularprovis-ionshouldbemadeforthesuitablesupportandmaintenanceofthecomplain-ant,andofthechildrencommittedtohercustody,outofthehusband'sprop-erty.Thepaymentsshouldbemadequarterly,ormonthly,andbeenforcedbyexecution;or,inapropercase,areceiverofthehusband'srealandpersonalestatemaybeappointed,andtheproceedsfromtimetotimeappliedtotheuseofthecomplainant,andherchildren.26Inalldivorcedecrees,wherethereisanylikelihoodthatfurtherordersmaybenecessarytoenforcetheadjudicationsmade,especiallyinreferencetothepaymentofalimony,ortothecustodyofthechildren,ortotheprotectionofthewife,thedecreeshould,onitsface,especiallyretainthecauseinCourtforsuchpurposes,andeitherpartygivenleavetoapply.Thisreservationisalmostalwaysnecessary,whenonlyatemporarydivorceisgranted,orwhenmain-tenancealoneisgranted.27Thedecreeshouldalwaysadjudgethecosts.TheCourtmaydecreecostsagainsteitherparty,exceptawifeinwhosefavoradecreeismade.28IfanyestateisinthepoweroftheCourt,orinthehandsofareceiver,thecostsmaybeorderedtobepaidoutofsuchproperty.29ThefollowingisaformofaDECREEOFDIVORCEANDALIMONY.JaneDoe,)vs.[JohnDoe.JThiscausecameontobeheardthisSeptember6,1880,beforeChancellorW.B.Staley,uponthebillofthecomplainant,JaneDoe,andtheanswerofthedefendant,JohnDoe,[or,theproconfessoheretoforeentered-againstthedefendant,]andthedepositionsonfile,andtheoraltestimonyofwitnessesexaminedinopenCourt.i.AnditsatisfactorilyappearedtotheCourtfromtheproofthatthefactschargedinthebillaretrue;thatthedefendanthadwilfullydesertedthecomplainant,withoutareasonablecause,formorethantwowholeyearsbeforethefilingofthebill,ascharged;andthathehad,also,committedadulterywithoneSallieFox,afterhismarriagetothecomplainant,andbeforethefilingofthebill,ascharged;andthatthecomplainantisachastewoman,andgavedefendantnocauseorjustexcuseforhissaidmisconduct,andhasnotcondonedthesame. ii.Itis,therefore,ordered,adjudgedanddecreedbytheCourt,thatthebondsofmatrimonysubsistingbetweenthecomplainantandthedefendantbeabsolutelyandforeverdissolved,andthatcomplainantbevestedwithalltherightsofanunmarriedwoman;andthathermaidenname,JaneJones,berestoredtoher.in.Itisfurtherordered,adjudgedanddecreed,thatthetitletothehomesteadbedivestedoutofthedefendant,andvestedincomplainantduringherlife,andafterherdeathitshallpassto,andbevestedin,MaryDoeandCharlesDoe,thechildrenofcomplainantbydefend-ant.30Saidhomesteadissituatedinthe2dcivildistrictofScottcounty,andisdescribed26Code.§§2468-2470.27McAllister".McAllister,10Heisk.,345.28Awifeisliabl"forcostswhenherbillisdis-missed.Paynev.Pavne,12Pick.,59;Brasfieldv.Brasfield,12Pick.,580.
20Code,52477.30Code,§2121a.

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§1105suitsfordivorce;andalimony.886asfollows:BeginningonarockinWilliamJones'northline,thence[describingitbymetesandbounds,]tothebeginning,containingfortyacres,moreorless,andshownbytheprooftobeworthsevenhundreddollars.Complainantis,also,givenasalimony,allthehouseholdandkitchenfurnitureinthefamilyresidenceonsaidhomestead,andanytwocowswiththeircalves,andanyonehorse,shemayselectoutofthosebelongingtothedefendant.Sheis,also,givenallthehogs,sheepandpoultryonsaidhomestead.Thetitletoallofsaidpersonalpropertyisdivestedoutofdefendantandvestedincomplainant.rv.ThedefendantwillpayDanielJeffers,Esq.,theSolicitorofcomplainant,fiftydollars,hisfeeinthiscause,forservicestothisdate,andwillpayintoCourt,fortheuseofthecom-plainant,thesumoffivehundreddollars.Hewill,also,payallthecostsofthecause.Execu-tionwillissuetoenforcethepaymentofsaidsumsofmoneyandsaidcosts;andawritofpossessionwillissuetoputcomplainantinpossessionofalltheproperty,realandpersonal,decreedtoher. v.TheexclusivecustodyofMaryDoeandCharlesDoe,theinfantchildrenoftheparties,iscommittedtothecomplainant;butsheisenjoinedfromremovingthemoutofthiscounty,withouttheconsentoftheCourt.Thedefendantmayvisithissaidchildrenonceeverytwoweeks,atsomeplaceintheirneighborhood,andonadaytobenamedbytheClerkandMasterofthisCourt,onapplicationofthedefendant;butheisenjoinedfromtamperingwiththem,orendeavoringtoprejudicethemagainsttheirmotherduringsaidvisits.VI.ThiscausewillberetainedinCourtfortheenforcementofthisdecree,whenevernecessary,andeitherpartyhasleavetoapply.Thebillastothedefendant,WilliamBrown,isdismissed,theconveyancetohimbeingfreefromanyfraudonhispart.§1105.RightsofCreditorsoftheHusband.—Therightsofthehusband'screditorsaresuperiortothoseofthewifeforalimony,exceptastoexemptproperty;andwhereitappearsthatthehusbandisindebted,itispropertoretainthecauseinCourt,andadvertiseforthecreditorsofthehusbandtopresentandprovetheirclaims,beforedecreeingalimonytothewife.31Ifthehusbandhasabsconded,orisactingfraudulently,theCourtmayappointare-ceivertocollectthedebtsduethehusband,andmayapplytheproceedstothepaymentofthecreditors,andtoalimony.3231McGheev.McGhee,2Sneed,221;BrooksV.|582;Wilhoitv.Castell,3Bax.,419;Allenc.Mc-Caughan,3Head,464;Greenev.Starnes,1Heisk.,Cullough,2Heisk.,174.32Smithe.Johnson,2Heisk.,225.

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887 SUITSFORANINTERPLEADER.§1106
CHAPTERLXII.SUITSWHERENORECOVERYISSOUGHT.ArticleI.SuitsforanInterpleader.ArticleII.SuitsforaDiscovery.ArticleIII.SuitstoPerpetuateTestimony.ArticleIV.SuitstoTakeTestimonyDeBeneEsse.
§1110.EssentialsofaBillofInterpleader.§1111.FrameofaBillofInterpleader.§1112.FormofaBillofInterpleader.§1113.DefencestoaBillofInterpleader.§1114.ProceedingsUponaBillofInter-pleader.§1115.BillsintheNatureofBillsofInter-pleader.
ARTICLEI.SUITSFORANINTERPLEADER.§1106.WhenaBillofInterpleaderWillLie.§1107.WhataBillofInterpleaderShouldShow.§1108.TheCharacteroftheConflictingClaims.§1109.InterpleaderinCaseofTenantsandAgents.§1106.WhenaBillofInterpleaderWillLie.—Abillofinterpleaderisordinarilyfiled,whentwoormorepersonsclaimthesamedebt,orduty,orotherthing,fromthecomplainantbydifferentorseparateinterests;andhe,notknowingtowhichoftheclaimantsheoughtofrighttorenderthesamedebt,duty,orotherthing,andfearingthathemaysufferinjuryfromtheirconflict-ingclaims,filesabillagainstthem;andpraysthattheymaybecompelledtointerplead,andstatetheirseveralclaims,sothattheCourtmayadjudgetowhomthesamedebt,duty,orotherthingbelongs.1Thecomplainantisnotrequiredtowaitforlegalproceedingstobecommencedagainsthim:amereliabilitytobecalledon,bydifferentpersonsforthesamedemand,givestherighttofilethebill;anditisnoobjectiontosuchabill,thattherightofoneofthepartiesisactionableatlawandthatoftheotheractionableinEquity,orthatasuitispendingbetweentheclaimants.2§1107.WhataBillofInterpleaderShouldShow.—Inabillofinter-pleader,itisnecessarythatthecomplainantshouldstatehis.ownrights,andtherebynegativeanyinterestin,orclaimto,thethingincontroversy;andheshould,also,statetheseveralclaimsoftheopposingparties.3Ifthebilldoesnotshowthateachofthedefendants,whomitseekstocompeltointerplead,claimsaright,bothofthedefendantsmaydemur;one,becausethebillshowsnoclaimofrightinhim;theother,becausethebill,showingnoclaimofrightintheco-defendant,showsnocauseofinterpleader.Amerepretextofacon-flictingclaimisnotsufficient;theCourtmustseethatthereisarealquestiontobetried.Anobjectionequallyfatalwillbe,thatthecomplainantshowsnorighttocompelthedefendantstointerplead,whateverrightstheymayclaim.4Norcanabillbefiledafterajudgmentofgarnishmentagainstcomplainantatlaw,hisremedyatlawbeingclear.5Thebillshouldnotbedelayeduntilafteraverdictorjudgmenthasbeenobtained.6Thebillshouldshowthatthereareproperpersonsinesse,capableofinter-pleading,andofsettingupoppositeclaims;for,otherwise,theobjectofthebillwouldbeunattainable.Thebillwouldbeequallydefective,ifitdidnotadmit,andshow,aclaimbyeachofthedefendants.7Theallegationsofatitleorclaim1Sto.Eq.PL,§291.22Dan.Ch.Pr.,1560.3McEwenv.Tronst,1Sneed,186;StateI.Co.4Sto.Eq.PI.,§292.5Carrollv.Parkes,1Bax.,269.62Dan.Ch.Pr.,1561.v.Gennet,2Tenn.Ch.,82;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1561.I 7Sto.Eq.PI.,§295.

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§1108SUITSFORANINTERPLEADER.888byeachofthedefendantsmustbemadewithpositiveness.Ifthebillfailtoshow,withcertainty,thateachdefendantisclaimingtheproperty,ordebt,itwillbefatallydefective;8butthecomplainantneednotstatethecharacterorfoundationofthehostileclaims;indeed,hemayaverthatheisignorantoftherightsoftherespectiveparties.9Thecomplainantshould,also,showinhisbill,thathe'claimsnointeresthimself;foritis,intruth,theveryfoundationofhisbill,thatheisamereholderofthestake,whichisequallycontestedbythedefendants,andthatheiswhollyindifferentbetweenthem,10andnotunderanyliabilitytoanyofthedefendants.11Tojustifyabillofinterpleader,thereshouldbeeithersomespecificchattel,orsomedefinitesumofmoney,towhichdifferentpartiesinthesameright,orinprivityofestate,makeclaim,andthepersonfilingthebillshouldbeamerestakeholder,havingnointerestinthematter;sothatwhentheCourtdecreesaninterpleaderthecomplainantcanstepoutofthecasealtogether.12§1108.TheCharacteroftheConflictingClaims.—Theclaims,ifknown,maybespecificallysetforth,sothattheymayappeartobeofthesamenatureandcharacter,andthefitsubjectofabillofinterpleader;forbillsofinter-pleaderdonotordinarilylie,exceptincasesofprivityofsomesortbetweenalltheparties;suchasprivityofestate,ortitle,orcontract,andwheretheclaimbyallisofthesamenatureandcharacter.Wheretheclaimantsasserttheirrightsunderadversetitles,andnotinprivity,andwheretheirclaimsareofdifferentnatures,thebilliswhollyunmaintainable.Thus,ifanestateisputupforsaleatauction,andAbecomesthepurchaser,andpayshisdeposit;andthen,byorderofthesameowner,itissetupagainforsale,andBbecomesthepurchaser,andpayshisdeposit;suchacaseisnotapropercaseofinter-pleader,ifeachdemandshisdepositfromthestakeholder;forAandBdonotclaiminprivity,andtheirdepositsaredistinct;13butabillinthenatureofabillofinterpleaderwouldprobablylieinsuchacase.14Thecomplainantshouldadmitthathehasnotitletothepropertyordebtasagainsteitherofthedefendants;butitisnotincumbentonhim,ifindeeditisproper,tostatethecasesoftheinterpleadingdefendants:theseshouldbestatedbythedefendantsthemselvesintheiranswers,thecomplainantcon-tentinghimselfbyshowinginhisbillthefactthateachdefendantissettingupaclaim,withoutgivingthehistory,ground,orcircumstances,ofeitherclaim,leavingthesematterstobesetupbythedefendantsthemselves.§1109.InterpleaderinCaseofTenantsandAgents.—Thecomplainantshouldshowadearrightinhimselftomaintainthebill;for,otherwise,thebillwillbedismissed,howeverproperinotherrespectsthecasemightbeforaninterpleader.Thus,forexample,ifthebillshouldshowthatthecomplain-antisanagentofoneofthepartiesonly,andhadreceivedmoneybytheau-thorityofhisprincipal,andforhisuse,hewouldbeboundtopayoverthemoneytohisprincipal,notwithstandinganyinterveningclaimsofathirdper-son;for,amereagenttoreceivefortheuseofanother,cannotbeconvertedintoanimpliedtrusteebyreasonofanadverseclaim,sincehispossessionisthepossessionofhisprincipal.15Atenant,liabletopayrent,mayfileabillofinterpleader,wherethereareseveralpersonsclaimingtitletoitinprivityofcontract,oroftenure,tocompelthemtoascertaintowhomitisproperlypayable.Butifamerestrangershouldsetupaclaimtotherentbyatitleparamount,andnotinprivityofcontract,ortenure;or,ifheshouldsetupaclaimofadifferentnature,suchasaclaim
8StateI.Co.v.Gennett,2Term.Ch.,82.92Dan.Ch.Pr.,1561.10Sto.Eq.PI.,§297;Helyv.Lee,24Pick.,71S.If,however,whenthecomplainantclaimssomein-terestinthesubject-matter,nodemurrerisinter-posedonthataccount,theobjectionwillbeconsid-eredwaived.ReadV.StreetRy.Co.,2Cates,316.112Dan.Ch.Pr.,1560.
122Dan.Ch.Pr.,1560.ThenotesinDanielgivemanyillustrationsofcaseswhereabillofinter-pleaderwill,andwillnot,lie.13Sto.En.PI..§293;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1564.14Post,§1109;andsee2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1565,note4.ioSto.Eq.PI.,§296.

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889 SUITSFORANINTERPLEADER.§1110tothemesneprofits,invirtueofhistitleparamount;ineithercase,nobillofinterpleaderwouldlieinbehalfofthetenant;forthedebtordutyisnotthesameinnatureorcharacter.10Thestrangercannotdemandrentassuch;butifhesucceedsinanejectment,hehasonlyarighttodamagesforuseandoccu-pation,whereasthelandlordclaimstherentassuch,inprivityofcontract,tenure,andtitle.Besides,thetenantisundercontracttopaytherenttohislandlord,andisnotallowedtodisputehistitleeithertotheland,ortotherent.17Propertyputintothehandsofaprivateagentbyhisprincipal,isnotthesubjectofaninterpleader,ontheassertionofaclaimtoitbyathirdpersonunderanindependentadversetitle;buttheagentmustdeliverittotheprin-cipal;forthepossessionoftheagentisthepossessionoftheprincipal.Andthelikedoctrinewouldprevailinfavorofathirdpersontowhomtheprin-cipal,afterthebailment,hadtransferredtherighttotheproperty,where1hetransferhadbeenrecognizedandassentedtobytheagent.Butiftheprincipalhascreatedaninterestin,oralienon,thefundsinthehandsoftheagent,infavorofathirdperson,andthenatureandextentofthatinterestorlieniscontrovertedbetweentheprincipalandsuchthirdperson,thereaninterpleaderwilllie.18§1110.EssentialsofaBillofInterpleader.—Theessentialsofabillofinter-pleaderare,inbrief,asfollows
:
1.Twoormorepersonsmustbeclaiming,adverselytoeachother,fromthesamepersonthesamething,debt,orduty.2.Thisthing,debt,orduty,mustbespecificanddefinite,andtheholderthereofmusthavenotitle,claim,orinterest,inortoit.3.Theholdermustbesosituatedthat,ifhecomplywiththedemandsofeitherclaimant,heisindangerofbeingheldliablethereforbytheother.4.Theholdermustnotbeunderanyspecialliabilitytoeitherclaimantwithreferencetothethingindispute,butmustbeabsolutelyindifferentbetweeuthem.5.Andtheremustbeannexedtothebillanaffidavitofnon-collusion,unlessthebillaversnon-collusionandisswornto.§1111.FrameofaBillofInterpleader.—Thereisnosetformforthisbill.Thedraftsmanusuallybeginsbydescribingthedebt,duty,orotherthing,forwhichthedefendantsarerivalclaimants.Thefactthateachofthedefendantsissettingupanexclusiveclaimtothisdebt,duty,orotherthing,willthenbeclearlystated,andifeitherorbothofthedefendantshavemadeanydemand,servedanynotice,madeanythreatsofsuit,orbroughtanysuit,thesefactswillbespecificallyandfullysetforth.Thecomplainantwillthenshowthedangerheisinofbeingheldtwiceliableintheeventhecomplieswiththede-mandsofeitherdefendant;andwillaverthathedoesnotclaimthedebt,duty,orotherthing,andiswillingtopaythedebtorduty,ordelivertheproperty,towhicheverofthedefendantsislawfullythereuntoentitled.ThebillshouldoffertopaythemoneyorpropertyintoCourt,totheendthatitmaybead-judgedtothatdefendantentitledtoit.Aseverysuchbillisfoundedupontheadmittedwant'ofinterestinthecom-plainant,andis,atthesametime,susceptibleofbeingusedcollusivelytogiveanundueadvantagetooneofthecontendingparties,twothingsarerequiredasprecautionstopreventanyabuseoftheproceeding.Inthefirstplace,theplaintiffmustannexanaffidavit,thatthereisnocollusionbetweenhimandanyoftheparties;inthenextplace,ifthereisanymoneydue,hemustbringitintoCourt,oratleastoffertodosobyhisbill.Ifhedoesnotdoso,itisinstrictnessagoodgroundofdemurrer.19Thedefendantsbyansweringthebill
16Sto.Kq.PI.,§234. I isSmith'sEa.Jur.,402-404.172Dan.Ch.Pr.,1565;Smith'sEq.Jur.,402.| 10Sto.Eq.PL,§291.

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§1112suitsforaninterpleader.890maywaivetheirrighttoobjectbecauseofthewantoftheproperaffidavit,orbecausethemoneyisnotpaidintotheCourt.20Ifthebillisfiledbyanofficerofacompanyonbehalfofthecompany,hemustnotonlyswearthathedoesnotcollude,but,also,thattothebestofhisknowledgeandbelief,thecompanydoesnotcollude,witheitherofthede-fendants.21Thebillpraysthatthedefendantsmaysetforththeirseveraltitles,andmayinterplead,andadjustandsettletheirclaimsbetweenthemselves.Thebill,also,generallypraysforaninjunctiontorestraintheclaimants,oreitherofthem,fromproceedingatlaw;and,wheneverthisisdone,thebillshouldoffertobringthemoneyintoCourt;anditmustbebroughtintoCourtbeforetheCourtwillordinarilyactuponthispartoftheprayer.22§1112.FormofaBillofInterpleader.—Thefollowinggeneralformwillillustratewhathasalreadybeensaidinreferencetothebill
:
GENERA!FORMOFANINTERPLEADERBIIX.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§155;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
I.[Hereshowthatthecomplainantowesadebtorduty,orhasinhispossessionapar-ticularsumofmoney,orpieceofproperty,describingthedebt,duty,sumofmoney,orpieceofproperty.] n.[Hereshowthateachofthedefendantsclaimssaiddebt,duty,sumofmoney,orpieceofproperty,andisdemandingthesame,orsuingtherefor,orthreateningtosue.Ifanydemandinwritinghasbeenmade,ornoticeserved,sostatewithparticularity.]in.[Hereshowthatthecomplainantadmitsthathe,himself,doesnotdenythatheowessaiddebt,orthathedoesnotownsaidmoneyorproperty;butthat,ontheotherhand,headmitsthatitbelongstooneofthedefendants,butwhichonehedoesnotwithcertaintyknow,andcannotaffordtoruntherisksofadecision.]IV.AndcomplainantfurthershowsthathedoesnotinanyrespectcolludewitheitherthesaidRichardRoe,orsaidPeterPoe,touchingthemattersinquestion;thathehasnotex-hibitedthisbillattherequestofeitherofthem,andthathehasnotbeenindemnifiedbysaiddefendants,oranyoreitherofthem,butmerelyofhisownfreewill,andtoavoidbeingmolestedandinjured,touchingthemattercontainedinsaidbill.v.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantcomesintoyourHonor'sCourtforrelief,andprays
:
1st.Thatprocessissuetocompelthesaiddefendantstoappearandanswerthisbill;buttheiransweronoathiswaived.2d.Thatsaiddefendantsberequiredtointerpleadandsettletheirrightsto[saiddebt,duty,sumofmoney,orproperty;]andthatcomplainantmaybeatlibertytopaythesameintoCourt;whichheherebyofferstodoforthebenefitofthedefendantthereuntoentitled.3d.ThatthesaidRichardRoebeenjoinedfromfurtherproceedinginsaidsuitatlaw;andthatsaidPeterPoebe,also,enjoinedfromcommencinganysuitagainstcomplainant,touchingtiepremises,orinanyotherway,thaninthissuit,demandingsaid[money,orproperty.]4th.Thatcomplainantuponpaymentofsaid[debt,duty,sumofmoney,orproperty,]intoCourt,anduponthesaiddefendantsbeingrequiredtointerplead,accordingtothecourseofthisCourt,maybedecreedtobedischargedfromallliabilitytosaiddefendantsinthepremises,andmayhaveallhiscostsherein,andthatsaidinjunctionsmaybemadeperpetual.5th.Andthatsuchfurtherandotherreliefmaybegrantedtocomplainantasthenatureofhiscasemayrequire,andasmaybeaccordingtogoodconscience.Andcomplainantfurtherstatesthatthisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctioninthiscase. T.A.Weight,Solicitor.StateofTennessee,7RoaneCounty.)JohnDoemakesoaththatthestatementsinhisforegoingbill,madeasofhisownknow-ledge,aretrue,andthosemadeasoninformationandbelief,hebelievestobetrue.[Annexjurat:see,ante,§789.] JohnDoe.20DanielV.Fain,5Lea,258. I 22Sto.Eq.PL,8297.21Sto.Eq.PI.,§297;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1562.I

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891 SUITSFORANINTERPLEADER.§1113AsafurtherguidetoSolicitorsindrawingbillsofinterpleader,thefollow-ingspecialformisgiven
:
BILLOEINTERPLEADER.[Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§1S5;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.ThatonNovember18,1905,hepurchasedfromthedefendant,RichardRoe,twohundredandfiftytonsofcoalforonethousanddollars,fivehundreddollarsofwhichhavebeenpaid,andtheremainderhasnotbeenpaid,butisdueandowing.ii.Thatatthetimeofsaidpurchaseandpaymentcomplainantsupposedthedefendant,RichardRoe,wasthetrueandsoleownerofsaidcoal,andfullyentitledtosell,andreceivepaymentforthesame.Butsoitis,onDecember1,1905,anattachmentbygarnishmentwasservedoncomplainantinasuitforsixhundreddollarsbeforeJamesM.King,Esq.,aJusticeofthePeaceofKnoxcounty,bythedefendantHenryJones,againstthedefendantWilliamSmith,saidJonesclaimingthatsaidcoalboughtbycomplainantasaforesaidwasreallythepropertyofsaidWilliamSmith,andthatthedefendantRoewaseitherhisagentorhisfraudulentvendee. in.•ThatonDecember2,1905,abillintheChanceryCourtatKnoxvillewasfiledbythe.defendant,GeorgeSmithson,againstcomplainant,andthedefendantRichardRoe,claimingadebtofeighthundreddollarsasduefromsaidRoe,andattachingsaidunpaidfivehundreddollars,asthepropertyofdefendantRichardRoe;andonthesamedaythedefendantRichardRoesuedcomplainantforsaidfivehundreddollarsbeforeWilliamKnabe,Esq.,aJusticeofthePeaceofKnoxcounty.IV.Complainanthasalwaysbeenwillingtopaythebalancedueonsaidcoaltosuchpersonasshallbelawfullyentitledthereunto,butthemultiplicityofclaimantsthereto,andtheirconflictinginterests,soperplexcomplainantthathedoesnotknowtowhomtomakesuchpayment,andisafraidthathemaysufferlossbythecomplicationsofthecase.v.ComplainantthereforecomesuntoyourHonor'sCourtforreliefinthepremises,andprays
:
1st.Thatthedefendantsbeallrequired,bysubpcena,toanswerthisbill,andinterpleadandsettletheirrespectiverightsandclaims,amongthemselves,tosaidsumoffivehundreddollarsduefromhimasaforesaid,andthathebeallowedtopaythesameintoCourtforthebenefitofwhomsoeverofthedefendantsyourHonormaydecreetobeentitledthereunto.2d.Thateachandallofthedefendants,theiragentsandattorneys,beenjoinedfrompro-ceedinganyfurtheragainstcomplainantinthesaidseveralsuitsalreadyinstitutedasafore-said,andfrominstitutinganyotherorfurtherproceedings,atlaworinequity,againstcom-plainantinreferencetosaidsumoffivehundreddollars,oranypartthereof.3d.Thatcomplainanthavesuchotherandfurtherreliefashemaybeentitledto.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctioninthiscase.T.A.R.Nelson,Solicitor.StateofTennessee,\CountyofKnox.JJohnDoe,theabovecomplainantmakesoaththatthestatementsintheforegoingbillmadeasofhisownknowledgearetrue,andthosemadeasoninformationandbeliefhebelievestobetrue;andthathedoesnotcolludewithanyofthedefendantstouchingthemattersinquestion,norisheinanymannerindemnifiedbyanyofthedefendants,nordoeshefilethisbillattherequestofeitherofthem,butentirelyofhisownfreewill,andtoavoidbeingsued,molested,orinjured,touchingthematterscontainedinhissaidbill.[Annexjurat:see,ante,§789.] JohnDoe.Somuchoftheaboveaffidavitasdoesnotverifythebillmaybeincludedinthebodyofthebill,ashasbeendoneintheprecedinggeneralform;andthisis;perhaps,thebetterpractice;buttheoldprecedentsincludeitinanaffidavittothebill.Theabsenceofanavermentofnon-collnsionintheaffi-davit,orinthebodyofthebill,isagroundofdemurrer.Thisaffidavitastonon-collusionisanantiquatedrelicofthedayswhenChancerywaslothtointerferewithmattersthatmightbelitigatedatlaw.§1113.DefencestoaBillofInterpleader.—Thesamedefencescanbemadetoabillofinterpleaderthatwilllietoanybillseekingarecovery:thedefend-ants,oreitherofthem,canpleadinabatement,demur,oransAver;andintheiranswercandenyorconfessandavoid.Themostusualdefenceisbyde-murrer.

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§1114SUITSFORANINTERPLEADER.892DEMURRERTOABILLOEINTERPLEADER.[Fortitle,commencementandconclusion,see,ante,§310.]1.Becausethebillisfiledforaninterpleaderandyetthecomplainanthasnotannexedtohisbillanaffidavit,norinsertedthereinanaverment,thathedoesnotcolludewithanyofthedefendantstouchingthemattersin.questioninthebill.2.Becausethebillisfiledasaninterpleaderbillandyetdoesnotcontaintheaffidavitspeciallyrequiredtosuchabillastonon-collusionandnon-indemnity,nordoesthebodyofthebillcontainsuchaverments.3.Becausethebillisfiledasaninterpleaderbillandyetthecomplainantclaimsaninterestinthesubject-matter.4.Becausethebillisfiledasaninterpleaderbillandyetthecomplainantdisputestheamountduethedefendants.§1114.ProceedingsUponaBillofInterpleader.—Inaninterpleaderbill,ifthedefendantsdonotdenythestatementsofthebill,theordinarydecreeis,thatthedefendantsdointerplead;andthecomplainantthenwithdrawsfromthesuit.23Butthedefendants,oreitherofthem,areatlibertytocon-testanddenytheallegationsinthebill,ortosetupdistinctandindependentfactsinbarofthesuit;and,insuchacase,thecomplainantmustcontesttheanswer,andtakeproofintheusualmanner,beforehecanbringthecausetoahearingbetweenhimselfandthedefendants;andatthehearingonly,insuchacase,canheinsistuponadecree,thatthedefendantsdointerplead.24Ifthebillshowsthateitherofthedefendantsissettingupnoclaim;orifitshowsthatthecomplainantistheagent,ortrustee,ortenant,ofeitherofthedefendants;or,ifitfailstoshowthatitisnotfiledincollusionwitheitherofthedefendants;inanyofsucheases,eitheroneofthedefendantsmayde-mur.Orthebillmaybedismissedonmotion,onanyofthegroundshereto-forespecified,onwhichsuchamotionmaybebased.25IfthebillissustainedbytheCourt,anorderwillbemadetothateffect,substantiallyasfollows
:
DECREEFORANINTERPLEADER.JohnDoe,vs.RichardRoeandPeterPoe.Thiscausecomingonthisdaytobehearduponthebillofinterpleaderandthedemurrerthereto,[or,themotiontodismiss,]onconsiderationthereoftheCourtisofopinionthatthebilliswellfiled,andthatthedemurrerisnotwelltaken.Itis,therefore,orderedandadjudgedthatthedemurrerbeoverruledanddisallowed;andthedefendantsnotdesiringtofurthercontestthebill,itisadjudged253,thatsaidbillofinterpleaderisproperlyfiled,andissustained;andthatthedefendantsdointerpleadandsettlethemattersincontroversyinthissuitbetweenthemselves.Thecomplainantisdismissedwithhiscoststothistimeaccrued;saidcoststobepaidoutofthefundbythecomplainantheretoforepaidintoCourt.Allothermattersarereserved.§1115.BillsintheNatureofaBillofInterpleader.—Althoughabillofinterpleader,strictlysocalled,liesonlywherethecomplainantclaimsnoin-terestinthesubject-matter,yettherearemanycaseswhereabill,inthenatureofabillofinterpleader,willliebyapartyininteresttoascertainandestablishhisownrights,wherethereareotherconflictingrightsbetweenthirdpersons.As,forinstance,ifacomplainantisentitledtoequitablereliefagainsttheownerofproperty,andthelegaltitletheretoisindisputebetweentwoormorepersons,sothathecannotascertaintowhichitactuallybelongs,hemayfileabillagainsttheseveralclaimants,inthenatureofabillofinterpleader,forrelief.So,itseems,apurchasermayfileabillinthenatureofabillofinter-pleaderagainstthevendor,orhisassignee,andanycreditorwhoseekstoavoidthetitleoftheassignee,andpraythedirectionoftheCourtastowhomthepurchase-moneyshallbepaid.So,ifamortgagorwishestoredeemthemortgagedestate,andthereareconflictingclaimsbetweenthirdpersons,astotheirtitletothemortgage-money,hemaybringthembeforetheCourt,toas-certaintheirrights,andtohaveadecreeforaredemption,sothathemay23StateI.Co.V.Gennett,2Tenn.Ch.,100.I 25aIfthedemurrantdesirestocontestthebillhe24Sto.Eq.P1-,§297a. willbeorderedtoanswerit,onhisdemurrerbeing25See,ante,§§266-274;523-525.Ioverruled,asincaseofotherbills.

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893 SUITSFORADISCOVERY.§1116makeasecurepaymenttothepartyentitledtothemoney.Inthesecases,thecomplainantseeksreliefforhimself;whereas,inaninterpleadingbill,strictlysocalled,thecomplainantonlyasksthathemaybeatlibertytopaythemoney,ordelivertheproperty,tothepartytowhomitofrightbelongs,andmaythereafterbeprotectedagainsttheclaimsofboth.Inthelattercase,theonlydecreetowhichtheplaintiffisentitled,isadecreethatthebillisproperlyfiled;or,inotherwords,thatheshallbeatlibertytopaythemoney,orbringthepropertyintoCourt,andhavehiscosts,andthatthedefendantsinterplead,andsettletheconflictingclaims.betweenthemselves.So,abill,inthenatureofaninterpleadingbill,willliebyabankwhichhasofferedarewardfortherecoveryofmoneystolen,andaproportionaterewardforapartrecovered,wherethereareseveralclaimantsofthereward,oraproportionthereof,oneormoreofwhomhavesuedthebank.And,insachabill,alltheclaimantsmaybemadeparties,inordertohavetheirrespectiveclaimsad-justed.20
§1116.The^OriginandHistoryofBillsofDiscovery.§1117.TheObjectofaBillofDiscovery.§1118.TheNatureoftheDiscoveryRe-quiredoftheDefendant.§1119.TheDiscoveryandProductionofDocuments.§1120.TheFrameofaBillofDiscovery.
ARTICLEII.SUITSFORADISCOVERY.§1121.TheFormofaBillforDiscoveryandRelief.§1122.TheStatutoryPetitionforaDis-covery.§1123.DefencestoBillsofDiscovery.§1124.ProceedingsUponaBillofDis-covery.§1116.TheOriginandHistoryofBillsofDiscovery.—BillsofdiscoverywereinventedbytheChancellorsofEnglandtopreventafailureofjustice,atthatperiodinEnglishjurisprudencewhen,inaCourtoflaw,neitherpartytoasuitcouldbeawitness.Itoftenhappensthattheessentialfactsofacontroversyareknownonlytotheimmediatepartiesthereto,andiftheCourtwillnotallowtheinjuredpartytobeawitness,andthewrong-doercannotbecompelledtotestify,muchinjusticewillinevitablyresult.TheCourtsoflawnotonlyrigidly,closedthemouthsofbothpartiestoacivilsuit,butlookedwithhorroruponeveryattempttomakethemwitnesses.Theresultwasthatcraftymenavailedthemselvesofthisstateofthelawtoobtainunconscientiousadvantagesofunsuspectingmen,andtoobtainpossessionofdeeds,mortgages,receipts,notes,contracts,andothervaluablewritingsbelongingtoothers,undercircumstancesincapableofbeingprovedbythirdpersons.AndsuitswereoftenbroughtintheCourtsoflawtoenforcetheseunconscientiousad-vantages,andtoobtainthebenefitsresultingfromthepossessionofthedeeds,orotherwritings,thusunconscientiouslyobtained,orwithheld.1Toremedythesegreatwrongs,andpreventtheCourtsoflawbecomingtheinstrumentsofinjustice,theCourtofChanceryallowedtheinjuredpartytofileabillagainstthewrong-doer,statingthereintherightsofthecomplain-antandthefactsconstitutingtheinjurycomplainedof,andcallingonthedefendanttheretotoanswerfully,onhisoath,aseriesofsearchinginterrog-atoriesintendedtodrawforththefullhistoryofthetransactioncomplainedofandtobringtolightthepapersandotherevidencesoughtfor.ThesepaperstheChancellorrequiredthedefendanttoproduce,ifheadmittedthattheywereinhispossession,orunderhiscontrol;andtheseinterrogatories
„«c,„t?„PIS297&'2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1571.oftenbecamenecessaryinordertoshowaparty's?-p£,,r?v,fadootionofthesystemofregistration,rightsortitle,andmanysuchpaperswerewrongfullythepossesionoftitlepapers,mortgages,andwillswithheldfromtheirtrueowners.

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§1117SUITSFORADISCOVERY.894thedefendantwasrequiredtoanswerwithgreatminutenessandparticularity
;
andthisanswer,andthewritings,thusobtained,thecomplainantfiledasevi-denceinhisbehalfintheCourtoflawwherethesuitwaspending,whethersuchsuitwasbythecomplainantfortheredressofsaidwrongs,orwasbroughtagainstthecomplainanttoobtainthebenefitofthewrong.2Thiscircuitousprocedurewasformerlytheonlywayinwhichtheevidenceoftheoppositepartycouldbeobtainedinasuitatlaw.Now,however,thatpartiesarewitnessesinourCourtsoflaw,billsofdiscovery,technicallysocalled,arenolongernecessary,andareseldomfiled.Indeed,beforethepassageoftheActallowingpartiestotestify,therehadlongbeenastatute,allowingeitherpartytoasuitatlawtoobtainadiscoveryfromtheotherparty,byapetitionandinterrogatoriesfiledinthesuitatlaw.3Thisstatuteisashort,cheap,andeffectivesubstituteforabillofdiscovery.4Billsfordiscoveryandrelief5are,however,dailyfiledinourCourts;andtherulesandpracticeinreferencetoadiscoverycontinuetobeofgreatpracticalimportance,andwill,therefore,befullyconsideredinthefollowingsectionsofthisChapter.6§1117.TheObjectofaBillofDiscovery.—Itsometimeshappensthatinasuitatlaw,aplaintiffordefendantmaybeunabletosuccessfullymaintainordefendthesuit,withoutobtainingtheevidenceoftheotherparty,ortheuseofdeeds,writings,orotherdocuments,inhispossession,orunderhiscon-trol.Insuchacase,aCourtofEquitywill,onabillfiledforthatpurposealone,aidhiminobtainingsuchevidence,ordocuments.Everybillforreliefis,inpart,abillofdiscoverywhenitasksfromthedefendant,anansweruponoathastothematterchargedinthebill,andseeksfromhimadiscoveryofallsuchmatters.Butabillofdiscovery,emphaticallysocalled,ofwhichwearenowtreating,isabill(1)forthediscoveryoffacts,restingintheknowledgeofthedefendant;or(2)thediscoveryofdeeds,orwritings,orotherthings,inhiscustodyorpower;and(3)ineithereaseseek-ingnoreliefinconsequenceofthediscovery,althoughitmayprayforthestayoftheproceedingsatlaw,untilthediscoveryismade.ThebilliscommonlyusedinaidofthejurisdictionofsomeCourtoflaw,toenablethepartywhoprosecutes,ordefendsanactionatlaw,toobtainadiscoveryofthefactswhicharematerialtotheprosecutionordefencethereof.7Whenadiscoveryissoughtfromacorporation,itisallowabletomakeaprincipalofficeroragentofthecorporationapartytothebillinsofarasitseeksadiscovery,8evenwhennoreliefissoughtagainstsuchofficer,oragent,butadiscovery,only.9§1118.TheNatureoftheDiscoveryRequiredoftheDefendant.—IfthediscoverysoughtisonethattheCourtwillenforce,thefollowinggeneralrulesdeterminethemannerandextentofthisdiscovery
:
1.Assumingthatthematterscalledforarepropersubjectsofadiscovery;thattheybelongtothecomplainant'scase,andnottothedefendant's;thattheyarenotprivileged,orarenotexemptwithintheoperationofanyotherdoctrinethenthedefendantmustdiscloseallmaterialfacts;inotherwords,ifheanswersatall,hemustanswerfully.TheCourtwill,however,intheexerciseofitsdiscretion,judgeofthematerialityofthediscoverysought,andguardhimagainstoppressive,vexatious,orimpertinentinquiries.2.Theanswersofthedefendantmustbecomplete,sothattheinformationwhichtheygivewillbeofsubstantialusetothecomplainant,andmustbeto
2See.generally,1Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§191-230.3Code,§§3891-3900;post,§1122.4Thisstatutoryrighttoadiscoveryatlawrendersabillofdiscoveryunnecessarywhencomplainanthasanadequateremedyatlaw.DucktownCo.V.Fain.1Cates,56.5Wherethedefendant'soathiswaivedtohisanswer,thebillisforreliefonly;wherehisoathisrequiredtohisanswer,thebillisforbothreliefanddiscovery.
Forillustrationsofpurebillsofdiscovery,seeHinklev.Currin,1Hum.,74;andElliston«.Hughes,1Head,225.iSto.Eq.PI.,§311.81Pom.Eq.Jur.,§199;Lindsleyo.James,3Cold.,485.9Insuchacaseacorporationcannotbecoercedintomakingadiscovery,butitsofficersoragentsmaybe,andtheyaremadepartiesaswitnessesonly.Sto.Eq.PL,§235.

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895 SUITSFORADISCOVERY.§1119thebestofthedefendant'sknowledge,remembrance,information,andbelief.10Adefendantisboundtoobtaininformationfromallmeansreasonablywithinhispower.Ifdocumentsareorderedtobeproduced,itisnoexcusefornon-productionthattheyareinpossessionofathirdperson,oreventhatathirdpersonhasalienuponoraninterestinthem.Butifdocumentsbelongwholly,orinpart,toathirdperson,notapartytothesuit,theirproductionwillnotbecompelled.3.Theanswersmustbedistinct,positiveintheirstatements,notleavingfactstobeinferredargumentatively,andspecificrepliesmustbegiventospecificquestions;buttheymustnotbeunnecessarilyminuteandprolix,especiallyinsettingforthaccounts.11§1119.TheDiscoveryandProductionofDocuments.—Billsofdiscovery,andbillsforbothdiscoveryandrelief,areoftenfiledtocompelthediscoveryandproductionofdocumentsin,orsupposedtobein,thedefendant'sposses-sionorpower.Thefollowingrulesandgeneralprincipleswillbefoundofvalueindeterminingwhenandwhatdocumentsthedefendantisboundtodis-coverandproduce.Theproductionofdocumentsrestswhollyonthedefendant'sownadmissions,containedeitherinhisanswertothebill,orinhisanswerstointerrogatories.Ifhisanswersareevasiveorinsufficient,hemaybecalledupontomakethemmorespecific,andtoadmitordeny;butwhenhehasoncedirectlydeniedthepossessionofdocuments,ortheirmaterialitytothecomplainant'scase,theCourtwillnotcompeltheirproduction.Theadmissionauthorizinganordertoproducemustcovertwofacts:(1)thepossessionofthedocuments,and(2)theirmateriality.Manualpossessionisnotessential.Itisenoughifthedoc-umentsareeitherintheactualpossessionofthedefendant,orareunderhiscontrol;thatis,areinthecustodyofanattorney,agent,orotherthirdperson,whosecustodyofthemthedefendantcan,bytheexerciseofhislawfulpowers,control,orfromwhomhecan,bytheexerciseofsuchpowers,obtainthepos-sessionhimself.Theruleisthesameevenwhenthethirdpartyhassomelienonthepapers.Butifthedocumentsbelongwholly,orinpart,toathirdpersonnotapartytothesuit,oriftheyareinthejointpossessionofthede-fendantandofsomethirdpersonnotapartytothesuit,byvirtueofthelat-ter'sseparateinterestorrightinthem,theirproductionwillnotbecompelledwithouttheconsentofsuchthirdperson.12Itshouldbecarefullyborneinmindthatthedoctrineconcerningthepro-ductionandinspectionofdocumentsrelatesentirelytotheirdisclosureforthepurposeofbeingusedasevidence,ortoaidinthetrialofapendingorcontemplatedlitigation,andhasnoconnectionwhateverwiththeownershipof,orfinalrightofpossessionto,thedocumentsinquestion.Inmostinstances,theownershipofthedocumentssoughttobeproducedwillnotbeatallinissue.Buteveninanactionexpresslybroughttoestablishthecomplainant'stitletodocuments,andtorecovertheirpossession,theproductionofthembeforethehearingmustbegovernedbysettledrulesastodiscovery.Thecom-plainanthasotherwisenorighttopossessortoseethemuntiladecreeisrenderedinhisfavor;forsuchrightistheverymatterinissue,andtodecidethatitexistedwouldbetodecidethewholemeritsofthecontroversyuponapreliminaryapplication.Itiswellsettled,therefore,thatthematteroftheproductionandinspectionofdocumentsdependsuponthesameprinciplesanddoctrineswhichgoverndiscoveryingeneral.13§1120.TheFrameofaBillofDiscovery.—Abillofdiscoveryinaidofasuitatlaw,orinaidofadefencetoasuitatlaw,should(1)setoutinfullthefactsofthecontroversy;(2)shouldshowwhyandwhereinthediscoveryisnecessary,detailingthefacts;and,ifasuitatlawhasbeenbegun,(3)should10Sto.Eq.PI.,5854. I"Pom.Eq.Jur.,§206.11Pom.Eq.Jur.,§204. I 13Pom.Eq.Jur.,§205.

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§1121SUITSFORADISCOVERY.896recitetheinstitutionofthesuit,andthepartiesthereto,andsoshowtheissuesinvolvedthattheCourtofChancerycanseethematerialityofthediscoverysought.14Thebillmuststatethatasuitatlawhasbeenbrought,orisintendedtobebrought,andthatthediscoveryistoaidcomplainantinsuchsuit;and,ifsuchsuitisnotyetbrought,thenatureofthecontroversy,andwithwhom,mustbesetforthwithreasonablecertainty.15Inregardtotheframeofabillofdiscovery,itmaybegenerallystatedthatitmustclearlyshowthatitisbroughtbypersons,andforobjects,andunder,circumstances,entitlingittobemaintainedbytheCourt.Oneofthefunda-mentalrulesofthisbranchofEquity,jurisprudenceis,thatthecomplainantisentitledonlytoadiscoveryofwhatisnecessarytomaintainhisowntitle;as,forexample,adiscoveryofdeedsunderwhichheclaims.Butheisnoten-titledtohaveadiscoveryofthetitleoftheotherparty,fromwhomheseeksthediscovery.18Hence,asageneralrule,thebillmustshowsuchacase,asrendersthediscoverymaterialtothecomplainantinthebill,tosupportorde-fendasuit.17Thebillshould,also,showthatthecomplainanthasatitleandinterest,andwhatthattitleandinterestare,inthesubject-matter,respectingwhichthediscoveryissought;foramerestrangercannotmaintainabillforthediscoveryofanother'stitle.Sothetitleandinterestmustbeshowntobepresentandvested.Thebillmustnotonlyshowaninterestinthecomplainantinthesubject-matter,towhichtherequireddiscoveryrelates,andsuchaninterestasenti-tleshimtocallonthedefendantforthediscovery;butitmust,also,stateacasewhichwillconstituteajustgroundforasuit,oradefence,atlaw.TheobjectoftheCourtincompellingadiscovery,istoenablesomeotherCourttodecideonmattersindisputebetweentheparties,thediscoveryofwhichismaterial.Ifthebilldoesnotshowsuchacaseasrendersthediscoverymaterialtosup-portordefendasuit,itisplainlynotacasefortheinterpositionoftheCourt.Abillmust,also,setforthwithreasonablecertaintythetitleofthecomplain-ant;and,ifitseeksthediscoveryofdeedsandaccountsitmust,also,describethemwithreasonablecertainty.18Abillofdiscoverycannotwaivetheoathofthedefendanttohisanswer;andshouldtheoathbewaived,andthedefendantsubmittoanswer,noexcep-tioncanbetakentotheanswerforinsufficiency.19Abillfordiscoveryalone,praysfornorelief20outsideofthediscoverysought,unlessaninjunctionisnecessarytostaythesuitatlawuntiladis-coveryishad,inwhichcasetheinjunctionmaybeprayedfor.21WhenthebillseekstoremovethefinaldeterminationofacausefromaCourtoflawtotheChanceryCourt,onthegroundofthenecessityofadis-coveryfromthedefendant,itmustaverthatthefactscannotbeprovedbyotherevidencethanthatofthedefendant:22suchabill,however,isnotabillfordiscovery,inthetechnicalsenseofthisArticle:itisabillfordiscoveryandrelief.Abillfordiscoveryalone,inaidofasuitatlaw,neednotsoaver,forsuchabillcanbemaintainedinaidofotherproof,orbecauseoftheun-certaintyofotherproof,oreventosavetheexpenseofotherproof.23§1121.FormofaBillforDiscovery,andRelief.—Apurebillofdiscoverypraysfornorelief,unlessaninjunctionisprayedfortostaythesuitatlawuntilthediscoverycanbeobtained.Everybillthatpraysforrelief,andthat16Sto.Eq.PL,I321.10Pom.Eq.Jur.,§201.17Sto.Eq.PL,§§317-318:2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§1490.18Sto.Eq.PL,§§319-320;2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§1493a.19SheppardV.Akers,1Term.Ch.,326;Payner.Berry.3Tenn.Ch.,154.20Butitwouldseem,that,underourliberalprac-tice,aprayerforgeneralrelief,would,inabillfordiscovery,beconstruedtomeanallthereliefneces-saryinobtainingthediscovery.Ellistonv.Hughes,1Head,227.
14Thebillneednotrecitethepleadingsinthesuitatlaw.HinkleV.Currin.-1Hum.,74.212Dan.Ch.Pr.,1556-1J57;Sto.Eq.PI.,§315.22Lindsleyv.James,3Cold.,477;MannV.Bam-berger,4Heisk.,486.231Sto.Eq.Jur.,§74c;Ellistonv.Hughes,1Head.225;1Pom.Eq.Jur.,§5197;229.notes;Sto.Eq.PI.,§322,note2;Dan.Ch.Pr.,570;1557,notes.JudgeCooDer,inhisnotetothesyllabusofWhitesidesV.Lafferty,9Hum.,27,pointsoutthedistinction.See,also,1Sto.Eq.Tur.,§64i-74r;Gleavesv.Morrow,2Tenn'.Ch.,597.

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897 SUITSFORADISCOVERY.§1121callsforanansweronoath,is,also,abillofdiscoveryinsofarasitrequiresthedefendanttodiscoverfacts,orproducedocuments.24Abillfordiscoveryandreliefdiffersinnorespectinformfromabillprayingreliefwithoutdis-covery,exceptinthatitparticularizesthefactsanddocumentschargedtobeinthedefendant'spossession,andcallsonhimspecificallytomakethefactsknown,andtoproducethedocuments.ThefollowingformwillillustratetheORDINARYPRAYERSFORADISCOVERY.1st.Thatthedefendantbemadeapartyheretobytheissuanceandserviceofasubpoena,requiringhimtoanswerthisbill,anduponhiscorporaloathtomakeafullandtruedisclosureanddiscoveryofeachandalloftheseveralmattersaforesaid,accordingtothebestofhisknowledge,remembrance,information,andbelief;andespecially(1)Thathesetforthanddiscover:whethersaidtestator,RobertRoe,evermadeorattemptedtomakeanylastwillandtestament,oranypaperoflikeformorcharacter;andifso,thatheproducethesame,orelsestateitsentirecontentsandexplainfullywhatbecameofit,andwhereitnowis;(2)Thathe,thesaiddefendant,setforthalist,orschedule,anddescriptionofeverydeed,book,account,letter,paper,note,memorandum,orotherwriting,relatingtothemattersaforesaid,ortoanyofthem,nowinhispossessionorpower,oreverinhispossessionorpower,orknowntohim;andifnotnowinihispossessionorpower,lethimstateandfullydiscoverwhereandinwhosepossessionorpowersaidwritingsorpapers,oranyandwhichofthemare,orhavebeen;andthefulldescriptionandcharacterofsaidwritingsorpapers
;
(3)Thatthedefendantsetforthinhisanswerafull,true,andparticularaccountofallrents,profits,andfruitsofsaidtractofland,[or,ofallmoneys,notes,chosesinaction,evi-dencesofdebt,goods,wares,merchandiseandotherthingsofvaluebelongingtothecom-plainant,orbelongingtosaidfirm,]receivedorcollectedbyhim,orbyanypersonactingforhim,specifyingeachitemanddatethereof;(4)Thatthedefendantsetforthanddisclosefullytheexactamountofmoney[or,otherproperty,]byhimreceivedfromsaidRobertRoe,deceased,andinwhatsaidmoneywasin-vested,andhowmuchhe-nowhasinhispossession,andwhatbecameofthatnotinvestedandnotnowinhispossession;(5)ThatthedefendantfilewithhisanswerthereceiptexecutedbyhimtosaidRobertRoereferredtointhebill,and,ifitisnotinhispossessionorcontrol,thathediscloseandmakeknownwhatbecameofsaidreceipt,andwhereitnowis;andhewillanswerwhetherheeversaw,oreverexecuted,suchreceipt,oranysimilarwriting,andifasimilarwriting,hewillfilethesame,ifinexistence,orgiveaperfectcopythereofifitbedestroyed,lost,mis-placed,orotherwiseoutofhisreach;and,.ifhegiveacopy,hewillexplainwhyhecannot,ordoesnot,filetheoriginal.Andthedefendantwillfull,true,direct,andperfectanswersmake,accordingtothebestofhisknowledge,remembratace,information,andbelief,toallandsingularthematters,charges,andinterrogatoriesaforesaid.2d.[Thenwillfollowtheusualprayersforextraordinaryprocess,ifany,andforspecialandgeneralrelief,also,ifthebillseeksbothdiscoveryandrelief.]Onabillfordiscoveryandreliefbeingsustained,andanswered,thecom-plainant,ifhisbillsoprays,mayhavereliefnotonlyastotheequitablemat-tersinvolved,but,also,astoanylegalmatter;for,whentheChanceryCourthasjurisdictionforonepurpose,suchasadiscovery,oraninjunction,itwilltakejurisdictionforallpurposes,andwillawarddamageswhererecoverableatlaw.25Thefollowingisaformofapurebillofdiscovery:BILLOFDISCOVERY.164.][Foraddressandcaption,see,ante,§§155
;
ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.ThatasuitisnowpendingagainsthimbythedefendantinthecommonlawCourtatBath,28intheStateofMaine:inthissuitdefendantclaimsthatcomplainantoweshimthree242Barb.Ch.Pr.,101.251Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§224-229;1Sto.Eq.Jur.,§64k;Pearlv.Nashville,10Yerg.,179,185.See,also,ante,§§36;38.26ThisbillisbasedonthesuppositionthattheoldcommonlawpracticeprevailsintheCourtatBath,andthatpartiescannot.bewitnesses,andthatabillofdiscoveryinChanceryistheonlymethodwherebyadefendantatlawcanobtainthetestimonyoftheplaintiff.BothpartiesresideinMemphis,Tennessee.TheplaintiffsuesinBathinordertoI
attachcomplainant'stownlotsthere.AstheTen-nesseeChanceryCourthasjurisdictionofthepersonofthedefendantthisCourtcouldhavebeencalledontoenjoinandprohibitthedefendantfromfurtherprosecutinghislawsuitmBath,andthis,perhaps,wouldhavebeenthewisercourse,buthewasnotsoadvised!AbillofdiscoverywilllieinourChanceryCourtsinaidofasuit,oradefensetoasuit,inanotherState,orinaforeigncountry.2Barb.Ch.Pr.,102.

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§1121SUITSFORADISCOVERY.898thousanddollarsforlumberpurchasedfromhimbycomplainantinsaidState,anddefendanthasobtainedanattachmentonComplainant'stownlotsinsaidcityofBath.Thatonoraboutthe24thdayofDecember,190S,complainantanddefendant,whobothresideinthecityofMemphis,Tennessee,metattheGayosaHouseinMemphis,andamicably,andascomplainantthought,satisfactorily,adjustedalltheiraccountsagainsteachother,in-cludingsaidclaimofthreethousanddollarsforlumber,andtheyexchangedreceiptsinfullofalldemands,butbysomeaccident,dueperhapstothefestivitiesoftheChristmasseason,complainantmislaidsaidreceipt,andafterdiligentsearchhasbeenunabletofindit.in.Thatcomplainantchargesthatthedefendanttookthereceipthegavecomplainant,andputitinhispocket,perhapsbymistake,ascomplainantputthereceipthehadgivendefendantinhispocket,butdiscoveringitnextday,handedittothedefendant,withapologies.IV.Thatcomplainanthasnowayofprovingsaidsettlementortheexistenceofthesaidreceiptinfullofalldemands,giventohimbythedefendantatsaidGayosaHotelinMem-phis,asaforesaid,orthathehasfullypaidsaidlumberclaim,exceptbythetestimonyofthedefendanthimself. v.Complainantthereforeprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissuerequiringthedefendanttoappearandanswerthebill,anduponhiscorporaloathtomakeafull,true,directandperfectdisclosureanddiscoveryofeachandalloftheseveralmattersaforesaid,accordingtothebestofhisknowledge,remem-brance,informationandbelief,andespeciallythatheanswer,setforthanddiscover:(1.)WhetheratsaidGayosaHouse,onDecember24,1905,oratanyotherneartimeandplace,heandcomplainantenteredintoasettlementofalltheirmutualdemands,includingsaidMainelumberbill,onwhichsaidlawsuitatBathhasbeenbrought.(2.)Whetheranyandwhatreceipts,orotherpapers,werethenandthere,oratanyotherneartimeandplace,signedbycomplgjinantanddefendant,orbyeitherofthemcoveringsaidlumberamongothermatters.(3.)Whatwasthepurportandtenororsubstanceandobjectofthepaperssosigned.(4.)Whetherthepaperssosigneddidornotcoveralloutstandingandunsettledmattersanddemandseachpartyatthattimeheldagainsttheother,andifnot,statefullyandpar-ticularlywhattheydidcover,andwhatweretheirpurposeandpurport.(S.)Letthedefendantansweronhiscorporaloathasaforesaid,andtothebestofhisknowledge,remembranceandbeliefwhetheratsaidplaceandtime,oratsomeotherplaceandtimethereabout,hesigned,orputhisnameto,awritingpurportingtobeareceiptinfullofalldemandsheatthistimeheldagainstcomplainant.(6.)Andifhedidnotsign,orputhisnametosuchawriting,lethimansweronhisoath,asaforesaid,thecharacterandpurportofthewritinghedidthenandthereorthereaboutssignorputhisnameto.(7.)Letthedefendantfilewithhisanswerthepaperorpapers,receiptorreceipts,writingorwritings,hesosignedasaforesaid;andifnotinhispossession,orunderhiscontrol,hewillstatewhatbecameofthesame,andwherethesamenowisorare,orisoraresupposedtobe;andifthesameisoraremislaid,lostordestroyed,hewillstatewhich,andgivethedateandsubstancethereoftothebestofhisknowledge,recollectionandbelief.(8.)Iftherebeanyothermatterindefendant'sknowledge,orinhismemoryorbelief,relatingtosaidsettlementorwritings,notsetforthoralludedtoinhisanswers,lethimherestateitasfullyasthoughspeciallyandparticularly,calledonsotodobycomplainant.(9.)Letdefendantanswerdirectlyonhiscorporaloath,whetherhehas,orhaseverseen,orhasanyremembrance,orrecollectionofeverhavinghad,oreverhavingseen,anyreceiptinanywayresemblingtheonereferredtointhebodyofthebill;andifso,lethimgiveitsdateandsubstance.(10.)Letdefendantanswerdirectlyonhiscorporaloathwhethersaidlumberaccount,onwhichsaidlawsuitatBathhasbeenbrought,hasinanyway,atanyplace,everbeenpaid.Andthedefendantwillfull,true,directandperfectanswermake,accordingtothebestofhisknowledge,remembrance,informationandbelief,toeachandallofthematters,charges,andinterrogationsaforesaid.2d.Complainantalsopraysthataninjunction27issuetorestrainandprohibitthedefend-antfromthefurtherprosecutionofsaidlawsuitatBathuntilthefurtherorderofyourHonorinthepremises.Andcomplainantwilleverprayasaforesaid.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctioninthiscase.EugeneWebb,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit?*see,ante,§§161;789.]27Whileabillfordiscoveryonly,praysnorelief,aprayerforaninjunctionisallowableandnotcon-sideredasrelief,theobjectoftheinjunctionbeingmerelytostaythelawsuituntilthedefendanthasfullyansweredthebill,forotherwisethediscoverywouldbefruitless.2Barb.Ch.Pr.,108.
28Whennoinjunctionisprayed,andthebilldoesnotseektodrawthejurisdictionofthewholecon-troversyfromthelawCourtintoChancery,noaffi-davittothebillisnecessary.Parsons&Wilsonv.Stephens,2Tenn.,260.

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-899 SUITSFQRADISCQYERY.§1122
,§1122.,TheStatutoryPetitionforaPJscovery.-^Butnow,bytheCode,eitherpartytoasuitatlawisentitled,bymeansofaswornpetitioninthecause,toadiscovery,fromthe.otherparty,ofanymattersmaterialtotheissueofsuchsuit,inallcaseswherethe,samepartywould,bytherulesofEquity,beentitledtoadiscoveryinaidofsuchsuit.29Thecontentspfsuchpetitionforadiscoveryandthe.procedurethereonarefujlydetailedintheCode;andthis,methodof.obtainingadiscoveryissosimple,speedyandcon-venient,thatithaspracticallysupersededthemethodbyabillinEquityinaidofasuitatlaw.30Butthisstatutedoesnotaffectthejurisdiction,oftheChanceryCourt,31unlessthecomplainanthashadthebenefitofadiscoveryinthelawCourtunderthestatutoryproceedingsbypetition,inwhichcaseabillfordiscoverywillnotlieinEquity.32§1123.DefencestoBillsofDiscovery.—Thedefencetoabillofdiscoveryisusuallymadebydemurrerorbyplea*inbar,andifnotsomade,asarule,thedefendantmustanswerthebill.33Thefollowingaretheprincipalgroundsofdemurrer:1.DemurrerBecausetheDiscoveryMaySubjecttheDefendanttoaPenalty,oraForfeiture.Thedefendantcannotbecompelledtoanswerwhatmaysubjecthimtoapenalty,orforfeiture,orcriminalaccusation,34Butthefactthathisanswermayreflectonhismoralcharacter,orshowthathehasbeenguiltyoffraudulentdealingsnotindictable,willnotexcusehimfromanswering.352.DemurrerBecausetheDiscoveryWouldbeImmaterial.Thedefendantcan-notbecompelledtodiscoveranythingimmaterialtothereliefprayed.363.DemurrerBecausetheDiscoveryWouldInvolveaBreachofProfessionalConfidence.ASolicitorcannotberequiredtodiscoveranyfactderivedfromhisclient.Publicpolicyforbidssuchdisclosures.374.DemurrerBecausetheDiscoveryRelaysOnlytbtheDefendant'sTitle.Acomplainanthasnorighttopryintothetitleofhisadversary:he.maydemandadiscoveryonlyinsofarasisnecessarytoestablishhisowncaseassetoutinhisbill.385.DefencesbyPleaandbyAnswer.Ifanyofthegrounds,forwhichade-murrerwouldlieifapparentonthefaceofthebill,reallyexist,butarenotdisclosedbythebill,thedefendantmaybringsuchmattersforwardbyapleainbar.Thesamemattersthatwouldbeproperforapleainbar,maybeincorporatedinananswer.Onexceptionstosuchananswer,forinsufficiency,theCourtwilldeterminewhetherthedefendantisboundtomakethediscoveryheresists.Thedefendantcannot,however,demurtoapartofthebillofdiscovery,andanswertoapart,therulebeingwellsettledthatifheanswersatall,hemustanswerfully,exceptastomatterswhichtheCourtwillnotrequiretobean-swered.39§1124.ProceedingsuponaBillofDiscovery.—Uponabillofdiscoverybeingfiled,ifitbedemurrablethedefendantmayhaveitdismissedondemur-rer:ifitbenotdemurrable,orhisdemurrerisoverruled,hemustanswer;andinhisanswerhemustadmitordenyeverymaterialallegationinthebill,andmustdirectlyandfullyrespondtoeveryinterrogatorypropoundedinthebill,29Code,3891-3900.soSeeFortv.Orndoff,7Heisk.,174;DucktownCo.v.Fain,1Cates,56.
'31Ellistonv.Hughes,1Head,227;2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§1481,note3.InsomeotherStates,however,thecontraryrulingprevails.See,2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1556,note10;1Pom.Eq.Jur.,§§193;197:230.32Bumpassv.Reams,1Sneed,595.See,Spur-lockV.Fulks,1Swan,289,"whereabillofdiscoverywassustained,aftertheenactmentofthestatutoryremedybypetition..
332Barb..Ch.Pr.,109.Wherethebillisfordiscoveryandrelief,thedefendantmay,ifhepleases,
demurtothereliefandanswertothe'discovery.Buthecannotdemurtothediscoveryalone,andnottotherelief,whenthediscoveryismerelyinci-dentaltotherelief;forthatwouldbetodemur,nottothethingrequired,buttothemeansbywhichitwastobebbtaihed.
.SiSto.Eq.PL,§§521;575-576;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,563.351Dan.Ch.Pr.,565;Sto.Eq.PI.,§§595-596.36Sto.Eq.PI.,§565;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,570.3TSto.Eq.PI..§599.381Dan.Ch.Pr.,579;Sto.Eq.PI.,§572.392Barb.Ch.Pr.,112-114.

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§1125SUITSTOPERPETUATETESTIMONY.900anddiscovereverymatterinquiredabcratinthebilltothebestofhisknow-ledge,information,remembrance,andbelief.Asabillofdiscoverypraysfornorelief,exceptatemporaryinjunction,thedefendantisentitledtobedismissedwithhiscosts,andtohavetheinjunctiondissolved,assoonashefilesaperfectanswer.Ifhisanswerisnotexceptedtointwentydaysaftercomplainant'sSolicitorisnotifiedofitsfiling,oriftheexceptionstoithaveallbeenfinallydisposedof,theanswerisdeemedtobefullandperfect;andthecostsareadjudged,andtheinjunctiondissolvedasamatterofcourse.40Abillofdiscoverymaybeamended,orasupplementalbillofdiscoveryfiledbyleaveoftheChancellor,asincaseofbillsprayingrelief,especiallywherethegroundoftheamendmentisfurnishedbytheanswer.41DECREEONABILLOPDISCOVERY.JohnDoe,vs. OrderofDismissal.RichardRoe.Inthiscause,thedefendanthavingfullyandperfectlyanswered,onhismotiontheinjunc-tionisdissolved,andthecostsofthecauseareadjudgedagainstthecomplainantandAB,andCD,hisprosecutionsureties,forwhichanexecutionwillissue.Thebillinthiscausebeingfordiscoveryonly,and,therefore,nofurtherproceedingsinthecausenecessary,thecausewillbediscontinuedfromthedocket.
ARTICLEIII.SUITSTOPERPETUATETESTIMONY.§1125.TheGeneralNatureofaBilltoPer-petuateTestimony.§1126.WhattheBillMustShowastothe.Subject-Matter.§1127.AstotheNecessityforPerpetuatingtheTestimony.§H28.ThePrayeroftheBill,andtheAffi-davitThereto.
§1129.FormofaBilltoPerpetuateTesti-mony.§1130.TheDefencestotheBillandSubse-quentProceedings.§1131.StatutoryPetitiontoPerpetuateTes-timony.§1132.FormofaPetitiontoPerpetuateTestimony.§1125.TheGeneralNatureofaBilltoPerpetuateTestimony.—Theobjectofabilltoperpetuatetestimonyistopreserveevidence,whenitisindangerofbeinglost,beforethemattertowhichitrelatescanbemadethesubjectofjudicialinvestigation.Thus,(1)whenthecomplainant'stitleisinremainder,or(2)whenhehimselfisinactualpossessionoftheproperty,or(3)whenheisinpresentpossessionoftherightswhichheseekstoperpetuatebyproofs,hemaybeunabletobringhisdisputedinterestintoimmediatejudicialinvesti-gation;and,therefore,CourtsofEquitywillentertainasuittosecuretheproofsonwhichhistitledepends;for,otherwise,suchproofsmightbelostbythedeathofhiswitnesses,andtheadversepartymightpurposelydelayhissuitwithaviewtothatveryevent.1Thebillmaybemaintainedwhetherthematterincontroversybeatitle,orclaim,torealortopersonalestate,ormerepersonaldemands;orwhetherthetestimonyistobeusedinsupportofthecomplainant'saction,orasamatterofdefence.2§1126.WhattheBillmustShowastotheSubject-Matter.—Thesoleobjectofabilltoperpetuatetestimonyis,toassistotherCourts,andtopreserveevi-dencetopreventfuturelitigation.Inordertomaintainsuchabill,itisneces-sarytostateonitsfaceallthematerialfacts,whicharenecessarytomaintainthejurisdiction.Itmust,inthefirstplace,statethesubject-matter,touching402Barb.Ch.Pr.,115. I§§1S0S-1S10.Abillwillsometimeslie,however,to41Ibid,116. havethecloudremovedfromthecomplainant'stitle.1Smith'sEq.Jur.,486-487;2Sto.Eq.Jur.,I 22Sto.Eq.Jur.,1509.

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901 SUITSTOPERPETUATETESTIMONY.§1127whichthecomplainantisdesirousofperpetuatingevidence.Thus,forexample,iftheobjectofthebillistoperpetuatethetestimonyofthewitnessestoadeed•
respectingrealestate,thedeedshouldbeproperlydescribed,andthenamesofthewitnesses,whoaretoprovethesame,setforth.Andiftheobjectofthebillistoperpetuatetheevidenceofwitnessestofactsinpais,itisnotsufficienttostategenerallythattheycangiveevidenceastocertainfacts;butthebillmuststatespeciallywhatthesefactsare.Thebillshouldalsoshowthatthecomplainanthassomeinterestinthesubject-matter,whichmaybeendangeredifthetestimonyinsupportofitislost;for,unlesshehassomeinterest,heisnotentitledtomaintainthebill.Amereexpectancy,howeverstrong,isnotsufficient;thepartymusthaveapositiveinterest.Butiftherebeanyvestedinterest,however.slight,thatissufficient,andwhetheritbeabsolute,orcon-tingent,whetheritbepresent,orremoteandfutureinenjoyment,iswhollyimmaterial.3Ontheotherhand,itseemsequallyindispensabletoabillofthiskindthatitshouldstate,thatthedefendanthas,orpretendstohave,atitleto,orthatheclaimstherighttocontestthetitleofthecomplainantin,thesubject-matteroftheproposedtestimony.For,unlessthedefendanthas,orclaimssomeinter-est,itisutterlyfruitlesstoperpetuatethetestimony,sinceitcanhavenoopera-tionuponthosewhoarereallythepartiesininterest.4§1127.AstotheNecessityforPerpetuatingtheTestimony.—Thebillmustalsoshowsomegroundofnecessityforperpetuatingtheevidence;asthatthefacts,towhichthetestimonyofthewitnessesproposedtobeexaminedrelate,cannotbeimmediatelyinvestigatedinCourt;or,iftheycanbesoinvestigated,thattherightofactionbelongsexclusivelytotheotherparty;orthattheotherpartyhasinterposedsomeimpediment,suchasaninjunction,toanimme-diatetrialoftherightinthesuitatlaw;sothat,beforetheinvestigationcantakeplace,theevidenceofamaterialwitnessislikelytobelost,byhisdeathordeparturefromthecountry.5Intheformerease,thebillmustallegethatthecomplainantisinpossessionoftheproperty,ortheright,withoutanydis-turbancebytheotherparty,uponwhichanactionatlawcanbefounded.Inthelattercase,thebillmustallegethespecificfactsonwhichthecomplainantputshiscase;andalsothatthewitnessesareold,orinfirm,orinillhealth,andnotlikelytolive;or,thathehasnopresentrighttomaintainanaction;asifhehaveatitleinremainder,orreversiononly,afterapresentexistingestateforlife.Withoutsuchallegations,thebillwillbeclearlydemurrable;since,ifthesubject-matteriscapableofbeingimmediatelyinvestigatedatlaw,thereisnogroundtoperpetuatethetestimony;butitwillbetheparty'sownlachesnotsototryhisright.6§1128.ThePrayeroftheBill,andtheAffidavitThereto.—Theprayerofthebillalsorequiresattention.Itshouldprayleavetoexaminewitnessestouchingthematterstated,totheendthattheirtestimonymaybepreserved*andperpetuated.Itshouldalsopraytheproperprocessofsubpoena.ButitshouldnotpraythatthedefendantmayabidesuchorderanddecreeastheCourtshallthinkpropertomake,forthatwillturnitinto-abillforrelief,whichisinconsistentwiththenatureofabilltoperpetuatetestimony.Ifthebillshouldprayrelief,itwillofcoursebedemurrable,andmaybedismissedforthiscause.Careshouldbetakennottomixupinthebillothermattersnotpertinent.7Whereabillisframedonthegroundthatthetestimonyofawitnessmaybelostbyhisdeath,ordeparturefromtheStatebeforethecasecanbeinvesti-gatedinaCourtoflaw,itseemsproper,also,inordertoavoidanyobjection,3Sto.Eq.PI-§§300-301;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1572;1Pom.En.Jur.,§211;2Sto.Eq.Juf.,§1511.*Sto.Eq.PL,§302.62Dan.Cb.Pr.,1572;Sto.Eq.PL,§303.
6Sto.Eq.PL,§303.7Sto.Eq.PL,§306.

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§1129SUITSTO'PERPETUATETESTIMONY.902toailliextoitanaffidavitofthecircumstances,bywhichtheevidenc'e,intendedtobe'perpetuated,isindangerofbeinglbst.8§'1129.FormofaBilltoPerpetuateTestimony.—Billstoperpetuatetesti-monycontinuetobefiledinourCourts,notwithstandingthestatutoryremedybypetition,hereaftermorefullyreferredto.Thefollowingformwillillustratetheforegoingrequirementsastotheframeofthebill.
,BILLTOPERPETUATETESTIMONY.TotheHon.W.S.Bearderi,Chancellor,holdingthe'ChanceryCourtatShelbyville,fortheCountyof"Bedford: '
JaneDoe,aresidentofBedfordqounty,complainant,JohnDoe,aresidentofthesamecounty,defendant.'Thecomplainantrespectfully"showstotheCourt:i.Thatsheisthesoleheiranddeviseeof,DavidDoe,whodiedinthesaidcountyofBedfordonJuly13,1891,seized,andpossessedofthefollowingtractofland:[Describingitbymetesandbounds,orother,accuratedescription.]
' ii.ThesaidDavidDoelefta'lastwillandtestamentwhereinandwherebyhedevisedtocom-plainantsaidtractofland,infee..SaidwillhasbeendulyprobatedincommonformintheCountyCourtofBedfordcounty.A,certifiedcopyofsaidwillisherewithfiledasanexhibittothisbill,marked"A,"andwillbereadasevidenceatthehearing.:-:-:
' : ,In;
•
DavidDoewasahEnglishman,and'complainantwasborninEngland.Complainant'smother,whosenamewasJennyDoe,wasthelawful'wifeofsaidDavidDoe;andshediedsoonaftergivingbirthtocomplainant.The,defendantchargesthatcomplainantisnotthedaughter.ofsaidDavidDoe,and,thatsaidDavidDoeneverwasmarriedtocomplainant'ssaidmother,JennyDoe.He,also,chargesthatsaidwillisafraudandforgery,concoctedbycomplainantand'hertwouncles,DanielDoeandDonaldDoe,whowitnessedandprovedsaidwill.Thedefendantmaintainsandaversthatheisthesoleheir,andonlylivingandlawfulchildofsaidDavidDoe. IV.Complainantfurthershowsandalleges,thatsaidDanielDoeandDonaldDoeareresidentsandcitizensofEngland,aridarehereonatemporaryvisitonly,andexpecttosailforEng-landwithinthepresentyear.BythemshecanprovethatDavidDoewaslawfullymarriedinEnglandtosaidJennyDoe,whosemaidennamewasJennyDavis,thatcomplainantwasbornofsaidJennyDoemore,thanayearafterhersaidmarriagetothesaidDavidDoe,andthatcomplainantisthelawfulchildaridheirofsaidDavidDoe.v.Complainantfurtherallegesandshows,thatshecanprovebysaidDanielDoeandDonaldDoe,whoare-thesolewitnessestosaidwill,thathersaidfatherwasofsoundmindand'dis-posingmemorywhensaidwillwasbyhimexecuted,thathesignedandacknowledgeditbeforethem,anddeclaredittobehislastwill,andthattheywitnesseditinhispresence,andathisrequest,andthatneitherofthemisinterestedinanydeviseorlegacyundersaidwill,andthatnofraud,deception,orundueinfluencewaspracticeduponsaidDavidDoebythem,orbycomplainant,orbyanyone.,
VI.ComplainantfurthershowstotheCourtthatthedefendant,JohnDoe,isasonofherfatherbyasecond'wife;andthatheisveryhostiletocomplainant,andthreatenstoinstitutesuitto:havesaidwillsetaside,andtorecoversaidfarm,assoonassaidDanielDoeandDonaldDoesailfor,England.Complainantfearsthatshewillnotbeabletoprovethefactschargedinthisbill,ifsheshouldlosethetestimonyofsaidDanielDoeandDonaldDoe;andsheaversthattheirtestimonycannotbesuppliedbyanyevidence'withinthejurisdictionoftheState. VII.Thepremisesconsidered,,complainantprays
:
1st.[ForproperprocessandforthedefendanttoanszVer,intheusualform.]2d.ThatthetestimonyofsaidDanielDoeandofsaidDonaldDoebetakenand'perpetu-ated;anddulyenrolled.3d.Thatcomplainantmaybegiventhelibertytoreadandmakeuseofsaidtestimonyonallfutureoccasions,assheshallbeadvised.4th.Thatall'ordersbefriadenecessarytoeffectuatefullytheprayersandobjectofthisbill.IviE&IviE,Solicitors.Whilethereseemstobenorulerequiringsuchabilltobeverified,neverthe-8Sto.Eq.PI.,§304.

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903 SUITSTOPERPETUATETESTIMONY-. , §1130less,outofabundantcaution,a-prudentSolicitorwillrequirehisclienttomake,oathtoit,andthusavoidthequestion.§1130.DefencestotheBill,andSubsequentProceedings.—Thedefendantmayhavethebilldismissed,ormayfileademurrertothebill,inanycasewheresuchdefenceswilllieto'anordinarybillforrelief.Thebillisneverbroughttoahearing,butafterthebillissustained,eitheronaproconfesso,orananswer,theCourtmakesanorder.tohavethedeposi-tionsofthewitnessestakenandperpetuated,onduenoticetothedefendant.§1131.StatutoryPetitiontoPerpetuateTestimony.—TheCodeprovidesforamoresummarymethodofperpetuating.testimony;9andthismethodhasalmostentirelysupersededthemethodinEquityjabovegiven.ThepetitionrequiredbytheCodeshouldcontainthesubstanceofabillinEquityinalikecase:itshouldsetforththereasonsfortheapplication,thesubject-matterofcontroversy,thenamesofthepartiesinterested,andthenamesofthewitnesses,andshouldpraythatthedepositionsofthewitnessesbetakenandperpet-uated.10TheproceedingsundertheCode,downtothetakingofthedeposi-tions,aresubstantiallythesameasthoseona'billinEquitytoperpetuatetestimony;andthedefencetosuchabillwouldequallyavailagainstthepeti-tion.ThemaindifferencesbetweentheproceedingundertheCodeandabillinEquityare,thattheformermayberesortedtoinapending11litigation,andis,also,moresummaryandlessformal.Itmustnot,however,besupposedthatthestatutoryprovisionsforperpetuatingevidenceinanywayrepeal,orotherwiseaffect,thejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourt;suchjurisdictioncontinuesunimpaired,andabillto.perpetuatetestimonywilllieinthatCourtasformerly.12SuchabillmaybefiledinthisState,inaidofasuitinanotherState,whenthejurisprudenceofthelatterallowssuchaprocedure.§1132.FormofaPetitiontoPerpetuateTestimony.—Theformofapeti-tiontoperpetuatetestimonymustconformtothestatutoryrequirementsalreadygiven.Thefollowingformwillserve'asaguide
:
PETITIONTOPERPETUATETESTIMONY.TotheHon.ThomasM.McConnell,ChancelloroftheThirdChanceryDivision
:
Yourpetitioner,JohnDen,aresidentof'Hamiltoncounty,respectfullyshowstoyourHonor: i..
ThatthereisnowpendingintheSupremeCourtofTennessee,atKnoxville,asuitbroughtagainsthim,intheChanceryCourtatChattanooga,byRichardFen,torecoverthefollowingtractoflandsituatedinHamiltoncounty:[describingitfully.]SaidsuitwasdismissedbysaidCourtonmotion[or,ondemurrer,]andcomplainantFenappealedtosaidSupremeCourt. ii.SaidFen'ssupposedcauseofactionisbasedonadeedforsaidtracthefraudulentlypro-curedfromyourpetitioner,onoraboutthemonthofJanuary,1890.PetitionercanprovethefraudbyJohn,DoeandRichardRoe,bothresidentsofChattanooga,whowerepresentandwitnessedthedeed.JohnDoeisanoldmaninveryfeeblehealth,andRichardRoeexpectssoontogoasamissionarytoJapan.Withoutthetestimonyofthesetwowitnesses,yourpetitionerwillbeunabletoprovethefraudbywhichsaidFenobtainedsaiddeed.in.ItwillbemorethansixmonthsbeforethesaidSupremeCourtwillpassonsaidappeal.IfthedecreeofthesaidChanceryCourtisaffirmed,thesaid.Fendeclaresthathewillbringanothersuit;andifthesaiddecreeisreversedthesuitwillberemandedtobeproceededin.Thus,ineitherevent,thetestimonyofsaidtwowitnessesisofgreatimportancetoyourpetitioner. rv.Yourpetitioner,thereforepraysthatthedepositionsofsaidtwowitnessesmaybetakenandperpetuatedasprovidedbythestatuteforsuch,casemade;andthatyourHonorwillmakeallordersnecessarytothatend. "JohnDen.[Annexaffidavit13asin§789,ante.]9Code,§§3876-3888.10Code,§3877.Fortheformofthepetition,seethenextsection...',,.11TheCoderemedyisasubstitutehothforabilltoperpetuatetestimony,andforabilltotaketesti-monydebeneesse.Ifasuitbepending,however,
thedepositionsofthewitnesses'maybetakenonmerenotice.See,ante,§474.12See,ante,%37.13TheCodedoesnotexpressly'.requirethe.peti-tiontobeswornto;butitisprudentto,verifyit.

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§1133SUITSTOTAKETESTIMONYDEBENEESSE.904THECHANCELLOR'SOBDEB.Uponconsiderationoftheforegoingpetition,itisorderedbymethatsaidRichardFenappearbeforeme,intheClerkandMaster'sofficeinChattanooga,onJuly20,1891,andthathethenandthereshowcause,ifanyhehave,whytheprayerofthesaidpetitionshouldnotbegranted;andthatacopyofsaidpetition,andofthisorder,beservedonhimatleastfivedaysbeforesaidJuly20,1891. Thos.M.McConnbia,Chancellor.Iftheoppositepartyfailtoappear,orappearing,shownosufficientcausetothecontrary,theChancellorwillmakethefollowingfurtherorder,onthepetition,oronapaperannexedthereto
:
OBDEBTOPEBPETTJATETHETESTIMONY.Uponfurtherconsiderationofsaid,petition,andofsaidnotice,andnosufficientcausetothecontrarybeingshown,afterduenoticetosaidRichardFen,serviceofsuchnoticedulyappearing,itisorderedbymethatthedepositionsofsaidJohnDoeandRichardRoebetakenbyJ.B.Ragon,ClerkandMasteroftheChanceryCourtatChattanooga,onJuly25th,1891,andsucceedingdaysifnecessary,athis-office,in.Chattanooga;andthat,whentaken,saidpetition,thenoticeandtheordersmadethereon,andsaiddepositionsberegisteredinHamiltoncounty,andthatthepetitionerpayallthecostsincidenttothisproceeding.July20,1891. ThomasM.McConnell,Chancellor.
ARTICLEIV.SUITSTOTAKETESTIMONYDBBENEESSE.§1133.TheObjectoftheBill 1§1135.StatutorySubstitutefortheBill.§1134.TheFrameoftheBill. |
§1133.TheObjectoftheBill.—Thisspeciesofbillbearsacloseanalogytobillstoperpetuatetestimony,andisoftenconfoundedwiththelatter:buttheydiffermaterially.Billstoperpetuatetestimonycanbemaintainedonlywhennopresentsuitcanbebroughtatlaw,bythepartyseekingtheaidoftheCourttotryhisright.Billstotaketestimonydebeneesse,ontheotherhand,aresustainableonlyinaidofasuitalreadypending.Thelattermaybebroughtbyapersonwhoisinpossession,orwhoisoutofpossession,andwhetherheiscomplainantordefendant,1orwhetherthesuitconcernsrightsandproperty,orgrowsoutofacontract,orevenatort.2Theobjectofthebillistotakethetestimonyofwitnessesforthetrialatlaw,wherethetestimonymayotherwisebelost;wherethewitnessesareaged,orinfirm,orabouttodepartfromthecountry.So,ifawitnessistheonlywitnesstothemattertowhichheistobeexamined,abillwilllie,onaccountofthegeneraluncertaintyofhumanlife,totakehistestimonydebeneesse,notwithstandingheisneitheragednorinfirm.Ingeneral,awitnessisnottreatedasbeingagedinthesenseoftherule,unlessheisseventyyearsofage.Butifheisinfirm,orinillhealth,toanextentlikelytoendangerordestroyhislife,ortopreventhisattendanceatthetrial,histestimonymaybetakenatanyage.IfawitnessisgoingoutofthejurisdictionoftheCourt,althoughonlyintoastateorcountryunderthesamegeneralsovereignty,histestimonymayalsobetaken;as,forexample,ifheisgoingfromEnglandtoScotland;orinAmerica,ifheisgoingfromoneStatetoanother.3§1134.TheFrameoftheBill.—Inframingthebill,therefore,careshouldbetakentoallegeallthematerialfacts,uponwhichtherighttomaintainthebilldepends,whetheritisdependentupontheage,ortheinfirmityofthewit-12Sto.Eq.Jur.,§1513;1Pom.Eq.Jur.,§213;I 3Sto.Eq.PI.,§308;2Sto.Eq.Jur.,§1514:1Sto.Eq.PL,§307. Pom.Eq.Jur.,§213.22Sto.Eq.Jur.,§1515. I

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905SUITSTOTAKETESTIMONYDEBENEESSE.§1135ness,oruponhisbeingabouttodepartfromthecountry,oruponhisbeingasolewitness.Andthereshouldbeannexedtothebillanaffidavitofthecir-cumstances,bywhichtheevidence,intendedtobeperpetuated,isindangerofbeinglost,asbydeath,departurefromthecountry,orotherwise.Theaffidavitshouldhepositiveastothematerialfacts.Thus,forexample,ifitreliesuponthefact,thatthewitness,istheonlywitnesstoamaterialfact,itwillnotbesufficientthattheaffidavitstates,thatheissointhebeliefoftheparty;butitmustbepositivelystated,thatheistheonlywitnesswhoknowsthefact.Inotherrespects,thegeneralrules,alreadystatedinregardtobillstoper-petuatetestimony,areforthemostpartapplicabletobillstotaketestimonydebeneesse;andthereforeitisunnecessarytorepeattheminthisplace.§1135.StatutorySubstitutefortheBill.—TheCodeprovidesamethodoftakingtestimonydebeneesse,sosimpleandefficacious,thatabillinEquityforthatpurposehasbecomepracticallyalmostobsolete;andthemainpurposeofconsideringtheremedyinEquityhasbeentopresentallthesortsofbillsknowntoEquitypleading,aswellastothrowlightuponthestatutorysubsti-tuteforthebill.UndertheCode,depositionsofwitnessesmaybetakenatanytimeafteractionbrought,inthefollowingcases
:
1.Whenthewitnessfromage,bodilyinfirmity,orothercause,isincapableofattendingtogivetestimonyatthetrial.2."WhenheisunderthenecessityofleavingtheStatebeforethecauseistried,orevenbeforeitisatissue.3.Whenheisabouttoleavethecountyinwhichthesuitispending,andwillprobablynotreturnuntilafterthetrial.4.Whenheistheonlywitnesstoamaterialfact.45.WhenheisgoingoutoftheChancerydivision,ordoesnotresideinsuchdivision.6Inanyandalloftheforegoingcases,thedepositionsofthewitnessesaretaken,onthesamenotice,andinthesamemanner,asthoughthecausewaddulyatissue.6Testimonydebeneessemay,also,betakeninthemannerpointedoutinthepreviousArticle,7theCodeexpresslyprovidingthatevidencemaybetakenundersections3876-3888,"tobeusedinpending,orexpected,litigation."Andifanycaseshouldariseforthetakingofevidencedebeneessenotincludedinsection3838oftheCode,applicationcouldbemadebypetition,undersec-tions3876-3888oftheCode,orabilldebeneessemightbefiled.WhereacaseisappealedtotheSupremeCourtbeforeproofistaken,andwhereanactionintheCircuitCourtisenjoinedbeforethetrial,itoftenbe-comeshighlyimportanttotakethetestimonyofwitnessesdebeneesse;andiftherebeanydangerofthedepositionsgettinglost,ordestroyed,itwouldbesafertohavetheevidenceperpetuated,underthestatute,byregistration.34Code,§§3836;3838.6Code,§4462.ftAfullconsiderationofthemethodoftakingdepositionswillbefoundintheChapteronDeposi-tions.Ante,§§474-513.iAnte,§1131.8Code,§§3882-3885.

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§1136,thechancellor:hispowersandduties.906
PARTIX.THEOFFICERSANDRULESOFTHECHANCERYCOURT.CHAPTERLXIII.THECHANCELLOR:HISPOWERSANDDUTIES.ArticleI.TheQualifications,andPowersoftheChancellor.ArticleII.DutiesoftheChancellor.ArticleIII.ProvisionswhentheChancellorisIncompetent.ArticleIV.EtiquetteoftheChanceryCourt.ARTICLEI.,
THEQUALIFICATIONSANDPOWERSOFTHECHANCELLOR.§1138.AppointmentofSpecialTerms§1138a.PowersatChambers.§1136.QualificationsandDisqualificationsofChancellors.§1137.AppointmentofClerkandMaster.§1136.QualificationsandDisqualificationsofChancellors.—EveryChan-cellormustbeatleastthirtyyearsold;andmustatthetimeofhiselectionorappointment,havebeenaresidentoftheStateforfiveyears,andofhisChanceryDivisionforoneyear.1Beforeenteringuponthedutiesofhisoffice,theChancellormusttakeanoath,oraffirmation,tosupporttheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,andthatoftheState;andtoadministerjusticewithoutrespectofpersons,andimpartiallytodischargeallthedutiesincumbentonhimasChancellortothebestofhisskillandability;2hemustalsotaketheoathagainstduelling.3TheChancellorisincompetentexceptbyconsentofallparties:1."Whereheisinterestedintheeventofanycause;42.Orconnectedwitheitherparty,byaffinityorconsanguinitywithinthesixthdegree,computingbythecivillaw;3.Orhasbeenofcounselinthecause
;
4.OrhaspresidedonthetrialinaninferiorCourt;5.Of,incriminaleasesforfelony,wherethepersonuponwhom,oruponwhoseproperty,thefelonyhasbeencommitted,isconnectedwithhim,byaffinityorconsanguinity,withinthesixthdegree,computingbythecivillaw.5TheChancellorisrequiredtoresideintheChanceryDivisionforwhichhewaselectedorappointed,andaremovaltherefromwillcreateavacancyintheoffice.6TheChancellorcannotpracticelaw,orperformanyofthefunctionsofat-torneyorcounselinanyoftheCourtsofthisState,exceptincaseswhichhemayhavebeenemployedascounselprevioustohiselectionorappointment.7§1137.AppointmentofClerkandMaster.—TheChancellorappointsthe-ClerksandMaster'sforthevariousCourtsofhisDivision.Thisisamost1Const,ofTerm.,Art.VI,§4.2Code,5§309;3911.3Code,§§752;3911.4Neeleyv.State,4Bax.,182.5Code53913.eCode,§3914.7Code,§3911.NoChancellorshouldappearasSolicitorinanycauseafterhiselectionorappoint-ment;evenincaseswherehehasbeenpreviouslyemployed.Onhiselection,heshouldconsiderhim-selfconsecratedtohisnewandhigherduties;andshoulddonothingthatpartakesofthecharacterordutyofaSolicitor.Bysuchconducthewillgreatly
elevatehimselfintheestimationofthebar,andthepeople;whereas,bvengaginginthedisputationsandaltercationsincidenttotrialsinCourt,hegreatlylowershimselfintheestimationofhonorablemen,tarnishesthelustreofhisjudicialrobes,andisdeemedsogreedyofpelfastobeanxioustoobtainthefeesofaSolicitorandthesalaryofaChancelloratthesametime.Casuistrymayjustifya.Chan-cellorinappearinginbehalfofclientsemployinghimbeforehiselection,butaChancellorshouldneverdescendtocasuistry;fornocasuistisfittobeaChancellor.

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907THECHANCELLOR!HISPOWERSANDDUTIES.§1138responsibleduty,and>oneattendedwithmanytrialsandembarrassments,andhedgedaboutbymanydifficultiesandperplexities.Inappointing'aClerk'andMasterthis'Chancellor'should1keepinmind:1,thatapublicofficeisapublictrust,,andthatthepeopleofthecountyarethepersonstobebenefitedbytheappointment;2,thatinappointingaClerkandMasterheisexecutingapublictrust,andisboundsotoexecuteitthatthebeneficiaries,thepeopleofthecountyhavingbusinessintheCourt,shallderivethegreatestpossiblebenefitfromhisexecutionofthattrust;and3,thatthisbenefitcanbederivedonlyby'appointingtotheofficeofClerkandMasteramanwhoisworthyoftheoffice,andcapableofdischarging1itsduties,andwhowilldischargethem,inperson,diligently,honestly,impartiallyandcour-teously.26TheappointmentoftheClerkandMaster,shouldbeinwriting,somewhatasfollows
:
APPOINTMENTOFCLERKANDMASTER.Knoxville,Tenn.,Oct.1,1882.Mr.S.P.Evans:Havingfullconfidenceinyourability,integrity,and'diligence,-.!•herebyappointyouClerkandMasterof.theChanceryCourtofKnoxcountyforthefull,termofsix2.7years.Respectfully,
' 'W.'B.STALfiy,Chancellor.§1138.AppointmentofSpecial,Terms.—TheChancellorofanyCourtmayappointaspecialtermthereofwheneverhemaydeemitnecessaryforthedispatchofbusiness.Thisappointmentmaybemadeeither(1)attheregulartermbyan'entryontheminutestothateffect,designatingthetime,or(2)invacation,bypublicationinsomenewspaperinthedivision,andgivingnoticethereofinwritingto,theClerkandMaster,atleastthirtydaysbeforeitscommencement.28Iftheappointmentismadeohtheminutes,itmaybeasfollows
:
APPOINTMENTOPASPECIALTERM.AspecialtermofthisCourtbeingnecessaryforthedispatchofbusiness,isherebyap-pointedtobeginonthesecondMondayofMarchnext,towhichtimethisCourtdothnowadjourn.Iftheappointmentismadeinvacation,thenewspapernoticemaybeasfollows
:
SPECIALTERMOPTHECHANCERYCOURT.AspecialtermoftheChanceryCourtforGreenecountybeingnecessaryforthedispatchofbusiness,isherebyappointedtobeheldintheCourtHouseinGreenevilleonthe1stMondayofAprilnext.February24,1891., JohnP.Smith,Chancellor.AndthenoticetotheClerk'andMastermaybeasfollows:TotheClerkandMaster,atGreeneville
:
YouareherebynotifiedthataspecialtermoftheChanceryCourtforGreenecountyisappointedtobeheld,intheCourtHouseinGreeneville,onthe1stMondayinAprilnext.February24,1891. JohnP.Smith,Chancellor.AtsuchspecialtermstheChancellorhasandmayexercisethesamepowers,andallthebusinessoftheCourt,ofeverynatureandkind,shallbeconductedinthesamemanner,asattheregularterms.29Specialtermsarenot,however,merecontinuationsoftheregularterm,evenwhenappointedattheregulartermbyanentryontheminutesthereof:theyaredistinctterms,andnoordercanbemadeataspecialterminanywaychangingtheordersofthepreviousregularterms,norcananyorderbemade,oranyactbedone,ataspecial26NomanshouldbeappointedClerkandMaster,andnomanshouldacceptsuchanappointment,whodoesnotexpecttoperformthedutiesoftheofficeinperson. , . . -,.27TheClerkandMasterholdsforthefullterm
ofsixyearsfromthedateofhisappointment.Statev.Anderson,16Lea.325.28Code,8|3940-3941.29Code,§3945.

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§1139THECHANCELLOR:HISPOWERSANDDUTIES.908termwhichwouldnotbelawfulatthenextregularterm.30ThefollowingistheCAPTIONOFTHERECORDFOBASPECIALTERM.StateofTennessee,)FirstChanceryDivisipn.JBeitrememberedthat,ataspecialtermoftheChanceryCourtforGreenecounty,begunandheldintheCourtHouseinGreeneville,onthe1stMondayofApril,1891,beingthe6thdayofsaidmonth,inpursuanceofanappointmentdulymade,presentandpresidingHon.JohnP.Smith,Chancellorofsaiddivision,thefollowingproceedingswerehad
:
§1138a.PowersatChambers.—TheChancellorexercisesmanypowersatChambers,whichhavehereinbeforebeenfullyconsidered.31
ARTICLEII.DUTIESOFTHECHANCELLOR.§1139.DutiesoftheChancellor.§1141.SuggestionsastoOtherMatters.§1140.SuggestionsWhenPleadingsoProofsareInadequate.§1139.DutiesoftheChancellor.1—TheChancellormustnotdoanyofficialactuntilafterhehastakentheoathofoffice;normustheremoveoutofhisChancerydivision,asshownintheprecedingsection.Hemustalsodischargethefollowingduties:1.DutiesastotheBondsoftheClerkandMaster.TheChancellormust(1)ex-amineandattestthebondsrequiredbylawtobegivenbytheClerksandMas-tersofhisdivision;(2)mustcausethebondstoberecordedintheminutesoftheCourt,andacertificateofsuchrecordingtobeendorseduponthembytheClerksandMastersgivingthem;and(3)hemustforwardtheClerksandMasters'revenuebondstotheComptroller,andtheirotherbondstotheSec-retaryofState.2TheChancellormust,also,onthefirstdayofeachterm,examinethebondsoftheClerksandMasters,andseethattheyareinconformitytolaw;andthatthesuretiesthereonaregoodandsolvent,andworththepenaltiesofthebonds.IftheChancellor,inanymanner,ascertainsthatthebondsofanyClerkandMaster,withinhisChancerydivision,arefromanycauseinsufficient,itishisdutyforthwithtomakeanorderontheminutesoftheCourt,requiringsuchClerkandMaster,withinthirtydays,tomakehisbondssufficient,byexecutingnewbondsorgivingadditionalsecurity,andcomplyingwithanyotherorderoftheChancellorinregardtosuchbonds.IftheClerkandMasterfailtocomplywithsuchorder,itistheimperativedutyoftheCourttoremovehim,andappointanewClerkandMaster.32.DutytoRemoveaClerkandMaster,When.ItisthedutyoftheChan-cellor,inCourt,toremovethe.ClerkandMasterfromoffice(1)whenheiscon-victedofmakingafalsefinancialreport;4or(2)whenherepeatedlyfailstoSOThus,abillofexceptionsastomatterstrans-piringataregulartermcannotbepreparedandsigned,andmadeapartoftherecord,ataspecialterm,"evenwhenleavesotodoisgivenatthereg-ularterm.Staggsv.State,3Hum.,372.Itwouldseemthatacausecannotbetried,ininvito,ataspecialtermunlessitwasatissueattheprecedingregularterm.McKinleyv.Beasley,5Sneed,170.See,ante,§§531;533.31See,ante,§5770-783.1TheJudges,likeallotherpublicofficers,underourformofgovernment,aremereservantsofthePeople;not,however,theservantsofanyparticularman,orsetofmen,orofanyparticularpartornumberofpeople;buttheservantsofthewholePeopleintheirorganizedandcollectivecharacterandcapacityasaState.Hence,noman,orsetofmen,howevernumerousorinfluential,haveanyrightorauthoritytoissueanycommandstotheJudges:theJudgesarenottheirservantsorsubordinates,andcannotheedtheirorders.TheJudgestaketheir
ordersfromthePeopleasawhole,actingintheirconstitutionalcapacityasaState.TheseordersarecontainedintheConstitutionandstatutesoftheState;andtoloyallyobeythesetheJudgesnotonlyimpliedlycontract,but,also,solemnlyswearinwrit-ing,andsubscribetheirnamestotheiroaths.Hence,thesolemeasureofaJudge'sdutyasapublicservantisthe^ConstitutionandlawsoftheState,andanunceasingdispositiontoapplythisConstitu-tionandtheselaws,intelligently,conscientiously,impartially,andinflexibly,inthedeterminationofallmatterslawfullysubmittedtohimforhisofficialadjudication.Andinmakingsuchdeterminationsitismostprudenttofollowinthefootstepsofhisbestpredecessors,andnottrytobewiser.Boydv.McLean,1Johns.Ch.,587.See,ante,%62,sub-sec.4,note6.2Code,S§720-721;326-331.3Code,§§335o-335-g;778-784.*Code,I335;,(M.&V.)

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909thechancellor;hispowersandduties.§1140makeareportuponareference;5(3)whenheisconvictedoffailingorrefusingtoissueanexecution,oroffailingtomaketheproperendorsementsuponanexecution,ortheproperentriesuponhisexecutiondocket;or(4)whenheisconvictedofanyothermisdemeanorinoffice,orofafelony;or(5)whenheremovesfromthecountyinwhichhisCourtisheld;or(6)whenhefailstogivesecurityasrequiredbylaw;or(7)whenhefailstopayoverpublicmoneys,ormoneyscollectedofficially;or(8)whenheisincapableofdischarg-ingthedutiesofhisoffice,orneglectshisduties,ormisbehavesinoffice;or(9)foranyothercausetowhichthepenalty,ofremovalisattachedbylaw.73.DutiesinReferencetoHisCourts.HeisrequiredtoholdthetermsofhisCourtattheregulartimesappointedbylaw,unlesspreventedbysicknessofhimselforfamily,orbysomeotherunavoidablenecessity.8Heis,also,requiredtohavetheminutesofhisCourtreadeachmorninginopenCourt,andtosignthem.9§1140.SuggestionsWhenthePleadingsorProofsareInadequate.—Itnotunfrequentlyhappensthat,atthehearing,itisdiscoveredthatthemeritsofthecontroversy,asshownbytheevidence,arewiththecomplainant;butthattheavermentsorprayerofhisbillarenotsuchastojustifytheCourtingrant-inghimfullrelief,orevenanyrelief.It,also,oftenhappensthatonesideortheother,generallythecomplainant,failsatthehearinginconsequenceofsomemanifestslipofcounsel,orsomeoversightinsupplyingaconnectinglinkinthechainofevidence,orsomeunexpectedexceptionstoevidence,orsomefailuretoproduceorproperlyproveadeedorotherwriting,orsomeothererror,oromission,ordefectinevidence,whichcanalmostcertainlybesup-pliedorcuredwithoutmuch,ifany,delayoradditionalcost.10Insuchandsimilarcases,thequestionarises:WhatisthedutyoftheChan-cellor?Itistrue,heissworntobeimpartial,butishenot,also,swornto"administerjustice;"andmusthebeso"impartial"asnotto"administerjustice?"Inotherwords,mustaChancellor,presidingoveraCourtthatwasoriginallyestablishedtorescuejusticefromthedeadlyclutchqfforms,andthearbitraryandtechnicalrulesofotherCourts,sitdumbandmotionlesswhilejusticeisbeingoutragedinhisownCourt,beforehisowneyes,andwithiureachofhisownarms?11TheauthorityanddutyoftheChancellortoallow,orevensuggest,amend-mentsinallcaseswhenmanifestlynecessarytotheadministrationofjustice,iswellsettled.Insuchcases,theSupremeCourtoftenremandscausesonitsownmotioninorderthattheproperamendmentmaybemade,orthataddi-tionalproofmaybemade.12ButtheChancellor,whilethusopen-eyedtoseethatjusticeisdonetooneparty,shouldnotbeblindtotherightsoftheotherparty;andifanyamend-mentordelayistheresultofnegligence,orincreasescosts,orcausesacontin-uance,suchamendmentordelayshouldonlybeallowedonthepaymentof6Code,§4473.6Code.§§3013-3017.7Code,§§4061;4065;4473-4475.8Code,§3937.9Code,§4101.Buthemayleavetheminutesofthelastdayofthetermunsigneduntilthenextterm.See,ante,§546,andnote43to§571,ante.10See,ante,§§427-429;and,post,§1318.11"MustCourtssitlikefanglesslionswhilefraudandfalsehoodprowlwithintheirprecincts,-andde-fiantlytaunttheirhelplessnesstoupholdthemajestyandpowerofthelawtodorightandjustice?"Turney,Ch.J.,inButlerv.Kinzie,6Pick.,31.Courtsarenotmerearenasforthedisplayofskillinjuridicaldialectics,orforensicfence;norareJudgesmereumpirestoenforcefairplaybetweengladiatorialcombatantsattheirbars,andtobestowtherewardsofvictoryupontheshrewdest,themosteloquent,orthemostskilful.Judgeshaveaffirmativedutiestodischarge:theyareswornto"administerjustice;"andareboundbythatoathtoseethatjusticeisdone.
Nevertheless,Judgesshouldnotbecomeadvocates,norundertakethedutiesofaSolicitor.Indoingjustice,theymustdoitaccordingtotherulesandpracticeoftheirCourts;and,iftheyareindoubt,thebettercourseistotakenostepormakenoorderintheparticularcase,ontheirownmotion,leavingittotheparty,orhisSolicitor,toact,orasktheCourttoact,assuchpartyorSolicitormaydeembest.AJudgeshouldnotbetooindignantatwhatappearstobewrong,nortooenthusiasticforwhatappearstoberight;butshouldkeephisemotionsinduesubjectionsothathisjudgmentmayreignsupremeinacoolandserenemind.12See9Lea,69;1Sneed,619;6Cold.,382;3Cold.,316;1Heisk.,530;16Lea,527;7Bax.,586;8Bax.,291;3Heisk.,526;581;2Meigs'Dig.r§952:Code,§3170.SeeSto.Eq.P!.,§333,note,totheeffectthattheCourtwillsometimesdirectasup-plementalbilltobefiled.See,also,post,%1318,note.

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§1141THEGHANCEtLOR:HISPOWERS-AMDDUTIES.910heavycosts.Hewhoseeksequityshouldberequiredtodoequity.Formsandcorrectpleadingsarenecessarytothesafeandorderlyadministrationofjustice,andaChancellor1failstomeasureuptothefullstatureofhisofficewhenheignorestherulesofpleadingandpractice;andyethecannotalwaysaffordtosacrificeapartyinordertopunishhisSolicitor..Thebesthecandoinmanycasesistoallowamendmentsoncosts.13§1141.SuggestionsastoOtherMatters.—TherearevariousothermatterswhichtheChancellorwillbecalledontoconsiderinconnectionwiththedis-chargeofhisvariousduties,amongwhichthefollowingmaybespeciallynoted
:
1.AstoAmendments.Heshouldbeveryliberalinallowingmeritoriousamendments,butveryrigorousinrequiringabigpricetobepaidforthem.AChancellorhasnorighttograntfavorstoonepartyattheexpenseoftheotherparty.Itisnotsellingjusticetorequireapartytopaycostsinsuchcases,becausethepartyisindefault,andismerelypaying-Costsasapenaltyinordertoberelievedfromsuchdefault.AChancellorwhoallowshishearttocon-trolhisrulingshasforgottenbothhisoathandhisduty.2.AstoContinuances.Continuancesafterthelapseofsixmonths,shouldneverbegrantedwithoutterms,suchtermstoincludealargepartofthecosts,'unlessthecontinuanceisbasedonaccidentormistake,unmixedwithnegli-gence,oronthefraudormisconductoftheotherparty,orofsomeoftheoffi-cersoftheCourt.Specialaffidavitsshouldsupporteverymotionforacon-tinuance,unlessthefactsareadmittedinwriting,orthecontinuancecon-sentedtobytheadverseparty.ContinuancesshouldseldombegrantedatthetermnextprecedingthemeetingoftheSupremeCourt.143.AstoPleasandDemurrers.Pleasanddemurrersshouldnotbeencouraged.Thematterofapleainbarcangenerallybeaswellsetupinananswerasinaplea,andunlessthegroundofapleaisunquestionablydecisive,thepleashouldbeoverruled,withleavetorelyuponitintheanswer.Demurrersareoftenfiledmerelyfordelay.Ifademurrerisfrivolous,andhasalsocauseddelay,thedemurrantshould,onhisdemurrerbeingoverruled,notonlybetaxedwithairthecostsofthecausethenaccrued,butshouldberequiredtofilehisanswerwithintwodays,ifnotinstanter;andcertainlybeforetheendoftheterm;orifCourtisnotinsession,beforethenextruleday.4.AgreementsShouldbeinWriting.TheChancellorshouldhavearulere-quiringallagreementsbetweencounselorparties,intendedtobebroughttotheattentionoftheCourt,asagroundofaction,orasevidence,tobereducedtowriting,anddulysignedbytheagreeingparties,ortheirSolicitors,oragents.Thisrulewillpreventthoseunseemlywranglesthatinevitablyariseatthebarfromimperfectordiscordantmemories,oranimperfectunderstandingoforalagreementsinreferencetoevidence,continuances,andcompromises.15Aftertheadoptionoftherule,itshouldberigorouslyenforced,andthemomentanagreementisdisputedthegavelshouldfall,andtherulebeenforced,withoutallowingeitherSolicitortosayanotherwordinreferencetothesupposedagreement..5.AstotheTestimonyoftheParties.ItistheexperienceofJudgesandChancellorsthatoftentherealmeritsofthecontroversycanbebestascertainedbyacarefulconsiderationofthestatementsandadmissionsofthepartiesthem-selves,wherethetransactioninquestionwasimmediatelybetweenthem.10Besides,aChancellorcannotwellavoidfeelingthatifhisdecisionisbasedon
•theadmissionsofaparty,suchpartyis,atleast,innoconditiontocomplain."When,therefore,thetransactionwasbetweentheparties,andtheyhavetesti-fied,theChancellor,afterreadingthepleadings,shouldnextcarefullyanddis-13See,ante,§5427-429.14Butreasonableopportunitytopreparefortrialshouldnotbedenied,andexpeditionindisposingofsuitsmustnotbeattheexpenseofjustice.Rein-shagenv.Larezzo,2Shan.Cas.,139.
IBSeethecaseofHumphreysv.McCloud,3Head,235,asillustratingtheimportanceofsucharule.16Gres.Eq.Ev.,456.

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911thechancellor:hisPOWERSandduties.• §1141criminatinglyreadtheirdepositions,usingthebalanceoftheproof'ratherasameansofcorrectingand'interlining,asitwere,thedepositionsoftheparties,thanasindependentevidenceofthefacts.Wherethetransactioninquestionwasbetweentheagentsorservantsoftheparties,thesamerulewillapply.TheChancellorcanconsideradmissionsmadeorallybycounsel,butsuchad-missionsshouldberecitedinthedecreeinheecverba,orreducedtowritingandsignedandfiled.6.AstoSalesofLand.TheChancellorshouldjealouslyguardtheinterestsofthosesounfortunateastobeforcedtosubmittoaCourtsaleoftheirlands,especiallyoftheirhomesteads;andinnocaseallowtherapacityofSolicitors,greedyfortheirfees,tobringaboutsalesforpartcash,whenacashpaymentisnotrequiredbylaw,andissuretodiminishtheprice.177.AstoPreparingandReading-OrdersandDecrees.AllordersahddecreesshouldbereadinopenCourtbeforetheirentryontheminutes.Thispracticehasseveralgoodresults:(1)Itnotifiesallconcernedoftheexactnatureoftheorderordecreemade,andthusgivesopportunitytoobject,ortoobviateobjections,ifgroundthereforexist;(2)ItenablestheChancellor,orthead-verseside,tomakeanycorrectionsbeforetheorderordecreeisentered,andthusavoidsunseemlyerasuresandalterationsandinterlineationsonthemin-utesafterentry;(3)IftheSolicitorisanexpertdraftsman,theyoungermem-bersofthebarbecomefamiliarizedwiththeproperformsofordersandde-crees;andifheisaninexpertdraftsman,theChancelloristhusenabledtoascertainwhethertheproposedentryneedscorrection£>ramendmentathishands.8.AstoAllowingAppeals.Whereverthegrantingofanappealwillproba-blyhastenthefinaldeterminationofthesuit,orlessenthecosts,theChancellorshouldexercisehisdiscretioninfavorofappeals,butnototherwise.Therefore,whentheSupremeCoiirtwillmeetbeforeanothertermoftheChanceryCourt,anappealshouldordinarilybeallowedfromadecreedeterminingtheprinci-plesinvolved,andorderinganaccountorasaleorpartition,beforetheaccountistaken,orthesaleorpartitionismade;and,underlikecircumstances,anappealshould,asarule,beallowedonoverrulingademurrerwhenthequestioninvolvedislargelyorexclusivelyoneoflaw,anditssolutionisnotmanifest.Wherethesuitisonethatwillprobablybeappealed,theChancellorshouldrequiretheparties,andespeciallythecomplainant,tobediligentinpreparingthecaseforhearing,totheendthatitmaygototheSupremeCourtattheearliestdaypossible.9.AstoSigningBillsofExceptions.Oneofthesacredrightsofeveryliti-gantistohaveatruerecordofeverythingdonebyaCourtoraJudgethereofduringthecourseofalitigation;andaJudgeisasmuchviolatinghisoathandhisdutywhofailsorrefusestosignabillofexceptionsinwhichthetruthofthecaseisfairlystated,ashewouldbeinrefusingtograntaninjunction,orattachment,orafinaldecreetoapartyclearlyentitledthereto.NoChancellorshouldevermakearuling,ordoanact,intheprogressofasuitthathewouldhaveanyhesitancyinhavingtheSupremeCourtreview;andifheshouldhavesuchhesitancy,heshouldeitherpromptlyundowhathehasdone,or,ifoutofhispower,shouldbysigningatruthfulbillofexceptionsputitinthepoweroftheSupremeCourttocorrecthiserror.Apropersenseofjudicialhonorwouldbesatisfiedwithnoalternative.ChancellorsshouldnotbesensitivewhenabillofexceptionstotheirrulingsITSee,ante,§623,note11.Everyhomesteadissacred,especiallywhenitbelongedtoourancestors,andhasbeenlonginourpossession.Weweremade
'ofitsdust;ourfathersandmotherssleepinitsbosom;andweexpecttoreposebytheirside.Ourdearestmemoriesclusteraboutit;itwasourfather'sltingdom,andthehomeofouryouthwherewewereprinces.Tosellitawayfromusislikeasacrilege,andtoturnusoutofpossessionislikedrivingusoutofourEden,andforcingusforeverfromour
holyland.Andallthisistrue,whetherthehomebeacabinonamountainside,acottageinavalley,orapalatialmansion*inthemidstofaprincelyestate;forhomeishome,andthereisnoplaceonearthsodeartothehumanheart,bethathomehum-ble,orbeitgrand;for,afterall,itisourhome.Fortunatelyfortheunfortunate,thehomesteadlaws,liketheCherubimofEden,protectthehomeinverymanycases.

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§1141thechancellor:hispowersandduties.912fairlystatesthetruthofthecase;norshouldanyfalse,prideoranyfeelingoffalsedignitycausethemtoputanyobstaclesinthewayofanexceptantinobtainingabillofexceptionsthatfairlystatesthefactsofthecase.Theyshouldrathercheerfullyaidtheexceptant,andnotallowtheoppositepartytothwartorretardhiminthepreparationofhisexceptions.ThepathofeverypartytotheSupremeCourtshouldbemadeasclearandsmoothaspossible,andtheChancellorshould,ineverylegitimateway,promptlyandgladlyaidanappellantingettinghiscaseintosuchashapethat,asnearlyaspossible,itshallappeartotheSupremeCourtexactlyasitappearedintheChanceryCourt,totheendthatanyerrorcommittedbytheChancellormaybecorrected,andfulljusticebedone.10.SummaryofRulesGoverningaChancellorinDecidingaSuit.AJudge,asJudge,hasnoearstohearanythingastothemeritsofasuitbeforehimexceptinopenCourt,oratChambers,andinpresenceoftheparties;noeyestoseeanythingexcepttherecordinthecause;nohearttofeelanythingexcepttheinspirationofduty,andnotonguetospeakanythingexceptwhatthelaworEquityrequires.18ThefollowingruleswillbefoundofsomeservicetoChancellors,andper-haps,ofmoreservicetoSolicitors,asshowingthelatterhowChancellorspro-ceedinreachingaconclusion:1.TheChancellorLooksintotheBill,andcrossbillifany,toseewhatmat-tersaresubmittedtohimforhisdecision.2.HeLooksattheAnswertoseewhatdefencethedefendantsetsup;andwhatmattersinavoidance,orforaffirmativerelief,arebroughtforward,ifany.Thepleadingsabsolutelylimithispowersofadjudication;andifhede-cidesanymatternotsubmittedbythepleadings,hisdecisionis,tothatextent,coramnonjudice,andabsolutelyvoid,unlessconsentedto.3.HeLooksattheEvidence^toseewhetherthecasechargedinthebillismadeout;orwhetherthemattersinavoidancesetupintheansweraresus-tainedbytheproof.4.HeLooksatthePrayersoftheBill,andofthecrossbill,ifany,toseewhatheisspeciallyaskedtodo.Hecanordinarilydonomorethanheisaskedtodo:19but,onaprayerforgeneralrelief,hemaygrantsuchreliefasthecomplainantwould,ordinarily,bfientitledonthepleadingsandproof.5.InDeterminingQuestionsofPact,heisgovernedbythepreponderanceofprobabilities,treatingpresumptionsaswitnesses,andusinganintellectualdiscernmentasdispassionateasscalesofiron.20.6.InDeterminingQuestionsofLaw,heisgovernedbytheConstitutionoftheState,thestatutes,andtheadjudicationsofourownSupremeCourts,iftheyapply;ifnot,heconsidersthecommonlawasevidencedbyreputabletextbooksandthedecisionsofotherCourts.7.InDeterminingQuestionsofEquity,heisgovernedbyourstatutesandthedecisionsoftheSupremeCourt,iftheyapply;ifnot,heconsidersthedoc-trines,principles,rulesandmaxims21ofEquityjurisprudence,asevidencedbyreputabletextbooksandthedecisionsofotherCourts.228.InReachingHisConclusions,hehasnomoresympathyforoneside,norprejudiceagainsttheother,thanhasthebookinwhichthelawisprinted;18FranklinV.McCorkle,16Lea,629.Theques-tionbeforeaCourtoflawisnotwhatismorallyright,butwhatislegallyright.StateV.Crutchneld,3Head,116;thequestionbeforeaCourtofEquitywhennostatuteclearlyforbids,iswhatdogoodreasonandgoodconsciencerequire.See,ante,§58.18aSee,ante,§62,sub-sec,1.Judicisestjudicaresecundumallegataetprobata.(ItisthedutyofaJudgetodecideaccordingtothepleadingsandtheproo.fs.
)
10Judexnonredditplusquamquodpetensipserequirit.20WhenaquestionoffactappearsdoubtfultoaprejudicedSolicitor,itgenerallyappearswhollyfree
fromdoubttoanunprejudicedChancellor.Hence,counselshouldnotbesurprisedwhentheylosewhatistothemadoubtfulcase.21Whatcompassesaretomariners,maximsaretoChancellors:theywillpointthewayoutofmanyperplexinglabyrinthsofthelaw.See,ante,§§31-64.22ThedecisionsoftheChanceryCourtofNewYork,'especiallythosecontainedinJohnson'sandPaige'sReports,arenextinauthoritytothoseofourownSupremeCourt.OurEquitysystemwasmod-elleduponthatofNewYork,andourownReportsarefullofreferencestotheadjudicationsoftheNewYorkChancellors.

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913the;chancellor:hispowersandduties.§1142butismovedbyacoolanddispassionatereason,andgovernedbyaconscien-tiousintelligence,absolutelyobliviousofthesex,color,creed,rank,politics,orconditioninlife,ofanyoftheparties.239.InMakingHisAdjudications,heseekstodetermineallthematerialissues,ondleavenorootsoutofwhichafreshcropoflitigationmayarise.2410.InAnnouncingHisDecisions,heisundernoobligationstogivehisrea-sonstherefor,25anditisoftenprudentnottodoso.26Thelosingpartywillnotbesatisfiedwithhisreasons,andthewinningpartywillbesatisfiedwith-outthem.
ARTICLEIII.PROVISIONSWHENTHECHANCELLORISINCOMPETENT.§1145.OtherProvisionsfortheChancellor'sIncompetency,orInability.§1146.WhenChancellorsMayInterchange.ProvisionsfortheChancellor'sIn-competencyDuringVacation.§1147.
§1142.WhentheChancellorisIncompetenttoDecide.§1143.ProvisionsinCaseoftheChancellor'sIncompetency.§1144.ProvisionsinCaseoftheChancellor'sInability.§1142.WhentheChancellorisIncompetenttoDecide.—AChancellorisincompetent,exceptbyconsentofallparties,tositinthefollowingcases:1,whereheisinterestedintheeventofanycause;2,orisconnectedwitheitherpartybyaffinityorconsanguinitywithinthesixthdegree,computingbythecivillaw;or3,hasbeencounselinthecause;or4,haspresidedonthetrialinaninferiorCourt;or5,incriminalcasesforfelony,wherethepersonuponwhom,oruponwhosepropertythefelonyhasbeencommitted,isconnectedwithhimbyaffinityorconsanguinitywithinthesixthdegree,computingbythecivillaw.1
§1143.ProvisionsinCaseoftheChancellor'sIncompetency.—WheretheregularChancellorisincompetentinanycivilcase,thepartiesmaybyconsentselectsomememberofthebartopresideasChancellorinthecase,andthisconsententeredofrecord,shallvestthepersonsoselectedwiththefullpowerandauthorityoftheregularChancellorintheparticularcase.WhenanyChancellorisincompetenttotryanycauseinhisCourt,hemaynotifytheCircuitJudge,whosedutyitshallbeatthenexttermoftheCircuitCourtinthecountyinwhichtheincompetencyexists,andwhileholdingsaidCourt,tohearanddeterminethecauseasChancellor,forwhichpurposetheClerkoftheChanceryCourtshallbringbeforehimallthepapersinthecause,andthenecessaryentriesshallbemadeontheminutesoftheChanceryCourt,andsignedbytheCircuitJudgepresiding.AnyCircuitJudgemay,also,duringthesittingsofaChanceryCourt,uponnotificationofacauseinwhichtheChancellorisincompetent,asprovidedintheforegoingparagraph,taketheplaceoftheChancelloronthebench,andhearanddeterminethecauseasChancellor,thenecessaryentriesbeingmadeonthe.minutesoftheChanceryCourtandsignedbyhim.2AndwhentheChancellorisincompetentfromanycausetotryanycasepend-23IfaChancellorwishestodisplayhisbenevo-lencetowardswidows,thepoorandtheunfortunate,heshoulddosoprivatelyathisownexpense,andnotpubliclyattheexpenseofothers.ThereisnoEquityinstrippingonepartyofhisrightstoclotheanothernotentitledtothem.TodispenseEquitynotcharity,isthesworndutyof.aChancellor.24See,ante,§§36;38.25JudicesnontenenturexprimerecausamsententttEsua.(Judgesarenotboundtogivethereasonfortheirdecision.)
26McGuirev.Gallagher,11Pick.,349;HalfacreV.State,4Cates,614.SocratessaidthatfourthingsbelongtoaJudge:1,Tohearcourteously;2,Toanswerwisely;3,Toconsidersoberly;and4,Todecideimpartially.1Code,§3913.Ajudgmentrenderedbyanin-competentJudgeorChancellorisnotvoid,butvoid-ableonly,andcannotbecalledinquestioncollat-erally.Holmesv.Eason,8Lea,754.andcasestherecited;PoseyV.Eaton,9Lea,500;HumeV.Bank,10Lea,1.2Code,§§3921-3923.

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§1144THECHANCELLOR:HISPOWERSANDDUTIES.914inginhisCourt,andthepartiestheretocannotagreeuponsomememberofthebartotrythesame,itismadethedutyoftheChancellor,upontheappli-cationofeitherofthepartiestosaidsuit,tocausethesametobetransferredtothenearestChanceryCourtwherethelikeincompetencydoesnotexist,andthesameshallbetheretriedasthoughithadoriginatedinsuchCourt.Insuchcasetheoriginalpapers,withacertifiedcopyofallorders,includingentriesontheruledocket,shallbeimmediatelytransmittedtotheCourttowhichthe
,venueischanged.3§1144.ProvisioninCaseoftheChancellor'sInability.—IftheChancellorisunablefromsicknessorotherphysicaldebilitytoholdanyofhisCourtsatthetimeandplacerequiredbylaw,theGovernorisrequiredtocommissionaspecialChancellortoholdsaidCourts.ThespecialChancellorhasallthepowerandauthorityoftheChancellorinwhoseplaceheisappointed,includingthepowertointerchange,andcontinuestoholdtheCourtsandexercisethedutiesoftheregularChancellor,untilnotifiedbythelatterthatheisinaconditiontoresumehisfunctions.4§1145.OtherProvisionsfortheChancellor'sIncompetency,orInability.WhenfromanycausetheChancellorfailstoattend,orbeinginattendancecannotproperlypresideinanycauseorcausespendinginhisCourt,orshallbeunabletoholdatermofhisCourt,theSolicitorspresent,whoareresidentsoftheState,areauthorizedtoelectoneoftheirnumbertoholdtheCourtfortheoccasion.TheSolicitorthuselectedChancellorprotemporemusthaveallthequalificationsoftheregularChancellor,and,duringtheperiodinwhichheacts,shallhaveallthepowersandbeliabletoalltheresponsibilitiesofttregularChancellor.5Thesequalificationsare:1,theageofthirty;2,fiveyears'residenceintheState;3,oneyears'residenceintheChancerydivision.IncasetheelectionofaChancelloriscontested,theGovernorisauthorizedtoappointatemporaryChancellortoholdtheofficeuntilthecontestisjudi-eiallydetermined,andtheregularlyelectedChancellordulycommissioned.6§1146.WhenChancellorsMayInterchange.—Chancellorsmayinterchangewitheachother,orwiththeJudgesoftheCircuit,Criminal,andotherspecialCourts:1,whencauses7existmakinganinterchangenecessary;and2,whereitismutuallyconvenient.IncaseoftheabsenceoftheChancellorofanyDivision,orofhisdeathorinabilitytoholdCourt,anyotherChancellormayholdhisCourtinhisstead.WhenaChancellorispresidingbyinterchange,hehasthesamepowerandjurisdictionastheChancellorinwhoseplaceheisacting.8WhileaChancellorisholdingaChanceryCourtbyinterchangewithanotherChancellor,thelattermayholdanyotherCourtsinhisChanceryDivision.9§1147.ProvisionsfortheChancellor'sIncompetencyDuringVacation.—WhenevertheChancelloroftheDivisioninwhichacauseispending,isin-competentinvacation:1,toissueanyprocess;or2,todissolve,restore,ormodifyanyinjunction;or3,toappointareceiver;or4,tohearanddetermineanymotion;or5,tomakeanyinterlocutoryordertospeedacause;or6,toappointacommissionertotakeanaccount;or7,toappointpersonstoserveoriginal,mesne,orfinalprocess;or8,toregulateandcontrol,setaside,modify,oralteranyproceedingintheMaster'soffice;or9,todoandperformanyotherdutythatmaybeperformedbysuchChancellorinvacation,thestatutepro-videsthattheChancellorofanyadjoiningDivisionshallhavepowerinvaca-3Code,§§3924-3924b,andstatutestherequoted.4Code,§§3927-3929.Code,§3930a;Brewerv.State,6Lea,198.TheauthorityofaspecialChancellorendswiththetermatwhichhewaselected.Lowv.State,3Cates,81.6Code,%3930e.7Suchcausesasincompetency,sickness,orun-avoidableabsence.8Code,§§3916-3918.Andmayappointaspecial
term.Elmsv.State,10Hum.,128.TheJudgesandChancellorsoftheseveralCircuitsandDivisionsareJudgesandChancellorsfortheStateatlarge;and,assuch,may,uponinterchange,anduponotherlaw-fulgrounds,exercisethedutiesofsuchofficeinanyotherjudicialCircuitorDivisionoftheState.Code,§3915;Stuartv.State,1Bax.,178;Chadwell,exparte,7Heisk.,630.9Code,§3918c.

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915THEETIQUETTEOETHECHANCERYCOURT.§1148tion,onproperapplication,tomakeallsuchorders,anddoallsuchacts.Butinsuchcasethepartymakingtheapplicationshallshow,byaffidavit,thattheregularChancellorisincompetent,andshallnotifytheoppositepartyoftheapplication,suchnoticetobethesameastotimeandplaceasisprescribedfortakingdepositions.10
AKTICLEIV.THEETIQUETTEOETHECHANCERYCOURT.§1148.TheCourtandtheBar.§1149.DeportmentoftheSolicitorsTowardstheCourt.§1150.DeportmentofSolicitorsTowardsEachOther.
§1151.DeportmentoftheChancellorTo-wardstheBar.§1152.DeportmentoftheChancellorWhileHearingaCause.
§1148.TheCourtandtheBar.1—Therearecertainproprietiesinthecon-ductofSolicitorstowardeachother,andintherelationoftheChancellorandtheSolicitorsofhisCourtwhich,ifdulyobserved,willgreatlypromotethatgoodfeelingandmanlycourtesysonecessarytotheproperconductofCourtbusiness,aswellastothatdignitywhichshouldcharacterizeatempleofjus-tice.TheChancellorshouldeverrememberthathewasonceamemberofthebar,andwillprobablybecomeoneagain;andheshouldendeavortodischargehisofficialdutiesinthewayhewouldhavelikedtohaveseenthemdischargedwhilehewasatthebar;andshouldcarefullyavoiddoing,oromittingtodo,anythingthathe,whileatthebar,deemedbelowthehighstandardofaperfectJudge.Ontheotherhand,theSolicitorsshouldkeepinmindthatwhiletheChancellorwasonceintheirranks,heisnowtheirofficialsuperior,andisen-titledtothatmeasureofdeference,respect,andcourtesytheywouldliketohaveaccordedtothemshouldtheyatanytimeoccupyhisplace;andtheyshould,also,considerthattheyarethetrustedofficersoftheCourt,andthatnotonlyarethedignityanddecorumoftheproceedingsoftheCourtmainlydependentonthem,butthateverythingwhichlowersthestandardoftheCourtnecessarilylowersthestandardofthelaw,andtendstodegradethebar.2SolicitorsshouldalwaysspeakrespectfullyofallCourts,andoftheLegisla-tureandoftheGovernor,andofCongress,andthePresident,andofthelawsoftheland.Abuseofourofficials,laws,andinstitutions,whileattimes,per-haps,pardonableinpoliticalarenas,isexecrableatthebar.TheChancellorandtheSolicitorshouldeachmagnifytheirrespectiveoffices,andconscientiouslyendeavortomakeincarnateinthemselvestheirrespectiveidealsofofficialperfection,makingdiligence,courtesy,dignity,andgoodfaiththeirtestsofexcellence,aswellasthetruemeansofattainingit.§1149.DeportmentoftheSolicitorsTowardstheCourt.—TWhileCourtisinsession,andtheChancellorisonthebench,Solicitorsshouldnotfailtokeepinmindthattheintervalbetweenthebenchandthebartablesisthelineofdemarcation,andshouldnotbecrossedwithoutspecialleaveoftheCourt.Iftherebepaperstobepassedfromthebartothebench,orfromthebenchtothebar,lettheofficerwaitingontheCourt,ortheClerk,performthistask.RemarksofapersonalnatureshouldbesparinglypassedbetweenmembersofthebarandtheChancelloronthebench,andexchangesofwitshouldbestudiouslyavoided.Asarule,andaruletowhichtheexceptionsarefew,and10Code,§§4416a-4416b.1IfanySolicitorobjectstotheethicslaid^downinthisArticle,heshould,atonce,examinehimself,andseeifhisstandardofprofessionaldeportmentisnottoolow.
2Isordovitiocareto,ceterisspecimenesto.(L,etthisclassofmenbefreefromfault,andanexampletoallothers.)ThiswasoneofthelawsoftheXIITables.

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§1150THEETIQUETTEOFTHECHANCERYCOURT.916thosefewveryquestionable,aSolicitorshouldneveraddressanyremarktotheChancelloronthebench,except(1)fromhisplacebehindthebartables,and(2)inreferencetosomesuitinCourt,ortosomematterpropertobebroughttotheattentionoftheCourt.SolicitorsshouldalwaysstandbehindthebartableswhenaddressingtheChancelloronthebench,orwhenreadingpleadings,orproof,ordecrees,ororders.ItisinexceedinglybadtasteforaSolicitortostandalongsidethebench,orleanonit,whileaddressingtheCourt,orreadinganypapertotheCourt.Heisstandingonforbiddenground,anditwouldbethedutyoftheChancellortocommandhimtoretiretohisproperplacebehindthebartables.''SolicitorsshouldrefrainfromholdinganyprivateconversationwiththeChancellorwhileCourtisinsession,unlessleavehasbeenfirstpubliclyaskedandobtained.Bystanders,litigants,andjealousSolicitorsaresometimesin-clinedtosuspectthattheobjectofprivateconversationwiththeCourtistoobtainsomeunfairadvantage,ortotamperwiththeChancellor,ortotelltalesonanadversary,orelsethattheChancellorhasfavoritesamongtheSolicitorstowhomhegrantsespecialprivilegesandsecretaudiences,andwithwhomheexchangesespecialconfidencesandtokensofmutualpartiality.Theoppositesidelookwithill-concealeddistrustuponaChancellorwhoengagesinsecretconversationwithaSolicitorduringthetrialofacause.Howeverinnocentsuchconversationmaybe,andhoweverforeigntothecausepending,adversepartiesarepronetosuspectthatithasdirectreferencetotheirsuit,andthatitisevidenceofpartialityonthepartoftheChancellor.SolicitorsandpartiesshouldneverembarrasstheChancellorbymakinglittlepresentsinopenCourt,suchasfruit,flowers,cigars,andthelike.TheChancelloriscoercedbycom-moncourtesytoaccepttheseevidencesofgoodwill;andwhile,asaman,heappreciatesthesetokensoffriendliness,nevertheless,asaChancellor,hereal-izesthatthereareSolicitorsandpartieswhoregardsuchactswithjealousyandsuspicion,anddeemthemattemptstotamperwiththeCourt.Toavoidallsuchsuspicionsandheart-burnings,letSolicitorsandpartiesforegoallsuchlittletokensofcourtesyandgoodwill.§1150.DeportmentofSolicitorsTowardsEachOther.—NothingdoessomuchtoelevateaSolicitorintheestimationoftheCourtandhisfellowsasuniformcourtesytotheothermembersofthebar.Bystandersoftheradersortmayconsiderabullying,domineeringdispositionanevidenceofgreat-ness*andincriminalandpolicecourtsdisplaysofrudenessandincivilityaresometimesoverlooked;butinaCourtofChancerythedeportmentofSolicitorstowardseachothershouldconstantlyexhibitchivalriccourtesy,andthepunc-tiliousobservanceofallofthoseproprietiesthatadornanddistinguishhonor-able,refined,andeducatedmen,andtruegentlemen.§1151.DeportmentoftheChancellorTowardstheBar.—TheintercoursebetweentheChancellorandthemembersofthebarshouldbesuchastoinspire(1)unlimitedconfidenceinhisintegrity,(2)anabsoluteassuranceofhisper-fectimpartiality,(3)acertainknowledgeofhisindustriousinvestigationofthefactsofthecasestriedbeforehimandofthelawapplicablethereto,(4)afeeling,withoutmisgivings,thatalllegitimateargumentisheardwithoutin-difference,wearinessorreluctance,and(5)anundoubtingfaiththatheispromptedbyaninvariableandunswervabledispositiontodetermineallmat-terssubmittedtohimaccordingtothelawandthefacts,andwithoutfear,favor,oraffection.TheChancellor'sdeportmentshouldbesuchthat,whilenotcoldorindiffer-ent,itwillnotinvitefawning,orflattery,orunduefamiliarity.TherearesometimesthosewhotakeundueadvantageofaJudge'scourtesy,anden-deavortomakehimbelievethattheirgoodwillisnecessarytohissuccess,3ThisdutyisprivatelyrecognizedbytheChancel-I iTheChancellorshouldnipaltercationinthebud.lor,evenwhenheforbearstopubliclyexerciseit.I

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917the;etiquetteokthechancerycourt.§1152andendeavortomakeothersbelievetheyowntheCourt,andthatawinkorhintfromthemismoreinfluentialthanfacts,law,andsoundargumentfromotherSolicitorsnotsofavored.ThefactthatsuchthingstakeplaceshouldbeconclusiveprooftotheChancellorthathisfamiliarityisbringinghimintocontempt,andshouldremindhimthatparasitesseldomclingtowhatispureandsound.Nevertheless,thereshouldbenoicinessintheatmospheresurroundingtheChancellor,butagentlewarmthofrespectfulcourtesy,assuringtothetimidandnottooencouragingtothepresumptuous.Everylawyer,litigant,orofficialhavingintercoursewithhimonofficialbusiness,shouldreceivethefullmeasureofconsiderateattentionrequisitefortheproperdischargeoftheparticulardutyheiscalledontoperform;andshouldneverbemadetofeelthattheyaretrespassinguponhistime,orconsumingtoomuchofhisatten-tion.TheChancellorisapublicofficial,andhistimeisnothisown,butbelongstohisduties,andtothosewhohaveofficialbusinesswithhim.WhenaChancellorforgetsthisfact,heforgetsthatheisapublicservant,andisindangerofbecomingapublicmaster.§1152.DeportmentoftheChancellorWhileHearingaCause.—Whiletheevidenceisbeingread,orargumentisbeingmade,theChancellorshouldstudiouslyavoidanyappearanceofimpatienceorpartiality;andshouldkeepconstantlyinmindthatthefirstdutyofaJudgeistohear.5Hewillfinditagoodrulenottoexpressanyopinionsduringtheargument,becausesuchanexpressionmayembarrasstheSolicitor,oritmayturnoutthattheChancellorwasinerror,andthenhewillbeembarrasedbyhisprejudgment.5Patientia,quaparsmagnajustitaest.

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§1153the;clerkandmaster:hispowersandduties.918
CHAPTERLXIV.THECLERKANDMASTER:HISPOWERSANDDUTIES.§1153.TheOfficeofMasterGenerallyCon-sidered.§1154.HisAppointmentandInductionIntoOffice.§1155.PowersandDutiesoftheMasterinRelationtotheInstitutionofaSuit.§1156.PowersandDutiesoftheMasterinRelationtotheProsecutionofaSuit.§1157.PowersoftheMastertoMakeOr-dersonRuleDays.§1158.PowersoftheMastertoMakeOr-dersonOtherThanRuleDays.§1159.PowersoftheMasterinReferencetoDepositions.§1160.PowersandDutiesoftheMasterinMakingReports.§1161.TheMaster'sFinancialReport.§1162.TheMaster'sBookReport.
to1163.PowersoftheMasterinRelationtheRevivorofaSuit.1164.PowersandDutiesoftheMasterinMakingDeeds.WhentheClerkandMasterMayAd-journtheCourt.§1166.PowersandDutiesoftheMasterinReceivingandPayingOutMoney.HowMarriedWomenaretobePaid.1168.HowMoneysBelongingtoInfantsandLunaticsarePaidOut.TheBookstheMasterisRequiredtoKeep.OtherDutiesoftheClerkandMas-ter.DutiesoftheMasterDuringtheSit-tingoftheCourt.§1171a.AdditionalRulesfortheGuidanceoftheClerkandMaster.§1172.TheDeputyClerkandMaster:HisPowersandDuties.
§1165.
§1167.
§1169.§1170.§1171.
§1153.TheOfficeoftheMasterGenerallyConsidered.—BytheCode,theClerkoftheChanceryCourt,inadditiontoallthedutiesandpowersconferreduponClerksofCourtsgenerally,andinadditiontovariousotherspecialdutiesandpowers,is"authorizedtoperformallthefunctionsofMastersinChancery,unlessrestrainedbytheprovisionsoflaw;"1sothatheisbothClerkandMaster.ThereisawidedifferencebetweentheClerkofaCourtandaMasterinChancery.ThedutiesofaClerkarealmostexclusivelyclerical:andhispow-ersarestrictlydefinedbylaw,ortheordersoftheCourt;heexercisesnojudicialfunctions,andhasbutlittlediscretion.2TheMaster,onthecontrary,isajudicialofficer,andisclothedwithmanyofthepowersoftheChancellorhimself;3andanexaminationoftheChanceryReports,andofworksonChan-ceryPractice,willshowthatthepromptandproperadministrationofjusticerequiresthatlargepowers,andnolittlediscretion,bevestedintheMaster.ThemattersreferredtotheMasterforhisactionarealmostasnumerousasthematterssubjecttothejurisdictionoftheCourt.4Amongthedutieshemaybecalledupontodischargearethefollowing:1,Todeterminewhetheritisnecessarytoselladecedent'slandtopayhisdebts;2,whetheratractoflandshouldbesoldratherthanpartitioned;3,whetheritistotheinterestofaminorormarriedwomantosellherproperty,realorpersonal;4,whetheranytaxesaredueonlandsold,oranyotherencumbrancesexist;5,whataretheassetsandliabilitiesofadecedent,apartnership,acorporation,orotherper-son,whoseassetsareinthecustodyoftheCourt;6,theamountofanypartic-ularliability;7,therelativerightsorprioritiesofvariouscreditors,orclaim-
1Code,§§4085-4086.Thereseemtobenorestrain-ingprovisionsofspecialimportance,anditwillbeseenbyacarefulstudyoftheEnglishChanceryPracticepriorto1858,thatourMastersinChanceryhavenearlyallthepowersexercisedatthattimeinEnglandbytheMastersinChancery.TheClerkandMasterhasvariousdutiestoperformasClerkofaCourt,andvariousotherandmoreresponsibledutiestoperforinasaMasterinChancery;hence,inspeak-ingofhiminconnectionwithhisdutiesasClerk,heisgenerallytermedaClerk;andinspeakingofhimin
referencetohisdutiesasMasterinChancery,heisgenerallytermedMaster.2WhenmattersarereferredtoaClerktobere-portedon,orwhenanydiscretionisvestedinhim,orwhenheisrequiredbytheCourttomakesales,ortodischargeanyquasijudicialduty,he,tothatextent,isclothedbythestatute,withthepowersofaMasterinChancery.Code,§4051.31Smith'sCh.Pr.,9-11.i1Smith'sCh.Pr.,9;1Barb.Ch.Pr.,468.

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919THECLERKANDMASTER:HISPOWERSANDDUTIES.§1154ants;8,thestateoftheaccountbetweenaguardian,executor,administrator,receiver,orothertrustee,andthebeneficiaries,orbetweenpersonshavingmutualdealings;9,thevalidityandamountofaparticularclaim;10,tosellproperty,realandpersonal,andtakethesalemoney,orthesecurednotesofthepurchaser;11,toinvestmoneybelongingtopersonsunderdisability,ortopersonswhofailtodrawthesameoutofCourt;12,toloanoutmoneyonsecurity;13,toinvestigatethetitletolands;14,tofixthecompensationofguardians,personalrepresentatives,receivers,trustees,guardiansadlitem,Solicitorsandothers;15,todeterminetheproperallowanceforthemain-tenanceofmarriedwomen,infants,orpersonsofunsoundmind,orfortheeducationofinfants;16,toinquireforheirs,nextofkin,andlegatees,whoseestatesareinCourt;17,toholddocuments,securities,orotherpersonalprop-ertyinvolvedinalitigation;and18,toascertaintheamountofdamagesinanycasewheredamagesareclaimed.Indeed,itmaybestatedthatingeneral,thereisnoquestionoflaw,orEquity,ordisputedfact,whichtheMastermaynothaveoccasiontodecide,orrespectingwhichhemaynotbecalledupontoreporthisopiniontotheCourt.43-Besidestheseduties,thereareothersspeciallydevolvedupontheMasterbystatute,mostofwhichareofajudicialnature,andcallfortheexerciseocdiscretion.Amongthesedutiesarethefollowing:1,toappointguardiansadlitem2,totakeandsetasideordersproconfesso;3,tohearproofofaparty'sdeath,issueprocesstorevive,andorderarevivor;4,toextendthetimefortakingproof,orfilingananswer;5,toawardattachmentsagainstwitnessesanddefendantsfordefault;6,todeterminewhetherananswerissufficient;7,toascertainwhat,ifany,matterinapleading,petition,ordeposition,isscandalous,impertinent,orunnecessarilyprolix;8,topassonexceptionstodepositions,ortoanswers;9,tomakeordersfortakingdepositions;10,torestrictorenlargethetimeofnoticetotakedepositions;11,toallowwitnessestobere-examined;12,toappointcommissioners;13,totakedepositions;14,toruleacomplainanttotakestepsinacause;15,toorderanon-residentpartytoanswerinterrogatories;and16,toopenandadjournCourt,intheabsenceoftheChancellor.TheforegoingenumerationofpowersanddutiesclearlyshowthattheofficeofMasterisoneofgreatauthority,andlargeandvariedresponsibility,requir-ingforitsefficientdischarge,agoodjudgment,greatdiligence,aninflexibleimpartiality,anenlightenedconscience,andathoroughacquaintancewiththepracticeoftheCourt,coupledwithgood,clericalqualifications,andalargeexecutivecapacity.§1154.HisAppointmentandInductionIntoOffice.—TheClerkandMasterisappointedbytheChancelloroftheCourt,andholdshisofficeforthefulltermofsixyearsfromhisinductionintooffice.5Theappointmentisusuallymadeinwriting.6Thereshouldbearecordofhisappointmentandqualifica-tionandinductionenteredontheminutesoftheCourt.Thefollowingformissuggested:INDUCTION"OFTHECLERKANDMASTERINTOOEEICE.AppointmentandInductionofjJ.B.RagonasClerkandMaster.)Onthis17thdayofOctober,1888,cameJ.B.Ragon,inhisownproperperson,intoopenCourt,andpresentedthefollowingletterofappointmentasClerkandMasterofthisCourt,andtenderedthethreefollowingbonds,andofferedtotakeandsubscribethenecessaryoathsofofficeassuchappointee,andmovedtheCourttoinducthimintosaidofficeofClerkandMaster
:
441Smith'sCh.Pr.,11. I 6See,ante,§1137.5Const,ofTerm.,Art.VI,§13;Stateu.Ander-son,16Lea,325. I

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§1155
[Herecopyitin§327.]
THECLERKANDMASTER:HISPOWERSANDDUTIES.920LETTEROFAPPOINTMENT.i
[Herecopyitinfull.]CLERKANDMASTER'SOFFICIALBOND.[Herecopyitinfull.Thisisthebondforthesafe-keepingoftherecords,andforthefaithfuldischargeofthedutiesoftheoffice.Code,§326.]CLERKANDMASTER'SREVENUEBOND.
II.Thisisthebondtoaccountfortaxes,fines,andforfeitures.Code,CLERKANDMASTER'SSPECIALBOND.[Herecopy,itinfull.ThisisthebondtocoverpropertyorfundswhichmaycomeintotheMaster'shandsasspecialcommissioner,orreceiver.Code,§328.]AndeachofsaidthreebondsbeingfoundbytheChancellortobecorrectinformandinpenalty,andeachoftheobligorshavingunconditionallyacknowledgedeachofsaidthreebondsinopenCourtbeforetheChancellor,8andtheChancellorbeingsatisfiedthattheyarejointlyworthlargelymorethantheaggregatepenaltiesofsaidthreebonds,saidthreebondswerebyhimapprovedandaccepted,andsaidacknowledgmentandapprovalbyhimendorsedoneachofsaidbonds.ThereuponthefollowingoathsofofficewerebytheChancelloradministeredto,andtakenandsubscribedby,saidJ.B.Ragon
:
OATHSOFOFFICE.[Herecopytheminfull.Theseoathsare,1,Theoathofoffice;Code,§332;and2,Theoathagainstduelling,Code,§752;Actsof1859-'60,ch.56.TheseoathsshouldbeendorsedontheofficialbondoftheMasterfirstabovesetout.Code,§756.]Whereupon,thesaidmotionwasallowed,andsaidJ.B.RagonwasthenandthereinductedintotheofficeofClerkandMasterofthisCourt,forthefulltermofsixyearsfromthisday
;
andheatonceentereduponthedischargeofthedutiesofhissaidoffice.§1155.PowersandDutiesoftheMasterinRelationtotheInstitutionofaSuit.—Allofthestepsrelativetotheinstitutionofasuit,exceptwhereextra-ordinaryprocessorpreliminaryreliefissought,aretakenintheMaster'soffice.Thesestepsarethefollowing
:
1.FilingoftheBillandtheTakingofBonds.Thefirststepintheinstitutionofanordinarysuitisthefilingofthebill,andgivingtherequiredsecurityforcosts,ortakingthepauperoath,inlieu.8aAllpapersanddocumentsreferredtointhebillasexhibits,mustbefiledintheMaster'sofficeatthetimethebillisfiled,unless,byspecialorderoftheChancellororMaster,itisotherwiseordered.8b2.IssuanceofProcess.Thenextstepistheissuanceofasubpoenatoanswer,andanyattachment,injunction,orotherextraordinaryprocessordered.93.OrderingandMakingPublication.Ifthebillshowacasewherepersonalserviceisdispensedwith,andthebillisswornto,ortherequisitefactsappearbyaseparateaffidavit,orbythereturnonthesubpoena,theMasterwillforth-withmakeapublicationorderuponhisruledocket,andpublishthesame.104.GrantingAttachmentsofProperty.TheClerkandMastermaygrantandissueanattachmentinanycaseinhisCourtwhereanattachmentmaybeissuedbytheClerkoftheCircuitCourt.11§1156.PowersandDutiesoftheMasterinRelationtotheProsecutionofaSuit.—Afterthebillhasbeenfiled,andprocessissued,orpublicationmade,variousdutiesandpowersdevolveontheMaster,connectedwiththeprosecu-tionofthesuit,andthepreparationofthesameforahearingbeforetheChan-cellor,amongwhicharethefollowing
:
7See,ante,§1137.8Thefollowingisaformofprobate:StateofTennessee,1CountyofKnox.JPersonallyappearedbeforemeeachandallofthemakersofthisbond,to-wit:A,B,C,andD,witheachandallofwhomIampersonallyacquainted,andacknowledgedthattheyseverallyandunconditionallysignedtheforegoingbondforthepurposesthereinexpressed.
ThisOct.17,1884.W.B.Staley,Chancellor.8a§|178-183.TheMastermaysweartheproposedprosecutionsureties.StateV.Wilson,3Pick.,693:ante,§181.8bCode,§4339;Ch.Rule,I,§§2-3;post,§1190»Ante,5191.10Forfullerparticularsastopublication,see,ante,§§196-200.ilSee,ante,%875.

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921THECLERKANDMASTER:HISPOWERSANDDUTIES.§11561.EnteringandSettingAsideJudgmentsProConfesso.Itisthedutyofth&defendanttoenterhisappearancebeforetheMaster,onthereturnday,byfilingwithhimthepleadingcontaininghisdefencetothesuit,andalltheex-hibitsthereto,ifany.Ifhefailsotodo,theMastermay,onmotionofthecomplainant,orderthebilltobetakenforconfessed.If,thereafter,thedefend-antshowgoodcause,andtenderasufficientanswer,theMastermaysetasidetheorderproconfesso,asalreadyfullyshown.12TheMastermay,beforeaproconfesso,grantthedefendant,upongoodcauseshown,furthertimewithinwhichtofileananswer.132.AppointingGuardiansadLitem.Ifaswornbill,oraseparateaffidavit,showthatadefendantisaninfantwithoutageneralguardian,theMastermay,uponmotionofcomplainant,appointaguardianadlitemforsuchinfant.Whoshouldbeappointed,andthepowers,duties,andliabilitiesofthepersonap-pointed,haveheretoforebeenstated.143.ActingonExceptionstoPleadings.HemustactOnallexceptionstoan-swers,andgivetherequisitenoticestotheproperpartiesinreferencetoan-swers,15sothatthepartiesaggrievedmaytakeanappealtotheChancellor.13TheMasteralsoactsonexceptionstobills,petitions,orotherpleadings,whenreferredtohimforrevisionbecauseofscandal,impertinence,orprolixity.174.AppointingCommissioners.TheMastermayappointcommissionerstotakedepositions,18ortoswearadefendanttohisanswer,19ortotakeaninjunc-tionbondinanothercounty.205.IssuingAttachmentsforFailureofaWitnesstoAppear,orFailureofaDefend-anttoAnswer.Ifawitness,afterhavingbeendulysummoned,failstoappear,theMastermayissueanattachmentforhim.21So,wherethetimeforanswer-inghasexpired,theMastermay,onapplicationofthecomplainant,issueanattachmentagainstthedefendantforwantofananswer.226.ExtendingtheTimeforAnswering,orforTakingProof.TheMastermaygrantadefendantfurthertimeinwhichtoanswer,ongoodcauseshown,evenafterhehasbeenattachedforcontempt.23Hemayalsoextendthetimeofeitherpartyfortakingproof,ongoodcauseshownbyaffidavit,andonterms.Butinthesecases,theMasterisexpectedtoactwithlegaldiscretion,justastheChancellorwould,andnotgranteveryapplicationindiscriminately,merelybecauserequestedsotodo.TheMastershouldbediligenthimself,andshouldrequirediligenceofallothers.7.MakingOrdersinRelationtoProof.TheMasterhaslargepowersrelativetothetakingofproof.Thus,hemayextendaparty'stimefortakingproofafterhistimehasexpired;hemayallowawitnesstobere-examinedtothesamefactsbythesameparty;hemayrestrictorenlargethenoticefortakingproof;hemayauthorizethedepositionofawitnesstobetakenbeforeacauseisatissue;hemaymakeaperemptoryorderonapartytoanswerinterroga-toriesfiled:hemaydeterminewhethernotice'totakedepositionsshallbegiventoeachofseveralparties,andifnot,towhichofthemnoticeshallbegiven.24InallthesematterstheMastershouldexercisethesamediscretionastheChancellorwouldunderthesamecircumstances;andhemayconditionhisordersandrulesuponthepaymentofsuchcostsastheChancellormayimposeintheparticularcase.Asarule,apartyaskingafavorshouldpaycosts.8.StepsTakenbyPartiesintheMaster'sOffice.Adefendantmaymakearuleonthecomplainanttotakeanystepnecessarytotheprogressofacause
;
noticeofthisruleshallbeimmediatelygiventothepartyinterested,orhis12Ante,§§206-207.13Code,§4368.ButtheMastercannotsetasideaproconfessoafterafinaldecree:thatcanonlybedonebytheChancellor,inopenCourt.liAnte,§§106-108.16Code,§§4400-4403.16Code,§4404.ITCode,§4316;ante,§ISO.
18Ante,§478.19Code,§4399.20Code,§4441.21Ante,§923.22Ante,§201.23Code,§4368;ante,§203.24Code,§3850.

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§1157THECEERKandmaster:hispowersandduties.922counsel,bytheMaster.25ThecomplainantmaysetapleaordemurrerdownwiththeMastertobeargued.289.GivingNoticeofRules,OrdersandOtherProceedings.TheMastermustgivetheoppositeparty,orhisSolicitor,noticeofanyrule,order,orotherproceed-ing,takenathisofficeaffectingsuchparty,27inorderthatthelattermaytakesuchstepashemaydesireinthepremises,ormaytakeanappealtotheChan-cellor.Hemust,also,notifythecomplainantorhisSolicitorofthefilingofanswersandpleas,andnotifythedefendant'sSolicitortofileasufficientan-swer.28Noticeofaruletotakestepsmustbeimmediatelygiventothecom-plainant,orhiscounsel.2910.SettingCausesforHearing.Formerly,acausewassetforhearingwhenthetimefortakingproofhadexpired;butthispracticeisnowobsolete;andtheonlywayinwhichacauseisnowsetforhearingisbyenteringitonthetrialdocket,andthistheMasterisrequiredtodososoonasthecauseisatissue.30§1157.PowersoftheMastertoMakeOrdersonRuleDays.—TheMasterholdsasortofCourtonthefirstMondayofeverymonthathisoffice,whenandwherevariousrulesandordersaremadebyhim,forthepreparationofcausesforhearing;andotherproceedingstakeplaceinreferencetosuits.ThesefirstMondaysarecalledruledaysbecauseonthesedaysrulesaremade.31Eachdayofthetermisalsoaruleday;butSolicitorsgenerallyprefertomaketheirmotionsandobtaintheirordersandrulesfromtheChancellorinopenCourt,32ratherthanfromtheMaster,whentheCourtisinsession.33ThememorandumbooktheMasterisrequiredtokeep34ishisofficedocket,andtheruledocketistohisofficewhattheminutebookistotheCourt:thesetwobookscontainafullhistoryofeverymotionmade,everypaperfiledorissued,everyruleorordermade,everyoriginalormesnewritissued,andeveryotherproceedingintheMaster.^officeofwhichaminuteisrequiredtobemade,exceptrulingsonexceptions,andentriesontheexecutiondocket.Whilemotions,orders,andrulescan,asarule,bemadeonanydayintheMaster'soffice,therearesomeordersandrulesthatcanonlybemadeonruledays,anditisimportanttokeepthedistinctioninmind.Thefollowingaretheprincipaland,perhaps,theonlyordersandrulesthatmustbemadeonlyonruledays:1.OrdersProConfesso.AsadefendantisnotboundtoappearbeforetheMasterandmakedefence,exceptonaruleday,itseemsthatheisnotinde-faultonanyotherday:henceaproconfessocannotbeenteredagainsthimonanyotherday.35Butitwouldseemthatifadefendanthasactuallyappearedandmadedefence,andthatdefencehasbeendeclaredinsufficient,orstrickenfromthefilesforanygoodreason,aproconfessomaybeenteredagainsthim25Code,§4389.26Code,§4393.27Code,§4423.TheSupremeCourthasdecidedthatthissectionoftheCodeisdirectory.Sheav.Mabry,1Lea,327.TheChancellor,however,wouldnotallowapartytoloseanyright,orbeotherwiseinjuredbythefailureoftheMastertogivesuchno-tice.TheMasterwould,also,beliableonhisbondforanylossresultingfromsuchfailure.SomeMas-tersareremissingivingthesenotices:theyareoftenofgreatimportancetothepartiesinterested,andChancellorsshouldrequiretheirMasterstofaithfullyandpromptlygiveallthenoticesrequiredbylaw:anynegligenceinthisrespectshouldbereprehended.Courts,whosedutyitistoenforcethedutiesofothers,shouldnottolerateanybreachofdutybyitsownofficers.28Code,§§4400-4403;4422;Ch.Rule,I,§5.29Code,§4389.30Code,§§4431;4328;ante,§464.SIThereisaconstantlyincreasingdispositiontomakeallordersandrules,exceptordersproconfesso,ordersappointingguardiansadlitem,andordersre-vivingsuits,onanyday,whetheraruledayornot;andasthisdispositioncontravenesnopositivelaw,andisveryconvenient,aswellaspromotiveofdis-
patch,itisnottobediscouraged.Indeed,itisex-ceedinglyuncertainwhatordersandrulesotherthanthethreeabovenamed,mustbemadeonruledays.Code,§4418.Anyorderimproperlymadeonadaynotaruledaywould,nodoubt,bevalidunlessap-pealedfromtotheChancellor,andbyhimsetaside.Suchappealsareseldomtaken,andhencethegrow-ingdispositiontodisregardruledays.32Inprtesentiamajoriscessatpotentiaminoris.33PriortotheActof1851-2,Code,§4421,onlythefirstMondaysofthemonthandthefirstdayofthetermwereruledavs,anditwasheldinLannumv,Steele,10Hum.,280,thatrulespropertobemadebytheMaster,includingjudgmentsproconfesso,couldnotbemade,evenbytheCourt,exceptontheseruledays.Thisdecision,whichwasmadein1849,probablycausedtheActof1851-2,(Code;§4421,)makingeachdayoftheterm,aswellasthefirstMondayofeverymonthinvacation,aruleday.Lannumv.Steeleisoftencited,withoutreferencetotheActof1851,which,ineffect,overruledthecaseasanauthority.SiPost,§1169.35Lannumv.Steele,10Hum.,280;Seayv.Seay,1Tenn.Ch.,2.Butseenote33,supra.

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923THECLERKANDMASTER:HISPOWERSANDDUTIES.§1158onotherthanaruleday.36Itisthepracticetosetasideaproconf.essoonanyday.2.AppointmentofGuardiansadLitem.Inasmuchaspartiesareboundtoappearandmakedefenceonlyonruledays,intheoryaninfantisnotbeforetheMasterexceptonaruleday:hencetheMastercannotappointaguardianadlitemforhimonanyotherday,astheinfantmustbepresentinlawwhentheappointmentismade.37Atemporaryguardianofapersonfoundtobeofunsoundmindbyajurymay,however,bemadebytheMasteronanydayaftertheverdict.383.KevivalofSuits.TherevivalofsuitsintheMaster'sofficeisinthenatureofanorderproconfesso,andmustbemadeonaruleday,forthereasonabovegiven.39TheMastermay,however,issuethewritofscirefaciastorevive,orfileabillofrevivorandissueprocessthereon,atanytime.404.RulestoTakeSteps.,Itwouldseemthatarulebythedefendantonhisadversarytotakeanecessarystepinacauseshouldbemadeonaruleday.41§1158.PowersofMastertoMakeOrdersonOtherThanRuleDays.—Ashasbeenmentionedinanotetotheprecedingsection,thedistinctionbetweenwhatordersmustbemade,andwhatmaynotbemade,bytheMasteronruledays,doesnotclearlyappearinourpractice.TheCodesaysthattherules,ordersandotherproceedingsmadewith,orby,theClerkandMastershallbemadeattheruledays,unlessotherwiseauthorizedbytheCode;42butsomanyareexpresslyorimpliedlyauthorizedbytheCodetobemadeonotherdaysthatgreatuncertaintyresults,andinpracticenearly,ifnotquite,allrules>ordersandotherproceedings,exceptasstatedintheprecedingsection,aremadeonanydaytheMastercanbefoundinhisoffice.43§1159.PowersoftheMasterinReferencetoDepositions.—TheClerkandMasterhasallthepowersofaCommissionerintakingdepositions;andhas,inaddition,otherandmuchgreaterpowers.Thesewillbehereconsidered,forconvenience,inconnectionwithsomeofhisotherpowersinreferencetodepositions:1.HeCanDeterminetheLengthoftheNotice.TheMastermay,upongoodcauseshownbyaffidavit,eitherrestrictorenlargetheusualtimeofnoticefortakingdepositions.4436Code,§§4369;4400-4407;4395;4464.Seenotetothenextsection.37Instrictlaw,neithertheChanceryCourtnortheCountyCourthasjurisdictiontoappointaguard-ianforaninfantwhoisnotbeforetheCourtinper-son,orbyserviceofsomeprocess.38Code,§3700.39See,also,Code,§4429;Fosterv.Burem,1Heisk.,783.40Code,§§4426;4429:41If,however,sucharuleshouldbemadeonanyotherthanaruleday,andthecomplainantnotifiedthereof,andfailedtoappeal,theChancellorwould,nodoubt,treattheruleasvalid.Chancellorsregardsubstance,notceremony.42Code,§§4417-4418.43ItwouldseemfromaconsiderationofCode,sections4418-4421,thattherulesandordersreferredtoinsection4420areallrequiredtobemadeonruledays,butwhenothersectionsoftheCodeareconsid-ered,thisconclusionisfoundtobeerroneous.(1)§4420,sub-section1,ismodifiedby§4426,whichsavsimperatively,the"ClerkandMastershallissuescirefacias,ornotice,atanytime,uponmotionofcomplainant,enteringthesameuponhisrules."(2)§4420,sub-section2,ismodifiedby§§4354-4355,whichrequiretheClerktomaketheorderforpubli-cationupontheruledocket"assoonasthenecessaryaffidavitismade,"andthisaffidavitmaybemadewheneverthebillisfiled,andthebillmaybefiledatanytime.See,also,Code,§§3518-3520.whichshowthatinattachmentcases,theorderofpublicationmaybemadeandenteredontheruledocket"atanytime."(3)§4420,sub-section3,seemstobemodi-fiedby§4369,sub-section5,andby§§4400-4407,sothataproconfessomightbeenteredattheendofthirtydaysafternoticeofexceptionsallowed,evenifthethirtiethdaycameonotherthanaruleday.
By§4395,itwouldseemthatabillmaybetakenforconfessedattheendofthetimeprescribedbytheCourtforanswering,althoughotherthanaruleday;anditwouldseemfrom§4464thatwheninterrogato-riesarenotansweredbythegivenday,aprocon-fessomaybeenteredatonce,withoutwaitingforaruleday.§4420,sub-section3,seems,also,tobemodifiedastosettingasideordersproconfesso,by§§4375-4376,whichauthorizetheMastertosetasideaproconfesso"atanytime."Besidesthedelaysthatwouldbeoccasionedbywaitingforruledaystosetasideproconfessoswouldbeintolerable.(4)§4420,sub-section5,seemstobemodified,by§4462,whichauthorizestheClerkandMaster"atanytimeafterthebillisfiled"tomakeanordertotakede-positionsincertaincases,being,perhaps,theonlycases,"wheresuchordersarenecessary."(5)§4420,sub-section6,givestheMasterauthoritytoopencausesforproof"inthesamewayastheChancellormightdo."Thiswouldseemtoimplythatthereisnorestrictionastoruledays;and,underChanceryRule,II,§4,thepracticeistoextendthetimefortakingproofonanydaytheMasterorChancellor,canbefound._And.thus,themakingoftheordersandrulesspecifiedinCode,§4420,excepttheoneinreferencetoguardiansadlitem,isseennottobeconfinedtoruledays.Itmaybesaidthattheva-rioussectionsoftheCode,givingauthoritytomaketheserules"atanytime,"meanonanyruleday;butsuchaconstructioniscontrarytousage,andtoonarrow.Itmaybesafelysaidthattheonlyordersabsolutelyrequiredtobemadeonruledays,are:1st,Ordersproconfesso^forfailuretomakeanyde-fence;2d,Ordersappointingaguardianadlitem
;
3d,Ordersrevivingasuit;and,perhaps,4th,Rulestotakestepsinacause.44Code,§4460.Ifthewitnessispresent,orineasyreach,thetimeofnoticeshouldbereducedto

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§1160THECEERKandmaster:hispowersandduties.9242.HeMayAllowaNewExamination.TheMastermay,upongoodcauseshownbyaffidavit,giveapartyleavetohaveawitnessagainexaminedinchieforcross-examined,afterhisdepositionhasbeenfinallyclosed.453.HeMayAttachaWitnessforTailingtoAppear.Ifawitness,afterhavingbeendulysummoned,failstoappearbeforetheMaster,uponthereturnofanofficerorproofbyaffidavitshowingthatthewitnesshasbeensummoned,theMastershallissueaninstanterattachmentforsuchwitness,anddesignatethereinthepenaltyofthebondconditionedforhisappearancebeforetheChancelloratatimeandplacetobespecifiedifpracticable,orbeforetheCourtat,thenextsucceedingterm,ifitbenottheninsession,toshowcausewhyheshouldnotbefinedorcommittedaccordingtolaw.464.HeMayCommitaStubbornWitness.Ifawitnessshouldappearandrefusetoanswerlegalinterrogatories,heshallbecommittedbytheMaster,untilheconsenttogivehistestimony.47§1160.PowersandDutiesoftheMasterinMakingReports.—"WhentheMasterisdirectedtomakeareport,hemustmakeandfileitwithinthetimeprescribedbytheorderordecree,orgiveasatisfactorywrittenexcusetotheChancellor.48IftheCourtdoesnotfixthetimewithinwhichtheaccountshallbetaken,andthereportmade,theMastershallfixthetime,andgivefivedays'noticethereoftotheparties,andtheSolicitors,also,ifbothresideinthecounty,andifnothewillnotifytheone,partyorSolicitor,whodoesresideinthecounty.Ifthepartiesarenumerous,noticeshallbeservedonsuchofthemasthedecreeorMastermaydesignate.49ThelawrequirestheMastertobediligentintakingaccounts,makingsales,andmakingreports,andhomustproceedwiththeleastpracticabledelaytocomplywiththetermsofthereference.50Foreachneglectheissubjecttoafineoffiftydollars,andfor*repeatedneglectmayberemovedfromoffice.51§1161.TheMaster'sFinancialReport.—TheMasterisrequiredtoreportonthefirstdayofeachtermtheamountofmoneyinhisoffice,andthecausestowhichtheseveralsumsbelong,exceptingcosts,butincludingStatereve-nues.ThisreportisnotonlyfortheinspectionoftheCourt,batfortheben-efitofSolicitorsandpartiesinterested.ItismadethedutyoftheCourttohavethisreportinspected,themoneycounted,andtoseethatthereportisineveryrespectcorrect.52Thisreportshouldinclude,notonlyallthemoneysactuallyinCourt,exceptcosts,but,also,themoneysloanedoutbyorderoftheCourt,onnote,ormortgage,ortrustdeed,givingthenameofthesecurity,itsdate,whendue,andthenamesofthesureties.MoneyloanedoutbyorderoftheCourt,isintheeyeofthelaw,moneyinCourt.Thefollowingisaformofthereport
:
MASTER'SFINANCIALKEFORT.TotheHon.ThomasM.McConnell,Chancellor:Isubmitthefollowingreportoftheamountofmoneyinmyoffice,andthecausestowhichtheseveralsumsbelong,notincludingcosts
:
willnottestifyforanotherdeservestosufferhim-selfforwantoftheevidenceofanother.Tobearwitnesstothetruthisasacredduty;andthead-ministrationofjusticewouldbecomeimpossibleifwitnessesshouldwithholdtheirtestimony.Tocon-cealmaterialevidenceistoaidintheperpetrationofinjustice,andisakintocrime.47Ch.Rule,VII,§4,post,§1196.Awitnesscannotbecompelledtoansweraquestionthat(I)willcriminatehim,orsubjecthimtoapenaltyorforfeiture;or(2)thatwillinvolveabreachofpro-fessionalconfidencetowardhisclient.1Dan.Ch.Pr„942-943.48Code,§4471.40Ch.Rule,IV,§§2-5;post,§1193.50Code,§4474.51Code,§§4472-4473;Ch.Rule,VII,§6;post,§1196.52Code,§§335i-335;,(M.&V.)
oneortwodays;and,ifbothpartiesarepresent,takingdepositions,andthewitnessispresent,thetimeshouldbereducedtoonehour.Iftheparties,whiletakingproof,refusetotakethedepositionofanywitnessorwitnessespresent,orineasyreach,theMastershould,onapplication,promptlyauthor-izeinstanternoticetobegiven.Heshouldendorsehisactionontheaffidavitforrestrictednotice,andfileitwiththedepositionthustaken.45Code,4461;Ch.Rule,II,§6;post,§1191.46Ch.Rule,VII,§3;post,§1196.Mastersshouldpromptlycomplywiththisrule:itisimpera-tive,andtheeffectisgood.Justicecannotbedone,ifwitnessesrefusetoattendandgiveintheirevi-dence.TheMastershouldhavethewitnesscarried,orboundtoappear,beforetheChancellorinstanter,ifpossible,sothathisevidencemaybehadintimeforthenexttermoftheCourt.WitnessesmustbetaughttorespecttheprocessoftheCourt.Hewho

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§1164THECEERKandmaster:hispowersandduties.926andproofofaparty'sdeath,andorderandissuethenecessaryprocesstorevive,suchprocessbeingascirefacias,ornotice.54Theprocessmustbemadereturnabletoaruleday,andthesuitmayberevivedatthenextruledayafterthereturn,ifnodefenceismade.55Theentriesontheruledocketinallmat-tersrelativetorevivorsshouldbeasfull,andinthesameform,asentriesontheminute-bookintermtime.Theprocedureinrevivingsuitsisfullygivenelsewhere.56§1164.PowersandDutiesoftheMasterinMakingDeeds.—TheCourtmay,bydecree,divestthetitletoproperty,realorpersonal,outofanyoftheparties,andvestitinothers,orvestitinthepurchaser;ortheCourtmayauthorizetheMastertoexecuteallnecessaryconveyances,releases,andacquit-tances,eitherinhisnameasMaster,orinthenameofthepartiesbyhimasMaster,astheCourtmaythinkproper;andtheinstrumentsoexecutedwillbeasvalidasifexecutedbytheparty.57ThedeedwhenexecutedbytheMastermustbebyhimacknowledgedinthepresenceoftwosubscribingwit-
1
nesses,oracknowledgedbeforetheClerkoftheCountyCourt,oraNotaryPublic,totheendthatitmayberegistered.58§1165.WhentheClerkandMasterMayAdjourntheCourt.—IftheChan-celloris,foranyreason,unabletoopenhisCourtatthetimefixedbylaw,hemaybyletter,orotherwise,instructtheClerkandMastertokeeptheCourtopenuntilhecangetthere;or,ifheisunabletoholdtheCourtatall,hemayinstructtheClerkandMastertoadjourntheCourttoatime,byhim,theChancellor,fixedforholdingaspecialterm.IftheClerkandMasterhasnoinstructionsfromtheChancellor,hemayadjourntheCourt,intheabsenceoftheChancellor,fromdaytoday,forthreedaysinsuccession,orlonger,ifinhisjudgmenttheinterestofthepublicrequiresit,andthenadjournittotbeCourtincourse.59§1166.PowersandDutiesoftheMasterinReceivingandPayingOutMoney.—TheMastermustalwayskeepinmindthefundamentalfactthatinreceiving,holding,andpayingoutmoney,heisthemerehandoftheCourt,andthetrusteeofthepartiesinterestedinthemoney.Noneofthemoneybelongstohim,norhasheanyrightwhatevertouseanyportionofit,notevenhisowncosts,untiltheCourtsoorders;norcanhelawfullypayoutanyofittoanyoneOnanypretencewhatsoever,exceptinobediencetosomeexpressandplainlaw,orontheexpresscommandoftheCourt.Hehasnodiscretionvestedinhim,whomtopay,whentopay,wheretopay,orhowtopay;butmustpaytheverypersonlawfullyentitledunderthedecree,andmustmakethepaymentintheprecisemannerspecifiedbythestatute,orbythedecree;andmustpayathisofficewithoutdelay,uponapplicationofthepartyentitled,hisagent,orattorney.60TheClerkandMasterhasauthoritytoreceivetheamountofanydecreerenderedbyhisCourt,eitherbeforeoraftertheissueofanexecutionthere-on;61buthehasnoauthoritytoreceiveanythinginpaymentofanydecreecallingformoney,exceptmoney,unlessthedecreeinplainandexpresstermsauthorizessomethingelsetobereceived,andthenthedecreemustbestrictlyfollowed.TheClerkhasnorightorauthoritytopaymoneyinhishandsinacausetoanyone,exceptinobediencetoanorderofCourt,orincompliancewithsomestatute.6264Code,§§4420;4426.55Code,§§4429;4349.56See,ante,%%699-719.57Code,§§4484-4485.58See,ante,§650.59Code,§4087.This'sectionseemsbroadenoughtocoveracasewhereaChancellor,afteropeninghisCourt,foranyreason,isunabletocloseit,orneglectedtocloseit.
ooCode,§§4043;4475.TheClerkandMasterisprotectedbytheorderoftheCourtrequiringhimtopayoutmoney.Ifapartyobjectstosuchanorderhemustappeal.See2PerryonTrusts,§§476a;eiCode,§4050,sub-sec.5.62Craigv.Governor,3Cold.,244.

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927THECEERKANDMASTER:HISPOWERSANDDUTIES.§1167WhenaClerkandMasterdies,themoneysinhishandsassucharenotassetsforthepaymentofhisdebts,orfordistribution,butbelongtotheoffice,andshouldbepaidintoCourt;andwhenaClerkandMasterdies,orisremoved,orhistermexpires,itisthedutyofhissuccessortodemand,andtakeposses-sionof,alltheassetsandotherpropertybelongingtotheoffice:63themoneymayberecoveredbymotion;64andthebooks,papersandotherpropertymayberecoveredasprovidedbysections806-811oftheCode.65WhentheClerkandMasterisliabletoanypartytoasuitformoneyinhishands,itmayberecoveredonmotion,orapetitionmaybefiledinthecausewithoutbondagainsthimandhissureties,oragainstthepersonalrepre-sentativesoftheClerkandhissureties,ifanyofthembedead.AnoriginalsuitintheCircuitCourtontheClerkandMaster'sbondwouldbeirregular;66and,ifnoorderhadbeenmadefortheClerktopayoverthemoney,suchasuitwouldbeimproper,andnotmaintainable.67§1167.HowMarriedWomenaretobePaid.—ThelawsofTennesseejealouslyandzealouslyhedgemarriedwomenaroundwithsafeguardsagainstimprovidenthusbands,impecuniousagents,importunateacquaintances,andimprudentCourtClerks;andnoClerkandMastercansafelypayouttheproceedsofrealorpersonalpropertybelongingtomarriedwomenunlesshestrictlyconformstoeveryrequirementofthestatute.68Theserequirementsareasfollows
:
Theproceedsofrealorpersonalpropertybelongingtoamarriedwomancannotbepaidtoanyperson,exceptbyconsentofsuchmarriedwomanuponprivyexaminationbytheCourt;or,unlessadeedorpowerofattorneyisexecutedbythehusbandandwife,andherprivyexaminationtaken,asinDthercases.69Amarriedwomanmay,inperson,receivethemoney;or,uponprivyexaminationbytheCourt,orbyanypersoncommissionedtotakesuchexamination,direct'howthesameshallbepaidorinvested,whichdirectionshallbereducedtowriting,andenteredontheminutesoftheCourt.70Shemayalso,bypowerofattorney,dulyexecutedbyherwithherhusband,uponprivyexaminationasinothereases,authorizeanddirectthemoneytobepaidorinvestedastheymayseeproper,whichpowerofattorneyshallbefiledwiththepapers,andformapartoftherecordofthecause.71TheCourtmay,onproperapplication,ordertheproceedsofawife'slandstobere-investedinotherlandsforherbenefit,orotherwisepermanentlyinvested.72§1168.HowMoneysBelongingtoInfantsandLunaticsarePaidOut.—Thelawregardsinfantsandpersonsofunsoundmindwithallthesolicitudeofanaffectionateandprudentparent,andguardstheirfinancialinterestswithajealousandunceasingwatchfulness,andenforcesitsprotectivepowerswithacomprehensivevigor.1.HowMoneyBelongingtoanInfantisPaidOut.Infantsaredeemedinlawtobewhollyunabletomanagetheirfinancialaffairs,andapersonwhoisbothaninfantandawifeisunderadoubledisability;andtheClerkandMastermust,inthefirstplace,seethatheisclearlyauthorizedbyadecreebeforehepaysoutthemoneyinhishandsbelongingtoaninfant,andespeciallytoaninfantwife;andhemust,inthenextplace,seethathefollowsthedirections63MasseyV.Gleaves,1Tenn.Ch.,150.Theper-sonholdingtheofficedies,buttheofficerhimself,inContemplationoflaw,doesnotdie:theofficerisimmortal;thereisnointerregnum.Rexnunquammoritur.64TannerV.Dancy,4Ileisk.,482.65Code,§4060.66Yowell,exparte,7Heisk.,561.6TCraigv.Governor,3Cold.,244.MoneyinCourtbelongstosomeoneormoreofthepartiestothesuitwhichbroughtitin.ItisfortheCourtandnotfortheClerktosaytowhomitshallbepaid,andwhen.ToreachmoneyinCourtbyat-
tachment,orexecution,orgarnishment,orbyanindependentbill,theownerofthemoneymustbemadeaparty:itisnotsufficienttomaketheClerkaparty.68Code,§4052.69Code,§2483.70Code,§3319.71Code,§3320.72Code,§3318.Theforegoingprovisionsapplyonlywhenamarriedwomanisanadult;whensheisaminor,theprovisionsofCode,§4054,apply.Seenextsection.

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§1169THECLERKANDMASTER:HISPOWERSANDDUTIES.928ofsuchadecreewithscrupulousexactness.ThehusbandofaninfanthasnorighttofundsinCourtbelongingtoher,73norhasherguardiananyrightthereto,unlesstheCourtsoorders.Thehusbandoftheinfantmaybeaninfant,also,inwhichcasehisguardianwouldhavenorighttothefundsbe-longingtohiswife,whethershebeaninfantoran"adult.Noguardianhasanyright,inanycase,todrawfundsfromtheChanceryCourtwithoutanexpressorderoftheCourt,andthenonlyoncomplyingfully,andingoodfaith,withthetermsofsuchorder.74Moneybelongingtoaminormaybepaidhimwhenheattainshismajorityonhisaffidavit,oradepositionbeingfiledtoestablishhismajority,75oritmaybepaidtohisregularguardianwhentheCourtsoorders.2.HowMoneyBelongingtoaNonComposisPaidOut.PersonsofunsoundmindareregardedbyaCourtofEquityastheobjectsofthegreatestsolici-tude,andtheirinterestsareprotectedwithastringentandscrupulousfidelity.TheClerkandMaster,inpayingoutthefundsofsuchpersons,mustlookexclusivelytothedecreeoftheCourtforhisauthorityandmethodofproce-dure;andtheinjunctionsanddirectionsabovegiveninreferencetoinfantsapplywithequal,ifnotgreaterforce,incaseofpaymentofmoneybelongingtoidiotsandlunatics.76§1169.TheBookstheClerkandMasterisRequiredtoKeep.—TheClerkandMasterisrequiredbylawtokeepcertainofficebooks;andontheproperkeepingofthesebooksgreatlydependtheease,accuracy,andfacilitywithwhichthebusinessoftheCourt,andthebusinessoftheClerkandMaster'soffice,aretransacted.Thesafetyandintegrityofthesebooksareessentialtothesecurityofproperty,thefinaldeterminationofrights,andthereposeofsociety;andtheyshouldbepreservedwithajealousfidelity,andaninviolablesanctity;andanydefacement,obliteration,oralterationofthem,shouldbedeemedasacrilege.ThebookstobethuskeptbytheClerkarethefollowing:1.AMinuteBook.TheClerkandMasterisrequiredtokeepawellboundbook,inwhichshallbeenteredtheminutesofeachday'sproceedingsduringthesessionoftheCourt,intheorderinwhichtheyaremade.ThisisthemostimportantofalltheCourtbooks,andshouldbeboundwellenoughtolastahundredyears.Itshouldbepreservedunmutilated,andunchanged,withscrupulousvigilanceandfidelity.AndinasmuchasitcontainstheperpetualmemorialofthedecreesoftheCourt,theentriesshouldbemadeinabold,roundhand,andwiththemostdurableblackink.ThisbookbeingundertheconstantpersonalsupervisionoftheChancellor,nodetaileddirectionsastothekeepingofitarenecessary.772.AJudgmentIndexBook.TheClerkandMasterisrequiredtokeepajudg-mentindex,inwhichthenameofeachperson,partnership,firmorcorporationagainstwhomajudgmentordecreeisrenderedshallbeenteredundertheproperalphabetical[initial]orletterofsuchperson,partnership,firmorcor-tobeenteredontheminutes,untilithasfirstbeensubmittedtotheadverseSolicitor,andallhisobjec-tionspassedon;andeveryuncontesteddecreeshouldbeapprovedbytheChancellorbeforeitsentryontheminutes.Innootherwaycantheminutesbepreservedfromerasures,interlineations,andal-terations,whicharebothareproachtotheChan-cellorandtotheClerk,andanimpairmentoftheinviolablesanctitywhicheveryCourtrecordshouldpossessthatisdeemedabsoluteverity.Besides,authorizedalterationssuggestandmayinduceun-authorizedalterations.Ifanalterationorinte.-linea-tionismade,itshould,forobviousreasons,beinthehandwritingoftheClerk,oroftheChancellor.Forlikeobviousreasons,nodecreeorordershouldeverbevacatedbywriting"Vacated"acrossll.nrinanysimilarway;butitshouldbevacatedbyanotherdecreeororderdulyenteredont>.eminutesofthedateoftheorderofvacation;andamem-orandumlikethisenteredonthema-sinofthevacateddecreeororder:"Vacated:seepage."
73Hemayborrowthemoney,ifhegivesthere-quiredsecurity.Cheathamv.Huff,2Tenn.Ch.,616.Theremaybeanapplicationtoenforcethewife'sequityinherestate.See,ante,§968.74Code,§§4053-4054,whichsectionsareasfol-lows:Theproceedsoftherealorpersonalpropertyofaninfantcanonlybepaidtoaguardianwholiasgivenbondwithgoodsecurity,assuch,tothesatis-factionoftheCourt.Iftheinfantisalsoafemecovert,thefundscanonlybepaidoutupontheorderoftheCourt,direct-inghow,andtowhom,thesameshallbepaid.75Dan.Ch.Pr.,1800-1801.76Code,§4055.Thissectionisasfollows:
_So,also,ifthepersonentitledtotheproceedsofeitherrealtyorpersonalty,soldbyorderofCourt,isofunsoundmind,thefundscanonlybepaidtoaguardian,orcommittee,dulyappointed,whohasgivenbondandsecurityaccordingtolaw,satisfac-torytotheCourtmakingthesale.77TheChancellorshouldallownocontesteddecree

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929THECLERKANDMASTER:HISPOWERSANDDUTIES.§1169poration,givingthedate,numberofthecause,andamountofsuchjudgment.Eachpageofsaidindexshallhavefour[five]columns,asfollows:Name.Date.No.Cause.Amount.Twosetsofthesecolumnsmaybeoneachpage.77a3.AnExecutionDocket.Thisbookisnextinimportancetotheminutebook,asitshowsallthedecreesoftheCourtintheorderoftheirrendition,givingthedollar-and-centresultofthelitigation,thecostsofthesuit,towhomowing,whatispaidintoCourtonthefinaldecree,bywhompaidin,andtowhompaidout.ThereareseverepenaltiesimposedbylawonClerksformisfeasanceinconnectionwiththeexecutiondocket.78Thefollowingfactsmustbeshownontheexecutiondocketineachcase:791.Thestyleofthecause,givingthenamesofallthecomplainants,andallthedefendants,infull.2.Thedayandyearoftherenditionofthedecree.3.Theamountofthedecree,andinwhosefavorandagainstwhomrendered
;
andifvariousamountsaredecreedagainstvariousparties,orinfavorofvariousparties,thesefactsmustbeshown.4.Theamountofthecosts,showingthenameofeachofficer,witness,orotherperson,towhomcostsaredue,andeachitemdueeachpersonandonwhataccountowing,andthefeedueoneachitem,allwithparticularityandcertainty.5.Thecharacter80andnumberoftheexecutionsissued;thedateoftheirissuance,andtowhatcountyorcountiesissued;thepersonstowhomdelivered,andthedateofdelivery,or,ifsentbymail,thedayitwasmailed,andtowhomaddressed.816.Thefactanddatesofthereturnoftheexecutions,andthedatesandsub-stanceoftheofficers'returns.Itisbettertogivethereturnsinfull,includingtheofficers'names.7.Thedatesandamountsofallmoneyspaidintotheoffice,andbywhompaid,andonwhataccounts.8.Thedatesandamountsofallmoneyspaidoutoftheoffice,towhompaid,andonwhataccount,showingthefactsclearlyandparticularly.Alloftheentriesinreferencetoexecutions,andpayments,mustbemadeontheexecutiondocketatthetimeofthetransaction.824.ACashBook.TheClerkandMasterisrequiredtokeepacashbookasoneofthepublicrecordsofhisoffice,inwhichheshallenter,undereachcase,allsumsofmoneyreceivedordisbursedbyhim,showingthedateofreceiptordisbursement,onwhataccountreceivedordisbursed,andfromortowhomreceivedordisbursed.Thisbookmustbeindexeddirectandreversed.Itshallatalltimesbeopentotheinspectionofthepublic;anditisamisdemeanorfortheClerkandMastertofailtokeepthisbook,ortofailtoallowitsinspection.835.ARuleDocket.TheRuleDocketmustbeawell-boundbook,keptexclus-ivelyfortheentryofallrules,notices,orders,andotherproceedingsinacausemadewithorbytheClerkandMaster.84ThisbookistotheMasterwhattheminutebookistotheChancellor;andshouldcontainaperfectanddetailedrecordorminuteofeverysteptakenintheMaster'soffice,fromthebeginningofthesuittothefinaldecree.AssomeguidetotheMasterinkeep-inghisRuleDocket,thefollowingsummaryofRuleDocketentriesisgiven
:
77aActof1897,ch.27.78Code,§3017.79Code,§§3016;4040.80Awritofpossessionisaspeciesofexecution.81Code,§3598.82Code,§3016.TheClerkandMasterisnotonlyliableindamagesforneglectingtokeephisexecutiondocketaccordingtolaw,Code,§3017;butheis,also,guiltyofamisdemeanor,andisliableto
removalfromoffice,whenhisomissionsarewilful.Code,§4065.NothingbutscrupulousexactnessandpromptnessinmakinghisentrieswillsavetheClerkharmless.Everyentryshouldinvariablybemadeontheexecutiondocketattheverytimeofthetransaction.See,post,§1171a,sub-sec,15.83Actsof1897,ch.26:84Code,§4417;4085.See,post,§1171a,sub-sees.10,11,13,14.

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§1169THECEERKandmaster:hisPOWERSandDUTIES.9301.Hewillenterthecauseassoonasthebillisfiled;givingthenamesofallthecomplainantsandallthedefendants.852.Thenamesofthecomplainant'sSolicitors.863.Thedateandfactofthefilingoftheprosecution,injunction,attachmentorotherbonds,thepenaltiesofthevariousbondsfiled,andthenamesofthesuretiesoneach.4.Theminute,hour,day,monthandyearon.whichthebillisfiled,beingespeciallycarefulastotheminuteandhourincaseofattachmentbills.5.Thedate,factandfilingofeachexhibittothebill.6.Thedateandfactoftheissuanceofeachsubpoenatoanswer,andofeachwritofinjunctionandattachment,andtheofficertowhomissued;andifsentbymailsoshow,andwhatfeeswereadvanced,ifany,andbywhom.7.Everyorderofpublicationinfull,datedanddulysignedbytheClerkandMaster.8.Everyorderextendingthetimeforansweringthebill.9.Thedateandfactofthereturnofalloriginalandmesneprocess,includingsubpoenastoanswer,writsofinjunction,attachmentandscirefacias,givingtheofficers'returnsthereoninfull,includingthedate,andhisname.10.Thedateandfactofthefilingofalldemurrers,pleas,answers,andex-hibitstoanswers.11.Thenamesofthedefendant'sSolicitors.8712.Everyordertakingabillforconfessed.Thisorder,andthefollowingorders,mustbesetoutinfull,anddulydated.13.Everyorderappointingaguardianadlitem.14.Thesuggestionandproofofaparty'sdeath,andtheawardofascirefacias.15.Everyorderrevivingacauseuponreturnofascirefacias,orofasub-poenatoanswerabillofrevivor.16.Everyordersettingasideajudgmentproconfesso.17.Thedateandfactofthefilingofeverydeposition,thenamesofthewit-nesses,andbywhatpartyfiled.TheCodesaystheseentriesinreferencetodepositionsmaybemadeinaseparatebook.8818.Thedateandfactofthefilingofdocuments,exhibitstodepositions,transcripts,deeds,wills,plats,andothersortsofevidence,andbywhomfiled.8919.Thedateandfactofthefilingofeveryotherpaper,ofthemakingofeveryotherrule,ororder,andofeveryotherproceedinginthecausenothere-toforeinthissectionspecified,andnotenteredontheminutebook,orexecu-tiondocket.Alltheentriesintheruledocketwillbemadeunderthestyleofthecausetowhichtheybelong,andwillbemadeintheorderoftimeinwhichtheactsweredone,andthecorrectdatewillbeattachedtoeachentry.906.AMemorandumBook.TheClerkshallkeepamemorandumbookinwhichshallbenotedeverysubpoenaforwitnesses,commissionstotakedepositions,withthedayofissuance,andanyotherproceedingsoftheClerknotenteredonhisrecords,ruledocket,orminutes;andsuchmemorandumbooksshallbeopenforparties,ortheirattorneys,tomakesuchmemorandumsforthedirectionoftheClerkasmaybenecessary.9185Itisofgreatimportancetohavethenamesofalltheparties,complainantanddefendant,appearontheruledocket,becausethepleadingsarenowseldomenrolled,andtheminutesoftheCourtseldomgivethenamesofalltheparties;andtheruledocket,incaseanypleadingislost,maycontaintheonlyrecordshowingthenamesofallthepartiestothesuit.86TheentryofthenamesoftheSolicitorsontheruledocketisarecordoftheirauthoritytoappearandact.8TThisentryisofimportance;butisoftenneg-lected.88Code,§4085.80Theimportanceofthisiswellillustratedby
Mullinsv.Aiken,2Heisk.,SSI.See,also,Bakerr.Mayor,2Heisk.,117.Ifpapersgetlost,theruledocketwillshowthattheyhadbeenfiled.90Code,§4417.TheMastershouldmakeitanimperativeandinvariableruletomakeallofhisruledocketentriesattheverytimetheactisdone,therebymakingtheentryontheruledocketapartofthetransactionitself.Allneglectsandpostpon-ingsarereprehensible;andwilfulomissionsorfail-uresshouldbepunishedbyremovalfromoffice.Code,§4065.Aruledocketwellkeptisindispen-sabletotherightsoflitigants,andthecertaindis-patchofbusiness.01Code,§4433.

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931THECLERKANDMASTER:HISPOWERSANDDUTIES.§1170ThisbookiskeptbyveryfewClerksandMasters,andyetitisabookofim-portanceandgreatusefulness.Whenproperlykept,itwillconstituteasortofofficedocket,inwhichSolicitorsmaymakememorandumsforthedirectionoftheClerk,suchasdirectionstoissuealiasorcounterpartsubpoenastoanswer,orsubpoenastotestify,directionsastosales,executions,orwritsofpossession,directionstoenterjudgmentproconfcssowhenthepropertimearrives,direc-tionstoappointguardiansadlitem,directionsinreferencetothetakingofac-counts,ormakingreports,directionsinreferencetotherevivorofsuits,direc-tionsinreferencetoexceptionstoanswersordepositions,oranyotherdirec-tions,ormemorandums,inreferencetoanymattertowhichhedesirestocalltheMaster'sattention,oronwhichhedesirestheMastertoact,inreferencetoanycause,whetherbrought,orabouttobebrought,oralreadydetermined.7.ADepositionBook.TheMasterisalsorequiredtokeepawell-boundbook,inwhichshallbeenteredunderthenameofeachcase,thedepositionstakenandfiledinthecase,thenamesofthewitnesses,andthedateofthefiling,andbywhom.Thisbookmaybedispensedwith,bykeepingtheruledocketinsuchwayastoenabletheentrieshererequired,tobemadetherein,withoutinterfer-ingwiththeentriesregularlybelongingtothatdocket.928.AnInsolventBook.Inasmuchasmanylargeinsolventestatesareadmin-isteredintheChanceryCourt,thestatuterequirestheClerkandMastertokeepinhisofficeabookmarked"InsolventBook,'"'inwhichwillbeenteredthecharacterandamountofallclaimsfiledininsolventsuits,theseveralclaimsandamountsallowed,theamounttobedistributedamongthecreditors,andtheproratatobepaideach.93Thisisanimportantbook:itpreservestherecordofaninsolventestate,andobviatesthenecessityofenteringlongschedulesontheminutesoftheCourt.9.TrialDockets.TheClerkmustkeepthreetrialdockets,onefortheChan-cellor,oneforthebar,andoneforhimself.94Thesedocketsshouldbewell-boundbooks,largeenoughtolastseveralyears,andshouldbekeptwiththesamecareandfidelityasotherrecordbooks.Acauseshouldbeenteredonthisdocketassoonasitisatissue,95andshouldbearthesamenumberasontheruledocket.96Thefollowingistheformofatrialdocket,theNo.ofthecause,namesoftheSolicitors,styleofcause,andpleadingswhenfiled,beingontheleft-handpage;andtherules,ordersanddecreesandthememorandumsbeingontheright-handpage.TRIALDOCKET.
124CHANCERYCOURTATKINGSTON

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§1170THECLERKANDMASTER:HISPOWERSANDDUTIES.932dutiesoftheClerkandMaster,importantinthemselves,butnotnecessarytobetreatedindetailinthisbook.97Theprincipalofthesedutiesarethefol-lowing:
1.ToresideinthecountywhereintheCourtisheld,tokeephisofficeatthecountyseatofsaidcounty,andgivedueattendanceathisofficefortheper-formanceofofficialduties.982.NottopracticelawinhisCourt,norbecomesecurityfortheprosecutionofsuitsinhisCourt,noruponanybonds,orotherobligations,requiredtobeexecutedbythepartiesintheprogressofsuchsuits.093.Toissuealloriginal,mesne,andfinalprocessfromtheCourt;100andtosignallsubpoenas,injunctions,attachments,executions,andallotherwritsissuedfromhisCourt,andtoendorseonthebackthereofthedateofissuance.4.Torecordinwell-boundbooks,withinsixmonthsafterthefinaldetermina-tionofanysuitorprosecution,suchproceedingsasheisrequiredbylawtoenroll.5.Tomakeandkeepindexes,directandreversed,forallbooksanddocketsrequiredtobekeptbyhim.6.Tokeepallthepapers,books,dockets,andrecordsbelongingtohisofficewithcareandsecurity;thepapersfiled,arranged,numbered,andlabeled,soastobeofeasyreference;andthebooks,dockets,andrecordsproperlylet-tered;andtoallowpartiestoinspecttherecordsfreeofcharge.1017.ToattendCourt,duringthesessionthereof,withallthepapersbelongingtotheterm,sofiledastobeofeasyreference;tokeepintheCourtHousedur-ingsuchsession,theexecutiondocketforthetwoprecedingterms;andtoad-ministeralloathsandaffidavitsinrelationtocausesorproceedingspendingtherein.8.Onapplicationandpaymentofthelegalfeestherefor,tomakeoutanddelivertoanypersonapplyingforthesame,acorrecttranscript,properlycertified,ofanypaperorrecordinhisoffice.9.ToperformsuchdutiesinregardtotheStateandcountyrevenueasareprescribedbylaw.10.Toissueexecutionswithinthetimeprescribedbylaw.10211.ItisthedutyoftheClerkwhenacauseistakenbyappealinthenatureofawritoferrortotheSupremeCourt,tomakeout,andtransmitbymail,totheClerkoftheSupremeCourtofhisDivision,atranscriptoftherecord,withinfortydaysaftertheentryofappeal,unlesstheentryhasbeenwithintemporarydocketsaregenerallydestroyedaswastepaper,afterthetermcloses.Thispracticeisrepre-hensible.Thestatutecontemplatesonlyonetrialdocket,andthatacauseshallbeenteredonlyonceonthisdocket.Thisdocketismadeintriplicate,asstatedinthetext.ThememorandamadebytheChancelloronhisdocket,andthememorandamadebytheClerkonhisdocket,areinthenatureofrec-ords,andwillsupportdecreesnuncprotunc,willevidenceaSolicitor'sappearanceinacause,andwillbeproofofstepstakenatthepresent,oratapastterm,oftheCourt.Thisshowstheimportanceofkeepingthetrialdocketsinbookform,andofpreservingthemasrecords.Ifcausesareenteredonthetrialdocketintheorderinwhichtheyareenteredontheruledocket,muchconfusionisavoided,thesamenumbercanbegivenoneachdocket,andtherecordsoftheCourtmadetocorre-spond.97Forthesevariousduties,seeCode,§§4038-4066.98Code,§4038.99Code,§4039.iooCode.§4085.101TheClerkhasnoauthoritytoallowthepapers,books,dockets,andrecords,belongingtohisoffice,tobetakenoutofhisofficebyanyoneexcepttheChancellor,whoisentitledtotakeafileinapendingcausetohisownroomorofficetoenablehimthemorethoroughlytoinvestigateandconsiderthepleadingsandproofsinthecause.TheClerkshould,inextraordinarycases,andsubjecttopropersafe-
guards,allowreputableSolicitorstotakeoutafileforafewdays;butnofileshouldeverheallowedtobetakenoutofthecounty,norshouldanyrecordbookeverbeallowedtobetakenoutoftheoffice,ortheCourtHouse,onanypretextorbyanyperson.TheChancellorhasnolawfulauthoritytoordertheClerktoallowanyfileorrecordtobetakenoutofhisoffice.TheClerkischargedwiththeexclusivecustodyofallhisrecords,andgivesabondfortheirsafekeeping,andhisofficeistheonlyproperplaceforsuchrecords.Nothingdoesmorelocreatede-laysand_confusionandannoyancesandsuspicions,andcriminationsandrecriminationsintheprogressofasuit,thanthepracticeofallowinganyoneandeveryoneconnectedwiththesuittotakeoutthefilesinacause,orthefilesreferredtoinacause.TheClerkshouldadoptandenforcerigidrulestoenablehimtoretainthecustodyofhisrecords;andtheChancellorsshouldsustaintheirClerksinsodoing,andnotencourage,muchlessundertaketoauthorizethemiscellaneouslootingoftheClerk'sofficebypartiesandtheSolicitorsoftheCourt.Thosewhowouldcensurethe^Clerkforretainingthefiles,wouldbeloudestintheirdenunciationofhimifanyfileshouldbelost,despoiled,ormislaid.Pleadings,ex-hibitsordepositionsmay,byleaveoftheChancellor,bewithdrawnfromthefiles,whenrmterUltoaprosecutionforperjury.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,784;orwhenmaterialinanyotherlitigation.Butcertifiedcopiesofallpanerswithdrawnshouldbesubstituted.102Code,§4040.

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933theclb;rkandmaster:hispowersandduties.§1171fortydaysoftheregulartermoftheSupremeCourt,orduringsuchterm,andthenforthwith,andtransmitwithoutdelaytotheClerkoftheSupremeCourt.Thecertificateofthepostmasterofhiscounty,thatthetranscripthasbeendepositedinthepostofficewithinthetimeprescribed,ispresumptiveevidenceofthetransmissionrequired.10312.ItisthedutyoftheClerk,uponapplicationofthepartyentitled,hisagent,orattorney,madeattheofficeoftheClerk,topayanddelivertotheapplicantwithoutdelay,anymoneyorpropertyinhishands,receivedbyvirtueofanydecree,judgment,ororder,oftheCourt,oranyJudgethereof,orbyvirtueofhisoffice.Afailuresotodoisamisdemeanorinhisoffice,and,more-over,subjectstheClerktomotionagainsthimselfandhissureties.10413.TheClerk,inallcaseswheretherearetwoormoredefendants,andasubpoenaforwitnesses,orotherprocess,issuesonapplicationofpartonlyofthedefendants,shallmarkthereonatwhoseinstancesuchprocesswasis-sued.10514.UponthesuspensionorremovalfromofficeofanyClerk,heshall,ondemandofhissuccessorororderoftheCourt,deliverovertosuchsuccessor,thebooks,papers,andotherarticlesbelongingtotheoffice;suchdeliverytobeenforcedasprovidedinsections805-811oftheCode.10615.TopayintotheStateTreasuryallsumsofmoney,funds,orwitnessfeesthatmayhaveremainedinhishandsorCourtunclaimed,oruncalledfor,bythepartyorpartieslegallyentitledtothesame,foraperiodofsixyears.10716.Toperformsuchotherdutiesasare,ormaybe,bylawrequiredofhim.108§1171.DutiesoftheMasterDuringtheSittingoftheCourt.—TheClerkandMastershould,duringthesittingoftheCourt,bealwaysreadytoperformanydutyconnectedwithhisoffice,ortorespondtoanyquestionpropoundedtohimbytheChancellor,orbyaSolicitor,orparty,touchingthestatusofanyparticularmatterrelativetohisoffice,files,orduties.ToenabletheMastertodischargethesedutiestothesatisfactionofhimselfandallothersconcerned,heshouldnotundertaketowriteuptheminutes,ortotakedepositions,ortoperformanydutythatwilltakehimoutoftheCourtroom.Heshouldhaveadeputytodoallclericalwork,andifthedeputyisneededtotakedepositionsorpreparereports,theMastershouldhaveacompetentamanuensisemployedtowriteuptherecordofeachday'sproceedings.Nothingissoirritatinganddemoralizingtoallconcernedastohavetheminutesinarrears,andtheMasterinvaintryingtowritethemupandatthesametimetoanswerquestions,makepayments,takedepositions,makereports,searchforpapersandperformotherdutiesofalikecharacter.109Everybodyisliabletobecomeirritatedbysuchperplexities;andtheMasterwhoundertakessuchatasknotonlyundertakestheimpossible,buthemakestheCourtasceneofunseemlyconfusion,andcausesamultitudeofpettyannoyances,andsometimes,inhishurryandcon-fusion,commitsseriousmistakes.Thestatuteprovidesthattheminutesofthepreviousday'sproceedingsshouldbereadeachmorning;andtheChancellorshouldnotallowtheminutestolagbehindtheCourt.TheMastershouldberequiredtohavethenecessaryclericalforcetokeeptheminutesuptodate.Apositiverulepositivelyen-forcedwillpreventalltheannoyancesincidenttothedelaysintheenteringoftheordersanddecrees,especiallyatthecloseoftheCourt.TheMastershouldnotbeallowedtodegenerateintoacopyistwhileCourtisinsession:betterthingsareexpectedandrequiredoftheMaster,andheshouldendeavorfaith-fullytojustifytheseexpectationsinthefullest.§1171a.AdditionalRulesfortheGuidanceoftheClerkandMaster.—Inas-muchasnewofficersareconstantlybeingappointedtoperformtheresponsible103Code,§§4041-4042.104Code,§§4042-4043.105Code,§4049.106Code,§4060.
107Actsof1891,ch.227..108Code,§4040.109TheClerkandMastershouldmakeallduepreparationforthesittingoftheCourt:heshould

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§1171aTHECLERKANDMASTER:HISPOWERSANDDUTIES.934dutiesofClerkandMaster,thefollowingadditionalrulesfortheirguidancehavebeenformulated,theobservanceofwhichwillgreatlyincreasetheeffici-ency,accuracyanddispatchofbusinessintheoffice.1093.Theserulesare,inthemain,declaratoryofthelaw;andareonlysupplementaltothosegivenintheprecedingsections.1.HisDutyinTakinganAccount.TheClerkandMasterwillbeginthetak-ingofeveryaccountindueseason,asrequiredbytheCode,(sec.4474;)andhewillfileeveryreportatleastfivedaysbeforethefirstdayofthesucceedingterm,(ChanceryRuleIV,sec.8;)orfileasufficientexcuse,orbeliabletothepenaltiesspecifiedintheCode,(sees.4472and4473,)andinChanceryRuleVII,§9.2.HisReportMustSpecifytheEvidence.Everyreportbasedonevidencewillrefertotheparticularevidenceuponwhicheachfactoritemisbased,givingthepage;and,ifadepositionisreferredto,thenumberofthequestionandanswerreliedonmustalsobegiven.Ageneralreferencetoadocumentordepositionwillbeinsufficient.(ChanceryRuleIV,sec.7.)3.HisFinancialandBookReportsMustbePrompt.TheClerkandMasterwillhavehisFinancialReportandReportofSupremeCourtReportsreadytopresenttotheChancellorassoonashetakesthebenchattheopeningoftheterm,thelatterReporttobemadeatthefirsttermonlyineachyear.TheFinancialReportmustshownotonlytheamountofmoneyinhisoffice,andthecausestowhichtheseveralsumsbelong,butwill,also,showwhatmoneyhehasoutonloan,andinwhatcases;andhewillfilethenotesgivenbytheborrowerswithhisReport.Themoneyandnotesspecifiedinsaidreport,theClerkandMastermustkeepinhishandsduringthesittingoftheCourtreadytobeproduced,instanter,ifsoorderedbytheCourt;andnoexcusewillbeacceptedforfailingtofilesaidReports,ortohavesaidmoney,notesandbooksonhand.4.HeMustReportTaxesonLandsSold."WheneverrealestateissoldtheMas-terwillimmediatelyafterthesale,ascertainandreporttotheCourtwhetherthereareanytaxesdueandunpaidwhichwerealienuponsaidrealestateonthedayofsale;andifso,theamountofsuchtaxes,theyearsforwhichdue,andtheamountdueforeachyear.Saidreportshallbeattachedtosaidreportofsale.5.HisReportofSalesMustDescribetheLand.InmakinghisReportofSale,theClerkandMasterwilldescribethelandbymetesandbounds,ifsuchdescrip-tionbefoundintheRecord,andifnot,thenbythebestdescriptiontheRecordgives,unlessthedecreeofsalecontainstherequireddescription,andthenareferencetothetractorlotdescribedinthedecreeofsalewillbesufficient.6.HeWillRequireReceivers,TrusteesandCommissionerstoItemizeTheirReports.TheClerkandMasterwillrequirethereportsofReceivers,TrusteesandSpecialCommissionerstobeminutelyitemizedsoastoshowinfulldetailallreceipts,whenandwhencereceived;andallexpenditures,when,towhomandonwhataccountmade,accompaniedbythereceiptsofpersonspaid,andotherpropervouchers.Receiverswillnotbeallowedtoemploycounsel,exceptattheirownexpense,withoutfirsthavingobtainedtheconsentoftheChancellor.7.HeMustHaveProofofPublicationReady.Whenpublicationismadeastodefendants,theClerkandMasterwillfiletheprinter'saffidavitofpublication,asrequiredbythestatute;or,else,havethenewspaperscontainingthepublica-tioninopenCourtonthefirstdayoftheappearanceterm.8.HeWillEnternoDecreeUnlessinInk.TheClerkandMasterwillenternohaveallhisreportsdulyfiled,includinghisfinancialandbookreports;andshouldhavehisamanuensisdulyemployed.109aTheChancellormay,byanorderlikethefollowing,formallydeclaretheserules;andthusmakethemmoreeffective:
RULESFORTHEGUIDANCEOFTHECLERKANDMASTER.RulesfortheGuidance)oftheClerkandMaster.\TheChancellorthisdaypromulgatedthefollow-ingRulesfortheGuidanceoftheClerkandMasterofthisCourt,andenjoinedthedueobservanceofthesameupontheClerkandMaster,andallothershavingbusinesswithhim,orwithhisoffice:

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935theceErkandmaster:hispowersandduties.§1171adecree,eventhoughreadinopenCourt,unlessitiswritteninink,anduponnotlessthanahalfsheetofpaper.(ChanceryRuleIII,sec.1.)9.HeWillWriteAmountsinWords,When.TheClerkandMasterwill,inen-teringdecrees,writeallamountsdecreedtobepaid,toorbyanyparty,inwords,(excepthundredthsofdollars,)evenwhenthedraftcontainsfigures.Theamountsinfiguresmaybeadded,inparenthesis.10.HeWillEnterCasesonHisRuleDocket,WhenandHow.TheClerkandMasterwillentereverycaseonhisRuleDocketassoonasthebillhasbeenfiled,givingthenameofeverycomplainantandeverydefendant,thenamesoftheSolicitors,thepenaltiesofthevariousbonds,andthenamesofthesuretiesoneachbond.11.HeWillNoteWhatandWheninHisRuleDocket.TheClerkandMasterwillnoteonhisRuleDockettheminute,houranddayofthefilingofeverybill,especiallyattachmentandinjunctionbills.Hewill,also,noteontheRuleDocket,inorderoftime,everyotherpaperfiledorissuedinthecause,includingbonds,subpoenastoanswer,demurrers,pleas,answers,exhibits,subpoenastotestify,notices,depositions,affidavits,transcripts,deeds,plats,records,andeveryotherdocumentorthingleftwithhimtobefiledinthecause,exceptde-crees.Thisnotationwillincludethenameofthepaperorthing,bywhomandwhenfiled;andifadeedshallgivethenamesofthevendorandvendee,ifasub-poenatoanswerortotestify,ordepositions,oraffidavits,thenamesofthepar-tiestobesummonedortestifyingwillbestated,andeverypaperorthingfiledwillbesodescribedastoidentifyit.Saidnotationwillbeprimafacieevidenceofthefilingthepaperorthingnoted;butwillnotbedeemednoticetotheoppositepartywhenactualnoticeisnecessary.12.HeWillEnterallBonds'inFull,Where.TheClerkandMasterwillregis-terinabooktobekeptforthatpurposeeveryprosecution,attachment,injunc-tionandreplevinbond,andeverybondgivenbyreceivers,specialcommission-ers,trustees,orotherpersonsrequiredbytheCourttogivebondduringtheprogressofacause,exceptappearancebondsandguardianbonds:thelasttwonamedwillbeenteredinfullontheminutesoftheCourt.13.HeWillEnterOrdersandRulesMadebyHim,WhenandWhere.Everypro.confesso,ruleinreferencetotakingdepositions,orderforscirefacias,orderappointingaguardianadlitem,ordersettingasideaproconfesso,orderextend-ingthetimeforansweringorfortakingproof,orderopeninganaccount,orderofrevivor,orderofpublication,orderrequiringoriginaldocumentstobefiled,andeveryotherorderorrulemadebytheClerkandMaster,shallbe,atthetimeofmakingthesame,enteredinfullonhisRuleDocket,anddulydatedandsigned.14.HeWillEnterallReturnsonHisRuleDocket.Thereturnsofofficersonsubpoenastoanswer,onwritsofscirefacias,onwritsofinjunctionsandattach-ment,andotherprocessnotfinal,shallbeenteredinfullontheRuleDocket.TheClerkandMasterwillrequireallofficerstowritetheirreturnsinink.15.HeWillKeepHisBooksinDetail.TheClerkandMasterisimperativelyrequiredtokeephisJudgmentIndexBook,hisCashBook,andhisExecutionDocketinthemannerrequiredbylaw.Code,§§3016and4040.BillsofCostsmustbeenteredinfullontheExecutionDocketbeforeanyexecutionisissued,andmustspecifyeachofficer,party,witnessorotherpersontowhomcostsaredue,andonwhataccountowing,givingeachitemofaccountandthefeedueoneachitem.NoitemofcostwillbetaxedthatdoesnotappearontheRuleDocketorMinuteBook,exceptcostsoffinalprocess.TheClerkandMasterwillbeespeciallycarefultoenterinfull,onhisExecutionDocket,theofficers'returnsonallexecutionsandwritsofpossession.16.HeWillAppointGuardiansadLitem,When.TheClerkandMasterwill,at

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§1172the;clerkandmaster:hispowersandduties.936theappearanceruleday,appointguardiansadlitemforallminorswithoutregularguardians.17.HeWillMakeWhatEntriesintheChancellor'sDocketTheClerkandMas-terwillentereachcaseontheChancellor'sDocketintheorderinwhichitisnumberedonhisRuleDocket;andwillgiveittheRuleDocketnumber.HewillnoteontheChancellor'sDocket,oppositethetitleofthecause,thedateofthefilingofthebill,answer,andotherpleadings,thedateandfactoffilingofeveryreport,andoftheentryofeveryride,andofeveryactioninthecauseofrecord.§1172.TheDeputyClerkandMaster:HisPowersandDuties.—TheClerkandMasterhasauthoritytoappointaDeputy,110who,beforeenteringonthedischargeofhisduties,111musttakeanoathtosupporttheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,andofthisState,112theanti-duellingoath,113andanoathfaith-fullytodischargethedutiesofhisofficetothebestofhisskillandability,114whichoathsshallbefiledintheofficeoftheCountyCourtClerk.115TheDep-utyClerkandMastermaybeappointedbyparol,110butthebetterpracticeistomaketheappointmentinwriting,andspreaditontheminutesoftheCourt,theconsentoftheChancellorthereforhavingfirstbeenhad.TheClerkandMaster,ordinarily,requireshisDeputytogivehimabond,conditionedtofaithfullydischargeallthedutiesoftheofficeofDeputyClerkandMaster,andtoaccountforandpayoverallmoneyandpropertyofeverykindthatmaycomeorshouldcomeintohishandsassuchDeputy•thisbondmaybemovedonbytheClerkandMasterforanydefaultonthepartofhisdeputy.117TheDeputy,thusappointed,hasfullpowertotransactallthebusinessoftheClerkandMaster,118mayreceivemoneyonadecreeandreceipttherefor,110andad-ministeranyoaththeClerkandMastercan.120HemaysignofficialpapersasDeputy,thus:"Witnessmyhand,this—dayof .RichardRoe,D.C.&M;"orthus:''Witnessmyhand,this—dayof .JohnDoe,C.&M.,byRichardRoe,D.C.&M."121IncaseofthedeathoftheClerkandMas-ter,hisDeputyholdstheofficeuntilthevacancyisfilledbyappointment.122110Code,§4050,sub-sec.4.111Code,§758.112Code,§332.113Code,§§333,752.114Code,§333.115Code,§755.116Bondsv.State,Mort.&Yerg.,146.ADeputyappointedbutnotqualifiedisadefactoofficer,andhisactsarevalidastothirdparties.Bankv.Ches-ter,6Hum.,480;KelleyV.Story,6Heisk.,205:so
aretheactsofalocumtenens.Montgomeryv.Buck,6Hum.,416.117Code,§3612.118Code,§4050,sub-sec.4;Heisk.,413.119Kelleyv.Story,6Heisk.,120Campbellv.Boulton,3Bax.,357.121Beaumontv.Yeatman,2Hum.,542;Amentv.Brennan,1Tenn.Ch.,433.122Code,§334.
Martini.Porter,4"205.

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937solicitors:theirrights,dutiesandliabilities.§1173
CHAPTERLXV.SOLICITORS:THEIRRIGHTS,DUTIES,ANDLIABILITIES.§1173.TheOfficeandStatusofaSolicitor.§1174.HisRetainerandAppearanceinaCause.§1175.ThePowersofaSolicitorinaCause.§1176.TheDutiesandLiabilitiesofaSo-licitor.§1177.SummaryJurisdictionoftheCourtOverSolicitors.§1178!ConfidentialCommunicationstoSo-licitors.
§1179.HisCompensationforServicesinaCause.§1180.WhenaSolicitorHasaLienforHisFee.§1181.HisLien,HowEnforced.§1182.GuardianadLitemFees.§1183.SomeSuggestionsforYoungSolic-itors.§1184.BriefsoftheFactsandtheLaw.
§1173.TheOfficeandStatusofaSolicitor.—SolicitorshavealwaysbeenconsideredandtreatedasauthorizedofficersoftheChanceryCourt.1TheyconstituteapartoftheCourt;anditissafetosaythatourCourtswouldbeunabletoadministerjusticewithouttheaidofabodyoftrainedlawyerstopresenttheissuesinvolvedinthecontroversy,topreparetheproofs,toproducethelawapplicabletotheparticularcase,andbyargumenttodeveloptheturn-ingpointsinthecontroversy,andaidtheChancellorinreachingajustcon-clusion.2NopersonisallowedtopracticeasanattorneyorcounselinanyoftheCourtsofthisStatewithoutalicense,obtainedforthatpurpose,andwithouthavingfirsttakenanoath,inopenCourt,tosupporttheConstitutionoftheState,andoftheUnitedStates,andtotrulyandhonestlydemeanhimselfinthepracticeofhisprofession,tothebestofhisskillandabilities.AttorneysandSolicitorsarelicensedtopracticelawintheCourtsofthisStatebytheSupremeCourt,uponthecertificateoftheStateBoardofLawExaminersmadeafteranexaminationastotheirqualifications.TherulesgoverningthisBoardinitsexaminationsofapplicantsforsuchalicenseareprescribedbytheSupremeCourt.If,uponsuchcertificate,theSupremeCourtshallfindthattheapplicantisoffullageandgoodmoralcharacter,andother-wisequalified,itentersanorderonitsminuteslicensingandadmittinghimtopracticeasattorneyandcounselorinalltheCourtsoftheState.3Thislicense,ifprocuredbyfraud,mayberevokedatanytimewithintwoyears.33-Iftheapplicantisalreadylicensedto1practiceinanotherState,orcountry,hemaybepermittedtopracticeuponproducingsuchlicense,andsatisfactoryevidenceofgoodcharacter,andcomplyingwiththerulesmadebytheSupremeCourtonthesubject.4JudgesandChancellorsareprohibitedfrompracticinglawinanyoftheCourtsofthisState.TheClerksoftheseveralCourts,andtheirdeputies,are12Dan.Ch.Pr.,1840;2Greenl.Ev.,§147.Formerly,theswornClerksoftheCourtsweretheonlyagentsofpartiesprosecutingcausesinChan-cery;but,inconsequenceoftheseClerksbeingun-abletotransacttheincreasingbusinessoftheCourt,theCourtadmittedSolicitors,asofficersoftheCourt,toappearforandrepresentsuitorsintheCourt.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1840;1Smith'sCh.Pr.,676.AttorneysandSolicitorsarerecognizedasofficersoftheCourtbyourstatutes,aswellasbyimme-morialusage.SeeCode,§§3965-3980;Lawyers'TaxCases,8Heisk.,569;582;585;631:635;650;Rogersv.Park,4Hum.,480;Jonesv.Williamson,3Cold.,379;Statev.Underwood,2Tenn.,(Overt.),92;Huntv.McClanahan,1Heisk.,509.Theterm"Solicitor"isgenerallyusedinthisbooktodesignatealawyerwhopracticesinthe
ChanceryCourt.ThisisthetermalmostuniversallyusedinCourtsofChancery;andisrecognizedbytheCodeandtheChanceryRules.Code,§§4369;4400;4402;4403;4422-4424;4464;Ch.Rules,I,§§1,5,7;II,§§3,7;IV,§§2,3;X,§§1,2.Theterm"Attorney"isonlyoccasionallyusedwhenre-ferringtoChancerypractice.Code,§§4344;4433;4483.AlawyerwhopracticesintheCircuitandCriminalCourtsofourStateisusuallytermedanattorney.2Lawyers'TaxCases,8Heisk.,58"2;631;651-652;Rogersv.Park,4Hum.,480;JonesV.Wil-liamson,5Cold.,379.See,also,1Dan.Ch.Pr.,571.Ingersollv.CoalCreekCo.,Knoxville,1906.3Actsof1903,ch.247.3aIbid;StateBoardV.Williams,8Cates,51.iIbid.

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§1174SOLICITORS:THEIRRIGHTS,DUTIESANDLIABILITIES.938alsoprohibitedfrompracticingintheirownCourts,orinanycausescom-menced,broughtto,orcarriedfromtheirCourts,orcommencedinanyCourtfromwhichanappealliestotheirCourt.Sheriffsandotherexecutiveofficersshallnotpracticelawinthecountyforwhichtheyareelected,orinanycauseoriginatingorpendingintheCourtsofthatcounty.5TheCourt,theClerk,andtheadversepartyareallinterestedinknowingwhoaparty'sSolicitoris,astheyeachhaveoccasiontodealwithhimintheprogressofacause.Thenamesofthecomplainant'sSolicitorsareusuallysignedtothebill,andthoseofthedefendant'sSolicitorsaresignedtotheplea,demurrer,oranswer.SuchSolicitorsaretermedSolicitorsofrecord;andapartysuingordefendingbyaSolicitorisnotatlibertytochangehisSolicitorwithoutnoticeofrecord;anduntilsuchnoticetheform,erSolicitorwillbeconsideredhisSolicitor,andhewillbeboundbyhisacts.6§1174.HisRetainerandAppearanceinaCause.—RetaineristheactofaclientbywhichheengagesanattorneyorSolicitortomanageasuitforhiminCourt.7Thisactmaybewrittenorverbal,directorindirect,expressorimplied.WhenaSolicitorappearsinacause,hisauthoritysotodoispre-sumed.7aThemerefactofhisappearanceisalwaysdeemedenoughevidenceofhisauthority;andneithertheoppositepartynortheCourtexpectsorre-quiresanyother,inallordinarycases.8Thisappearancemaybe(1)bysign-ing,orhavinghisnamedsignedto,somepleadingorotherpaperfiledinthecause;or(2)byenteringhisnameontheruleortrialdocketasaSolicitorinthecause;or(3)byappearingbeforetheChancellororMasterinvacation,orbeforetheCourt,assuchSolicitor.9Solicitorsshouldbecarefultohaveevidenceoftheirretainertobringasuit,especiallywhentheybecomesuretyontheprosecutionbond.Iftheirclientsignanypaperfiledinthecause,thatwillbeasufficientrecognitionof'thesuit.10§1175.T3iePowersofaSolicitorinaCause.—ASolicitorhas,byvirtueofhisretainer,fullauthoritytodoanythingconnectedwiththeprosecution,defenceorgeneralmanagementofthesuit,whichhisclientmighthimselflaw-fullydo.Hemaymakeagreementsinreferencetothefilingoramendmentofpleadingsorproofs,maywaivenotices,mayletaproconfessobesetaside,maymakestipulationsastoevidence,mayextendtheadversary'stimetopleadortakeproof,mayagreetoacontinuance,ordoanyotheractconnectedwiththepreparationofthecauseforhearing,orwiththepleadings,references,proofsinthecause,orwiththeprocedureatthehearing.11ASolicitorcannot,however,receiveanythingbutmoneyinsatisfactionofhisclient'srecovery,withoutexpressauthority;norcanhebidhisclient'sdebtonland,ortakeadeedoftrusttosecureadebt,orassignajudgment,soastobindhisclientthereby.Hecannotcompromiseasuitwithoutthesanc-tionofhisclient;buthemayassenttoadecree:12ifsuchassentbeunfairlyobtained,however,hisclientmayhaveitsetasideonabillfiledforthatpur-pose.13Byanexpressprovisionofthestatute,anattorneyandcounselhaspowertoexecute,inthenameofhisclient,allbondsorotherpapersnecessaryandproperfortheprosecutionofthesuitatanystageofitsprogress.145Code,§3969.62Dan.Ch.Pr.,1847.Formerly,anorderofCourtwasnecessaryinordertoenableapartytochangehisSolicitor.Ibid.7TheclientshouldseektheSolicitor,nottheSolicitortheclient:itishighlyunprofessionalforaSolicitortoseekaretainer.IngersollV.CoalCreekCo.,MS.,Knoxville,1906.7aFosterv.Blount,1Tenn.(Overt.).343;Rog-ersv.Park,4Hum.,480;Jonesv.Williamson,5Cold.,379;1A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,952.WhereaSolicitorisemployedforasuitorbyapersonnotdulyauthorized,butthesuitorhasknowledgethattheSolicitorisrepresentinghim,anddoesnotnotifytheSolicitorthathisservicesarenotdesired,butkeepssilentandobtainsbenefitsfromsuchservices,
thesuitorwillbebound.Yergerv.Aiken,7Bax.,539.Astowhatcircumstancesareevidenceofaretainer,see2Greenl.Ev.,§139.8Jonesv.Williamson,3Cold.,379.9See,ante,§223.Ajudgmentbasedonanun-authorizedappearancebyanattorneymaybean-nulledonabillfiledforthatpurpose.BoroV.Harris,13Lea,43.10See,ante.§233.111A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,954-957;Mathewsv.Massey,4Bax.,461;1Pars.Cont,117;2Greenl.Ev.,§141.121Meigs'Dig.,§295;1Pars.Cont.,117-118;1A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,954-957.13Tonesv.Williamson,5Cold.,383.14Code,§3978.

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939SOLICITORS:THEIRRIGHTS,DUTIESANDLIABILITIES.§1176§1176.TheDutiesandLiabilitiesofaSolicitor.—ThelegaldutiesofaSolicitortowardshisclientarecare,skill,diligenceandintegrity.Heshouldfullydisclosetohisclienteveryfactinhisknowledgeimportantforhisclienttoknow.15Heisrequiredtoexhibittheutmostgoodfaithinallhisdealingswithhisclient;andwillnotbeallowedtousehisinfluencetoobtaingifts,conveyances,orgoodbargainsfromhisclientwhilethatrelationexists,exceptonfullproofoftheutmostfairnessandgoodfaithinthetransaction.10ASolicitorisliabletohisclientforanylosssufferedbyhisclientinconsequenceofhiswantofreasonablediligence,orwantofordinaryskill;heis,also,liableforallmoneys'orotherpropertybyhimreceivedbyvirtueofhisretainership.171.TheDutiesofaSolicitortotheCourtare:1,Tofaithfullyobservesuchlaw-fulrulesastheCourthasprescribedforthegovernmentofthebar;2,ToobservetheutmostgoodfaithinallhisintercoursewiththeCourtanditsofficers;3,ToconducthimselfasagentlemanwhilepresentinCourt;and4,Atalltimesandplacestoobeythelawoftheland,andmaintainanhonorablereputation.2.TheDutiesofaSolicitortoHisClientare:1,Tomanagehiscausewithcare,skillandintegrity;2,Tokeephisclienttrulyinformedastothestateofthecase;3,Tokeepinviolatethesecretsofhisclientandofhisclient'sbusiness;and4,Inallmatterstoobservetheutmostgoodfaith.18§1177.SummaryJurisdictionoftheCourtOverSolicitors.—TheCourtexercisesasummaryjurisdictionoverSolicitorsinreferencetoallmattersre-latingtotheiremployment,theirconductinacause,theirdeportmentinCourt,andtheirdealingswiththeirclientsandwiththeotherofficersoftheCourt.Thisjurisdictionextendsto:1,stayingordismissingproceedingsbegunbyaSolicitorwithoutauthority,andtaxingtheSolicitorwiththecoststhereof;2,compellingaSolicitortoobservegoodfaithwithhisclients;3,preventinghimfromdisclosingprivilegedcommunications;4,requiringhimtosurrenderdoc-umentsorfundsreceivedbyhimasSolicitorinacause,andwhichhehasnorighttoretain;5,taxinghimwiththecostsincidenttostrikingimpertinentorscandalousmatteroutofapleadingdrawnorfiledbyhim;6,suspendingthempendingchargesagainstthem;7,strikingthemfromtherollforunprofes-sionalconduct,orgrossmisbehavior,orgeneraldisreputabledeportment;19and8,requiringthemtoserveasguardiansadlitemandSolicitors,withoutfee,forpersonsunderdisability,andpaupers.193-Thestatutoryprovisionsonthissubjectareasfollows
:
TheseveralCourtsofthisStatemaystrikefromtheirrollsanypersonnotauthorizedtopracticeinsuchCourts,andalsoanypracticingattorneyorcounsel,uponevidencesatisfactorytotheCourtthathehasbeenguiltyofanysuchmisdemeanor,oractsofimmoralityorimpropriety,asareinconsistentwiththecharacter,orincompatiblewiththefaithfuldischargeoftheduties,ofhisprofession.IfchargesarepreferredagainstanattorneyorcounseltoanyCourt,theymustbereducedtowriting,andacopyfurnishedthepersonaccused,whomayappearandshowcauseagainstthecharges.Thepersonstrickenfromtherollsonanyoftheforegoinggrounds,orforothergoodcause,shallnotbepermittedtopracticetheprofessioninanyCourtofRecordinthisState.Hemay,however,appealfromthedecisionoftheinferiorCourttotheSupremeCourt,asinothercases.20ThestatuterequiresSolicitorstofaithfullyaccountforallmoneyreceived151A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,958-962;2Greenl.Ev.,§144.16RoseV.Mynatt,7Yerg.,30;Bankv.Horn-berger,4Cold.,531;McMahanv.Smith,6Heisk.,171.17ASolicitorimpliedlycontracts(1)thathepos-sessestherequisitelegalskillandknowledge;(2)thathewillexerciseduediligence;and(3)thathewillobservetheutmostgoodfaith.2Greenl.Ev.,§144;1A.&E.Errcy.ofLaw.,958-963.
ISSeeBouv.Law.Die,"Attorney;"1A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,958-963.ItisthedutyofaSolicitor,knowingofacollusivesuit,toinformtheChancellorthereof.Wardv.Alsup,16Pick.,738.192Greenl.Ev.,§147;Code,§§3970-3972;1A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,944-948;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1840-Fieldsv.State,Mart.&Yerg.,171;Smithv.State,1Yerg.,228.19aSee,post,§1182,note52;Code,§§3979-3980.20Code,§§3970-3972.

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§1178solicitors:theirrights,dutiesandliabilities.940bythem;andprovidesthatanylawyercollectingorreceivingmoneyinhisprofessionalcapacity,bysuitorotherwise,andfailingtopaythesametothepartyentitled,ondemand,maybemovedagainstbythepartyaggrieved,asprescribedinsections3616-3619,oftheCode;andthatiftheexecutionissueduponthejudgmentrecoveredbymotion,isreturnedunsatisfiedastoanypartoftheprincipalorcosts,itshallbethedutyoftheCourttostrikethenameofsuchdelinquentlawyerfromthelistofattorneys;andheshallbedisquali-fiedfrompracticinginanyCourtinthisState,untilthejudgmentandcostsarepaid.21Solicitors,beingofficersoftheCourt,mayberequiredtoperformvariousdutiesbytheCourt,withoutcompensation.TheymaybecalledontoexaminethefinancialreportoftheClerkandMaster,toseethatthesameiscorrectineveryrespect.22AnditisenactedbytheCode,thatatthereturntermoftheprocess,theCourtshallappointcounselfortheplaintiff,inactionsprosecutedinthemannerprescribedforpaupers;andalsoforthedefendant,ifhemakeoaththat,owingtohispoverty,hecannotemploycounsel.23§1178.ConfidentialCommunicationstoSolicitors.—TherelationsbetweenaSolicitorandhisclientareofthemostconfidentialnature,andhavealwaysbeendeemedsacred;24andtheCourtshaveuniformlyprotectedthe'clientagainstanybetrayalonthepartoftheSolicitor.InTennessee,itisprovidedbystatute,thatnoattorneyorcounselshallbepermitted,ingivingtestimonyagainstaclient,orpersonwhoconsultedhimprofessionally,todiscloseanycommunicationmadetohimasattorneybysuchperson,duringthependencyofthesuit,beforeorafterwards,tohisinjury;andthatanyattorneyofferingtogivetestimonyinanysuchcaseshallberejectedbytheCourt,andisguiltyofamisdemeanor,forwhich,onconviction,heshallbefinednotexceedingonethousanddollars,tobeassessedbythejury,andimprisonednotexceedingtwoyears;and,ifapracticingattorney,shallalsobestrickenfromtherolls.25Factscommunicatedbyaclienttohiscounselareunderthesealofconfi-dence,andcannotbedisclosedinproof.Thisisaruleofprotectiontotheclient,andnotaprivilegetotheattorney.Thelatterisnotallowed,ifhewould,tobreakthissealofsecrecyandconfidence.Therightsofclientsre-quirethattheirintercoursewiththeirattorneysshouldbeprotectedbypro-foundsecrecy;andthatalltheircommunicationshouldbefree,andunembar-rassedbyanyapprehensionsofdisclosureorbetrayal.26Thisrulehasbeenadoptedoutofregardtotheinterestsofjustice,whichcannotbeupholden,andtotheadministrationofjustice,whichcannotgoon,withouttheaidofmenskilledinjurisprudence,inthepracticeoftheCourts,andinthosemattersaffectingrightsandobligationswhichformthesubjectofalljudicialproceedings.Iftheprivilegedidnotexistatall,everyonewouldbethrownuponhisownlegalresources.Deprivedofprofessionalassistance,amanwouldnotventuretoconsultanyskilfulperson,orwouldonlydaretotellhiscounsellorhalfhiscase.2721Code,§§3976-3977.22M.&V.'sCode,§386.23Codeof1858,§3980.24OfthelawsoftheXIITables,thisfragmentispreserved:Patronus,siclientifraudemfecerit,saceresto.(Accursedbehewhowrongshisclient.)Seenoteto1Greenl.Ev.,§240,astothecivillawonthesubject.25Code,§§3973:3975.26McManusv.State,2Head,214;1Greenl.Ev.,§§237-243.271Dan.Ch.Pr.,571.Inregardtosuchconfidentialcommunications,itdoesnotappearthattheprotectionisqualifiedbyanyreferencetoproceedingspending,orincontem-plation.Ifcounselreceiveacommunicationintheirprofessionalcapacity,touchingmattersthatcomewithintheordinaryscopeofprofessionalemploy-ment,eitherfromaclient,oronhisaccountandforhisbenefit,inthetransactionofhisbusiness;or,whichamountstothesamething,iftheycommitto
paper,inthecourseoftheiremploymentonhisbe-half,matterswhichtheyknowonlythroughtheirprofessionalrelationtotheclient;theyarenotonlyjustifiedinwithholdingsuchmatters:buttheyareboundtowithholdthem;andtheywillnotbecom-pelledtodisclosetheinformation,ortoproducethepapersinanyCourtofLaworEquity,eitherasapartyorasawitness.Ifthisprotectionwerecon-finedtocaseswhereproceedingshadbeencom-menced,therulewouldexcludethemostconfiden-tial,and,itmaybe,themostimportant,ofallcom-munications,—thosemadewithaviewofbeingpre-pared,eitherforinstitutingorfordefendingasuituptotheinstantthattheprocessoftheCourtwasissued.Ifitwereconfinedtoproceedingsbegun,orincontemplation,theneverycommunicationwouldbeunprotected,whichapartymakeswithaviewtohisgeneraldefenceagainstattacks,whichheappre-hends,althoughatthetimenoonemayhavere-solvedtoassailhim.But,wereitallowedtoextendoversuchcommunications,theprotectionwouldstill

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941SOLICITORS:THEIRRIGHTS,DUTIESANDLIABILITIES.§1179Communications,however,arenotprivileged:1,Wherethecommunicationwasmadebeforetheattorneywasemployedassuch,orafterhisemploymenthasceased;or2,Where,althoughconsultedbyafriend,becausehewasanattorney,yetherefusedtoactassuch;andwasthereforeonlyappliedtoasafriend;or3,Wheretherecouldnotbesaid,inanycorrectnessofspeech,tobeacommunicationatall;aswhere,forinstance,afact,somethingthatwasdone,becameknowntohim,fromhishavingbeenbroughttoacertainplacebythecircumstanceofhisbeingtheattorney,butofwhichfactanyotherman,ifthere,wouldhavebeenequallycognizant,(andeventhishasbeenheldpriv-ilegedinsomeofthecases);or4,Wherethemattercommunicatedwasnotinitsnatureprivate,andcouldinnosensebetermedthesubjectofaconfidentialdisclosure;or,5,Wherethethingdisclosedhadnoreferencetotheprofessionalemployment,althoughdisclosedwhiletherelationofattorneyandclientsub-sisted;or,6,Wheretheattorneymadehimselfasubscribingwitness,andthere-byassumedanothercharacterfortheoccasion;and,adoptingthedutieswhichitimposes,becameboundtogiveevidenceofallthatasubscribingwitnesscanberequiredtoprove;or,7,Whereheandhisclientengagedintheperpe-trationofafraud,hewillberequiredtotestifyinregardtoit,forcontrivingfraudsisnopartofhisprofessionaloccupation.Inallsuchcases,itisplainthattheattorneyisnotcalledupontodisclosematters,whichhecanbesaidtohavelearnedbycommunicationwithhisclient,oronhisclient'sbehalf;ormatters,whichweresocommittedtohiminhiscapacityofattorney;ormat-ters,whichinthatcapacityalonehehadcometoknow.28TheSolicitorisnotonlyrequiredtopleadthisprofessionalprivilege,butifhefailsotodo,itisthedutyoftheCourttoforbidthedisclosureofanyprivilegedcommunication,especiallyifsuchactionoftheCourtisinvokedbytheclient,orbyaSolicitoroftheclient.29ASolicitorcannotbecompelledtodiscoveranyprivilegedcommunication,evenwhenmadeadefendanttoabillofdiscovery,anditishisdutytoraisetheobjectionbydemurrerifitappearonthefaceofthebill,orbyplea,ifitdonotappear.30§1179.HisCompensationforServicesina-Cause.—ASolicitorisentitledtoreasonablecompensationforhisservices,intheabsenceofanexpresscon-tractfixingtheamountofhisfee.31Whereadefinitecontracthasbeenmade,theclientisliabletherefor,andthisliabilitycontinuesevenifhedischargehisSolicitorwithoutcause,orcompromisethesuit.32Wherethepartiesaresuijuris,theCourtordinarilydeclinestodomoreinreferencetofeesthan,onapplicationoftheSolicitor,todeclarealieninhisfavorupontherecoveryobtainedbyhisclientinthecause.33Butwherethecomplainantisanexecutor,administrator,guardian,orothertrustee,andwherethebillistowindupaninsolventestate,orinsolventcorporation,orisageneralcreditors'bill,orabillinthenatureofageneralcreditors'bill,orabillbyanexecutor,orothertrustee,fortheconstructionofawillorothertrustinstrument,34theCourtwill,asarule,ontheapplicationofthecomplain-ant,fixanddecreetheamountreasonablyduehisSolicitorforhisservicesinbeinsufficient,ifitonlyincludedcommunicationsmoreorlessconnectedwithjudicialproceedings;forapersonoftentimesrequirestheaidofprofes-sionaladviceuponthesubjectofhisrightsandhisliabilities,withnoreferencetoanyparticularlitiga-tion,andwithoutanyotherreferencetolitigationgenerally,thanallhumanaffairshave,insofaraseverytransactionmay,bypossibility,becomethesubjectofjudicialinquiry.Itwouldbemostmis-chievous,ifitcouldbedoubtedwhetherornotanattorney,consulteduponaman'stitletoanestate,wasatlibertytodivulgeaflaw.Sto.Eq.PI.,§600;128aSto.Eq/'Pl.,§§601-602;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,575-57829See,Code,§§3973-3975;Scalesv.Kelley,2Lea706aoAnte,§1123;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,571-578.
31Itissometimessaidthatthefeeshouldbefixedinthecontractofretainer;butthisisdifficult.TheSolicitorcannotforetellwhatserviceshewillbecalledontoperform,andifthefeewerefixedinadvanceitwouldpossesstoomanyofthecharacteris-ticsofagameofhazard.Thepropertimetofixthefee,wheretheamountofprofessionalskillandlaborareuncertain,isattheterminationofthelitigation,insuitsinChancery.32.brightv.Taylor,4Sneed,Williams,8Yerg.,230.33Perkinsv.Perkins,9Heisk.,3Shan.Cas.,531.34ReadV.St.RailwayCo.,2notsoonabillbyalegateetoconstrueawill.Ensleyv.Ensley,21Pick.,107.
159;McLainv.95;Hillv.Ford,Cates,316.But

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§1180SOLICITORS:THEIRRIGHTS,DUTIESANDLIABILITIES.942thecause;35andwillorderittobepaidoutofthegeneralortrustfund.InpartitionsuitstheCourtmay,initsdiscretion,orderthefeesoftheSolicitorsforthecomplainantandthedefendanttobepaidoutofthecommonfund,wherethepropertyissoldforpartition,andtaxedascostsincaseswherethepropertyispartitionedinkind.30§1180.WhenaSolicitorHasaLienforHisPee.—BystatuteaSolicitorwhobeginsasuithasalientosecurehisfeesuponthecomplainant'srightofactionfromthefilingofthebill;andaSolicitoremployedtoprosecuteasuit,alreadybegun,hasalikelienfromthedateofhisemployment,providedhegivesnoticeofhisemploymentontheruledocket,orfilesamemorandumstatinghisemployment,withthepapersinthecase,ornotifiesthedefendantthereof.37UnderthisstatutetheSolicitor'slienattachestoallthatisrecov-eredbythecomplainantastheresultofthelitigation,whethertherecoverybemoney,chattels,lands,orinterestsorequitiesinchattelsorlands.Butasidefromthestatute,aSolicitorhasalientosecurehisreasonablefeeuponeverythingthatcomesintohishands,orthatcomestohisclientbyvirtueofhisretainerorservicesinasuit;3Sandthislienattachestoallpapers,deeds,ordocuments,chosesinaction,orotherpropertyobtainedbyhimfromhisclient,andtoallmoney,chattels,landsandequitiesinchattelsorlands,recov-eredbyhisclientastheresultofthelitigation;39andhehasarighttohavehislienuponsuchrecoverydeclared,andperpetuatedofrecordinthecauseandthusmadesecureagainstthetreacheryoringratitudeofhisclient,ortherapacityofhisclient'screditors.40TheSolicitor'slienattachestotherecovery,andwhenthereis-arecovery,eitherbythedecreeoftheCourt,orbythecompromiseoftheparties,orbyanawardofarbitratorspursuanttoasubmissioninapendingsuit,thislienfast-ensitselfthereon,andcannotbeloosenedornullifiedbyanyactofthepartiestothesuit,orbyanyinterventionofanycreditorofthecomplainant.41AssoonasthereisanysuchrecoverytheSolicitor'sliennotonlyattachestoit,butitrelatestothebeginningofthesuit,andissuperiortothelienofanyattaching,garnishing,judgmentorothercreditors,andissuperiortoanycon-tractsorcompromisesbetweenthepartiesduringthesuit,orafterthedecree.42Ifpropertyisimpoundedbyattachment,injunctionorotherimpoundingprocess,orisinthehandsofareceiver,ortheClerkoftheCourt,thelienofthecomplainant'sSolicitorattachesthereto,asthepropertyisinthecustodyoftheCourt,andthislienisnotaffectedbyanycompromise,oradjustmentbetweenthepartiesorby£hedismissalofthesuit.43TheSolicitorofadefendantwhoissuijurishasnolienuponproperty,realorpersonal,merelyprotectedbyhiminalitigationwherehehasmadeasuc-cessfuldefenceforhisclient.44ToentitleanySolicitortoalientheremustbe35SeeYourieV.Nelson,1Tenn.Ch.,615;MosesV.OcoeeBank,1Lea,414;KeithV.Fitzhugh,15Lea,49;WhitsellV.CityBuildingAssociation,3Tenn.Ch.,526;Rainsv.Rainey,11Hum.,261.Theprinciplerecognizedinallthesecases,exceptthefirst,isthatwhereabillimpoundsorsecuresafundinwhichthirdpersonsmayshare,orwherethebillisforthecommonbenefitofallinterestedinafund,theSolicitorofthecomplainantisentitledtobepaidoutofthefund,forhisserviceshavebeenforthebenefitofallwhocomeinunderthebill.ButSolicitorswhorepresentdefendantsorpetitioningcreditors,mustlookexclusivelytotheirownclientsfortheirfees.Mosesv.OcoeeBank,1Lea,414;KeithV.Fitzhugh,15Lea,49.36Actsof1887,ch.183.37Actsof1899,ch.243;RailroadV.Wells,20Pick.,706;Tompkinsv.Railroad,2Cates,157.38Brownv.Bigley,3Tenn.Ch.,618.39Brownv.Bigley,3Tenn.Ch.,618;3Pars.Cont.,270.Thelienisonthenetrecovery,aftersatisfyingallset-offsandsuperiorequities.Haysv.Dalton,5Lea,560;Blackburnv.Clarke,1Pick.,506.40ElectricLightCo.v.GasCo.,15Pick.,371.
Atcommonlaw.unlessthelienisdeclaredofrec-ord,ornoticeofthelienotherwisegiventhede-fendant,hemaypaythecomplainantthefullamountofthedecree,ormayotherwisesatisfyandadjustitwiththecomplainant,inwhichcasetheSolicitormustlookalonetothecomplainantforhisreasonablefee.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1842-1845;1A.&E.Ency.ofLaw,969-973.Whileperhapsnotnecessarynowbyreasonofsaidstatute,itisaprudentcoursetohavetheliendeclaredbytheCourtupontherecov-ery,and,incaseofanappealandaffirmance,bytheSupremeCourt.CovingtonV.Bass,4Pick.,499.Suchadeclarationrivetsthelienandgivesitaddi-tionalforceanddignity.SeeGuildv.Borner,7Bax.,266.41TompkinsV.Railroad,2Cates,157.42SeeTompkinsv.Railroad,2Cates,157;Dam-ronV.Robertson,12Lea,372;Huntv.McClanahan,1Heisk.,503;Brownv.Bigley,3Tenn.Ch.,618;andCunninghamv.McGrady,2Bax.,141.43Pleasantsv.Kortrecht,5Heisk.,694;Sharp«.Allen,11Lea,518;Brownv.Bigley,3Tenn.Ch.,621.44Garnerv.Garner,1Lea,29.Thewords,"wheretherehasbeennoactualrecovery,"atthe

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943SOLICITORS:THEIRRIGHTS,DUTIESANDLIABILITIES.§1181anactualrecoveryofmoneyorpropertybyhisclientastheresultoftheSolicitor'sservicesinthecause.45SoifaSolicitorforadefendantobtainarecoveryforhisclientheisentitledtoalienuponitforhisreasonablefee.46§1181.HisLien,HowEnforced.—Wherethefeeisnotfixedbycontract,alltheCourtwilldo,ordinarily,wherethepartiesareallsuijuris,willbe,onapplicationofthecomplainant'sSolicitor,todeclarealienupontherecoveryforhisreasonablecompensationasSolicitorinthecause.47Insuchacase,itwillbenecessary,incaseofdisagreementbetweenhimandhisclient,forhimtofileanoriginalbilltoenforcehislienonthefund,oronthepropertyrecov-ered,asthecasemaybe.48IfthelienisuponafundinCourt,theSolicitorusuallydirectstheClerktoretaintheamountheclaims,andtopayoutthebalance.49WherethefundisinCourt,however,atthetimeofthedecree,theCourtwouldhavejurisdiction,onpetitionbytheSolicitor,towhichhisclientismadeadefendantbypersonalserviceofprocess,toordertheMastertoascer-tainandreport:1,whethertherewasanycontractbetweentheSolicitorandhisclientastotheamountofthefee,andifso,theamountsofixed;and2,ifnocontract,whatwouldbeareasonablefeefortheSolicitorforhisservicesinthecause.Ontheincomingofthereport,theCourtwoulddeterminetheamountofthefee,anddirecttheMastertopayitoutofthefundinCourt.50Butsuchapetitioncannotbefiledintheoriginalcauseafterthecloseofthetermatwhichthefinaldecreewaspronounced.51Theformofdeclaringalienupontherecoveryinacauseissubstantiallyasfollows
:
DECLARATIONOPLIENFORFEE.[Aftertherecoveryhasbeenadjudged,add:]AndonapplicationofGreene&Shields,theSolicitorsofthecomplainant,[or,defendant,incasethereisarecoverybythedefendant,]alienisherebydeclaredintheirfavorupontherecoveryoftheirclientinthiscausefortheirreasonablefeesashisSolicitorsinthiscause,[or,fortheirreasonablefeesfortheirser-vicesashisSolicitorsinthiscause;andsuchlienisdeclaredtobesuperiortotheattachmentlienofAB,inthecaseofsaidABvs.CD(complainantintheoriginalcause,)consolidatedwiththiscause.]§1182.GuardianadLitemFees.—WherethewardhasanestateinthehandsoftheCourt,orhaspropertyinvolvedinthelitigation,theCourtwillallowtheguardianadlitemareasonablefeeforallservicesrenderedhisward,ashisSolicitorinthecause,suchfeetobepaidoutofanyfundinCourtbe-longingtotheward.52IftheguardianadlitemandSolicitorhasobtainedarecoveryoflandormoneyforhisward,theCourtwilldeclarealienontherecoveryforareasonableSolicitor'sfee,whichfeetheCourtwillordinarilyfix.Asarule,Solicitorsfordefendantswhoaresuijurishavenolienonprop-ertyprotectedbytheminalitigation;butguardiansadlitemwhorenderser-vicesasSolicitorsareentitledtoalienuponthewards'propertyprotected,forreasonablecompensationforservicesrenderedinprotectingthesame;53andiftherebenofundinCourt,thepropertywillbeputinthehandsofacloseoftheopinioninthiscase,shouldread,"wheretherehasbeenanactualrecovery."45WinchesterV.Heiskell,16Lea,565;DamronV.Robertson,12Lea,372;MemphisGaslightCases,21Pick.,268.46Damron13.Robertson,12Lea,372.Butnotonahomestead.McBrownv.Whitfield,24Pick.,422;unlessthehomesteaderbeawidower,andcon-sents.McLeanv.Lerch,21Pick.,693.Forcaseswhereadefendantmayhavearecoverysee,ante,§§559-560.SeenotetoClementv.State,2Shan.Cas.,251.WhereaSolicitorforadefendantob-tainsarecoveryforhisclientheis,prohacvice,aSolicitorforacomplainant,andwithintheEquityofthestatute,thenominaldefendantinsuchacasebeing,prohacvice,acomplainant.Equityregardssubstance,notformsandnames.See,ante,§43,andnotes.47Hillv.Ford,3Shan.Cas.,531.IftheclientisunderdisabilitytheCourtwillfixthefee,onareference.Ibid.48Perkinsv.Perkins,9Heisk.,95;Statev.E.&
K.Railroad,4Bax.,97;Brown</,Bigley,3Tenn.Ch.,618.49TheClerkwouldmakehimselfliablefortheamountofthefee,ifheshouldpayoutthewholeofafunduponwhichtheSolicitorhadalienofrecordforhisfee.50Iftheclientshouldmovetodismissthepeti-tion,ordisputethejurisdictionoftheCourt,ortheproprietyofthe'practice,theCourtcouldorderthepetitiontobefiledandtreatedasanoriginalbill.51Paynev.Payne,22Pick.,467.52AguardianadlitemcanhavenofeewherehiswardhasnoestateinCourt.PritchardV.Pritchard,2Ch.Apps.,294.SeeBowlingv.Scales,1Tenn.Ch.,618.Hisfeecannotbetaxedasapartofthecosts.Pattonv.Dixon,21Pick.,97.Toservewithoutafeeinsuchacaseisoneoftheobliga-tionsheassumeswhenhetakeshislicense;Ibid;andheperformsaknightlyservicewhichheshoulddeemanhonor.See,ante,§1177.53Kerbaughv.Vance,5Lea,113;PersonsV.Young,7Lea,293.

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§1183SOLICITORS:THEIRRIGHTS,DUTIESANDLIABILITIES.944receiver,withdirectionstoapplythenetrentstotheliquidationoftheamountdecreedtheguardianadlitem.6*Wherethepropertyofaninfantormarriedwomanissoughttobesoldforthesupportoreducationoftheowner,orbe-causemanifestlyfortheinterestofitsowner,theCourtwillappointbothaguardianadlitemandaSolicitor,andinsuchacaseisallowedbystatutetofixthecompensationofsuchSolicitor,whichshallbethesamewhetherasaleisorderedornot,butwhichshallinnoeventexceedonehundreddollars.55§1183.SomeSuggestionsforYoungSolicitors.—YoungSolicitorsmustre-memberthatlawdoesnotgrownaturallyinthebrain,howeverlargethecran-iummaybe,andhowevergreatthevacantspacestherein.Aknowledgeofthelawcanonlybeacquiredbyconstantandthoughtfulstudy;andneitherrichraiment,norfinecigars,norchoiceliquors,stimulatethegrowthofthisknowl-edge.Ayounglawyer'sproperplaceinbusinesshours,whennotelsewhereprofessionallyengaged,isinhisoffice;andhisproperworkthereiseitherreadinguponsomelegalquestionsonwhichheisdeficient,orinvestigatingthelaworthefactsofcaseswhereinhehasbeenretained.Menwhohavemoneyaregenerallymenwhohavesense,andtheydonotgotoloafingplacestofindalawyer,theywellknowingthatgoodlawyershavenotimetoloaf,andthatloafersaregenerallylazyandnegligentofbusiness—eveniftheyknowthelaw,whichtheyseldomdo.Menwhohavemoneyarediscerning,andtheylookoutforasober,diligent,studious,attentiveandtrustworthylawyerwhentheyhaveimportantlegalbusiness.Nowheredoindustry,application,temperanceandintegrityreapamorebountifulrewardthaninthelegalprofession,andnowhereistruemeritsosureofultimatesuccess.Thefollowingfurthersuggestionsmaybeofbenefittotheyoungermembersofthebar
:
1.FidelitytoClients,anditsLimits.Toyourclientsbetrue;butdonotallowyourfidelitytothemtotemptyoutobefalsetoyourself.FidelitytoaclientinChancerygoesnofurtherthanwhatislawfulandpropertodoandsayinenforcementorprotectionofhislegalorequitablerights.ASolicitorisundernolegalormoralobligationtoassertanillegalorinequitableclaim,ortosetupanillegalorinequitabledefence,ortotakeanunconscientiousadvantageofanadversary,inordertopromotehisclient'swelfare.Thelawisanhon-orableprofession,intendedforthepromotionofjustice,andnotatradeoftrickery,forthepurposesoffraudoroppression.Becontentwithamoderatefee,oneratherlowthanlarge.582.RetainersWherePreviousCounsel.ASolicitorshouldnotacceptaretainerinasuitalreadybroughtwithoutfirstsatisfyinghimselfthatsuchretainerwillbeperfectlyagreeabletothecounselalreadyretainedinthecause,exceptincaseswheretheoriginalcounselareneglectingtheirclient'sinterests,andhiswelfareimperativelyrequiresimmediate,affirmativeaction.3.Agreements,HowMadeandPerformed.Allagreementsinreferencetothepleadings,proof,procedure,orprogressofacausemadewiththeoppositecounsel,shouldbecompliedwithintheutmostgoodfaith,eventhoughyourclientdisapprovesuchagreements.Never,however,makeanagreementaffect-ingthemeritsofthesuitwithouttheconsentorauthorityofyourclient;andnevermakeanyagreementswiththeoppositepartyinthe*absenceofhiscounsel.54Personsv.Young,7Lea,293.55Code,§3330.TheCourtgenerallyappointssomereputablememberofthebarbothguardianadlitemandSolicitor.See,Kerbaughv.Vance,5Lea,113.IfthedefendanthasaSolicitoral-readyemployed,theCourtwouldhavenoauthoritytoappointone;but,insuchacase,theguardianadlitemhastheextradutydevolvedonhimofguardingtheinterestsofhiswardagainstsuchSolicitor,whoissometimesreallyintheemployof
partieswhoseinterestsarenotalwaystheinterestsoftheward.56Amongreldogwillfightoffallotherbeastsofpreyonlytodevourthelambhimself.Patronussiclientifraudemfeceritsaceresto.(Ifanattorneyperpetratesafrauduponhisclientlethimbecon-demnedtodeath.)ThiswasoneofthelawsoftheXIITables.

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945SOLICITORS:THEIRRIGHTS,DUTIESANDLIABILITIES.§11834.WhenaWitnessinYourOwnCause.Neverargueacauseinwhichyouareawitness,unless,perhaps,ineaseswhereyourtestimonyisabsolutelyundis-puted.And,ifinanycase,yourtestimonyisverymaterial,andisliabletobecontroverted,makeitapointofhonortodeclinearetainerinthecause.5.WhenandWheretoMakeMotions.Ifyouhaveanymotiontomake,oranymattertobringtotheattentionoftheCourt,donotwaituntiltheSheriffhasbeendirectedtoadjourntheCourtfordinner,oruntilthenextday;butbringyourmatterforwardindueseason,andfromyourplacebehindthebartable.ItisdecidedlyunprofessionaltobringupyourmattersbeforetheChancellorbydrawingneartothebenchastheChancellorisabouttoleaveit,orbyseek-inghimonthestreet,orinhisroom.SuchconductisdecidedlyoffensivetotheChancellor,althoughhiscourteousnessmayconcealfromyouthegreatrepugnancehehasforsuchunprofessionaldeportmentonyourpart.6.MannerofMakinganArgument.ThemosteffectivestylefortheChanceryCourtisaplain,business-like,matter-of-factmannerofpresentingyourcase,conversationalintoneandgesture,andfarremovedfromthedeclamatoryandgesticulatorystyleusualbeforejuries,andonthestump.AddressyourargumenttotheChancellor,andtohisintellect;nottohiseyes,nortohisears,nortohisheart.Avoidputtingquestionstoadversecounselduringyourargument:questionsprovokereplies,andrepliesareoftenun-seemly,andnearlyalwaysprofitless.Courtsareplacesofbusiness,andthepublictimeshouldnotbeunnecessarilywastedbycontentionsbetweencounsel."Whenyouhavenolongeranythingtosay,closeyourargument,andtakeyourseat.57Neveropenyourargumentwithanapology.Apologiesdiscourageyourclients,disheartenyourfriends,disgusttheCourt,andsatisfynobodybutyouradversaries.Anapologyisaconfessionofweakness,orofignorance,orofnegligence.Ifyouarenotpreparedtomakeanargument,donotundertaketostuffundressedanduncookedfooddownthethroatoftheCourt.Theverybestargumentyoucanmakewhenfullyprepared,maygiveverylittlelighttotheChancellor;andifyouhavenotputoilinyourlamp,don'tlightit,asitwillemitnothingbutsmokeandabadsmell.Insuchacase,acttheman,returnyourclientthefeehehaspaidyou,andapologizetohimforevertakingit:thisistheonlyapologythatisproperinsuchacase.Ifyouhavemadepreparations,andyetopenwithanapology,yourinsincerityandhypocrisywillnauseateanddisgustallwhohearyou.Hence,whetheryouarepreparedorunprepared,neveropenanargumentwithanapology.Agreatmajorityofallapologiesareinsincere,andareoftenmereresultsofvanityorweakness.7.UseofHackneyedExpressionsattheBar.Neverusesuchhackneyedex-pressionsas,"ThisisinmanyrespectsthemostoutrageouscasethateverwastriedinaCourtHouse;""ThisistheplainestcaseeversubmittedtoaCourt;'
'
"Ihavenever,inallmypracticeasalawyer,seenorheardofagrossercaseoffraud;""ThisenlightenedCourt;""Thisintelligentjury;""Suchanargumentisridiculous,"or"tooabsurdtowastetimeon;""Themostremark-ablepropositioneverstatedinaCourt;""TourHonorisboundtofind"soandso;"YourHonorcan'tdo"soandso;"TourHonorwouldstultifyyour-self"bydoingsoandso;"ItwouldbeagrossoutrageonjusticeforyourHonortodo"soandso,andthelike.Touneednot"thanktheCourtforitsattention:"itistheCourt'sdutytoattend;and,ifyourargumentisofanyvalueanddulybrief,theChancellorfeelslikethankingyou.57TheCourtshouldadherewithpertinacitytotheruleallowingtheaffirmativetoopenandclose.SomeSolicitorsforthenegativearenevercontentunlesstheyhavethelastargument.Theseshouldbemadetoconformtotherule,otherwisetheruleisbrokendownandtheaffirmativedeprivedofalegalright.
Therighttoopenandclosetheargumentishisonwhomthepleadingsdevolvetheburdenofproof.Iftheburdenofprovinganyoftheissuesisonthecomplainant,hehastherighttoopenandclosetheargument.If,ontheotherhand,theentireburdenofproofisonthedefendant,heoughttohavetherighttobeginandconclude.BestPr.Ev.,§637.

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§1184solicitors:THEIRrights,dutiesandliabilities.946
8.ReferencetoMattersDehorstheRecord.SomeSolicitorsseemtorelynotalittleonfactstheyassumethattheChancellorknows,andendeavortointer-polatethemintotherecord,whenoftentheChancellordoesnotknowthematall;or,ifhedoes,cannotconsiderthem.58SuchSolicitors,inargument,willsay,"TourHonorknowsthat(suchanone,naminghim,)isagoodandreliableman,"or"YourHonorknows(him)toowelltorequireanyproofastohischaracter,"or"TourHonorknowsthefarm,''[house,creekroad,orotherlocality,]or"TourHonorknowsthebusinessof,"or"thepriceof,"or''thevalueof''suchandsuchthings,or''TourHonorhashadexperience,''or"knows,"or"hasseen,"or"hasheard,"or"hasread"soandsoaboutthecase,oraboutsomeperson,thing,placeoroccurrenceconnectedwiththecase.All-suchreferences,allusions,assumptionsandimplicationsareindirectat-temptstomaketheChancellorawitnessinthecase;and,whilenotalwayssointended,arereallyattemptstotamperwiththeCourt.9.PostureWhileAddressingtheCourt.Solicitors,unlessexcusedbecauseofsomeinfirmity,shouldstandwhileaddressingtheCourt.Tositontherailingofthebar,oronabartable,oronthebackofachair,ortoleanagainstapillar,oradesk,ortorestonefootuponachair,ortootherwisepropone'sselfup,ortomakeanyotherexhibitionoflazinessorindifferencewhileaddressingtheCourt,isnotonlyagrossviolationofpropriety,andanevidenceofboorish-nessandill-breeding,butis,also,asignthattheSolicitorsooffendinghaseithernorespectfortheCourt,ornoconfidenceinhiscause,orboth.Theconvictionofamanthatheisintherightstiffenshisbackbone,contractshismuscles,andcauseshimtoassume,unconsciously,anerect,dignifiedandmanlyattitude;andtheimpulsesofaninherentpolitenessgivehimagraceofposturethatatonceadornsthespeaker,andcommandstherespectandadmirationofthosewhohearhim.10.HowtoTakeanAdverseDecision.Solicitorsshouldrememberthatbothsidescannotberight,andcannotbevictors,inthesamesuit.Whatappearsplaintotheirprejudicedsightmayappearverydoubtfultoapersonwhoisabsolutelyindifferent.TheChancellor'sbusinessistodecide,andonepartyortheothermustlose.Thewinningsideshouldneverexhibitanyevidencesoftriumph;andthelosingsideshouldcarefullyconcealanyemotionsofcha-grin,disappointment,ordispleasure.SomeSolicitors,assoonastheChancellorhasdeliveredanopinionadversetothem,turntotheSolicitorsittingnearest,andintimateorchargethattheChancellor'sopinionshowsthatheneitherunderstoodthelawnorthefactsofthecase;andthattheywillreversehimintheSupremeCourtfromtoptobottom.OtherSolicitors,onlosingacase,makeapersonalmatterofit,andhaveaspellofthepouts,likeaschoolgirlwhosechewinggumhasbeentakenawayfromher.Solicitorswhosoact,however,aregenerallyyoungandinex-perienced,whoseprofessionalskinsarethinandtender,andnotyethardenedbytheblowsreceivedinbattlesatthebar.VeteranSolicitorstakedefeatinsuchgoodhumorthattheChancellorsometimesregretshisinabilitytodecideintheirfavor.Thetriumphofthevictorisofteneclipsedbythegenial,gra-ciousmannerinwhichthevanquishedsubmitstohisfate.59§1184.BriefsoftheFactsandtheLaw.—TheChanceryRulesrequirethatwhenacauseisreached,eachSolicitorshallproduceandreadtotheCourtabriefwritteninink,plainlyshowingthepointsinthecauseraisedbythe58See,ante,§§62,sub-sec.1;451.59SomefewSolicitorsendeavortobreaktheirfall,orrallytheirspirits,byrisingandmovingforanewtrial,orprayinganappeal,assoonasthejurydelivertheirverdict,ortheChancelloran-nounceshisdecision.Suchexhibitionsofpetulancenotonlyexcitetheridiculeorcontemptofthebal-anceofthebarandthebystanders,butaredown-rightdisrespectfulanddiscourteoustothejuryand
totheCourt,andistheoutgrowthofcriminalprac-ticewhereamotionforanewtrialisnecessarytopreventaconvicteddefendantbeingprayedintothecustodyoftheSheriff.Thepropertimeinacivilcausetoprayforanewtrialoranappealisatthenextmotionmorningafterthedecision,unlesstherebesomespecialreasonforurgency.Dignityandcourtesyaretwoofthebrightestjewelsinalaw-yer'scrown.

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947SOLICITORS:THEIRRIGHTS,DUTIESANDLIABILITIES.§1184pleadingsandtheproof,togetherwiththeauthoritiesreliedoninargu-ment.00AllCourtsareanxioustohavebriefs:theygreatlyaidineliminatingthesurplusrubbishinthecause,andinenablingtheJudgestoconcentratetheirattentionupontheturningpointsinthecontroversy.OneoftheprincipalofficesoftheSolicitorsofaCourtistoaidtheCourtinreachingaconclusionbothonthefactsandonthelaw;andtheyarerightfullyexpectedtosiftandmarshalthefacts,andsearchoutthelaw,inadvanceofthehearing,totheendthattheChancellormaybeprofitedbytheirlaborsandknowledge,andhisownlaborsbeproportionatelylessened.Hence,itmaybelaiddownasafundamen-talrule,thatnoSolicitordoeshisfulldutytohimself,ortohisclient,ortotheCourt,unlessheproducesatthehearingthebriefrequiredbvtheChanceryRule.ThefollowinggeneralformmaybeofsomeserviceinthepreparationofbriefsfortheChanceryCourt
:
FORMOFABRIEF,eiJohnDoe,vs.RichardRoe,etal.JBriefforComplainant.
Thefirstquestionoffactinthiscaseis:[Herestateitclearlyandbriefly;andnotar-gumentatively.]Complainantmaintainsthat[Herestateitbriefly,thus:thattherewasacontract,or,afraud,or,anotice,or,adeed,or,adebt,or,atrust,or,alien,orsomeotherequityclaimedinthebill.]Dep.ofJohnDoe,q.andans.,9.LetterofRichardRoe,exhibitedtohisdep.,xq.andans.,12.II.Thesecondquestionoffactis:[Herestateitclearlyandbriefly.]Complainantmaintainsthat[Showtheprecisepointinissue,andthepreciseproofsustainingyourcontention.]Dep.ofWm.Brown,qs.andans.8,16,20,21;xqs.andans.,5to7.DeedfromWm.BrowntoRichardRoe,exhibitedtoRoe'sanswer.HenryJones,defendant'switness,iscontradictedbyWm.Brown:q.andans.,6;andis,also,discreditedbyDavidDoeandJohnSmith.in.Thefirstquestionoflawinthecaseis:[Herestateitbrieflyandclearly,withoutanyargumentation,thus:Whetherthecauseof'actionisbarredbythestatuteoflimitations.Complainantmaintainsthatitisnot,because1st,Thedefendantwascomplainant'sagentandconcealedthecauseofaction;and2d,Defendantheldthemoney[orproperty]asexpresstrustee.SeePeeblesv.Green,6Lea,474,astobothpoints.IV.Thesecondquestionoflawis:[Herestateitbrieflyandplainly,withoutargument,thus:Cananadministrator,byfilingabilltosellthelandofhisintestatetopaydebts,defeattherightofthepurchaserofanheir'stitleatajudicialsalemadebeforetheadministrator'sbillwasfiled?]Complainantcontendsthathecannot.Abonafidepurchaserfromtheheirmayholdtheheir'sinterestagainsttheadministrator,oracreditor.Smithvs.Thomas,14Lea,324.Gibsonvs.Jones,13Lea.684.Rahtvs.Meek,5Pick.,274.Thenwhymaynotapurchaseroftheheir'sinterestatajudicialsaleholdsuchinterest?H.H.IngBrsotx,Solicitor.00Ch.Rule,X,§2;§1199.TheCourthasmaderulesnottohearEquitycausesunlessbriefsarefiled.SeePeck,436,442;443;457,wheretheformerruleswillbefound.61Theyoungerlawyersareinclinedtobetooelaborateintheirbriefs,andtheolderlawyerstobetoolaconic.Thefollowinggeneralrulesmaywellbeobservedinpreparingbriefs:1st.ThattheCourtknowstheelementarylaw.
2d.'ThatanylawthatgivesmuchlighttocounselwillgivesomelighttotheCourt.3d.Thatoneauthoritytothepointissufficient,unlessithasbeenquestioned,modified,orover-ruled.4th.Thatelaborateargumentationisoutofplaceinabrief.Theskeletononlyoftheargumentshouldbegiven.

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§1185THESHERIFF:HISDUTIES.948
CHAPTERLXVI.THESHERIFF:HISDUTIES.1185.TheOfficeoftheSheriff.1186.TheGeneralDutiesoftheSheriff.1187.DutiesoftheSheriffWhileCourtisinSession.
§1188.SomeSuggestionsinReferencetotheSheriff'sDutiesinTermTime.
§1185.TheOfficeoftheSheriff.—AllCourtsarepowerlesswithoutofficerstoexecutetheirprocess,andtoenforcetheirmandates.TheLegislaturemayenactlaws;theChancellorcandeliberate,determineanddecree,inpursuanceofthoselaws;andtheClerkandMastercanissuetheprocessorderedbythefiatordecreeoftheChancellor;butitremainsfortheSherifftomakethoselaws,andthatfiatordecree,effectivebyexecutingtheprocessawarded;andthus(1)compellingthedefendanttodowhatthelawand.theCourtrequireofhim,and(2)conferringuponthecomplainantthebenefitdecreedbytheCourttobehisdueunderthelaw.As,therefore,theCourtispowerlesswithoutitsSheriff,itisincumbentontheSherifftobealwayspresentandready,inpersonorbydeputy,todischargeeverydutythatmaybeimposeduponhim,whiletheCourtisinsession:andtodischargealldutieswithdiligence,efficiencyandgoodfaith.IftheSheriffbeabsent,orcannotbereliedon,theChancellormay,uponspecialapplication,appointanyotherpersontoserveoriginal,mesneorfinalprocess,ortoexecutetheordersoftheCourt.1§1186.TheGeneralDutiesoftheSheriff.—ThedutiesofSheriffsaresetoutindetailintheCode,andneednotbestatedhere.2TheSheriffshouldkeepthreegreatfactsconstantlyinmind:1,ThatitishisdutytoobeyalllawfulordersoftheChancellorwhiletheChanceryCourtisinsession;2,Thatitishisdutytoexecuteallorders,decrees,andprocessoftheChanceryCourtissuedbytheClerkandMaster,orChancellor;and3,Thatintheexecutionofprocesshemustuseadegreeofdiligenceexceedingthatwhichaprudentmanemploysinhisownaffairs.3Hemust,withallreasonablespeed,executeallprocessissuingfromtheChanceryCourt,andmakeduereturnthereof,ac-cordingtolawandtherequirementsoftheprocess.4TheSheriffmustenterupontheexecutionofinstanterandextraordinaryprocess,inpersonorbydeputy,themomentitisplacedinhishands;andshouldnotallowonedaytoelapse,inanycase,afteroriginalprocesshasbeenputintohishands,beforehesetsouttoexecuteit.TheSheriffshouldconsulttheSolicitoraffirmativelyinterested,ortheClerkandMaster,orinanextraordinarycase,theChancellor,astohisdutiesinexecutingawrit,ororderofCourt.§1187.DutiesoftheSheriffwhileCourtisinSession.—TheSheriffisanofficeroftheCourt;anditishisdutytobepresent,inpersonorbydeputy,allthetimetheCourtisinsession.ThestatutemakesithisdutytoattenduponalltheCourtsheldinhiscountywhileinsession,andtoobeythelawfulordersanddirectionsoftheCourt.HeisalsorequiredtocausetheCourtroomtobekeptinorderfortheaccommodationoftheCourt;andproperlyheatedandsuppliedwithdrinkingwater.5ItisalsohisdutytoseethatallpartieskeepthepeaceinandabouttheCourtroom.6lCode,§4415.2Code,§§360-362;4093.3Code,§4093,sub-sec.7. 4Code,§4347.5Code,§360.6Code,§362.

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949 thesheriff:hisduties.§1188§1188.SomeSuggestionsinReferencetotheSheriffsDutiesinTermTime.Insomeofthecounties,theSheriffsaresomewhatnegligentindischargingtheirdutiestotheChanceryCourt.Insuchcases,itmightbewellfortheChancellorattheopeningofthetermtocalltheattentionoftheSherifftohisfivegreatdutiesduringthesittingoftheCourt
:
1.ToKeeptheCourtRoominOrder.Thismeansthattheroomshouldbekeptclean,thatthewindowsanddoorsareinproperorder,thattherearesuf-ficienttablesandchairsfortheuseofthebar,andthattheyarekeptclean.2.ToKeeptheCourtRoomDulySuppliedWithWater.Freshwaterforthe
Ibar,theClerks,thelitigantsandthewitnessesshouldbekeptconstantlyintheCourtroom,incleanbuckets,andsuppliedwithcleandippers,tumblers,orotherdrinkingvessels.3.ToKeeptheCourtRoomComfortablyHeated.Incoldweatheracomfortableroomisnecessary.TheClerkcannotwritewithfingersbenumbedwithcold;theSolicitorscannotdojusticetotheirclientswhilechilledtothebone
;
andtheChancellorcannotproperlyconsidertheevidenceread,andtheargu-mentsmade,ifhismindisdisquietedbythemanifestdiscomfortsofthoseabouthim,andhisbodyissufferingfromexposuretochillingdraftscomingfromopendoors,orbrokenwindows.TheChancellorowesittohimself,andtoallconcerned,torefusetoholdCourtundersuchcircumstances.4.ToKeepGoodOrderintheCourtRoom.TheChancellorshouldinstructtheSheriffattheopeningoftheterm,(1)tosuppressallsmoking,loudwhispering,ortalkingoutsideofthebar,whiletheCourtisinsession;(2)tokeepdownallnoises,disputesandotherdisturbances,intheneighborhoodoftheCourtroom;and(3)tosuppressanythingoractthattendstoannoy,disturbordis-quiettheCourt.5.ToStayintheCourtRoom.TheCourtroomistheplacefortheSheriffwhiletheChancellorisonthebench:anurgentdemandforhisservicesmayariseanymoment,andtheCourtmaybecompelledtowaituntilhecanbefound,andbroughtin.Ifprocessistobeexecuted,jurorstobesummoned,orotherdutiesdischargedoutsideoftheCourtroom,theSheriffshouldeitherdischargethesedutiesbyadeputy,orshouldleaveadeputyintheCourtroomtodischargehisduties.ItisdisgracefultoaSherifftobecalledtocomeintotheCourtroombyorderoftheChancellorwhileCourtisinsession.ThestatuterequireshimtoattendupontheCourtwhileinsession,andhehasnorighttoleavetheCourtroomwithouttheChancellor'spermission.AsheriffhasnomorerightsthanaChancellor;andwhatwouldbethoughtofaChan-cellorwhospenthistimeattendingtomattersabouttown,whentheSolicitors,Clerks,andlitigantsarewaitingforhimtoholdhisCourt?SomeSheriffswaitfortheChancellortodirectthemineverylittlething.Theywaittobetold:1,togetwater;2,tokeepupthefires;3,tokeepthedoorsorwindowsclosed;4,tostopsmokingorloudtalking;5,tosuppressdis-orderinandabouttheCourtHouse;6,tocomeintotheCourtroom,and7,todischargeotherplainduties.Chancellorshavemoreimportantmatterstoen-gagetheirattentionthanoverseeingSheriffsoractingasSheriff;anditisadownrightimpositionontheChancellortothuscompelhimtodowhattheSheriffisswornandpaidtodo.TheSheriffwhowaitstobedirectedintheforegoingmattersisofbutlittlemoreservicetotheCourt,ortothepeople,thananordinaryporterwhowaitsfororders.

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951 RULESOPTHECHANCERYCOURT.§1191Sec.2.Allpapersanddocumentsreferredtoinpleadingsordepositions,asexhibits,shallbefiledintheMaster'soffice,atthetimethepleadingsordepositionsarefiled,unlessbyspecialorderoftheChancellororMasteritisotherwiseordered,butthesameshallbefiledatanytimethereafterupontheorderoftheChancellororMaster;andnopleadingsordepositionsshallbereceivedandfiledbytheMasteruntilthisruleshallhavebeencompliedwith
;
provided,however,thepaperisnotofrecordintheCourt.5Sec.3.TheMastershallnoteuponthepleadingorotherpaperfiledinhisoffice,thedateofthefiling.Sec.4.Ifexceptionsbefiledtoananswerforinsufficiency,orforscandalorimpertinence,theClerkandMastershallexamineandreportuponthemwithallconvenientspeed;andifeitherpartybedissatisfiedwithhisreport,hemayappealtotheChancellorinCourt.8Sec.5.Exceptionstoananswerforinsufficiency7shallbefiledwithintwentydaysafternoticeservedofthefilingoftheanswer.ThepartyfilingtheexceptionsshallsetthemdownforhearingbeforetheMasterwithintendaysaftertheyarefiled,anduponfailuretodoso,theanswershallbedeemedsufficient.Upontheexceptionsbeingsetdownforhearing,theMastershallactuponthemimmediately,andifallowed,heshallnotifythedefendant'sSolicitortofileasufficientanswerwithinthirtydays,fromwhichorderthedefendantmay,withinsaidtime,appeal,butifthedefendant,inobediencetosaidorder,shallfileananswerdeemedsufficientbytheMaster,heshallnotifythecomplainant'sSolicitor,andhemayappealwithintendaysafterthenotice.Uponappealsotaken,theChancellorshallactimmediately,orassoonasconvenient.Sec.6.Exceptionsfiledshallnotdelaytakingdepositions,orotherwisepre-paringthecauseforhearing.Sec.7.Ifadefendantobtaintimetoanswerthecomplainant'sbillheshallnotfileapleaordemurrer,unlesstheordergivingtimeexpresslyembracethosemodesofdefence.8§1191.RuleII.—Depositions,9Evidence,10andTimeforTakingProof.Section1.TheCommissionerbeforewhomadepositionistaken,isrequiredtoannexabillofcostoftakingthesame.Sec2.ProofofnoticetotakedepositionsmaybemadeeitherbeforetheMasterorbeforetheCommissioner,bytheaffidavitofacompetentwitness,orthereturnofaproperofficer.Sec3.IfeitherpartyresideoutoftheState,noticemaybeserveduponhisagentorSolicitor.Sec.4.Afteracauseissetforhearing,11thesameshallbeopenedtobothpartiesforproofwithoutleaveoftheCourt,andwithoutremandingthecausetotherules,buteachpartymusttakehisproofinchiefwithinfourmonths,consistentwiththeAct.Somesupposethatsuchoftherulesof1858asarenotinconsistentwiththisActareinforce;butacarefulreadingoftheabovesection,coupledwiththeconsiderationofthefactthatnearlyalloftherulesof1858areincorporatedinthisAct,somewithoutanychange,andotherswithmodifications,willshowthattheintentionoftheLegislaturewastorepealtherulesof1858,ex-ceptinsofarastheyarecontainedinthisAct.5Thefailuretofileexhibitsisnogroundofde-murrer.Mulherrinv.Hill,5Heisk.,60.TheproperremedyinsuchacaseistoapplytotheChancellor'orMasterforanorderonthecomplainanttofiletheexhibits.SeeCode,§4389.6ThenextsectionofthisruleshowsthattheChancellormayactontheseexceptionsatChambers,
also.Astoexceptionstoanswers,generally,seeArticleonthatsubject.Ante,§§420-424.7Exceptionstoananswerforscandalandimperti-nencemaybefiledatanytime,andactedonbytheCourtatanytime.8TimegiveninvacationshouldbelimitedtotheSaturdaybeforearuledaysoastoallowaproconfessoontheruleday,iftheanswerisnotfiledwhenallowed.9SeeChapteronDepositionsinChancery.Ante,§§474-513.10SeeChapteronEvidenceinChancery.Ante,§§441-473.11Acauseisdeemedsetforhearingassoonasanissueoffacthasbeenmade.Code,§§4322;4328;4432;4400-4401;andsee,ante,§464.

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§1192RULESOFTHECHANCERYCOURT.952andtherebuttingproofwithintwomonths;12Provided,theChancellororMastermayextendthetimeuponsufficientcauseshownbyaffidavit,uponterms.13Sec.5.Allexceptionstodepositionsforwantofnotice,becausenotfiledinreasonabletime;orforothercausegoingtotheadmissibilitythereof,exceptob-jectionstothecompetencyofthewitnessorhisevidence,shallbemadeanddis-posedofbeforethecommencementofthehearingortrial,otherwisetheywillbeconsideredaswaived.ItisthedutyoftheClerktoactupontheexceptionsmadebeforethehearingforthwith;andfromhisdecisionanappealliestotheChancellororJudge,tobedisposedofbeforethecauseisheardortried.14Sec.6.Awitnessonceexaminedinacause,byeitherparty,shallnotbere-examinedtothesamefactsbythesameparty,unlessbyorderoftheCourt,oroftheMaster,onsufficientcauseshownbyaffidavit.§1192.RuleIII.—Decrees.15Sectionl.Eachdecreeshallbewrittenuponnotlessthanahalfsheetofpaper,andinink;andthedateofitsentryendorseduponthesame.Sec.2.Eachdecreeinacause,asitisentered,shallbesecurelyfastenedto-getheratthetopwiththeotherdecreesinthesamecause,bytheMaster.§1193.RuleIV.—Accounts,16Reports,17andExceptions18toReports.Section1.WhenamatterisreferredtotheMastertotakeanaccount,andmakeareport,theCourtmay,inthedecree,fixthetimeinwhichtheaccountshallbetakenandthereportmade,anduponwhomthenoticeoftakingthesameshallbeexecuted,ifinthediscretionoftheCourtanynoticeisnecessary.Sec.2.Ifthedecreedoesnotfixthetimewithinwhichtheaccountshallbetaken,andthereportmade,thesameshallbemadetothesucceedingtermuponthefollowingrules,viz.:TheMastershallassignatimeandplacetoconsiderthesame,andshallissueanoticethereoftothepartiesinterestedintheaccount,andtobeaffectedbyit,andalsotheirrespectiveSolicitors,ifboththepartyandSolicitorresideinthecounty;andiftheSolicitorresideinthecountyandthepartydoesnot,thentheSolicitor,andviceversa.Inallcasesinwhichthepartyisanon-resident,thenthenoticeshallbeservedupontheSolicitor.Sec3.Saidnoticeshallbeexecutedfivedaysbeforethedayassigned,anditshallbeexpressedinthenotice,thatifthepartyorhisSolicitor,asprovidedabove,shallfailtoattend,theaccountwillbeproceededwithexparte.Sec.4.IfthepartiesortheirSolicitorsattend,theMastermay,uponaffida-vitsofeitherpartyshowingsufficientcause,adjournthematterfromdaytoday,ortoanotherdaypriortothetimeheisrequiredtofilethereport,atwhichtime,unlessheadjournthesame,heshallproceedtotaketheaccountandmakethereport.Sec.5.Ifthepartiesarenumerous,thenoticeshallbeserveduponsuchofthemasthedecreeorMastermaydesignate.12Thetimefortakingproofbeginstorunfromthefilingofthepleaoranswer.Exceptionstoananswerdonotsuspendthepreparationofacauseforhearing,ordelaythetakingofdepositions.RuleI,§6;ante,§1190;Code,§4457.Neitherpartyisentitled,ofright,tothefourandtwomonthswithinwhichtotakeproof;butthecausestandsfortrial,andmayrightfullybeheard,atthefirsttermafteranswerfiled,whethersuchtermcomeoneorfivemonthsthereafter.Code,§§4328;4401;4432.See,ante,§533;Ratherr.Williams,10Pick.,543,citing§463(now§465)ofthisbook.See,also,Harrisv.Bogle,Nashville,1906.Proofinchiefisproofthattendstoestablishtheaffirmativeallegationsinthepleadings;rebuttingproofisproofthattendstorefutetheseallegations,orassailstheevidenceorwitnessesoftheotherparty.Proofofmattersinavoidanceisproofinchief.Rebuttingproofmaybetakenatanytimewithinthesixmonths,butproofinchiefmustbetakenwithinthefourmonths.Ante,§465.13Theordergrantinganextensionoftimetotake
proofshouldspecifythenamesofthewitnessesallowedtobeexamined,andthetimeallowedforthatpurpose;andshould,also,specifytheterms,thesetermsinnocasetobelessthanthecostsofallproofthereafterfiled.Ante,§465,note12.14TheChanceryRulesof1858,Rule,XI,allowedanappealtotheChancellorinCourt."ThisRuleomitsthewords,"inCourt;"andthisfact,coupledwithCode,§§4410and4416,showsthattheChan,cellorhaspowerinvacationtohearthisappeal;andsuchisthepractice.ThisRuleisidenticalwithCode,§§3868-3869.Onthesubjectofexceptionstodepositions,see,ante,§§497-501.15SeeChapteronDecrees,ante,§§555-581.10Forthepracticeintakingaccounts,see,ante,§§603-610.TheCourthasnopowertoorderareferenceforanaccount,exceptbyconsent,oruponahearingofthecause.WesselsV.Wessels,1Tenn.Ch.,58.itOnthesubjectofreports,see,ante,§§611-620.18Exceptionstoreportshavebeenheretoforefullyconsidered.Ante,§§615-617.

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953 RULESOPTHECHANCERYCOURT.§1194Sec.6.Aftertheevidencehasbeenclosed,theMastershallproceedwithoutdelaytomakethereportinwriting,inink,withthepagesmarkedthereon.Sec.7.Insaidreport,heshallreferbypagetotheparticularpartsoftherecorduponwhichhebaseseachitemallowed.19Sec.8.Saidreportwhencompletedshallbefiledfivedaysbeforethefirstdayofthesucceedingterm,andthefactshallbenoteduponthehearingdocket,andalsoupontheChancellor'sdocket,oppositethecause.Sec.9.Ifeitherpartyfailtoattend,theaccountshallbeclosed,andnootherevidenceshallbeintroducedorheard,unlessthepartyofferingitshall,withintendays,byspecialaffidavit,showthathehasmaterialevidencewhichwasnotbeforetheMasteratthetimefixedfortakingtheaccount,andwhichhecouldnotbyproperdiligencehaveproducedaccordingtotheprovisionsofthenotice,inwhichcasetheMastermayopentheaccountforthereceptionofevidenceuponthesamenoticeprescribedfortheoriginalaccount;provided,however,theCourtatanytimebeforeconfirmation,may,initsdiscretion,opentheaccountforadditionalevidence.Sec.10.Uponareference,awitnesscannotbeexamined,eitherbytheMas-terorthepartywhosewitnessheis,tothesamematter,towhichhehasbeenexaminedinchiefbeforethehearingofthecause,withoutanorderoftheCourtoroftheMasteruponaffidavitshowingsufficientcausetherefor,buthemaybeexaminedtouchinganyothermatter.Sec.li.AwitnessonceexaminedbytheMastermaybere-examinedbyhimathisdiscretion.Sec.12.TheexceptionstotheMaster'sreportshallbefiledonorbeforetheseconddayofthetermtowhichthereportismadereturnable,unlessthecauseissoonerreaehedonthedocket,andinthateventtheexceptionsmustbefiledatthecallingofthecause;andineithercase,theexceptionsshallbeimmediatelysetdownbytheClerkforargument,andshallbedisposedofbytheCourtwhenthecauseisreachedfortrial.Sec.13.Theexceptionsshallclearlyanddistinctlystatethematteroritemexceptedto,andshallrefertothepageorpagesofthereportwhichshowtheitemormatterexceptedto,andshallalsorefertothepageorpagesofthedepositions,orotherpartoftherecordbywhichitissoughttoimpeachthereport.20Sec.14.Afterthetimeallowedforfilingexceptionsshallhaveexpired,andnonehavebeenfiled,thereportmaybeconfirmed,unlessforgoodcauseshownalongertimeisallowed.Sec.15.Allexceptionstoreportsshallbeheardanddisposedofasothermotions,providedtheyshallbedisposedofwhenthecauseisreached.§1194.Rule.V.—ProConfesso,ProceedingsUpon,21andRightsofDe-fendant.Sectionl.Itshallnotbenecessarytogivenoticetoapartyuponareferenceforanaccount,whenthecauseisstandinguponaproconfessodecreeagainstsuchparty,unlesssaidpartyresidesinthecounty.Sec.2.Inallcasesinwhichaproconfessodecreeissetaside,pendingthecause,andthepartyallowedtoanswer,uponfilingtheanswerthedefendantshallhavetherighttocross-examinethewitnesses,whosedepositionhasal-readybeentaken,withoutanyleaveoftheCourt,andmayhaveallproperprocesstocompeltheirattendance,butmustgivenoticetotheoppositepartyofthetimeandplace,asinothercasesoftakingdepositions.§1195.RuleVI.—Injunctions;22GrantingandDissolving.23Sectionl.Inallcasesofinjunctionbills,inwhichtheoathofthedefendanttotheansweriswaived,hemay,nevertheless,forthepurposeofadissolution19Forformofreport,see,ante,§613. [Thereon,ante,§§20S-212;888-890.20Formofexceptions,ante,§616. 22SeeChapteronInjunctions,ante,§§800-863.21SeeArticleonProConfesses,andProceedingsI 23See,ante,§§849-858.

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§1196 KUIJSSOFTHECHANCERYCOURT.954oftheinjunction,sweartohisanswerwithoutleaveoftheCourt;anduponnoticetodissolveuponbillandanswer,theanswermaybelookedtoforthatpurposeasfullyasifpermissionoftheCourthadbeenobtained.Sec2.Thenoticesofamotiontodissolveaninjunctionshall,inallcases,stateuponwhatthemotionisbased,whetherforwantofEquityonthefaceofthebill,oruponbillandanswer.24Sec.3.Uponthehearingofamotiontodissolveaninjunctionuponbillandanswer,thefactthattheanswerhasbeenexceptedto,orthatthetimetofileexceptionshasnotelapsed,shallnotpostponethehearingofthemotiontodissolve,buttheChancellormay,withoutpassingupontheexception,disposeofthemotiontodissolve.Sec.4.If,inabilltenderedforafiatforaninjunction,thecomplainantadmitsanymoneytobeduethedefendant,orfailstoallegeanysufficientEquityagainstanypartofthemattersoughttobeenjoined,theJudgeorChancellorshalleitherordertheissuanceoftheinjunctionastosomuchonlyastowhichthereissufficientEquity,or,incasethewholematterisenjoined,itshall,besidesthebondrequiredbylaw,bealsorequiredthatthecomplainantpayintoCourttheamountadmittedtobedue,orotherwiseperformthefiatastoanypartofthemattersoughttobeenjoined,andastowhichnoinjunc-tionisordered,beforeinjunctionissues.25§1196.RuleVII.—Contempt.28Section1.IfacontemptiscommittedinthepresenceoftheCourt,theoffend-ingpartymaybearrestedbytheofficerwaitingupontheCourt,upontheverbalorderoftheChancellor,withoutprocessornotice,andthecontemnershallnotbebailable,buttheCourtmayproceedatoncetofineorimprison-ment,orboth;buttheminutesshallshowthepenaltyinflicted,andthematterofcontempt.Sec.2.InallcasesofcontemptcommittednotinpresenceoftheCourt,themodeofproceedingshallbeasfollows
:
(1.)Apetitionshallbefiledstatingthecontemptcomplainedof,supportedbyaffidavit,togetherwithsuchexhibitsandreturnsofofficers,orcertifiedcopiesthereof,asmayfullyshowhowthecontemptarose.(2.)ThereupontheChancellor,ifsufficientcauseisshown,shallordertheissuanceofanattachmentforthebodyofthecontemner,fixinginsaidorderthetimeandplaceoftheappearancetoanswer,andalsotheamountandchar-acterofthebailbondtobetaken.(3.)TheChancellor,upontheappearanceandanswerofthecontemner,orproductionofhisbodyandrefusaltoanswer,shallhearsaidproceedingsatthetimeandplacedesignated,unlessuponcauseshownheshallgivefurthertime,uponthepetition,affidavitandexhibits,andanswerthereto,ineasethecontemneranswers,andifhefailstoanswer,thenuponthecasemadebythepetition.(4.)Incasethecontemnerdoesnotappearasrequiredbyhisbond,judg-mentshallberenderedagainstthepartiestheretoforthefullamountthereof,-
andincaseanaliasattachmentbeissued,andthecontemnerbearrested,nobailshallbetaken,unlessthecontemnershowgoodcauseforhisdefault,eitherbeforetheClerkandMaster27invacation,orbeforetheChancellorintermtime.(5.)IfaforfeitureistakenuponthebondandthetermoftheCourtispassed,theChancellorshallcertifythefact,togetherwiththepapers,totheMaster,whoshallimmediatelyenterjudgmentuponthebondfortheamountofthesameagainsttheprincipalandhissureties,andalsoforcosts,andawardafierifacias,andthesamewhencollectedshallbepaidintoCourt,andallor24Ante,§§850-852.25Astoinjunctionstostayasaleunderadeedoftrust,ormortgagetosecurethepaymentofloanedmoney,see,ante,§828.
20SeeChapteronContempts,ante,§§918-924.27Printed"Commissioner"inthestatute.

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955 RUEESOETHECHANCERYCOURT.§1197somuchthereofasisdeemedproperbytheCourt,shallbeawardedtothein-juredparty,andthebalanceshallbepaidbytheMasterintothetreasuryoftheState.See.3.Ifawitness,afterHavingbeendulysummoned,failstoappearbeforetheMasteruponreturnofanofficerorproofbyaffidavitofsuchservice,theMastershallissueaninstanterattachmentforhim,anddesignatethereinthepenaltyofthebondconditionedforhisappearancebeforetheChancelloratatimeandplacetobespecifiedifpracticable,orbeforetheCourtatthenextsucceedingterm,ifitbenottheninsession,toshowcausewhyheshouldnotbefinedorcommittedaccordingtolaw.Sec.4.IfawitnessshouldappearandrefusetoanswerlegalinterrogatoriesheshallbecommittedbytheCourtorMaster,untilheconsenttogivehistes-timony.Sec.5.TheMastermay,onapplicationofcomplainant,issueanattachmentagainstadefendantforwantofananswer,wherethetimeforansweringhasexpired.Sec.6.IftheClerkandMasterfailtocomplywithanorderofreferencemadebytheCourtundertheprovisionsoflaw,andtherulesasabove,heshallforfeitandpayfiftydollarsforeverysuchfailure,unlessheshowbyoath,tothesatisfactionoftheCourt,hehasbeenguiltyof/nocontemptorculpableneglectofduty.§1197.RuleVIII.—Continuances.28Sectionl.[Afteracauseshallhavebeenoncecontinuedbyeitherparty,noothercontinuanceshallbegrantedexceptuponpaymentofallcoststhenac-crued,includingStateandcountytax,andexecutionshallissueforsuchcostsagainstthepartycontinuing,andhissureties.29]Sec.2.Whenacauseshallbecontinuedbyconsent,theChancellormaytaxthecostsashemaydeemproper,orreservethesameuntilfinaldecree.30§1198.RuleIX.—Motions.Section1.TheCourtmayhearmotionsatsuchtimesasmaybeconvenient.§1199.RuleX.—Hearing.Section1.ThecomplainantorhisSolicitor,beforepresentingacauseforhearing,shallcauseallthedepositionsandotherpapersintendedtobeusedbyhimonthetrial,exceptthepleadings,tobeneatlyputtogetherinoneormorepackages,andsecurelyfastenedtogetheratthetop,andthesamepaged,andageneralindexofthecontentsmadeattheconclusionorbeginningthereof.ThedefendantorhisSolicitorshallinlikemannerprepareallpapersanddepositionsintendedtobeusedbyhim.31Sec.2.Whenacauseiscalled,eachSolicitorshallproduceandreadtotheCourt,abriefwritteninink,plainlyshowingthepointinthecauseraisedbythepleadingsandtheproof,togetherwiththeauthoritiesreliedoninargu-ment;otherwise,theCourtmay,initsdiscretion,delaythehearinguntilthesetworulesarecompliedwith.32§1200.RuleXI.33Process:34WhenReturnable.Sectionl.WheneverthetermsofaCourtshallcontinueforasufficienttime,allprocesswhichshallhavebeenissuedformorethanfivedaysbeforethefirstdayoftheterm,maybemadereturnabletoanyMondayoftheterm;andifthesameshallbeexecutedfivedaysbeforesuchreturnday,thedefendantshallcausehisappearancetobeenteredandmakedefence,orobtaintime28See,ante,§§519-521;526-529.29ThissectionwasrepealedbytheActof1872,ch.8.ThisActwaspassedataSpecialSession;anditstitleisanattempttobringitwithinthescopeoftheGovernor'sproclamation.Theconsti-tutionalityoftheActisquestionable.30Ante,§529.31TheChancellorswillfindthattheenforcementofthisRulewillsavemuchlabor,andmanyannoy-ances.
32Chancellorsfindthesebriefsofsuchverygreatvaluethattheyactuallyhaveafeelingofthankful-nesswhenbriefsarehandedthem.NoSolicitordoeshisdutyeithertotheCourtorhisclientunlesshefullycomplieswiththisrule.Briefsaregoodcase-winners.Seeform,anteK§1184.33ThemainobjectofthisRulewastorepealCode,§4351.34SeeChapteronOriginalProcessinChancery,ante,§§184-193.

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§1201RULESOPTHECHANCERYCOURT.956thereforwithinthethreesucceedingdays,andthecauseshallstandtobepro-ceededinatthatterm.Sec.2.Ifsuchprocessisexecutedwithinthefivedaysbeforesuchreturnday,thenthesameshallbereturnedtothesucceedingMonday,andthede-fendantallowedthethreesucceedingdaysthereaftertocausehisappearancetobeenteredandmakedefenceorobtaintimetherefor,andthecauseshallstandtobeproceededinatthatterm.Sec3.Thetwoforegoingrulesshallalsoapplytocasesinwhichpublica-tionismadeforadefendant.33Sec.4.Aliasormesneprocesstakenoutatanytime,maybereturnabletoanyMondayoftheterm,andifexecutedfivedaysbeforethereturnday,thedefendantshallhavethefirstthreedaysoftheterm,iftheCourtholdsolong,otherwiseonthefirstdayoftheterm,inwhichtocausehisappearancetobeentered,ortomakedefenceortoobtaintimetherefor,andaftersaidthreedaysorsaidfirstday,asthecasemaybe,thesameshallstandtobeproceededinforallpurposes.36Sec.5.Ifsaidaliasormesneprocessshallbeexecutedwithinthefivedaysbeforethereturnday,thecauseshallstandovertothesucceedingMonday,andthentobeproceededinasinSection4above.§1201.RuleXII.—Corporations.37Sectionl.Anypersonopposingtheorganizationofacorporation,shallberequiredtomakedefencebyplea,motiontodismiss,demurreroranswer,asinothercasesinChancery.Sec.2.Iftheoppositionismadebyanswer,thesameshallbeputinunderoath,andshallstateinbriefthecauseswhysaidorganizationshouldnotbeallowed.Sec.3.Thepetitionandanswershallmerelyoperatetomaketheissueorissues.Sec.4.AlltheevidenceinsuchcasesshallbebydepositionstakenasinothersuitsinEquity.Sec.5.Allapplicationsfortheorganizationofcorporationsshallbeputupontheruledocket,andifnotopposed,shallbehearduponmotion.Applicationswhichareopposedshallbeputuponthehearingdocketuponthefilingoftheanswers,andshallinallrespectsbeproceededinasothercausesinEquity.§1202.RuleXIII.38—Enrollment.Sectionl.Afteranypaperisfiledinacause,eitherpartymayhavethesameenrolledbypayingtotheMastertheenrollingfeethereon,whichmayormaynot,atthediscretionoftheCourttryingthecase,betaxedtothelosingparty,andcollectedasothercosts.39Sec2.Anypaperlostormislaidmaybesuppliedfromtheenrollmentbook,theMastercertifyingthatthesameisafull,trueandperfectcopy;andshallbeusedonthetrialofthecause,ortheenrollmentbookitselfmaybeused.Sec3."Whenever,intheopinionoftheCourtfinallydetermininganEquitycause,itisnecessaryandproperthattheproceedingsshouldbeenrolled,suchCourtshall,uponapplicationofeitherparty,ordertheenrollment;andtheClerkshallmakethesameaccordingly,andthepartyapplyingfortheordershallbetaxedwiththecoststhereof.40§1203.RuleXIV.—Re-Sales.35Ifpublicationisbegunmorethanfivedaysbe-forethefirstdayoftheterm,itmayrequirethedefendanttoappearonanyMondayofthetermcomingfiveormoredaysafterthelastpublication.Wessellsv.Wessells,1Tenn.Ch.,60.Andaproconfessocanbetakenandfinaldecreepronouncedattheappearanceterm.Ibid.36Butpublications,itwouldseem,couldnotbemadeunderthissectionsoastogivearightoftrialatthesameterm.McGavockv.Young,3Tenn.Ch.,529.37TheActof1875,ch.142,§28,havingre-
pealedthelawauthorizingtheChanceryCourtstograntlettersofincorporation,thisRulebecomesvalueless.Sublatofundamentocaditopus.38TheoriginalRuleXIII,oftheActof1871,hasbeenallrepealed,exceptsection2.SeeActsof1872,ch.8;Actsof1877,ch.45.39Actsof1877,ch.45.40Actsof1877,ch.45.§5.ThissectionwasnotenactedasaChanceryRule,butasanamendmentofCode,§3227:nevertheless,itisaChanceryRule,andcomesappropriatelyhere.

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957RULESOPPRACTICEEORPARTICULARDIVISIONS.§1204Sectionl.IfthepurchaserofpropertysoldattheMaster'ssalefailtomakepaymentorcomplywiththetermsofsale,theMastermayagainexposethepropertytosaleonthesameday,oraftergivingduenoticeofthetimeandplace,accordingtothedirectionscontainedinthedecree.41§1204.RuleXV.—Re-Hearing.4*Sectionl.Everypetitionforre-hearingshallcontainthespecialmatterorcauseonwhichare-hearingisappliedfor,besignedbycounsel,andthefactsthereinstated,ifnotappearingfromtheproceedingsintheCourt,shallbeverifiedbyoathoraffirmation.SuchpetitionmustbepresentedtotheCourtduringthetermatwhichthedecreecomplainedofisenteredupontheminutes.HamiltonC.Smith,Chancellorof1stDivision.O.P.Temple," "2ndD.M.Key, " "3rdAlbertS.Marks," "4th"W.W.Goodpasture," "5th"Chas.G.Smith," "6thEdwardH.East," "7thW.S.Fleming," "8thGeorgeH.Nixon," "9thJamesFentress," "10th"N.J.Morgan,Chancellorof1stChanceryCourtofShelbyCounty.WilliamL.Scott,Chancellorof2ndChanceryCourtofShelbyCounty.43§1205.RulesandRegulationsofPracticeforParticularChanceryDivisions.TheRulesofPracticeadoptedbyamajorityoftheChancellors,orenactedbytheLegislature,areobligatoryuponalltheChancellors,andcannotbechanged.Butintheabsenceofanysuchrule,orrules,onanyparticularmatter,ormat-ters,ofpractice,eachChancellormaymakerulesandregulationsofpracticeforthepurposeofexpeditingbusinessinhisownChanceryDivision.44TheserulesandregulationsmustnotbeinconflictwithanyrulemadebytheChan-cellorsasabody,norwithanystatuteoftheState.Thefollowingrulesandregulations,nearlyallofwhichareinbeneficialoperationinsomeoneormoreoftheChanceryDivisions,aresuggestedasabasisfortheactionofindividualChancellors:45RULESOFPRACTICEFORPARTICULARDIVISIONS."Optimaestlexquaminimumrelinquitarbitriojudicis;optimusjudexquiminimumsibi.—Bacon.IamboundbyMagnaChartanullinegare,nullidifferejustitiam.—LordNottingham.Rightandjusticeshallbeadministeredwithoutsale,denial,ordelay.
—
ConsTitlttionofTennessee.returndays,appearanceanddefence.RULE1.TheFirstMondayofEveryMonthinVacationisherebymadeare-turndayforallprocess,exceptfinalprocess;andallsubpcenastoanswerorig-41See,ante,§627.42SeeChapteronRehearings,post§§1215-1222.43TheseRules,whilesignedbythethenChan-cellors,werethoroughlyrevisedbytheLegislature,throughitsSenateJudiciaryCommittee,andenactedintoalaw.Actsof1871,ch.97.ThreemembersofthatCommitteeafterwardsbecameChancellors,oneofwhomistheauthorofthisbook.44Code,§§393S-3936.SeeHaralsonV.McGavock,10Lea,724.45Theserulesareinforceinthe2dChanceryDivision,andmostoftheminotherDivisions.Seesimilarrulesin2Tenn.Ch.,787-790.SeeAppendixtoCooke,whereJudgeCooperhascollectedalltheprecedingrulesofCourtpracticecontainedinourReports.46RulesandRegulationsofPracticefortheChan-ceryDivision'wouldbeatitlemoreconsonantwiththestatute.Code,§3936;butthetitlegivenismorebrief,and,perhaps,asapplicable.Theserules,insofarastheyimposecosts,arebasedonthelawofcompensation.Thelawhasnofavoritesasbetweeneciuals,exceptinsofarasitfavorsthosewhoarediligent.NorhasaChancellortherighttograntafavortoonepartyattheex-
penseoftheother.Favorsshouldbepaidforincosts:otherwise,thepartyindefaultisrewarded,andthepartywhohasdonehisdutyispunished.As"hewhoseeksequitymustdoequity,"sohewhoseeksafavorinCourtmustdoafavor.Andwherealossmustfallononeoftwoparties,itshouldbebornebyhimwhosedefaultoccasionedtheloss;otherwise,hewouldderiveanadvantagefromhisown(wrong._Hence,apartyaskingleavetoamendhispleadings,ortoanswerafteraprocon-fessoorderagainsthim,ortotakeproofafterhistimehasexpired,ortocontinueatrialwhentheothersideisready,shouldnotasksuchafavorwithoutofferingtopayallcostsoccasionedbythefavorheisasking.NorshouldaChancellordepriveonepartyofthefruitsofhisdiligenceinordertorelievetheother-partyofthepenaltiesofhisnegli-gence.And,aboveall,itmusteverberememberedthatCourtsaremadetodofulljustice,andthatjusticedelayedisonlyhalfdone.Themainpurposeofthefollowingrulesistogivethespeediesttrialconsistentwiththehighestjustice;andthebarissolicitedtoco-operateintheefforttoeffectthispurpose.

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§1205RULESOFPRACTICEFORPARTICULARDIVISIONS.958inalamendedorsupplementalbills,billsofrevivor,crossbills;billsofreviewandpetitions,andallwritsofscirefacias,shallbemadereturnabletothefirstMondayofthemonthcomingfiveormoredaysaftertheissuanceofsuchpro-cess:47but,ifaregulartermofCourtcomesbeforesuchfirstMonday,suchprocessshallbemadereturnabletothefirstdayofsuchterm.Thisrulein-cludesprocessbypublicationinallcases,thelastpublicationbeingdeemedequivalenttotheissuanceofasubpeenaunderthisrule48butinattachmentcasesthelastpublicationmustbeatleastoneweekbeforethereturnday.49RULE2.WhenDefenceMustbeMade.Everydefendantservedwithsuchoriginalormesneprocess,whetherbypersonalserviceorbypublication,shallplead,demur,oranswer,onorbeforethefirstreturndaycomingfiveormoredaysaftersuchservice,inallcasesexceptinattachmentcases,andthenonorbeforethefirstreturndaycomingatleastoneweekaftersuchservice.Servicebypublicationinallcasesshallbedeemedtohavebeenmadeonthedayofthelastpublication:if,however,thereturndayisthefirstdayofatermoftheCourt,thedefendantmustmakehisdefencewithinthefirstthreedaysoftheterm,50andwillbeliabletoaproconfessothereafter.51RULE3.WhenaProConfessoMaybeTaken.Ifanydefendant,notaminororpersonofunsoundmind,failstomakedefenceonthereturnday,aprocon-fessoordermaybetakenandenteredagainsthimonthenextoranysubsequentruledayinvacation;andifthefirstdayofthetermisthereturnday,thenaproconfessoordermaybetakenandenteredagainsthimonanyruledayafterthethirddayoftheterm.52Eachdayoftheterm,andthefirstMondayofeverymonthinvacation,areruledaysforthepurposeoftakingproconfessos,andforallotherbusinessproperforruledays.53RULE4.LimitationontheForegoingRules.TheforegoingRulesareallsub-jecttoChanceryRuleXI,undertheoperationofwhich:1,Anyoriginalwritissued,oranypublicationcommenced,morethanfivedaysbeforethefirstdayoftheterm,maybemadereturnabletoanyMondayoftheterm;2,Aliasandmesneprocess,54takenoutatanytimemaybemadereturnabletoanyMondayoftheterm;3,Ifanyprocessissuedasaforesaid,isexecutedwithinfivedaysbeforethereturnday,thenextsucceedingMondayshallbethereturnday;and4,Inallofsaidcasesthecausemaybeproceededinasthoughtheprocesshadbeendulyexecutedfiveormoredaysbeforethefirstdayoftheterm.55RULE5.CopiesofSubpoenastobeIssued.TheClerkwillissuewitheachsub-poenaasmanycopiesthereofasthereareadultdefendantstobeserved,andtheofficerexecutingthewritwillleaveoneofsaidcopieswitheachadultdefend-ant,inadditiontotheservicenowrequiredbylaw.Atthebottomofeachofsaidcopiesshallbeanoticetothedefendantnamedtherein,specifyingthedayonwhichheisrequiredtoplead,demuroranswer,andwarninghimthatifhefailsotodo,thebillmaybetakenasconfessedastohim.RTJLE6.AnswerWhentobePiledonDemurrerBeingOverruled.Whenapleaordemurrerisoverruled,thedefendantmustfilehisansweronthenextrule47Code,§§4348-4349;Haralsonv.McGavock,10Lea,724.48Asubpoenacanbeissuedandservedonthesameday;butapublicationmustbemadeforfoursuccessiveweeks,andisnotdeemedserveduntilthedayofthelastpublication,whichdaymustbeatleastfivedaysbeforethereturnday.Wessellsv.Wessells,1Tenn.Ch.,65.49Code,§3523.Twenty-eightdaysnextbeforethereturndayissufficientpublicationinattachmentcases.Thus,ifthenoticeispublishedonthe19thand26thofAugustandonthe2dand9thofSep-tember,the16thofSeptemberwouldbealawfulreturndayinanattachmentsuit,andthe14thofSeptemberwouldbealawfulreturndayinanyothersuitwhereinpublicationwasmade.Lowen-stineV.Gillispie,6Lea,643,overrulingRileyV,Nichol,1Heisk.,16.50Butwherethetermdoesnotlastthreedays,see,ante,§225.
51Astowhenandhowadefendantmustappear,see,ante,§§222-227.52See,ante,§§205-206;225-227,astowhenandhowproconfessosaretaken.53Code,§4421;Haralsonr>.McGavock,10Lea,724.Formerly,onlythefirstdayofthetermwasaruledayintermtime.Lanumv.Steel,10Hum.,280.Tnisdecisionwasmadein1849,andtheLegis-latureof1851-52enactedthateverydayofthetermshouldbearuleday.54Mesneprocessunderthisruleincludeswritsofscirefacias,andsubpeenastoanswersupplementalandamendedbills,andbillsofrevivor.ThiswillbeseenbyacomparisonofCode,§§4348-4349;4415;4426-4429.55SeeWessellsV.Wessells,1Tenn.Ch.,61;Mc-GavockV.Young,3Tenn.Ch.,529.

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959RULESOPPRACTICEFORPARTICULARDIVISIONS.§1205day.TheChancellormay,however,allowftirthertimetofileananswerwhenthepleaordemurrerisnotdeemedfrivolous;butinnoeasewilltheMasterallowfurthertimetoanswerafterapleaordemurrerhasbeenoverruled.RULE7.AnyDefendantDesiringLeavetoFileaPleaorDemurrerafteraproconfcssoenteredagainsthiminvacation,ordesiringanextensionoftimetomakedefencewithleavetofileapleaordemurrer,invacation,mustapplytotheChancellor,andnottotheMaster,forsuchleave,andmustexhibjthispleaordemurrerandacopyofthebillwithhisapplication,alongwithanaffidavitshowinggoodcauseforsettingasidesaidproconfesso,orforsaidextension,asthecasemaybe.RULE8.DefenceonLeaveMustbeMadeWithintheLeave.WhenadefendanthasobtainedtimefromtheChancellororMastertomakeadefence,heshallmakehisdefenceinthemannerandtimespecifiedintheordergivingtime
;
andtheMasterwillnotreceiveorfileanypleadingpresentedbythedefendantafterthetimespecifiedformakinghisdefenceshallhaveexpired,withoutthewrittenconsentofthecomplainant,oranorderfromtheChancellor.RULE9.PleaWhenDeemedatIssue.IfthecomplainantfailtosetdownapleawiththeClerktobeargued,orfailtotakeissueuponit,onorbeforethefirstruledaycomingtwentyormoredaysafterthefilingofsuchplea,itwillhedeemedatissue,asthoughageneralreplicationhadbeenfiled.56RULE10.NoticetobeGivenofFilingofaPleaorDemurrer,Whenapleaorde-murrerisfiled,whetherinvacationorintermtime,theClerkandMastershallatoncenotifythecomplainant,orhisSolicitor.PROCONFESSOS,WHEN"ANDHOWTAKEN."RULE11.ProConfessoaLegalRight:NottobeSetAsideUnless.WhenthedefendanthasfailedtomakehisdefenceinthetimeandmannerrequiredbytherulesoftheCourt,thecomplainanthasalegalright58tohaveanorderbytheMasterortheCourt,takinghisbillforconfessed,asofcourse;andsuchproconfessoorderwillbemadewheneverlegallydemanded,andwillnotbe•setasideeitherbytheMasterortheChancellorwhenthedefendantwasservedwithsubpoena,exceptwiththewrittenconsentofthecomplainant,orongoodcauseshownbyaffidavit,accompaniedbyaswornanswer,showingameritoriousdefence,andonthepaymentofcosts.59RULE12.ProConfessosatRules.AllproconfessosundertheserulesmaybetakenbeforetheMasterinvacation,orinopenCourtintermtime.Thede-fendanthasthewholeofthereturndayinvacationtofilehisdefence,andhence,aproconfesssocannotbetakenagainsthimuntilthenextruleday.60RULE13.ProofinSupportofProConfessos.Nomotionforaproconfesssoonabillwillbeconsideredintermtime,unlesstheproofthatthesubpoenahasbeenserved,orthepublicationhasbeenmade,isproducedinopenCourt,andfiledwiththewrittenmotion.TheMasterwillkeeponfilethenewspaperscontainingthepublication,ortheprinter'saffidavitthereof.RULE14.FurtherTimetoMakeDefence,When.Wheneverthecomplainantfailstotakeaproconfesssoonthefirstruledayatwhichaproconfessomaybetaken,undertheserules,hemaytakesaidproconfesssoonanysubsequentruleday,61providedthedefendanthasnotinthemeantimefiledhisplea,demurrer,oranswer;andprovided,further,thatongoodcauseshownbyaffidavit,theMastermayatrules,ortheChancellormayatChambers,orinopenCourt,extendthetimetomakedefence;butifdefendant'stimeisextendedbytheMaster,heshallanswerandnotpleadordemur.56Instrictlaw,thedefendantwouldbeentitledtohavehispleatakenforconfessed.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,696;buttheruleismoreconsonantwithourpractice.'SeifreidV.People'sBank,2Tenn.Ch.,21;Allenv.Allen,3Tenn.Ch.,145.See,ante,§350,note3.57SeeArticleonProConfessos;ante,§§205-206;225-227.ForformofaProConfessoseeRule68,.infra.
r>8Anonymous,1Tenn.Ch.,2.59Code,§4375;Tharpev.Dunlap,4Heisk.,681.Adefendantnotservedwithprocessmayhaveaproconfessosetaside,asheretoforeshown.Ante,§§207-208.goWessellsv.Wessells,1Tenn.Ch.,60;67.01ThissubsequentruledaymaybeeitherthefirstMondayofamonth,oranydayofaterm.

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§1205RUI.ESOFPRACTICEFORPARTICULARDIVISIONS.960AMENDMENTS,WHENANDHOWMADE.RULE15.ABillMaybeAmendedinanyparticular,withoutleave,beforeanswerfiledordemurrerargued;butifthecomplainantshouldthereafterdeemitnecessarytobringnewpartiesormattersbeforetheCourt,hemaydosobysupplementalbill,asofcourse,andwithoutleave,atanytimewithintwomonthsafterdefencemade;butaftertwomonths,onlybyleaveoftheChan-cellororCourt.RULE16.AnAnswerMaybeAmendedatanytimebeforethecomplainantbeginstakingproof,asofcourse,inanymatterofform,orbyfillingablank,correctingadateorname,filingorreferringtoadocument,orinothersmallmatters,onapplicationtotheMaster.RULE17.IfaMaterialAmendmenttotheAnswerisDesiredtobemade,oranyamendmentafterthecomplainanthasbeguntakingproof,thedefendantmustapplytotheChancellorinvacationorinopenCourt;andifinvacationhemustgivethecomplainantorhisSolicitorfivedays'noticeoftheapplica-tion.613'
RULE18.NoAmendmenttoaPleadingThatCausesaContinuancebyeitherpartywillbeallowed,exceptonthepaymentofthesamecostsaswouldresultundertheserulesfromacontinuanceonapplicationofthepartyaskingtoamend.RULE19.AllAmendmentstobeMadeWithinTimeAllowed.Allamendmentstopleadingsmustbemadewithinthetimeallowedortheywillbeconsideredtohavebeenabandoned.Whennotimeisfixedformakinganamendmentitshallbemadewithinthirtydaysafterleavegiven.THETAKINGOEPROOF,ANDTIMEALLOWEDTHEREFORERULE20.ProofWhentobeTaken.Bachpartymusttakehisproofinchiefwithinfourmonthsafterthefilingofthepleaoranswer,andhisrebuttingproofwithintwomonths.Provided,theChancellororMastermayextendthetimeuponsufficientcauseshownbyaffidavit,anduponterms.63RULE21.ProofDenned.Proofinchiefisproofthattendstoestablishtheaffirmativeallegationsinthepleadings;rebuttingproofisproofthattendstorefutetheseallegations,orassailstheevidenceorwitnessesoftheotherparty.Proofofmattersinavoidanceisproofinchief.Rebuttingproofmaybetakenatanytimewithinthesixmonths,butproofinchiefmustbetakenwithinthefourmonths.64RULE22.WritingsWhentobePiledandProved.Alldeeds,transcriptsofrecords,originalrecords,orotherwrittenorprinteddocuments,intendedtobeofferedasevidence,onthehearingofacause,byeitherparty,shallbefiledwiththeClerkbeforethecauseisheard:iffiledduringthetermatwhichthecauseisheard,noticethereofinwritingshallbegiventheadversepartyorhisSolicitor,atleastonedaybeforethebeginningofthehearing.Ifapartyin-tendstoproveanydocumentorexhibitvivavoce,atthehearing,heshallgivetheadverseparty,orhisSolicitor,atleastoneday'snoticeofsuchintention.TheevidenceofwitnessessoexaminedwillbereducedtowritingbytheMaster,andfiledasevidenceinthecause.05RULE23.ExceptionstoAnswertoCausenoDelay.Thefilingofexceptionstotheanswershallnotdelaythetakingofdepositions,orotherwisepreparingthecauseforhearing.66
61aSeeArticleonAmendedandSupplementalAn-swers.Ante,§§434-437.62SeeArticleonWhenProofMustbeFiled,ante,§§463-468.63Ch.Rule,II,§4;see,ante,§1191.TheChan-ceryRulesof1830,§§9;18,allowedonlyfivemonths.Cooke,446;448."Threemonthsandnomore"areallowedbytheU.S.EquityCourts.SeetheirRules,§69.InEnglandallproofmustbe
taken"withineightweeksafterissue."1Dan.Ch.Pr.,889.Astowhenacausestandsfortrial,see,ante,§§465;533.04Astothetimeallowedfortakingproof,see,ante,§465.652Tenn.Ch.,789.06Ch.Rule,I,§6;see,ante,§1190.

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961RUIvESOFPRACTICEFORPARTICULARDIVISIONS.§1205RULE24.TakingofProofNotDelayed,When.Whenadefendantobtainsfur-thertimetopleadoranswer,ortimetoamendapleaoranswer,thetimethusobtainedshallbecountedaspartofhistimefortakingproof;and,whensuchfurthertimeisobtained,bothpartiesshallhavetherighttotakeproofbeforethepleaoranswerisfiled,ortheamendmentmade,astoanyandallmatterscontainedinthepleadingsonfile.RULE25.IftheComplainantConsenttoSuchFurtherTimetofileoramendapleaoranswer,suchtimeshallalsobechargedtohim,andbothpartiesshallbeatlibertytotakeproofasfullyasthoughthepleaoranswerhadbeenfiled,ortheamendmentmade.RULE26.CauseTriable,When.Acausemaybeheardatthefirsttermaftertheanswerisfiled;6'7andifnotthentriedeachpartyhasonlytheremainderofthefourandtwomonthsinwhichtotakehisproof,unlessheobtainsfur-thertime.68RULE27.NoFurtherProofCanbeTakenAfterLimitHasExpired.Afterthefourandtwomonthshaverespectivelyexpired,orsuchfurthertimeastheCourtmayhaveallowed,nofurtherproofcanbetakenbyeitherpartywithoutmutualconsentinwriting,orwithoutleaveoftheChancellorortheMaster,uponsufficientcauseshownbyaffidavitanduponterms.69RULE28.ProofTakenAftertheLapseofSaidPeriodoffourandtwomonthswillbesuppressed,onexceptionsbytheadverseparty,unlesstakenorfiledasaboveprescribed.RULE29.TheOrderGrant-'nganExtensionofTimetoTakeProofshouldspec-ifythenamesofthewitnessesallowedtobeexamined,andthetimeallowedforthatpurpose;andshould,also,specifytheterms,thesetermsinnocasetobelessthanthecostsofallproofthereafterfiled.RULE30.NoticeWherePartyisOutrftheState..Whenapartyisanon-resi-dent,orisoutoftheStatewhennoticeisissued,orcannotbefoundbyahofficerauthorizedtoservenotice,inallsuchcasesnoticetotakedepositions,andallothernotices,maybeservedontheSolicitorofsuchparty.70rule31.WitnessExaminedatCourt,When.Whenapartyhasbeenunable,afterdueeffort,totakethedepositionofawitness,hemayhavehimsubpcenaedtoappearbeforetheChancelloronthefirstdayoftheterm,whenleavewillbegiventotakehisdepositioninstanter.Butnopartyshallsubpoenamorethanonewitnesstothesametermunderthisrule.RULE32.ExceptionstoDepositionsWhentobeMadeandDisposedof.WhenadepositionisfiledtwentyormoredaysbeforeCourt,allexceptionstheretoshallbemadebytheoppositeparty,anddisposedofbytheMaster,onorbeforethefirstdayoftheCourt;andwhenadepositionisfiledwithintwentydaysbeforeCourt,orisfiledduringtheterm,allexceptionstheretoshallbemadeandfinallydisposedofduringsaidterm,andbeforethecaseiscalledfortrial.Ex-ceptionsandgroundsofexceptionsnotmadeanddisposedofinthetimehereinspecifiedwillbeconsideredaswaived,71exceptexceptionstothecompetencyofthewitness,orhisevidence.IftheMastersustainstheexceptionsheshall,atonce,notifythepartytakingthedeposition,orhisSolicitor.72CONTINUANCES,ANDCOSTSTHEREON.73RULE33.CostsonContinuances.Thepartycontinuingacauseafterhehas67See,ante,S533.68Ch.Rule,II,§4;ante,§1191.60Thefactthattheevidenceoftheotherpartywasfiledatthelastmomentallowedforsodoing,isnogroundforenlargingthetimefortakingevidence,iftheevidencesofiledisconfinedtomattersdis-tinctlyputinissuebythepleadings.1Dan.Ch.Pr.,890.Butwhereapartyclosedhisproofinchiefjustbeforethetermbegan,theCourtwouldconsiderthatfactonamotionforacontinuancebytheotherparty,supportedbyaspecialaffidavitofrebuttingevidence.
70Necessitasquodcogit,defendit.See1Dan.Ch.Pr.,446;2Ibid.,1045;Lovev.Hall,3Yerg.,408;Code,§3854a;Ch.Rule,II,§3.71Skinnerv.Dayton,5Johns.Ch.,(N.Y.),191.SeeTedderV.Odom.2Heisk.,50;Snyderv.Sum-mers.1Lea,485;HodgeV.Dillon,Cooke,281;1Meigs'Dig.,§445.72Code,§4423.73SeeArticleonMotionsforaContinuance,ante,§§519521.Nullivendemus,nullinegabimusautdifferemusrectumautjustitiam.MagnaCharta,540.

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§1205RULESOPPRACTICEEORPARTICULARDIVISIONS.962hadfivemonths'timetotakeproof,willbetaxedwiththecostsofalltheproofthereafterfiled,unlessheshowgoodcausefornotbeingready.RULE34.IfHeHasHadSixMonths'TimetoTakeProof,thepartycontinu-ingwillbetaxedwithone-halfofthecostsofthecausenotpreviouslyad-judged.74RULE35.IfTwoRegularTermsHaveElapsedsincehistimetotakeproofbegantorun,thepartycontinuingwillbetaxedwithalltheunadjudgedcostsofthecause.RULE36.CostsonaSecondContinuance.Whencostshaveoncebeenad-judgedagainstapartyonacontinuance,nosecondcontinuancewillbegrantedhimexceptonpaymentofalltheunadjudgedcostsofthecause.RULE37.Costs'inCaseofConsent.Apartymayconsenttoacontinuancebyhisadversaryonhispayingcostsaccordingtotheserules;butwhenbothpartiesagreetoacontinuanceaftersixmonths'timetotakeproof,withoutprovidingforthepaymentofone-halfoftheunadjudgedcosts,eachpartywillbetaxedwithone-halfofallthecostsofthecausenotpreviouslyad-judged.75RTJLE38.ContinuancesAfterSixMonths'TimetoTakeProof.Nocontinuancewillbegrantedaftersixmonths'timetotakeproof,exceptbyconsent,oronaffidavitshowinggoodcause;andnotthenexceptonthetermsastocostshereinbeforestated.A.partywaivinganaffidavitforacontinuancebyhisadversaryshallbedeemedtoconsenttosuchacontinuance,andcostswillaccordinglybeimposedonboth,ifsixmonths'timetotakeproofhaveelapsed.RULE39.FurtherTimetoPleadorAmendHowConsidered.Whenthedefend-antobtainsfurthertimetofileoramendapleaoranswer,thetimethusob-tainedshall,inconsideringhisapplicationforacontinuance,becountedaspartofhistimefortakingproof;andifthecomplainantconsenttosuchfurthertime,itshallalsobechargedtohim.RULE40.InjunctionandAttachmentSuitstobeHurried.Allinjunction,at-tachment,orothersuitsthatstayproceedingsatlaw,orstoppublicimprove-ments,orpreventapartycollectingadebtorusingpropertyheclaims,mustbepreparedbythecomplainantforfinalhearingwithextradiligence,especiallywhenhehasgivennobondtopaydamages.RULE41.ExceptionstoAboveRules.Therulesonthesubjectofcontinu-ancesarenottobesoconstruedastopreventtheCourt,onitsownmotion,orwiththeassentofbothparties,orderingacausetobecontinued,toawaittheadjudicationofanothercause,orthepaymentofthedebtsuedforwhenitisnotdisputed,ortheincomingofacompromisethathasbeenmadeorisinprogress,orinanyothercasewhenjusticewouldbemanifestlypromotedthereby.76
PROCEEDINGSINTHEMASTER'SOFFICE."RULE42.AccountsWhentobeTaken.WithinsixtydaysafterthecloseofthetermtheMasterwillnotifytherespectivepartiesofthetimeoftakingallaccountsorderedatsuchterm;andintakingaccountsandmakingreportshewillstrictlyobserveRuleIV,ofChanceryPractice,andtheCode,sections4471-4474.RULE43.DiligenceRequiredofPartyatWhoseInstanceRepprtisOrdered.Thepartyatwhoseinstanceorforwhosebenefitareportisordered,shallfurnishtheMasterwithproperevidenceinduetimeforthereporttobemade.orhewillbetaxedwiththecostsasonacontinuance;or,atthediscretionof74Astocostsonacontinuance,see,ante,§§521;526-529.75Astocontinuancesbyconsent,see,§529,ante.See,also,Ch.Rule,VIII;ante,§1197.Contin-uances,whetherbyconsentorotherwise,areunderthedirectionoftheCourt,andsubjecttosuchtermsinregardtothepaymentofcostsastheCourtmay
deemright,inthecosts.483.70Ante,§528.77Fortheproceedingsante,§§603-610.
TheClerkandMasterhasaninterestBergerv.Harrison,1Tenn.,(Overt),uponareference,see,

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963RUI.ESOFPRACTICEFORPARTICULARDIVISIONS.§1205theCourt,adecreemaybeenteredasthoughtheMasterhadreportedthatthefactswerenotasallegedbythesaidparty.78RULE44.ReportWithoutanOrder,When.AnaccountmaybetakenandareportmadebytheMasterinvacation,withoutanorderoftheCourt,providedthepartiesortheirsolicitorsfilewiththeMasterawrittenagreementtothateffect,specifyingparticularlythematterstobereportedon;and,also,whenthecauseisremandedbytheappellateCourtforthatpurpose.783-RTJXE45.AccountonBillTakenforConfessed.WhenabillprayingforanaccountandreportbytheMasteristakenforconfessedinvacationastoallthedefendants,heshallatonceproceedtohearevidenceandmakethereportprayedfor.RULE46.ProceedingsatTakingofanAccount.Allpartiestoanaccountbe-foretheMastershallbringintheirrespectiveaccountsdulyitemized,andintheformofdebtorandcreditor.Whentheitemsintheseaccountsarebasedinwholeorinpartonbooks,thenameandpageofthebookshallbegivenwhencetheitemwastaken.79ThebooksofaccountshallnotconstituteanypartoftherecordinthecausewithouttheorderoftheCourt,butmaybeusedbytheMasterorcounselforthepurposeofexaminingandcross-examiningtheparties,ortheirwitnesses.80RULE47.MasterMayReconsiderHisReport,When.WhentheexceptionstoaMaster'sreportraiseaquestionoffact,theMastermayatonceconsiderthem,andifhedeemthem,oranyofthem,welltaken,hemayamendhisreportaccordingly.81.
RULE48.ProceedingsonaScireFaciasBeforetheMaster.UponthedeathOrmarriageofadefendant,proofthereofmaybemadebeforetheMasteronaruleday,andascirefaciasmayatoncebeorderedandissuedagainsttheheirsorpersonalrepresentativesorhusband,asthecasemaybe;orabillofrevivormay,atanytime,befiledagainstsaidheirs,representativesorhusband;and,ineitherevent,processshallbemadereturnabletothenextruleday,andthesuitrevivedbytheMaster,asofcourse,unlessgoodcausetothecontrarybeshownonthereturnoftheprocess.IfitshallappearbythereturnoftheSheriffuponthescirefacias,oruponthesubpoenatoanswerabillofrevivor,thatanydefendantnamedthereinisnottobefound,orifitbeshownbyaffida-vitfiled,thatanyofthecausesexistwhicharespecifiedinthe1st,2d,4thand5thsub-divisionsofsection4352oftheCode,asgroundfordispensingwithpersonalserviceofprocess,astoanydefendanttosuchwritofscirefacias,orbillofrevivor,theCourtintermtime,ortheMasterinvacation,maymakeanorderrequiringsuchdefendanttoappearatatimespecified,andshowcausewhythesuitshouldnotberevivedagainsthim,acopyofwhichordershallbepublishedforfoursuccessiveweeks,asinothercasesofpublication;andifthedefendantinsuchcasefailtoshowcause,thesuitshallberevivedagainsthiminthesamemanneraswhenpersonallyservedwithprocess.82RULE49.AGuardianadLitemMaybeAppointedbytheMasteratrules,when-everitappearsbyaswornbillorbyaffidavitthatadefendant,dulyinCourt,isaminorwithoutregularguardian.Inmakingsuchappointment,theMasterwillbecarefultoappointacapableperson,andonewhoseinterestsanddutiesarenotinconflictwiththeinterestsoftheminor.RULE50.ReportbytheMasterastoTaxesonLandsSold.Wheneverreales-tateissoldunderadecreeofthisCourt,theMastershallascertainandreporttotheCourtwhetherthereareanytaxesdueandunpaidwhicharealienupon78Ch.Rule,IV,§9;Maupinv.Daniel,3Tenn.Ch.,223.78aSee,ante,§664.79Remsenv.Remsen,2Johns.Ch.,(N.Y.),495;2DanCh.Pr.,1221-1222;HicksV.Chadwell,1Tenn.Ch.,251;Myersv.Bennett,3Lea,184.80Budekev.Ratterman,2Tenn.Chi,459;Myers<.Bennett,3Lea,184.
81Forexceptions,andotherproceedingsuponaMaster'sreport,see,ante,§§615-620.82See1Heisk.,786-787.Thewords,"billsofreview,"onpage786,shouldhe,"billsofrevivor."Si»eChapteronAbatementand'Revivor,ante,§§698-709.

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§1205RULESOFPRACTICEPORPARTICULARDIVISIONS.964saidrealestate;andifso,hewillreporttheamountofsuchtaxes,theyearsforwhichdue,andtheamountdueforeachyear.Saidreportshallbemadetothesametermtowhichthereportofsaidsaleshallbemade,andshallbeat-tachedtosaidreportofsale.RULE51.HowtheFilesaretobeKept.TheMasterwillkeepalltheplead-ings,bonds,subpoenastoanswerandproofineachcause,securelyprotectedbyastrongenvelopeorothersuitablecover;andundernocircumstanceswillheallowanyofthemtobetakenoutofhisofficewithoutthewrittenreceiptoftheSolicitortakingthesame.RULE52.InjunctionBondstolbeFiled,Wben.Everybillorpetition,onwhichafiatforaninjunction,attachmentorotherextraordinaryprocesshasbeengranted,shallbefiledwithinfivedaysafterthedateofsuchfiat,andthebond,orpauperoath,requiredbythefiatshallbefiledwithintendaysafterthedateofsuchfiat,orthefiatshallbecomefunctusofficioandvoid,unlesscontinuedbyspecialorderoftheChancellorafterduenoticetothedefendant.PROCEEDINGSATCHAMBERS.B.ULE53.TheChambersDocket.TheChancellorwillkeep,athisofficein[Knoxville,]adocketfortheenteringofallmotions,appealsorothermattersonwhichhisactionisinvokedinvacation.Thisdocketwillbecalledthe"ChambersDocket;"andduringhisabsence83fromhisofficewillbedepositedwiththeClerkandMasterat[Knoxville,]84whoisherebyappointedChambersClerk,withauthoritytoappointadeputy.RULE54.EntriesintheChambersDocket,Effectof.In-theabsenceoftheChancellorfromhisoffice,anyandallmotions,appeals,orothermatterstobebroughtbeforehimatChambers,maybeentered,bythepartybringingthesame,ontheChambersDocket,onthedayspecifiedinthenoticethereof,ifnoticeshallhavebeengiven;andifnonoticeisnecessary,thenonanyday
;
andwhensoenteredshallhavethesameforceandeffectasthoughorallymadebeforetheChancellorinperson,orbythepartyinperson;andnoaliasnoticeofsuchmotion,appealorothermattershallbenecessary.RULE55.TheChancellorWillConsider?ndActonSuchMotion,appealorothermatter,athisearliestconvenienceafterhisreturntohisoffice,ormaycontinuethehearingthereof,andwillnotifythepartiesinterestedofhisactioninthepremises.RULE56.WhatMaybeFiledWiththeChambersCleTk.Eitherorbothpar-tiesmayfilewiththeChambers'Clerkanynotice,pleading,affidavit,writtenmotion,brieforotherwritingtowhichtheattentionoftheChancellorisde-sired,andmayenteramemorandumthereofonsaidChambersDocket,orhavethesaidClerkenterthesame.RULE57.FeesonMot'onsatChambers.Eachpartymakingamotionorap-plicationatChambers,inacausependinginanothercounty,willpaytotheChambersClerkthirty-fivecents,andtotheClerkandMasterofthecountywherethecauseispending,thirty-fivecents,topaypostage,expressageandregistrationfeesundertheActsof1903and1905.85MOTIONS,WHENANDHOWMADE.RULE58.NoMotionWillbeConsideredbytheCourt,orbytheChancelloratChambers,unlessreducedtowritinginproperformtobeenteredontheminutes.RULE59.EveryMotionMustShowonItsFaceclearlythegroundsonwhichitisbased;andifthesegroundsdonotappearofrecordtheymustbemadetoappearbyaffidavit,orpetition.83Absentiaejusquireipublictecausaabest,neque84This"ChambersDocket"willordinarilybekepteinequealiisdamnosaessedebet.(TheabsenceofintheCourtHouseofthetownwheretheChancelloronewhoisawayintheserviceoftheStateoughttoresides.beprejudicialneithertohimnortoothers.)85See,ante,§§776-783.

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965RULESOFPRACTICEFORPARTICULARDIVISIONS.§1205BULE60.NoMotionsWillbeMadeorHeardinCourt,exceptonmotionmorn-ings,unlessbothpartiesbepresentandconsenting.THEHEABING,ANDPBACTICETHEBEAT.BULE61.BriefsImperativelyBequired.RuleXofChanceryPracticeinref-erencetobriefswillberigidlyenforced,andmustbestrictlycompliedwithbybothpartiesinallcontestedcases,andespeciallybythepartydemandingahearing.TheChancellorreservestherighttocontinue,anycauseuntilproperbriefsarepresented;andafailuretocomplywithsaidChanceryRulemaybetreatedasacontemptofCourt.BULE62.AllAgreementsMustbeinWriting.Everyagreementbetweenpar-tiesortheirSolicitors,exceptagreementsmadeinopenCourt,mustbereducedtowritinganddulysigned,beforebroughttotheattentionoftheChancellor.86Thisruleappliestoallagreementsinreferencetoprocess,pleadings,proceed-ingsintheMaster'sofficeoratchambers,evidence,continuances,motions,re-ports,decrees,sales,compromisesandallothermatterstobeconsideredofbytheChancellor.BULE63.JuryTrials.Inordertomakeproperpreparationstherefor,alljurytrialsmustbedemandedinthepleadings,orinopenCourt,onorbeforethefirstdayofthetermafterthecauseisatissue;andatthattermtheissuestobesubmittedmustbemadeupandenteredofrecord;andunlessboththedemandandtheissuesaresomadeandenteredofrecord,ajurytrialwillbeconclusivelydeemedtobewaived.87FOBMSOEPLEADINGSANDDECBEES.BULE64.ProlixityBeprehended.TheCodemakesitthedutyoftheCourt"todiscountenanceprolixityandunnecessaryandfalseallegationsinallChan-cerypleadings."88Itis,therefore,recommended:1st,Thatthe"protesta-tion"formulabeomittedfromthecommencementofdemurrers,andthattheirconclusionbe:"AndthedefendantpraysthejudgmentoftheCourthereon;"2d,Thatthe"savingandreservation"clausesbeomittedfromthecommence-mentofanswers,andthatanswerscommencethus:''Thedefendantforanswertosaidbillsays;''and3d,Thatbillsofrevivor,andamendedandsupplementalbillsomitallrecitalsoftheallegationsintheoriginalbill,unlessthecircum-stancesofthecasespeciallyrequiresuchrecital.BULE65.BillsandAnswerstobeParagraphed.Itisrecommendedthateverybillbedividedintoparagraphsconsecutivelynumbered,eachparagraphcon-tainingaseparatefactanditsspecialcircumstances;89andthattheanswerbelikewisedividedintoparagraphsnumberedconsecutively,eachparagraphcon-tainingasnearlyasmaybeaseparateanddistinctallegation,admission,ordenial.90BULE66.BoundsofLandsandDebtsMustbeSpecified.Billstosell,recover,orclearuptitletolands,mustontheirfacedescribethelandsbymetesandbounds,orbytheadjoiningtracts,orbynaturalobjects,soastoidentifythelandsfully:areferencetoexhibitswillnotsuffice.Andbillstosellthelandsofadecedenttopayhisdebtsmust,also,specifythedebtssoughttobethuspaid,towhomowing,onwhataccount,andhowevidenced.BULE67.GeneralBeplicationtoaPlea.Thegeneralreplicationtoapleashallbe:"Thecomplainantjoinsissueontheplea."91BULE68.FormofaProConfesso.Proconfessoordersshallbedrawnsub-stantiallyasfollows
:
Hereinsertthestyleof\thecause.3Inthiscause,itdulyappearingtotheCourtthat[herenamethedefendantsindefault]86Ores.Eq.Ev.,47,note;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,848.TheCourtwillgivefulleffecttosuchagreements,lonesv.Kimbro,6Hum.,319;ante,§472.8TStadlerv.Hertz,13Lea,315;CheathamV.Pearce,5Pirk.,668:see,ante,§547.88Code,§§4314-4316.Changesinforms,which
simplifyandyetpreservethesubstance,subservetheendsofjustice.Lawsonv.State,3T,ea,314.89See,ante,§157;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,356.90See,ante,§378;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,731.91See,ante,§350.

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§1205RULESOFPRACTICEFORPARTICULARDIVISIONS.96.6havebeenregularlybroughtintoCourtbyserviceofsubpcena,[or,bypublication,]and-havemadenodefence,butareindefault,itisordered,onmotionofthecomplainants,that,astosaiddefendants,thebillbetakenforconfessed,andthecausesetforhearingexparte.BtTLE69.FiguresandBlanksNotAllowedinDecrees,When.Indrawingde-crees,amountsdecreedtobepaidtoorbyanypartymustbeexpressedinwords,excepthundredthsofadollar.Decreesforthesaleoflandmustde-scribethelandtobesold,bymetesandbounds,ifpossible;ifnot,thenbyadjoiningtractsorby'naturalobjects,soasdefinitelytoidentifyit.Arefer-encetothepleadingsorexhibitsforadescription,willnotsuffice.Decreesmustcontainnoblankdates,blankamounts,orothermaterialblanks,whenpresentedtotheChancellor,unlesstheSolicitorpresentingthesameisseekinginstructionsinreferencetofillingsuchblanks,orotherwiseperfectingthedecree.Allblanksmustbefilled,inanyevent,beforethedecreeishandedintobeenteredontheminutes.RULE70.ConsentDecreesMustbeSigned.Everyorderordecreepurportingonitsfacetobebyconsentmustshowonitsfacewhoarethepartiesconsent-ingthereto;andmustbesignedbysuchparties,ortheirrespectiveSolicitors
;
otherwise,itwillnotbeenteredbytheClerkandMaster,unlessontheorderoftheChancellor.RULE71.DecreesHowWritten.Eachdecreeshallbewrittenuponnolessthanhalfasheetoflegalcappaper,andinink.92MISCELLANEOUSMATTERS.RULE72.AllMotionsforaNewTrialmustbeinwriting,andspecifytheparticulargroundsreliedon.93RULE73.Diligence,Courtesy,DignityandGoodFaithshouldcharacterizetheconductofallwhoministerintheCourtsofJustice."Isordovitiocareto,cceterisspecimenesto."RULE74..RulesMaybeRelaxed,When.Whentherigidenforcementoftheseruleswouldworkmanifestinjustice,theChancellormayrelaxthem.9492Ch.Rule,III,§1;ante,§1192. 04Marshv.Crawford,1Swan,116;Lowev.Mor-93Railroadv.Johnson,6Cates,623:seenote3Iris,4Sneed,72;1Dan.Ch.Pr.,1,note;"Cursusto§1211,post. Curia:estlexCuria;ante§61,sub-sec.4;Van.
IBrocklinv.Wolcott,5Heisk.,745.

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967NEWTRIALAFTERJUDGMENTATLAW.§1205a
PARTX.PROCEEDINGSFORTHECORRECTIONOFERRORS.CHAPTERLXVIII.NEWTRIALS,ANDREHEARINGS.ArticleI.NewTrialAfterJudgmentatLaw.ArticleII.NewTrialAfterVerdictinChancery.ArticleIII.RehearinginChancery.ARTICLEI.NEWTRIALAFTERJUDGMENTATLAW.§1208.FrameandFormofBilltoObtainaNewTrialAfterJudgmentatLaw.§1209.CharacterofReliefGrantedonaNewTrial.
§1205a.MethodsofCorrectingErrors.§1206.SuitstoObtainaNewTrialAfterJudgmentatLaw.§1207.WhenaNewTrialWillbeGrantedAfterJudgmentatLaw.§1205a.MethodsofCorrectingErrors.—Theremediesfortheredressofwrongs,andthevindicationofrightsaremany,andordinarilyadequatetoallexigencies.1.NewTrialAfteraJudgmentatLaw.Ifanunjustjudgmenthasbeenren-deredinaCourtoflawastheresultoffraud,accident,surprise,ormistake,withoutanyfaultonthepartofthelosingparty,orhisattorneysoragents,hewillbegivenanewtrialbytheChanceryCourt.2.NewTrialAfteraVerdictinChancery.Iftherehasbeenatrialbyjury,thelosingpartymayhaveanewtrialifanysubstantialinjusticehasbeendonehim,oriftheverdictbecontrarytorightandjustice.3.RehearinginChancery.IfthecausewasheardbytheChancellor,andanerrorcommitted,orinjusticedonebyreasonofsomeomission,oroversight,arehearingmaybehad,ifappliedforbeforethetermends,orthirtydayselapse.4.BillofReview.Ifthetermhasended,orthethirtydayselapsed,anypartyaggrievedbyadecreebyreasonofsomeerroroflawohitsface,orbyreasonofnewlydiscoveredevidence,mayfileabillofreview,andhavethewrongrighted.5.WritofErrorCoramNobis.Ifanerroroffacthasoccurredwherebyapartyhasbeenwrongedinaproceedingofwhichhehadnonotice,orinwhichhewaspreventedfrommakingdefencebydisability,orbysurprise,accident,mistake,orfraud,withoutfaultonhispart,hemayhavesucherrorcorrectedbyawritoferrorcoramnobis.6-AppealtotheAppellateCourt.Ifnooneoftheforegoingremediesisavail-able,ordesired,theinjuredpartymayappealthecausetotheSupremeCourt,ortotheCourtofCivilAppeals,andthereassigntheerrorsofwhichhecom-plains.7.WritofErrorintheAppellateCourt.Ifforanyreasonanappealisdenied,orisnotappliedfor,orisotherwisenotavailable,thepartyaggrievedbyanerrorapparentontherecord,maytakethecausetotheSupremeCourt,ortotheCourtofCivilAppeals,byawritoferror.

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§1206NEWTRIALAFTERJUDGMENTATLAW.9688.SupersedeasbyJudgeofAppellateCouit.Ifduringtheprogressofasuit,andbeforeafinaldecree,apartyisinjuredbyanaffirmativeactorinterlocu-toryorder,fromwhichnoappealwilllieorcanbehad,hemayhaveitsuper-sededbyoneoftheJudgesoftheproperappellateCourt,orbytheCourtitself.9.BilltoImpeachaDecreeforFraud.Ifnoneoftheforegoingremediesareavailableinconsequenceofthefraudofthesuccessfulpartyinobtainingthedecree,thepartyinjuredmayfileabilltoimpeachthedecreeforfraud.Suchabillhavingbeenalreadyfullyconsidered,willnotbefurthernoticed.§1206.SuitstoObtainaNewTrialAfterJudgmentatLaw.—ItisoneoftheoldestmaximsoftheCourtofChancerythat"Equityhathpower,uponcircumstances,torelieveagainstpenalties,judgmentsandexecutions;"andinconsideringadifficultcasethecircumstancesoftenmovetheconscienceoftheChancellorwhentheordinaryrulesandprinciplesofadjudicationfail.OneofthegreatestoutcriesagainsttheChanceryCourtofEnglandinitsinfancywasitsactioninnullifyingandmodifyingthejudgmentsoftheCourtsoflaw.ButtheChancellorsadheredboldlytotheirmaximthat"Equitywouldnotsufferarighttobewithoutaremedy.
'
nWhen,therefore,bythefraudoftheplaintiff,orbyreasonofsomeaccident,surpriseormistake,withoutanyfaultonhispart,anunjustjudgmenthadbeenrenderedinaCourtoflaw,thedefendantwasgrantedreliefinEquity.Indeed,reliefinsuchcaseswasoneoftheoccasionsthatcalledtheCourtofChanceryintoexistence.2§1207.WhenaNewTrialWillbeGrantedAfterJudgmentatLaw.—ItisnotenoughtomoveaCourtofConsciencetoactionthatanunjustjudgmenthasbeenrenderedagainstthepartycomplaining,buttheremustbecircum-stancestoshowthatthejudgmentwasbroughtaboutbythefraudoftheotherparty,orwastheresultofaccident,surpriseormistakeonthepartofthecomplainantwithoutanyfaultornegligenceonhispart.ItisagreatexerciseofpowerinoneCourttosetasidethejudgmentsofanotherCourt,especiallywhentheotherCourtisoneofconcurrentjurisdiction;besides,itisamaximofEquitythatthewelfareofsocietyispromotedbyhavinglitigationcometoanend.TheCourtofChancery,therefore,willnotgrantarehearingofasuitde-cidedinaCourtoflaw,unless:1st,itbeclearlyshownthatthejudgmentcomplainedofisunjustandcontrarytogoodconscience;and2d,thatitre-sultedfromthefraudoftheotherparty,orfromaccident,surpriseormistakeunmixedwithnegligenceonthepartofthecomplainantorhisagentorat-torney.3§1208.FrameandFormofBilltoObtainaNewTrialAfterJudgmentatLaw.—Asalreadystated,4wheneveracomplainantgoesintoaCourtofEquityaskingextraordinaryreliefhemustshowextraordinarycareinfullydisclos-ingthefactsofhiscase.TosetasidethesolemnjudgmentofanotherCourtisaverydifferentmatterfromasuituponanoteofhandortheenforcementofalien.Hence,theCourtrequiresthecomplainantnotonlytoshowthatthejudgmentcomplainedofisunjust,buttoclearlysetforthinhisbillthepar-ticularfactsconstitutingtheallegedfraudofwhichhecomplains,orcircum-stancescausingtheaccident,surpriseormistake,ifoneofthesebehisgroundforrelief.5Itisnotsufficienttochargeingeneraltermsthathewaspreventedfrommakinghisdefencebythefraudofthedefendant,orbyaccident,surpriseormistake,ortoallegeingeneraltermsthatheuseddiligence,orwasnotguiltyofnegligence.61See,ante,§33.2Ante,§§3;33.3Kearneyv.Smith,3Yerg.,127;Praterv.Rob-inson,11Heisk.,391;Kirkpatrickv.Utley,14Lea,96;Ballardv.Railroad,10Pick.,205.Reliefafterjudgmentatlawwasgrantedinthefollowingcases:Lewis,exrs.,v.Brooks,6Yerg.,166;Galbraithf.Martin,5Hum.,50;Ricev.Bank,7Hum.,39;
Rowlandv.Jones,2Heisk.,321;Hickersonv.Rai-quel,2Heisk.,329;Holcombv.Canady,2Heisk.,610;BuremV.Foster,6Heisk.,333.iAnte,§§142;838.5KirkpatrickV.Utley,14Lea,96.6Fordv.Ford,2Cold.,75;Levanv.Patton,2Heisk.,108.See,ante,§838,sub-sec.2.

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969NEWTRIALAFTERJUDGMENTATLAW.§1209BILLFORANEWTRIALAFTERJUDGMENTATLAW.[Foraddressand-captionsee,ante,§§1SS;164.]ComplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:I.Thathewason[thedaythesuitwasbroughtagainsthimintheCircuitCourt,givingthedate,]theownerinfeeofthefollowingtractoflandinDeKalbcounty,[describeitasdescribedinhisdeed,]andwaslawfullyinpossessionthereof.ii.ThatonsaiddaythedefendantbroughtanactionofejectmentagainsthimintheCircuitCourtofDeKalbcounty,andfiledhisdeclaration,towhichcomplainantpleaded"notguilty."in.ThatattheMaytermthereafterofsaidCircuitCourtwhilecomplainantwasabsentfromtheCourtthedefendantinsistedonatrialofsaidsuit,andobtainedajudgmentforsaidland,andforthecosts,onwhichjudgmentawritofpossessionandanexecutionforthecostshaveissuedandarenowinthehandsofthesheriffofsaidcounty.IV.ThatcomplainantwouldnothavebeenabsentfromsaidCircuitCourtwhensaidejectmentsuitwastriedhaditnotbeenfortheassuranceofthedefendantthatthecasecouldnotbetriedatsaidMayterm,thedefendantclaimingthatthecriminalbusinesswouldconsumethewholeterm,andsayingthathewasgoinghomethatday,whichwastwodaysbeforethesaidejectmentsuitwastried,andathisearnestsolicitationcomplainantagreedtogohome,anddidgoaccordingly.•v.ThatbeforecomplainantleftsaidCourt,asaforesaid,hislifewasthreatenedbysomelawlessmensomewhatintoxicated,andcomplainantchargesthatthedefendantincitedthemandtreatedthemonwhisky,andthencametocomplainantandtoldhimofsaidthreatsandadvisedhimtogohome,andsocomplainantwent,influencedinpartbysaidthreatsandinpartbydefendant'sassurancesthathewasgoinghome,andthatsaidejectmentsuitwouldnotbetriedatthatterm. VI.ThatbeforecomplainantleftsaidCourtatsaidMaytermhisattorneyinsaidejectmentsuitwastakenverysickandhadgonetohishomeinthecityofNashville.ComplainantwaswhollyignorantofthisfactwhenheleftCourtforhisownhomeasaforesaid,butthedefendantwasfullyinformedofthefact,andtoldcomplainant'ssaidattorneythathe,thedefendant,was,also,goinghomeandthatsaidejectmentsuitwouldnotbetriedatthatterm. VII.ThatcomplainanthasaperfectlegaltitletosaidtractoflandbasedonaconveyanceconnectedwithaStategrantandthirteenyears'adverseandexclusivepossessionthereofunderhissaiddeed,whereasthedefendant'sclaimtosaidlandisbasedonagranttohimmadetwoyearsagoforfivethousandacres,sometimescalled"awildcat''grant,underwhichhehashadnopossession,andwhichifvalidastoanyoneisvoidastocomplainantbecausenonoticewasgivenhimoftheentryonwhichitisbased.VIII.Complainantthereforeprays
:
1st.Thatsubpoenatoanswerissue[&c.,see,ante,§§158;164.]2nd.Thatthesaidjudgmentinejectmentagainsthiminfavorofthedefendantbesetasideanddeclarednullandvoid,thatthequestionsinissueinsaidCircuitCourtsuitbedeterminedinyourHonor'sCourt,andthatsaidgrantinsofarasitcoverscomplainant'ssaidtractbedeclaredacloudoncomplainant'stitle.3rd.ThatifyourHonorprefernottotakejurisdictiontoretrysaidquestionsinissuethatanewtrialbegrantedhiminsaidCircuitCourt.4th.Thatdefendant,hisagents,tenantsandprivies,andthesaidSheriff,beenjoinedfromtakinganystepundersaidjudgmentinejectment,andespeciallyfrominanywayenforcing1saidexecutionandwritofpossession.Sth.Thatcomplainanthavesuchother,furtherandgeneralreliefashemaybeentitledto.Thisisthefirstapplicationforaninjunctioninthiscase.CharlesE.Snodgrass,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavit:see,ante,§§161;789.]§1209.CharacterofReliefGrantedonaNewTrial.—TheproperprocedureunderthepresentjurisprudenceofourState,whenabillforanewtrialissustained,istotakefulljurisdiction,anddetermineallquestionsinissueintheCourtbelow.Undertheoldpractice,anewtrialwasgrantedintheCourtbelow.77InHolcombV.Canady,2Heisk.,610,abilltoenjoinajudgmentinanactionofejectmentandobtainanewtrial,theSupremeCourtorderedthejudgmentbelowtobesetaside,andawardedanewtrialintheCourtbelow.But,inthiscase,thebill
prayedforanewtrialintheCourtbelow,andthedefendantansweredwithoutdemurring;sotheSu-premeCourtgrantedthespecialpriver.Besides,thisdecisionwasbeforetheActof1877.

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§1210NEWTRIALAFTERVERDICTINCHANCERY.970WhenChanceryhasjurisdictionforonepurposeitwilltakejurisdictionforallpurposes,asalreadyshown.8ThereasonEquityCourtshaveinmanycasesawardednewtrialsatlawwasbecausetheirjurisdictiondidnotincludeactionsatlaw,andbesidestheywerenotprovidedwithjuries;butneitherofthesereasonsapplyinthisStatesincetheActof1877,andourChanceryCourthasnowboththejurisdictionandtheequipmenttotryanyactionatlaw,ex-ceptafewinvolvingunliquidateddamages.DECREEGRANTINGANEWTRIAL.[Fortitle,commencementandrecitals,see,ante,§567.]Onconsiderationwhereofitisordered,adjudgedanddecreed
:
1st.ThatthejudgmentinejectmentobtainedbythedefendantagainstthecomplainantintheCircuitCourtofDeKalbcounty,onthe....dayof ,19....,[givingtheexactdate,]wasobtainedbyfraudandisgrosslyinequitableandunjust,andthedefendant,hissolicitors,attorneys,agentsandprivies,,areperpetuallyenjoinedfromtakinganystepstoenforcethesameandfromsettingupanyclaimthereunder.2d.Thatthetitletothetractoflandsuedforinsaidejectmentsuitisinthecomplainant,andthegrantobtainedbythedefendantfromtheStateonthe....dayof ,19....,[givingitsdate,]andnumbered19,847,isvoidasagainstcomplainant'stitletosaidtractoflandandisacloudthereon,andthedefendantisperpetuallyenjoinedfromsettingupanyclaimthereundertocomplainant'ssaidtract.3d.Thatthedefendantpayallthecostsofthiscause,forwhichanexecutionwillissue.IftheCourtdecidestograntanewtrialintheCircuitCourt,9thesecondparagraphoftheabovedecreewillbeasfollows
:
2d.Thedefendant,hisagents,attorneysandprivies,areenjoinedtoconsentthatthesaidjudgmentinsaidCircuitCourtbesetaside,andthecausewhereinitwasrenderedberein-statedonthedocketandanewtrialgrantedtherein,andthatsaidcausethenstandinexactlythesameplightandconditionasthoughithadbeencontinuedbyconsenton1thethirddayofthetermatwhichsaidjudgmentwasrendered,andhadremainedsocontinuedeversince.
ARTICLEII.NEWTRIALSAFTERVERDICTINCHANCERY.§1210.NewTrialsintheChanceryCourt.§1211.MotionforaNewTrial,g1212.GroundsforaNewTrial.§1213.BillofExceptions.§1214.FormofaBillofExceptions.
§1210.NewTrialsintheChanceryCourt.—WheretherehasbeenajurytrialintheChanceryCourtthelosingparty,ifinanymaterialwayunjustlyaggrievedbytheverdict,mayobtainanewtrial,ifthemotionthereforismadeindueseason,andthegroundsproperlypresented.§1211.MotionforaNewTrial.—Ifanypartyisdissatisfiedwiththefind-ingofthejuryontheissuesoffactsubmittedtothematthehearingofthecause,hemaymovetheCourttosettheirverdictaside,andgranthimanewtrial.ThismotionmaybemadeonanydayduringthetermoftheCourtatwhichthetrialishad,unlesssuchtermcontinueslongerthanthirtydays,inwhichcaseitmustbemadeandactedonwithinthirtydaysafterthedecreeisenteredontheminutes,unlesswithinthethirtydaysthetimeisextended.1ThepropertimeforenteringamotionforanewtrialisbeforethedecreeissSee,ante,§§36;38.9TheChanceryCourtcannotdirectlygrantanewtrialinanotherCourt:allitcandointhatregardistocompelthepartiestoconsenttoanewtrial,whichis,atbest,anawkwardprocedureascom-paredwithadecreeinChancery,disposingofthewholematter.Whyimposeonaninnocentcom-plainanttheburdenofanothertrial?Equity,says
themaxim,preventsamultiplicityofsuitsandcir-cuityofaction.Equitydelightstodocompletejus-ticeandnotbyhalves.See,ante.§§36;38.Seenotes3and7,supra.Interestreipublicceutsitfinislitium.1Ellis&Greshamv.Ellis,8Pick.,471.See,ante,§576.

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971newtrialafter,verdictinchancery.§1212pronounced;-andifnotthenentered,thedelaymustbesatisfactorilyexcused.Itoftenhappens,however,thatthegroundofthemotiondidnotbecomeknownuntilafterthedecreewasentered,inwhichcaseanaffidavitofthefactwouldbeasufficientexplanationfornotmakingthemotionbeforetheentryofthedecree.Ifanewtrialisgranted,thecauseretainsitsplaceonthetrialdocket,andstandsinthesameplightandconditionasthoughnotrialhadbeenhad,andnoverdictbeenrendered;andthelosingpartyisnotinanywayprejudicedbytheverdict.Thecausemayberemandedtotherulesforfurtherproof,onmotionofeitherpartyasonacontinuance.Depositionsmaybetakeninthecausetobereadatthenexttrial,andthedepositionsonfilemaybere-readwhenthecauseisagainheard.Thewitnesses,however,mustallbere-sum-moned,iftheirtestimonyisagaindesired.Ifanewtrialisrefused,thelosingpartymusteithersubmittotheconse-quentdecree,ormusttenderabillofexceptionsandappealtotheproperap-pellateCourt.Theformofamotionforanewtrial,andoftheactionoftheCourtthereon,issubstantiallyasfollows
:
MOTIONFOB,ANEWTRIAL.JohnDoe,etal.,]vs. \No.789.RichardRoe,ctal.JInthiscause,thedefendantmovedtheCourttosetasidetheverdictandfindingsofthejuryontheissuesoffactsubmittedtothem,becauseofthefollowingerrors:1st,[specifyingthem;*][andinsupportofhismotionreadtheaffidavitsofhimself,SamE.Young,GeorgeBrownandHenryPrice,statingwhataffidavitsorpaperswereread,althoughthisisnotnecessary.]Andargumentofcounselhavingbeenheard,andthepremisesconsidered,itisorderedandadjudgedbytheCourtthatsaidmotionbe[allowed,andtheverdictandfindingsofthejuryontheissuesoffactsubmittedtothemaresetaside,andanewtrialisgranted,becauseoferroroftheChancellorinchargingthejury,orinadmittingorexcludingevidence,orofmisconductofthejury,orotherground.(Itisnotnecessarytostatetheground,butwelltodoso.)Or,]disallowedandoverruled,andanewtrialrefused.TowhichorderandrulingoftheCourtthedefendantexcepted,andtenderedhisbillofexceptionstosaidrulingandtoformerrulingsoftheCourt,whichbillissignedbytheChancellor,andmadeapartoftherecordofthecause.§1212.GroundsforaNewTrial.—Thefollowingisasummaryoftheordi-narygroundsuponwhichamotionforanewtrialinChanceryisbased
:
1.ErrorsPreliminarytotheTrial.TheCourtmayhavecommittedsomema-terialerrorinoverrulingamotionforacontinuance;orinoverrulingissuesoffactpresented,orinadmittingiss.uesoffactobjectedto.2.ErrorsinEmpanelingtheJury.TheCourtmayhaveadmittedanincompe-tentjuroroverproperobjection,totheprejudiceoftheobjector;orothererrormayhavebeencommittedinselectingorqualifyingthejury,tothegreatprejudiceofthelosingparty.3.ErrorsintheAdmissionofIllegalEvidence.Illegalevidenceofahurtfulcharactermayhavebeenadmittedovertheobjectionofthelosingparty,es-peciallyevidencelikelytoprejudiceormisleadthejury.4.ErrorsintheExclusionofLegalEvidence.Apartyisentitledtohaveallthelegalevidenceheofferssubmittedtothejury,andifanysuchevidenceisexcludedbytheCourt,andthereisaprobabilitythatsuchevidencemayhavehadsomeweightwiththejury,anewtrialwillbegrantedthepartyinjuredbvsuchexclusion.2Themotionforanewtrialshouldnotbeenteredinthepresenceofthejury,1st,Becauseitisdis-courteousanddisrespectfultothejury:and2d,Motionsarenottheninorder.ThemotionshouldbemadeatthetimefixedbytherulesofCourtforthemakingofmotions.InCriminalCourtsitisnecessarytoenterthemotionearlier,inordertoen-titlethedefendanttobail.Code,§5151a.ButSo-licitorsshouldnotimportthemannersoftheCrim-inalCourtsintotheCourtsofChancery.See,ants,
§1183,note59,andpost,§1269,note62.3TrottV.West,10Yerg.,500;Turnerv.Ross,1Hum.,16;Ferrellv.Alder,2Swan,77;RailwayCo.v.Mahoney,5Pick.,311.TheCourtshouldhavearulerequiringapplicantsfornewtrialstospecify<nwritingtheparticulargroundsonwhich.theirappli-cationsarebased.RailroadV.Johnson,6Cates,632.Incaseof_sucharule,groundsnotspecifiedaredeemedwaived,andcannotbeassignedforerrorintheSupremeCourt.Ibid.

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§1213NEWTRIALAFTERVERDICTINCHANCERY.9725.ErrorsintheChargeoftheCourt.IftheChancellormakeanyerrorinhischargetothejury(1)bychargingmaterialinstructionsnotlaw,andliabletomislead;(2)byrefusingtochargepropositionssubmittedbythelosingside,suchpropositionsbeinglegal,material,pertinent,andnotcoveredbythechargedelivered;or(3)byotherwisemisdirectingthejuryinanymattertotheprejudiceofthelosingparty,orrefusingtoproperlydirectthemastoanymatterwhensuchrefusalwasprejudicialtothepartyaskinganewtrial.6.MisconductonthePartoftheJury.Ifthejuryhasbeentamperedwith,orrenderagamblingverdict,orhearmaterialevidencefromoneoftheirnumber,orotherwisemisconductthemselves,tothedetrimentofthelosingside,anewtrialwillbegranted.7.SurprisebyUnexpectedEvidence.Ifawitnessgivesmaterialtestimonywhichcanbefullyrebutted,orifhecanbewhollydiscredited,andthelosingpartycouldnotwellhaveanticipatedsuchtestimony,anewtrialwill,ordina-rily,begrantedhim.8.NewlyDiscoveredEvidence.Ifthelosingpartydiscoversmaterialevi-denceofacontrollingcharacter,afterthetestimonywasclosed,evidencehecouldnotwellhavediscoveredbefore,andtherehasbeennowantofdiligenceonhispart,anewtrialwill,generally,begivenhim,toletinsuchevidence.9.TheVerdictisContrarytotheWeightoftheProof.Iftheverdict,intheopinionoftheChancellor,isclearlycontrarytotheweightoftheproof,itwillbesetasideandanewtrialgranted,onmotionofthelosingparty.10.OtherGroundsforNewTrial.If,foranyotherreason,injusticehasbeendonethelosingparty,eitherbysomeaffirmativeactoftheChancellor,orthejury,ortheoppositeparty;orif,bythefailureoftheCourt,orthejury,orsomememberofthejury,todowhatthelosingpartywasentitledtohavedone,hehasbeendeniedafairtrial,theCourtwill,onhismotion,onaplaincasemadeout,settheverdictasideandgranthimanewtrial.§1213.BillofExceptions.—"WhenacauseisheardbytheChancellor,theproofisallinwriting,exceptindivorcecases;and,bystatute,allthedeposi-tionsandexhibitsthatwerereadonthehearingofthecauseconstituteapartoftherecord,asiftheywereincorporatedintothedecree.4When,however,issuesoffactaresubmittedtoajury,thetrialisconductedasintheCircuitCourt,andwitnessesareexaminedbeforethejury.Insuchacase,ifthelos-ingpartydesirestoappealfromtheactionoftheCourtrefusinghimanewtrial,heshouldtenderabillofexceptions,5detailingthereintheevidence,theexceptions,therulingsoftheCourt,thechargetothejury,andtherequestsrefused,aswellasanyothermatteroffacteitherpartymaydesiretoincor-poratethereinpertinenttotheapplicationforanewtrial,includingtheaffi-davitsandotherevidenceintroducedinsupportoftheapplication.Ifthetruthofthecaseisfairlystatedinthebillofexceptions,itisthedutyoftheChan-cellortosignit,6andthereuponitbecomesapartoftherecordofthecause.7Thebillofexceptionsmaybesignedatanytimeduringtheterm,intheabsenceofaruleoftheCourtrequiringittobetenderedwithinsomereasonableperiodafterthetrial;8butitcannotbesignedaftertheadjournmentofthetermatwhichthetrialwashad;9unlesstheChancellor,inhisdiscretion,allowfurthertime,nottoexceedthirtydaysaftertheadjournment;10inwhichcase.itmustbebothsignedbytheChancellorandfiledwiththeClerkandMasterwithiniCode,S53108;3121.5Code.§3156;ScruggsV.Hciskell,11Pick.,455.6TheChancellormaybecoercedbymandamustosignabillofexceptionswhichheadmitsiscorrect,butnotwhenhedisputesitscorrectnessStatei\Cooper.23Pick.,202;Statei>.Maiden.2Cates,487.7Code,§2968.Theminutesneednotshowthatthebillofexceptionswassigned.Grubbsv.Greer,5Cold.,160.
8Pattersonv.Patterson,5Pick.,151;andcasestherecited.Thisruleisimperative,andtheingenuityofTudg"sandattorneystoevadeoravoidith^sbeenhithertoineffectual.JonesV.Burch,3Lea,747;Kennedyv.Kennedy,13Lea,24.10Actsof1899,ch.275;Wrightv.Redd,22Pick.,719.

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973 BILLOFEXCEPTIONS.§1213theextension;andthesefactsmustaffirmativelyappearoritwillnotbecon-sideredapartoftherecord.11UnlessmadeapartoftherecordbytheChancellor,asheretoforeshown,12noneofthefollowingmatterscanbeproperlyincorporatedinatranscriptofarecordforreviewintheappellateCourt,unlessfirstmadeapartoftherecordbyabillofexceptions,andifcopiedintotherecordl.-ytheClerk,withoutsuchauthority,willbeutterlydisregardedintheappellateCourt:131.EvidenceSubmittedtoaJury.Noneoftheevidencesubmittedtoajury,noteventhedepositions,exhibits,deedsandotherdocumentsdulyfiledl-.i'i'nr-ethetrial,willberegardedintheappellateCourt,onthequestionofanewtrial,unlessdulymadeapartoftherecordbyabillofexceptions.142.OralTestimonyinaDivorceSuit,decidedbytheChancellor,mustbeincor-poratedinabillofexceptions,ifapartywishestouseitintheappellateCourt.3.Affidavits,andExhibitsThereto,constitutenopartoftherecordofthecause,andwillnotbeconsideredbytheappellateCourt,unlessincorporatedinabillofexceptions,orunlessmadeapartoftherecordbynotationoftheChancellorontheirface,15orbyadecreesoorderingandexplicitlyidentifyingthem.4.Papers,Depositions,DocumentsandOtherWritings,RejectedasEvidenceduringthetrial,aretherebybanishedandoutlawed,andceasetoconstituteapartoftherecordevenifonceproperlyfiled,Unlessmadeapartoftherecordanewbybeingincorporatedinabillofexceptions,16orunlesstheactionoftheChancellorthereonisverifiedbyhissignatureasheretoforeshown.175.TheNewMattersPresentedasGroundsforaNewTrial.Bynewmattersismeantmattersnotapartoftherecordbeforethetrialbegan.Everyaffidavit,orotherpapershowinganymisconductonthepartofthejuryorothers,affi-davitsofsurprise,ofnewevidence,orofothermatters,andtherulingsoftheCourtthereon,mustallbemadeapartoftherecordbyabillofexceptions,ortheywillcometonaught,andwillnotbeheededbytheappellateCourtevenifcopiedintothetranscriptofthecause.6.TheChargeoftheCourt,andtheRulingsDuringtheTrial,althoughreducedtowritingandfiledinthecause,constitutenopartoftherecord,andwillnotbelookedintobytheappellateCourtunlessdulyincorporatedintoaproperanddulysignedbillofexceptions.Ifeitherparty,andespeciallythelosingparty,desirestoassignerrorsuponthechargeoftheCourt,oranyofthere-fusalsoftheCourttochargepropositionsorrequests,oruponanyrulingoftheCourtinadmittingorexcludingevidence,oruponanyotheractoftheCourt,theChancellor,thejury,oranyotherpersonduringtheprogressofasuitortrial,hemustincorporatesuchmattersinabillofexceptions,andhaveitsigned,beforethetermcloses.173.Inbrief,nothingconstitutesapartoftherecordforreviewintheappellateCourtexceptthepleadings,exceptionsthereto,process,bonds,reportsoftheMaster,exceptionsthereto,theordersanddecreesontheminutes,thebillofexceptions,and,ifthecauseistriedbytheChancellorwithoutajury,thedepositions,thewrittenexceptionsthereto,andrulingsthereon,andtheex-hibits,readonthehearingofthecause.IfanoriginalrecordoftheCourtisreadinanothercause,thedecreeshouldsoshowonitsface,oritshouldbesoshowninabillofexceptions,otherwisetherewillbenothingtoshowthatitwasreadinthecause.Atranscriptofa
11Musev.State,22Pick.,181;Hintonv.Insur-anceCo.,2Cates,113;Bettisv.State,19Pick.,339;Jonesv.Moore.22Pick,188.12See.ante,§538.13StateV.Hawkins.7Pi'-tc.,140.14Intheabsenceofabillofexceptions,theap-pellateCourtwillconclusivelypresumethattheevi-dencejustifiedtheverdict.ScruggsV.Heiskell,.11Pick455.15AndersonV.Railroad,7Pick.,44;NanceV.
Chesney,17Pick.,466;Kelleyv.Fletcher,10Pick.,1;Statev.Mitchell,20Pick.,336;andtucasV.Malone,22Pick,380.16See,ante,§538.ITIbid.17aMattertobeinsertedinabillofexceptionsmustbeinexistencewhenthebillissigned,andsomarkedordescribedastoidentifyit,leavingnodis-cretiontotheClerkwhattoinsert.Battierv.State,6Cates,563.

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§1214BILLOFEXCEPTIONS.974recordisdulyfiledinthecausewhereinitisread,butanoriginalrecordisnotfiled,andcannotbe,inanothercause.Ifadepositionisnotread,thedecree,orChancellor'snotation,shouldsoshow;orifadepositiontakenbyonepartyisreadbytheotherparty,thedecreeshouldsoshow.Inshort,everyfactmaterialtothecase,whichwillnotappearintheappellateCourt,orwillincorrectlyappear,mustbemadetoappear,ortocorrectlyappear,byabillofexceptions,bythenotationoftheChancellor,orbyproperrecitalsinthefinaldecree.Ifquestionsoranswers,orboth,containedinadepositionareexcludedbytheChancelloratthehear-ing,onexceptionstaken,theyareoutofthecase,unlessincorporatedinabillofexceptions,ordulynotedandmadeapartoftherecordbytheauthentica-tionoftheChancellor,orbyrecitalsinthedecree.Andapartywilllosethebenefitofhisexceptionstoquestionsoranswersinadeposition,orhisexcep-tionstootherevidence,unlesshehasthedecreetorecitethem,ormakesthemappearinabillofexceptions,18orhasthemauthenticatedbytheChancellor,asheretoforeshown.19§.1214.FormofBillofExceptions.—Noparticularformisessentialtoabillofexceptions.Itsofficeistogiveafairstatementofthefactsitpurportstosetout.AbillofexceptionsmaybetakentoanyactionoftheCourtastoanymatterthehistorywhereofdoesnotorwillnotfullyappearintherecord.Iftakenatanytermbutthetrialtermtheyareoftenstyled"waysidebillsofexceptions."20Theformofsuchabillofexceptions,andofallothers,maywellbeunderstoodbythefollowingillustration
:
BILLOPEXCEPTIONS.BillofExceptions.JohnDoe,etal.,vs.RichardRoe,etal.Onthetrialofthiscause,thefollowingisalltheevidencethatwassubmittedtothejury[ortotheCourt,iftherewasnojury:]I.EvidenceinBehalfoftheComplainant.1.ThedepositionofJohnDoe,thecomplainant,wasreadasfollows:[TheClerkwillherecopyit,infull.]Duringthereadingofsaiddeposition,thedefendantobjectedtodirectquestion10,andtheanswerthereto,becausetheyrelatetoaletterwhichisnotshowntobelost,ormislaid,oroutofthecomplainant'sreach,buttheCourtoverruledsaidobjection,andadmittedthequestionandanswer.[Soshoweveryotherexceptionmadetotheevidencecontainedinthedeposition.Theseexceptionsmustbeexplicit:generalexceptionsgofornothing.Ifquestionsoranswerswereobjectedtobeforethecommissionerwhotookthedeposition,theobjectionsmustberenewedatthehearing,ortheywillbedeemedtobewaived,oraban-doned]2.Thecomplainantnextreadthefollowingdocuments
:
(1)ExhibitAtothebill,asfollows:[Herecopyit,infull.11]ThisexhibitwasprovenvivavoceinopenCourtbythetestimonyofHenryJones.18StoneV.Manning,19Pick.,232,citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§1045.19See,ante,§538.20Awaysidebillofexceptionswouldbeginasfollows:WAYSIDEBILLOFEXCEPTIONS.JOhnwD°eNo.675.\W^sideB»>°fEx"
RichardRoe,etal.,S ceptions.Onthehearingofthemotion[orpetition,orap-plication,orothermatter,specifyingitsoastoiden-'
tifythequestionbeforetheCourt,]attheAugustterm,1891,oftheCourt,thefollowingwasalltheevidencesubmittedto,orheardby,theCourt:1.ThepetitionofGeorgeJohnsonwasread,asfollows:[Heresetitout,infull.]2.TheaffidavitofSamJoneswasread,asfollows:[Heresetitout,infull.]3.DeedfromJohnDoetoGeorgeJoneswasread,asfollows:[Hereinsertit,infull.]4.WilliamBrowntestifiedorally,inopenCourt,asfollows:Iamthereceiverinthiscause[&c,giv-inghistestimony.]5.HenryJonestestifiedorally,inopenCourt,usfollows:[Heregivehistestimony.Andsowithall
theotherevidenceintroduced,orofferedtobein-troduced.]6.TheChancellorruled[soandso,givingallofhisrulingsthatdonotappearontheminutesoftheCourt.]TotheactionoftheCourt[indoing,orrefusingtodo,whatiscomplainedof,specifyingit,]thecomplainant[ordefendant,orpetitioner,orotherperson,]excepts,andtendersthis,hisbillofexcep-tions,whichissignedbytheChancellor,andmadeapartoftherecordinthecause.August26th,1891.A.J.Abernathy,Chancellor.21Inthehurryusuallyattendantuponthemakingoutofabillofexceptions,itisnotnecessarytoactuallycopythereinthewritingofferedinevidence,whethergrants,deeds,receipts,notes,depositions,transcripts,records,orotherdocuments;butthebillofexceptionsmustshow,byasufficientdescription,thattheywereread,orofferedinevidence,andthenmakethempartsoftherecordbytheuseofthewords:"Hereinsert,"or"TheClerkwillherecopy,infull."orsimilarwords,innarentheses,orbrackets.ThisisadirectiontotheClerktoputthepaperdescribedintothebillofexceptionswhenhe

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975 bileofexceptions.§1214(2)Grant21,846fromtheStatetoJohnBrown,asfollows:[Herecopyit,infull.](3)DeedfromJohnBrowntothecomplainantJohnDoe,asfollows:[Herecopyit,infull.}Tothereadingofthisdeed,thedefendantobjectedbecausenotproperlyprobatedforregistration,buttheobjectionwasoverruledbytheCourt,andthedeedadmittedasevidence.(4)TheoriginalrecordinthecaseofJohnDoe,thecomplainant,vs.RolandRoe,theancestorofthedefendants,inthisCourtwasreadinevidence.Byconsentofallparties,however,itwasagreedthatonlythepleadingsanddecreesinsaidcausewerematerial,anditwasagreedthattheyonlyshouldbeincorporatedinthisbillofexceptions:theyareasfollows:[Herecopythem,infull,inorderoftime.](5)ApartofaletterfromdefendantRichardRoetocomplainantwasofferedinevidence,butwasobjectedtobysaidRoeuponthegroundthatalloftheletterwasnotoffered,whichobjectionwassustainedbytheCourt,notwithstandingthecomplainanttestifiedthatthebalanceoftheletterwasonothermattersinnowayconnectedwiththemattersincontro-versy,andforthatreasonwasbyhimdestroyed.Saidpaperisasfollows:[Herecopyit.](6)Andsoshoweveryotherdeed,documentorpaperofanysort,readtothejury,orofferedtoberead.Showwhatobjectionsweremadetoanydocument,andwhattherulingoftheCourtwasthereon.Ifanydocumentorpaperwasexcluded,soshow,andsetitoutinfull,ordirecttheClerktocopyit.]3.HenryJonestestifiedasfollows:[Heregivethematerialpartofhisevidence,andespeciallystatewhatquestionsandanswerswereobjectedto,andthegroundoftheobjection,andtherulingoftheCourtontheobjections,thus:22]Complainantaskedwitnessthefol-lowingquestion:[Herestatethequestion.]Thequestionwasobjectedtobythedefendantonthegroundthat:[Herestatethegroundofobjection.]Theobjectionwassustained,[oroverruled,]bytheCourt,towhichrulingoftheCourtthecomplainant[ordefendant]excepted.[Theobjectionmaybetotheanswerofthewitness,andnottothequestion,oritmaybetoboth:ineithereventthefactsmustbeclearlysetforth.Theobjectionmaybetothewitnesshimself,onthegroundthatheisincompetenttotestifyatall,orincompetentintheparticularcase,orastotheparticularfact.Thefirstobjectionwouldarisewherethezvitnesshasbeenconvictedofaninfamouscrime,andjudgmentofinfamypronouncedagainsthim.Ifsuchawitnessisexcluded,itmaynotbenecessaryforthebillofexceptionstoshoivwhathewouldhavseproved,orwhatwasproposedtobeprovedbyhim,theobjectionbeingnottowhathemaysay,buttotherightofthepartyintroducinghimtohavehimsayany-thing.Nevertheless,itisprudent,andmayoftenbenecessary,toshowwhatthecomplainantproposedtoprovebyhim,inordertoshowthematerialityofhisevidence.[Wherethewitnessisgenerallycompetent,butincompetentintheparticularcaseormatterbecauseaparty,andatthesametimeanadministrator,orexecutor,oraguardian,orapartyandawitnessagainstanadministrator,executor,orguardian,orahusbandorwifeofaparty,therelationshipofthewitnessshouldbeshown,andthefactsofferedtobeprovedbythewitness,orthequestionsasked,shouldbesetout,andthegroundsoftheobjectionstotheevidencefullystated,andtherulingsoftheCourt,sothatthequestionsoflawraisedmayspecificallyanddistinctlyappear.]4.GeorgeJonestestifiedasfollows:[Heresetoutthesubstanceofhisevidence.Ifanyotherwitnesseswereexaminedbythecomplainant,oranyotherdocumentaryevidenceintro-ducedbyhim,setoutthetestimonyordocumentsasshownabove,statingfullyandpartic-ularlywhatobjectionswereinterposedtothewitness,ortohistestimony,ortothedocument,ortoitscontents,givingthegroundsoftheobjections,andshowwhatweretherulingsoftheCourtonsuchobjections,beingcarefultoputeverythinginthebillofexceptionsintheorderoftimeinwhichitoccurred,sothatthebillofexceptionsmaybeafaithfulphotographofthefacts.]Thiswasalltheproofinchiefintroducedbythecomplainant.comestomakeitoutasapartofthetranscript_fortheappellateCourt.ButtheClerkcannotcopyintothebillofexceptionsanymatternotinexistencewhenthebillwassigned.Seenote17a,supra.Iftherewasanyobjectionmadetoanydeposition,paper,writing,orotherdocument,atthetimeitwasofferedinevidence,theobjectionshouldappearinthebillofexceptionsinaccordancewiththefacts,andtherulingoftheCourtthereonshouldbegiven,asinothercases.22Itisneedlesstosetoutthewholetestimonyofawitness.Asarule,amereabstractofthematerialpartisall-sufficient.Thus:1.HenryJonesprovedtheexecutionofthefol-lowingpaper.[Herecopythepaper.]2.WilliamSmithdiscreditedJonadabSnobs.3.ThomasBrowntestifiedthathewaspresentatthetimeandplacetestifiedtobywitnessSnobs;wasinhearingofwhatwassaid,andheardnosuchtalkasSnobstestifiedto.4.JamesJohnsonprovedthegoodcharacterorThomasBrown,andthathewasacrediblewitness.5.GeorgeJonestestifiedsubstantiallyasdidThomasBrown.6JaneBrowntestifiedthatthedefendanttoldheronoraboutChristmas,1891,thathe[wasgoing
todo,or~\haddone[soandso,brieflystatingit.]Itissafetosaythatnine-tenthsoftheaveragebillofexceptionsismeresurplusage.TheyounglawyerthinkstheappellateJudgesreadtheevidenceinjurycases.TheydonotrealizethatitwouldtakeatleastayeafforeachoftheJudgestoreadalltherecordsfiledinanyoneoftheirthreeCourts.TheJudges,asarule,paynoattentiontotheevi-denceinjurycauses,exceptinsofarasisneces-sarytounderstandthequestionsoflawraised.Ordinarily,alltheevidencethatisnecessaryinabillofexceptionsisageneralstatementthattherewasproofthattendedtoshowcertainfacts;thatsuchandsuchevidencewasofferedandruledoutonobjections;andthatsuchandsuchevidencewasobjectedtobutadmitted,statingthespecificgroundsoftheobjections.ThisisalltheappellateCourtcarestoknowabouttheevidence.Theirbusinessisnottositasajuryandsiftandweighfacts,buttositasaCourttohearanddeterminequestionsoflaw.Ourbillsofexceptionsinjurycasesneedre-formingaltogether.SeeRailwayCos.v.Hendricks,4Pick.,719;Glassv.Bennett,5Pick.,485;Dossett«.Miller,3Sneed,7S;Huffmanv.Hughlett,11Lea,549.Andstenographicreportsofevidenceonlymakewhatwasbadagreatdealworse.

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§1214 BILLOFEXCEPTIONS.976I!EvidenceinBehalfoftheDefendant.1.RichardRoe,oneofthedefendants,testifiedasfollows:Iamoneofthedefendants.Thecomplainantmadeanddeliveredtomethistitle-bond;[Herecopyit,infull.]Ipaidhimfourhundreddollarsonthedayhegavemethebond,andhegavemethisreceiptforit:[Herecopythereceipt.]Itookpossessionofthelandindisputeunderthistitle-bond.[Andsogoon,givingterselythetestimonyofthiswitness,andofallotherwitnessesintro-ducedbythedefendants.]2.ThedepositionofThomasStokeswasreadasfollows:[Herecopyit,infull.]3.ThedepositionofJamesWalkerwasofferedinevidence,butthecomplainantobjectedtoitsbeingreadbecausehehadexceptedtoit,andtheClerkandMasterhadsustainedhisexceptions,andtherehadbeennoappealfromtherulingoftheClerk.Thedefendantthenaskedtobeallowedtoappeal;buttheCourtrefusedtherequest,andexcludedthedeposition.Saiddeposition,exceptionsandrulingareasfollows:[Herecopythedepositioninfull,andcopytheexceptionsandtherulingoftheClerk,ortheChancellor.]4.HenrySmithwasofferedasawitness,buthestated,whenexaminedonhisvoirdirebythecomplainant,thathe.didnotbelieveinafuturestateofrewardsandpunishments,andonbeingobjectedtobythecomplainantonthatground,theCourtruledthathewasincom-petenttotestify.Thewitness,also,statedthathebelievedaman'sconsciencepunishedhimforhissins,andthathedeemeditbothasinandacrimetotestifyfalsely.5.WilliamJohnsontestifiedasfollows:[Heresetouthistestimony,and,also,theobjec-tionstohistestimony,ifany,andtherulingsoftheCourtoneachobjection.]Thedefendanthereclosedhisproof,andthecomplainantintroducedthefollowingrebut-tingevidence
:
in.EebuttingEvidencebytheComplainant.1.HenryDoe,oneofthecomplainants,testifiedasfollows:Iamoneofthecomplainants,Defendant,RichardRoe,toldmehewasnotabletopayforthelandindispute,andagreedthattherentsofthelandwereworthasmuchashehadpaidonthetitle-bond.Hesaidhehadlostthebond,andagreedtosurrenderthepossessionattheendoflastyear.Hegavemeawritingtothateffect.ThiswritingIforgottobringtoCourtwithme.Onobjectionbythedefendants,alloftheevidenceofthiswitnessastothewriting,andastoitscontents,wasruledoutbytheCourtonthegroundthatthewritingitselfwasthebestevidenceofitscontents.[Andsogoonwiththetestimony,andwiththeobjectionsandrulings,totheendofthecase.]2.GeorgeWilsonandSamuelCarperbothtestifiedthattheyknewthewitness,RichardRoe,thattheyknewhisgeneralreputationintheneighborhoodwherehelived,thatsuchreputationwasbad,andthatfromthatreputationhewasnotentitledtocreditonoathinaCourtofJustice,andthatwitnesseswouldnotbelievehimonhisoath.SamuelCarper,oncross-examination,statedthatheandRichardRoewerenotfriendly,andthatRoehadoncesuedhim,andgotajudgmentagainsthim,whichjudgmentthewitnessCarpertestifiedwasunjust,andobtainedbyperjuredevidence.TV.EebuttingEvidencebytheDefendant.1.ThedefendantsthenintroducedGeorgeBowersandAndrewJones,whobothtestifiedthattheywellknewthegeneralreputationofRichardRoe,thatitwasfair,andthathisreputationentitledhimtobebelievedonoathinaCourtofJustice,andthattheywouldbelievehim.Thiswasalltheevidenceinthecause.23v.TheChargeoftheCourt.TheCourtchargedthejuryasfollows:[Herecopythecharge,infull.]VI.BequestsforAdditionalInstructions.Attheconclusionofthechargetothejury,andbeforethejuryretired,thedefendantsrequestedtheCourttochargethefollowingpropositions
:
No.1.[Herecopyit.]No.2.[Herecopyit;andsetoutalloftheminregularorder,asnumbered.]ThereupontheCourtchargedthejuryfurther,asfollows:[Herecopythefurthercharge.]VII.MotionforaNewTrial.Thejuryhavingfoundinfavorofthecomplainantsontheissuesoffactsubmittedtothem,thedefendantmovedtheCourtforanewtrial,andinsupportofhismotionreadthefollowingaffidavits
:
1.AffidavitofRichardRoe,asfollows:[Herecopyit.]2.AffdavitofHenryJames,asfollows:[Herecopyit.]3.AffidavitofCharlesThompson,oneofthejurors,asfollows:[Herecopyit.]23Thebillofexceptionsmustshowthatitcontainsalltheevidence.Ransomv.State,8Cates,366.

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977 REHEARINGSinchancery.§1215VIII.Conclusion.TheCourtoverruledthedefendants'motionforanewtrial,andpronouncedadecreeuponthefindingsofthejury.TowhichactionoftheCourtthedefendantsexcepted,andnowexcept;andtheyalsoexcepttotherulingsoftheCourtupontheevidenceherein-setout,andtotherefusaloftheCoufttochargethejuryasrequested,andtothechargeoftheCourttothejury,andtothesaiddecree,andtenderthistheirbillofexceptionstoallofsaidmatters,whichbillissignedbytheChancellor,andmadeapartoftherecordofthecause.August26,1891. . A.J.Abernathy,Chancellor.Thereshouldbeanentryontheminutes,showingthefactthatthebillofexceptionswasdulypresented,andsignedbytheChancellor,andmadeapartoftherecordofthecause.2*
ARTICLEIII.REHEARINGSINCHANCERY.1215.RehearingsGenerallyConsidered.1216.GroundsofaRehearing.1217.WhoMayHaveaRehearing.1218.WhenandWherePetitionMustbeFiled.
§1219.FrameofPetitiontoRehear.§1220.FormofPetitiontoRehear.§1221.ProceedingsWhenRehearingGranted.§1222.DecreeUponRehearing.§1215.KehearingsGenerallyConsidered.—Inasuitatlaw,ifeitherpartyhassufferedinjustice,because(1)ofsomeerroroflawcommittedbytheJudge,or(2)someerroroffactcommittedbythejury,or(3)theunexpectedintro-ductionofevidencebytheadverseside,or(4)becauseofhisinabilitytopro-ducenewlydiscoveredevidenceinhisownbehalf,hisremedyistomoveforanewtrial.So,iftherehasbeenatrialbyjuryintheChanceryCourt,andalikeinjusticehasbeendone,theinjuredparty'sremedyistomovetheCourtforanewtrial,asalreadyshownintheprecedingArticle.ButitsometimeshappensthatsomesimilarinjusticeisdonesomeofthepartiesbythedecreeoftheCourtwhentheChancellordecidestheeausewithoutajury.Themethodofremedyingsuchawrongisbyapetitionforarehearing.1If,however,theerrorismanifest,theChancellorwillordinarilycorrectitonmotion,ifthematterbebroughttohisattentionwhilehiscontrolofthedecreecontinues.In-deed,ourChancellorswilloften,onmotion,re-examineacasewhereitismadeveryprobablethathehascommittedsomematerialerroroflaworfact,tothedetrimentofthepartycomplaining,withoutrequiringhimtofileaformalpetitionforarehearing.Insuchacase,however,themotionshouldbeinwriting,andshouldbeasspecificinitsassignmentoferrorsasapetitiontorehear.2Iftheinjusticecomplainedofwasdoneonmotion,thepropermethodofcorrectingitisbymotion.3Arehearinginanycaseisnotamatterofright,butrestsinthesounddis-cretionoftheCourt;4nevertheless,asallCourts,andespeciallyCourtsofEquity,havebeenestablishedthatjusticemaybedone,theChancellorwillalwayssoexercisethatdiscretionastoreheara,causewhenjusticerequiresit.5TheChancellormayrefusearehearing,wherethereisreasontosuspect24See,ante,§1211.1Anapplicationforarehearingstandsuponthefootingofanapplicationforanewtrialatlaw.Mavsv.Wherry,3Tenn.Ch„222;Sto.Eq.PL,|421.note.2TheChancellormay,however,requireapetitiontoreheartobefiled;andshouldrequiresuchapeti-tion,unlesstheoppositesideconsenttothisin-formalmethodofrehearing.TheappellateCourtwillnotreviewtheactionoftheChancellorincaseherefusestorehearacaseonmotion.Taylorv.Boyd,6Heisk.,613;Frazierv.Tubb,2Heisk.,669;GallowayV.Dunnington,10Lea,216.
31Barb.Ch.Pr„353.4Gallowayv.Dunnington,10Lea,216;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1480,note.OnthesubjectofaCourt'sdiscretion,see,ante.§§583,note4;833,note37;857;902.5Arehearingisusuallygrantediftherebecol-orablegroundfortheapplication.Travis«.Waters,1Johns.Ch.,(N.Y.),48.InEngland,onere-hearingappearstoheamatterofcourse.Landc.Wickham,1Paige,(N.Y.),257.Arehearingwill,also,begranted,jfcourse,ifthedecreewaspro-nouncedwithoutargument,eventhouehthecasebesubmittedbyconsent.Blake'sCh.,165.

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§1216REHEARINGSinCHANCERY.978itisintendedfordelay,ormayimposesuchtermsupontheapplicantasmaybenecessarytopreservetherightsoftheotherpartyfrominjuryresultingfromthedelay.6Apetitionforarehearingsuspendsallproceedingsuponthedecreeuntilthepetitionisdisposedof.7Thereshould,however,beanentryonthemin-utesshowingthefilingofthepetition,andsuspendingtheexecutionofthedecreeuntilfurtherorders,asfollows
:
ORDERSTAYINGPROCEEDINGSONPETITIONTOREHEAR.ElijahRobertson,etal.Avs. \PetitiontoRehear.WilliamMaclin,etal.JThedefendantshavingpresentedandfiledtheirpetitionforarehearingofthiscause,onconsiderationthereofitisorderedbytheCourtthatuntilsaidpetitionisheardanddisposedof,allfurtherproceedingsinthiscausebestayed,includingproceedingsuponthedecreepronouncedatthepresentterm.§1216.GroundsofaRehearing.—Theordinarygroundsofarehearingare
:
1,SomematerialmistakebytheChancellorinamatteroflaw,tothedetrimentofthepartycomplaining;2,SomeerroneousdeductiondrawnbytheChan-cellorfromtheevidence,materiallyinjuringthepartycomplaining;3,Theunexpectedintroductionofmaterialevidencebytheadversarywhichcanbefullyrefuted,orexplainedaway;4,Theunexpectedexclusionofmaterialevidenceatthehearing;8.and5,Thediscoveryofnewevidencesufficientlystrongtoreverseormateriallymodifythedecree,andwhichcouldnothavebeenpreviouslydiscoveredbyduediligence.9Thisnewlydiscoveredevidencemustbepertinenttotheissuesraisedbythepleadings:ifnewfactsarediscov-eredconstitutinganewissue,theymaybebroughtbeforetheCourtbyasup-plementalbillinthenatureofabillofreview.SuchabillcanonlybefiledbyleaveoftheCourt;andifsuchleaveisgranted,thenapetitiontorehearshouldbefiledatthesametime,andsuchapetitionshouldbepresentedalongwiththesupplementalbill.10Arehearingwillnotbegrantedtoletinnewlydiscoveredevidencewhichismerelycumulative;nortocontradictawitnessexaminedbytheadverseparty
;
norwherethenewevidencesoughttobeintroducedcouldhavebeenhadatthehearing,ifreasonablediligencehadbeenused,11nortosupplyomissionsofproof.12Andnotonlymustthenewevidencebematerialandforcible,13andduediligencebeshown;buttheCourtmustbesatisfiedthatitexists,andthatitcanandwillbeproducedifarehearingisgranted.14Arehearingshouldnotbeappliedforwhentheerrorcomplainedofisonewhichmaybecorrectedonmotion,asheretoforeshown.15§1217.WhoMayHaveaRehearing.—Anypartytotherecord,injuriouslyaffectedbythedecree,mayhaveitreheard,butastrangertothecausecannotbeheardinthisway:hemustassailthedecreebyanoriginalbill,makingproperparties.Therighttoarehearingisnotconfinedtothepartiesagainstwhomthedecreeisrendered;ifthepartyobtainingthedecreehasnotbeengivensuchadecreeashewasentitledto,eveniftakenuponaproconfesso,heisentitledtohaveitreheard.16
6LandV.Wickham,1Paige,(N.Y.),257.7Blake'sCh.,165.8Sheav.Mabry,1Lea,334.9RobertsonV.Macklin,4Hay.,53;ScalesV.Nichols,2Yerg.,140.See,also,Smithv.Sneed,Cooke,190;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1480;1487.Theques-tioninrelationtonewlydiscoveredevidence,isnotwhatthepetitionerknew,butwhatwithreasonablediligencehemighthaveknown.See,BillofRe-view,post.§1238.101Barb.Ch.Pr.,362-365;Sto.Eq.PI.,§§421-423.Thissupplementalbillinthenatureofabillofreviewwillbeheardatthesametimetheoriginalcauseisreheard;andifarehearingisallowed,andthesupplementalbillpermittedtobefiled,theordershouldprovidethatthepartyhaveleavetofilethe
bill,thatthecausebereheard,andthatthesupple-mentalbillbeheardatthesamewiththerehearingoftheoriginalcause.1Barb.Ch.Pr.,365.Seebillsinthenatureofbillsofreview,past,§1231.112Dan.Ch.Pr.,1480,note;Kelleyi>.McKin-ney,5Lea,164.12ManufacturingCo.1).Weatherly,17Pick.,318.13Kellyv.McKinney,5Lea,170.14Scalesv.Nichols,2Yerg.,140.Thiscaseshowsthatarehearingmaybegrantedwheneverabillofreviewwilllie,theobjectoftherehearingbeingtoobivatethenecessityofabillofreview;andhereinourpracticegoesonestepfurtherthantheEnglishpractice.ibAnte,§573.161Barb.Ch.Pr.,354.

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979 rehearingsinchancery.§1218§1218.WhenandWherePetitionMustbeFiled.—ApetitiontorehearmustbefiledintheCourtthatpronouncesthedecreecomplainedof,andmustbepresentedtotheCourtduringthetermatwhichthedecreecomplainedofisenteredupontheminutes,17unlesssuchtermcontinueslongerthanthirtydays,andthenitmustbepresentedwithinthirtydaysafterthedecree.18Ifthedecreeisfinal,andthetermatwhichitwasenteredhaspassed,thedecreecannotbereconsideredbythesameCourt,exceptuponabillofreview.19Thepartyinjured,insuchacasemay,however,havethedecreereviewedbytheproperappellateCourt,onawritoferror.§1219.FrameofPetitiontoRehear.—Thepetitionbeinginthenatureofamotionforanewtrial,mustspecifytheparticularmatterorcauseonwhichtheapplicationforarehearingisbased;andifthefactsthereinstateddonotappearofrecordinthecause,thepetitionmustbeverifiedbyoathoraffirma-tion:itmust,also,besignedbycounsel.20Theparticularinjusticecomplainedofshouldbespecified;andiftheappli-cationisbasedonnewevidence,itsmaterialityshouldbemadetoappeartotheCourtbystatingitsnature,andpreciselywhatitwillbewhentaken;21andifthewitnessesareaccessible,thepetitionshouldbeaccompaniedbytheiraffidavits,showingwhattheywillprove.22Thepetitionmustbeconfinedtothecasemadebythepleadings,andcannot,undertheguiseofarehearing,injectnewmattersintothecause,andraiseissuesnotinvolvedintheoriginalsuit.23Thepetitionconcludeswithaprayerthatthecausemaybereheard,andthatthedecreemaybereversed,orthatitmaybealteredinsuchpointsasareallegedtobeerroneousorunjust,andthatthepetitionerbeallowedtobringforwardtheproofspecifiedinthepetition,ifanybeshown.§1220.FormofPetitiontoRehear.—Apetitionforarehearingshouldshow(1)theparticularmatterandmannerwhereinthepetitionerhasbeenaggrievedbythedecree,orotheractionoftheCourt;(2)whereinandwherebyheisentitledtohavethewrongdonebyhimredressed,settingforthspeciallythesupposederrorsoftheCourt,orthenewevidencereliedon;and(3)shouldpraythatthecausebereheard,andthedecreemodified,orsetaside,accordingtothecasemade.ThefollowingisaformofPETITIONFOBREHEARING.24ElijahRobertson,etal.,1vs. \InChancery,atLewisburg.WilliamMaclin,etal.JTotheHon.W.S.Bearden,holdingthesaidChanceryCourt
:
Petitioners,theabovenameddefendants,respectfullyshowtotheCourt
:
i.Thattheyaremuchaggrievedbysomuchofthedecreerenderedinthiscauseonthe22nddayofthepresentmonth,(November,)asadjudgedthatcomplainantswereentitledtorecover1666acresofthelandconveyedbyJosephHyndstopetitioners'father,WilliamMaclin,astowhichLandonCarterrecoveredjudgmentoffourhundreddollarsdamagesagainstElijahRobertson,deceased.Petitionersare,also,aggrievedbysomuchofthesaiddecreeasoneratesthemwiththecostsofthesuit.n.TheCourtheldpetitionersliableforsaid1666acres,onthesuppositionthattheywereapartofthelandssoughttoberecoveredbycomplainantsintheirbill;whereas,petitionersaverthefacttobethatsaid1666acresareentirelyoutsideoftheboundsofthetracts,torecoverwhichthebillwasfiled;andneithercomplainantsnorElijahRobertson,inhislifetime,eversetupanyclaimto,orpossessedanyinterestorestateinsaid1666acres,oranypartthereof.Said1666acresarenotonlyoutsideofallthegrantsspecifiedincomplainant's17Ch.Rule,XV,§1;Code,§3119;Haywoode.Marsh,6Yerg.,69;Robertsonv.Maclin,4Hay.,53;Overtonv.Bigelow,10Yerg.,48.18Artsof1885,ch.65;Railroadv.Johnson,16Lea,387.19Allenv.Barksdale,1Head.,238;RobertsonV.Maclin,4Hay.,53.Notevenaninterlocutoryde-creecanbereheardatasubsequentterm.Overtonv.Bigelow,10Yerg.,48.20Ch.Rule,XV,§1;post,§1204.21Salesv.Nichols,2Yerg.,140.
22Maysv.Wherry,3Tenn.Ch.,219.Ifthewitnesses,however,arenotinreach,thestatementofthatfactinthepetitionwouldprobablybeasufficientexcusefornotfilingtheiraffidavits.231Barb.Ch.Pr.,356.Ifnewmattersaredis-coveredafterdecree,butatthesameterm,theymustbebroughtforwardbyasupplementalbillinthenatureofabillofreview.1Barb.Ch.Pr.,362.24ThispetitionisbasedonthecaseofRobertsonv.Maclin,3Hay.,70;and4Hay.,53.

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§1221REHEARINGSINCHANCERY.980
bill,butareapartofanentirelydifferentandoldergrant,thelandscoveredbywhicharemanymilesfromthelandsindispute.in.PetitionersweregreatlysurprisedbytheproductionofthesaidjudgmentinfavorofLandonCarter,nothavingbeennotifieduntilthe19thofthismonththatitwouldbefiledasevidenceinthiscause;andnotsuspecting,foramoment,thatitwould,orcouldbyanypossibility,beusedasevidencethatpetitioners'father,WilliamMaclin,heldastrusteeorotherwiseforcomplainantsanyofthelandssuedforbythecomplainants.IV.Petitionershadnoopportunitytoshowthatsaid1666acreswerewhollyoutsideofallthegrantsclaimedbycomplainants;butpetitionersaverthatsuchisthefact,andthisfacttheywillbeabundantlyabletoproveifthecauseisreheard.PetitionersrefertotheaffidavitofWilliamHickman,andtotwolettersofElijahRobertson,deceased,herewithfiled,andmarkedrespectivelyexhibits1,2,and3,insupportofthispetition.v.PetitionersthereforepraythatyourHonorwillgrantarehearingofthiscause,totheendthatsaiddecreemaybereversedandsetaside,(1)insofarasitdiveststhetitletosaid1666acresoutofpetitionersandvestsitincomplainants,and(2)insofarasitadjudgesthecostsofthesuitagainstpetitioners.P.C.Smithson,Solicitor.25[Annexaffidavitofthetritfhofthepetition,asin§789,ante.]§1221.ProceedingsWhenaRehearingisGranted.—Noansweris,ordinar-ily,requiredormadetoapetitiontorehear,buttheChancellormaycallonthepartiestopresentbriefsonthepointsraised.Ifarehearingisgrantedbecauseofsomeerroroflaw,orofsomeerroneousdeductionfromtheevi-dence,thecauseisusuallyrehearduponthesamerecord,andatthesametermatwhichthedecreewasrendered;26andinsuchcasesomuchoftherecordisreadasisnecessarytoenablethepetitionertoshow,andtheCourttounderstand,theerrorscomplainedof.Attherehearing,thepetitionerhastherighttoopenandclosetheargument,fortheburdenofshowingerrorrestsuponhim.27Ifarehearingisgrantedtoallowthereadingofevidenceonfile,butbymistakeoverlookedandnotreadatthehearing,thecaseishearduponthepleadingsandtheevidenceoriginallyread,andupontheevidenceoverlooked,thelatteronlybeingreadasarule,unlesstheChancellordirectstheformertobere-read.Ifarehearingisgrantedtoletinnewevidence,thecaseisheardanew,andthepleadingsandevidencearereadinthesamemanner,asuponanoriginalhearing;andthesamedefencesmaybesetup,thesameob-jectionstoevidencemaybemade,andthesameclaimstoreliefurged,asuponanoriginalhearing.Butinanyrehearingnoonewillbeheardtoassailthedecreeexceptthepartywhoobtainstherehearing:and,ifanyotherpartyisinjured,hemustjoininthepetition,orfileaseparatepetitionforarehear-ing.28Wherearehearingisgrantedtoletinnewevidence,thepartiesshouldnot,asarule,beallowedtogointofurtherproofgenerally;butthepetitionershouldbeconfinedtotheproofmentionedinhispetition,andtheotherpartyshouldbeconfinedtotheproofinrebuttalthereof.29TheCourtwillgivethecomplainantthesamerighttoamendashewouldbeentitledtoonanoriginalhearing.30§1222.OrdersandDecreesUponaRehearing.—Onarehearing,thecauseisentirelyopenastothepartyinwhosefavortheformerdecreewasrendered;butastotheotherpartyitisopenonlyastothepartsofthedecreebyhimcomplainedof.Andsouponapetitionbyadefendantforarehearing,theCourtmaygivethecomplainantmoreextensivereliefthanwasgivenhimbytheoriginaldecree.31Theobjectofarehearingis,ordinarily,toascertainwhethercertainallegedmaterialerrorsoflaworfactexist,andwhensuchallegationsarefoundtobetrue,thedecreeontherehearingischangedaccord-ingly.25Thepetitionmustbesignedbycounsel;andmustbeverifiedbyoathoraffirmationunlessthefartsappearofrecord.Ch.Rule,XV,§1;post,§1204.28KelleyV.McKinney,5Lea,170.
271Barb.Ch.Pr.,360.281Tiarb.Ch.Pr.,360.29Kelleyv.McKinnev,5Lea,170.801Barb.Ch.Pr.,360.311Barb.Ch.Pr.,360.

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981* REHEARINGSINCHANCERY.§1222ORDER,DISMISSINGAPETITIONTOREHEAR.JohnDoe,|vs.\No.689.RichardRoe.JInthiscausethedefendanthavingthisday[or,ataformerday,]presentedapetitiontorehear,andtheChancellorhavingheardargument,andconsideredthemattersraisedbythepetition,refusedarehearing.Itis,therefore,orderedthatthepetitionbedismissed,andthatthepetitionerpayallthecoststhereof.ORDERGRANTINGAREHEARING.[Followtheaboveformdown,andincluding,thewords"raisedbythepetition,"thenadd:]grantedtheprayerthereof,andorderedthatthedecreethereincomplainedof,enteredinthiscauseonJune10,1890,onthe95thand96thpagesofthisbook,bereheard;andthatuntilsuchrehearingallproceedingsonsaiddecreebesuspendedandstayed.DECREEONTHEREHEARINGOEACAUSE.ElijahRobertson,etal,
'
vs.WilliamMaclin,etal.Thiscause,comingontobereheardthis27thdayofAugust,1891,beforeHon.W.S.Bearden,Chancellor,uponthepetitiontorehear,andthewholerecordin,thecause,includingtheproofsfiledinsupportofthepetitiontorehear,andargumentofcounselhavingbeenheard,onconsiderationofallwhich.itisorderedandadjudgedbytheCourtthattheprayerofthepetitionbegranted,andthecausereheard.Andthereuponitisorderedanddecreedthatthedecreepronouncedinthiscauseatthelastr°r,present]termadjudgingthat[Herebrieflystatewhatwasdecreed,]berecalled,reversed,andannulled,andthatthebillinthiscause,bedismissed,andthatcomplainants,andJohnJohnson,theirprosecutionsurety,payallthecostsofthecause,forwhichexecutionisawarded.

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§1223 BILLSOFREVIEW.982
ArticleI.ArticleII.ArticleIII.ArticleIV.ArticleV.ArticleVI.
CHAPTERLXIX.BILLSOPREVIEW.BillsofReviewGenerallyConsidered.BillsofReviewforErrorsofLaw.BillsofReviewforNewMatterorNewProof.TheLeavetoPileaBillofReview.FrameandFormofaBillofReview.DefencestoaBillofReview.ARTICLEI.BILLSOFREVIEWGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§1229.PreliminaryReliefObtainableattheFiling.§1230.HearingofaBillofReview.§1231.BillsintheNatureofBillsofRe-view.
§1223.ObjectofaBillofReview.§1224.GroundsofaBillofReview.§1225.WhatDecreesMaybeReviewed.§1226.WhoMayFileaBillofReview.§1227.WhentheBillMustbeFiled.§1228.WheretheBillMustbeFiled.§1223.ObjectofaBillofReview.—Itsometimeshappens(1)thattheChancellormakesanerroneouslegaldeductionfromthepleadingsandthefactsasrecitedinhisdecree,andthat,asaconsequence,hisdecreeiserroneousonitsface;anditsometimeshappens(2)thatafterthetimefortakingproofhasexpired,newevidencecomestolightsufficienttohavechangedthedecreehaditbeenbeforetheChancellor.Theonlyremedy,inChancery,insuchcasesisabillofreview,whichhasforitsobjectthereversal,alteration,orexplana-tion,ofthedecree,sothatitmayconformtothelawofthecasewherethereiserroroflaw,ormayconformtotherealfactsofthecasewherethereisnewproof.1Inasmuchasonabillofreviewforerroroflawapparent,theevidencecan-notbelookedto,iftheevidencewhenlookedtowilldiscloseerrornotapparentonthefaceofthedecree,thepartyinjuredbysucherrorshouldtakethecasetotheappellateCourtbyawritoferror,whichisfarmoreefficaciousthanabillofreview.Awritoferroropensthewholecase,andenablestheappellateCourttocorrectallerrors,whetherapparentornot,andwhethererrorsoflaw,orerroneousdeductionsoffact.2§1224.GroundsofaBillofReview.—ThepowerofaCourtofChancerytoreviewadecree,aftertheadjournmentofthetermatwhichitwaspro-nounced,restsonthefirstoftheOrdinancesinChanceryofLordBacon,-whichisasfollows:"Nodecreeshallbereversed,altered,orexplained,beingonceunderthegreatseal,butuponbillofreview.Andnobillofreviewshallbeadmitted,except(1)itcontaineithererrorinlaw,appearinginthebodyofthedecree,withoutfurtherexaminationofmattersoffact,or(2)somenewmatter,whichhatharisenintimeafterthedecree,and(3)notanynewproof,1BerdanattiD.Sexton,2Tenn.Ch.,705;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1576,note.Abillofreviewwillnotlietoimpeachadecreeforfraud.WilsonV.Schaefer,23Pick.,300;nortoannulaperfectedsaleoflandmadeunderthedecree.Donaldsonv.Nealis,24Pick.,638.2LivingstonV.Noe,1Lea,55;Davidsonv.Bow-den,5Sneed,134;WinchesterV.Winchester,1Head,493.ItissometimessaidinourReports,thatabillofreviewforerroroflawapparentisinthenatureofawritoferror._Thisistruewhenawritoferroratcommonlawismeant;butwholly
untrueifourstatutorywritoferrorinChancerycausesismeant.Thedistinctionshouldbekeptinmind.Thewritoferroratcommonlawliesonlyuponmatteroflawarisinguponthefaceoftheproceedings,andnottoreverseanyerrorinthedeterminationoffacts.3Black.Com.,406.Where-as,ourstatutorywritoferrorinEquitycausescar-riesuptheevidencereadatthehearing,andre-quirestheSupremeCourttoreviewandexaminethecause,asifbroughtupbyappeal.Code,§3108;Winchesterv.Winchester,1Head,500.

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983 BILLSOPREVIEW.§1225whichmighthavebeenused,whenthedecreewasmade.Nevertheless,uponnewproof,thatiscometolightafterthedecreewasmade,andcouldnotpos-siblyhavebeenusedatthetimewhenthedecreepassed,abillofreviewmaybegroundedbythespeciallicenseoftheCourt,andnototherwise."3ThisOrdinanceauthorizesabillofreview(1)forerroroflaw;(2)fornewmatter;and(3)fornewproof.4Anytwoormoreofthesegroundsmaybeproperlyjoinedinthesamebill,5withoutmakingitmultifarious.6§1225.WhatDecreesMaybeReviewed.—Abillofreviewliesonlyafterafinaldecree.Adecreeisfinalinthemeaningoftherulewhenitissuchaoneasfinallyadjudicatesanddisposesofallthemeritsofthecontroversy,andreservesandleavesnothingfurtherfortheCourttodointhecause;andwhenthetermoftheCourtatwhichthedecreewaspronouncedhasended;orwhenthetermhasnotended,butthirtyormoredayshaveelapsedsincethedecreewasenteredontheminutes.7Inshort,adecreewillbedeemedfinalforthepurposeofabillofreviewwhenawritoferrorwouldlietohaveitreviewedintheappellateCourt.8Butaninterlocutorydecreemaybereviewedbyabill,orasupplementalbill,inthenatureofabillofreview,toputinissuematerialanddeterminativenewmatterdiscoveredafterthemakingofsuchdecreesa§1226.WhoMayFileaBillofReview.—Nopersons,exceptpartiesandtheirpriviesinrepresentation,suchasheirs,executors,andadministrators,canhaveabillofreview,strictlysocalled.9Butotherpersonsininterest,andinprivityoftitleandestate,whoareaggrievedbythedecree,suchasdeviseesandremainder-men,areentitledtomaintainanoriginalbillinthenatureofabillofreview,sofarastheirowninterestsareconcerned.1**Ofcourse,nopersons,butpersonshavinganinterest,areentitledtomaintainabillofre-view.Andevenpersons,havinganinterestinthecause,ifnotaggrievedbytheparticularerrorsassignedinthedecree,cannotmaintainabillofreview,howeverinjuriouslythedecreemayaffecttherightsofthirdpersons.11Itmaybegenerallystatedthatallthepartiestotheoriginalbillaggrievedbythedecreeoughttojoinascomplainantinabillofreview,andalltheothersshouldbemadedefendants.12Apersonnotaparty,ornotinprivitywithaparty,cannotbeaffectedbythedecree,andthereforecannotmaintainabilltoimpeachit.13§1227.WhentheBillMustbeFiled.—Astotheperiodwithinwhichabillofreviewmustbefiled,thelawprovidesthatnobillofreviewshallbebrought,oramotionmadetherefor,exceptwithinthreeyearsfromthetimeofpronouncingthedecree;savingtoinfants,marriedwomen,personsofun-soundmind,orimprisoned,arighttoabillofreviewwithinthreeyearsaftersuchdisabilityhasbeenremoved.14Thebillmustshowonitsface,affirmatively,thatitisfiledwithinthetimeallowedbythestatute,anduntilthisisdonethecomplainanthasnostandinginCourt.15Butthepartiesunderdisabilityneednotwaituntiltheirdisabilityisremoved:theymayfiletheirbillduringdisabilitybynextfriend.163Eatonv.Dickinson,3Sneed,397;Sto.Eg.PI.,§404.WhatismeantintheOrdinancebyadecree"beingunderthegreatseal,"isthatthedecreehasbeenenrolled.Tnsometextbooksandreportsthismeaningofthephrase"underthegreatseal"issub-stitutedtherefor.TheenrollmentofadecreeinthemeaningoftheOrdinance,andanadjournmentofthetermoftheCourtatwhichadecreehasbeenmade,areinnurpracticesynonymousterms.Bled-soeV.Carr,10Yerg.,57.iBledsoe»>.Carr,10Yerg.,57.52Dan.Ch.Pr.,1576.6Colvillev.Colville,9Hum.,524.7StoEq.PL.408a;Johnsonv.Hanner,2Lea,8-M.&C.R.R.u.Johnson,16Lea,387;Actsnf1885.ch.65.8S'e.post.§1272.SaHardwickv.AmericanCanCo.,7Lates,393.»Fitzgeraldv.Cummings,1Lea,240.
10Personsnotinesseatthedateofthedecree,butwhowerebeforetheCourtbyrepresentation,maymaintainabillofreview.WilsonV.Schaefer,23Pick..300,citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§1058.Abillofreview,orasupplementalbillinthenatureofabillofreview,maybefiledbyadefendantaswellasbyacomplainantwhenaggrieved.Hardwickv.AmericanCanCo.,7Cates,393.11Sto.Eq.PI.,§408;Winchesterv.Winchester,1Head.,460;Montgomeryv.OlWell,1Tenn.Ch.,169.122Dan.Ch.Pr.,1579;Sto.Eq.PI.,§409;Fullerv.McFarland,6Heisk.,79.13Arnoldn.Moyers,1Lea.310.14Code,§3120;Actsof1901,ch.15.15AndersonV.TheBank,5Sneed,661.16WinchesterV.Winchester,1Head,460.

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§1228BILLSOPREVIEW.984Afteronebillofreviewhasbeendismissedondemurrer,anotherbillofre-viewwillnotbeallowed,althougherrorbepatent.17§1228.WheretheBillMustbeFiled.—AbillofreviewisaproceedingforreversalapplicabletoaCourtofChanceryonly,andcanbefiledinthatCourtonly.18Assiichabillseekstoreverse,alter,orexplain,thedecreeofaChan-ceryCourt,andasoneChanceryCourthasnorevisoryjurisdictionoveran-otherChanceryCourt,itnecessarilyfollowsthatabillofreviewmustnotonlybefiledintheChanceryCourt,butalsointhatChanceryCourtwhereinthedecreecomplainedofwaspronounced.19Abillofreview,therefore,willnotlieinanappellateCourttoreviewoneofitsowndecrees;20norwillitlieintheChanceryCourttoreviewadecreeofanappellateCourtforerroroflawapparentonthefaceofthedecree.21§1229.PreliminaryReliefObtainableattheFiling.—Onabillofreviewbeingfiled,aninjunctionmaybehadifprayedforandproper,tostaypro-ceedingsunderthedecreeassailed,ifstillunexecuted,22ortoenjoinatransferofthepropertyallegedtohavebeenwrongfullydecreedtoadefendanttothebillofreview,orwhennecessarytosecuresuchpropertyitmaybeattached,orimpounded.Butnoextraordinarypreliminaryreliefshouldbegrantedunlessaveryclearcaseismadeoutbythebill,andthenonlyonbondandamplesecuritybeinggiven.23Ifthedecreecomplainedofrequiresthepartyfilingthebillofreviewtopayanymoney,ortodeliverupanynotes,bonds,stocks,orthelike,heshouldberequiredtopaythemoneyintoCourt,andtodeliverthechosesinactiontotheClerk,andnoinjunctionshouldbegrantedinsuchcases.Underpropercircumstances,areceivermaybeappointed,es-peciallywherethepropertyissuchthatitcannotbeturnedovertotheCourt.§1230.HearingofaBillofReview.—Abillofreviewforerrorapparentisheardalongwiththeoriginalpleadings,orders,anddecrees;and,ifsus-tained,thedecreecomplainedofisreversed,altered,orexplained,asEquitymayrequire,andasfarastheerrorsspecifiedinthebill,butnofurther.Abillofreviewfornewlydiscoveredevidenceisheardonboththepleadings,proofs,anddecrees,intheoriginalcause,andthepleadingsandnewproofssincefiled,thetworecordsconstitutingoneforthepurposeofreviewingthecaseontheoldandnewproof.24Onabillofreviewbeingsustained,whetheronerrorapparentoronnewproof,theCourtreverses,alters,orexplainsthedecreecomplainedofsoastodowhatisrightonthecaseasitthenstands,and,whennecessary,willresorttoanyprocess,ordinaryorextraordinary,toremedyanywrongdonethecom-plainantbythedecreehecomplainsof.24aButtheseremediesmustbeconfinedtothosewhowerepartiestotheoriginalsuit,andtotheirrepresentatives;andaninnocentpurchaser,sincetheoriginaldecree,cannotbedisturbedbypro-ceedingsunderabillofreview.25§1231.BillsintheNatureofBillsofReview.—Itmayhappen,however,thatthenewmatterisdiscoveredbeforethetermendsatwhichthedecree17KnightV.Atkisson,2Tenn.Ch.,388.18OvertonV.Biglow,10Ycrg.,SO;WilsonV.Wilson,10Yerg.,201.ThesecasesdecidethatsuchabillcannotbefiledintheappellateCourt.19Andersonv.TheBank,5Sneed,661.20Wilsonv.Wilson,10Yerg.,200.21Wallenv.Huff,Thomp.Cases,21;Heisk.Dig.,596;2Barb.Ch.Pr.,91;93;Hurtv.Long,6Pick.,445;Murphyv.Johnson,23Pick.,552.Butavoid-abledecreeinanappellateCourtmaybeattackedandannulled.Ibid.See,ante,§814,sub-sec.2.WhetherabillofreviewwilllieintheChanceryCourtoforiginaljurisdictiontoreviewadecreeofanappellateCourtonthegroundofnewlydiscov-eredevidenceofacontrollingcharacter,thecom-plainantbeingfreefromfaultandnegligence,doesnotseemtohavebeenexpresslyadjudicatedeitherinWallenv.Huff,orinHurtv.Long,supra.ThequestionisraisedinMaddoxv.Apperson,14Lea,617,butnotdecided.SuchabillmaybefiledintheEnglishChanceryCourtafteranaffirmanceof
adecreeuponanappealbytheHouseofLords.2Barb.Ch.Pr.,93;2Dan.Ch.Pr„1579;Sto.Eq.PL,§418;andsuchseemstobethegeneralrule,beeauthoritiescited;also,Staffordl).Bryan,2Paige,(N.Y.),45,Desty'snote,Law.Ed.ThegenerallanguageofHurtv.Long,6Pick.,445,wouldseemtoimply,however,thatnobillwilllieinChancerytoreviewanydecreeofanappellateCourt,unlessfraudhasintervenedinobtainingthedecree,orsomenewequityhasarisen,whichwouldauthorizeanoriginalbillintheChanceryCourttosetasidethedecree.22Livingstonv.Noe,1Lea,66;Code.§4490.23Code,§4491;Butlerv.Peyton,4Hav.,88.24BerdanattiV.Sexton.2Tenn.Ch.,704;Paynev.Beech,2Tenn.Ch.,708.24aSee,ante,§657,sub-sec.2.IntheheadVneofthissub-sectiontheword"injunction"shouldbe"execution."25Winchesterv.Winchester,1Head,460.

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985 BILLSOFREVIEW.§1232complainedofispronounced,orbeforetheChancellor'spowertochangeithasterminated,orafteraninterlocutorydecree,suchasadecreeofreferencetotheMaster.26Insuchacase,thenewmatterisbroughtforwardbyasup-plementalbill,oranewbill,inthenatureofabillofreview;27anditoughttobeaccompaniedbyapetitiontoreheartheoriginalcause,atthesametimethatitishearduponthesupplementalbill.SuchasupplementalbillcannotbefiledwithouttheleaveoftheCourt,norwithoutanaffidavit,orpetition,similartothatrequiredinthelikecaseofabillofreview.Ifnecessary,abillofreviewmayalsobeincorporatedintosuchasupplementalbill.Andwhereadifferentkindofreliefissought,oradifferentprinciplefromthatonwhichtheoriginaldecreeisgiven,thereitmustbesoughtbyasupplementalbillinthenatureofabillofreview.Itseemstobeageneralrule,thatasupplementalbillfornewlydiscoveredmattershouldbefiledassoonafterthenewmatterisdiscovered,asitreason-ablymaybe.If,therefore,thepartyproceedstoadecreeafterthediscoveryofthefacts,uponwhichthenewclaimisfounded,hewillnotbepermittedafterwardstofileasiipplementalbillinthenatureofabillofreview,foundedonthosefacts;foritwashisownlachesnottohavebroughtthemforwardatanearlierstageofthecause.28Asupplementalbillinthenatureofabillofreview,nearlyresemblesinitsframeabillofreview,exceptthat,insteadofpraying,thattheformerdecreemaybereviewedorreversed,itprays,thatthecausemaybeheardwithrespecttothenewmattermadethesubjectofthesupplementalbill,atthesametimethatitisreheardupontheoriginalbill;andthatthecomplainantmayhavesuchreliefasthenatureofthecase,madebythesupplementalbill,requires.29Itshould,also,statethecircumstancespositively,whichentitlethepartvtofileit.30
ARTICLEII.BILLSOFREVIEWFORERRORSOFLAW.§1232.WhenaBillofReviewforErrorsofLawWillLie.§1233.WhatareErrorsatLaw.§1234.HowErrorsofLawareAscertained.
§123S.ErrorsDeducibleFromtheEvidenceNotErrorsofLaw.§1236.RationaleofaBillofReviewforErrorofLaw.§1232.WhenaBillofReviewforErrorsofLawWillLie.—Inregardtoerrorsoflaw,apparentuponthefaceofthedecree,theestablisheddoctrineis,thatyoucannotlookintotheevidenceinthecaseinordertoshowthedecreetobeerroneousinitsstatementofthefacts.1ThatistheproperofficeofanappellateCourt,uponanappeal,orwritoferror.But,takingthefactstobe,astheyarestatedtobeinthepleadingsandonthefaceofthedecree,younrnstshowthattheCourthaserredinpointoflaw.If,therefore,theplead-ingsandthedecreedonotcontainastatementofthematerialfactsonwhichthedecreeproceeds,itisplainthattherecanbenoreliefbyabillofreview,butonlybyanappealtotheappellateCourt.InEngland,decreeswerefor-26See,ante,§§1215-1222.272Dan.Ch.Pr.,1582,note;Hardwickv.Amer-icanCanCo.,7Cates,393.Butthenewdefencemustbeconsistentwiththeoriginaldefence.Ibid.28Ibid.Sto.Ea.PI.,§8422-423.29Sto.Eq.PI.,§425.30Sto.Eq.P1-,§425.1EatonV.Dickinson,3Sneed,397.ThiscasedecidesthattheCode,§3121,making"thedeposi-tionsandexhibitsreadatthehearingapartoftherecord,asifthesameweretranscribedandincor-
poratedwiththedecree,"introducesnonewgroundforabillofreview,andinnowayenlargesormod-ifiesthegroundofreviewdefinedintheOrdinanceofLordBacon.TheSupremeCourt,beingunabletoascertainthemeaningandobjectoftheabovestatute,concluded"topermitittoslumberonthestatutebookasadeadletter,"ratherthantoguessitsmeaningorobject,"properrespectfortheLegis-lature"sorequiringitIThemeaningdoesnotseemobscure,whatevermaybesaidastotheobject.

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§1233BILLSOFREVIEW.986merlydrawnupwithaspecialstatementofthematerialgroundsoffactonwhichthedecreewasbased.IntheCourtsofTennesseethedecreesaremoreorlessgeneral,andoftenwithoutanystatementoffacts.InEngland,thedecreeformerlyembodiedthesubstanceofthebillandanswers.InourCourts,thedecreeusuallycontainsamerereferencetotheantecedentproceedingswithoutembodyingthem.But,forthepurposeofexaminingallerrorsoflawonabillofreview,theoriginalbill,answers,andotherproceedings,notinclud-ingtheevidence,areinourpracticetreatedasapartofthedecreeitself;foritisonlybyacomparisonwiththepleadingsthatthecorrectnessofthedecreecanbeascertained.2Byerrorapparentonthefaceofthedecreeandtheantecedentpleadings,isnotmeantsucherrorasspringsoutofinadmissibleorimproperevidence,orerroneousdeductionsfromtheevidence,orevenutterabsenceofevidence,butsucherroroflawasnecessarilyresultsfromthefactsassumedinthedecree,andallegedinthepleadings.§1233.WhatareErrorsofLaw.—Theerroroflawcomplainedofmustbeaviolationofsomestatute,orofsomesettledprincipleorruleoflaworEquity,orofthepracticeoftheCourt.3Thebillcannotbemaintainedforclericalerrors,orformistakesin.thecalculationofinterest,orclericalomissionsormistakesapparentfromtherecordandpapersinthecause.4Theerrorsoflawwhichabillofreviewmaybefiledtohavecorrectedaresuchasarein-jurioustothepartyfilingthebill,andsuchashehastherighttocomplainof,byvirtueofhishavingbeenapartytotheoriginalsuit,orofhisbeingaprivyofaparty,orapartybyrepresentation.Onthehearingofabillofreview,noerrorsoflawcanbenoticedexceptthosespecificallypointedoutbythebill;5andeventhesecannotbenoticedunlessthecomplainantshowshimselfaggrievedbythem.6§1234.HowErrorsofLawareAscertained.—Inourpracticethepleadingsareconsideredasincorporatedinthedecree,forthepurposesofabillofre-view;andthedecreemademustbesuchadecreeas,supposingeverynecessaryallegationto'beproved,mightlawfullybemadeuponthepleadings.Thede-creecannotbereversedmerelybecausenotsustainedbytheproof.But,ifnoproof,whichcouldlegallybeintroducedunderthepleadings,couldjustifysuchadecree,thedecreeiserroneousforerrorapparentuponitsface.7Ifthedecreecomplainedofisnotwarrantedbythepleadingsinthecause,thereiserrorapparentonitsface.Thatistosay,if,takingthefactstobetrueasrecitedinthepleadingsandinthedecree,thedecreeiscontrarytolaw,ornotwarrantedbytheallegationsofthepleadings,abillofreviewforerrorap-parentwilllie.Soadecreewhichgoesbeyondtheallegationsofthebill,orfailstodisposeofmattersofEquityraisedbythepleadings,iserroneousonitsface,andmaybereviewed.8§1235.ErrorsDeduciblefromtheEvidencenotErrorsofLaw.—Uponabillofreviewforerrorsoflawtheevidencecannotbelookedtoforanypur-posewhatever.Thepleadings,however,areregardedasrecitedatlengthinthedecree,andthedecreecanbecomparedwiththepleadingsinordertotestitscorrectness,andtomakeapparentanyerrortherein.Buttheevidenceis,sotospeak,dehorstherecord,inascertainingerrorsoflaw;andiftheevidencebesetoutinabillofreviewforerrorsoflaw,ademurrerwouldlieonthatground,ortheevidencemightonmotionbestrickenout,9orifnotchallenged22Dan.Ch.Pr.,1576,note6;Sto.Eq.PI.,§407.32Dan.Ch.Pr.,1576;See,MosebyV.Partee,5Heisk.,37.42Dan.Ch.Pr.,1576;Code,§82872-2879.52Dan.Ch.Pr.,1576.notes;Randallv.Payne,1Tenn.Ch..137;L.&M.R.R.Co.v.Rainey,7Cold.,448;Brownv.Severson,12Heisk.,383.«2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1579;Sto.Eq.PI.,§409;Don-aldsonV.Nealis,24Pick.,638,citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§1065.
7ThisstatementisfromthedissentingopinionofAndrews,Judge,inL.&M.RailroadCo.v.Rainey,7Cold.,456;andseemstobefullyjustifiedbyourderisionsonthesubject.SeeRandallv.Payne,1Tenn.Ch.,137:BerdanattiV,Sexton,2Tenn.Ch.,705;FinleyV.Taylor,8Bax.,237.8Randallv.Pavne,1Tenn.Ch..137;MosebyV.Partee,5Heisk.,38;BurtsV.Beard,11Heisk.,472.92D<\n.Ch.Pr.,1576,note;Livingstono.Noe,1Lea,55.

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987 billsofreview.§1236wouldprobablybedeemedmeresurplusage,andutterlyignored.10Ifapartydesirestogooutsideofthepleadingsanddecree,andhavetheevidencere-viewed,andtheChancellor'sconclusionsoffactcorrected,hemusttakeawritoferror.11Apartymay,however,fileabillofreviewbothforerroroflawandnewproof,andsuchbillwouldnotbemultifarious.12§1236.RationaleofaBillofReviewforErrorofLaw.—Abillofreviewforerroroflawapparentisintheuatureofaspecialdemurrertotheplead-ingsandthedecree,thebillmakingprofertofthem,sotospeak,andthere-upon,ineffect,demurringthereto
:
1.Becausetheparticularpartofthedecreespeciallycomplainedofinthebillofreviewisgreatlyinjurioustothecomplainant,andwhollyunwarrantedbythepremisesonwhichitwasfounded,thesepremisesbeingtheallegationsofthepleadingsandtherecitalsofthedecree;13or,2.Becausethesaidpremisesshowthatthecomplainantwasentitledtothespecificreliefsetoutinhisbillofreview,whereasnosuchrelief,andnopartthereof,wasgivenhiminandbythedecreecomplainedof.Thereforeitis,thatademurrertoabillofreviewforerrorapparentdoesbutlittlemorethanmakeanissueoflaw,itsgroundbeing"thattherearenoerrorsoflawinthedecreeinsaidbillofreviewmentioned.'
'
Fortheforegoingreasons,itisall-importantatoncetogoodpleadingandtogoodfaith,thatabillofreviewforerroroflawshouldfullyandfairlysetforththepleadingsanddecreecomplainedof,andthespecificerrorsoflawreliedontohavethedecreereversed,altered,orexplained.Ifthisbedone,thewholematterinissueonthebillofreviewcanbedeterminedondemurrer,andifnotdone,thedefendantmaypleadtheformerdecreeanddemurtotheopeningofthesame;14orhemaymakebothdefencesinananswer.15Onde-murrertothebill,theCourtwill,onitsownmotion,ifnecessary,considertheoriginalpleadingsanddecreesasthoughincorporatedintothebillofreview:thisistheproperpractice,andenablesthedefendanttodemurevenwhenthebilldoesnotfullyandfairlysetforththepleadingsanddecreesoughttobereviewed;andenablestheCourt,onsuchademurrer,todecidewhethertherebeerroroflawapparent,ornot.16
ARTICLEIII.BILLSOFREVIEWFORNEWMATTER,ORNEWPROOF.§1237.BillsofReviewforNewMatter.I§1239.AstoNewMatterOriginallyNotin§1238.BillsofReviewforNewProof.| Issue.§1237.BillsofReviewforNewMatter.—TheOrdinanceauthorizesabillofreviewfor"somenewmatterwhichhatharisenintimeafterthedecree,andnotanynewproofwhichmighthavebeenusedwhenthedecreewasmade."By"newmatterwhichhatharisenintimeafterthedecree,"isnotmeantmatterwhichhascomeintoexistencesincethedecree,butmatterwhichwasinexistencebuthadnotcometotheknowledgeofthepartytobebene-fitedbyit,andthereforecouldnothavebeenusedwhenthedecreewasmade.1Thisnewmattermustbesomethingmaterialtotheissuesdeterminedbythedecreecomplainedof;for,ifitbenewfactsnotinissueintheoriginalsuit,butcomeintoexistencesincethedecree,suchnewfacts,ifgroundsforrelief,10Colvillev.Colville,9Hum.,524.11Livingstonv.Noe,1Lea,60.12ColvilleV.Colville,9Hum.,524;WinchesterWinchester,1Head,484.13SeeBerdanattiv.Sexton,2Tenn.Ch.,705.
14LivingstonV.Noe,1Lea,59;Sto.T5q.PI.,§833.15Code,§4318.18Post,§1251;HurtV.Long,6Pick.,445.lBledsoev.Carr,10Yerg.,55.

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§1238 billsofreview.988mustbebroughtbeforetheCourtbyanoriginalbill.2Hence,aathenewmat-terresolvesitselfintonewevidence,thisgroundforabillofreviewisresolvedintoproofdiscoveredafterthedecree.3Thisgroundwillbeconsideredalongwiththegroundforproofdiscoveredbeforethedecree,buttoolatetobeusedatthehearing,therequisitesofsuchproofbeingthesameineachcase.§1238.BillsofReviewforNewProof.—Abillofreviewmaybebroughtuponthediscoveryofnewproof,such,forexample,asthediscoveryofare-lease,orareceipt,oradeed,orothercogentevidencewhichwouldchangethemeritsoftheclaimuponwhichthedecreewasfounded.4Thenewmattermustnotonlyberelevantandmaterial,6butitmustbesuchas,ifknown,wouldhaveproducedadifferentdetermination.6Inotherwords,itmustgenerallybenewmattertoprovewhatwasbeforeinissue,andnottoproveatitlenotbeforeinissue;nottomakeanewcase,buttoestablishtheoldone.Inthenextplace,thenewmattermusthavefirstcometotheknowledgeofthepartytoolatetohavebeenusedinthecauseattheoriginalhearing.LordBacon'sOrdinancesays,inonepart,itmustbe''afterthedecree.''Butthatseemstobecorrectedbythesubsequentwords,"andcouldnotpossiblyhavebeenusedatthetimewhenthedecreepassed,"whichwordspointtotheexpirationofthetimefortakingtestimony.7And,accordingly,itisnowtheestablishedexpositionoftheOrdinance,thatthenewmattershallnothavebeendiscovereduntilaftertheparty'stimefortakingproofhasexpired,andtoolatetoapplytotheChancellor,orMaster,forleavetoobtainthebenefitofthediscovery.8Thenewproofmustnotbemerelycumulative;itshouldbeofsoclearanddecisiveanatureas,unlesssuccessfullymet,tocompelareversal.9Ifnewlydiscoveredwitnessesbeadmitted,itshouldbedonewithgreatcaution,becausetendingtoopenthedoortoperjury.10Moreorlessnewevidencecomestolightoneachsideafteratrial,andifacausebereheardonmerecumulativeevidence,everyoriginalhearingwouldbeamerepreliminaryskirmish.Thenewcumulativeevidencediscoveredbyeachpartysincethehearingmustordinarilybedeemedequiponderant.Inthenextplace,themattermustnotonly'benew,butitmustbesuchastheparty,bytheuseofreasonablediligence,couldnothaveknown;for,iftherebeanylachesornegligenceinthisrespect,thatdestroysthetitletotherelief.11Theruleiswellsettledthatthenewmattermustnothavebeendis-covered-untilafterthetimefortakingproofhadexpired;butifthenatureofthenewevidenceissuchthattheparty,orhisSolicitor,withproperdiligencemighthavehaditatthehearing,noreliefwillbegranted.Theinquiryisnotwhattheapplicantknew,butwhatbyduediligencehemighthaveknown.12§1239.AstoNewMatterOriginallyNotinIssue.—Ithasbeenquestioned,whetherthediscoveryofnewmatter,notinissueinthecauseinwhichade-creehasbeenmade,couldbethegroundofabillofreview;andwhetherthenewmatter,onwhichbillsofreviewmustbefounded,mustnotalwaysbenewmattertobeusedasevidencetoprovematterinissue,insomemanner,intheoriginalbill.Acase,indeed,canrarelyhappen,inwhichnewmatterdis-coveredwouldnotbe,insomedegree,evidenceofmatterinissueintheorig-2Ifthenewfactsantedatethedecree,andcon-stituteanewissue,theymaybethesubjectofabillofreview,orofasupplementalbillinthenatureofabillofreview.Sto.Eq.PL,§416;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1577.3SeeSto.Eq.PL,§415,note;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1578note.4Sto.Eq.PI.,5412;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1578;Col-villev.Colville,9Hum.,524.52Dan.Ch.Pr.,1577.6BursonV.Dosser,1Heisk.,763;LongV,Gran-berry,2Tenn.Ch.,85.Ifadefendant,afteraninterlocutorydecreeagainsthim,discovernewandcontrollingevidencehemaysetitupbyasuople-mentalbillinthenatureofabillofreview.Hard-wickv.AmericanCanCo.,7Cates,393.
7Sto.Eq.PL,§413.82Dan.Ch.Pr„1580;Sto.Eq.PL,§423;Huff-acrev.Green,4Hay.,51.92Dan.Ch.Pr.,1577.note;BursonV.Dosser,1Heisk.,754;Frazierv.Sypert,5Sneed,100;Mad-doxr.Apperson.14Lea,618.10Bursonv.Dosser.1Heisk.,762.11Sto.Eq.PI.5414.12Harris«.Edmondson,3Tenn.Ch.,211.Ifthenewevidencewasknownatthehearing,thepartydesiringitshouldapplyforacontinuanceonthatground,supportinghisapnlicationbyaspecialaffidavitofthenewlydiscoveredevidence.

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989 BILLSOFREVIEW.§1240inalcause,ifthepleadingswereproperlyframed.Butthedoctrineseemsnowtobefullyestablished,thatmatterdiscoveredafteradecreehasbeenmade,althoughnotcapableofbeingusedasevidenceofanythingwhichwaspre-viouslyinissueinthecause,butconstitutinganentirelynewissue,mayyetbethesubjectofabillofreview,orofasupplementalbillinthenatureofabillofreview.13
AKTICLEIV.THELEAVETOFILEABILLOFREVIEW.§1240.WhenLeavetoFiletheBillisNeces-sary.§1241.HowLeaveistobeObtained.
§1242.HowtheBillMayServeforaPeti-tionforLeave.§1243.WhenLeaveMaybeProperlyDe-nied.§1240.WhenLeavetoFiletheBillisNecessary.—ThepracticeasrespectsthefilingofabillofreviewisthesameinTennesseeasitwasinEnglandatthebeginningoftheEevolution;andabillofreviewforerrorsoflawmaybebroughtasamatterofright,noleaveoftheCourtbeingnecessary.Butabillofreviewbroughtuponthediscoveryofnewevidenceisnotamatterofright,andcannotbefiledwithoutleaveofChancellor:thisleavecannotbegiveninvacation,butmustbegrantedinopenCourt;*andiffiledwithoutsuchleavemaybedemurredtoonthataccount.2ButthegrantofleavetofiledoesnotbindtheCourttosustainthebillwhenfiled,and,inapropercase,itmaybedismissedondemurrer.3If,however,adeficientbillforbotherroroflawandnewproofbepresentedforleavetofile,whiletheChancellorshouldallowittobefiledforerrorapparent,andrefusetoallowittobefiledfornewproof
;
yet,ifherefusestoallowittobefiledatall,foranypurpose,itwillnotbereversibleerror,forifthebillisinsufficientonbothgrounds,theappellateCourtwillnotremandittobefiledinorderthatitmightbeimmediatelythere-afterdismissed.4Whenabillofreviewisgroundedonbotherrorsoflawandnewproof,itmaybefiledasabillforerrorapparentevenwhentheCourtrefusestoallowittobefiledasabillgroundedonnewproof.Ifsuchabillbefiledwithoutleavebeingasked,itmaystandonbothgrounds,unlesstheadversepartychallengeit,induetimeandform,asabillfornewproof.§1241.HowLeaveistobeObtained.—Theapplicationtofileabillofre-view,fornewlydiscoveredproof,isusuallymadebypetition;5butitmayalsobemadebymotion,supportedbyaffidavit.Thepetitionshouldstatethenatureofthesuit,recitingthebill,answerandotherpleadings,andthepro-ceedingsthereontofinaldecree,givingthesubstancethereofwithfullnessandparticularity.Thepetitionshouldsetoutthenewlydiscoveredevidenceindetail,andgivethenamesofthewitnesses,ifany,andshowthecircum-stancesofthediscoveryofthenewevidence,theexactdateofsuchdiscovery,andthereasonswhyitwasnotdiscoveredbefore.Thepetitionmustrebutanypresumptionsofwantofdiligencethatmayarisefromthecircumstancesofthecase.Itisnotsufficientthatthepetitionerexpectstoprovecertainfacts;13Sto.Eq.PL,§§415-416;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1577;FrazerV.Sypert,5Sneed,100;Heisk.Dior.,596.Ifitwereanopenquestion,itmightwithgreatforcebecontendedthatthisisthesortof"newmat-terwhichhatharisenintimeafterthedecree,"re-ferredtobyLordBaconinhisOrdinance.lCoh'iller.Colville.9Hum.,524;FinleyV.Tay-lor8Bax..237;Winchester«.Winchester,1Head.,640;Sto.Eq.PL,i412;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1577.
2Tacksonu.Jackson,3Shan.Cas.,IS.See,post,§1250.3McGuireV.Gallagher,11Pick.,349.4Puryearv.Purvear,5Bax.,640.5Winchestere.Winchester,1Head,460;LongV.Granherry.2Tenn.Ch.,85;ante.§1231.oSto.Eq.PL,§412;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1578;Pur-vearv.Puryear,5Bax.,640;Frazerv.Sypert,5Sneed,100.

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§1242 bielsofreview.990hemustsetouttheexactevidencebywhichhecanestablishthem.7Hemust,also,clearlyshowthepertinencyofthisevidence,anditseffectuponthedecreesoughttobereviewed.8UpontheapplicationtheCourtmustbesatisfied,notonlyoftherelevancyandmaterialityofthenewmatter,butalsothatithascometotheknowledgeoftheapplicantandhisagents,forthefirsttime,sincetheperiodatwhichhecouldhavemadeuseofitinthesuit;andthatitcouldnotwithreasonablediligencehavebeendiscoverdsooner;andthatitisofsuchacharacterthat,ifbroughtforwardinthesuit,itwouldhavealteredthedecree.9Ifthenatureofthenewevidenceissuchthattheparty,oragentattendingtothesuitinhisabsence,orhisSolicitor,might,withproperdiligence,havehaditupontheoriginalhearing,nobillofreviewwillbeallowed.Thematerialpointinsuchcasesis,notwhatthepartyknew,butwhathe,orhisagent,orSolicitor,byduediligencemighthaveknown.10Diligencemustbeaffirmativelyshowntoentitleapartytofilethebill.11Butwhenapplicationforleavetofileabillofreviewfornewlydiscoveredproofismadeonbehalfofaninfant,therulethatreasonablediligencemustbeshowndoesnotapply,anddiligenceneednotbeshown,negligencenotbeingimputabletoaninfantinsuchcases.12Onapplicationforleavetofileabillofreviewfornewproof,theverifyingmustbedonebythecomplainanthimself,whetherthenewproofisbroughtforwardbyaffidavit,petition,orbill.Thestatementsastothenewnessofthediscovery,thedegreeofdiligenceused,andothermattersrequiredtobepre-sentedunderoath,cannotbemadebyproxy;thecomplainanthimselfmustmakeoathtothem;13oritmustbeclearlymadetoappearthatanotherpersonhashadtheexclusivecontrolofthecomplainant'saffairs,inwhicheasetheotherpersonmaydotheverifying.Butmatterssworntooninformationandbelief,withoutanypersonalknowledgethereof,shouldnotweighheavilyonanapplicationtofileabillofreviewfornewproof.Itisnotabsolutelyrequiredthatthenewevidenceshouldhavecometotheknowledgeofthepartyaskingleave,sincethedecreecomplainedofwaspro-nounced.Itissufficientifsuchevidencebediscoveredafterhistimefortakingproofhadexpired,buttoolatetoobtainleavetotakeitbeforethetrial.Insuchcase,however,thepartyshouldaskforacontinuance;andifthatberefused,shouldfileapetitiontorehear;andifhedidneither,heshouldbere-quiredtosatisfactorilyshowwhy.Forapartyshouldnotbeallowed,eithertoexperimentwithhiscasebygoingwillinglytotrialwithoutthenewproof,ortoneglecttheremedybyrehearingwhenitwasavailable.14§1242.HowtheBillmayServeforaPetitionforLeave.—Thebetterprac-ticeinobtainingleavetofileabillofreviewfornewproofisbypetitionunderoath:15nevertheless,therehasgrownupinourStateapracticeofignoringthepetition,andmakingthebillitselfanswerallthepurposesofapetition.16ThispracticeprobablyarosefromtheCourtsometimesallowingthepetitionitselftobefiledasbillofreview,aftersuccessfullydischargingitsfunctipnasapetitionforleave.Abillthusdrawntoanswerthedoublepurposeofapetitionandpleadingmust,ofcourse,containalltheessentialsofeach;andifitdoesSee,also,Longv.Granberrv,2Tenn.Ch.,85;Win-chesterv.Winchester,1Head,460;Frazerv.Sy-pert,5Sneed,100.ieLongV.Granberry,2Tenn.Ch.,85.Itissuggestedthatthebetterpracticewouldbe,tocom-binethetwomethods:1st,Topresentthebillsworntoindueform,containingtheformerpleadingsanddecree,andsettingforthHienewevidenceanditsmaterialityandrecentdiscovery;and.2nd,Toshow,byseparateaffidavit,thedetailsofthediscoveryofthenewevidence,thedegreeofdiligenceused,thecircumstancesrebuttinganyseemingwantofdili-gence,andallothermattersnecessarytoshowthatthecaseisoneinwhichleaveshouldbegranted.SeePurvearv.Puryear,5Bax.,640;Frazerv.Sy-nert,5Sneed,100.
7McGuirev.Gallagher,11Pick.,349.82Dan.Ch.Pr.,1578,notes;HarrisV.Udmond-son,3Tenn.Ch.,211;Bursonv.Dosser,1Heisk.,754.Thepetitionmustcontainalltheessentialsofaspecialaffidavitforacontinuance.Ante,§520.92Dan.Ch.Pr.,1578.10Berdanattiv.Sexton,2Tenn.Ch.,705.11Maddoxv.Apperson,14Lea,618.12McCownV.Moores,12Lea,635.ButseeHurtV.Long,6Pick.,445,whichholdsthatminorsat-temptingtoreviewdecreesstanduponthesamefootingasadults.See,also,ante,§935,note14.13BerdanattiV.Sexton,2Tenn.Ch.,705.14Sto.Eq.PI.,§423.15Hardwickv.AmericanCanCo.,7Cates,393,citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§1074.

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991 BILLSOPREVIEW.§1243containtheseessentials,andisproperlyverified,theCourthavingregardtothesubstanceandnottotheform,wouldonmotion,allowsuchabilltobefiledwithoutfurtherrequirements.ButevenwhentheCourthasgrantedleavetofilesuchabill,oranyotherbillofreviewfornewmatter,thede-fendanttheretoisnotinanywayprecludedfrommovingtodismissit,orfromdemurringtoit,orfrommakinganyotherdefencetoit.1?§1243.WhenLeavemaybeProperlyDenied.—Theleavetofileabillofreviewfornewlydiscoveredevidenceisnotamatterofright,evenwhenalltheordinaryprerequisiteshavebeencompliedwith,butrestsinthesounddis-cretionoftheCourt.Itmay,therefore,berefused,althoughthefacts,ifad-mitted,wouldchangethedecree,andalthoughgooddiligenceindiscoveringsuchfactsbeshown,wheretheCourt,lookingatallthecircumstances,shalldeemitinjurioustoinnocentparties,orotherwiseunadvisable,toallowfurtherlitigation.18Andonthehearingoftheapplicationforleave,theCourtmaylooktotherecordinthecasesoughttobereviewed,andmayconsideranymatterthereinthatavoidstheallegationsoftheproposedbillofreview.19
ARTICLEV.FRAMEANDFORMOFABILLOFREVIEW.§1244.GeneralRequisitesoftheFrame.§124S.WhataBillofReviewforErrorofLawShouldShow.
§1246.WhatShouldbeStatedinaBillofReviewforNewProof.§1247.EssentialsofaBillofReview.§1248.FormsofBillsofReview.§1244.GeneralRequisitesoftheFrame.—Inabillofthisnature,itisnecessarytostate:1,theformerbill,andtheproceedingsthereon;2,thede-cree,andthepointinwhichthepartyexhibitingthebillofreviewconceiveshimselfaggrievedbyit;and3,thespecificgroundoflaw,ornewproofdis-covered,uponwhichheseekstoimpeachit.Noerrorscanbenoticedexceptthosespecifiedinthebillofreview.1Andifthedecreeisimpeachedonthegroundofnewproof,itseemsnecessarytostateinthebilltheleaveobtainedtofileit,andthefactofthediscovery.Thebillmaysimplypraythatthedecreemaybereviewed,andalteredorreversed,inthepointcomplainedof,ifithasnotbeencarriedintoexecution.Butifthedecreehasbeencarriedintoexecution,thebillshouldalsopraythefurtherdecreeoftheCourt,toputthepartycomplainingoftheformerdecreeintothesituationinwhichhewouldhavebeenifthatdecreehadnotbeenexecuted.Ifthebillisbroughttoreviewthereversalofaformerdecree,itmaypraythattheoriginaldecreemaystand.Iftheoriginalsuithasbecomeabated,thebillmay,also,beatthesametimeabillofrevivor.Andasupplementalbillmaylikewisebeadded,ifanyeventhashappenedwhichrequiresit.Ifanypersonnotapartytotheoriginalsuitbecomesinterestedinthesubject,hemustbemadeapartytothebillofreviewbywayofsupplement.Allthepartiestotheoriginalbilloughttobemade17Longv.Granberry,1Tenn.Ch.,85;Bursonv.Dosser,1Heisk.,754.Inthiscase,ademurrerwassustainedafterleavegiventofilethebill.is2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1577,note;Winchesterv.Win-chester1Head,489;Harrisv.Edmondson,3Tenn.Ch.,211;FrazerV.Syfoert,5Sneed,100;Maddoxv.Apnerson,14Lea,617.19ProudfitV.Picket,7Cold.,563.AndseeBur-
sonv.Dosser,1Heisk.,754;HurtV.Long,6Pick.,445.Astothepracticeinfilingbillsofreview,andsupplementalbillsinthenatureofbillsofreview,fornewmatter,seeHardwickv.AmericanCanCo.,7Cates,393.12Dan.Ch.Pr.,1576,note6;1580;FrazerV.Sypert,5Sneed,100.

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§1245 billsoereview.992partiestothebillofreview,eitherascomplainantsorasdefendants,fornooneoughttobeaffectedbyanydecreewithoutfirstbeingheard.2Abillofreview,defectiveinframe,maysometimesbesustainedasacrossbill,3orasanoriginalbill.4§1245.WhataBillofReviewforErrorofLawShouldShow.—Whenthebillseekstoreviewadecreeforerroroflawapparent,itshouldnotonlystatefullythepleadingsanddecree,butshouldeitherfileatranscriptofthemasanexhibit,andmakesuchtranscriptapartofthebillitself,soastobecon-sideredondemurrer;or,ifitseeksnootherreliefbutareviewoferrorsappa-rent,itshouldbefiledintheoriginalcause,andmaketheoriginalpleadingsanddecreeapartthereof,byproperavermentsandprayers.Butifthebillofreviewalsopartakesofthecharacterofanoriginalbill,itwouldnotbepropertofileitinacausealreadyinCourt.Nevertheless,inwhatsoevermannerthebillseekstoreviewadecreeforerroroflawapparent,itshouldsobringsuchdecree,andtheantecedentpleadings,beforetheCourtthat,ondemurrer,theCourtmay,byaninspectionofsuchdecreeandpleadings,finallydeterminethequestionwhethertheerrorspointedoutinthebillofreviewexistornot.5Thepracticeis,tolookintothepleadingsanddecreeintheoriginalcaseonthehearingofademurrertoabillofreviewforerroroflawapparent,andtheCourtwouldnodoubtbejustifiedinsodoingeventhoughthebillofreviewdidnotproperlyincorporatethem,ormakethemapartofitself.6Wherethebillseekstoreviewerrorsoflawonly,noreferencetotheformerevidenceisproper,andanyreferencetonewevidencewouldbemeresurplus-age.Thebillmustberigorouslyconfinedtoerrorsoflaw,apparentfromaninspectionofthedecreecomplainedofandtheantecedentpleadings.Everymatteroutsideoftheseshouldbekeptoutsideofthebill.Indrawingabillofreviewforerroroflawapparentonthefaceofthedecreecomplainedof,thedraftsmanmustkeepinmindthatonsuchabill:1,Nothingcanbelookedtoexceptthepleadingsanddecreeintheoriginalcause,andtheerrorsthereinspecificallydesignatedbythebillofreview;2,Nopartoftheevidencewhateverintheoriginalcausecanbelookedtoforanypurposewhatever;3,Noerrorinadmittingorinexcludingevidence,andnoerroneousdeductionsfromevidence,andnooverlookingofevidence,canbeconsidered;4,Noerroroffacttobeascertainedbyexaminationoftheevidencecanbepresentedorregarded,howeverglaringsucherrormaybe;5,Nonewevidencecanbebroughtforward,howeverstrong,foranypurpose;and6,Thatabillofreviewforerroroflawapparentdoesnotopenupthewholecase,asdoesanappealorwritoferrorinanappellateCourt.Thelanguageoftheordinanceisplainandinelastic.Theerrortobecomplainedof,insuchabill,mustbe"erroroflawappearinginthebodyofthedecreewithoutfurtherexaminationofmattersoffact."Nevertheless,ourReportsshowthefilinganddismissalofmanybillsofreviewforerroroflawapparent,thedraftsmenofwhichreliednotonerrorsapparent,butonerrorstobemadeapparent,forget-fuloftheinflexibleandinexorablerulethatonsuchbillstherecanbeno"fur-therexaminationofmattersoffact.''Thestumbling-blockindrawingsuchbills22Barb.Ch.Pr.,97-98;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1580;Sto.Eq.PI.,§420;FullerV.McFarland,6Heisk.,79.Inthiscasethebillwasdismissedondemurrerbecauseofthewantofamaterialparty.Thiswasaharshruling,theordinarypracticeinsuchcasesbeingtoallowanamendmenttobringinthepartyomitted.Grayv.Hays,7Hum..588.See,also,ante.§111.32Barb.Ch.Pr..98.•4DonaMsonv.Nealis,24Pick.,638.Thetruequestioninsuchacaseis,notwhatnameisgiventothehill,butdoesthehillsetforthacaseforrelief.See.ante,§§43;269;431,note4;681;719;139.note19.5Bursonv.Dosser.1Heisk.,758;Andersonv.TheBank,5Sneed.661.Theoriginalpleadingsanddecreewereexam-
inedbytheCourt,ondemurrerstobillsofreviewforerroroflawapparent,inthefollowingcases:Burtonv.Dosser.1Heisk.,754;Brownv.Seversnn,12Heisk.,381;Rogers».Dibbrell,6Lea,74:Liv-ingstonv.Noe,1Lea,55;Arnoldf>.Movers,1Lea,308;Durantw.Davis.10Heisk.,522;SandersonV.Gregory,3Heisk.,578:aswellasinothercases;andineverycaseitwasassumedtobetheproperpracticesotodo.Sothatitmayhesafelylaiddownasa^ruleofpracticethat,ondemurrertoabillofreviewforerroroflawapparent,theplead-ingsanddecreeintheoriginalcasemavbelookedtoasthoughtheywereapartofthebillofreview,forthepurposesofascertainingwhetherthebillisproofagainstthedemurrer.HurtV.Lone,6Pick.,445.

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993 billsopreview.§1246seemstobeafailuretodiscriminatebetweenbillsofreviewforerrorsoflawapparent,andbillsofreviewfornewproofrecentlydiscovered,coupledwithafailuretorecognizethefactthatbillsofreviewarenotintendedasasubstituteforappealsorwritsoferrortotheproperappellateCourt.§1246.WhatShouldbeStatedinaBillofReviewforNewProof.—Inad-ditiontosettingforththepleadingsanddecreeasheretoforestated,thenewproofonwhichabillofreviewisrestedmustbesostatedinthebill,astoen-abletheCourttodeterminethattheevidence,whenproduced,willbecon-trolling;andthatthecomplainanthasbeenguiltyofnonegligenceinnotdis-coveringandproducingitontheformerhearing.Itisnotsufficientforthebilltostatethatthecomplainantexpectstoprovecertainfacts,buthemuststatetheexactevidencehecanproducetoestablishthem.7AndthebillshouldbesodrawnastoenabletheCourttodeterminethesemattersuponade-murrer.8§1247.EssentialsofaBillofReview.—Forconvenienceindraftingbillsofreview,andintestingtheirvaliditywhendrawn,thefollowingsummaryoftheiressentialsisgiven
:
I.WhetherBasedonLaw,oronPacts.1.Thedecreesoughttobereviewedmustbefinal,andbeyondrecallorchangebytheCourtpronouncingit.2.Thebillmustbefiledbyaparty,orhisheirs,executor,administrator,orotherprivyaggrievedbythedecreecomplainedof.3.ThebillmustbefiledintheCourtthatrenderedthedecreecomplainedof,unlessthedecreewasrenderedbyanappellateCourt,andthenitmustbefiledintheCourtfromwhichthecasewascarriedtotheappellateCourt.94.Allthepartiestotheoriginaldecree,and,also,allpersonswhohavesub-sequentlybecomeinterestedunderthedecree,mustbemadeparties.5.The.billmustbebrought,ormotionthereformade,withinthreeyearsfromthedateofthedecree,ortheremovalofadisabilitytosue..II.IfBasedonErrorofLaw,Alone.1.Theerrormustbespecificallypointedout.2.Theerrormustbemanifestwhenpointedout,andnotbeadoubtfulpointoflaw.3.Thiserrormustappearinthebodyofthedecree,thepleadingsbeingcon-sideredasapartofthedecree,insuchacase.4.Noerrorarisingfromtheevidence,ortheillegalityorabsenceofevi-dence,inthecausesoughttobereviewed,canbeconsidered,exceptinsofarassuchevidencemayappearinthepleadings,orbestatedinthedecree.III.IfBasedonNewlyDiscoveredPacts,Alone.1.Thefactsmustnotbemerelycumulative,butofsuchacogentnatureas,tbhavebeendecisive,iftheyhadbeenbeforetheCourtatthehearing.
. 2.Thesefactsmusthavebeendiscoveredtoolatetohavebeenusedatthehearing.3.Theremusthavebeennowantofdiligenceinnotpreviouslydiscoveringthesefacts.4.Thesefactsmustbepertinenttothecontroversy,andpropertobeusedontheissuesmadebythepleadings.5.LeavetopresentthesefactsinabillofreviewmustbeobtainedoftheCourt,bymotionsupportedbyaffidavit,orbyswornpetition,orbypresentingthebillitself,sodrawnastoincludethematterofapetition.6.Theaffidavit,petition,orbillshouldbeverifiedbythepartyinperson,andnotbyhisagent,orSolicitor,unlessgoodreasonthereforbeshown.§1248.FormsofBillsofReview.—Asalreadystated,abillofreviewmustrecitethefilingoftheformerbill,itsobject,theproceedingsthereon,the
-,-r7Livingstonv.Nop,1Lea.59;Bursonv.Dosst,| 8Burspntf.Dnsser,1Heisk.,761.iHeisk.,761:MaddoxV.Apperson,14Lea,618;..9AstowhatdecreesofanappellateCourt,ifany,McGuireV.Gallagher,11Pick.,349. Icanbereviewed,see,ante,.§.1228.

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§1248 billsofreview.994decree,thepointinwhichthecomplainantconsidershimselfaggrievedbyit,andthegroundoflaworfactuponwhichheseekstoimpeachit;andmustpraythatthedecreemaybereviewedandreversed,andthedesiredreliefgranted.ThefollowingisaformofaBILLOrREVIEWFOBEBBOESATLAW.TotheHon.Thos.M.McConnell,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatChattanooga
:
RichardRoe,executorofDavidDoe,deceased,andCharlesJones,byHenryJdnes,hisnextfriend,bothresidentsofHamiltoncounty,complainants,vs.RachelDoe,aresidentofthesamecounty,defendant.ComplainantsrespectfullyshowtotheCourt
:
I.Thatonthe10thdayofJanuary,1890,thedefendant,RachelDoe,filedheroriginalbillinthisCourtagainstthem,allegingthatshewasthewidowofDavidDoe,complainantRoe'stestator,thatherhusbanddiedwithoutleavinganylinealdescendants,thatshewashiswidow,thathedevisedallhispersonalestatetothecomplainant,CharlesJones,thatshehad,induetimeandform,dissentedfromhiswill,andclaimingthatbyreasonoftheprem-isesshewasentitledtoallofthesaidpersonalestateremainingafterthedebtsofthetestatorwerepaid,andprayingtohavethesamedecreedtoher.n.ComplainantsansweredsaidbilladmittingallthematerialfactsthereofexceptthatshewasthewidowofthesaidDavidDoe.Andthereuponproofhavingbeentaken,thecausewasheardatthelasttermofthisCourt,andadecreepronounced,adjudgingthatthenowdefendant,RachelDoe,wasthewidowofDavidDoe,deceased,andentitledtoallofhispersonalestateremainingafterthepaymentofhisdebts,andoftheexpensesofexecutinghiswill;andareferencewasmadetotheMastertotakethenecessaryaccount,whichrefer-enceisnowpending.Allofwhichmatterswillmorefullyappearbyreferencetotherecordinsaidcause,whichreferenceisheremade.in.ComplainantsshowfurthertoyourHonor,thattheyareaggrievedbysaiddecree,andoughtnottobeboundthereby,andthatsaiddecreeiserroneous,andoughttobereviewedandreversedandsetaside,forthereason10thattheeffectofthedissentofthedefendantaswidowdidnotentitlehertoallthesaidresidueofsaidpersonalestate,buttoonlyone-thirdthereof,andthatthecomplainant,CharlesJones,isentitledtotheothertwo-thirds,andthesameshouldhavebeendecreedtohim,insteadoftoher.11Andforthiserrorinsaiddecree,apparentonthefacethereof,complainantsbringthistheirbillofreviewtoberelievedinthepremises.rv.Thepremisesconsidered,complainantspray-:1st.Thatproperprocessissuetocompelthedefendant,RachelDoe,toanswerthisbill[butheroath-toheransweriswaived.]2d.Thatsaid,decreemaybereviewed,reversedandsetasidetotheextentoftheerrorhereinbeforecomplainedof;12and3d.Thatcomplainantsmayhavesuchother,further,andgeneralreliefastheymaybeentitledtoatthehearing. Robert-PriTCHard,Solicitor.BILLOFEEVIEWFOBNEWMATTEB.[Abillofreviewfornewmatterissubstantiallyofthesameformasabillofreviewforerrorsoflaw.Supposing,intheforegoingform,thatproofhadrecentlybeendiscoveredthatRachelDoehadbeendulydivorcedbyherhusband,intheStateofPennsylvania,wheretheyliveduntilDavidDoemovedtoTennessee,thethirdparagraphoftheforegoingformwouldbesomodifiedfromthewords"reversedandsetaside"astoread:]in.—forthefollowingerrorstherein:
1st.Theeffectofthedissentofthedefendantaswidowdidnotentitlehertoall.theresidueofsaidpersonalestate,butonlytoone-thirdthereof,andthatthecomplainant,CharlesJones,isentitledtotheothertwo-thirds,andthesameshouldhavebeendecreedtohiminsteadoftoher,whicherrorisapparentonthefaceofsaiddecree.2d.Sincesaiddecree,andwithinthelastthirtydays,complainantshavediscoveredthefactstobethatthedefendant,RachelDoe,wasnotthelawfulwifeofthetestator,DavidDoe;butthattheyhadbeenlawfullydivorce^intheStateofPennsylvania,shortlybeforethesaidDavidDoeremovedtothisState;thatsaidDavidsickenedanddiedsoonaftercominghere,andcomplainantsknewnothing,ofhismaritalrelation,andknewnothingof10Iftherebemoreerrorsthanone,thephraseol-ogyshouldbe:Porthefollowingerrorsthereinap-pearingonitsface:11Ifthebillassailstheentiredecree,thisallega-tionshouldbe:No-decreeoughttohavebeenpro-nouncedinfavorofthethencomplainant,andhersaidbilloughttohavebeendismissed.
12Iftheerrorscomplainedofentitlethecom-plainantstohavethewholedecreereversed,thitprayershouldbe:2d.Thatsaiddecreemovbere-viewed,reversed,andsetaside,andnofurtherpro-ceedingsbehadthereon,andthatsaidbillbedis-missed.

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995 BILLSOFREVIEW.§1249hisfamilyandkindred.ComplainantCharlesJonesisaminoroftenderyears,incapableofconductingalawsuit,andhasnorelativesoracquaintancesinPennsylvania,theyandhehavingalwayslivedinTennessee.Thedefendant,RachelDoe,producedcertifiedevidenceofhermarriagetothesaidtestator,andcomplainantsweretherebydeceivedandlulledintoacquiesenceinherclaimsofwidowhood.Complainantsfilethetranscriptoftherecordofsaiddivorce,whichshowsthedefendanttobeanartful,treacherous,andadulterouswoman,andmakeitanexhibittothisbill,andmarkit"ExihibitA,"andwillreaditatthehearing.(TheClerk,however,willnotcopyitinmakingacopyofthisbillforthedefendant.)Thedefendanthurriedhercasetoahearingatthefirstterm,whichcameonlytwenty-sevendaysafterthebillwasfiled,andcomplainantschargethatfterpurposeindelayingthefilingofthebill,andinhasteningthehearing,wastopreventcomplainantsfrommakinginvestigationintohersaidclaim.Complainantsdidnotknowthesenewfactswhensaiddecreewaspro-nounced,andcouldnotbyreasonablediligencehaveknownthemprevioustosaiddecree:thisisespeciallytrueofcomplainant,Charles,byreasonofhistenderageandtheforegoingfacts.Andthesenewmatterscomplainantsareadvised,andcharge,entitlethemtohavesaiddecreewhollyreversed,andsetaside,andsaidbilldismissed.IV.Therefore,complainantscomeintoyourHonor'sCourt,andthepremisesconsidered,pray
:
1st.Thatproperprocessissuetocompelthedefendant,RachelDoe,toanswerthebill,butheroathtoheransweriswaived.2d.Thatsaiddecreemaybereviewed,reversedandsetaside,andthesaidbillbythedefendantfiledagainstcomplainantsmaybedismissed.3d.Thatcomplainantsmayhavesuchother,further,andgeneralreliefastheymaybeentitledtoatthehearing. , RobertPritchard,Solicitor.[Annexaffidavitandjurat.See§789,ante.\
AKTICLBVI.DEFENCESTOABILLOFREVIEW.1249.DefencestoaBillofReviewforErrorofLaw.1250.DefencestoaBillofReviewforNewProof.1251.DemurrerstoBillsofReview.
§1252.FormofaDemurrertoaBillofRe-view.§1253.FormofaDemurrerandPleatoaBillofReview.
§1249.DefencestoaBillofReviewforErrorofLaw.—Ifabillofreviewforerroroflawfairlystatethepleadingsandthedecreecomplainedof,ademurreristheproperdefence.1Inourpractice,itisusualnotonlytostatefullythepleadingsanddecree,butalsotomakethemexhibitstothebillofreviewforgreatercertainty;andtopraythattheymaybetakenandtreatedasapartofthebill,forallthepurposesthereof.2Whenthisisdone,ade-murrerwillbedecisiveofthecase:iftheissuebeinfavorofthedemurrant,thebillwillbedismissed;and,ifinfavorofthecomplainant,theprayerofthebillWillbeallowed,andthedecreecomplainedofwillbereviewed,andreversed,alteredorexplained,inthemattersspeciallycomplainedof,asjusticemayrequire.31RandallV.Payne,1Tenn.Ch.,452;L.&M.R.R.v.Rainey,7Cold.,430;Saundersv.Gregory,3Heisk.,578.2Andersonv.Bank,5Sneed,661.Inthiscase,theSupremeCourtsay;"Thebillisdefectiveinnotexhibitingtherecordwhichitproposestore-view,fortheinspectionoftheCourt.Itwillnotdotocallupontheothersidetoproduceit;thecomplainantmustmakeitapartofhiscase."Itistrue,thebillinthiscasewasfiledintheChanceryCourtatTazewelltoreviewadecreeoftheChanceryCourtatRogersville;anditis,also,truethatthesyllabusseemstoconfinethe_.ruleastoexhibitingtherecord,tosuchacase.Therule,however,isagoodoneinallcases;andtheCourtdoesnotconfinetheruletotheexceptionalcase,asdoestheRe-porter.InBursonv.Dosser,1Heisk.,758,JudgeMcFarlandsays:"TheactionoftheCourtuponademurrertoabillofreview,forerrorsapparentonthefaceoftherecord,necessarilydisposesofthewholecase.Whetherornottheerrorappears,mustbedeterminedfromthebillandtheoriginalrecord,
andcannotbechangedbyananswertothebillofreview,orproof."Thisiscertainlythelogicalviewof_thematter.AndinHurtv.Long,6Pick.,445,itislaiddownthat,underourpractice,uponademurreragainstopeningthedecree,theoriginaldecree,andthepleadingsinthecaseinwhichitwaspronounced,arebeforetheCourtforinspectiontodeterminewhethertheallegederrorsexistornot.Durantv.Davis,10Heisk.,522.S2Dan.Ch.Pr..1583;Sto.Eq.PI.,§634;Bur-sonv.Dosser,1Heisk.,758;Durantv.Davis,10Heisk.,522.Anexaminationofthereportedcaseswillshowthatnearlyallthebillsofreviewforerroroflawapparenthavebeenfinallydeterminedondemurrer;andthat,onthehearingofthede-murrer,thepleadingsanddecreeintheoriginalcausewereconsideredbytheCourt.Suchisthecorrectpractice.Saundersv.Gregory,3Heisk.,578;Hurtv.Long,6Pick.,445.ThecontraryrulewaslaiddowninL.&M.R.R.Co.V.Rainey,7Cold.,431.

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§1250 BIU,SOFREVIEW.996Butifthebillofreviewfailstosetforththepleadingsanddecreefullyandfairly,thedefendantmaypleadtheoriginalpleadings,anddecreeinbarofthebillofreview,anddemurtothereliefsoughtbythebillonthegroundthatthereisnoerroroflawinthedecree.4Orthedefendantmaymakebothofthesedefencesbyanswerunderourstatute,5andsetoutthereinsuchpartsofthedecreeasthecomplainanthasomittedormistated,ormayexhibittotheansweracertifiedcopyofthepleadingsanddecrees;ormaymaketheoriginalrecordanexhibit.Thedefendantmayalsosetupinhisansweranymatterofdefencethatwouldavailasaplea,suchas:1,thatthedecreecomplainedofwasmadebyconsent;6or2,thatthematterscontainedinsaiddecreehavebeenadjustedsincethedecree,onvaluableconsiderations;or3,thatcomplain-anthasinsomeotherwaydebarredorestoppedhimselffromhavingthedecreere-opened;7or4,anyothermatterproperforapleainbar,suchasthedefenceofinnocentpurchaser.8Abillofreviewforerroroflawmaybefiledasamatterofright,andnoleavethereforeisnecessary;andwhenerroroflawanddiscoveryofnewproofarejoinedinthesamebill,thebillmaybedismissedinsofarasitsetsupnewproof,forwantofleavetofileit;butsuchdismissalwillnottakeitoutofCourtastotheerroroflawapparent.9Ademurrertothewholebillwill,also,beoverruledifthebillcan,onitsface,besustainedeitherforerroroflaworfornewmatter,andyetnotforboth.Thedemurrermustbeconfinedtosomuchofthebillasisdemurrable,orsuchdemurrerwillbeoverruled.10§1250.DefencestoaBillofReviewforNewProof.—Abillofreviewonthediscoveryofnewproofshouldstatethenewlydiscoveredevidenceanditspertinencywithsuchparticularityandfullness,andshouldsetforththetimeandmannerofitsdiscovery,andthecircumstanceofdiligenceconnectedthere-with,withsuchdefiniteness,asclearlyjtoshowthecomplainant'srighttohavethedecreecomplainedofreviewedasprayed.Ifhefailssotodoinhisbill,ademurrerwilllietoitforwantoftheseessentials:forourpracticerequiresthatinsuchbills,thecomplainantshotildmakesuchafullandspecificstate-mentofthevariousgroundsonwhichhisbillisbased,thattheirsufficiencymaybefullytestedbydemurrer.11Ifthebillbeproofagainstademurrer,thedefendantmayanswerandtra-versetheallegationthattheevidenceofferedisnewlydiscovered;andmaysetupinavoidanceofsuchnewmatteranydefencethatwouldhaveavailedifsuchnewmatterhadbeenchargedintheoriginalbill.12Thedefendantmayalsoshowthatthedecreewasmadebyconsent,orpleadarelease,compromise,oranymatterinestoppel,oranyothermatterinbar,asshownintheprecedingsection.Ifthebillofreviewbebothforerroroflawandfornewproof,andbemain-tainableononeofthesegrounds,only,ademurrertothewholebillwou'dbetoobroad,andwouldforthatreasonbeoverruled.13Thedemurrershouldbespe-cificallyconfinedtosomuchofthebillasitwilldestroy,andthebalanceofthebillshouldbeotherwiseansweredunto.14IfabillofreviewfornewproofbefiledwithoutleavegiveninopenCourt,itmay,onmotion,betakenfromthefiles;115andifdemurredtoforwantofsuchleave,theCourtmaytreatthedemurrerasequivalenttoamotion,to
,*L.&M.R.R.v.Rainey,7Cold.,430;Hurtv.LonR,6Pick..445.5Code,§4319.SeeRandallv.Pavne,1Term.Ch.,452;Bursonv.Dosst,1Heisk.,758.2Din.Ch.Pr.,1583,note.Aconsentdecreeobtainedbyfraudmaybeimpeachedbybillforthatpurpose.,Ante,§935.1Sto.Eq.PI.-,5833.8Livingstonn.Noe,1Lea,66.8Colvillev.Colville,9Hum.,524.
10Ibid.,ante,5306.11Bursonv.Dosser,1Heisk.,761;Harrisc.Ed-mundson,3Tenn.Ch..211.12Sto.Fq.PI..§834;2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1584.13Colvillev.Colville,9Hum.,524.liAnte.§§306;403.16Colville«.Colville,9Hum.,524;FinleyV.Tay-lor,8Bax..237;WilsonV.Wilson,10Yerg.,200;Dance».McGregor,5Hum.,428.

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997 BILLSOPREVIEW.§1251dismissforwantofleave.16Butademurrertoabillofreviewonothergroundsisawaiveroftheobjectionthatthebillwasfiledwithoutleave.17§1251.DemurrerstoBillsofReview.—Suchdemurrershavealreadybeenconsidered;18anditisonlynecessarytosaythatwheretheerrorallegedisoneoflawapparentuponthedecree,thepracticenowis,inTennessee,totestthevalidityofthebillbydemurrer;19and,ontheargumentofthedemurrer,tpconsiderthepleadingsintheoriginalsuit,andthedecreecomplainedof,asthoughtheywereincorporatedinfullinthebillofreview.20Indeed,abillofreviewforerrorapparentisbutlittlemorethanademurreritself,theerrorsallegedbeinginthenatureofgroundsofdemurrer,andthepleadingsanddecreeintheoriginalsuitbeinginthenatureofabill,'oradeclaration.21Onthehearingofademurrertoabillofreviewforerrorapparent,theevidencecannotbelookedintoorconsideredforanypurposewhatsoever,nomatterwhatmanifesterrororinjusticeinthedecreemayappearbyanexam-inationoftheevidence.Ifthepartywishestheevidencereviewed,hemusttakethecasetotheproperappellateCourt.Ademurrerwilllietoabillofreviewforerrorapparent:1.Iftherebenomaterialerrorapparentonthefaceofthepleadingsandthedecree.2.Iftherebenosucherrorwhichaggrievesthecomplainant,andofwhichhehastherighttocomplain.3.IfthebillbefiledbeforetheCourthaslostcontrolofthedecreecom-plainedof;or4.Ifthebillbefiledaftertheperiodlimitedbystatuteforthefilingofsuchbills,anditsallegationsdonotbringthecomplainantwithinanystatutoryex-ceptionstothelimitation.22§1252.FormofaDemurrertoaBillofReview.—Thefollowingformcon-tainsvariousgroundsofdemurrer,allofwhichperhapsneverwillappearinanyonebill,butsomeoneormoreofthemmayexistinanycase.DEMURRERSTOABILLOFREVIEWS[Givetheusualcaptionandcommencementofademurrerasin§310,ante.]i.Thatthereisnosuchmaterialerroroflawinthedecreecomplainedofascomplainantinhisbillalleges;butontheotherhandthedecreeiscorrectintheparticularsetoutinthebillasagroundofreview. II.Thattheerrorcomplainedof,ifitexistsascomplainantavers,isnotanerrorthatag-grieveshim,norisheinjuredthereby,norisitoneofwhichhehastherighttocomplain.in.Thattheallegednewlydiscoveredevidence,iftrueandproved,wouldnotwarranttheCourtinreviewingthedecreeintheparticularscomplainedof,saidevidencenothavingtheprobativeforcerequisiteinsuchacase.IV.ThatadmittingthenewlydiscoveredevidencewouldwarranttheCourtinreviewingthedecreeasprayed,neverthelessthebilldoesrotaffirmativelyshowthatmeasureofdiligenceonthepartofthecomplainanteitherinmakingthediscovery,orinthebringingofthesuitafterthediscovery,requisiteinsuchacase.v.Thatthebillshowsonitsfacethatitwasnotbroughtwithinthreeyearsfromthetimeofpronouncingthedecreecomplainedof,andtheallegationsofthebilldonotshowthatcomplainanthasbeenlaboringunderanystatutorydisability.[Concludeasin§310,ante.]16Finleyv.Taylor,8Bax.,237:Knightv.Atkin-son,2Tenn.Ch.,384.OrtheCourtmaydirectlysustainthedemurrer,anddismissthebill.Jacksonv.Jackson,3Shan.Cas.,18.17Dancev.McGregor,5Hum.,428;Saundersv.Gregory,3Heisk.,578.18See,ante,§§1249-1250.19Saundersv.Gregory,3Heisk.,578.20HurtV.Long,6Pick.,445;Durantv.Davis,10Heisk.,922.21See,ante,§1236.
22Sto.Eq.PI.,§§634-635.23Onthehearingofademurrertoabillofre-viewforerroroflaw,theoriginaldecreeandtheoriginalpleadingsmaybelookedinto,inordertoascertainwhethertherebeanysucherrororerrorsinthedecreeasthecomplainant,inhisbillofre-view,alleges.The_wholequestion,whethertherebeerrorsoflaw,willbedeterminedonademurrer,andnopleaoranswerisnecessary.Hurtv.Long,6Pick.,445;BursonV.Dosser,1Heisk.,758.

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§1253 billsofreview.998§1253.FormofaDemurrerandPleatoaBillofReview.—Ifthebillofreviewforerroroflawfailstofullysetforththepleadingsanddecreeintheoriginalcause,thedefendantmaysetthemupbyaplea,anddemurtothereliefonthegroundthatthereisnoerroroflawinthedecree.DEMURRERANDPLEATOABILLOFREVIEW.JohnDoe,1vs.\No.987.—InChancery,atKnoxville.RichardRoe.JThedemurrerandpleaofthedefendanttothebillofreviewfiledagainsthiminthiscause.Thedefendantfordemurrertosomuchofthebillaspraystohavetheoriginaldecreeopenedandreviewedforerroroflaw,saysthatthereisnosucherroroflawinsaiddecreeasthecomplainantsupposes,andthatsaiddecreecontainsnoerroroflawofwhichthecomplainantcancomplain,andthatsaiddecreecontainsnoerror.Thedefendant,notwaivinghissaiddemurrer,butrelyingthereon,forpleatosomuchofthesaidbillasundertakestosetforththe[pleadingsand]decreeintheoriginalcause,saysthatthesaidbilldoesnottrulysetforthsaid[pleadingsand]decree;24thereforethedefend-antpleadssaid[pleadingsand]decree,whichareinthewordsandfiguresfollowing:[Heresetoutthe{bill,answerand)decreeintheoriginalcause,infull.]AndthedefendantdemandsthejudgmentoftheCourtwhetherheshallbecompelledtomakeanyotherorfurtheranswertosaidbillofreview.V.A.Huffaker,Solicitor.24IfthebillsetsforththepleadingscorrectlyitIthismethodofdefencebydemurrerandplea,seewillbenecessarytopleadthedecreeonly.Asto|HurtV.Long,6Pick.,'445.

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'999 WRITSOFERRORCORAMNOBIS.§1254
CHAPTERLXX.WRITSOPERRORCORAMNOBISINTHECHANCERYCOURT.§1254.OfficeofaWritofErrorCoramNobis.§12SS.WhenaWritofErrorCoramNobisWillLie.§12S6.WhenandHowtheWritisOb-tained.§1257.FrameofthePetition.
§1258.FormsofPetitionsforaWritofErrorCoramNobis.§1259.ProceedingsUponthePetition.§1260.ProperPracticeinChanceryUponaPetition.§1261.Hearing,andDecree.
§1254.OfficeofaWritofErrorCoramNobis.—Awritoferrorcoramnobisisequivalenttoanoriginalbillinthenatureofabillofreviewj1anditsofficeistoenableaCourttocorrectitsownjudgmentordecreewhen,whilejustonitsface,itisneverthelessunjustinfact,becauseofamatteroffactnotbeforetheCourtwhenthejudgmentordecreewasrendered,whichmatterthepartyinjuredwaspreventedfrombringingbeforetheCourt,becausehehadnonoticeofthewrit,orwasunderdisability,orwaspreventedbysurprise,acci-dent,mistakeorfraud,withoutfaultonhispart.2Itiscalledawritoferrorcoramnobisbecausetherecordsoughttobecorrectedbythewritremains,andistoremain''beforeus,''thatis,intheCourtissuingthewrit.3Thewritdoesnotlietoenablethepetitionertoobtainthebenefitofnewlydiscoveredevi-dence,4ortocontrovertanyfactalreadyadjudicateduponissuesmadeup,ortodisputetheprobativeforceoftheevidenceuponwhichtheadjudicationwasbased,ortoshowanerroroflawuponthefaceoftherecord.AndinaCourtoflawthewritdoesnotlietocontradictordisputeanyreturnofanofficer,5oranyfactrecitedinthejudgment,orotherwiseappearingaffirmativelyintherecord.ButintheChanceryCourttheruleisdifferent,andiftherecordrecitesanyjurisdictionalfactwhichisfalse,oriftheofficer'sreturnshowserviceofsubpoenaonthepetitioner,wheninfacttherehasbeennoservice,oriftherecordshowanappearancebycounsel,wheninfactpetitionerhadnocounsel,andmadenoappearance,uponapetitionforawritoferrorcoramnobisintheChanceryCourt,therecordastothesemattersmaybecontradictedandshowntobefalsebyparolproof,asonabilltoimpeachadecreeforfraud.6Thegroundsofthisremedyareerrorsoffact,andnoterrorsoflaw;7andtheseerrorsoffactmustbematterswhichdonotappearonthefaceoftherecord.Errorsoffactwhichdoappearofrecordcannotbecorrectedbythismethodofprocedure;theymustbecorrectedbyamotionforanewtrial,orarehearing,orabillofreview,inthesameCourt;orbyappeal,orwritoferror,intheproperappellateCourt.8§1255.WhenaWritofErrorCoramNobisWillLie.—Thiswritisin-tendedforthecorrectionofdecreeserroneousinfact,wherethepartyag-1Willisv.Willis,20Pick.,382,citing§1092,now§1260,ofthisbook.2Code,§§3110;3116.ThedecisionsoftheSu-premeCourtincasesatlaw,andespeciallyincasespriortotheCode,arenottobefollowedinChan-cery,withoutdiligentlydiscriminatingbetween(1)thepracticeatlawandthepracticeinEquity,and(2)betweenthelaw.inreferencetothiswritbeforetheCodeandthelawintheCode.TheCode,§3116,addsanewandmostextensivegroundofjurisdic-tionincasesofwritsoferrorcoramnobis,to-wit:surprise,accident,mistake,orfraud,"withoutfaultonthepetitioner'spart.Tibbsv.Anderson,1Thomp.Cases,268.Thisnewgroundisalmostco-extensivewiththeremedyinEquityinsuchcases,andwas,nodoubt,intendedtobeso'exercised.
36A.&E."Ency.ofLaw,810.Asamatteroffact,nowritoferrorissues,thepetitionandnoticeofitbeingfiled,andsupersedeas,whennecessary,beinginlieuofthewrit.4Tibbsv.Anderson,1Thomp.Cases.264.sBaxterv.Ervin,1Thomp.Cases,175.eLeftwickv.Hamilton,9Heisk.,310.Theopin-ionoftheCourt,inthiscase,byTurney,afterwardsChiefJustice,showshowaCourtofEquitycandis-enthrallitselffromtheentanglementsoftechnicali-tiesincaseswhereaCourtoflawwouldbesoen-meshedbyitsownrulestobepowerlesstodojus-tice.7Upton17.Phillips,11Heisk.,215.8Pattersonv.Arnold,4Cold.,368;Brandon«:.Diggs,1Heisk.,476.

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§1255WRITSOFERRORCORAMNOBIS.grievedbytheerrorwasinnofault,butwaspreventedfrommakinghisdefencebyreasonofsomeoneormoreofthefollowingfacts
:
1.WantofNoticeoftheSuitinwhichthedecreecomplainedofwasren-dered,coupledwithagooddefenceonthemerits.Thus,ifadecreeisren-dered,onmotion,againstapersonassuretyonsomebondexecutedinacauseintheCourt,orasummaryjudgmentisrenderedonmotionagainstapersonasco-suretyorprincipal,orasasheriff,clerk,ordeputyofeither,orasSolic-itor,orasotherwiseliabletojudgmentonmotion,suchpersonmayhavesuchdecreeorjudgmentsetasidebythisproceeding:1,ifhehadnonoticeofthejudgment,9and2,ifhehad-arealdefencetothemotion.Arealdefencemeansadefenceonthemerits,suchas(1)nonestfactum,(2)payment,(3)statuteoflimitations,(4)formerjudgment,(5)novation,andthelike.102.SomeDisabilitynotappearingofrecord,suchasinfancy,coverture,orunsoundnessofmind.Thus,ifthepersonagainstwhomthedecreewasren-deredwas,atitsrendition,aninfant,ormarriedwoman,orpersonofunsoundmind,thisfactnotappearingofrecord,suchpersonisentitledtothisremedytohavethedecreesetaside.113.SomeSurprise,Accident,MistakeorFraud,whichpreventedthepersonag-grievedfrommakingdefence,hehimselfbeingwithoutfault.12Insuchacase,thepetitionermustshow:1,arealdefenceonthemerits;2,thespecificfactsconstitutingthesurprise,accident,mistakeorfraud;and3,theabsenceoffaultonhispart,oronthepartofhisagents.1.Ajudgmentafteracontinu-ancewouldbeasurprise.132.HighwatermakingtheroadtotheCourtim-passable,orsuddenandgreatsicknesspreventingthepetitionerfromeitherattendingCourt,oremployinganagent,orSolicitor,wouldconstituteanacci-dent.143.Whereanon-residentdefendantsupposedonsufficientgroundsthathehademployedanattorneytomakedefence,andtheattorneyhappenedtobeoneoftheplaintiff'sattorneys,thedefendantbeingignorantthereof,andasaconsequencejudgmentbydefaultandfinaljudgmentwererenderedagainsthim,thiswasheldtobeacaseofmistake.154.Wherethedefendant'sSolicitordrewhisanswerdenyingtheequitiesofthebill,andadepositionwastakenbyconsentdisprovingthebill,andbothansweranddepositionweredeliveredtothecomplainant'sSolicitoronhispromisetofilethemboth9But,intheCircuitCourt,apartycannot,inthisproceeding,showthathewasnot,infact,servedwithprocesswhentheofficer'sreturnshowsservice.Theparty'sremedyinsuchacaseisabillinChan-cery.RidgewayV.Bank,11Hum.,523.Buthispetitionforawritoferrorcoramnobiswill,inChancery,begivenalltheforceofabilltoimpeachoravoidadecree,andonsuchpetitiontheChanceryCourtwillallowthepetitionertodisputeanddis-provetheofficer'sreturnthathewasservedwithprocess.Leftwickv.Hamilton,9Heisk.,310.10Code,§§3116-3117;CrawfordV.Williams,1Swan,341.SeecasesinourDigestsunder"ErrorCoramNobis."11Code,§§3116-3117;NorrisV.Wilber,1Bax.,36^.Itwouldseemthatifapartydiedbeforejudgment,wherehisdeathwasinnowaynoticedofrecord,bispersonalrepresentativewouldbeen-titledtothisremedy.CrawfordV.Williams,1Swan,346.Ifadecreeberenderedagainstanin-fantormarriedwommwithoutnoticeoftheirdis-ability,andasthoughtheyweresuijuris,suchadecreeis,nevertheless,valid,unlessattackedbyapetitionforawritoferrorcoramnobis,orbyabillfiledforthatexpresspurpose.AndrewsV.An-drews.7Heisk.,234.12TheenlargementofthiscommonlawremedysoastocoverapartofthejurisdictionoftheCourtsofEouitydoesnot.inanywav,limitorlessenthatjurisdiction.SeeStarkeyv.Hammer,1Bax.,445;ante,§37.TheCodeallowsthiswritincaseswherethepersonseekingreliefwaspreventedfrommak-inghisdefence,bysurprise,accident,mistake,orfraud,withoutfault<onhispart.Code,§3116.Insuchcases,also,abillwilllieinChancerytoenjointhejudgment,orgranttheproperrelief,orgiveanewtrial.Ante,§814.ItwasintimatedinIslerV.
Turner,7Hum.,116,thatiftherebeanunembar-rassedandadequateremedyatlawbywritoferrorcoramnobisabillinChancerywouldnotlie.InDouglasV.Joyner,1Bax.,32.theSupremeCourtmovedastepforwardandheldthattheremedybywritoferrorcoramnobisandbyabillinChancerywereconcurrentremedieswherethejudgmentisassailedforwantofnotice.Now,itisbelieved,aCourtofChancerywill,undertheActof1877,ch.97,grantreliefonapropercase,whethertheap-plicationbecalledawritoferrorcoramnobis,orabill.Whydenyjusticewhichissubstance,becauseofanerrorofnomenclature,whichisform?Majorsn.MrNeillv,7Heisk.,294;Leftwickv.Hamilton,9Heisk.,310;314;ante,§43;Hicksv.Haywood,4Heisk.,598.Inthiscase,thepetitiondoesnotseemtohavebeenforawritoferrorcoramnobis,andyetitwouldseemthatreliefwouldhavebeengranteduponit,asthoughithadprayedforsuchawrit,ifmeritshadexisted.See,also,JonesV.Kincaid,5Lea,677,whereitwasheldthatajudgmentatlaw,obtainedbysurprise,miehtberelievedagainstbybillinChancery,aswellasbyawritoferrorcoramnobisatlaw;andinLeftwickt>.Hamilton,9Heisk.,310,apetitionforawritoferrorcoramnobiswastreatedasabilltoavoidadecree,anditwasexpresslyadjudicatedthatonsuchapleadingthereturnoftheofficermightbeattacked.13Crouch»>.Mullenix,1Heisk.,479;JonesV.Kincaid,5Lea,677.14Napierv.Person,7Yerg.,300.Thiswasacertioraricase,buttheprincipleappliestoacoramnobiscase.Rice«.Bank,7Hum.,39;BuremV.Foster,6Heisk.,339;Rowlandv.Jones,2Heisk.,15Crawfordv.Williams,1Swan,341.

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1001WRITSOFERRORCORAMNOBIS.§1256with,theClerkandMaster,insteadofwhichhefiledneither,buttookanorderproconfesso,andthenafinaldecree,justasthetermwasabouttoclose,intheabsenceofthedefendant'sSolicitor,andwithouthisknowledgeorconsent,thiswouldbeacaseoffraud.16§1256.WhenandHowtheWritisObtained.—Thewritoferrorcoramnobisisobtainedbyaswornpetitiontherefor,presentedtotheChancelloroftheCourt17makingthedecree,athisChambers,orinopenCourt.Thepetitionmustbepresented,allowedtobefiled,andfiledwithinoneyearfromtheren-ditionofthedecreecomplainedof.18Nonoticeofthepresentationofthepetitionneedbegiventheadverseparty.If,onreadingandconsideringthepetition,theChancellorshouldbeofopinionthatacaseforthewritismadeout,hewillendorseuponthepetitionhisFIATFOB,AWRITOFEBBOBCOBAMNOBIS.TotheClerkandMasteroftheChanceryCourtat[placeofCourtmakingthedecreecom-plainedof:]Uponaprosecutionbondbeinggiven,filethispetition,andletitoperateasawritoferrorcoramnobis,returnabletothefirstdayofthenextterm.Notifytheoppositeparty,orhisSolicitor,ofthefilingofthispetition,'andthesuingoutofthesaidwrit'[Uponthepeti-tionersgivingaspecialbondtherefor,asprescribedbythestatute,issueasupersedeastostayallfurtherproceedingsuponthedecreeandexecutioncomplainedof.19]AtChambers,August8,1891. B.M.Webb,Chancellor.Thepetitioner,havingobtainedthisfiat,givesthebondrequired,andthere-upontheClerkandMasterfilesthebondandthepetition.Nowritoferror'coramnobisinfactissues,theHatoftheChancellorbeinginthenatureofsuchawrit,andsooperating,upontheprosecutionbondbeinggivenandthepeti-tionfiled.20Thenoticeofthesuingoutofthewritmustbeservedontheop-positeparty,orhisSolicitor,atleasttendayspriortothetermoftheCourttowhichthewritoferrorcoramnobisisreturnable.21ThisnoticeisusuallyissuedbytheClerkandservedbyanofficer;22butitwouldseemitmaybegivenbythepetitionerafterthemannerofgivingnoticeofthetakingofade-position,ornoticeofasummaryproceedingbymotion.23§1257.FrameofthePetition.—ApetitionforawritoferrorcoramnobisshouldbeaddressedtotheChancelloroftheCourtmakingthedecreecom-plainedof,andshouldsetforthfullyandparticularlythefollowing
:
1.Thegeneralfactsoftheexistenceandnatureofthesuit,thenamesoftheparties,andthecharacteranddateofthedecreecomplainedof.2.Suchanerroroffact,meritoriousinitsnature,aswouldhavepreventedthedecree,atleast,totheextentcomplainedof,ifthefacthaddulyappearedatthehearing.3.Thatthepetitionerwaspreventedfromshowingthisfactbecause(1)hehadnonoticeofthesuit,24or(2)wasunderthedisabilityofinfancy,coverture,orinsanity;or(3)hewasthevictimofsurprise,accident,mistakeorfraud,withoutfaultonhispart.16Tucker«.James,12Heisk.,333.17InElliottv.McNairy,1Bax.,342,theques-tionisraised,butnotdecided,whetherthewritcanbegrantedbyanyotherJudgeorChancellor.Itwouldseemfromaconsiderationofthevarioussec-tionsoftheCodepertinenttothequestion,thatthedoubtshouldberesolvedinfavorofthepowerofanyJudgeorChancellortograntthewrit,itbeinginthenatureofextraordinaryprocess.Code,§§3915;3946;4434;Chadwell,exparte,7Heisk.,630.18Code,§3111.Obtainingafiatonthepetitionwithintheyearisinsufficient,ifthepetitionitselfbenotfiledandbondgivenwithintheyear.Elliottv.McNairy,1Bax.,342;Cainn.Cocke,1Lea,288.IftheClerkshouldfilethepetitionandfiatwithintheyear,and,by.leaveoftheClerk,bondbegivenbeforethenextterm,thiswould_probablysavethepetitioner'srieht,asonbondbeinggivenitwouldrelatetothefilingofthepetitionandnotviceversa,unlessthefiatrequiredthebondtofirstbegiven.
See,Code,§3188.But,seeChesterv.Foster,6Pick.,515,10Code.§§3111-3113.BeforetheChancellor'sordershalloperateasasupersedeas,thepartyapply-ingshallgivebond,withgoodsecurity,indoubletheamountofthedecree,conditionedtoabidebyandperformthedecreeoftheCourt.Code,§3112.20Elliottv.McNairy,1Bax.,342.21Code,53113.22Code,§3115,showsthatprocessmayissue,orpublicationbemade,astothedefendant.23Crawfordv.Williams,1Swan,341;andcasestherecited.24Ifthe^officer'sreturnshowserviceofthewritonthepetitioner,thereturnmaybecontroverted,inChancery.Leftwiek1>.Hamilton,9Heisk.,310.Theruleinthe_CircuitCourtisotherwise,because,atlaw,parolevidencecannotbeheardtocontradictarecord.Statev.Disney,5Sneed,598;ante,§814,notes.

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§1258WRITSOFERRORCORAMNOBIS.10024.Andprayingforawritoferrorcoramnobis,forproperprocesstonotifytheoppositeparty,and,ifnecessary,forasupersedeas.Thispetition,afterbeingdulyverified,maybepresentedtotheChancelloratChambers,orinopenCourt;25andhemay,ongrantingthewritoferror,alsoorderittooperateasasupersedeas.26ApetitionforawritoferrorcoramnobisintheChanceryCourtmust:(1)injectintothecaseafactthatdoesnotthereinappear,butwhich,ifithadappeared,wouldhaveeitherpre-ventedthedecree,orwouldhavemadeitreversible-onappeal;or(2)itmustdenysomefactappearingintherecordwhich,ifithadnotappeared,wouldhavepreventedthedecree,orwouldhavemadeitreversibleonappeal;and(3)thepetitionmust,ineitherofthesetwocases,gofurther,andshowthatthepetitionerwaspreventedfromprovingthenewfactallegedinhispetition,orfromdisprovingthefactdenied,byreasonofwantofnotice,orsomedisability,orsomesurprise,accident,mistake,orfraudwithoutfaultonhispart.Andonallegingandprovingtheexistenceofoneofthesereasonsfornotmakinghisdefence,thedecreewillberecalledandannulled;andthepetitioneral-lowedtomakethedefencesetupinhispetition.§1258.FormofaPetitionforaWritofErrorCoramNobis.—Thepetitionforawritoferrorcoramnobis,and,indeed,theproceedingsonsuchapetitionareveryanalagoustoabillforanewtrial,orabilltoavoidadecree,andtheproceedingsthereon.Indeed,itwouldseemthatoneofthepurposesofthisremedywastoenableapartytoobtain,inalessformalway,thatredressordinarilyobtainedbyoriginalbillinsuchcases.27ThefollowingisaGENERALFORMOFAPETITIONFORTHEWRIT.TotheHon.[nameof]Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtat[tozvnwherethedecreewasmade:]AB,aresidentofDavidsoncounty,petitioner,28!vs. !•
CD,aresidentofthesamecounty,defendant.JYourpetitioner,[nameofpersonaggrieved]respectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
I.Thaton[date]adecreewaspronouncedagainsthiminyourHonor'sCourtinthecaseofCD,vs.AB,No.4168,infavorofsaidCDfor[numberof]dollars.Petitionerismuchaggrievedbysaiddecreebyreasonofamaterialerroroffacttherein.Saiddecreewasbasedupon[Hereshow,infull,thegroundonwhichthedecreewasbased,statingexplicitlywhetheritwasonanote,bond,orotherevidence,ofdebt,andwhetheritwasrenderedagainsthimassurety,oronsomeotherground.Ifanexecutionhasissuedonthedecree,statethefact.] ii.Yourpetitionerfurthershowsthat[Heresetforththepetitioner'sdefencetosaiddecree,to-wit,nonestfactum,failureofconsideration,payment,formerjudgment,statuteoflimita-tions,novation,orotherdefenceonthemerits.]in.Yourpetitionerwouldhavemadesaiddefencetosaiddecree,but[Hereshow:1,thathehadnonoticeofsaiddecree,orofanyproceeding,orintentiontoproceed,againsthiminsaidcause;or2,thathewaspreventedbysomedisability,specifyingit,fromshowingorcorrectingsucherror;or3,thathewaspreventedfrommakingsaiddefencebysurprise,accident,mistake,orfraud,givingtheparticularsthereofindetail,andshowingthattherezvasnofaultornegligenceonhispart,oronthepartofhisagent,orSolicitor.]IV.Yourpetitionerisadvisedthathadtheforegoingfactsappearedatthehearingofsaidmotion,[or,cause,]nodecreewouldhavebeenpronouncedagainsthim,andthatbyreasonofsaiderroroffactoccurringinsaidproceeding,andsaidwantofnotice[disability,surprise,accident,mistake,orfraud,asthecasemaybe,]heisentitledtoawritoferrorcoramnobis,25Code,§3111.26Code,§3111.27Theefficiencyofthiswrit,anditsscope,havebeengreatlyenlargedbyourstatutes.PattersonV.Arnold.4Cold.,367;Jonesv.Pearce,12Heisk.,286;Tibbsv.Anderson,1Thomp.Cases,268.And,inaCourtofChancery,apetitionforthewritwilllietoattacktherecorditself,andwill,insuchacase,begivenalltheforceofahilltoavoidorim-peachadecree.Leftwicku.Hamilton,9Heisk.,310.28ThebetterpracticeinChanceryistogivethe
petitionacaptionofitsown,asthoughitwereanoriginalbill.TheCodedenominatesthepetitionerastheplaintiffinerror,andtheotherpartyasde-fendant.Code,§§3114-3115.See,also,Hickse.Haywood,4Heisk.,598;andLeftwickv.Hamilton,9Heisk.,310.IntheCircuitCourtthepetitionisusually,butnotpalways,entitledasoftheoriginalcause.Thepetition,however,beinganewsuit,shouldbeentitledassuch,especiallyinChancery.See,Elliottv.McNairy,1Bax.,345.Abillofre-viewbearsitsowntitle.

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1003WRITSOFERRORCORAMNOBIS.§1258totheendthatsaiddecreemay,forsaiderroroffact,bereversedandannulled;andhe,therefore,prays
:
1st.ThatyourHonor,byproperfiat,willorderthispetitiontobefiled,andthatnoticethereofbeissuedandservedonthesaid,[namingtheadverseparty,]requiringhimtomakedefenceatthenexttermofthisCourt;andthatyourHonor'ssaidfiatoperateasawritoferrorcoramnobis.2d.Thatawritofsupersedeasbe,also,orderedtobeissuedtostayallfurtherproceedingsonsaiddecree,[andsaidexecution,]untilfurtherorderofyourHonor.3d.Thatatthehearinghereof,saiddecreeberecalled,reversedandannulled
;
4th.Andthatyourpetitionermayhaveallsuchotherwritsasmaybenecessaryonapetitionforawritoferrorcoramnobis,andthathemayhaveallsuchother,further,andgeneralreliefashemaybeentitledtobyreasonofthepremisesinaCourtofEquity.XY,Solicitor. AB,Petitioner.[Annexaffidavitandjurat,asin§789,ante.]Thefollowingisanotherandmorespecificform29ofaPETITIONFORAWRITOPERRORCORAMNOBIS:TotheHon.W.F.Cooper,Chancellor,holdingtheChanceryCourtatNashville
:
PaulineWilber,aresidentofDavidsoncounty,petitioner,]vs. yNo.6842.LizzieNorris,aresidentofthesamecounty,defendant.JYourpetitioner,PaulineWilber,aresidentofDavidsoncounty,respectfullyshowstoyourHonor
:
i.Thatonthe10thofApril,1871,adecreewaspronouncedagainsther,inthecauseofLizzieNorrisvs.PaulineWilber,No.6842,inyourHonor'sCourt,infavorofsaidLizzieNorris,forthesumoftwohundreddollars,andthecostsofthecause.Petitionerismuchaggrievedbysaiddecree,byreasonofamaterialerroroffacttherein.Saiddecreewasbaseduponabilltakenproconfesso,andanallegedaccountforsaidsum,theaccountconsistingofitemsofgoods,waresandmerchandise,allegedtohavebeensoldtopetitionerbythecomplainantinsaidcause.Petitionerdeniesthatshe,inlaworequity,waseverliableforsaidaccount,orforanypartthereof.Petitionerisamarriedwoman,livingwithherhusband,GeorgeWilber,inthecityofNashville,andsuchofsaiditemsaswereeverreceivedbypetitioner,wereforthefamilyofwhichherhusbandisthehead.n.Petitionerfurthershowsthatshenever,atanytime,promisedtopayforanyofsaiditems;andthatmanyofthemwereneverreceived,or.usedbyher.Sheshowsandaversthatherhusbandhasagooddefencetothewholeofsaidaccount,byreasonofacrossac-count,orset-off,againstthesame,forworkandlabordone,andmaterialsfurnishedforthecomplainant.in.PetitionerfurthershowstoyourHonorthatshewouldhavemadesaiddefencetosaiddecree,butwaspreventedfromsodoingbvreasonofthefactthatshehadnonoticeoftheproceedingsinsaidcause,untiltheSheriffcametodaywithanexecutiontoenforcesaiddecree;andthatthereturnoftheofficershowingserviceofsubpoenauponherisutterlyfalse,asshewillbeableabundantlytoshow,ifgiventheopportunity.Andpetitionerfurthershowsthatshewasatthetimesaidsuitwasbrought,andhaseversincebeenunderthedisabilityofcoverture,beingamarriedwoman,thewifeofGeorgeWilber,asbeforestated,andwouldtherebyhavebeenpreventedfrommakingsaiddefence,hadnoticeofsaidproceedingsbeengivenher. IV.Petitionerisadvisedthathadtheforegoingfactsappearedatthehearingofsaidcause,nodecreewouldhavebeenpronouncedagainsther;andthatbyreasonofhersaiddefenceonthemeritsnotappearingintheproceedings,andbecauseofsaiddisability,andsaidwantofnotice,sheisentitledtoawritoferrorcoramnobis,tohavesaiddecreerecalled,reversedandannulled,andshethereforeprays
:
1st.ThatyourHonorwill,byproperfiat,ordernoticehereoftobeservedonsaidLizzieNorris,wholivesatNo.983,SummerStreet,Nashville,requiringhertomakedefencetothispetitionatthenextterm;andthatyourHonor'ssaidfiatshallstandandoperateasawritoferrorcoramnobis.2d.Thatawritofsupersedeasbeorderedtobeissuedtostayallfurtherproceedingsonsaiddecree,andonsaidexecution,orelsethatarestrainingorderbemadetothesameendandeffect.3d.Thatatthehearinghereofsaiddecreeberecalled,reversedandannulled.4th.Andthatyourpetitionermayhaveallsuchwritsasmaybenecessaryonapetitionforawritoferrorcoramnobis;andmayhaveallsuchother,further,andgeneralrelief,asshemaybeentitledtoinaCourtofEquity,byreasonofthepremises.29ThisformisbaseduponthecasesofNorrisV.Wilber,1Bax.,365;andLeftwick«.Hamilton,9Heisk.,310.

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§1259WRITSOFERRORCORAMNOBIS.1004AndHanextfriendforthepetitionerbedeemednecessarybyyourHonor,FrankHeartherebyjoinsinthispetitioninthatcharacterandcapacity;andheinhisownproperpersonaversoninformationandbelief,thattheforegoingfactsareeachandalltrueashereinabovealleged,andheadoptsthispetitionasnextfriendofsaidPaulineWilber.30W.M.Robertson,Solicitor. PaulineWilberStateofTennessee,\ FrankHeart.CountyofDavidson.
J
PersonallycamePaulineWilberandFrankHeart31andseverallymadeoaththatthestate-mentsmadeintheirforegoingpetitionasoftheirownknowledgearetrue,andthosemadeasoninformationandbelieftheybelievetobetrue.Sworntoandsubscribedbefore]methisJuly5,1876.\ PaulineWilberJohnJones,D.C.&M.J FrankHeart.§1259.ProceedingsUponthePetition.—Theoppositeparty,orhisSolic-itor,willbepersonallyservedwithnoticeofthefilingofthepetitionifeitherofthemisaresident;iftheoppositepartybeanon-resident,andhavenoknownSolicitorintheState,theCourt,Chancellor,orMaster,uponaffidavitofthesefacts,mayorderhimtobenotifiedbypublication,asinothernon-residentcases.Thenoticemustbeservedtendayspriortothetermspecifiedinthenotice,orthecausecannotbeheardatthattermwithouttheconsentofthepartyentitledtonotice.32Thepetitionmustcontainthetwofollowingrequisites:First,itmustshowsomeerroroffactwhichifithadappearedatthehearingwouldhavebeenagooddefence,andwouldhavepreventedthedecreecomplainedof;andsecond,itmustshowthatthepetitionerwaspreventedfrommakingsaiddefencebecause(1)ofwantofnotice,or(2)becauseofsomedisability,or(3)becauseofsomesurprise,accident,mistakeorfraud,withoutfaultonhispart.Ifthepetitionfailtoshoweitherofsaidtworequisites,orifshowingthemitisnotfiledwithinoneyearsincethedecree,itmaybedismissedonmotion.33Thepetition,however,maybeamendedongoodcauseshown,byaffidavit,thenewfactstobesworntoonthepersonalknowledgeofpetitioner,orofsomeotherpersonacquaintedwiththefacts.34MOTIONTODISMISSTHEPETITION.JohnBell,1vs.rNo.682.HenryDunn.JThedefendant,HenryDunn,movedtheCourttodismissthepetitionforawritoferrorcoramnobis.1st.Becausesaidpetitionwasnotfiledwithinoneyearfromtherenditionofthedecreecomplainedof.2d.Becausethepetitiondoesnotdiscloseameritoriousdefence,thefactsthereinsetupnotbeingsuchaswouldhavepreventedthedecreecomplainedofhadtheyjudiciallyap-pearedatthehearing.3d.Becausethepetitiondoesnotsetupanysufficientreasonfornotmakingdefencetosaiddecree.AndsaidmotionhavingbeenarguedbyboththepartiestheCourtispleasedtoallowthesame,[or,todisallowthesame.]Itisthereforeadiudgedthatsaidpetitionbedismissed,thatthedecreecomplainedofbeaffirmed,andthatthepetitioner.HenrvDunn,andFrankHill,hisprosecutionsurety,payallthecostsincidenttosaidpetition,forwhichexecutionisawarded,\Ifasupersedeasissuedrenderjudgmentonthebondthereforagainstthesureties,fortheamountofthedecreesuperseded,statutoryinterestthereon,andcostsofthesuit.35]30Beingamarriedwoman,itmightbeurgedthatshemustappearbynextfriend,andinLeftwickv.Hamilton,9Heisk.,310,thatpracticewasfollowed.Itisbelieved,however,thattheCourtwouldenter-tainherpetitionwithoutanextfriend.Thecom-plainanthavingsuedherwithoutanextfriend,shouldbeestoppedtodenyherahearingshouldshemakeherdefencewithoutanextfriend.SIInLeftwickV.Hamilton,9Heisk.,313,itwasexpresslydecidedthatthenextfriendwastheproperpersontosweartothepetition.InSmithv.Repub-licL.Ins.Co.,2Tenn.Ch.,631,itwasexpresslydecidedthattheoathofthenextfriendamountstonothing,andthatthemarriedwomanmustsweartoherbill.Therefore,tobesafe,letbothsweartothepetition.See,ante,§785,note4.Anaffidavitto
thepetitionbyan"agent"isanullity.Reidv.Hoffman,6Heisk.,440.32Code,5§3113:3115.33Gallenat>.Sudheimer,9Heisk.,189.Thismo-tionmaybemadeatanytermortimebeforeissueisjoinedupontheerrorsassigned.Elliottv.Mc-Nairv.1T!ax.,342.34BaxterV.Grandstaff,3Tenn.Ch.,244.35Inallcasesofaffirmanceofthejudgment,ordismissalofthewritforanycause,wheretheorig-inaljudgmenthasbeensuperseded,judgmentshallberenderedagainsttheplaintiffinerrorandhissuretiesfortheamountoftheformerjudgment,withinterestattherateoftwelveandone-halfpercent,perannumfromtherenditionthereof,andallcosts.Code,§3114.

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1005WRITSOFERRORCORAMNOBIS.§1260
No.6842.—AssignmentofErrors.
Ifnomotiontodismissismade,theCourtmaydirectpetitionertoassignerrorsaccordingtothepracticeintheCircuitCourt,oraccordingtotherulesprescribedforthatpurpose.Thisassignmentmustfollow,andbestrictlycon-finedto,theerrorsspecifiedinthepetition.36Thefollowingassignmentisbasedontheprecedingpetition
:
ASSIGNMENTOFERRORS.PaulineWilber,vs.LizzieNorris.Thepetitioner,PaulineWilber,assignsthefollowingerrorsoffactinthedecreecom-plainedof,andaversthattheyaretrue
:
1.Shewasamarriedwomanattherenditionofsaiddecree,shebeingthenthelawfulwifeofGeorgeWilber.2.Shehadnonoticeoftheproceedingsinthecausewhereinsaiddecreewasmade.3.Shedidnotowetheaccountonwhichsaiddecreewasbased,oranypartthereof.W.M.Robertson,Solicitor.Ifthegroundsallegedintheassignmentfornotmakingdefencebeinsuffi-cient,theoppositepartymaydemurtothemfbutasthequestionsraisedbysuchademurrerhaveordinarilybeenpreviouslyraisedbyamotiontodismissthepetition,demurrersseldomlie.38Ifnogroundofdemurrerexists,thede-fendantmustpleadtotheassignment,ifhedisputeitstruth.Thefollowingisaformofa PLEATOTHEASSIGNMENTOEERRORS:PaulineWilber,vs.LizzieNorris.Thedefendant,LizzieNorris,forpleatotheassignmentoferrorsinthiscase,saysthatthereisnoerrorintherecord,asinsaidassignmentalleged.39R.H.McEwen,Solicitor.§1260.ProperPracticeinChanceryUponaPetition.—Aproceedingbywritoferrorcoramnobisisaproceedingaccordingtotheformsofthecommonlaw;andnearlyallofthecasesinourReportsarecasesatlaw.WhentheChanceryCourtwasgivenjurisdictioninsuchcasesbytheCodeof1858,itcouldnothavebeencontemplatedthatthecommonlawformsofpleadingshouldbeusedbythisCourt.Ithasbeenadjudicateditwasnotsocontem-platedbytheActof1877increasingthejurisdictionofthisCourt.40Neverthe-less,whensuitsofthischaracterbegantobebroughtinChancery,undertheCodeof1858,Solicitors,withoutconsideringthedifferencebetweentheformsofprocedureinthetwoCourts,andundulyinfluencedbytheHistoryofaLawsuit,adoptedthepracticeandpleadinginuseinthelawGourts.NotuntilthecaseofLeftwickv.Hamilton,41wastheattentionofSolicitorsandChan-cellorscalledtothedifferenceofprocedurewhensuchasuitisinstitutedinChancery.Inthatcasethepetitionisdealtwithasabilltoavoidadecree.Thisisthesolutionofallthemanyperplexities,inconsistencies,andincongrui-tiesexhibitedinthereportedcasesinChancery.42Chancerycherishesformsnofurtherthantheycontributetothemainobjectofitsexistence—theat-tainmentofsubstantialjustice.43TheproperpracticeinChanceryinthesesuitsistoregardthepetitionasin
No.6842.—PleatoAssignmentofErrors.
36Elliott«.McNairy,1Bax.,342;Gallenav.Sudhcimer,9Heisk.,190.37MemphisC.S.Institutionv.Hargan,9Heisk.,496;Urtonv.Phillips,11Hrisk..215.88Gallenav.Sudheimer,9Heisk.,189.39Iftheassignmentshouldbesubmittedtoajury,itmightbenecessarytoframeissuesoffact,asfollows:1st.WasPaulineWilberamarriedwomanatthetimethedecreecomplainedofwasmade?2d.Didshehavenoticeoftheproceedingsinwhichsaiddecreewasmade?3d.Didshe.atthetimeofsaiddecree,owetheaccountonwhichsaiddecreewasbased?or,anypartofsaidamount?ifanypart,howmuchinamount?
40Chan.97;Jackson».Nimmo.3Lea,597.419Heisk..310.ChancellorCnoper,afterwardsoneoftheJudgesof^theSunremeCourt,callsatten-tiontotheirregularityofthisproceedingwhenin-stitutedinChancery.Boilingv.Anderson,1Tenn.Ch.,131.42InBoilingv.Anderson,1Tenn:Ch.,127,bothSolicitorandChancellorseemedgropingindark-nessSee.also,Coltart«.Ha-n.2Tenn.Ch..356.InHicks'ManualofCh.Pr.,§5333-334.thenoveltyandconfusionoftransferringthepracticeandplead-ing,atlawtotheChanceryCourtisalludedto,andtheroadofescapesuggested.43Bird^nne.".Hirdsnng,2Head,301.See,ante,'§§43;269;431;681;719.

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§1261WRITSOFERRORCORAMNOBIS.1006thenatureofabilltoimpeach,avoid,orreview,*4adecreeonsomeoneormoreofthegroundsspecifiedinthestatuteauthorizingthiswrit.45Onsuchapeti-tionbeingfiled,subpoenatoansweritshouldbeissued,orpublicationmadewhennecessary,46andthedefendanttothepetitionshouldmaketoitthesamedefences,andmakethematthesametimeandinthesamemannerasbillsaredefendedagainst,to-wit:bymotiontodismiss,demurrer,pleainbaroran-swer;47anduponsuchdefencetheCourtshouldmakesuchorderordecreeasisproperinlawandEquityaccordingtothecourseofprocedureintheChan-ceryCourt.48Ifthecaseisnottriedatthefirstterm,thedefendantmay,onaswornanswer,denyingthefactsallegedinthepetition,movetheCourttodischargethesupersedeas.Ifthemotionbeallowedthedefendantmustgivearefundingbondwithgoodsecuritytoperformthedecree,incasethesuitshouldbeevent-uallydecidedinfavorofthepetitioner.49§1261.HearingandDecree.—Thepartieswouldbeentitledtothesametimefortakingtheirproofasuponanoriginalbill.Whenthecaseispre-paredforahearing,eitherpartymaydemandajuryasinothersuits,andinsuchaneventtheissuesoffactwillbemadeupasusualunderthedirectionoftheCourt.50Atthehearing,ifthereasonassignedfornotmakingdefencetothedecreecomplainedofbenotsatisfactorilyproved,thepetitionwillbedismissed;orifsuchreasonbeproved,butthedefenceonthemeritsbenotproved,51thepetitionwillbedismissed.Inallcaseswheretheoriginaldecreehasbeensu-perseded,ifthepetitionisdismissed,oriftheoriginaldecreeisaffirmedonanyground,adecreemustberenderedagainstthepetitionerandhissuretiesonthesupersedeasbondfortheamountoftheoriginaldecree,withinterestthereonattherateoftwelveandone-halfpercent,fromtherenditionthereof,andallcosts.5244AwritoferrorcoramnobisintheChanceryCourtisequivalenttoanoriginalbillinthenatureofabillofreview.WillisV.Willis,20Pick.,382,citingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then§1092.45Leftwickv.Hamilton,9Heisk.,310.TheCodeauthorizesprocess,§3115;showsthataswornan-swermaybefiled,§3118';termsthepetitionertheplaintiffinerror,§3114;andtheoppositepartythedefendant,§3115.InElliottv.McNairy,1Bax„342,theproceeding,isdeclaredtobenotastepintheoriginal'cause,butanewsuitcommencedtoreverseaformerjudgmentonthegroundssetforthinthepetition.Thisistheprecisepurposeofabilltoimpeachoravoidadecree.46Code,§3115.Thissectiondoesnot,inanyway,restrictthegeneralauthorityoftheChanceryCourt,oritsClerkandMaster,toorderpublicationastoadefendantinanycasewhereitwouldbeproperonanoriginalbill.Thissectionshowsthatprocessmayissueonthepetitionbeingfiled.47InLeftwickv.Hamilton,9Heisk.,310,Tur-ney,thenJudge,afterwardsChiefJustice,speaksofthepetitionas"makingupanissueoffact,andofthe"allegationsofthepetitiontenderingaques-tionoffact."ByadheringtotheChanceryprac-tice,andtreatingthepetitionforawritoferrorcoramnobisasinthenatureofabill,andmakingdefencetheretobymotiontodismiss,demurrer,pleainbar,oranswer,eachpartyisenabledtopresenthiscasewithoutembarrassment,andtheChancellorcanpassUponallthequestionsraisedatonehear-ing,andcompleteandspeedyjusticebedone.WhyimportintotheChanceryCourttheformalassign-mentoferrors,demurrerstosuchassignment,andpleastotheassignment,wheneverylegalorequit-ablequestioncanberaisedonthepetitionbymotiontodismiss,demurrer,pleainbar,oranswer?TheassignmentoferrorsisnecessaryintheCircuitCourtinordertoreducethemattersinthepetitiondowntoparticularpointsonwhichissuescanbetakenfortheactionofajury;Crawfordv.Wil-liams,1Swan,341;justasissuesoffactaremadeupinChancerywhenajuryisdemandedthereuponanoriginalbill.
TheCode,contemplating,probably,thedifferenceofpracticeandpleadinginthetwoCourts,haspro-videdthattheCourtmayprescriberulesfortheassignmentoferrors,formakingissuesthereon,andforallsuchothermattersasarenecessarytogivefulleffecttothisproceeding.Code,§3115;Hicks'Ch.Pr.,§338.AChancellornomoreneedsanassignmentoferrorsandanissueoffactuponthem,whenapetitionofthissortisfiled,thanhedoeswhenanyotherpetitionoranyoriginalbillisfiled.Shouldajurybedemandedtotrytheissuesraisedbythepetitionandanswer,then,andonlythen,woulditbeproperfortheCourttoorderissuestobemadeup.Code,§3115.48ThecaseofIslerv.Turner,7Hum.,116,wasabillinEquityinthenatureofawritoferrorcoramnobis.ThecaseofDouglasV.Joyner,1Bax.,32,was_insubstance,purpose,andeffect,apro-ceedinginthenatureofawritoferrorcoramnobis,undertheformofabillinChancery.ThecaseofHicksv.Haywood,4Heisk.,598,fullysustainsthetext.Inthiscase,theproceedingwasbypetition,afterexecutionhadissuedonthedecreecomplainedof.Thepetitionwasansweredandontheissuethusmadeproofwastaken.Itistrue,thepetitionwasdismissed,butitwasdismissedonthemerits.ChiefJusticeNicholson,indeliveringtheopinionoftheCourt,treatedthepetitionasapetitionforawritoferrorcoramnobis,althoughthepetitionit-selfdidnotsopray,butdidprayforasupersedeas.Thecasewasheardonthemerits,thepracticebybillandanswerwasclearlyrecognized,andifthemeritshadbeenwiththepetitioner,hewouldhavebeengrantedrelief.49Code,53118.soCode,'§§3115;4468.61Theburdenofprovinghisreasonfornotde-fendingagainsttheoriginalbillwillrestuponthepetitioner;buttheburdenofmakingouthiscase,itwouldseem,shouldrestuponthecomplainantintheoriginalcause,fortheoriginaldecree,onceopened,wouldseemtoloseallitsforce.52Code,§3114.

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§1262APPEALSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.1008
CHAPTERLXXI.APPEALSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.§1262.OfficeandEffectofanAppeal.§1263.WhoMayAppeal.§1263a.ToWhatCourttheAppealMustbeTaken.§1264.WhenandHowanAppealisOb-tained.§1265.WhatDecreesMaybeAppealedFrom.
§1266.AnAppealintheNatureofaWritofError.§1267.DifferencesBetweenanAppealandanAppealintheNatureofaWritofError.§1268.AppealBond,orOathinLieu.§1269.PracticalSuggestionsConcerningAppeals.§1262.OfficeandEffectofanAppeal.—TheobjectofanappealistoenableapartydissatisfiedwiththeChancellor'srulings,orders,andfinaldecree,tohavethecausereheardandredeterminedbyanappellateCourt,uponallthemattersoflawandfactappearingintherecord;andwhereanappealhasbeenprayed,granted,andperfected,andthetermended,orthethirtydayselapsed,thecauseisthereupontransferredfromtheChancerytotheappellateCourt,1andthejurisdictionoftheChancellorended.2Butatalltimesduringtheterm,ifwithinthirtydaysafteritsentry,thedecreeisunderthecontroloftheCourt;andmay,duringthatperiod,bemodified,orevenvacated;ortheordergrantinganappealmay,duringthesameperiod,bevacated,ormodified.3So,duringthatperiod,afinaldecreeandaprayerandagrantofanappealtherefrommayallbesetaside,andaninterlocutoryordermadeinthecause,andthereafterthefinaldecree,prayer,andappealbere-entered.4TheofficeofanappealistotransfertheadjudicationofthecausetotheappellateCourt,6totheendthattheappellantmayhaveare-examinationinthatCourtofthewholematteroflawandoffactappearingintherecord.Anappealabsolutelydevitalizesadecreeasanadjudication,andconfersfulljurisdictionontheappellateCourttodealwiththecauseasthoughnode-creehadeverbeenpronounced.7Nevertheless,theinanimatedecreeisintherecord,andmay,byorderoftheappellateCourt,ortheconsentofbothparties,ortheactorneglectoftheappellant,berevitalized,inwholeorinpart.8
1Code,§3155;Morrisv.Richardson,11Hum.,389;andcasestherecited.2Uponaprayerfor,andgrantof,anappeal,andtheexecutionoftheappealbond,andtheriseoftheCourt,thatCourthasnolongeranyjurisdictionofthecause.Theappellantcannoteventhereafterdis-misshisappealinthatCourt.Whateveristhere-afterdoneinthecausemustbedoneintheappellateCourt.Freemanv.Henderson.5Cold.,547.sTimmonsv.Garrison,4Hum.,148;Abbottv.Fagg1Heisk.,742.4Hal!V.Bewley,11Hum.,106;Merrill17.Elam,2Tenn.Ch.,513.Inthislattercase,areceiverwasappointedupontheinterlocutoryorder.oTheappealistothepresenttermoftheappellateCourt,ifinsession,ifnotthentothenextterm.Pondv.Trieg.5Heisk.,532.6Code,S3155.FormerlytheoriginalpapersinacauseinChanrerywere,onappeal,transmittedtotheSupremeCourt.Actsof1822,ch.14.Andonanappeal,theSupremeCourtheardthecauseontheseoriginalpapers,asthoughithadoriginatedinthatCourt.TherightofappealwasfirstgivenbvtheActof1819.ch.31.McEffien.Shirley,Mart&Yerg,299.7Butlerv.B.&L.Association,13Pick..688,cit-ingtheabovesectionofthisbook,then51094.8TheappellateCourtre-examines,notonlythedecreeappealedfrom,but,also,thewholerecord,toseewhethertheChanceryCourtcommittedanyre-versibleerroratanystageofthecause.Anappeal
rendersthedecreeoftheChancellorabsolutelyin-operative,exceptinsofarasitisalienuponthedefendant'srealty.Itisgenerallysaidthatanappealvacates,annuls,ormakesvoid,thedecreeoftheChancervCourtFurberv.Carter.2Sneed.1;Maskallv.Maskall.3Sneed,208;Gallenav.Sudheimer,9Heisk.,189.Thislanguage,however,istoobroad,aswillappearfromthefollowingconsiderations:1.TheappellateCourtaffirms,modifies,orreversesthedecreebelow;andadecreethathasbeenvacatedandannulledbyanappeal,cannotbeaffirmed,modified,orreversed.SeeCode,§§3165;3167;2.Theapnellantmaydis-misshisappeal,inwhichcasethedecreeappealedfromatoncerevives,andbecomesposspssedoffullvigor.Maskallv.Maskall.3Sneed.208;Franklinv.Franklin,2Swan,561;Stonev.Huggins.1Shan.Cas.,564;whichcouldnothappenifthedecreebeannulled,ormadevoid,hytheappeal;3.Theappel-lateCourtmayaffirmthedecreewhentheappel-lantfailstobringuptherecordafterappealgranted,andtheappelleebringsitup,andmovesforanaffirmance.Thomasv.Railroad,15Lea,533;4.Thedecree,notwithstandingtheappeal,continuestobealienonthedebtor'sland.Artsnf1885,ch.21;andifthedecreebelowisaffirmed,thislienbecomeseffectivefromitsdate;5.Thedecreewillbeaf-firmedwithoutexaminationoftherecord,iftheappellantfailtoassignerrors.SupremeCourt[Seethenextpagefortheremainderofthisnote.']

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1009APPEALSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.§1263Ifapartyisdissatisfiedwithonlyapartofthedecree,hemayappealfromsuchpartonly,expresslylimitinghisappealtosuchpart.Oftenasuitisdivisibleinitsnature,ormaycontemplatedifferentobjects,orseekreliefagainstdifferentdefendants,andthecomplainantmayobtainpartofthereliefheseeks,ormayobtainarecoveryagainstsomeofthedefendants.Insuchacasehemayappealfromsomuchonlyofthedecreeasdenieshimtheremain-derofthereliefhesought.9Andso,ifadefendantbedissatisfiedwithapartonlyofadecree,hemayconfinehisappealtosuchpart.10§1263.WhoMayAppeal.—Anyoneormoreofthepartiestoanappeal-ablejudgmentordecreeoftheChanceryCourtmayprayandobtainanap-peal.11Indeed,allparties,bothcomplainantanddefendant,may,andoftendo,appealfromaChancerydecree.Andwhatismeantbypartiesisnotonlyallpersonswhoappearascomplainantsanddefendantsonthefaceofthebill,orthecrossbill,includingguardiansadlitemandnextfriendsofminors,butalso,liaallquasiparties.Quasipartiesinclude:1,personswhofilepetitionsorclaimsinacause;122,personswhopurchasepropertyataMaster'sorcom-missioner'ssale;133,personswhobecomethesuretiesofpurchasers;4,personswhobecomerecordassigneesofsuchpurchasers;145,personsheldliableongarnishmentproceeding;156,personswhosetupclaimstothepropertyinlitigationbyinterveninginthesuit;7,personsagainstwhomjudgmentisren-deredforwhatsoevercause;and8,personswhosoughttobecomeparties,orsoughtanadjudicationwhichwasdenied.§1263a.ToWhatCourttheAppealMustbeTaken.—AppealsfromtheChanceryCourtlietoeithertheSupremeCourt,ortotheCourtofCivilAp-peals.Ifthecaseinvolvesanamount,15aexclusiveofcosts,exceedingonethousanddollars,orinvolvestheconstitutionalityofastatuteoftheState,oracontestedelectionforoffice,ortheStaterevenue,orisanejectmentsuit,theappealmustbetakentotheSupremeCourt;butappealsfromtheChanceryCourtinallothercasesmustbetakentotheCourtofCivilAppeals,asherein-aftershown.§1264.WhenandHowanAppealisObtained.—Anappealmustbeprayedduringthetermatwhichthedecreecomplainedofwasenteredontheminutes,andifmorethanthirtydayselapseafterthedecreeisrendered,andbeforethetermends,anappealmustbeprayedwithinthirtydaysafterthedecree.1"Andnotonlymustanappealbeprayedwithintheperiodstated,butitmustbeperfectedwithinthatperiod;unlesstheCourtwithinthatperiodgrantsRules,§29;1Pick.,757;Dentonv.Woods,2Pick.,37;Woodv.Frazier,2Pick.,500;5Pick.,774-775;6.TheveryfactthattheSupremeCourtrulesre-quireerrorstobeassignedconclusivelyshowsthatthedecreeappealedfromhassuchlatentefficacythat,unlessaffirmativelyshowntobeerroneous,'twillbeaffirmed.Ifthedecreebe"vacated,""an-nulled,"and"madevoid,"byanappeal,theburdenintheappellateCourtwouldrestuponthecomplain-ant;whereas,inpractice,itrestsupontheappellant.WoodV.Frazier,2Pick.,500.See,also,SmithV.St.LouisM.L.Ins.Co.,3Tenn.Ch.,509;7.Underthepresentpracticeanappealonlychallengesthecorrectnessofthedecree,andiftheappellantfailtomakegoodhischallengethedecreestands.IntheappellateCourt,itistheappealthatisprose-cuted,notthesuit.Stonev.Huggins.1Shan.Cas.,564.Onthe'effectofanappeal,seeSugesv.Suggs,1Tenn.(Overt.),3,note;andonthedifferencebe-tweenanappealandanappealinthenatureofawritoferror,see,post,'§1267,andSmithv.Holmes,12Heisk.,466.9Gilchristit.Cannon,1Cold.,581.Butifhepraysabroadappealfromtheentiredecree,thewholecasewillbesubjecttoreview.WoodV.Cooper,2Heisk.,454;Caldwellv.Hodsden,1Lea,45.10Incasesofalimitedappeal,therecordtobesentuptotheappellateCourtmay,byconsent,belimited,accordingly,tosuchmattersasareneces-sarytofullypresentthequestionsraisedbythe
appeal,andthusthecostsoftheappealbegreatlyreduced.11Code,§3159.liaLoftisi'.Loftis,10Pick.,232.12BibbV.Tarkington,2Lea,21;EwingV.Maury,3Lea,389.13NewlandV.Gaines,1Heisk.,720;Eaganv.Phister,5Sneed,298.14Newlandv.Gaines,1Heisk.,720.isCode,§3492.15aThe"amountinvolved"istheamountsuedfor,andnottheamountallowedbytheChancellorinhisdecree.Seenote5to§26,ante.Ifproperty,notmoney,issuedfor,thevalueofthepropertyasstatedinthebill,ifstated,orasshownbytheproof,wouldbethe"amountinvolved."Ifnoparticularamountoverfiftydollarsissuedfor,asincaseofasuitforanaccounting,theamountallowedbythedecreeappealedfromwouldbethe"amountin-volved."Iftherebenowaytofixthe"amountin-volved,"theappealwilllietotheCourtofCivilAppeals,asit,ordinarily,willinsuitsfordivorcewherethealimonyclaimedislessthanonethousanddollars,andinsuitsforamandamus,aquowarranto,andforreliefpurelyinjunctive.16M.&C.Railroadv.Johnson,16Lea,387.ThisthirtydayprovisionappliesexclusivelytothoseCourtswhosetermscontinuelongerthanthirtydays.InallotherCourts,theappealmustbeprayedandperfected,ortimetogivebondobtained,beforerhetermends.

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§1265APPEALSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.1010furthertimewithinwhichtogivetheappealbond,ortakethepauperoath,inwhichcasethebondoroathmustbefiledstrictlywithinthetimegranted.17Instrictpractice,apartyisnotentitledtoanappealunless:1,thedecreehecomplainsofisonefromwhichanappealwilllieasamatterofright;2,unlesstheappealisprayedduringtheperiodwhentheCourthastherighttograntit;and3,unlessaproperappealbond,orpauperoathinlieu,istenderedwiththeprayer.TheCourtwill,however,generallyallowsometime,notexceedingthirtydays,inwhichtogiveanappealbond,butinsuchcasethebondmustbefiledinthetimesogiven,ortherighttotheappealwilllapse.18Adecreerenderedataformertermcannotbeappealedfromatasubsequenttermevenwhensomeorderismadeinthecauseintendedtocarryintoeffecttheformerdecree.19Itisnotenoughtoprayforanappeal:anappealmustbebothprayedforandgranted.20Aprayerwithoutagrant,andagrantwithoutaprayer,areequallyineffectualeithertoousttheChanceryCourtofitsjurisdiction,ortovestjurisdictionintheappellateCourt.ToputtheChancellorinerrorforrefusingtograntanappealwhenthepartyprayingthereforisthereuntoen--titled,hemustnotonlyprayanappealinopenCourt,withinthethirtydaysafterdecree,buthemust,also,tenderaproperappealbond,orproperpauperoath.ThefollowingisaformofaPRAYERFORANAPPEAL.Fromwhichdecree[andfromallformerdecreesmadeinthiscauseatthepresentterm]thedefendant[orcomplainant.]praysanappealtothe[present,21or,]nexttermoftheSupremeCourtatNashville,[Knoxvilte1,orJackson;]andhehavingtenderedasufficientappealbond,saidbondisfiledandtheappealgranted;[orwhichappealisgranteduponhisgivingasufficientappealbond,ortakingthepauperoath:andten(twentyorthirty)daysareallowedhiminwhichtofilesaidbond,ortakesaidoath.]PRAYERFORALIMITEDAPPEAL.Fromsomuchofsaiddecreeasadjudgesthatcomplainantisnotentitledto[specifyivhattheCourtdeniedhim]thecomplainantpraysan)appeal[&c,asabove.Ifthedefend-antappeals,thensay:Fromsomuchofsaiddecreeasadjudgesthatthedefendantisliablefor(specifyingwhat)thedefendantpraysanappeal,&c,asabove.]§1265.WhatDecreesMaybeAppealedFrom.—AnappealmaybehadinChanceryeitherwhenallowedbytheChancellorincasessubjecttohisdiscre-tion,orwhenobtainedasamatterofright.1.AppealsasaMatterofDiscretion.22TheChancellormay,inhisdiscretion,allowanappeal:1,fromadecreedeterminingtheprinciplesinvolvedandor-deringanaccount,orasaleorpartitionbeforetheaccountistaken,orthesaleorpartitionismade;or2,hemayallowanappealonoverrulingademurrer
;
or3,hemayallowanypartytoappealfromadecreewhichsettleshisright,althoughthecasemaynotbedisposedofastoothers.23Anappealbythecomplainantwillnotlie,however,fromadecreedismissingthebillondemur-rerastosomeofthedefendants;24butitwilllieonapplicationofadefendantwhosedemurrerhasbeenoverruled,thecauseremainingintheChanceryCourtastotheotherdefendants.25
17Halev.Parmley,1Thomp.Cases,45;Snyderv.Summers,1Lea,481.18Insuchacase,however,awritoferrormaybeobtained.19CaldwellV.Hodsden,1Lea,45.Inthiscase,theappealwasfromtheorderthenmade,andfromallthedecreesandordersmadeinthiscasethereto-fore.20VanvabryV.Staton,4Pick.,351.21IftheappellateCourtbeinsessionwhentheappealisprayedtheappealmustbetothepresentterm.Pondv.Trigg,5Heisk.,532.22InAbbottv.Fagg,appealsaredividedinto(1)appealsasamatteroffavor,and(2)appealsasamatterofright.1Heisk.,748.23Code,§3157.Thisdiscretionshouldgenerallybesoexercisedastoterminatethecaseasspeedilyaspossible,andattheleastexpense.Hence,iftheappellateCourtmeetsbeforeanothertermofhis
Court,theChancellorshouldconsiderwhetheritwouldnotbewelltoallowanappeal.Ontheotherhand,ifanothertermofhisCourtwillcomebeforethesittingoftheappellateCourt,heshouldconsiderwhetheritwouldnotbebettertohavethecasepre-paredathisnexttermforafinaldecree,sothatonappealitmaybeterminated.WhereanappealliesinthediscretionoftheChancellor,agrantofanappealwithoutmorewillbeheldtobeanexerciseofthisdiscretion.Harrisonr.Farnsworth,1Heisk.,751;Andrewsv.Warner,3Pick.,1;andYoungerv.Younger,6Pick.,25.24Hunterv.Gardenhire,10Lea,87;Petersr.Neely.16Lea,280.25Siglerv.Vaughn,11Lea,131.Thiscase,ineffect,overrulesMosbyr.Hunt,7Lea,82,inwhichcaseit_washeldtobeanimproperexerciseofhisdiscretionforaChancellortograntsuchanappeal.See,also,Barksdaler.Butler.6Lea,450.

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1011APPEALSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.§12652.AppealsasaMatterofRightlieonlyfromfinaldecrees.20Anypartydis-satisfiedwithsuchadecreemayappealfromit.Adecreeisfinalwhenitsodisposesofthecausethatnothingremainstobedone,buttoissuethefinalprocessawarded.Whenadecreedecidesanddisposesofthewholemeritsofthecause,andreservesonitsfacenofurtherquestionsordirectionsforthefuturejudgmentoftheCourt,sothatitwillnotbenecessarytobringthecaseagainbeforetheCourtforadecision,itisafinaldecree,27eventhoughitomitstoadjudicatethecosts,ortoawardanexecutionincaseofamoneyrecovery.28Adecreewhich,althoughdeterminingtheprinciplesinvolved,ordersanac-count,orordersasaleorpartitionofland,isnotfinal,becausetheaccountorsaleorpartitionwillrequirethefurtheractionoftheCourt;andmuchlessisanorderorrulingfinal,whichismadeintheprogressofacause,priortoadecreedeterminingtheprinciplesinvolvedinthelitigation.Noappealwilllie,evenbyconsentoftheChancellorandoftheparties,29fromaninterlocutoryorderorruling,suchas:1,ordersgranting,dissolving,ormodifying,injunctionsorattachments;302,ordersappointing,removing,orinstructing,receivers,orrefusingsotodo;3,ordersallowing,orrefusingtoallow,amendmentsofanysort,eithertopleadings,orotherproceedings;4,ordersinreferencetothegivingofprosecution,injunction,attachment,orotherbonds;5,ordersgrantingorrefusingleavetotakefurtherproof;6,orderssustainingoroverrulingexceptionstoreports,ortoanyotheractionoftheMaster;317,ordersdisallowingmotionstodismissbillsorpetitions;328,ordersallowingordisallowingpleas;9,ordersallowingorrefusingadecreeproconfesso;10,orderssettingaside,orrefusingtosetaside,adecreeproconfesso;11,ordersrefusingorallowinganewtrialbyjury;12,ordersallow-ingorrefusingareferencetotheMaster,beforeanydecreedeterminingtheprinciplesinvolved;3313,norfromanyotherorderthatisinterlocutory,exceptanorderoverrulingademurrer.34Norwillanappealliefromanorderin-tendedtocarryintoeffectadecreenotappealedfrom;35norfromajudgmentforcontemptinthepresenceoftheCourt;36norfromanorder,inasuitbytheState,directingfundsinlitigationtobedepositedintheStatetreasury.37Theaimofthelawistoallowallpartiesafairopportunitytohavealltheerrorstotheirprejudicerevisedononeappeal,andoneonly.ToallowappealsfromeveryrulingoftheChancellorfromthebeginningofthesuittothefinaldecreewouldbetoabsolutelyclogthewheelsofjustice;suitswouldbecomeinterminable,theappellateCourtswouldbeoverwhelmedbyanavalancheofpettyappealsoninsignificantmatters;andthedelayswouldamounttoaprac-ticaldenialofjustice.Forthisreason,neitherwritsoferror,norappealsofright,willbeentertainedbytheappellateCourtstoreviseanyinterlocutoryorder,proceeding,ordecree,eventhoughthepartiesthemselvesacquiesceintheappealorwritoferror.Apartyisentitledtoonlyonehearing,inanyone
•cause,tohavetheerrorsthereincorrected;andheisnotentitledto,andwillnotbeallowed,severalappealsorwritsoferror,atseveraltimes,inthesamecause,tohavethesupposederrorsthereinrevisedandcorrected.Hemust26Meekv.Mathis,1Heisk.,540.Youngerr.Younger,6Pick.,25.Astofinaldecrees,see,ante,§§572-573;575-576.27Pondv.Trigg,5Heisk.,539.InAbbottv.Fagg,1Heisk.,747,itwasheldthatthecasesde-
•cidedbeforetheCodearenotsafeguidesindeter-miningwhatdecreesaresofinalthatanappealwillliefromthemasamatterofright;andthatanap-pealasamatterofrightwillnotlieuntilafteranaccountistaken,orasaleorpartitionmade,al-thoughthedecreeorderingtheaccount,sale,orpar-tition,determinealltheprinciplesinvolved,andsettleallthemattersandquestionsincontroversy,exceptthosearisingfromtheaccount,sale,orparti-tion.Theobjectofthisstatute,Code,§3157,wastogivebutoneappealasamatterofright.Humev.CommercialBank,1Lea,220.
28See,ante,§576,note5.29SeeGibsonV.Widener,1Pick.,16.sojacobiv,Schloss,7Cold.,385;Foleyv.Leath,3Shan.Cas.,353.31Porterv.Burton,10Heisk.,584;Bartonv.Turley,11Lea,600.32Kernodlev.Tatum,4Heisk.,312.83PorterV.Burton,10Heisk.,584;Brandonv.Crouch,11Heisk.,605;Chestnutv.McBride,6Bax.,93;AndrewJohnson'sEstate,9Lea,625.34Code,§3157;Siglerv.Vaughn,11Lea,131.36Pondv.Trigg,5Heisk.,532.36Brizendinev.State,19Pick.,677.37Code,§§3508-3509,(M.&V.,)Actsof1873,ch.78.

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§1266' APPEALSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.1012waituntilafinaldecreebeforeheappealsasamatterofright,ortakesawritoferror.38Thedistinctionbetweeninterlocutoryandfinaldecreeshasbeenfullycon-sideredintheChapteronDecrees.39Whenissuesoffactaremadeupondemandofeitherparty,andtriedbyajuryaccordingtotheformsofaCourtoflaw,errorsthereincannotbecor-rectedbyappeal,butmustbecorrectedbyanappealinthenatureofawritoferror.40Buterrorsindivorcecasescanbecorrectedbyanappealonly.41§1266.AnAppealintheNatureofaWritofError.—WhenacauseistriedbytheChancelloraloneuponwrittenproofs,thepartydissatisfiedwithhisdecreemusttakeanappeal;butifthecauseistriedbyajury,onissuesoffact,thepartydissatisfiedwiththedecreebasedonthejury'sverdictmusttakeanappealinthenatureofawritoferror.42Thisisaremedypurelystatutory,andisintendedtooperateasawritoferrorandsupersedeaswouldatcommonlaw.43AnappealinthenatureofawritoferrormaybehadfromadecreeinChancery,uponthesametermsandsubjecttothesameregu-lationsasanappeal.44Thebondrequiredfromtheappellant,andthepro-ceedingsintheappellateCourtuponanappealinthenatureofawritoferror,arealsothesameasincaseofanappeal.45Theeffectofanappealinthenatureofawritoferrorisquitedifferentfromthatofasimpleappeal.Anappealpracticallyabrogatesandannulsthedecreeappealedfrom,andabsolutelydevitalizesitasanadjudication;whereasanappealinthenatureofawritoferrorleavesthedecreeintact,butwhollysus-pendsitsoperationandactivityuntiltheappellateCourtpassesontheobjec-tionsmadetoitbytheappellant.46Onanappeal,thecomplainantcontinuestobethecomplainant,andtheburdenrestsuponhimofsatisfyingtheappellateCourtthatthedecreeappealedfromissubstantiallycorrect;47whereasanap-pealinthenatureofawritoferrorisanewsuit,andtheappellant,whethercomplainantordefendantbelow,becomesaplaintiffintheappellateCourt,andonhimreststheburdenofshowingthatthedecreecomplainedofiserron-eousinsomesubstantialmatter.48Inpractice,however,thedistinctionbetweenanappeal,andanappealinthenatureofawritoferror,fromdecreesinChancery,isnotrigorouslyobserved
;
andifapartyprayanappealwhenheshouldhaveprayedanappealinthenatureofawritoferror,orviceversa,theappellateCourtwillprobablytreatthecauseasthoughbroughtupbyaproperprayer,ifthebondisinproperform.49Andnow,inasmuchastherulesofpracticeintheappellateCourtsre-quireerrorstobeassignedincasesbroughttherebyasimpleappeal,aswellasincasesbroughttherebyappealinthenatureofawritoferror,theburdenoftheargumentineachsetofcasesispracticallythesame,becausealldecreesaredeemedprimafaciecorrect,50andtheappellantisrequiredtopointouttheerrorsinalldecreesofwhichhecomplains.51soSeeSmithv.St.LouisM.L.InsuranceCo.,3Tenn.Ch.,S09.51Sup.CourtRule,20;SPick.,775,Woodr.Fra-zier,2Pick.,500.PriortotheActof1819,ch.21,decreesinChancerycouldbereviewedintheSu-premeCourtonlybvwritoferror,orbyanappealinthenatureofawritoferror,inneitherofwhichcasescouldanyfactsbeconsideredexceptthoseap-pearinginthedecreeitself,theevidenceinthecasenotbeingotherwisereviewable.McEffieV.Shirley,Mart.&Yerg.,299.Theevidencethenwasmainlyoral.ButbytheActof1822,ch.14,onappealstheoriginalpapers,includingthedepositions,werede-liveredbytheClerkandMastertotheClerkoftheSupremeCourttobereadbytheTudgesthereof,Car.&Nich.,220.BytheActof1835,ch.20,alldepositionsandexhibits,readatthehearingintheChanceryCourt,weremadeapartoftherecord;andsincethenthedifferencebetweenanappealandanappealinthenatureofawritoferrorhaspracticallyceasedtoexist,thepoweroftheSupremeCourttoreviewthefactsbeingthesameineachcase.
38Porterv.Burton,10Heisk.,584;HumeV.Com-mercialBank,1Lea,220;Barksdalev.Butler,6Lea,454;Tohnson'sEstate,9Lea,625.30See,ante,§§572-576.40Code,§3156.41Code,§3158.Butawritoferrorwilllieastothealimony.McBeev.McBee,1Heisk.,558.42Code,§53156;3172;3174.IfthecauseistriedbytheChancellor,onoralproof,byconsentofparties,inlieuofajury,itmustbetakentotheappellateCourtbyanappealinthenatureofawritoferror.43Banksv.Brown,4Yerg.,198;Thomassont>.Kercheval,10Hum.,322.44Code,§3172.45Code,§3175.46SmithV.Holmes,12Heisk.,466;AkersV.Akers.16Lea.7.47TheappellateCourtmay,byrule,devolvethisburdenonthepartytakingtheappeal.48Maskallv.Maskall,3Sneed,208.40Bellv.Brown,5Yerg.,107.

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1013APPEALSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.§1267§1267.DifferenceBetweenanAppealandanAppealintheNatureofaWritofError.—Inadditiontothedifferencesstatedintheprecedingsection,asimpleappealistheproperremedyinallcasestriedstrictlyaccordingtotheformsoftheChanceryCourt;butwhereanissueoffacthasbeenmadeupondemandofeitherparty,andpasseduponbyajury,accordingtotheformsoftheCircuitCourt,thereanappealinthenatureofawritoferroristheproperremedytocorrectthedecreebasedontheactionofthejury.52WhereacaseistriedbytheChancelloraccordingtotheformsoftheChanceryCourt,anap-pealopensupthewholecase,andtheappellateCourtdeterminesitasthoughithadbeenoriginallyinstitutedinthatCourt,pronouncingafinaldecree,ifproper,andenforcingitbythenecessaryfinalprocess.Where,however,therehasbeenatrialbyjuryonthedemandofeitherparty,53andanappealinthenatureofawritoferror,theappellateCourt,ifofopinionthattherewasapropergroundforanewtrial,cannotgoonandpronounceafinaldecree,butmustremandthecausetotheendthatanewtrialbyjurymaybehad.54§1268.AppealBond,orOathinLieu.—Beforeapartyisentitledtoanappeal,oranappealinthenatureofawritoferror,hemusttenderasufficientappealbond,orapauperoathinlieu,whensuchoathisallowedbytheCourt.Ifthedecreeisforaspecificsumofmoneyandagainstthepartyinhisownright,55theappealbondmustbefortheamountofthedecreeanddamagesandcosts,56butinallothereasesabondforcostsonlyissufficient.57Where,how-ever,realestateisorderedtobesoldtoenforceavendor'slien,amortgage,ortrustdeed,orapartition,orformaintenanceorreinvestment,andtheownerpraysandobtainsanappeal,heshallonlyberequiredtoexecuteabondtopaythecostsinbothCourts.58APPEALBOND.We,FrankBrightandGeorgeFriend,acknowledgeourselvesindebtedtoVictorManninthesumof[theamountofthedecree,damagesandcosts.]ButthisobligationtobevoidifthesaidFrankBright,whohasprayedanappealtothenexttermoftheSupremeCourt,[orCourtofCivilAppeals,]atKnoxvillefromadecreerenderedagainsthiminfavorofthesaidVictorMannbytheChanceryCourtatMurfrees-boro,atitsJuneterm,1891,shallpayandsatisfytheamountofthedebt,59damagesandcosts,thesaidSupremeCourt,[orCourtofCivilAppeals,]mayadjudgeagainsthim,inthecause.(Tobedated,signed,witnessed,andMed.)Apartycannot,however,obtainanappealonthepauperoathunlesstheCourtexpresslysoallows.Iftheappealisgranteduponabondbeinggiven,andtimeisallowedinwhichtogivesuchbond,theClerkhasnoauthorityundersuchanordertoacceptthepauperoathinlieuofthebondrequired;andshouldheacceptsuchoath,theappealwillbedismissedintheappellateCourtonmotion,forwantofanappealbond.60Infact,unlessthebondisfiled,orotherconditionuponwhichtheappealisgrantedcompliedwith,thereisnoappeal,andthejurisdictionoftheappellateCourtdoesnotattach.PauperoathsforappealstotheappellateCourtscanreadilybeframedbyreferencetotheformsgiveninsections182-183,andtotheformsfollowing
:
PAUPEROATHFOP.ANAPPEAL.StateofTennessee,\Countyof \I,JohnDoe,dosolemnlyswearthatIamaresidentofsaidState,andthat,owingtomy.52Code,§§3156;3174.So,also,wheretheChan-cellorsitsasajury,byconsentofparties,andde-terminesissuesoffactonoralevidence.53IfthetrialbyjuryisfortheinformationoftheCourt,andnotondemandofeitherparty,therulewouldprobablybedifferent.54Code.§3156;4469.See,ante,8552.55Administrators,executors,guardians,trustees,andotherfiduciaries,againstwhomdecreesareren-deredassuch,notholdingthempersonallyliable,mayaopealupongivingabondtopaythecostsintheappellateCourt.Terryv.Stukely,3Yerg.,506.56Code,§3164.57InsuranceCo.v.Van,1Shan.Cas.,443;Smith
i'.Smith,2Shan.Cas.,132;Curryv.Wright,5Heisk.,612;CrawfordV.LifeIns.Co.,12Heisk.,154..
58Code,§3164a.Watkinsv.LandCo.,7Pick.,683.Thissectiondoesnotapplytoattachmentcases.Staubv.Williams,1Lea.123;butdoestomechanics'liencases.KinseyV.Stanton,6Bax.,92.59Ifthedecreebenotforaspecificsumofmoney,ornotagainsttheparty-inhisownright,thebondwillbeforcostsonly.Code,§§3162-31-63,andtheArtof1905,ch.89,donotapplytoappealsinChancery.60HenlyV.Claiborne,1Lea,224;MowryV.Da-venport,6Lea,82;Walshv.Crooks,7Pick.,390.

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§1269APPEALSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.1014poverty,IamnotabletobeartheexpensesofanappealbymeprayedtothenexttermoftheSupremeCourt,[orCourtofCivilAppeals,]atKnoxville,[or,Nashville,orJackson,]fromadecreeoftheChanceryCourtofsaidcounty,renderedonthe....dayof,19....,[againstmeandinfavorofRichardRoe,01]andthatIamjustlyentitledtothereliefsought.JohnDoe.Sworntoandsubscribedbeforemethis....dayof ,19 O.K.,C.&M.PAUPEROATHBYNEXTFRIENDFORANAPPEAL.StateofTennessee,Countyof _I,JohnDoe,asnextfriendofMaryDen,amarriedwoman,[orinfant,]dosolemnlyswearthatwearebothresidentsofsaidState,andthatMaryDenisnotable,andhasnotsufficientproperty,tobeartheexpenseofanappealprayedbymeashernextfriendtothenexttermoftheSupremeCourt,[orCourtofCivilAppeals,]atKnoxville,[orNashville,orJackson,]fromadecreeoftheChanceryCourtofsaidcounty,renderedagainstherandinfavorofRichardRoeonthe....dayof,19....;andthatsheisjustlyentitledtothereliefsoughttothebestofmybelief. JohnDoe.Sworntoandsubscribedbeforeme,this....dayof ,19 O.K.,C.&M.§1269.PracticalSuggestionsConcerningAppeals.—Havingdeterminedtoappeal,62seetoitthatyougeteverythingintotherecordyouhavearighttohavein.Ifanyofyourevidencehasbeenruledout,oranyimproperevidenceofyouradversaryadmitted,orifanydepositionswerenotread,orwerereadbythepartynottakingthem,seethatthesefactsproperlyappeareitherinthedecree,orbyabillofexceptions.63IfyouthinktheinspectionofanoriginaldocumentbytheappellateCourtwillaidyou,havethedecreedirecttheClerktomakeitanexhibittothetranscript.IfanyparoladmissionsweremadebytheadversesideduringthetrialfortheactionoftheChancellor,letthedecreesoshow.Ifanyoriginalrecordswereread,letthedecreesorecite.Ifanyagreementsoradmissionsinwritingweremadebytheotherparty,seethattheyaredulyfiledaspartoftherecord,anditmaybewelltoletthedecreerecitethatthedecreewasbasedonsuchagreementsoradmissions,aswellasonthebalanceoftherecord.Iftherebeanylargemaps,orplats,itwillsaveexpensetohavethemsentupaspartofthetranscript,withoutbeingcopied.Ifyouhaveanydoubtwhetheranydocumentorotherevidenceisproperlyapartoftherecords,makeitsuchbyabillofexceptions.Ifapartydesiringanappealisunabletogivetherequisiteappealbond,orisabsentatthetermwhenthedecreeispronouncedsothathisSolicitordoesnotknowhiswish,orispreventedinanywayfromtakinganappealfromafinaldecree,hemaywaitandfiletherecordforawritoferror.Insuchaease,hisSolicitorshouldseetoitthateverymatterhisclientisentitledtohaveintherecord,orinthefinaldecree,isputin.Ifabillofexceptionsisnecessary,foranypurpose,itshouldbepreparedandsignedbytheChancellor,andprop-erlymadeapartoftherecordbyanordertothateffect.Inshort,theSolicitorshouldtakeeverystephewouldtakeincaseofanappeal.Thenhecanhavethetranscriptmadeout,andifnecessaryobtainasupersedeas,beforetheClerkandMasterexecutesthedecree,orbeforetheSheriffexecutesanyfinalprocessinhishands.Inthiswaynearlyallthebenefitsofanappealcanbehad.Aboveall,rememberthatthelastmomentsofaCourtrequiregreatvigilanceonthepartofanappealingpartytoseethatallproperentriesaremade,andposehimtomeritedderision.TheChancellor'sopinionmaybeerroneous,whilehisdecreemaybecorrect.TheSupremeCourtdoesnottakecogni-zanceoftheopinionoftheChancellor,eveniferro-neous:itlooksalonetowhatisdecreed.BoydV.Sims,3Pick..780.So,injurytrials,nomotionforanewtrialshouldbemadeuntilafterthejuryhasretired.Commoncourtesyandordinarypolitenessrequirethismuch.ItisamistaketosupposethataSolicitorwillloseanyright,orsufferanylossofdignity,bywaitingforthejurytoretire,beforeen-teringhismotionforanewtrial,orbywaitinguntilthedecreeisdrawn,beforeprayinganappealthere-from.See.ante,§§1183,note59;1211.03SeeBillofExceptions,§§1213-1214,ante.
61Or,"inthecaseofJohnDoeV.RichardRoe.''62SolicitorsshouldrememberthatCourtsaremadetodecide,andthatwhenadecisionismadeonepartyortheothermustlose.Anydisplayoffeelingorvexation,orevenofannoyance,bvthelosingSolicitor,isnotonlydisrespectfultotheCourt,butsavorsofboorishness.AfewSolicitorsmakeitapointtoappealassoonastheChancellordelivershisopinion;but,asarule,theirstandingatthebarisnoteminent.WellbalancedandcourteousSolicit-orsneverappealfromtheChancellor'sopinion;theywaituntilthedecreehasbeenreducedtowriting,andsettled,andthenappealfromthedecree.IftheChancellorshouldgrantanappealfromhisopinionitwouldprofittheappellant-nothing,butwouldex-

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§1270 WRITSOFERROR. 1016
CHAPTERLXXII.WEITSOPERROR,ANDOFSUPERSEDEAS.ArticleI.ArticleII.WritsofError.WritsofSupersedeas.ARTICLEI.WRITSOFERROR.1270.OfficeofaWritofError.1271.WhoMayHaveaWritofError.1272.ToWhatDecreesaWritofErrorWillLie.WhentheWritMustbeObtained.§1273
§1274.HowaWritofErrorisObtained.§1275.FormofPetitionforWritofError,andofNotice.§1276.EffectofaWritofError.§1270.OfficeofaWritofError.—AwritoferrorisawritaddressedbyanappellateCourttoaninferiorCourt,commandingthelattertotransmittotheformerthewholeproceedings,inaspecifiedcause,tofinaljudgmentin-clusive,totheendthattheappellateCourtmayexaminethewholerecordinthecause,bothoflawandoffact,andrendersuchjudgmentthereonasmayappeartoberightuponthefaceoftherecord.1Inpractice,however,thewritinfactneverissues,theapplicantotherwiseobtainingthebenefitthereof.2Theofficeofawritoferroristoenableapartytohavecorrectedthe-errorsinadecreerenderedagainsthim:1,WherehehadnodayinCourt;or2,Wherehewasabsent,andthereforecouldnotappeal;or3,Wherehewaspresent,anddidnotdiscovertheerror,orforanyotherreasondidnotappeal;or4,Wherehewasaninfant,orofunsoundmmd,orimprisoned,orshewasamarriedwoman,whenthedecreewasmade;or5,Whereanappeal,oranappealinthenatureofawritoferror,isdismissedbecausenotfiledintime;3or6,Whereinanyothercase,anappeal,oranappealinthenatureofawritoferror,fromafinaldecreehasnotbeentaken,orhavingbeentaken,hasnotbeenperfected,orwhethertakenornothasbeendismissedbytheappellateCourtwithoutahearinguponitsmerits.§1271.WhoMayHaveaWritofError.—Anypartytoasuitwhowouldhavebeenentitledtoanappeal,oranappealinthenatureofawritoferror,isentitledtoawritoferror.4Undertheterm"party,"isincludednextfriendsandguardiansadlitem,5andallquasipartiesagainstwhomadecreehasbeenmade,orwhohavebeendeniedreliefbythemprayed,suchasmakersofnotesorbonds,giveninthecause,suretiesonsuchnotesorbonds,andclaim-antswhohavefiledpetitionsinacause.Andsothepersonalrepresentativesorheirsorassigneesofaparty,oraquasiparty,mayhavethiswritwhentheystandintheshoesofthedecedent;8andinawillcase,personsinterestedintheresultofthelitigationareentitledtoawritoferror,eventhoughnotpartiesofrecord.7 otherpartyistermeddefendant-in-error;butinaChancerycausedefendantscontinuetobedefendantsintheappellateCourt,evenwhentheybringupacasebywritoferror,becausethestatuteprovidesthatChancerycausesremovedtoanappellateCourtbywritoferror,orappealinthenatureofawritoferror,shallbereviewedasifbroughtupbyap-peal.Code,§3108.5Aguardianadlitemmayprosecuteawritoferroronthepauperoath.Alexanderv.Morris,1Cates,724.6CaldwellV.Hodsden,1Lea,305.1Linch«.Linch,1Lea,526.
1StephensonPldg.,117-122;Cainv.Cocke,ILea,2892BellV.Brown,5Yerg.,107.3Code,§§3182-3185;Actsof1901,ch.15.4Code,§§3172;3176.See,ante,§1263.Awritoferrorisinthenatureofanewsuit,andmaybeobtainedasofrightbyanypersonentitledtoit,ex-actlyasheisentitledtoasubpcenaonfilinghisbillandgivingaprosecutionbond,ortakingthepauper'soath.RidgelvV.Bennett,13Lea,208;andcasestherecited.Thepartywhoprosecutesawritofer-rorinasuitatlawistermedplaintiff-in-error,wheth-erplaintiffordefendantintheCourtbelow,andthe

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J017 WRITSOFERROR.§1272Uponanapplicationforawritoferrormorethantwoyearsaftertherendi-tionofthedecreesoughttobereviewed,anduponanapplicationbyanheir,assignee,orotherprivy,thepropermodeofproceedingisbypetition,8statingthefactswhichtakethepetitioneroutoftheperiodoflimitation,aswellasgivingtheassignmentoferrorstobeusedonthetrial.Theymustestablishaprimafaciecaseentitlingthemtothewrit.Ifthedefendantinerrorcontestthefactsallegedinthepetition,hemustdosobyaplea.Hecannotdosobyamotiontodismiss,for,uponsuchamotion,thepetitionwillbetakenastrue.9§1272.ToWhatDecreesaWritofErrorWillLie.—Awritoferrorliesfromafinaldecreeinallcaseswhereanappeal,oranappealinthenatureofawritoferror,wouldhavelain.10Awritoferrorwillnotliefromanydecreewhich(1)ismadepursuanttoamandatefromanappellateCourt.11or(2)whichcanonlybeappealedfromasamatteroffavorinthediscretionoftheChancellor,butisconfinedtosuchdecreesasmaybeappealedfromasamat-terofright;12norwilltheappellateCourtentertainjurisdictionofacausebroughtupbywritoferror,whenthedecreeisnotabsolutelyfinal,eventhoughcounselonbothsidesrequestthatthecausebeheard.13§1273.WhentheWritMustbeObtained.—Awritoferrorcannotbehadunlessthepartyapplyingtherefornotifytheadversepartyofhisintentiontoapplyforthewrit,andpresentthetranscriptandbondtherefor(1)totheClerkoftheappellateCourtwithinoneyearafterthedecree,or(2)totheappellateCourt,ortoaJudgethereof,withintwoyearsafterthedecree.14Butpersonswhoareunderthedisabilityofinfancyorcoverture,orwhoareofunsoundmind,orimprisoned,mayprosecutewritsoferrorwithinthetimeprescribedaftertheirdisabilityisremoved.15Toentitleapartytoawritoferror,hemustnotonlymakeapplicationthereforwithinthetimeal-lowedbylaw,butmustalsowithinthattimefileatranscriptoftherecord,executeacostbond,withsecurity,ortakethepauper'soath,andnotifytheadverseparty.16Ifthisbenotdone,thewritwillbedismissedonmotionofthedefendant,notwithstandingafiatforthewritmayhavebeenobtainedwithinthestatutorytime.17§1274.HowaWritofErrorisObtained.—AwritoferrormustbeobtainedfromthatappellateCourt,oraJudgethereof,whichwouldhavehadjurisdic-tionofthecaseonappeal,asheretoforeshown.17aThefirststeptobetakenbyapartywhowishestoobtainawritoferroristoprocurefromtheClerkandMasteracompleteanddulycertifiedtranscriptoftherecordinthecause.Iflessthanoneyearhaselapsedsincetheentryofthedecreecomplainedof,hemayfilethetranscriptwiththeClerkoftheappellateCourt,ofthatDivisionwhereinthedecreewasmade;and,upongivingabondforcosts,18ortakingthepauperoathinlieu,theClerkwillfilethetranscriptandnotifytheotherpartyofthefilingofthetranscript,andthegrantingofawritoferror,ifthepartyfilingthetranscripthasnotalreadygivensuchnotice.Ifayearormorehaselapsedsincetheentryofthedecreecomplainedof,thepartycomplainingmustnotonlyprocurethetranscriptasstated;buthemust,also,prepareapetitionaddressedtotheappellateCourt,ortooneofits8Thepetitionshouldbeswornto.9Ridgelyv.Bennett,13Lea,206;Caldwellv.Hodsden,1Lea,305.If,however,thepetitiononitsfacefailstomakeoutacaseforthewrit,itmaybedismissedonmotion.10Code,§3176;3172.liTohnsonv.Murnhy,23Pick.,558.12See,ante,§1265;Meekv.Mathis,1Heisk.,540
;
Hume«.CommercialBank,1Lea,220.13Gibsont>.Widener,1Pick.,16.14Therecordmustbefiled,thecostbondgiven,andnoticeservedontheadverseside,inordertoperfectawritoferror;andifthenoticeisgivenafterthetwoyears,evenwhentherecordandbondwerefiledwithinthetwoyears,thewritwillbedis-missed.Chesterv.Foster,6Pick.,515.15Code.§§3180-3182.Thus,aninfanthasoneyearinwhichtoobtainthewritfromtheClerk,and
twoyearsinwhichtoobtainitfromtheappellateCourt,oraJudgethereof,afterheattainshisma-jority.Caldwellv.Hodsden,1Lea,305.Butapersonunderdisabilitymay,duringsuchdisability,sueoutawritoferrorbynextfriend.RidgelyV.Bennett,13Lea,206.Seenote3,supra.16The-"Oticemustbegivenwithintheperiodfixedbylaw.Chesterv.Foster,6Pick.,515.•
17Cainv.Cocke,1Lea,288.Thebondseemstobeessentialtothefilingofthewrit.MoodyV.Mc-Neilly,3Heisk.,544.17aSee,ante.§1263a.18Code,§3178a.ButhemustpaythecostofthetranscripttotheClerkandMasterinadvance.See,§1286,post.ItisnopartoftheClerkandMaster'sdutytofileatranscriptintheappellateCourtforawritoferror.Gillespiev.Cox,1Heisk.,777.

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§1274WRITSOFERROR. 1018Judges,ifinvacation,givingastatementofthecase,andtheprecisepointsraisedbythepleadings,andtheerrorsoffactorlawreliedupontoreverseormodifythedecree,givingappropriatereferencestotherecord,andcitingthepagesthereof.Thestatementmustconformtotherequirementsofabrief,andisallthebriefthepetitionerwillbeallowedtorelyonintheappellateCourt.19Thepetitionmust,also,beaccompaniedbyacopyofthenoticeservedontheoppositeparty,orhiscounsel,20andifnonoticebeserved,anexcusethereformustbegivensatisfactorytotheCourtorJudgetowhomthepetitionispresented.Thepetitionshouldprayforawritoferror,andifasupersedeasisdesired,itshouldsopray.Thepetitionshouldbesworntoifitallegesanyfactnotappearingofrecord,orifasupersedeasisprayedfor.21IftheappellateCourtoftheDivisioninwhichthedecreewasmadebeinsession,thetranscriptmaybepresentedinopenCourtaccompaniedbythepetitioncontainingthebrieftobeusedonthetrial;andthewritmovedfor.Ifpropernoticeoftheapplicationforthewrithasbeengiventotheadverseparty,suchnoticewillbeexhibitedwiththetranscript;ifnonoticebegivenasufficientexcusemustbepresented;andthereupontheappellateCourtwillallowthetranscripttobefiled,andgrantthewrit.ORDERGRANTINGAWRITOPERROR.JohnDoe,vs.[WritofErrorto^theChanceryCourt,atNashville.RichardRoe.
iThisdayappearedRichardRoe,andpresentedatranscriptoftherecordinthecaseofJohnDoevs.thesaidRichardRoe,latelydeterminedintheChanceryCourtatNashville,accompaniedbyapetitionforawritoferror,containingabriefassigningerrorsinsaidrecord,andacopyofthenoticeservedonthesaidJohnDoe,andmovedtheCourtforawritoferrorinsaidcause;anditsatisfactorilyappearingtotheCourtthatduenoticeofthisapplicationhasbeengiventheadverseparty,itisorderedbytheCourtthatsaidmotionbeallowed,andthatsaidtranscriptbefileduponproperbondbeinggiven,andthereuponsaidbondwasaccordinglygivenandsaidtranscriptandnoticefiled.[Ifnoticeoftheapplicationhasnotbeengiven,omitallafter"errorsinsaidrecord!'ondinsert:andaccom-paniedbyanaffidavitgivingasufficientexcusefornotservingsaidDoeorhiscounselwithanoticeofpetitioner'sintentiontoapplyforawritoferror.AndthereuponthesaidRichardRoemovedtheCourtforawritoferror,[andsupersedeas^insaidcause.Onconsiderationofallwhich,saidtranscriptwasorderedtobefiled,andsaidwritstoissue,uponproperbondsbeingfiledtherefor,whichbondshavingbeendulyfiled,theClerkwasthereuponorderedtogivenotice22tosaidJohnDoeofthegrantingofthewritsoferror[andsuper-sedeas23]insaidcause.]IftheappellateCourtoftheproperDivisionbenotinsession,thetranscript,petition,andnoticemaybepresentedtoanyJudgeoftheappellateCourt,ortheClerkoftheappellateCourtintheproperDivision.IfpresentedtotheJudge,hewillendorseonthepetitionhisFIATEORAWRITOEERROR.TotheClerkoftheSupremeCourt,[orCourtofCivilAppeals,]atJackson,[Nashville,orKnoxville.]Filethistranscript,petition,[andnotice;]andonbondforawritoferrorbeinggiven,orpauperoathtaken,thewritisgranted.Issuenoticehereoftothedefendantinerror,[incasenonoticehasalreadybeengiven.']February23,1907. AB,Judge.IfthetranscriptandbondarepresentedtotheClerkinthefirstinstance,andwithinoneyearafterthedecree,nopetitionorotherpreliminaryisneces-sary,andhewillendorsethereonthestyleofthecause,thedateofthefiling,andthefactthatitisfiledforawritoferrorthus
:
19SupremeCourtRules,§27;SPick.,777.Thisruleisasfollows:OnpresentingrecordstooneoftheJudges,ortotheCourtintermtime,forwritsoferrororwritsoferrorandsupersedeas,apetitionmustaccompanyit,containingthebrieftobeusedontrial,andat-tachedtorecord;accompanied,also,bycopyofno-ticeservedonoppositepartyorcounsel,orsuchrea-sonsgivenforabsencethereofastheCourtorJudgedeemssufficienttoexcusepartyfromgivingnotice.Thecharacterofthisbriefwillbeshownhere-after:See,§1306.
20Fivedays'noticeinwritingshallbegiventheadverseparty.Code,§3183.21Forforms,see,post,§§127S;1278.22In"Anonymous,1Thomp.Cases,81,theSu-premeCourtheldthatthewritoferrorissuedofrightoutoftheClerk'soffice,asamatterofcourse;andthatitwasnotpropertoapplytotheCourtforawritoferror.Butnow,seeCode,§3177,author-izingtheapplicanttomoveforthewritintheSu-premeCourt.23Petitionsforsupersedeasconsidered,post,181277-1279.

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1019 WRITSOFerror.§1275CLERK'SENDORSEMENTONTRANSCRIPTFORWRITOFERROR.JohnDoe,]vs.!FromtheChanceryCourtatNashville.RichardRoe.JTranscriptforwritoferrorandbondthereforfiledbyRichardRoe,andwritgranted,thisFeb.23,1907. CD,Clerk.Wheretheapplicantforthewritisapersonalrepresentative,orheir,orassignee,orotherpersonentitled,whoserightdoesnotappearintherecord,hispetitionforthewritshouldnotonlycontainhisbrief,tobereliedonatthehearing,butheshouldgofurther,andmakeoutaprimafaciecaseofhisrighttohavethewrit.2*IftheappellateCourt,oranyJudgethereof,ortheClerkthereof,grantthewritandallowtherecordtobefiledwithoutanypreviousnoticeoftheappli-cationtotheadverseparty,25theClerkwillissuethepropernotice.Inanycase,noticegiventotheadversepartyfivedaysbeforethehearing.ofthecausewillbesufficient.27Thelawfavorsthewrit,andallowsnounnecessaryobstacletobeinterposedbetweentheapplicantanditsallowance;28neverthe-less,thewritcannotbehadwithoutfilingthetranscripttherefor,andgivingbondtotheappellateCourtClerk,ortakingtheoathinlieu.GivinganappealbondintheChanceryCourt,andhavingtheClerksendupatranscript,whennoappealisprayedorgranted,willnotentitlethepartysodoingtoanyreliefintheappellateCourt.29Thebondforthewritisthesamethatisrequiredforanappeal;andtheproceedingsintheappellateCourtafterthetranscripthasbeenfiledareexactlythesameas.thoughthecasehadbeenbroughtupbyappeal.30ThepracticeinobtainingwritsofsupersedeaswillbeconsideredinaseparateArticle.31§1275.FormofPetitionforWritofError,andofNotice.—Thefollowingareformsofapetitionforawritoferror,andofthenoticeoftheapplicationforthewrit
:
PETITIONFORAWRITOFERROR[ANDSUPERSEDEAS.]TotheHonorableSupremeCourtofTennessee,[orCourtofCivilAppeals,]sittingatKnox-ville,[orNashville,orJackson,]ortoanyoftheJudgesthereof
:
JohnDoe,1vs. \InChanceryatJamestown.RichardRoe,etal.JThepetitionofthecomplainantinsaidcauseforawritoferror[andsupersedeas]re-spectfullyshows
:
i.Thatonthe....dayof ,19....,afinaldecreewasrenderedagainsthiminsaidcause[statebrieflythesubstanceofthedecree.Ifexecutionorwritofpossessionhasissuedonsaiddecree,andasupersedeasisdesired,statethefact,anddatewhenissued.]Allofwhichwillmorefullyatlargeappearintherecordinsaidcause,atranscriptofwhichisheretoattached. n.Petitioneraversthatsaiddecreeiserroneousinthis[givingverybrieflythemainerrorsalleged.]Allofwhichwillmorefullyappearbythereferencetothebriefattachedtothispetition,andmadeapartthereof.in.Petitionerhasgiventheadversepartyduenoticeofhisintentiontomakethisapplication,acopyofwhichnoticeisheretoattached,andmarkedA.IV.Thepremisesconsidered,petitionerpraysthatawritoferror[andsupersedeas]begrantedhim,thattheerrorsinsaidcausebecorrected,andjusticedonehim,andforgeneralrelief.[Ifasupersedeasisprayedforaddtothepetition:]Thisisthefirstapplicationforasupersedeasinthiscase.[Annexaffidavit:see,ante,§789.] JohnDoE.24Ridgelyv.Bennett,13Lea,208;Caldwellv.Hodsden,1Lea,305.25Spurginv.Spurgin,3Head,23.Ifthedefend-antappears,andappearstomovetodismissforwantofnotice,suchappearancecuresthewantofnotice.McBeev.McBee,1Heisk.,558.27Code,§4515;WhiteV.Bettis,5Heisk.,374.28Spurgin,v.Spurgin,3Head,23.
29Wootenv.Daniel,16Lea,156.Inthiscase,theSupremeCourtheldthatajudgmentobtainedonsuchatranscript,andwithoutnoticetothead-verseparty,wasabsolutelyvoid,andcouldbeen-joinedbyabillinChancery.30Code,§3184.31See,post,§§1277-1279.

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§1276 WRITSOFSUPERSEDEAS.1020Ifthewrit,orwritsprayedfor,begrantedbyoneoftheJudgeshewillendorsethereonhisFIATFOE,WRITOFERROR.TotheClerkoftheSupremeCourt,[orCourtofCivilAppeals,]atKnoxville[orNashville,orJackson.]Filethispetition,andthenoticeandtranscriptattached[orexhibited]thereto,andonproperbond,[orpauperoath,]thereforbeinggiven,thewritoferrorisallowedasprayedfor.Dec.29,1905. AB,Judge.Ifasupersedeasalsoisappliedfor,itmaybegrantedbythesamefiat.3iaNOTICEOFINTENTIONTOAPPLYFORWRITOFERROR[ANDSUPERSEDEAS.]JohnDoe,1vs. J-IntheChanceryCourtatJamestown.RichardRoe,etat.JThecomplainantinsaidcausewilltakenoticethatat10a.m.onthe....dayof ,19....,at[designatingthepreciseplace]intheCityofChattanooga,[orothertown,namingit,]IwillpresentatranscriptoftherecordinsaidcausetooneoftheJudgesoftheSupremeCourt,[orCourtofCivilAppeals,]andapplyforawritoferror[andsupersedeas]inthecause.This....dayof ,19 L.T.Smith,SolicitorofDefendant.§1276.EffectofaWritofError.—Awritoferrordoesnotstayproceed-ingsinacauseintheChanceryCourt,norpreventtheenforcementofthedecreecomplainedof.Todothistheplaintiff-in-errormust,also,obtainasupersedeas.32Ifthedecreebelowhasbeenexecutedbyasaleofproperty,eitherrealorpersonal,beforethewritoferrorisobtainedandsupersedeasgranted,theright,titleandinterestofanypurchaseracquiredundersuchsaleanddecree,willnotbedisturbedoraffectedbythereversalofthedecree.33Awritoferrorandasupersedeas,obtainedbeforeasaleorotherexecutionofadecree,has,however,alltheforceandeffectofanappealinthenatureofawritoferror,andsuspendsthedecreeuntilthedecisionofthecauseintheappellateCourt.
ARTICLEII.WRITSOFSUPERSEDEAS.§1277.OfficeandEffectofaSupersedeas.§1279.SupersedeasofFinalDecrees.§1278.SupersedeasofInterlocutoryOrdersandDecrees.§1277.OfficeandEffectofaSupersedeas.—AsupersedeasisacommonlawwritusedbyappellateCourtsinaidoftheirrevisoryjurisdiction,andspeciallyadaptedtostayingproceedingsuponfinaldecreesandfinalprocess,andinstayingtheenforcementofaffirmativeinterlocutoryordersandmesneprocess.Theofficeofthewritistokeepmattersinstatuquo,untiltheappellateCourtcanpassuponthemeritsofthefinaldecree,orinterlocutoryorder,whoseen-forcementisstayedorsuperseded;xand,asaconsequence,theeffectistode-vitalizethedecrees,orders,andprocesstowhichitapplies.Evenifalevyonpersonaltyhasbeenmadebyvirtueofanexecution,theeffectofasupersedeasistoreleasethelevy,andrestorethepropertytothedefendantintheexecu-tion.2Andthesupersedeastakeseffectfromthedateofthefiat,whethernoticeofthefiat,orthesupersedeas,wasissuedandserved,ornot;andallproceed-3iaSeenextArticle,§§1277-1279.32See,post,§§1278-1279.33Code,§3186.Theplairrtiff-in-errorhastherighttohaveerrorsintherecordrevised,andwheth-ersuchrevisalwillbenefithimornot,isnotaquestionfortheSupremeCourttoconsider.McEee
v.M'-Bee.1Heisk.,56S.Butsee,Lewis1).Baker,1Head,386.lM.&M.Railroadv.Huggins,7Cold.,217;Ma-bryv.Ross,1Heisk.,773.2Post,51279.

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1021 WRITSOFSUPERSEDEAS.§1278ingsonthedecreeorprocesssuperseded,subsequenttotheawardofthesupersedeas,arevoid.3If,however,thesupersedeasisappliedfor,andgranted,merelytostayaninterlocutoryorder,ordecree,ortheenforcementthereof,orboth,theeffectofsuchalimitedsupersedeaswouldbetostaysuchdecreeorenforcementonly,andwouldnotpreventtheChanceryCourtfromproceedinginallothermat-terstoafinaldecree,inthesamemannerasthoughtheinterlocutoryorderordecreesupersededhadneverbeenmade.Theeffectofsuchasupersedeasistowhollysuspendtheordersupersededuntilfinaldecree.4TheappellateCourt,oraJudgethereof,maygrantasupersedeastoaChan-cerydecreeintwocases:1,Whereanimproperinterlocutoryorderordecreehasbeenmade;and2,Whereawritoferrorhasbeengrantedtoafinaldecree.Thesetwocaseswillbeseparatelyconsidered.§1278.SupersedeasofInterlocutoryOrdersandDecrees.—TheappellateCourt,intermtime,oreitheroftheJudgesthereof,invacation,mayonproperapplicationtherefor,grantwritsofsupersedeastoaninterlocutoryorderordecreeoftheChanceryCourt,ortoanexecutionissuedthereon,asincaseoffinaldecrees.51.WhatInterlocutoryOrdersorDecreesWillbeSupersededTheobjectofthestatuteistoenabletheappellateCourtintermtime,oroneofitsJudgesinvacation,tostaytheexecutionofanorderordecreeoftheChanceryCourt,which,inadvanceofthefinalhearing,undertakestodeprivethelitigantofrightsorproperty.Theordersanddecreesintendedtobeembracedinthestatuteareonlysuchasareofanaturetobeactivelyenforcedagainsttherightsorpropertyofthelitigant.6Thepowerconferredbythestatuteistosupersedesuchinterlocutoryordersanddecrees,orexecutionsissuedthereon,asmaybesupersededupongrantingawritoferroronafinaldecree;thatis,suchordersanddecreesasadjudicaterightsandadmitofactiveexecution.Thestatutedoesnotapplytoordersordecreesofanegativeorprohibitorycharacter,ortosuchashavealreadybeenexecuted.Theremustbesomethingaffirmativetobedone,orinprocessofbeingdone,thatmaybestayedbysupersedeas.Hence,anorder,orafiat,grantinganinjunction,ordissolvinganinjunctionpreviouslygranted,cannotbesuperseded;7neithercananorderappointingareceiver,ordischargingareceiver,orrefusingtoappointareceiver,whentheorderiswithinthediscre-tionarypoweroftheCourt,orChancellor.8Thestatutewasintendedtomeetthosecases,fortunatelyrare,where,inadvanceofadecreeonthemerits,fromwhichthelosingpartymayappeal,theChanceryCourtmakesanorderactuallydeterminingaparty'srights,andordersitsenforcement.9Thusasupersedeaswilllie(1)toaninterlocutoryorderimproperlyrequiringapartytopaymoneyintoCourt,andenforcingitbyexecution;10(2)toaninterlocutoryorderimproperlyawardingaman-datoryinjunction;11(3)toaninterlocutoryorderimproperlydispossessingapartyinacasenotwithinthediscretionarypoweroftheCourttoappointareceiver.12Asupersedeaswillnotlietoaninterlocutoryorderordecreethatanappealwouldbeofnoavail,iftheCourtunder-tooktodobyinterlocutoryorderwhatonlyoughttobedonebythefinaldecree.Blakev.Dodge,8Lea,466.
3Claibornev.Crockett,Meigs,607;Eoccov.Par-czyk.9Lea,328.4M.&M.Railroadv.Huggins,7Cold.,224.Theobjectofthesupersedeasisnottoreviseorreversetheinterlocutoryorderordecreesuperseded,butmerelyandexclusivelytostayitsenforcementuntilthefinalhearingofthecausebytheChancellor,whenanappealwilllieasamatterofright.Atthefinalhearing,theChancellormaymaketheorderordecreesupersededapartofhisfinaldecree,orhemaymodifyit,orignoreit,orreverseit,andthisfinaldecreemaybeenforced,unlessappealedfrom;andifappealedfromwillbeconfirmedifrightinitself,notwithstandingtheremaybeerrorsinsomeoftheinterlocutoryordersanddecrees.See§1317.5Code,§53933;4S13.Thereasonofthisstatutewas,thatunderoursystemofjurisprudence,anap-pealliesofrightfromonlyfinaldecrees,andsuch
6Mahryv.Ross,1Heisk.,769;Blake».Dodge,8Lea,465.7M.&M.RailroadCo.v.Huggins,7Cold.,217:Mabry«.Ross,1Heisk.,769;Parkv.Meek,1Heisk.,78.sBairdv.TurnpikeCo.,1Lea,394;Bramley».Tyree,1Lea,531;Robersonv.Roberson,3Lea,50.See,also,Trou^hberV.Akin,1-Cates,451,citingthisbook,§5856-857.(now904-905.)9Parkv.Meek,1Lea,78.10BlakeV.Dodge,8Lea,466;Parkv.Meek,ILea,80.11M.&M.Railroadv.Huggins,7Cold.,227.12Bairdt).TurnpikeCo.,1Lea,397.

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§1278 WRITSOFSUPERSEDEAS.1022ordersanaccount,orasale,orapartition,orthatmerelyprotects,restrains,orimpounds;norwillitlietoanaffirmativeinterlocutoryorderordecree,which,thoughsupersedableifapplicationhadbeenmadeinseason,hasbeenalreadyexecuted.132.HowaSupersedeasisObtained.Thewritofsupersedeasincaseofaninter-locutoryorderordecreemaybegrantedasincaseoffinaldecree.14There-fore,inordertoobtainasupersedeastheapplicationmustbemadebypetitionaddressedtotheappellateCourtoftheDivisioninwhichtheorderordecreecomplainedofwasmade,iftheCourtbeinsessioninsuchDivision;ifnotsoinsession,thepetitionmustbeaddressedtooneoftheJudgesoftheCourt,eventhough,infact,theCourtbeinsessioninanotherDivision.15AnappellateCourtsittinginoneDivisionhasnojurisdictionofanymattercomingfromaninferiorCourtinanotherDivision.Thepetitionshouldcontainafullandclearhistoricalstatementoftheliti-gationinwhichtheorderordecreecomplainedofwasmade,givingthevarioussteps,inorderoftime,takeninthecausedowntotheparticularorderordecree•complainedof,andshouldthenshowwhereinsuchorderordecreeaggrievesandoppressesthepetitioner,andwhyitshouldbesuperseded.Thepetitionmust,also,beaccompanied,asanexhibit,byaperfecttranscriptoftherecord16inthecausewhereintheorderordecreecomplainedofwasmade;andthepetitionermustgivetotheadverseparty,ifaresident,orifhebeanon-resi-dent,tohisSolicitor,reasonablenoticeofthetime,place,andJudge,when,where,andtowhomtheapplicationforasupersedeasistobemade.17Thepetitionshouldstatethatitisthefirstapplicationforasupersedeasintheease.18TheapplicationmustbetothatappellateCourt,craJudgethereof,havingjurisdictionofthecaseonappeal.183-IfmadetoaJudgeitshouldbead-dressedtohim;andwhenmadetotheCourt,itshouldbeaddressedto"TheHonorableSupremeCourtofTennessee,[orCourtofCivilAppeals,]sittingatKnoxville,"oratNashville,orJackson,asthecasemaybe.ThefollowingformofthenoticeandpetitionwillserveasaguideindrawingsuchpapersforeitherappellateCourt:NOTICEOPAPPLICATIONFOBASUPERSEDEAS.Mr.JohnDoe
:
Takenotice,thatIwillonthe2ddayofAugust,1890,athisresidenceinChattanooga,presentatranscriptoftherecordinthecaseofJohnDoevs.RichardRoe,intheChanceryCourtatKingston,Tenn.,toHon.D.L.Snodgrass,andapplytohimthereonforasuper-sedeastotheinterlocutorydecreemadeinsaidcauseonJuly17,1890,requiringmetopay'fivehundreddollarsintosaidCourt.July24,1890. RichardRoe,byE.E.Young.Solicitor.PETITIONTOSUPERSEDEANINTERLOCUTORYORDER.TotheHon.DavidL,.Snodgrass,oneoftheJudgesoftheSupremeCourt,residingatChattanooga
:
Yourpetitioner,RichardRoe,aresidentofRoanecounty,respectfullyrepresentstoyourHonorthatheismuchaggrievedbyaninterlocutoryordermadeonJuly17,1890,inandbytheChanceryCourtatKingston,inthecaseofJohnDoeagainstpetitionerinsaidCourt,-requiringhimtopayintoCourtwithinthirtydaysthesumoffivehundreddollars,andon,hisfailuresotodo,orderinganexecutiontoissueagainsthimtherefor.Thecomplainant,aformerwardofpetitioner,filedhisbillinsaidcauseagainstpetitioner,allegingthatpetitionerwaslargelyindebtedtohimashisguardian,andprayinganaccount.Petitioneransweredsaidbill,denyinganyindebtednessasguardian,andpleadingastatedthesameasinobtainingasupersedeasonawritoferror,aswillfullyappearbyanexaminationofthecasescitedinthisArticle.17,Thereseemstobenostatuteorexpressrulerequiringsuchnotice,butnaturaljusticerequiresit,especiallywhenasupersedeasonthepauperoathisappliedfor;andthereportedcasesoftenaffirmativelyshowthatsuchnoticewasinfactgivenSee,Code,53133Bairdv.TurnpikeCo.,1Lea,395;CampbellV.Boulton,3Bax.,355.SupremeCourtRule,27,doesnotapplytoasupersedeastoaninterlocutorydecree.SPick.,777.18Code,§§4434-4435,4454.18aSee,ante,f1263a.
13M.&M.Railroadv.Huggins,7Cold.,227;BairdV.TurnpikeCo.,1Lea,396.14Code,§3933.15BairdV.TurnpikeCo.,1Lea,394.Ifthepe-titionbepresentedtotheCourtwhilesittinginaDivisionotherthanthatwhereintheorderordecreecomplainedofwasmade,itwillbedeemedpre--sentedtotheJudgetowhomtherecordisassigned.Ibid.16Thereis,perhaps,nodirectadjudicationthat-atranscriptoftherecordmustaccompanythepeti-tion;butthepracticeistofilesuchatranscript.Bairdv.TurnpikeCo.,1Lea,394.Thepracticein.obtainingasupersedeasinsuchcasesispractically

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1023 WRITSOFSUPERSEDEAS.§1278dreddollarsleftinhishandsonsaidsettlementbysaidJohnDoetosecurepetitionerashissecurityonabailbondforsaidDoe'sappearanceatthethennexttermoftheCircuitCourt,whichcameinAugust,1889.SaidDoefailedtoappearatsaidterm,havingfledtoTexas,andaforfeiturewastakenonsaidbondagainsthim,andagainstpetitionerashissuretyonsaidbailbond,andjudgmentpronouncedagainstthemjointlyandseverallyforthesumoffivehundreddollars,whichjudgmentisinfullforce,unappealedfromandunsatisfied.Allofthesefactsaresetforthinpetitioner'sanswertosaidbill,andinhisanswerheofferstopaysaidfivehundreddollarstocomplainantwhensaidjudgmentandcostsaresatisfied,andhissaidliabilityentirelydischargedandended.Onsaidanswer,theChanceryCourtdeclaredsaidfivehundreddollarsatrustfund,andmadetheorderonpetitioneraforesaid,ofwhichhenowcomplains.Alloftheforegoingfactswillfullyandatlargeappearbyreferencetotherecordinsaidcause,aperfecttran-scriptofwhichisherewithfiledasapartofthispetition,andmarkedA.PetitionerhasservedanoticeonthecomplainantDoethathewillpresentsaidrecordtoyourHonoronthisday,andmoveforasupersedeastosaidinterlocutoryorder,acopyofwhichnoticeisherewithfiled,markedExhibitNo.1.Thepremisesconsidered,petitionerpraysyourHonortogranthimanordersupersedingsaidorderofsaidChanceryCourt,andstayingallfurtherproceedingsonsaidorder.Thisisthefirstapplicationforasupersedeasinthiscase.E.E.Young,Solicitor.[Tobesworntobythepetitionerinperson,orbyhisagentorattorney,asin§797,ante.]If,onexaminationoftherecord,aeaseforasupersedeasismadeout,theCourtinterm,ortheJudgeinvacation,willgrantasupersedeas;andmayrequirethepetitionertogivebondwithgoodsecurity.IfthewritisgrantedbytheCourtanorderthereforwillbeenteredontheminutes,asfollows
:
ORDERFORASUPERSEDEASTOANINTERLOCUTORYORDER.JohnDoe,1vs.\IntheChanceryCourt,atKingston.RichardRoe.JThedefendant,RichardRoe,havingthisdaypresentedtotheCourtapetitionforasupersedeastoan.interlocutorydecreemadeinthiscause,onJuly17,1890,orderinganexecutiontoissueagainsthimonhisfailuretopayintoCourtthesumoffivehundreddollarswithinthirtydays,andhavingexhibitedtosaidpetitionatranscriptoftherecordinthiscause,andduenoticeofthisapplicationhavingbeengiventhesaidDoe,onconsid-erationthereof,itisorderedbytheCourtthat,uponthepetitionergivingbondandgoodsecurity,theprayerofsaidpetitionbegranted;andawritofsupersedeaswillissuetostayallfurtherproceedingsonsaidinterlocutorydecreeuntilthefurtherorderofthisCourt.Saidbondwillbeinthepenaltyofonethousanddollars,payabletothecomplainant,JohnDoe,andconditionedtopaytheamountofsaiddecree,ifsorequireduponfinalhearing
;
andfurthertopayallsuchcostsanddamagesasthecomplainantmaysustainbyreasonofsaidsupersedeas.IfthewritisgrantedbyaJudgehewillendorseonthepetitionhisFIATFORASUPERSEDEAS.TotheClerkoftheSupremeCourtatKnoxville
:
Uponthispetitionbeingfiled,andabondgiveninthepenaltyofonethousanddollars,conditionedasrequiredbythestatuteinsuchacase,youwillissuethewritofsupersedeasasprayedinthepetition.M.M.Neil,JudgeoftheSupremeCourt.August2,1905.TheCourtorJudgemayrequirethepetitionertogiveabondwithgoodsecurity,payabletotheoppositeparty,conditionedtopaytheamountoftheinterlocutoryorderordecreeifsorequireduponfinalhearing,andfurthertopayallsuchcostsanddamagesastheoppositepartymysustainbyreasonofthesupersedeas.19TheClerkoftheappellateCourtwill,uponorderthereforbeingmade,issuethesupersedeasasordered;andwillalsotransmittotheChanceryCourtacopyofthepetitionandsupersedeastobefiledinthecause,andtoconstituteapartoftherecord.20,Ifasupersedeashasbeenimproperlygranted,thepetitionthereformaybedismissed,andthesupersedeasdischarged,onmotionoftheadverseparty,21madebeforetheCourtintheGrandDivisionwhereintheorderordecreesuper-sededwasmade.19Code,§3933. I 21Parkv.Meek,1Lea,78;Robersonv.Roberson,20Code,§3934. I3Lea,50.

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§1279WRITSOFSUPERSEDEAS.1024§1279.SupersedeasofFinalProcess.—Awritoferrordoesnotstaypro-ceedingsonthedecreecomplainedof;andinasmuchasthedecreemaybeexecutedbeforetheappellateCourtcanpassontheerrorsassigned,itoftenbecomesofgreatimportancetotheplaintiff-in-errortoobtainastayofpro-ceedingsuntilthehearingofthecauseintheappellateCourt.Thisstayisob-tainedbymeansofasupersedeas.1.HowaSupersedeasisobtained.Inordertoobtainasupersedeasofafinaldecree,orofprocessissuedthereon,theapplicantmustpresentthetranscriptoftherecordofthecausetosomeJudgeoftheappellateCourt,accompaniedbyapetition,22containingthebrieftobeusedatthehearingofthecauseintheappellateCourt,andprayingforawritoferror,andasupersedeas.Thepetitionmustalsobeaccompaniedbyacopyofthenoticeservedontheoppositepartyorhiscounsel,orbyanaffidavitgivingagoodandsufficientreasonfornotserv-ingthenotice.Ifthewrithasalreadybeengranted,thentheprayerwillbeforasupersedeasonly.IfacaseforasupersedeasismadeouttothesatisfactionoftheJudge,hewillendorseonthepetitionhisFIATFOB,ASUPERSEDEAS.TotheClerkoftheSupremeCourtatJackson
:
Uponthispetitionbeingfiled,andabondgivenfortheamountofthedecreecomplainedof,anddamagesandcosts,[or,uponthepetitionertakingthepauperoath,]youwillissueawritofsupersedeas,asprayedforinsaidpetition.W.D.Beard,February23,1907. ChiefJustice.Theapplicationforasupersedeasisusuallymadeatthesametimethatthewritoferrorisappliedfor,andifbotharegrantedthefollowingwouldbetheFIATFORAWRITOFERRORANDSUPERSEDEAS.TotheClerkoftheSupremeCourtatJackson
:
Filethistranscriptandpetitionforawritoferror,whichwritisgranteduponaproperprosecutionbondforcosts23beinggiven,[andnotifvthedefendanthereof,ifnotalreadynotified.]Andupontheplaintiffinerrorgivingasufficientsupersedeasbondfortheamountofthedecreeanddamagesandcosts,issueasupersedeastostayallfurtherproceedingsonsaiddecree,[or,issueawritofsupersedeasasprayedinsaidpetition.]February23,1907. W.K.McAlister,JudgeoftheSupremeCourt.IftheappellateCourtoftheDivisioninwhichthedecreewaspronouncedbeinsession,theapplicationforasupersedeasmaybemade'inopenCourtasalreadyshown.242.TheBondforaSupersedeas.Awritoferrordoesnotsuspend,orinanywayinterferewith,theproceedingsintheChanceryCourttoenforcethede-cree,andforthisreasonthestatuteallowsanypersontoobtainthewrit,with-outasupersedeas,bygivingbondandsecurityforcostsalone;or,ifunabletogivesecurityheisallowedtotakethepauper'soath.25Butinasmuchasawritoferrorandasupersedeasstayallproceedingsonthedecreecomplainedof,inthesamemannerasdoesanappeal,thestatuterequiresthat,whenbotharegranted,thebondshallbethesameasonappeal,thatisfortheamountofthedecreeanddamagesandcosts,ifthedecreeisforaspecificsumofmoneyandagainstthepartyinhisownright;inothercases,thebondisforcostsonly.20Asupersedeasinaidofawritoferrormay,however,begrantedontheignorantoftheproperpractice,orthinkstheJudgehasmoretimetosiftouttheerrorsintherecordthanhehimselfiswillingtodevotetothetask.23_Awritoferrorwithoutasupersedeasmaybeobtainedbygivingbondandsecurityforcostsalone,orbytakingthepauperoath.Code,§3178a;butwhereasupersedeasissues,thebondshouldbefortheamount'ofthedecreeanddamagesandcost.Code.§§3164;3184.24See,ante,S1274.25Code,§3178a.Theoathmaybetakenbeforeanvofficerauthorizedtoadministeroaths.Campbellv.Tioulton.3Bax.,354;KnoxvilleIronCo.0.Smith.2Pick.,45.28Code,§§3184;3164;see,ante,§1268.
22SeeGoodmanV.Floyd,2Hum.,59.Onpre-sentingrecordstooneoftheJudgesinvacation,ortotheCourtintermtime,forwritsoferror,orwritsoferrorandsupersedeas!apetitionshouldac-companyit,containingthebrieftobeusedonthetrial,andcopyofnoticetoadversepartyorcounsel,orsufficientexcusefornoteivingthenotice.*Su-premeCourtRules,§27;5Pick.,777.ThepetitionisonlyrequiredtoaidtheJudgeintheperform-ance,ofhisduty,andthesupersedeaswouldbegoodifgrantedwithoutapetition.Mowryv.Davenport,6Lea,84,Andso,theJudgemaygrantasuperse-deaswithoutanybriefbeingfiled;butaSolicitorwhow^uldapplyforsuchextraordinaryprocesswith-outtakingextraordinarypainstoshowhimselfthere-untoentitled,eitherlightlyesteemsthewrit,oris

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1025 WRITSOFSUPERSEDEAS.§1279pauperoath;27butwheretherehasbeenalevyonpersonalproperty,thisshouldseldombedone,firstbecausethelevyshowsthattheplaintiffinerrorisnotapauper,andsecond,becausethesupersedeasreleasesthelevy,andmaytherebydeprivethedefendantinerrorofhisonlychancetomakehisdebt.28Toenablethedefendantinerrortoresistasupersedeasonthepauperoath,thestatuteprovides,incasesofcertiorariintheCircuitCourt,thatnosupersedeasshallissueonthepauperoathwithoutanexpressorderoftheJudgedispensingwithsecurity,andthatsuchordermaybemadeonlyonnoticetotheadversepartyoftheapplicationtotakethepauperoath;29andthisstatutehasbeenheldtoapplytolikeapplicationsforasupersedeasmadetoanappellateJudgetostayproceedingsonafinaldecreeintheChanceryCourt.30Asupersedeasgrantedonthepauperoathwithoutnoticetothedefendantinerror,would;nevertheless,bevalid.Thefollowingaretheordinaryformsofwritsoferrorandwritsofsuper-sedeas:WRITOFSUPERSEDEAS.StateofTennessee.TotheSheriffofKnoxcounty,Greeting:WhereasithasbeenrepresentedtousbythepetitionofRichardRoe,thatJohnDoehasobtainedadecreeagainsthimintheChanceryCourtofRoanecounty,onthe17thdayofJuly,1890,forthesumoffivehundreddollars,andthatsaiddecreeiserroneousandunjust:Andfurthermore,thatexecutionhasissued,orislikelytoissue,toenforcethecollectionofthesame;andtheaforesaidRichardRoe,havingobtainedanorderfromhisHonor,DavidL.Snodgrass,oneoftheJudgesoftheSupremeCourtofsaidState,forasupersedeastoissueinsaidcase;Theseare,therefore,tocommandyou,theSheriffaforesaid,thatifyouhavethepropertyofthesaidRichardRoealreadyleviedupon,byvirtueofsaiddecreeandexecution,forth-withtorestorethesametothesaidRichardRoeatyourperil;andyouwillalsonotifysaidJohnDoethatsaidexecutionissuperseded,andthatheisinhibitedfromfurtherproceedingwithsaiddecreeandexecution,untilthefurtherorderofthisCourt.Andhowyoushallhaveexecutedthisprocess,youwillmakeknowntothisHonorableCourt,attheCourtHouse,inKnoxville,thesecondMondayinSeptembernext.Witness,D.D.Anderson,ClerkofoursaidCourt,atoffice,inKnoxville,thesecondMon-dayinSeptember,1890. D.D.Anderson,Clerk.NOTICEOFWRITOFERROR.StateofTennessee.TotheSheriffofKnoxcounty
:
Whereas,RichardRoehavingfiledintheSupremeCourtClerk'sOfficefortheEasternDivisionofsaidState,atKnoxville,acertifiedtranscriptoftherecordinthecaseofJohnDoevs.RichardRoe,recentlydeterminedintheChanceryCourtofRoanecounty;andhavingenteredintobondasrequiredbylaw,anddemandedawritoferror
;
Theseare,therefore,tocommandyou,theSheriffasaforesaid,thatyounotifythesaidJohnDoethereof,andthathebeandappearbeforetheJudgesofoursaidSupremeCourt,atKnoxville,onthesecondMondayofSeptembernext,thenandtheretoshowcause,ifanythere.be,whythejudgmentoftheCourtbelow,insaidcause,shouldnotbereversedorannulled;andhaveyouthenandtherethiswrit.Witness,S.E.Cleage,ClerkofoursaidSupremeCourt,atoffice,inKnoxville,thesecondMondayofSeptember,1906. S.E.Cleage,Clerk.27Mowryv.Davenport,28McCannyv.Lawson,Parczyk,9Lea,328.29Code,§3133.30Campbellv.Boulton,
6Lea,80.3Head,256;Roccov.
3Bax.,354;Mowryv.
Davenport,6Lea,83.Code,§3133,wouldseem'toapplyexclusivelytoCircuitJudges.CombsV.Vo-geli,7Bax.,271.TheLegislatureprobablythoughtthattheappellateJudgeswouldbesufficientlycau-tiousinthismatterwithoutanystatutorymonition.

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§1280TRANSCRIPTSFORAPPEALSANDWRITSOPERROR.1026
CHAPTERLXXIII.TRANSCRIPTSFORAPPEALS,ANDWRITSOFERROR.§1284.AbbreviatedTranscriptinCasesAp-pealed.SuggestionsinReferencetoMakingOutTranscripts.Clerk'sFeesforTranscripts.
§1280.TranscriptsofRecords,asEvidence,andforReview.§1281.WhataTranscriptforanAppeal,or§1285.aWritofError,ShouldContain.§1282.RequisitesofaTranscript.§1286.§1283.FormofaTranscriptforanAppeal,oraWritofError.§1280.TranscriptsofRecords,asEvidence,andforReview.—ThereissomeconfusionamongtheyoungermembersoftheBarastowhattranscripts'shouldcontain.Thisconfusionarisesfromthefactthatwhatisagoodtrans-cripttobeusedasevidence,maynotbeagoodtranscripttobeusedinanap-pellateCourtforthepurposeofcorrectingerrors.1.TranscriptforUseasEvidence.Atranscriptisoftenobtainedtobeusedasevidenceeither(1)astheproofofadecreeorjudgmentonwhichsuithasbeenoristobebrought;or,(2)asalinkinachainoftitle;or,(3)asevidenceofaformeradjudication;or,(4)foranyoftheotherpurposesofproof.Suchatranscriptisquiteadifferentthingfromatranscripttobefiledinanappel-lateCourtinorderthatallegederrorsthereinmaybereviewedandcorrected.Whenthetranscriptistobeusedasevidence,itconsistsof:1,TheprocesswherebythedefendantwasbroughtbeforetheCourt,andtheSheriff'sreturnthereon;2,Thepleadingsinthecause;3,Thevariousordersmadeofrecordinthecause;and4,Thedecree.1Ifthereportsmadeinthecause,orthebillofexceptions,oranydepositionfiledinthecause,orotherpaperinthefile,ortheexecutionsissuedonthejudgment,beneededforanypurposeasapartoftheoriginalfileinthecause,anyoneormoreorallofthemmaybeincorpo-ratedintothetranscript,andthusbemadeevidence;butwheretheobjectofthetranscriptistoobtainthebenefitofthedecree,orofanyorderinthecause,asevidence,2thennothingisessentialtoaperfecttranscriptexcepttheprocessandthereturnthereon,thepleadings,ordersontheminutes,andfinaldecree.2.TranscriptsforPurposesofReviewinanAppellateCourt.WhenatranscriptisneededtobefiledinanappellateCourtonanappeal,oranappealinthenatureofawritoferror,orforawritoferror,itmustcontainnotonlyallthatisrequiredwhentherecordistobeusedasevidence,butitmust,also,includethebondsfiledinthecause,alltheentriesontheminutes,thereportsoftheMasterandreceiver,thedepositions,allexceptionstopleadings,reportsanddepositions,theexhibits,thebillofexceptions,andalldocumentsdulyfiledinthecauseasevidenceupontheissuespresentedbythepleadings.Thepapersandmattersthatarenopartofarecord,andcannotbeincludedinatranscript,unlessdulyincorporatedinabillofexceptions,orotherwiseauthenticated,havealreadybeenenumerated,andneednotberepeated.3§1281.WhataTranscriptforanAppeal,orWritofError,shouldContain.FortheconvenienceofClerksandMastersthefollowingsummaryofwhatconstitutesatranscriptincaseofappeal,orforawritoferror,isheregiven
:
1SeeCoffeeV.Neely,2Heisk.,304.AdecreeinChancerymaybeprovedbyacertifiedcopyofthebill,answer,anddecree.1Greenlf.Ev.,§511.Thecaptionofthedecreeshouldprecedeit.Ibid.InLowry&Harrisv.McDurmott,5Yerg.,225,itwasheldthatadecreecouldbereadinevidencewithoutproducingthebillandanswersuponwhichitwas
made.See,Code,§2030,sub-sec.18;and§2071.Theadversepartycanproducethebalanceoftherecordifitinvalidatesthedecree.2Astotheprobativeforceofarecord,see,ante,§446.3See,ante,§§538;1213-1214.

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1027TRANSCRIPTSFORAPPEALSANDWRITSOFERROR.§12811.Bonds.Allbondsgiven,andrecognizancestaken,duringtheprosecutionofthecause,includingprosecution,injunction,attachment,refunding,andre-plevinbonds,administrators',guardians',andreceivers'bonds,andappealbonds,andpauperoathsinlieuofbonds;andtheendorsementsthereon.2.Process.AlloriginalandmesneprocesswherebyapartyisbroughtbeforetheCourt,suchasoriginal,mesne,andcounterpartsubpcenastoanswer,attachmentwritsbothoriginal,alias,andancillary,attachmentstocompelananswer,andjudicialattachments;andtheendorsementsandreturnsthereon.3.Pleadings.Allpleadingsfiledinthecause,suchasbills,amendedandsupplementalbills,pleasinabatement,demurrers,pleasinbar,replicationstopleas,answers,amendedandsupplementalanswers,crossbillsandpetitionstorehear,andtheendorsementsthereon;andallissuesoffactsubmittedtoajury.4.ExceptionstoPleadings.Allexceptionstopleadingsbecauseofscandal,impertinence,orinsufficiency,andtherulingsoftheMasterandChancellorthereon,includingallappealstotheChancellor.5.Evidence.Allexhibitstopleadingsortodepositions,alldepositions,grants,deeds,transcripts,orotherwritingsordocumentsdulyfiledasevidenceinthecause.6.ReportsandExceptionsThereto.AllreportsbytheMaster,oraspecialcommissioner,orareceiver,oraguardian,includingreportsonareferenceandreportsofsale;andallexceptionstoallreports.Butnoguardian'sorre-ceiver'sreportshouldbeincludedinatranscriptunlesssomequestionistobemadeonthemintheappellateCourt.7.RuleDocketEntries.Allordersmadeinthecauseontheruledocket,suchaspublicationorders,proconfesses,ordersappointingguardiansadlitem,orderssettingasideproconfesses,ordersawardingwritsofscirefaciasandre-vivingacause,andanyotherordersonwhichaquestionhasbeenmadeintheChanceryCourt.8.OrdersandDecrees.Alltheordersanddecreesinthecauseappearingontheminutebook,andallordersmadebytheChancellorinvacation;prefixingtothe.ordersanddecreesofeachtermthecaptionoftheterm,andtotheordersanddecreesofeachdaythecaptionoftheminutesofthatday.9.TheBillofExceptions.Thebillofexceptionswhenincorporatedintothetranscriptshouldomitallsuchexpressionsas"Hereinsert,"or"Herecopy,"or"Heresetitout;"and,inlieu,theparticulardeed,deposition,affidavit,orotherpaperreferredto,shouldbecopiedinfull,accordingtothedirection.10.BillofCosts.Thetranscriptshouldcontainanitemizedbillofcosts,suchasappears,orshouldappear,ontheexecutiondocket,showingtheamountdueeachofficer,witness,orotherperson,andonwhataccount,andgivingtheStateandcountytaxes.11.Index.Notranscriptiscompletewithoutagoodindex,givinginalpha-beticalorderthenameofeverypaper,bond,writ,pleading,report,deposition,witness,order,anddecreeinthecause.12.Certificate.Evervtranscriptshouldbedulycertified,anditisingoodformfortheClerktoaffixhissealofofficetohiscertificate.13.TranscriptonaSecondAppeal.IfacauseonceappealedtoanappellateCourtandremandedisagainappealed,thetranscriptalreadyintheappellateCourtonthefirstappealconstitutesapartoftherecordinthecause,andtheClerkisrequiredtomakeoutandtransmitatranscriptofsuchproceedingsonlyintheChanceryCourtasweresubsequenttotheremandmentofthecause.*InmakingoutalltranscriptsfortheappellateCourts,Clerksshouldkeepinmindthateverything,fromthefilingofthe,prosecutionbondtothefinaldecree,mustbeenteredintheorderoftimeinwhichthepaperswerefiled,4Code,§3171.

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§1282TRANSCRIPTSFORAPPEALSANDWRITSOFERROR.1028andmotions,orders,anddecreesweremade,sothatnothingwhichwasfiledordoneafterwardsshallprecedeinthetranscriptwhatwaspreviouslyfiledordone,exceptintranscribingtheevidenceonwhichareportisbased.§1282.RequisitesofaTranscript.—TheappellateCourtshaveadoptedthefollowingrulesinreferencetotranscripts:1.AlltranscriptsfromtheinferiorCourtsshallbewritteninalarge,plainandlegiblehand,orprinted,ortype-written.Itshallbesowrittenononlyonesideofthepaper,withblackink,uponlawpaper,inlengthfourteeninches,andinwidtheightandone-halfinches,withhalfaninchbetweenthelines,hav-ingablankmarginontheleftofeverypage,andthewholefirmlyattachedatthetop.52.Clerksshallmakeouttranscriptssothatprocess,pleadings,rules,orders,decrees,judgments,andstepsofwhateverkind,shallbeenteredintheorderofsequenceastheyoccurredintheprogressofthecause.Thedateofissu-anceofprocessandofthefilingofpleadings,andthedateofrulesmadeintheClerk'soffice,andthedateandtermsofrules,orders,decrees,judgments,andstepsofeverykindmadeinCourt,shallprecedetheentryofthesame,respect-ively,inthetranscript;andtheClerkshallmakeaminuteandperfectindexofthecontentsofthetranscript.Incasetherebeanyfailure,omission,ordefectastoanyoftheseparticularsbytheClerkoftheinferiorCourt,heshallnotbeallowedanycostforthetranscriptwhereinsuchfailure,omission,ordefectoccurs.63.UnlessthereisaquestiononthesameintheCourtbelow,nonoticetotakedepositions,norcaptionofanydeposition,noraffidavit,noranyotherunnec-essarypaper,shallbeinsertedinthetranscript;norshallanyfeebeallowedanyclerkforsuchmatter.Butthedateofserviceofeachpapersoomittedshallbegiven,andalsothetimeandplaceatwhichthedepositionwastaken,andwhoofthepartieswerepresent.Andincopyingdepositionstakenuponinterrogatories,theanswershallfolloweachquestion.Reportsandaccountsshallfollowtheordersordecreesonwhichtheyarebased,whenpracticable,andbefollowedbytheproofonwhichtheyaretaken.Noreportofreceivers,orothermatternotaffectingthequestionsincontroversy,shallbeputinthetranscriptunlessrequiredbycounsel,andthenitshallbestatedatwhosein-stanceitwasdone,andthecostthereofwillbechargedaccordingly.74.InallcasesappealedthetranscriptsmustbefiledintheappellateCourt8withinfortydaysafterthefilingoftheappealbond,orapauperoathinlieu,and,uponanyClerkandMasterfailingtocomplywiththisrule,allcostsformakingthetranscriptwillbedisallowed.Notranscript,afterithasbeenfiled,shallbetakenfromtheCourtHousebycounselengagedinacausewithouttheClerk'spermission,orareceiptgiventherefor;andnotranscriptshallbecar-riedoutofthecityinwhichtheCourtisheldunlessupontheorderoftheCourtoroneoftheJudges,orunlessitisotherwisedirectedbyruleorgeneralorderoftheCourt,orwherecounseldesiretherecordinordertopreparebriefrequiredundertheserules;inwhichcasetheywillbeallowedtotakesuchrecordswithoutorderupongivingreceipttherefortotheClerk.95.WhenaClerkofaninferiorCourtshallfailtomakeoutandfilewiththe
5SupremeCourtRule,2,adoptedJune21,1891;5Pick.,769.6Suo.CourtRule,3.7Ibid.,4.8ThereseemstobenoexpressstatuterequiringClerkstomakeoutandfileintheappellateCourttranscriptsoftherecordincaseofappeals.For-merly,theoriginalpapersinanEquitycauseweretransmittedtotheappellateCourt,andthecausetherehearddenovo,asthoughoriginatingthere.See,2Scott'sRev.,36;485;Car.&Nich,220;Cook,Appendix,438;1Tenn.,(Overt.),395,note.Com-muniserrorfacitjus.Thestatuteinreferencetotransmittingtranscriptsisasfollows:ItisthedutyoftheClerkofeachoftheseveral
Courts,whenacauseistakenbyappealinthena-tureofawritoferrortotheappellateCourt,tomakeoutandtransmitbymail,totheClerkoftheAppellateCourtofhisDivision,atranscriptoftherecord,withinfortydaysaftertheentryofappeal,unlesstheentryhasbeenmadewithinfortydaysoftheregulartermoftheappellateCourt,orduringsuchterm,andthenforthwith,andtransmitwithoutdelaytotheClerkoftheappellateCourt.Code,§4041.Thecertificateofthepostmasterofhiscounty,thatthetranscripthasbeendepositedinthepost-officewithinthetimeprescribedintheprecedingsec-tion,ispresumptiveevidenceofthetransmissionre-quired.Code,§4042;ActofFeb.12,1907.oSup.CourtRule,5,asamendedJune—,1905.

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1029TRANSCRIPTSFORAPPEALSANDWRITSOPERROR.§1283ClerkofthisCourtatranscriptoftherecordinanycauseinwhichtheStateofTennesseeisaparty,inwhichanappealisprayedandgranted,inthetimeandmannerprescribedbylaw,nocostwillbeallowedtosuchClerkinsuchcase.106.Inalltranscripts,civilandcriminal,hereaftersenttothisCourt,theClerksoftheinferiorCourtsshallindorseonthesamethenamesofcounselforplaintiffsanddefendantsintheirCourts,andofplaintiffsanddefendantsintheappellateCourt,(ifknowntothem,)andontheirfailuretodoso,theywillforfeittheirfeesinsuchcases.11§1283.FormofaTranscriptforanAppeal,oraWritofError.—InordertofurtheraidClerksandMastersinmakingouttranscriptsfortheappellateCourts,thefollowingformisgiven
:
TRANSCRIPTFORANAPPELLATECOURT.TranscriptoftheRecordinthecaseofJohnDoeandWilliamDoevs.RichardRoe,Rol-andRoe,RomeoRoe,RupertRoeandRachelRoe,intheChanceryCourtatKnoxville,beingcauseNo.9876,ontheruledocketofsaidCourt
:
ORIGINALBILL.uaJan.1st,1889,billfiled,butexhibitsnotfileduntilJan.20,1889.Originalbillasfollows
:
{Herecopythebill.]BONDSFORPROSECUTION.Jan.1st,1889,12prosecutionbond,[orpauperoath,]filedasfollows:[Herecopythebond,oroath.'13]Jan.1st,1889,injunctionbondfiled,asfollows:[Herecopythebond,ifonebeHied.]Jan.1st,1889,attachmentbondfiledasfollows:[Herecopythebond,ifonebeMed.]ORDEROPPUBLICATION.Jan.1st,1889,orderonruledocketastodefendantRobertRoe,[anon-resident,]asfol-lows:[Setitoutinfull.]SUBPOENATOANSWER.Jan.1st,1889,subpoenaforRichardRoe,RolandRoeandRachelRoe,issuedasfollows
:
[Herecopyit,andtheSheriff'sreturnonit.]INJUNCTIONWRIT.Jan.1st,1889,issuedastodefendantRichardRoeasfollows:[Herecopyit,andtheSheriff'sreturnonit.] ATTACHMENTWRIT.Jan.1,1889,astodefendant,RomeoRoe,asfollows:[Herecopyit,andtheSheriff'sre-turnonit,infull.]ORDEROPPUBLICATION.Jan.5,1889,onruledocket,fordefendant,RupertRoe,[theattachmentagainsthimhavingbeenleviedonhisproperty,]asfollows:[Herecopyit.]EXHIBITSTOBILL.Jany.20,1889,filedasfollows:[Herecopythemintheorderinwhichtheyareexhibitedtothebill,makingaseparatelineforthenumberorletterdesignatingeachexhibit,thus:]ExhibitA,[or,No.1.][Herecopyit.]ORDERPROCONPESSO.Feb.S,1889,orderproconfesso,ontheruledocketastoRobertRoe,asfollows:[Hereinsertit,infull.]ANSWEROPRICHARDROE.Feb.S,1889,filed,asfollows:[Herecopyitinfull,and,also,copyanyexhibitsthereto,inthesamemannerasexhibitstothebillaresetout.]PROCONPESSOASTOROBERTROESETASIDE.March4,1889,oyderonruledocket,asfollows:[Hereinsertit.]10Ibid.,6.nIbid.,7.liaSuitsinChanceryarebegunbyfilingabill:hence,thebillshouldbecopiedintothetranscriptbeforetheprosecutionbond.See,ante,§§132;178,note35.12Thedateofissuanceofprocessandofthefilingofpleadings,andthedateofrulesmadeinthe
Clerk'soffice,andthedateandtermsofrules,orders,decrees,judgments,andstepsofeverykindmadeinCourtshallprecedetheentryofthesame,respective-ly,inthetranscript.Sup.CourtRule,3.13Theendorsementonabond,pleading,ordepo-sitionneednot#becopied,whenthedateofitsfilingisprefixedtoitsentryinthetranscript.

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§1283TRANSCRIPTSI'ORAPPEALSANDWRITSOPERROR.1030PROCONFESSOAGAINSTTHEOTHERDEPENDANTS.AprilTerm,1889,[Herecopy(1)thecaptionoftheminutes1*oftheAprilTerm,1889;(2)thecaptionoftheminutesofApril12,1889,and(3)theorderproconfessomadeonthatday,prefixingtotheproconfessothedateatwhichitwasmade.]PROCONFESSOASTORUPERTROESETASIDE.AprilIS,1889,[Herecopythecaptionoftheminutesforthatday,andthengivetheordersettingasidetheproconfesso.]DEMUREROPRACHELROE.AprilIS,1889,demurrerfiled,asfollows:[Hereinsertit.]DEMURREROPRACHELROEOVERRULED.April16,1889,[Herecopythecaptionoftheminutesforthatday,andthengivetheorderoverrulingthedemurrer.]ANSWEROFRACHELROE.April17,1889,answerfiled,asfollows:[Hereinsertit.]DEPOSITIONOFJOHNSMITH.May2,1889,depositiontakenMay1,1889,inpresenceofbothparties,intheClerkandMaster'sofficeatKnoxville,byconsentandwithoutnotice,asfollows:[Herecopyit,omit-tingthenoticetotakeit,thecaption,thecertificateandtheaffidavitoftransmission.15]DEEDFROMHENRYJONESTOWILLIAMJONES.May2,1889,deedfiledasfollows:[Hereinsertit.]ByorderoftheChancellortheorig-inaldeedisheretoattached,markedA.15aDEEDFROMWILLIAMJONESTOJOHNDOE.May3,1889,deedfiledasfollows:[Hereinsertit,andthecertificatestoit.]May4,1889,[Inthesamewaysetoutalltheprooffiledinthecause,puttingthenameofthewitnessorpaperonalinebyitselfsothatitwillattractattention,andbeginningthenextlinewiththedateofthefilingofeachdeposition,deed,transcriptorotherpaperordocumentfiledasevidence.]REFERENCETOTHEMASTER.OctoberTerm,1889,[HerecopythecaptionoftheOct.Term,1889.]Oct.IS,1889,[Herecopythecaptionoftheminutesofthisday,and,also,theinterlocutorydecreeofreferencetotheMaster.]MASTER'SREPORT.Oct.17,1889,reportfiled,asfollows:[Hereinsertit.]DEPOSITIONOFJOHNSMITH.™May2,1889,filed.Thisdepositionwasreadonthepreliminaryhearing,andwillbefoundonpage17,ante.DEPOSITIONOFWM.SMITH.Oct.16,1889,depositionfiled.ThisdepositionwastakenbyconsentintheMaster'soffice,inpresenceofbothpartiesandtheirSolicitors,andisasfollows:[Settingitout.]EXCEPTIONSTOMASTER'SREPORT.Oct.18,1889,exceptionsfiled,asfollows:[Hereinsertthem,givingtheirformandstyleascloselyaspossible.]COURT'SACTIONONREPORTANDEXCEPTIONS.Oct.19,1889,[Herecopythecaptionoftheminutesofthisday;andthengivetheentryshowingtheactionoftheCourtonthereport,andtheexceptionsihereto.LEAVETOFILE,SUPPLEMENTALBILL.Oct.20,1889,[Herecopythecaptionoftheminutesofthisday,andthengivetheorderallowingthesupplementalbilltobefiled.]SUPPLEMENTALBILL.Oct.20,1889,supplementalbillfiled,asfollows:[Hereinsertit.]
14Forformsofcaptions,see,ante,§§532;1138.Thecaptionoftheminutesofeachtermatwhichanyentrywasmadeinthecauseshouldprecedethecap-tionoftheminutesofthedaywhentheentrywasmade;butwhereseveralentriesaremadeatonetermthecaptionofthetermneednotberepeated.15SupremeCourtRule,4.Butthetimeandplaceoftakingthedeposition,andwhoofthepartieswerepresent,mustbestated.Ibid.
15aWhenaninspectionofanoriginaldocumentwillaidtheappellateCourtinreachingaconclusionastoitsgenuineness,integrity,age,meaningorothercharacteristic,theChancellormayorderitsentupwiththetranscript.See,ante,§450,note76.16Theproofonwhichareportisbasedmustfol-lowthereportinthetranscript.Sup.CourtRule,4.

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1031TRANSCRIPTSFORAPPEALSANDWRITSOEERROR.§1283ANSWERTOSUPPLEMENTALBILL.Nov.2,1889,answerfiled,asfollows:[Hereinsertit.]DEPOSITIONOFROLANDROE.Dec.3,1889,depositionfiled.ThisdepositionwastakenonnoticeservedNov.10,1889,andwastakenatConcord,onDec.1,1889,inpresenceofbothparties,andtheSolicitorofthedefendant.Saiddepositionisasfollows:[Hereinsertit.]RECORDINCASEOPJOHNDENVS.RICHARDPEN.Dec.S,1889,recordfiled,asfollows:[Herecopythetranscript,ifitbeatranscript:ifitbeanoriginalrecord,copyitexactlyasthoughyouweremakingatranscriptofitfortheSupremeCourt,onanappeal^]DEMANDPORAJURY.AprilTerm,1890,[HerecopythecaptionoftheminutesoftheAprilTerm,1890.]AprilIS,1889,[HerecopytheminutesofAprilIS,1890,showingthedemandforajuryinthecause.ISSUESOPFACTPORTHEJURY.April16,1890,issuesfiled,asfollows:[Herecopythem.]TRIALBYJURY,ANDVERDICT.April17,1890,[Herecopythecaptionoftheminutesofthisday,andthengivetheentryontheminutesshowingthetrial,verdict,motionforanewtrial,&c]PINALDECREE.April18,1890,[Herecopythecaptionoftheminutesofthisday,andthengivethe-finaldecree.]BILLOFEXCEPTIONS.April20,1890,billofexceptionsfiled,asfollows:[Herecopythebill'ofexceptions.Putthenameofeachwitnessonaseparatelineprecedinghistestimonyordeposition;putthetitleofeachdeed,exhibit,orotherpaper,onaseparateline;andingeneralsocopythebillofexceptionsthateveryseparatematterinitcaneasilybeseenataglanceatthepageitison.Thiscanonlybedonebytheuseofproperhead-lines.Thereshouldbea~separatehead-lineforeverywrit,pleading,deposition,deed,orotherpaper,thechargeoftheCourt,andotherimportantmattercontainedinthebillofexceptions.]APPEALBOND.May2,1891,bondfiled,asfollows:[Herecopyit.]BILLOFCOSTS.[Herecopyitinfull,exactlyasitappearsontheexecutiondocket;andthenaddthefeesduetheClerkformakingoutthetranscript,andfortransmittingit.]CERTIFICATE.I,W.L.Trent,ClerkandMasteroftheChancer}'CourtatKnoxville,certifythattheforegoingisafull,trueandperfecttranscriptoftherecordandbillofcosts,remaininginmyoffice,inthecaseofJohnDoeandWilliamDoeagainstRichardRoe,RolandRoe,RomeoRoe,RupertRoeandRachelRoe.Witnessmyhand,andthesealofsaidCourt,thisJune1st,1891.[l.s.]. W.L.Trent,C.&M.INDEX. PAGEAnswerofRichardRoe, 8"RachelRoe, 16AttachmentWrit, - 4Bill,Original, 1Bond,Attachment, 2"Injunction, - 2"Prosecution,- - - 5DeedfromWm.JonestoJohnDoe, 18DemurrerofRachelRoe,- ISDepositionofRolandRoe, 23"JohnSmith, 17"Wm.Smith, 25Doe,John,deedfromWm.Jonesto, - 18ExceptionstoMaster'sReport, 24ExhibitAtoBill, - - - - 7[Andsocontinuingtotheend.Itisoftenpropertoindexthesamematterundertwoheads:thusthedepositionsofwitnessesshouldbeindexedundertheheadofdepositions,and,also,underthenameofeachwitnessinhisalphabeticalorder.]

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§1284TRANSCRIPTSFORAPPEALSANDWRITSOFERROR.1032Rememberthatnothingcontainedinbrackets[]intheforegoingformshouldgointothetranscript,thematterinbracketsbeingsimplydirectoryorexplanatorytotheClerk.Aboveall,rememberthelarge,plainandlegiblehandinwhichthetranscriptmustbewritten;andifprintedortype-writtenitmustbeequallyasplainandlegibleasthoughwritten.Anditmustbewrittenorprintedononlyonesideofthepaper,andwithgoodblackink,anduponlawpaper,withhalfaninchbetweenthelines,havingablankmarginontheleftofeverypage,andthewholefirmlyfastenedtogetheratthetop.17§1284.AbbreviatedTranscriptinCasesAppealed.—Often,ifnotgenerally,onappealstoanappellateCourt,alargepartofthematterscontainedinthetranscriptaresounnecessarythattheyareregardedbybothcounselandCourtasmeresurplusage,needlesslyencumberingandenlargingthetranscript,andincreasingthedifficultyoffindingwhatisreallymaterialtothequestionssoughttoberaisedintheappellateCourt.Tosavetheunnecessaryexpense,aswellastheunnecessaryburdentoCourtandcounsel,arisingfromthein-sertionofunnecessarymattersinatranscriptithasbeenenactedthattheappellant,orhisSolicitor,inacaseappealed,maydesignateinwritingsuchpartsoftherecordandpapersinthecaseashemaydesiretobeputinthetranscript,andtheClerkshalltranscribethesame.Theappellant,orhisSo-licitor,shallnotifytheoppositeparty,orhisSolicitor,thereof,whenthelattermay,ifdesired,designatetheremainder,orsuchpartsoftheremainder,oftherecordandpapersofthecauseashemaywishtranscribed;andthereupontheClerkshalltranscribethesame.TheClerkmay,however,proceedtotrans-cribealltherecordandpapersuntilotherwisedirected.IftheappellateCourtconsidersthedesignationoftheremainderoradditionalpartsoftherecordandpapersunnecessaryandburdensomeitwilladjudgethecoststhereofagainstthepartyrequiringthesame.18Thenoticebytheappellantmaybeasfollows:DESIGNATIONBYAPPELLANTOPWHATISTOGOINTOTHETRANSCRIPT.JohnDoe,etal.,)
vs. }InChanceryatKnoxville.RichardRoe,etal.JTotheClerkandMaster
:
IntheabovecaseappealedbythedefendantstotheSupremeCourt,thedefendantsherebydesignatethefollowingpartsoftherecordandpapersforinsertioninthetranscript
:
1.Originalbillandexhibitsthereto.2.Answer.3.DepositionsofRolandRoeandWin.Smith.4.Bill,answerandfinaldecreeincaseofJohnDenvs.RichardFen.5.FinalDecree.Idesirenootherpartsofrecordorpapersinsaidcauseputintothetranscript.Aug.1,1905. Jas.C.Ford,SolicitorforDefendants.Thedesignationmust,ofcourse,befiledwiththeClerkandMaster,andtheappellantshouldnotifytheoppositeparty,orhisSolicitor,thereof.Thismaybeasfollows
:
NOTICEOPDESIGNATIONASTOTRANSCRIPT.JohnDoe,etal.,I
vs. \InChanceryatKnoxville.RichardRoe,etal.JTheappellees(complainants)intheabovecauseareherebynotifiedthattheappellants17SupremeCourtRule,2.Theimportanceoflegi-bleandwellconstructedtranscriptscannotbeeasilyover-estimated.1.TheyareEssentialtoJustice.Ifatran-scriptisillegible,confused,orunsystematic,itmayfailtobeunderstood,andthusfulljusticefailtobedone.2.EaseandExpeditionofBusinessRequireThem.TheJudgesareundernoobligationtostraintheireyesoutoftheirheads,orperplextheirbrains,invainlystrivingtodecipherthehieroglyphicsoftenfoundintranscripts.Clerksarepaidtosodotheirworkthateverypartofthetranscriptshallbeso
plainastobereadwithouteffort.SeeGlassv.Ben-nett,5Pick.,485.3.Clerks'CostsforTranscriptsDisallowed.ItisnouncommonthingfortheSupremeCourttostrikeoutallofthecostsformakingoutatranscript,whenitisbadlywritten,orotherwiseimperfect.Code,§4557:Garwoodv.Cooper,12Heisk.,103;Stauntonv.Harris,9Heisk.,585;Statev.White,5Sneed,620;McGavockr.Puryear,6Cold.,45;Bassv.Schurer,2Heisk.,216;Siblev.State,3Heisk.,137;andTelegraphCo.v.Ordway,8Lea,560.Sup.CourtRule,3.isActsof1903,ch.35.Thisisamostwholesomestatute.

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1033TRANSCRIPTSFORAPPEALSANDWRITSOPERROR.§1285(defendants)havedesignatedthefollowingpartsoftherecordandpapersinsaidcauseforinsertioninthetranscript.[Hereinsertthepartscontainedinthedesignation.']Aug.1,1905. Jas.C.Ford,SolicitorforAppellants.Iftheappelleesdesireanabbreviatedtranscripttheymay,onreceivingthisnotice,makeadesignationofadditionalpartsoftherecordtobeputintothetranscript,asfollows
:
DESIGNATIONBYAPPELLEESASTOTHEREMAINDEROETRANSCRIPT.JohnDoe,etal.,"I
vs. VInChanceryatKnoxville.RichardRoe,etal.JTotheClerkandMaster
:
Inthiscause,whichhasbeenappealedtotheSupremeCourtbythedefendants,whohavedesignatedcertainpartsoftherecordandpapersforinsertioninthetranscript,thecom-plainantsherebydesignatethefollowingpartsoftheremainderofthesaidrecordforinsertion
:
1.Interlocutorydecree,orderingareport.2.Master'sreport.3.AllprooftakenbytheMasterorfiledwithhimbythepartiesforhisconsiderationinmakinghisreport.4.ExceptiontoMaster'sreport.5.Court'sactiononreportandexceptionsthereto.Wewishnootherpartstranscribed.Aug.3,1905. Thos.L.Carty,SolicitorforComplainants.If.theappelleesdesiretheentireremainderoftherecordandpaperstogointothetranscript,theyneedmakenoresponsetothenoticeofdesignationgiventhembytheappellants.TheClerkandMasterwillcopythesedesignationsandnoticesinthetrans-cript,asthey(1)arehisauthorityfortheomissionfromthetranscriptofthosepartsoftherecordnotspecifiedinthenoticesofdesignation;and(2),theyarenecessarytoenabletheappellateCourttoadjudgethecostsofthetran-scriptinaccordancewiththestatute.Thepartiesmaymaketheirdesignationsofrecordatthefootofthedecreeorordergrantingtheappeal,inwhichcasenonoticetotheoppositepartybytheappellantisnecessary.UntiladesignationhasbeendulymadetheClerkandMastermayproceedtotranscribealltherecordandpapersinthecause;andif,afterhehasbegunhistranscription,adesignationisfiledwithhimheshouldincludeinthetran-scriptallthathehastranscribeddowntodateofdesignation,andnotethefactthus:NOTATIONOETRANSCRIPTIONBEFORENOTIFICATION.Therecordinthiscausewastranscribedtothispointbeforethefollowingdesignationwasfiled:[Hereinsertthedesignationofappellants,andiftheappelleeshavemadeadesig-nationinsertthatalso;andthenproceedtotranscribewhatisspecifiedinthedesignation,ordesignations.]§1285.SuggestionsinReferencetoMakingOutTranscripts.—ClerksandMasterswillfindthattheobservanceofthefollowingruleswillsavethemtime,labor,perplexity,andannoyance,inmakingoutatranscriptinacause
:
1.ArrangeallthePapersinDueChronologicalOrder.Dothisattheoutset,beforeyoucopyapaper.Ifyouhaveproperlykeptyourruledocket,itwillgiveindueorderoftimeeverypaperfiledinthecause,andthusgreatlyaidyou.2.MakeaMemorandumoftheDateofEveryEntryontheMinutes.Byconsult-ingtheindexyouwillhavenotroubleinobtainingthesedates.Puteachdate,thesubjectoftheentry,andthepageoftheminutebookwhereentered,onaseparatepieceofpaper,thesizeofthebackofanordinarypaperwhendulyfoldedforfiling.Thisdone,inserttheseslipsorpiecesofpaperamongtheotherpapersinthecauseintheirproperorderoftime.

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1286TRANSCRIPTSFORAPPEALSANDWRITSOFERROR.10343.SeparatetheReportsandAccounts,theDecreesOrderingThem,andtheProofsonWhichtheyareTaken,fromtheBalanceoftheFile.Iftherebeareport,oranaccount,inthecause,letitfollowtheorderordecreeofreference,andlettheproofonwhichitisbasedfollowit.19Asarule,theproofwillfollowit,indueorderoftime;butsometimestheMasterbaseshisreport,inpartorinwhole,onprooftakenbeforetheorderofreference.WhensuchproofwasheardbytheChancellorbeforethereference,itshouldgointothetranscriptinstrictorderoftime;buttheMastershouldmakeareferencetoitingivingtheproofonwhichhisreportisbased,asheretoforeshown.Yourfilebeingthusproperlyassorted,indueorderofsequence,asrequiredbytheappellateCourtEules,20maynowbedeliveredtothecopyist.4.PutaProperCaptiontoEveryBond,Writ,Pleading,Deposition,Deed,Order,Report,Decree,orOtherSeparatePaperCopied.Putthiscaptiononaseparatelineinaplain,bold,legiblehand,asshownintheforegoingform.Makethecaptionshort,notexceedingfourorfivewords.5.FollowEachCaptionwiththeDateoftheFiling,orEntry.TheRulesoftheappellateCourtsrequirethatthedate,shallprecedetheentryofeverypaper,rule,order,ordecree.21Factscannotbeunderstoodwhendivorcedfromtheirdates,22andhencethevastimportanceofknowingthedatebeforethefactismadeknown.6.OmitUnnecessaryMatters.Noticestotakedepositions,captionsandcer-tificatestodepositions,affidavitsrelatingtothetransmissionofdepositions,reportsofreceivers,subpoenasforwitnesses,notices,orothermatternotaffect-ingthequestionsincontroversy,shouldhotbeincorporatedintothetranscript,unlessrequiredbycounsel;andthentheClerkwillstateatwhoseinstanceitwasputin.Affidavits,usedinsupportofamotionmadeinthecause,arenopartoftherecordunlessmadesobyabillofexceptions,orbyexpressorderontheminutestothateffect;and,therefore,shouldnotbecopiedintothetranscript.7.HowtoMakeOuttheIndex.Prepareabouttwenty-sixsmallsheetsofpa-per,andletterthemA,B,C,&c,Consecutively,andputeachsheetintheindextoanyofyourrecordbooks,puttingsheetAonpageA,sheetBonpageB,andsoon.Thenyourtranscriptbeingcompletedandbound,gothroughit,andasyoureachahead-line,sayBondforCosts,turntotheletterBinyourindex,andputBondforCostsonthememorandumsheetByouhavepreviouslyputthere.Inthiswaygothroughthewholetranscript.Thentakeyourmem-orandumindexsheetsoutofyourindex,andhavethemcopiedintothetranscript,induealphabeticalorder.§1286.Clerk'sFeesforTranscripts.-^Incaseofappeals,orappealsinthenatureofawritoferror,itisthedutyoftheClerkandMastertomakeoutanddulytransmittotheClerkoftheappellateCourtafull,true,andperfecttranscriptoftherecordinthecause,withouthisfeesbeingprepaid,evenwhentheappealisonthepauperoath.ButwhenanypersonorpartyappliestotheClerkforatranscriptinanyothercase,asforawritoferror,orawritofsupersedeas,ortofileasevidence,theClerkmay,andgenerallydoes,requirehisfeestobepaid,orwellsecured,beforehebeginsthework,ordeliversthetranscript.23AfteraClerkhasdulymadeoutandfiledatranscript,hisdutyinthatregardisatanend;andifsuchtranscriptbelost,destroyedormutilated,itmustbesuppliedasprovidedinthestatute,andtheClerkcannotberequiredtomakeoutanothertranscript,unlesshisfeesthereforarepaidbeforedelivery.2419Sup.CourtRule,4.20Rules,3and4.21Rule,3.22Factsarecomposedoftime,place,actand
circumstances.See,ante,§786,note14.23See,Code,§§3792;4040,sub-sec.9;TelegraphC.v.Ordway,8Lea,558.24TelegraphCo.v.Ordway,8Lea,558.

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1035THRCOURTOFCIVILAPPEALS.§1287
CHAPTERLXXIV.THECOURTOFCIVILAPPEALS:ITSHISTORYANDJURISDICTION.§1287.TheCourtofCivilAppeals.§1288.JurisdictionoftheCourtofCivilAppeals.§1289.HowCausesareHeardintheCourtofCivilAppeals.
§1290.TheDecreesoftheCourtofCivilAppeals.§1291.HowtheDecreesandJudgmentsoftheCourtMaybeReviewedintheSupremeCourt.§1287.TheCourtofCivilAppeals.—Suchhadbeentheincreaseoflitiga-tioninTennessee,consequentontheincreaseofpopulationandwealth,thatitwasimpossibleforourSupremeCourttohearanddeterminealltheappeals,incivilandcriminalcauses,withduedeliberationandaccurateness,notwith-standingtheextraordinaryindustryoftheJudges,andtheadmirablerulesbythemdevisedforthespeedydispatchofbusinessandthereadyattainmentofcorrectresults.InordertoaidtheSupremeCourt,theLegislaturein1883,authorizeditsJudgestoappointacommissionofthreelawyersasrefereesfortwoyearstowhomtheCourtmightrefersuchcasesonitsdocketsasitsawfit.1Thiscom-missionsatasaquasiCourt,heardarguments,andmadewrittenreportstotheSupremeCourtoftheirfindingsoffactsandlaw.Uponthesefindingspartiesdissatisfiedtherewithfiledassignmentsoferrors,asincaseofexcep-tionstoMasters'reports,andthecaseswereheardintheSupremeCourtupontheseassignments.WhiletheCommissionofRefereeswasofgreatassistancetotheSupremeJudges,itwasnotcontinued.ButthedocketsoftheSupremeCourtcontin-uedtobecrowdedwithappeals,andfurtherreliefbecameindispensabletothespeedydeterminationofthesecauses.InasmuchasinappealsfromChancerydecreestheSupremeCourtwasre-quiredbystatutetore-examinethewholematteroflawandfactappearingintherecord,2itwasconsideredthatthebestmethodofaidingtheSupremeCourtwouldbebyrelievingitofthenecessityofpassingonthefactsofthecaseinChancerycauses.AccordinglytheCourtofChanceryAppealswasestablished,notasanindependentappellateCourt,butratherasahandmaidoftheSu-premeCourtintheascertainmentofthefactsincasesappealedfromtheChan-ceryCourts.3WhiletheCourtofChanceryAppeals,composedoflearned,diligentandimpartialJudges,fromitscreation,gavegreatsatisfactiontoallconcerned,nevertheless,inconsequenceofappealsbeingallowedtherefromtotheSupremeCourtinallcases,thedocketsofthelatterCourtcontinuedoverloaded,nowith-standingtheindustryofitsJudges,anditsstringentrulesastoargumentsandbriefs.Therefore,tofurtherrelievetheSupremeCourttheLegislature,in19074,madethreeimportantchangesintheCourtofChanceryAppeals:1st,itincreasedthenumberofJudgestofive;2d,itgreatlyenlargeditsjurisdiction;and3d,itchangeditsnameto"CourtofCivilAppeals,"inconformitywithitsincreasedjurisdictionoverbothcivilactionsatlawandsuitsinChancery.§1288.JurisdictionoftheCourtofCivilAppeals.—ThejurisdictionoftheCourtofChanceryAppealswasdependentupontheactionoftheSupreme
.lActsof1883,ch.257.2Code,§3155.SomeChancerycasesformerlyconsumedaweekeachinbeingheard.3Actsof1895,ch.76.ThisActisconstitutional.McElweev.McElwee,13Pick.,649.
iSenateBill,No.7,passedFeb.12,1907,whiletheportionofthisbooktreatingofappealswasbeingprinted,andtheauthorwasforcedtorelyonatypewrittencopywhichmaybesomewhatimperfect.

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§1289THECOURTOFCIVILAPPEALS.1036Courtassigningcausesforitsdetermination;butthejurisdictionoftheCourtofCivilAppealsisabsoluteandwhollyindependentofanyassignmentbytheSupremeCourt.5CauseswerenotappealedtotheCourtofChanceryAppeals,buttotheSupremeCourt.UnderthesaidActof1907,allcausesofwhichithasjurisdictionareappealed,orotherwisetaken,directtotheCourtofCivilAppeals.ThelanguageoftheActisasfollows
:
"ThejurisdictionoftheCourtofCivilAppealsisappellateonly,andex-pends(1)toalleasesbroughtupfromCourtsofEquityorChanceryCourts,"exceptcasesinwhichtheamountinvolved,exclusiveofcosts,exceedsone''thousanddollars,andexceptcasesinvolvingtheconstitutionalityofthestat-utesofTennessee,contestedelectionsforoffice,Staterevenueandejectment"suits;and(2)toallcivilcasestriedintheCircuitandCommonLawCourts''oftheState,inwhichappealsinthenatureofwritsoferror,orwritsoferror,"maybeappliedforthepurposeofhavingtheactionofsaidtrialCourtre-viewed.Inallcasesinwhichappellatejurisdictionisconferreduponsaid"CourtofCivilAppeals,theappealsandappealsinthenatureofwritsof"errorfromthelowerCourtshallbetakendirectlytotheCourtofCivilAp-''peals;andthisCourt,oranyJudgethereof,isgiventhesamepowertoaward"andissuewritsoferror,certiorariandsupersedeas,whichtheSupremeCourt"hadinsuchcases,returnabletotheCourtofCivilAppeals.Thepracticein"suchcasesinthelatterCourtshallbethesameasthatprescribedbylawfor"theSupremeCourt."8TheCourtofCivilAppealshasallthepowersoftheSupremeCourtneces-sarytofullyenforceandeffectuateitsappellatejurisdiction;andtheCourt,oranyJudgethereof;,maygrantwritsoferror,certiorari,andsupersedeas,re-turnablebeforeit.eaAndinthecauseswithinitsjurisdiction,theCourthasfullauthoritybycertiorari,mandamus,orotherwise,toobtainaperfectrecord,andtoadoptanduseallthemeansnecessarytothefullandefficientexerciseofanappellatejurisdiction.TheCourtisempoweredtoprescribeitsownrulesofpractice.7AndtheClerksandMarshalsoftheSupremeCourtare,also,theClerksandMarshalsoftheCourtofCivilAppeals,andarerequiredtoperformthesameduties.8TheconcurrenceofamajorityoftheJudgesissufficientforallpurposes.9§1289.HowCausesareHeardintheCourtofCivilAppeals.—Therulesofpractice,the"courseofprocedure,andtheformsoforders,decreesandwrits,arethesameasthoseoftheSupremeCourt;andforconvenienceandbrevitytheyareincorporatedinasubsequentChapterontheproceedingsandpracticeinbothCourts.10§1290.TheDecreesoftheCourtofCivilAppeals.—Unlesssuperseded,modifiedorreversed,ashereinaftershown,thedecreesandjudgmentsoftheCourtarefinal;13andexecutions,writsofpossession,andallotherproperpro-5TheActof1907prohibitstheSupremeCourtfromassigningcasestotheCourtofCivilAppeals.Seesec.7ofAct.fiThemeaningoftheActseemstobe,1st,thatinallcasestriedintheChanceryCourtsinvolvingnotexceedingonethousanddollars,exclusiveofcosts,exceptcasesinvolvingtheconstitutionalityofstat-utes,contestedelectionsandrevenueandejectmentsuits:and2d,thatinallcivilcases,withoutlimitorrestriction,triedintheCircuitandCommonI,awCourts,allappeals,orappealsinthenatureofwritsoferror,andallwritsoferror,shallbetotheCourtofCivilAppeals,andnottotheSupremeCourt.Whycasesinvolvingtheconstitutionalityofastatute,contestedelections,andrevenueandeject-mentsuits,DroughtintheCircuitCourtsmustbeappealedtotheCourtofCivilAppeals,whenlikesuitsintheChanceryCourtsmustbeappealedtotheSupremeCourt,isnotapparent;noraresomeotherfeaturesoftheAct.Itwould,perhaps,havebeenbettertohavehadnorestrictionsonappeals,appealsinthenatureofwritsoferror,andwritsoferror,
fromoneCourtthatdonotapplytoallCourtsalike;andtheActwill,probably,besoamended.
iWhenitisdoubtfulwhichappellateCourthasju-risdictionofanappeal,itmightbeadvisabletotaketheappealtotheCourtofCivilAppeals;forthisCourthasauthoritytotransferthecasetotheSu-premeCourt,whichitwoulddo,ofcourse,onreach-ingtheconclusionthattheappealshouldhavebeentskentothatCourt.However,ifeitherappellateCourtshoulddismissanappeal,orwritoferror,forwantofjurisdictionoverthecaseitcouldbetakentotheotherCourtbyawritoferror,oaIbid.,%7.7Actsof189S.ch.76,.§13.8Ibid.,510.TheActof1907,doesnotrepealtheActof1895,butonlyamendsit.Cowan1'.Murch,13Pick.,590.Ubimajorparsibitotum.(Wherethemajorityisthereisthewhole.)SooftheSupremeCourt.Art.VI.,§2;Code,§58.10See,pos>S$1294-1323.13Actof1907,§8.

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1037fthe;courtofcivilappeals.§1291cessmayissuethereon.ThefactthatacausehasbeencertiorariedbytheSu-premeCourtwillneitherpreventtheissuanceoffinalprocessonthejudg-mentsanddecreesoftheCourtofCivilAppeals,norstaytheenforcementofsuchprocessafteritsissuance.14Finalprocesscanbestayedbyasupersedeas,only.TheCourtofCivilAppealsmayaffirm,modifyorreverseanydecreebroughtbeforeitforreview,oritmayremandthecauseforfurtherproceedings.ThedecreesandjudgmentsoftheCourtofCivilAppealsareasconclusiveasthoseoftheSupremeCourt,unlesschangedashereinshown,andarealienonthedebtor'sland.15OnaffirmanceofamoneydecreeoftheCourtofCivilAppealsbytheSupremeCourt,interestthereonfromthedateofitsrenditiontothedayofaffirmancewillbeallowed.16TheformsofdecreesintheCourtofCivilAppealsarethesameasthoseinlikecasespronouncedbytheSupremeCourt,except,ofcourse,theircom-mencements.Thefollowingformswillserveasillustrations
:
DECREEAFFIRMINGDECREEBELOW,WITHMODIFICATION.JohnDoe,etal,}vs. ]AffirmedasModified.RichardRoe,etal.JThiscausecameontobeheardbeforetheHonorableCourtofCivilAppealsuponthetranscriptoftherecordfromtheChanceryCourtof county,theassignmentoferrorsbytheappellantsandthereplyoftheappelleestheretoandargumentofcounsel,fromallofwhichitappearsthatthereisnoerrorinthedecreeoftheChancellordismissingthebill,andthatportionofhisdecreeisaffirmed.ButthisCourtisofopinion,anddoesaccordinglyadjudgeanddecreethattheChancellorwasinerrorinreinstatingtheinjunctioninthiscause,andsaidinjunctionisherebydis-solved,theerrorassignedtothatportionofthedecreebythedefendantbeingsustained,butallothererrorsassignedareoverruled.Itisfurtherordered,adjudgedanddecreedbytheCourtthatcomplainantsJohnDoeandJohnDenasprincipals,andFrankFriendassuretyontheprosecutionbond,payallthecostsofthecausebothinthisCourtandintheChanceryCourt,forwhichexecutionmayissue.DECREEREVERSINGTHEDECREEBELOW.JohnDen,etal.,}vs. VReversed.RichardFen,etal.JThiscausecameontobeheardbeforetheHonorableCourtofCivilAppeals,uponthetranscriptoftherecordfromtheChanceryCourtof county,theassignmentoferrorsbytheappellants,thereplyoftheappelleesthereto,thebriefsandargumentsofcoun-sel,onconsiderationofallwhichtheCourtisofopinion,andsoadjudgesanddecrees,thatthereismanifesterrorinthedecreeoftheChancellor,andthesameisreversedaccordingly.TheCourtisofopinion,andsoadjudgesanddecreesthat[Hereinsertthemattersde-creed,andadjudgethecosts;orifthecauseisremandedforfurtherproceedings,soshow,andspecifywhatistobedoneonremandment.]§1291.HowtheDecreesandJudgmentsoftheCourtMaybeReviewedintheSupremeCourt.—Noappeal,norappealinthenatureofawritoferror,liesfromthejudgmentsanddecreesoftheCourtofCivilAppealstotheSu-premeCourt.TheAct,however,providestwomethodsbywhichtherevisorypoweroftheSupremeCourtmaybeexercisedoversuchjudgmentsanddecrees.1.TheCourtofCivilAppeals,onitsOwnMotion,maycertifytotheSupremeCourtanycaseonitsdocket,astowhichitdesirestheopinionanddecisionofthelatterCourt,inwhicheventtheSupremeCourtwilltakejurisdictionofsuchcase,andfinallydeterminethesame,upontheoriginaltranscriptfiledintheCourtofCivilAppeals.ItwouldbeproperforthelatterCourttoexercisethisdiscretioninanycase,1st,wherethemagnitudeofthecase,ortheim-portanceofthequestioninvolved,madeitproperthattheSupremeCourtshoulddetermineit;and2d,whereitwasdoubtfulwhetherthecaseshould14md I i«Cowan,McClung&Co.v.Donaldson,11Pick.,15Actsof1897,ch.131,§12. I327.

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§1291the;courtofcivilappeals.• 1038havebeenbroughtbeforeitforreview,orshouldhavebeentakendirectlytotheSupremeCourt.172.UponPetitionofaPartyAggrieved.Anypartydissatisfiedwithafinalde-creeorjudgmentoftheCourtofCivilAppealsmaypresenttotheSupreme•Court,ortooneoftheJudgesthereof,apetitionswornto,statingthesubstanceofthecasehecomplainsof,accompaniedbyanassignmentoferror,orerrors,andbriefinsupportthereof,andprayforawritofcertiorari,[error;18]and,also,forawritofsupersedeas.Onaprimafaciecasebeingthuspresented,theSupremeCourt,oroneofitsJudges,intermtimeorinvacation,mayawardawritofcertiorari;and,inapropercase,andonsuchtermsandbondastheCourt,oroneofitsJudges,mayprescribe,awritofsupersedeasmaybeorderedinaidofthecertiorari.19Upontheawardofsuchcertiorari,thecauseinquestionis,ipsofacto,trans-ferredtotheSupremeCourt,whereitstandstobeheard,initsorderuponthe-docket,upontheoriginaltranscript,thepetitionforthecertiorari,theassign-mentoferrors,thebriefandthewritsoferror20andsupersedeaswhenissued
—
-theseconstitutingtherecordintheSupremeCourt.Butnosuchcertiorari,orsupersedeas,shallbeissuedafterthelapseofninetydaysfromthefinaldecreeorjudgmentoftheCourtofCivilAppeals.21Ifnosupersedeasissuesthedecreeorjudgmentcanbeenforced,inspiteoftheawardofacertiorari;butifthedecreeorjudgmentshouldbereversedbytheSupremeCourtitwillawardawritofrestitution,orawritofrestitutioninthenatureofawritof-fierifacias,asrightandjusticemayrequire.22ThefollowingisaformofapetitiontoremoveacasefromtheCourtofCivilAppealstotheSupremeCourt:23PETITIONFOBAWRITOFERRORANDSUPERSEDEAS.TotheHonorableSupremeCourtofTennessee,sittingatKnoxville,[orNashville,orJackson,]ortoanyoftheJudgesthereof
:
JohnDoe,1vs. J-IntheCourtofCivilAppeals,onappealfromtheChanceryCourtof"RichardRoe,etal.J KnoxCounty.Yourpetitioner,thesaidJohnDoe,complainantinsaidcause,respectfullyrepresents
:
I.ThatheismuchaggrievedbyafinaldecreemadeinsaidcasebytheCourtofCivilAp-pealsonthe.—dayof,[givingthedate,]dismissinghisbill,andtaxinghimwiththe-costs,andawardinganexecutiontherefortotheSheriffofKnoxcounty.II.Thatthesubstanceofsaidcaseisasfollows:[Heresetoutbrieflywhatthebillcharged,whattheanswerwas,andwhattheproofshowed.Ifthebillwasdismissedonmotion,ordemurrer,givethegroundofthemotion,ordemurrer.']in.Petitioneraversthatsaiddecreeiserroneousbecausethelawandthefactsarenotasfound"bysaidCourt,intheseparticulars:1st,[Heregivebrieflytheerrorscomplainedof.See,post,§§1303and1306.]Allofwhichwillmorefullyappearinthebriefheretoattached,andmadeapart"hereof,markedA.[Forformofbriefsee§1306,post.]IV.Petitionermorethanfivedaysagohadnoticeservedonthedefendantsthathewould-presentthispetitionhereandnow.AcopyofsaidnoticeisheretoattachedmarkedB.v.Thepremises-considered,petitionerprays[&c.,asin§127S,ante,whereformsoffiatand.noticewillbefound,thechangesnecessarybeingobvious.]17Thisdiscretionwill,perhaps,beoftenerexer-cisedincivilcasesbroughtupfromtheCircuit'Courts,asthereisnolimittothejurisdictionofthe'CourtofCivilAppealsinsuchcases.TheActwill,probably,beamendedsoastoim-posethesamelimitsonappealsfromtheCircuitCourtsasareimposedonappealsfromtheChancery•Courts.Seenote6.supra.18TheActsays,,"writofcertiorari,"butevidentlyawritoferrorisintended.Seenote20,infra.19Actof1907,§8.20Thelanguage"writsoferrorandsupersedeas,"inthe9thsectionoftheActof1907,showsthatthewords"writoferror"areusedassynonymouswith;certiorari.Seenote18,supra.But,infact,nowrit'issuesastherecordisalreadyinthecustodyofthe"ClerkoftheSupremeCourt,hebeing,also,ex-ofUcio,
ClerkoftheCourtofCivilAppeals.21Theninetydayswill,'probably,begintorunfromthedaythedecreeorjudgmentisenteredontheminutesoftheCourt.Bankv.Johnson,21Pick.,521;unlesstherebeapetitionforarehearing,andthenfromthedaysuchpetitionisfinallydisposedofbyanentryontheminutes.Butonthispoint,seePattersonV.Bank,17Pick.,511.,22See,ante.%657,sub-sec.1.Inthehead-lineofthissub-sectiontheword"injunction"shouldbe"ex-ecution."leaSee,ante,%1263a,note15a.23See,ante,§1275,.foraformofpetition.Thepracticeandformsin§§1270-1279.relatingtowritsoferrorandsupersedeasapplytolikewritsinbring-ingupcasesfromtheCourtofCivilAppeals.

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1039 THESUPREMECOURT.§1292
CHAPTERXXXV.THESUPREMECOURT:ITSHISTORYANDJURISDICTION.§1293a.HowCausesareHeardintheSu-premeCourt.§1292.ShortHistoryoftheSupremeCourt.§1292a.GreatDutiesoftheSupremeCourt.§1293.NatureofitsJurisdiction.§1292.ShortHistoryoftheSupremeCourt.—Priortotheyear1809theSuperiorCourtsofLawandEquity,whichwerethepredecessorsofourCircuitandChanceryCourts,werethehighestCourtsinourState;andtheirdecisionswerefinal,exceptwhenreviewablebytheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.Intheyear1809,aSupremeCourtofErrorsandAppealswasestablished,com-posedoftwoSupremeJudgesandoneoftheCircuitJudges.TheJudgeswereelectedbytheLegislature,andtheCourtwasheldatJonesboro,Knoxville,NashvilleandClarksville;andwritsoferrorlaytoitfromtheCircuitCourts.1In1811,thisSupremeCourtofErrorsandAppealswasgivenexclusiveoriginaljurisdictioninallcausesinEquity;andtheEquitycausesthenpendingintheCircuitCourtsweretransferredtoit,theoriginalfilesbeingsentup,alongwithtranscriptsoftheentriesontheminutesineachcase.2Itspowersandjuris-dictioninEquitycauseswerethesametheCircuitCourtshadpreviouslypos-sessed,exceptthatissuesoffacthadtobetriedbyajuryintheCircuitCourtmostconvenienttotheparties.Thesamestatuterepealedtheformerlawre-quiringoneoftheCircuitJudgestositintheSupremeCourt,andenactedthatunlessbothoftheSupremeJudgesshouldconcurinareversal,thejudgmentoftheCircuitCourtshouldbeaffirmed.In1813,theCircuitCourtswerevestedwithconcurrentoriginaljurisdictionofallcausesinEquity,thisjurisdictiontobegovernedbytherulesandregula-tionsgoverningtheSupremeCourtsofErrorsandAppeals.3In1819anappealwasallowedfromwhatthestatutetermsthe"ChanceryCircuitCourt"totheSupremeCourtofErrorsandAppeals,wherethecausewasre-examineduponthewholemattersoflawandfactasthoughoriginallycommencedintheSupremeCourt.4In1815,thenumberoftheJudgesoftheSupremeCourtofErrorsandAppealswasincreasedtothree,andtheywererequired,byar-rangementsamongthemselves,toholdaCourtofEquitytwiceayearatvariousplaces,eachCourtbeingheldbyoneoftheJudgesonly.5In1823,thenumberofJudgeswasincreasedtofour,andin1824tofive,andthenreducedtofouragain.6In1827,alllawsgivingtheJudgesoftheSupremeCourtofErrorsandAppeals"originalChanceryjurisdictionwererepealed,andtwoChancellorswerechosenbytheLegislaturetoholdtheChanceryCourtsoftheState,theStatebeingdividedintotwoChanceryDivisions:1,theEastern,whoseCourtswereheldatRogersville,Oreeneville,Kingston,CarthageandMcMinnville;and2,the"Western,whoseCourtswereheldatFranklin,Colum-bia,Charlotte,JacksonandParis.7In1825,itwasenactedthatwheretheChancellorwasincompetent,thecauseshouldbetransferredtotheSupremeCourt;8andin1829,therewasasimilarenactment,thisbeingafterthecreationoftheofficeofChancellor:inthese1Actsof1809,ch.49,§§23-26.CircuitCourtswereestablishedbythesameAct.1Scott'sRev.,1148.TheitinerantlifeoftheJudgesisgraphicallyalludedtobyJudgePeck,inCoxv.Breedlove,2Yerg.,518-519.„,„2Actsof1811,ch.72,§§4-8;16;2Scott'sRev.,36"393Actsof1813,ch.78,§§2-3;2Scott'sRev.,146.4Actsof1819,ch.31,§2;2Scott'sRev.,485.SeeCode,§3155.Thisisthefirststatutethat
speaksofChanceryCourts,andthefirstthatallowsanappealtotheSupremeCourt.ErrorsoftheCir-cuitCourtsbeforethisActwerereviewedonwritsoferror.Seeactsof1809.ch.4,§26.5Actsof181$,ch.70;Hay.&Cobbs'Stats.,175;Prefaceto1Tenn.,(Overt.),XI.61Tenn.,(Overt.),preface,XI;Hay.&Cobbs'Stats.,170.7Actsof1827,ch.79;Hay.&Cobbs'Stats.,175.8Actsof1825,ch.54;Hay.&Cobbs'Stats.,176

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§1293 THESUPREMECOURT.1040transferredcases,theoriginalpapersweresentup,andthecausehearddenovo,theSupremeJudgesbeinggiventhepowertoreviseallordersanddecreesmadepriortothetransmissionofthecause.9In1834,anamendedConstitutionwasadoptedbywhichaSupremeCourtwasestablished,composedofthreeJudges,electedbytheLegislaturefortwelveyears,oneofwhomshouldresideineachofthethreeGrandDivisionsoftheState:itsjurisdictionwasdeclaredtobeappellateonly.10In1835,itwasen-actedthatthisSupremeCourtshouldsitonceayearatNashville,Knoxville,andJackson;andvariouslawswerepassedinreferencetotheappellatejuris-dictionoftheCourt,andwhenandhowappealsandwritsoferrorwouldliefromtheinferiorCourts,beingsubstantiallythesameasthosenowinforce.11In1853,byaspecialamendmenttotheConstitution,theJudgesweremadeelectivebythepeople.113-TheConstitutionof1870increasedtheirnumbertofive,andprovidedthatoneofthemshouldpresideasChiefJustice;butmadenomaterialchangeinthestatus,powersorjurisdictionoftheCourt,excepttofixitssessionsatKnoxville,Nashville,andJackson.12§1292a.GreatDutiesoftheSupremeCourt.—1,ToseethattherightsandprivilegesreservedtothemselvesbythePeopleintheirConstitutionaremaintainedinviolate;12a2,TokeeptheLegislature,12btheCourts,municipalcor-porations,andallothercreaturesofthelaw,withintheirConstitutionalandlawfuljurisdiction;3,Toreviseandcorrect,orremandforcorrection,everyerrormadebyanyinferiorCourt,wherebythecomplaininglitigantwasinanywayinjured,ordeprivedofhislegalrights;and4,Toissueallprocess,andmakeallorders,rules,judgments,anddecreesnecessarytofullyeffectuateitsappellatejurisdiction,ortofullyenforceitsownmandates.120§1293.NatureofitsJurisdiction.—TheobjectofthePeopleinordainingandestablishingtheSupremeCourtwastohaveatribunaltosupervisealltheotherCourtsoftheState;tokeepthemwithinthelimitsofthelawandtheConstitution;toseethatrightandjusticearedulyadministeredbythem;torevisealltheirrulings,orders,judgments,anddecrees,andcorrectallerrorstherein,orremandthecausefortheircorrectionintheCourtwheremade;andfinallytogiveauniformandharmoniousexpositionandconstructionofthelaw,sothatthelawmightbeoneandthesameinallthecounties,CircuitsandDivisionsofourState.13Toeffectuatethesegreatobjects,theConstitutiondeclaresthatthejurisdictionoftheSupremeCourtshallbeappellateonly,withsuchotherjurisdictionaswasconferredbylawattheadoptionoftheConsti-tution.14Thisotherjurisdictionisconfinedexclusivelytosuchmattersasarenecessarilyincidentto,orareabsolutelynecessarytocarryoutandcomplete,itsappellatejurisdiction.15TheSupremeCourthasnooriginaljurisdiction;169Actsof1829,ch.79;Hay.&Cobbs'Stats.,176.10Const,of1834,Art.VI,§§1-2.TheCourtwaspreviouslydesignatedtheSupremeCourtofErrorsandAppeals.11Actsof1835,chs.3;19;68;Car.&Nich.Stats.,235-239.liaActsof1853-4,Res.xvi.12Const,of1870,Art.VI,§§1-3.12aConst.,Art.XI,§16.12bWhiletheSupremeCourtcannotrestraintheLegislaturedirectly,itcanenjointheenforcementofitsunconstitutionalacts,anddeclarethemnullandvoid."Thejudiciarymustmagnifyandprotectthesupremelaw."Caruthers,J.,inAlexandriaV.Dearmon,2Sneed,103,125.12cAstotheappellatejurisdictionoftheSupremeCourt,see2Meigs'Dig.,§928.ItwouldseemthattheSupremeCourt,whilesittinginoneGrandDi-visionoftheState,hasnojurisdictionofanycauseoriginatinginanotherDivision.BairdV.TurnpikeCo..!Lea.39413TheSupremeCourt,inexercisingitsappellatefunctions,keepsinmindthefollowingconsidera-tions:
1.ToreviewcausesfromtheCourtsbelowonthehypothesisthatallthingshavebeenrightlyandregularlydone;andnotbeactuatedbyaspiritofcensoriousnessorhyper-criticism.
2.TosorulethatallinferiorCourtswillbekeptwithintheorbitsoftheirrespectivejurisdictions.3.TogiveahealthytonetothepracticeofthelowerCourts,andthegeneraljurisprudenceoftheState.4.Wheretherearequestionsofdoubtinmattersoflaw,notcontrolledbyourowndecisionsorstat-utes,toresolvethemaccordingtothedecisionsoftheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates,forthusauniformnationaljurisprudenceisbuiltup.5.Wheretherearedoubtsarisingfromadiffer-encebetweenthecommonlawandtheprinciplesofEquity,to_preferthelatter,fortherebyourjuris-prudenceismademoreconsonanttotheessentialrequirementsofperfectjustice.6.But,inallcases,andatalltimes,tokeepinmindthatthewelfareofthePeopleistheobjectofalllawandthepurposeofallgovernment.The_SupremeCourtwasconstitutedbythePeopleintheirsovereigncapacity,andtheLegislaturecan-notimpairitsConstitutionalpowers,orlimititsConstitutionaljurisdiction.14Const.,Art.VI,§2.15Bankv.Cannon,2Heisk..428;Wardv.Thom-as,2Cold.,565;Memphisv.Halsey,12Heisk.,214.10Code,§4496;Actsof1822,ch.13,§4.

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1041 THESUPREMECOURT.§1293aandnonecanbeconferreduponitbytheLegislature,orassumedonitsownmotion,orobtainedbyconsentofparties.Anditcanissuenoprocessexceptinaidofitsappellatejurisdiction,orinenforcementofitsorders,rules,judg-mentsanddecrees.ItcanexercisejurisdictionoverlitigationandlitigantsonlyaftersuithasbeeninstitutedinalowerCourt,andaftersomepartytosuchsuithasbroughtuptherecordthereofinsomelegalmodeforthepurposeofhavingsome,orall,oftheproceedingsinthecauseinthelowerCourtre-vised,reversed,orsuperseded.BytheActof1907,theappellatejurisdictionoftheSupremeCourtiscon-finedtoappeals,appealsinthenatureofawritoferror,andwritsoferror,1st,inallcriminalcases,and2d,inallcasesbroughtupfromCourtsofEquity,orChanceryCourts,(1)wheretheamountinvolved18exceedsonethousanddollars,exclusiveofcosts,or(2)wheretheconstitutionalityofaTennesseestatuteisinvolved,or(3)contestedelectionsforoffice,or(4)revenue,or(5)ejectmentsuits.TheCourthasnojurisdictionofanycivilcasetriedintheCircuitorcommonlawCourts;andnojurisdictionofanycasestriedintheChanceryCourtsexceptthefiveclassesabovestated.ButtheSupremeCourtmay,bywritoferror,(calledawritofcertiorariintheActof1907,)bringupandreviewanycasewhereintheCourtofCivilAp-pealshaspronouncedafinaldecree,orjudgment;andmayaffirm,modifyorreversesuchdecree,orjudgment,ormayremandthecausetobefurtherpro-ceededin,asrightandjusticemayrequire.19§1293a.HowCausesareHeardintheSupremeCourt.—Therulesofprac-tice,thecourseofprocedure,andtheformsoforders,decreesandwrits,intheSupremeCourt,aresetoutinthenextChapter,20somewhatgeneralizedsoastoadapttheChaptertothepractice,procedure,andformsoftheCourtofCivilAppeals.18See,ante,§§1263a,note15a;1288.19Actof1907,§8.20ThefollowingletterfromthethenJudgesoftheSupremeCourtisheregivenasevidenceofthecorrectnessoftheexpositionoftheSupremeCourtrulesgivenherein:"SupremeCourtofTennessee,)91.J"Hon.HenryR.Gibson,Knoxvii,i,e,Tenn.,Oct.21,1891"DearSir:WehaveexaminedyourlateworkonSuitsinChancery,andtakepleasureincongratulat-ingyouonthecompletionofaworkwhichmanifestsgreatresearch,andtheutmostprecision."Thearrangementofsubjects,andsystemofsub-heads,isexcellent.Wearecertainthatitisavorkwhichwillfindapermanentplaceinthelegal
literatureoftheState;andthatitwillprovetobeofinestimablevaluetothepractitionerinourCourtsofChancery."WeareparticularlygratifiedtofindaChapterdevotedtotheExpositionoftheRecentRulesoftheSupremeCourt."Theformsyougiveforbriefs,assigningerrors,andreplybriefsofappellees,willheofgreatvalueasaguidetopracticeundertheserules."Veryrespectfully,"P.Turney,"WaiterH.Cau>wei,i.,"HoraceH.L/urton,"Bent.T.Lea,"D.L.Snodgrass."

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§1293bPRACTICEINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.1042
CHAPTERLXXVLPROCEEDINGSANDPRACTICEINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.ArticleI.MattersRelatingtotheirJurisdictionandPowers.ArticleII.BriefsintheAppellateCourts.ArticleIII.MotionsintheAppellateCourts.ArticleIV.TheHearingandDecrees.ARTICLEI.MATTERSRELATINGTOTHEIRJURISDICTION.§1293b.ProceedingsinBothAppellateCourtsSubstantiallytheSame.§1294.HowtheirJurisdictionisObtained.§1295.SupersedeasofInterlocutoryDecreesoftheLowerCourts.§1296.MandamusinAidoftheirJurisdic-tion.
§1297.CertiorariinAidoftheirJurisdic-tion.§1298.TheirPowerstoMakeRulesofPrac-tice.§1299.TheirPowersinEnforcementoftheirownDecrees.§1300.ReceiversandRestrainingOrders.§1301.RevivorofCausesandDecrees.§1293b.ProceedingsinBothAppellateCourtsSubstantiallytheSame.Inasmuchasthepracticeandprocedure,themotionsandhearings,thewrits,ordersanddecrees,intheCourtofCivilAppealsaresubstantiallythesameasthoseintheSupremeCourt,theyareallconsideredinthisChapter,immate-riallygeneralized,toavoidunnecessaryrepetitionandtoeconomize,space
;
andbothCourtsaretreatedofunderthegeneralnameof"AppellateCourts."§1294.HowtheirJurisdictionisObtained.—InthelowerCourts,originaljurisdictionisobtainedbytheissuanceoforiginalwritstobringthedefendantbeforetheCourt.TheappellateCourts,however,havingnooriginaljurisdic-tion,canissuenooriginalwrits.AllthecasesbroughtwithintheirjurisdictionmustfirsthaveoriginatedinsomelowerCourt,andmusthavebeentherepro-ceededinuntilsomeorder,judgment,ordecreewasmadeorrenderedwhichsomepartytheretodesirestohavereviewed,insomemethodsanctionedbylaw.ThevariousmethodsprovidedforbringingcausesfromtheChanceryCourtsintotheappellateCourtsare
:
1.ByaSupersedeas,whichisgrantedbytheappellateCourt,orbyanyofitsJudges,onpetition,accompaniedbytherecordofthecause;andwhichoperatesnottoremovethecausepermanently,buttostaysomeaffirmativeinterlocutoryorderofthelowerCourt,untilfinaldecree,whenthewholecausemayberemovedandreviewed,byoneofthemethodsfollowing.2.ByanAppeal,whichisprayedandgrantedintheChanceryCourtandwhichbringsupthewholecaseforre-examinationastoeveryquestionoflawandfactintherecord.3.ByanAppealintheNatureofaWritofError,whichispracticallythesameasanappeal,andisobtainedinthesameway,andhasmainlythesameeffect,exceptincaseoftrialsbyjury.4.ByaWritofError,whichisobtainedafterafinaldecreebelowbyfilingatranscriptofthecausewiththeClerkoftheappellateCourt,orbypetitiontotheproperappellateCourt,ortooneofitsJudges.§1295.SupersedeasofInterlocutoryDecreesoftheLowerCourts.—Some-timestheinferiorCourtsmakeaffirmativeordersordecrees,andissueexecu-tionsorotherfinalprocessinenforcementthereof,beforefinaldecree,incasesorundercircumstancesnotwarrantingsuchordersorprocess;and,asnoappealorwritoferrorwilllieexceptfromafinaldecree,thepartyaggrievedis

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1043PRACTICEINTHEAPPELATECOURTS.§1296withoutremedyintheCourtbelow.Insuchacasehemay,onaswornpetition,obtainfromtheappellateCourtintermtime,orfromanyoneoftheJudgesinvacation,asupersedeastosuchinterlocutoryorder,ordecree,ortotheexe-cutionorotherfinalprocessthereon.20Asupersedeaswillnotbegranted,how-ever,excepttostaysomeaffirmativeinterlocutoryproceedingdestructiveofaparty'srights,orsomeprocessenforcinganorderordecreeadjudicatingrightsinadvanceofafinaldecree.21Asupersedeaswillnotbegrantedtosupersede(1)anordergrantinganin-junction,or(2)anorderdissolvinganinjunctionpreviouslygranted;22or(3)anorderappointingareceiverinapropercase;or23(4)anorderadjudg-inginterlocutorycostswherediscretionary;or(5)inanycasewherethedis-cretionexistedtomaketheorder,orissuethewrit,complainedof;24or(6)inanycasewheretheorderordecreecomplainedofismerelynegativeorpro-hibitoryinitscharacter,andnotcapableofexecutionaffirmatively.25AsupersedeasdoesnotoperatetobringthecauseintotheappellateCourt:itonlystaysproceedingsundertheinterlocutoryorderorprocesscomplainedof.ThecauseremainsintheCourtbelow,andisproceededwiththeretoafinalhearing,whenitmaybeappealed,andthentherightfulnessoftheorderorexecptionsupersededmaybefinallydetermined.26Theprocedureonasupersedeastoaninterlocutoryorder,havingalreadybeenfullyconsidered,willnotbefurthertreatedofhere.27§1296.MandamusinAidoftheirJurisdiction.—TheappellateCourtcanissueanywritadequatetoovercomeanyattempttopreventapartyentitledfromtakingacausetothatCourtforreview;28andifitbenecessarytocompelaJudge,Clerk,orotherofficertodosomeactnecessarytoenableapartyenti-tledtoobtainaproperrecordoftheproceedingshecomplainsof,ortoperfecthisappeal,ortoobtainatranscript,theappellateCourtwillissueamandamustotheJudgeorotherofficerindefault,todotheactsoughttohavedone,orshowcausewhyheshouldnotbecompelledtodoit.Thus,ifaJudgeofaninfe-riorCourtimproperlyrefusestosignabillofexceptions,theappellateCourtwillawardanalternativewritofmandamustocompelhimtosignit,orshowcausetothecontrary.29Toentitleapartytoamandamus,however,hemusthavedone,himself,everythingnecessarytoentitlehimtothegrantoftheap-peal,ortothesignatureoftheJudgetothebillofexceptions,ortotheotheractheseekstohavedone.Thus,toentitlehimtoanappeal,hemustprayforOneatthepropertimeandplace,andmusttenderaproperappealbond,orpau-peroath;andtoentitlehimtoabillofexceptions,hemusttenderoneatthepropertimeandplace,anditmustcontainthetruthofthecasefairlystated.Ifitdoesnotfairlystatethetruthofthecase,theChancellorshouldsochangeitastomakeitconformtothefacts.30§1297.CertiorariinAidoftheirJurisdiction.—ThewritofcertiorariisoneoftherecognizedagencieswherebytheappellateCourtbringsuptherecordofanotherCourt,ortribunal,inenforcementofitsappellatejurisdiction,andisresortedtointwocases
:
1.Incasesofajudicialnaturewhereanappeal,oranappealinthenatureofawritoferror,willnotlie,orisimproperlyrefused.Insuchacasea20Code.§§3933;3934;4513;3178.Fortheformofapetition,see,§1278,ante.AnappellateCourt,whilesittinginoneGrandDivisionof_theState,willnotsupersedeanorderinacauseoriginatinginanotherGrandDivision;buttheJudgetowhomtherecordinsuchacaseisassignedwillactontheapplication.Bairdv.TurnpikeCo.,1Lea,394.21Blakev.Dodge,8Lea,466.22M.&M.R.R.v.Huggins,7Cold.,218.23Bairdv.TurnpikeCo.,1Lea,394;Troughberv.Akin,1Cates,451.24Robersomu.Roberson,3Lea.50.25M.&M.R.R.v.Huggins,7Cold.,218;Baird
v.Turnpike,1Lea,394;Enochsv.Wilson,11Lea,232.26M.&M.R.R.v.Huggins,7Cold.,218;Blakev.Dodge,8Lea,466.27Ante,§§1277-1279.28Kingv.Hampton,3Hay.,59.29Statev.Hall,6Bax.,7;Ing.v.Davey,2Lea,276;Vanvabryv.Staton,4Pick.,334.Statev.Sneed,21Pick.,711.30Vanvabryv.Staton,4Pick.,341.TheCourtswillnotrequiretheChancellortosignaparticularbillofexceptionswhenhedisputesitscorrectness.Ibid.

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§1298PRACTICEINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.1044supersedeas.wiU.,also,be.grantedonapplication,whennecessary.Thesewritsaregrantedona.petitionaddressedtotheappellateCourt.312.A.writofcertiorariwill,also,issueinordertoperfecttherecordofacasealreadybeforetheCourt.ItwouldoftenlittlebenefitapartytotakeanappealtoanappellateCourt,iftheClerkandMastershouldfailtosendupaperfecttranscriptoftherecord;andthepoweroftheCourttodojusticewouldbewellnighdestroyed,iftheClerkscouldstrainoutofarecordwhattheythoughtimmaterial,tosaynothing.oftheeffectofundueinfluencesbeingbroughttobearonthemtosuppressmattersessentialtothe.vindicationoftherightsoftheappellant.IfitbemadetoappeartotheCourt,indueformandindueseason,thatthetranscriptisimperfect,theCourtwillawardacertioraritotheClerkindefault,commandinghimwithoutdelaytomakeout,certify,andtransmitinstantly,ortothenexttermoftheCourt,afull,true,andperfecttranscriptoftherecordintheparticularcause,onfileinhisoffice.Thewritusuallycontainsatitsfootamemorandumspecifyingwhatpartsoftherecordaremissing.32IftheClerkshouldcertifythatthemissingpaperislostandcannotbefound,theappellateCourtwillremandthecausethatthelostpaper-maybesuppliedunderthestatute,33butiftheClerkcertifiesthatnosuchpaperisonfile,andthathehasmadediligentsearchforthe.missingpapers,acertiorariwillnotbeawarded.34TheappellateCourt,whenhearinganEquitycause,isaCourtofEquity;andmay,likeanyotherCourtofEquity,awardacertiorari,ortakeanyotherstepstoperfecttherecord,onitsownmotion.35§1298.TheirPowertoMakeRulesofPractice.—EveryCourthasinherentpowertomakeandenforcerulesfortheproperconductofcauses,parties,andSolicitors,providedthatsuchrulesdeprivenopartyofalegalright,andvio-latenolawoftheState;andtheserulesitmaychangefromtimetotimeasitmaydeemexpedient,andespeciallyastheexigenciesoftheCourtmayre-quire,arisingfromtheincreaseoflitigationandthenecessityofkeepingitsdocketsclear.36TheCourthas,also,theinherentauthoritytomakeanden-forceallrulesofpractice,necessarytoeffectuateitsappellatejurisdiction.37§1299.TheirPowersinEnforcementoftheirOwnDecrees.—Itisafunda-mentalrulethateveryCourthasinherentpowertoenforceallitslawfulrules,orders,anddecrees.Thegrantofjurisdictiontodetermineacauseisimpliedlyagrantofpowertoenforcethatdetermination,byallnecessaryandappropri-ateprocess.EachappellateCourtisclothedwiththispower,bothbynecessaryimplicationandbystatute;38anditmaybestatedgenerally,thatithastherighttoissueanywritorprocessintheenforcementofitsrules,orders,andde-creesthattheCircuitorChanceryCourtscouldissueinalikecase.Thus,itawardsexerations.writsofpossessionandrestitution,andwritsofattachmentfortheperson;andmayissueamandamustocompelthelevyingofataxtosatisfyajudgmentagainstacounty,39ormunicipality.Executions40maybeissuedonitsfinaldecreesatanytimeafter:thetendaysallowedforfilingapetitiontorehear.41§1300.ReceiversandRestrainingOrders.—WhenanEquitycausegoestoanappellateCourt,itstandsthere,inmanyrespects,asitstoodintheChan-ceryCourtbeforethehearing,andthepowersoftheappellateCourtinthecauseareverysimilarto,ifnotidenticalwith,thoseoftheChanceryCourt31Tenn.CentralR.R.v.Campbell,1Cares,640.Thiswasacasewherearailroadwasproceedingtocondemnland.32FortheformofaCertiorari,insuchacase,see,post,§1311.33Mynattv.Hubbs,1Heisk.,323.Thelostpaperinthiscasewasadeposition.34Navev.Nave,1Heisk.,324.Thereseemstohavebeennomotionforacertiorariinthiscase.35SeeNewportV.Rowen,4Hay.,195;andante,§§539-541.
30Code,§4504;Woodv.Frazier,2Pick.,506.37Pondv.Trigg,5Heisk.,540.Quandoaliquidmandatur,mandaturetomneperquodpervenituradillud.Ante.§61,sub-sec.4.38Code,§4503;Newmanv.Tustices,1Heisk.,787;Riggsv.White,4Heisk.,505.30Newmanv.ScottCounty,1Heisk..788.40Theterm"execution,"inthestatute,maybeconstruedtoincludeallfinalprocess.See,ante,§647,note8.41Actsof1903,ch.58.

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1045BRIEFSINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.§1301attheheaping,excepttheformerCourthas,inaddition,fullpowertorevisectnyinterlocutoryruling,order,ordecree.'If,therefore,whilethe'causeispendingintheappellate'Court,anypartyisentitledunder'therulesofChan-cerypractice,tohaveareceiverappointed,42orarestrainingorderissued,theCourtwillexercisethejurisdiction,providedallpersonstobeaffectedarepartiestothecausein'whichthe'motionismade.Andwhenareceiverisappointed,theCourtwillgrantawritofpossessiontoputhiminpossessionoftheproperty.43§1301.RevivorofCausesandDecrees—IfanyEquitycauseabatesintheappellateCourt,eitherbeforeorafterdecree,itmayberevivedinthesamewayasinChancery.The,partyseekingtorevivemayfileabillofrevivoraccordingtothepracticeinChancery,ormayadoptthestatutorymethodbyscirefacias.Thepartiesentitledto.revive,orliabletoberevivedagainst,mayentertheirappearance,andhavethecauserevivedintheirnamesonmotion,withouttheissuanceorserviceofprocess.Ifthepartiesagainstwhomarevivorissoughtarenon-residents,ortheirnamesorresidencesareunknown,and,cannotbeascertainedondiligentinquiry,abillofrevivoristhebetterpracticeinChan-cerycauses,forinsuchcasespublicationmustbemade.44Abillof.revivor,however,intheappellateCourtcannotbringnewpartiesornewmattersbeforetheCourt,butmustbestrictlyabillofrevivor,pureandsimple;forifnewpartiesornewmatterswerebroughtbeforetheCourt,tothatextentthebillwouldbeoriginal,andanewsuit.45Butanadministratorad.litemcannotbeappointedintheappellateCourt.46
ARTICLEII.BRIEFSINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.§1302.SomeFundamentalRulesofAdjudi-cationintheAppellateCourts.§1303.Briefs:TheirCharacter.§1304.WhenandWhereBriefsMustbeFiled.
§1305.RulesLimitingHearingsintheAp-pellateCourtsNecessary.§1306.FormofBriefs:§1307.SuggestionsinReferencetoBriefs.
§1302.SomeFundamentalRulesofAdjudicationintheAppellateCourts.TherearesomefundamentalrulesofadjudicationintheappellateCourts,which,ifobservedbycounsel,wouldnotonlygreatlylessenthebulkoftheirbriefs,andthenumberofsupposederrorsassigned,butwouldlessenthelaborsoftheJudges.Thefollowingaresomeoftheserules
:
1.TheAppellateCourtshavenoOriginalJurisdiction,andcanexercisenone,notevenwhenattemptedtobeconferredbytheLegislature,1orbyconsentofparties.22.TheAppellateCourtswillnotSearchaRecordtoFindErrors:thepartyap-pealingmustpointouttheerrorshecomplainsofintherecordhebringsup,andmustplainlyshowthatinjusticehasbeendonehim,orthedecreewillbeaffirmed.342Darnsmontv.iPatton,4Lea,597.43Darnsmontv.Patton,4Lea,597.44FosterV.Burem,1Heisk.,785.Inthiscase,theSupremeCourtadoptedrulesofpracticefortherevivorofcausesinthatCourt.Thewords"billsofreview"insaidrules,onpage786,shouldread"billsofrevivor."See,also,SupremeCourtRulesof1891;Rules,12-15;5Pick.,772.Theserules,andallotherrulesofpracticeoftheSupremeCourt,areeffectiveintheCourtofCivilAppeals.45Justicesv.McBroom,1Lea,558.Parties
standingintheshoesofdeceasedparties,andthehusbandofanewlymarriedparty,arenotnewpar-ties,butmererepresentativesofformerparties..46Ragiov.Collins,17Pick.,662.1StateV.Gannaway,16Lea,124,129;WardV.Thomas,2Cold.,565;Statev.Hall,6Bax.,7.2Gibsonv.Widener,1Pick.,16;Gurleyv.Rail-road.7Pick.,486.3SupremeCourtRule,20;Dentonv.Wood,2Pick.,37;Woodv.Frazier,Ibid,500;Lovemanv.Taylor,1Pick.,1,8.

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§1303BRIEFSINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.10463.TheAppellateCourtswillPresumeEverythingtheRecordwillPermit*tosus-tainadecree,butnothingtoreverseit.4.TheAppellateCourtswillnotBeverseaDecreeonaQuestionoftheChancellor'sDiscretion,unlesstheexerciseofsuchdiscretionwasnotonlyclearlyerroneous,butoppressive.55.TheAppellateCourtswillnotReverseaDecreeastoPactsPoundbytheMasteronaproperreference,whenhisfindingisconfirmedwithoutexceptions,orconcurredinbytheChancelloronexceptions.76.TheAppellateCourtswillnotReverseaVerdictforwantofevidencewhenthereisanyevidence,atall,tosustainit.87.TheAppellateCourtswillnotReverseaDecreewhichisSubstantiallyCorrecteventhougherrorswerecommittedintheprogressofthecause,9orthoughthedecreebebasedonincorrectgrounds,orunsoundreasons.108.TheAppellateCourtsWillnotReverse,orRuleOut,aDecreeWhenCollaterallyAttacked,exceptforwantofjurisdictionintheCourttorenderit;andthiswantofjurisdictionmustaffirmativelyappearonthefaceoftherecorditself.119.TheAppellateCourtswillnotRehearaCauseunlessitbeplainlyshown,bypetitiondulyfiled,thattheopinionismanifestlyerroneousinsomeimportantparticular,byreasonofsomecontrollingmatteroflaworfacthavingbeenobviouslyoverlookedbytheCourt.12
.§1303.Briefs:TheirCharacter.—TheappellateCourtshaveestablishedcertainrulesofpracticeinthehearingofcausesattheirbars;13andespeciallyrulesprescribingtheframeofthebrieftobefiled.Accordingtotheserulesthebriefmustcontainintheorderfollowing:
1.AStatementofWhattheCaseis,andtheprecisepointsraisedbythepleadings,withsuchreferencetheretoasmaybenecessary.142.TheSubstanceoftheVerdictandJudgmentThereon,orjudgmentwithoutverdict,ordecree,withreferencetothepagesofthetranscriptwhereineachappears.153.AStatementoftheErrorsofFact,orDaw,ReliedUpontoreversethejudg-mentordecree;and,1,incaseitisanerroroffact,thebriefshallrefertotheevidencereliedontoshowtheerror,citingthepagesoftherecordonwhichitappears;and,2,incaseitbeanerroroflaw,thepropositionsoflawreliedonshallbestated;andfollowingsuchpropositionstheauthoritiesreliedontosustainthesameshallbecited.164Omniaprasumunturlegitimefactadoneeprobeturincontrarium.(Allthingsarepresumedtoberight-lydoneuntilthereisprooftothecontrary.)BettsV.Demumbrane,Cook,39;McGavock1?.Ward,Ibid,403;DentonV.Wood,2Pick.,37;WoodV.Frazier,2Pick.,500;andseeStanlyv.Crippen,1Head,116;Corneliusv.Merrit,2Head,97,100;Nolen17.Wilson,5Sneed,340;Gilchristv.Cannon,1Cold.,583;Wolfev.Tyler,1Heisk.,317;Mitchellv.McKinney,6Heisk.,83.See,ante,§§61;sub-sec.6;565,note11.5Crawfordv.InsuranceCo.,12Heisk.,154;Cheekv.Bank,9Heisk.,489,492;Owenv.Owen,5Hum.,352;PittsV.Gilliam,1Head,550;Trabue6LucusV.Higden,4Cold.,620,624;BuchananV.McManus,3Hum.,449;LoweV.Morris,4Sneed,69;Helmv.Rogers,5Hum.,105;Grosvenorv.Bethell,9Pick.,577;Tylerv.Walker,17Pick.,306,310;Crawfordv.LifeInsuranceCo.,12Lea,154;Cheekv.Bank,9Heisk.,489,492;Dupuyv.Gorman,9Lea,144;Petersonv.Turney,2Ch.Apps.,549.Judiciumsemperproveritateaccipitur.(Ajudgmentisalwaystakentobetrue.)Whatismeantby"oppressive"isthatitpreventedtheap-pellantfromexercisingsomerightinthepreparationofhiscaseforthehearing.7Turleyv.Turley.1Pick.,251;Allen&Hill,exrs.,v.Shanks,6Pick.,359;HicksV.Porter,6Pick.,1;Fitzsimmonsv.Johnson,Ibid,416;Doll-mant).Collier,8Pick.,660.See,ante,§§619;620.Butthisruledoesnotcoverfindingsonquestionsoflaw,oronmixedquestionsoflawandfact.Rail-roadV.Knoxville,14Pick.,1;Grimsteadv.Hug-gins,13Lea,728;Hascallv.Hafford,23Pick.,355.Norfindingsbasedonmereopinionsorestimates,
especiallyastofeesofSolicitorsandguardiansadlitem,andastothecompensationofexecutors,administrators,guardiansandtrustees.Pearsonv.Gillenwaters,15Pick.,446.8Kirkpatrickv.Jenkins,12Pick.,85,87;RailwayCo.v.Mahoney,5Pick.,311;YoungV.Cowden,14Pick.,577,581.Nanceti.Haney,1Heisk.,177,181,whichattemptedtomodifythisruletosuittheexigenciesofthetimes,andcannolongerbeconsid-eredasauthorityonthispoint.SeeMintoni\Stahl-man,12Pick.,98,111;Nailingv.Nailing.2Sneed,630;IronCo.V.Pace,17Pick.,482;Railroadv.Kenley,8Pick.,207,219;WalkerV.Galbraith,3Head,316;Wolfev.Tyler,1Heisk.,313,317.Anassignmentoferroronthispointshouldaver"thatthereisnoevidencetosustaintheverdict."FelronV.Clarkson,19Pick.,457;Recordv.CooperageCo.,24Pick.,657.660.!>Allen&Hillt>.Shanks,6Pick.,359,383;Wat-kinsV.LandCompany,7Pick.,683;MitchellV.Mc-Kinney,6Heisk.,83;Cannonv.Blakemore,10Hum.,227;Bentleyv.Hurxthal,3Head,379;Cor-neliusv.Merritt,2Head,97;Langford».Love,3Sneed,311;BoydV.Sims.3Pick.,771,774;Sewellv.Tuthill,4Cates,271;Code,§4516.10TerrellV.Murray.2Yerg.,384;ChambersV.Chambers,8Pick.,707,714;McGuirev.Gallagher,11Pick.,349;Harperv.Lovell.21Pick.,614,622.11See,ante,§§446;565;576.12See,post,§1319.is5Pick.,773-777.SeeletterofSupremeJudges,ante,note20to§1293a.14Rule20,§1;5Pick.,774.IBIbid.16Rule20,§2.

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1047BRIEFSINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.§13034.AllPointsofFactandLawBeliedonMustbeStatedasrequiredinthepre-cedingparagraph,andallauthoritiesreliedonmustbecited;butcounselwillnotbeconfinedtotheauthoritiescited,norrequiredtocitewhennoneareknowntocounsel.175.WhentheErrorAssignedistotheActionoftheCourtUponaPreliminaryMo-tion,Demurrer,orPlea,thesubstanceofsuchmotion,demurrerorpleamustbestated,andtheactionoftheCourtthereonsetforth,citingthepagesofthetranscriptwherethesameappears.186.WhentheErrorAllegedisastotheAdmissionorRejectionofEvidence,thespecificationmustquotethefullsubstanceoftheevidenceadmittedorre-jected,citingthepagesoftherecordwheretheevidenceandtherulingthereonmaybefound.197.WhentheErrorAllegedisastotheChargeoftheCourt,thespecificationmustsetoutthepartofthechargereferredto,whetheritbeinstructionsgiven,orinstructionsrefused,citingthepagesofthetranscriptwhereinsuchinstruc-tionsarefound.208.WhentheErrorAllegedisastoaRulingUponaReportofaMaster,thebriefmustsetouttheexceptiontothereport,andtherulingoftheCourtthereon,sothatitmayplainlyappearwhatthequestionwas;and,ifitbeaquestionoffact,thebriefmuststatewhethertheMasterandChancellorhaveconcurredordisagreedinreferencethereto.219.AssignmentsofETrorsinGeneralTermsareTreatedasNullities.TosaythattheCourterredindoingsoandsoamountstonothing,unlesstheassignmentgoesfurther,andspecifieshow,whereinandwhereforetheCourterred,sotheappellateCourtmayseetheerrorfromthefactsstatedintheassignment,with-outresortingtotherecord.22Suchassignmentsas(1)"thattheCourterredingivingcomplainantadecree,"forsoandso;or,(2)"indismissingthebill;"or,(3)"indismissingthecrossbill;"or,(4)"inoverrulingthedemurrer;"or,(5)"insustainingthedemurrer;"or,(6)"inadmittingorrejectingcer-tainevidence;"or,(7)"initschargetothejury;"or,(8)similargeneralassignments,areallnullities;andwillbenoticedonlytobeoverruled.10.TheFailuretoFiletheBriefRequiredbytheRulesoftheCourtwillbetakenasanabandonmentoftheappeal,orwritoferror,asthecasemaybe;anderrorsnotspecifiedinthebriefwillbetreatedaswaived.TheCourt,however,mayatitsoption,noticeanerroroverlookedbycounsel.2311.BriefbytheAppellee.ThecounselfortheappelleemustfilewiththeClerkoftheCourt,abriefinsupportanddefenceofthejudgmentordecreeas-sailed.Thisbriefmustbeoflikecharacterwiththatabovedescribed,exceptthatnospecificationsoferrorarerequired,andnostatementofthecaseunlessthatalreadyfilediscontroverted.2412.ReferencestoText-BooksandReportsmustbetothesidepages,ifany;butifnone,thentothetoppages,exceptthatthereferencestobookswhichtreatofsiibjectsbysectionsmustbetothesections.2513.MechanicalExecutionofBriefs.Briefsarerequiredtobewritteninalargeandlegiblehand-writingwithblackinkanduponlawpaper,orprinted,ortype-written.2617Rule20,§2.isRule20,§3;5Pick.,774-775.19Ibid.SuchanassignmentshouldsoshowtheexactpointraisedthattheJudgeswillbeabletounderstanditwithoutexaminingtherecord.Gowellv.Mayor,1Ch.Apps.,133.Everyassignmentshouldbeintelligibleinandofitself.20Ibid.21Rule20,§3.Thebriefshouldgivethesub-stanceofthatpartofthereporttowhichtheex-ceptionapplies.22Cheathamv.Pearce,5Pick.,671;PowersV.McKenzie.6Pick.,167;GrundyCountyV.Tennes-seeCoalCo.,10Pick.,295.23Rule20,§4.TheappellateCourtpresumesthateveryruling,decreeandjudgmentofthelower
Courtiscorrectinform,lawfulinsubstance,andjustinresults;and,therefore,requiresapartywhodisputesthispresumptiontoplainlypointout,inthepropermannerandtime,anyerrorsinsuchrul-ings,decreesandjudgments,whichclearlyshowthatsubstantialinjusticehasbeendonehim;andifsuchpartyfailsotodo,theCourtwillpresumetherearenosucherrors,andwillaffirmthejudg-mentordecreeappealedfrom.See,ante,§§565,note11;1302,sub-sees.2and3,notes3and4.24Rule20,§5;5Pick.,775.25Rule23;5Pick.,776.Incitingauthoritiesgivethestyleofthecauseaswellasthenameandpageofthereport.26Ibid.

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§1304BRIEFSIN,THEAPPELATECOURTS.104814.WrittenArgumentsareNottheBriefsRequiredbytheRules.Thereseemstobeadispositiononthepartoftkebartodistinguishbetweentheassignmentoferrorsandthebrief.27SuchdistinctionisnotwarrantedbyKiile20,whichclearlyshowsthat"thebriefshallcontain**astatementofwhatthecaseis,andtheprecisepointsraised,**.astatementoftheerrorsoffactandlawreliedupontoreverseormodify,**,theauthoritiesreliedon,*theexceptionstotheMaster'sreportandtherulingoftheCourtthereon,"andsoon.SaidRulefurtherdeclaresthat"thefailuretofileabriefasrequiredbythisRule(20).will,betakenasanabandonmentoftheappeal;***andthatthecounselforadefendant-in-errororappelleeshallfilea*likebriefinsupportanddefenceofthejudgment,ordecree,assailed."ThisRule(20)evidentlycontemplatesthattheappellant'swholecaseshouldbeconciselysummarizedinthe"brief;''butapractice,seemstohavegraduallygrownupof.makingthe"assignmentoferrors"onethingandthe"brief"anotherthing,usingthebriefnotfortheassignmentoferrors,buttobolsterupandfortifytheassignment;construingtheword"brief"tomeanthe"writtenargument"counselareallowedtopresentbyRule21,whichwrittenargument,however,theRuleexplicitlydeclares"willnotsupersedethenecessityofabrief.".
As,however,substance,andnotformsornames,determinestherightsoflitigants,itwillcontinuetobeimmaterialwhethera"brief"isan"assignmentoferrors"ora"writtenargument,"solongaserrorsareassignedasrequiredbyRule20.28Itseemstotheauthor,however,fromanexaminationofourreports,thatthepracticeofconvertingthe"brief"intoa"writtenargument"has'largelyaugmentedthelaborsoftheappellateJudges,byrequiringthemtogothroughboththeassignmentoferrorsandtheso-calledbrief,whichlatterisoftenattachedtotheassignmentanddeclaredtobe"apartthereof,"andtheassignmentoftendeclaresthatthe"briefheretoattachedismadeapartthereof,''andthustheyaresoweddedastomakeavoluminouscompoundoutofwhatwasoriginallyintendedtobeaconcise"brief."§1304.WhenandWhereBriefsMustbeFiled.—Itisofgreatimportancetotheappellanttohavehisbriefdulyfiled5for,ifnotsofiled,hewillbedeemedtohaveabandonedhisappeal,283,andtheChancellor'sdecreewillbeaffirmed,asofcourse,whenthecaseiscalledforhearing;anderrorsnotspec-ifiedwillbetreatedaswaived.TherulesoftheappellateCourtsonthissubjectareasfollows
:
1.WhenandWheretheAppellantMustFilehisBrief.Thecounselforappel-lant,orplaintiff-in-error,inallcivilcausesshallfilewiththeClerkoftheCourt,atleasttendaysbeforethecallofthecountyfromwhichthecausecomes,awrittenorprintedbrief,whichshallbeattachedbytheClerktothetranscript.Iftherecordbefiledatsolateadateasnottopermitthebrieftobefiledforthetimerequiredbeforethehearing,thensuchbriefmaybefiledatanytimeafterthefilingofthetranscript,andbeforethecauseiscalledforargument.292.Whenand-WheretheAppelleeMustFilehisBrief.Thecounselforade-fendant-in-error,orappellee,shallfilewiththeClerkoftheCourt,atleastthreedaysbeforethecallingofthecause(iftherecordisfiledintime;ifnot,thenatanytimebeforethecallingofthecause,)abriefinsupportanddefenceofthejudgmentordecreeassailed.Thisbriefshallbeoflikecharacterwiththatrequiredoftheplaintiff-in-errororappellant,exceptthatnospecificationoferrorshallberequired,andnostatementofthecase,unlessthatalreadyfilediscontroverted.30
27SeeSimmonsv.Bailey,21Pick.,155.28Thisdispositiontodenominatethebflefan"assignmentoferrors,"andtodenominatethewrit-tenargumenta"brief,"'probablyoriginatedinthepracticeoftheSupremeCourtCommission,wheretheassignmentoferrorswassocalled,andthear-gumentinsupportoftheassignmentwasoften
calledabrief;butitisamisnomertosonamethebriefunderSupremeCourtRule20.2saRule20,§4.20Rule20;5Pick.,774-775.TheCourtofCivilAppealswill,forgoodcause,relaxboththisandthenextrule.30Rule20,§5;5Pick.,775.

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1049BRIEFS.INTHEAPPELLATECOURTS,§1305§1305.RulesLimitingHearingsintheAppellateCourtsNecessary.—For-merlytheSupremeCourthadtimetohearthewholerecordreadwhenasuitinChancerywasappealed,andthentheappealopenedupthewholecase,anditwastrieddenovo,thetrialoftenconsumingseveraldays.Butnow,inconse-.quenceoftheenormousincreaseinthenumberandimportanceofcasesap-pealed,theappellateCourtstoavoidbeingoverwhelmedbytheaccumulationofcasesuponitsdockets,hasbeenforcedtoadoptrulesthatsolimitthehearingsincasesappealedfromtheChanceryCourtsastoleaveadecreeappealedfrominsuchforcethat,unlessreversibleerrorbepointedoutinaccordancewiththeserules,itwillbeaffirmed.The.resultoftheserulesisthatthedecreeisconsideredtobeprimafaciecorrect,andallinterlocutoryproceedingsarepre-sumedtoberegular.31Whoeverchallengesthecorrectnessofsuchproceedingsanddecreemustputhisfingeruponmaterialerrors;andonhisfailuresotodo,inthemannerandtimeprescribedbysaidrules,therecordofthecasewillbeclosedagainsthim,andthedecreeappealedfromaffirmed,andputinforce.§1306.FormofBriefs.—AssomeaidtotheyoungSolicitor,thefollowingbriefsarepresented,showingallegederrorsbothoflawandoffact:32INTHESUPREMECOURT,[OR,INTHECOURTOFCIVILAPPEALS.]BRIEFOFTHEAPPELLANTS.33JohnDoe,j
vs. \FromtheChanceryCourt,atKnoxvilte.RichardRoe,etal.J STATEMENTOFTHECASE.Complainant,whoisacreditorofRichardRoe,filedthisbilltosetasideanallegedfraudulentconveyanceofastockofgoodsbysaidRichardRoe,tohisbrothersandco-defendants,RobertandRolandRoe,andtosellthegoodstosatisfyhisdebt.Thedefendantsallanswered,denyingthefraudanddenyingthatthetransferwasvoluntary,RobertandRolandansweringseparatelyfromRichard.Theonlyissueonthepleadingsisoneoffact:Wasthetransferfraudulent?ThedepositionofJohnBrownwastakenbythecomplainant,butwassuppressedbytheChancelloronexceptions.Thisdepositionfullyprovedthatthetransferwasbothfraudulentandvoluntary.Nootherproofwastakenb}rthecomplainant,andnoproofatallwastakenbythe'defendants.Atthehearing,"theChancellor'dismissed'the'billastothedefendants,RobertandRolandRoe,andgavecomplainantadecreeforhisdebtagainstRichardRoe,buttaxedhimwithallthecostsofthecausedowntothedecree.Complainantappealed.[Transcript,p.44.]I.ERRORSOFLAWRELIEDON.341.TheChancellorerredinrulingo>utthedepositionofJohnBrown,awitnessforthecomplainant.Thedepositionwasexceptedtobythedefendantsonthegroundthatitscertificateshowedthatitwasreducedtowritingbythe.commissioner'sclerk.ThisexceptionwassustainedbytheMaster,and,onappeal,wassustainedbytheChancellor.[Trans,p.42.]Noobjectionhavingbeenmadetothecommissioner'sclerkatthetimehewasacting,thedefendantswereestoppedfromobjectingafterwards.HermanonEstoppel,§1984.Jones,v.Brown,1Cat,963.See"Waiver,"Gibson'sSuitsinCh.,§71.31Omniaprasumuntursolemniter-esseacta.(AllCourtproceedingsarepresumedtohavebeenprop-erlydone.)32SeeletterofSupremeJudges,§1293a,note20,ante.Onanappeal,theappellantmayshowanyandallerrorscommittedbytheCourtbelow,atanytimebetweenthebeginningandtheendingofthesuit,providedtheyappearintherecord.Theap-pellateCourtwillreviewanyandallrulingsoftheChancelloruponitsattentionbeingproperlycalledtothem,bythepartycomplaining,inthemannerandtimeprescribedbytherulesoftheCourt.ThemostordinarymatterscomplainedofintheappellateCourt,outsideofthefinaldecree,are:1,theover-rulingofdemurrers;2.theoverrulingofpleas;3,theallowanceordisallowanceofamendmentsofpleadings;4,theextension,orrefusalofextension,oftimetotakeproof;5,theadmissionofillegalevidence,ortheexclusionoflegalevidence;6,thesuppressionof,orrefusaltosuppress,depositions;
7,theallowanceordisallowanceofexceptionstoreports;8,therefusaltorecommitreports,and,9,injurycases,therefusaltograntanewtrial,onallegationsoferrorsinempanelingthejury,oroferrorsoftheChancellorinadmittingorexcludingevidence,orinmisdirectingthejury,orinrefusaltogiveproperdirectionsonrequest,orofmiscon-ductofthejury,orofsurpriseattheintroductionofadversetestimony,orofthediscoveryofnewevidence,orofothergroundsforanewtrial.33TheappellantinhisassignmentoferrorsmustnotonlystatetheactionoftheCourtcomplainedof,butmustshowwhyorwhereinitiserroneous.Powersv.McKenzie,6Pick.,167.34Assignnoerrorsthatarenotmaterial:selectthemostmaterial.Tenassignmentsarebetterthantwenty,andfivearebetterthanten.Makenofinepoints,nohypercriticisms.Apicesjurisnonjura.Judgesusenomicroscopes.

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§1306BRIEFSINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.1050Thisdeposition,ifadmitted,wouldhaveprovedthatthetransferwasfraudulent;anditssuppressionwasagrievouserror.2.TheChancellorerredinrulingthattheburdenofprovingthattherewasnoconsiderationforthetransferwasonthecomplainant.[Tr.,p.38.]Whentheconsiderationisimpeached,andtheproofcastssuspicionuponit,theburdenisthenontheconveyeetoshowthatavalidconsiderationwaspaid.Alleyvs.Connell,3Head,579.Dunlapvs.Haynes,4Heisk.,478.Theproofshowedthedefendantswerebrothers;[Tr.,p.17.]Noneofthedefendantstestified:thiscastssuspiciononthetransaction.II.ERRORSOFFACTRELIEDON.1.TheChancellorerredinfindingthattherewasnofraud.JohnBrownclearlyprovesthefraud.[Tr.,p.41.]TheChancellorrefusedtoconsiderthisdeposition;butitwasinthefile,andapartoftherecord;andthisCourtwillconsiderit.Jonesvs.Brown,2Cal.,928.Stokesvs.Stiles,1N.C,792.Thedefendantconveyeesadmittedintheiranswerthattheywerebrothersoftheconveyor.[Tr.p.p.]Thedefendantsalldeclinedtotestify.Thisraisedapresumptionofguiltagainstthem.Dunlapvs.Haynes,4Heisk.,476.Howardvs.Massengale,13Lea,577.III.ADDITIONALERROROFLAW.TheChancellorerredintaxingthecomplainantwithallthecostsofthecausedowntothedecree.[Tr.,p.44.]Thereisabundantproofofthebadfaithofthedefendants;andofthegoodfaithofthecomplainants.2Dan.Ch.Pr.,1381.Arnoldv.Kyle,8Bax.,319.RichardRoeshould,atleast,havebeentaxedwiththecostsofthecause.Adecreefortheamountofthedebtwasrenderedagainsthim.[Tr.,p.44.]Ledgerwood&Carty,Solicitors.INTHESUPREMECOURT,[OR,INTHECOURTOPCIVILAPPEALS.]BRIEFOFTHEAPPELLEES.35JohnDoe,j
vs. fFromtheChanceryCourt,atKnoxville.RichardRoe,etal.J STATEMENTOFTHECASE.InadditiontothefactssetforthintheAppellant'sbrief,therecordshowsthattheanswerofthedefendantsonoathwascalledfor;[Tr.,p.4;]andthatthedefendants,RobertandRoland,thetransferees,answeredonoath,emphaticallyandexplicitlydenyingallfraud,andspecifyingtheconsiderationpaid,andinwhatitwaspaid,showinggoodfaithandfullvalue.[Transcript,pp.14-16.]Complainanthavingmadewitnessesofthedefendants,isboundbytheiranswers,unlessoverturnedbytwowitnesses,oronewitnessandcorroboratingcircumstances;andthereisnocontraryevidence.I.REPLYTOALLEGEDERRORSOFLAWASSIGNEDBYTHEAPPELLANT.1.TheChancellorruledcorrectlyinsuppressingJohnBrown'sdeposition.Thecommissioner'scertificatedoesnotshowthathisclerkwasnotofkinorcounsel,ornotinterested.[Tr.,p.40.]RailwayCo.vs.Arnold,5Pick.,107.2.TheChancellorwascorrectinholdingthattheburdenofproofwasonthecomplainant.[Tr.,p.38.]Theproofdidnotcastanysuspicionontheconsideration.Therewasnoproof,excepttheanswersofthedefendants.Relationship,alone,isnotenoughtoraiseasuspicionoffraud.Wait'sFraud.Convey.,§242.Robinsonv.Frankel,1Pick.,478.35SeeletteroftheJudgesoftheSupremeCourt;ante,page1041,note20.

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1051briefsintheappellatecourts.§1307ii.replytoallegederrorsoffactassignedbytheappellant.1,TheChancellorwascorrectinfindingtherewasnofraud.(1)JohnBrown'sdepositioncannotbelookedathere.Thatwouldtakethedefendantsbysurprise.Besides,thedepositionhavingbeensuppressed,andnothavingbeenmadeapartoftherecordbyabillofexceptions,ororderofrecord,orbyauthenticationoftheChancellor,isnotproperlyapartoftheTranscript,andcannotbelookedtointhisCourt,foranypurpose.Perryvs.Pearson,1Hum.,431.Spurlockvs.Fulks,1Swan,289.Steelevs.Frierson,1Pick.,430.Gibson'sSuitsinCh.§§538;1213,sub-sees.4and6.~(2)Iflookedatitwillnotovercometheswornanswersofthedefendants.(3Thedefendantshadalreadytestifiedintheiranswers,andhadnoneedtotestifyagain.III.REPLYTOADDITIONALALLEGEDERROROFLAWASSIGNED.TheChancellordidnoterrintaxingcomplainantwithallthecostsofthecausedowntothedecree.[Tr.,p.44.]Thereisanexpressstatuterequiringthecoststobetaxedastheywere.Code,§4292;Gibson'sSuitsinCh.,§590.ThedecreeoftheChancellorismanifestlycorrect,inalltheparticularswhereinitisassailed;andshould,therefore,beaffirmed.H.H.Ingersoll,Solicitor.§1307.SuggestionsinReferencetoBriefs.—NothingissovaluabletoaCourtasagoodbriefthatisbrief;andnothingismoreworthlessthanapoorbrief,especiallyonethatislong,confused,obscure,diffuse,anddigressive.Inconstructingabrief,thefollowingsuggestionsmaybeofvalue
:
I.TheStatementoftheCase.37Thisstatementshouldnotbeanabstractofthewholecause,noranabstractofthepleadings;itshouldbeexactlywhattheappellateCourtRuledeclaresitshouldbe:astatementofwhattheeaseis,andtheprecisepointsraisedbythepleadings.1."Astatementofwhatthecaseis"mayoftenbemadeinafewwords,thus:Thisisasuittosetasideanallegedfraudulentconveyance;or,Thisisasuittospecificallyenforceacontract;or,Theobjectofthebillinthiscaseistopartitionatractofland;or,Thebillinthiscasewasfiledtoenforceamechanic'slien.2.''Theprecisepointsraisedbythepleadings"may,generally,beverybrieflyexpressed,thus:Thequestionsraisedbythepleadingsaretwo:1st,"Wasthereacontractinwritingactuallysignedbythedefendant.2d,Ifso,areitstermssufficientlyproved;or,Theissuesraisedbythepleadingsare:Whether,1st,thereeverwasamechanic'slieninfavorofthecomplainant,whowasamerejourneyman;and2d,ifso,whetherhedidnotwaivethatlienbytakinganoteandsecurityfortheamountofhisdebt?II.TheSubstanceoftheVerdictandDecreetsThisisordinarilystatedinafewwords,thus:Thejuryfoundtheissuesoffactinfavorofthecomplainant,andtheCourtthereupongrantedhimthereliefprayedinhisbill,[thecharacterofthisreliefhavingbeengiveninthestatementofthecase;]or,theCourtfoundthattherehadbeenacontractofsaledulysignedbythedefendant,andthatitscontentsweresufficientlyproved,andthereupondecreedthatthecontractbespecificallyperformed;or,theCourtdecreedthatthecomplainanthadame-chanic'slien,andthathehadnotwaiveditbytakinganoteandsecurityfortheamountthereof.Thebriefmustcontainsuchastatementoffactsthat,whenthespecificerrorsareassigned,theCourtwillbeabletosee,fromthebriefitself,thataprimafaciecaseoferrorismadeout.39Errorsoflawariseoutofthefacts,andthefactsmustbesostatedthatthepertinencyandtruthoftheerrorsoflawal-legedwillappear.37Rule20,§1;SPick.,774.ThesesuggestionsyoungSolicitorsincomplyingwiththem.See,ante,areallbasedontheSupremeCourtRules,andarenote20toJ1293aintendedasamerecommentaryonthem,toaid38Sup.CourtRule,20,§1;5Pick.,774.38Gorrellv.Mayor,1Ch.Apps.,133.

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130.7BRIEFS,INTHEAPPELATE)COURTS.1052III.Th&StatementoftireErrorsofFact.**Thesuccessofabriefastothefactsdependslargelyuponitsclearnessandconcisenessinstatingtheerrorsoffactreliedontoreverseormodifythedecreecomplainedof.Thefollowingillustra-tionswillshowhowthesestatementsmaybemade
:
1.TheCourterredinfindingthattherezvasacontractofsale.[Tr.,p.65.](1)Witness,JohnBrown,whoprovesit,couldnotread,andneverhearditread.[Tr.p.28,xqs.,9and10.](2)Thecomplainant'shistoryofthecaseisinconflictwithBrown's.[Tr.,pp.21,q.4;indp.26,xq.9.](3)Thedefendantpositivelydeniesthatheeversignedthewriting.[Tr.p.31.](4)SusanBrown,wifeofwitnessJohnBrown,saysshewasintheroom,andhadagoodchancetoseeandhearwhatwasdone,andthatshedidnotseeanywritingofanykinddonetherebyanyone;andthattherewasnoinkinthehouse.[Tr.pp.35-36.]Theexistenceoftheunsignedwritingisnotdisputed:theonequestionoffactis
:
iDidthe-defendantsignit?i
Wherethewitnessesandfactsarenumerous,theerroroffactmaybewellstatedinthisform
:
2.TheCourterredinfindingthatthetrueboundarybetweenthepartiesranfromthewalnuttothewhiteoakstump.TheCourtshouldhavefoundthatthelinerantothestandingwhiteoak,twentypolessouthofthesaidstump.Threewitnessessawthestandingoakmarkedasacorner.(1)JohnSmith.[Tr.p.91.q.6.](2)Wm.Brown.[Tr.p.-94,q.4.]' '
(3)HenryJames,.[Tr.p.96,q.2.].
Threewitnessesheardthedefendantadmitthatthestandingoakwasthecorner.(1)Wm.'Brown.[Tr.93,q.2.](2)GeorgeStokes,[Tr.,p.89,q.c](3)SamuelJones,[Tr.,p.40,xq.9.]Heisthedefendant'switness.Thestandingoakisontheline.accordingtothecoursecalledfor,afterallowingforthevariationoftheneedle.(1)PriorLee,[Tr.,p.36,qs.6-7.]Hisdepositionwastakenbythedefendant,butreadbythecomplainant.(2)GeorgeStokes.[Tr.,p.97,g.17.]IV.TheStatementoftheErrorsofLaw."Solicitorsmustkeepinmindthatabriefisonething,andanargumentisanotherthing.Abriefisthemereskele-tonofanargument,anargumentstrippedtothebone.Manyotherwisegoodbriefsarerenderedineffectivebyhavingargumentsinjectedintothem.Errorsoflawshouldbestatedwithprecisenessandconciseness,thus
:
1.TheChancellorerredinholdingthatawife'searningscouldnot,bycontractwithherhusband,becomeherseparateestate.[Tr.,p.116.]Thelawmayoncehavesobeen,butitisotherwisenow.Carpentervs.Franklin,5Pick.,142.3Pom.Eq.Jur.,§1103.2.TheChancellorerredinrefusingthedefendantsatrialbyjuryontheirde-mand.[Tr.,p.112.](1)TherulepromulgatedbytheChancellorrequiringthedemandforaiurytobemadeonthe1stdayofthetermisinviolationofthestatute,andvoid.42[SeeRule,Tr.,p.113.]40Sup.CourtRule,20,§2.Theassignmentof,errorsmustbespecific.Thedayofgeneralitieshaspassed.Demurrersmustbespecial.ExceptionstoMasters'reportsmustbespecial.Exceptionstodepositionsortoevidencemustbespecial.WhoeverfindsfaultinCourtmustputthetipofhisfingerontheerror.Hence,errorscomplainedofintheactionofthelowerCourtmustbespecified.SeeDentoni'.Wood,2Pick.,37;Woodv.Frazier,2Pick.,500.TheappellateCourtdoesnothuntforerrors:theSolicitoroftheappellantmustflushthegame.TheCourtpresumesthedecreebelowtobecorrect.See,ante.§1302,sub-sec.3.41Thebriefshouldconsidertheerrorsoffactseparatelyfromtheerrorsoflaw.Sup.CourtRule,20,§2;5Pick..774.Asarule,briefsaregreatlyoverloadedwithsuper-fluouslaw.TheCourtneedsbutlittleaidfromcounselinmattersoflaw;andifmanyauthorities
arecited,few,ornone,ofthemwillbeexamined.TheCourthasnotimetohuntup,orrundown,twenty-fiveorfiftycitations.Oneortwoauthori-tiesonanygivenpointoflaw,andthesethelatestandmostdirect,aresufficient;oneisbetterthantwo.ordinarily;andtenareworsethannone.ThemainusetheCourtmakesofthecitationsinabriefisasanaidincitingauthoritiesintheirwrittenopinions.Thepointmustbeaverynovelone,in-deed,thatrequiresauthorities.Noneoftheauthori-tiescitedinthebriefscontainedinthisArticlewouldbeofanyvaluetotheCourt,thelawonthevariouspointsbeingasfamiliartotheJudgesasthelettersofthealphabet.Ifyoutakecareofthefacts,theJudgeswilltakecareofthelaw;andifyoumakeyourbriefofthefactsshortandspecific,itwillbereadandappreciated.42TheSupremeCourthassustainedsucharule.Ante,§S47.

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1053BRIEFSINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.§1307M.&Vs.Code,§4467.Duncanvs.King,1Tenn.,(Overt.)79.Allenvs.Saulpaw,6Lea,481.Actsof1889,Ch.220.(2)Buttherule,ifvalid,isnotabsolutelybinding,andcouldhavebeendepartedfrom;andoughtsotohavebeen,forthereasonsstatedindefendant'saffidavit.[TV.p.94.]Marshvs.Crawford,1Swan,116.Lowevs.Morris,4Sneed,72.Gibson'sSuitsinCh.,§62,sub-sec;8;on'"ShowingCause."V.StatementofErroroftheCourtUponaMotion,Demurrer,orPlea.43WhattheappellateCourtwantsinaeaseofthiskindisaclearstatement,basedontherecord,showingwhatwasdone,andwhy,andgivingthesubstanceofthemotion,demurrer,orplea.Thefollowingformsaregiven-:••
1.TheChancellorerredindischargingtheattachmentleviedonthedefendant'sproperty.Thisactionwastakenonmotionofthedefendantafterhehadansweredthebill.Thegroundofthemotionwasthatthebilldidnotaveritwasthefirstapplicationforanattach-ment.(1)Nosuchavermentwasnecessary,thegroundofattachmentbeingstatutory.Gibson'sSuitsinCh.,§872.(2)Thegroundofmotionhadbeenwaivedbyanswertothebill.See"Waiver,''Gibson'sSuitsinCh.,§71.2.TheChancellorerredinsustainingthedefendant'sdemurrertothebill.**[TV.,£.9.]Thebillwasfiledasadetinuebilltorecoveranironsafevaluedattwohundreddollars.ThedemurrerdisputedthejurisdictionoftheChanceryCourttotrysuchacase.ThisinvolvestheconstructionoftheActof1877,Ch.97.Thisstatutehasbeenliberallyconstrued,andheldtocovercasesofmandamus,ejectment,moneylostatgaming,covenantsrunningwithland,damagesonbonds,andconversionofproperty.Hawkinsvs.Kercheval,10Lea,542.Fraziervs.Browning,11Lea,253.McGrewvs.CityP.Exchange,1Pick.,572.Williamsvs:Burg,9Lea,455.Glennvs.Moore,11Lea,256.Statevs.Keller,11Lea,399.CoalCo.vs.Moses,15Lea,300.Theabovecasesarenotlesslegalintheirnaturethanistheoneraisedbythebillanddemurrer.Thestatuteisall-comprehensive,andtheLegislaturehavingnamedtheexceptionstoit,theCourtscanaddnoothers.Bxpressiouniusestexclusioalterius.Broom'sMax.,638.Guionvs.B.Academy,4Yerg.,253.Cockevs.McGinnis,Mart&Yerg.,361.3.TheChancellorerredinoverrulingappellant'smotionforanewtrial.[TV.,p.74.1Therewasanoverwhelmingpreponderanceofevidenceagainsttheverdict.Thefollow-ingwitnessessworepositivelythatthedefendantsignedthecontractincontroversy.45(1)JohnJones,[TV.p.32,q.5.](2)HenryBrown.[Tr.p.36,q.6.]Thiscontractwasthefoundationofappellant'ssuit.VI.StatementofErrorsinAdmittingorRejectingEvidence."TheappellateCourtwillnotconsideranobjectiontoevidence,unlesstheobjectionisspecific,anddulymadeatthehearingintheCourtbelow,andruledonagainsttheap-pellant.47Abriefrelyingonsuchanerrormaystateitthus
:
1.TheCourtbelowerredinadmittingthestatementbythewitness,Wm.Brown,thatGeorgeJones,thetenantofthecomplainant,toldhimthatthelandindisputereallybelongedtothedefendant.[Tr.,p.29.]43Sup.CourtRule,20,§3;5Pick.,774.44Rule20,§3.Insurhacase,theprecedingstatementofthecaseshouldshowthepointsraisedbythebillandthedemurrer.45Thisassignmentisnugatory:soareallsimilarones.See,ante,§1302,sub-s»c.6.TheappellateCourtwillnotreweightheevidence:iftherebeany
evidenceatalltosustaintheverdicttheappellateCourtwillnotconsiderthemainsnrminusofit.TheonlyassignmenttheCourtwillconsideris:"Thereisnoevidencetosustaintheverdict."46Sup.CourtRule20,§3.47BridgeCo.v.Barnes,14Pick.,409.

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§1307BRIEFSINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.1054Thisstatementwasobjectedtowhenmade,onthegroundthatitwasresinteraliosacta;andthatthecomplainantcouldnotbeboundoraffectedbysuchadeclarationbyhistenant.Stranahanvs.Terry,9Lea,S60.2:TheCourtbelowerredinrejectingtheevidenceofwhatthewifeofthedefendantRoesaidtothewitness,Jones.[Tr.,p.48.]Whereawifeisactingastheagentofherhusband,whatshesaysaboutthebusinessofsuchagencyisadmissibleagainstthehusbandasprincipal.Shewasprovedtobehisagent.[Tr.p.46.]Reillyvs.English,9Lea,16.Shetoldthewitness,Jones,thatherhusbandgotthemoneycomplainantgaveherforhim.[Tr.p.48.]VII.StatementofErrorsintheChargeoftheCourtisInstatingsucherrorstheparticularpartofthechargeobjectedtomustbesetout,whetheritbein-structionsgiven,orinstructionsrefused,insubstanceasfollows
:
1.TheChancellorerredinchargingthejurythat"ifcornermarksoftheproperagewereonthewhiteoaktree,thatwouldbeverystrongandalmostconclusiveevidencethatitwasthetruecorner."[Tr.,p.61.]Thischargehasbeenseveraltimesdeterminedtoconstitutereversibleerror.Marrvs.Marr,5Sneed,.385.Jamesvs.Brooks,6Heisk.,158.Thiscasestrikinglyresemblestheoneatbar.2.TheChancellorerredinrefusingtochargethejurythat"iftheyshouldbelievethattheclerkofthedefendantillegallyappropriatedthemoneyleftwithhim,withouttheknowledgeorassentofthedefendant,thedefendantwouldnotbeliableforit."[Tr.,pp.82-83.]Thisrequestwenttotheveryheartofthecontroversy,anditsgroundwasnotcoveredbyanypartofthecharge.Thisisareversibleerror.Crumblessvs.Sturgess,6Heisk.,190.VIII.StatementofErrorsinRulingsUponaMaster'sReport."OneofthemostarduoustasksofaCourtisindealingwithexceptionstoMaster'sreports;anditrequiresgreatskillinpreparingabriefthatwillaidtheappellateCourtreachingaconclusion.Thefollowingmaybeofsomeaidinmakingsuchabrief
:
1.TheChancellorerredinsustainingdefendants1stexceptiontotheMaster'sreport.[Tr.,pp.89-91.]TheMasterreportedthatthepaintingdoneonthehousewasworth$219.80;whereastheproofshowsthatitwasnotworthexceeding$150.00.[Tr.p.Sp.]GeorgeJonesputsitat$140.00.[Tr.,p.41.]Wm.Brownputsitat$137.50.[Tr.,p.47.]HenryStokesputsitat$150.00.[Tr.,p.39.}Thesewitnessesareallpracticalpainters,anddisinterested.Complainant'switnesses,fourinnumber,putitfrom$150to$250.[Tr.,pp.89;54;7j.]Buttheywereallinthecomplainant'semploy.2.TheChancellorerredinsustainingthecomplainant's3dexceptiontotheMaster'sReport.[Tr.,pp.86-87.]TheMasterreportedthatdefendanthadpaidcomplainant$1640.10;butoncomplainant'sexceptionthattheamountwasonly$1431.10,theChancellorsoheld.[Tr.,p.02.]Thecontestisoveranallegedpaymentof$209.00.Thispaymentwasprovedbythedefendantandanother.Bydefendant.[Tr..p.64.]ByWm.Brown.[Tr.,p.51,q.10.]TheCourtheldthatthispaymentwasonadifferentmatter.[Tr.,p.92.]IX.TheMechanicalExecutionofBriefs.TheRulereauiresthatbriefsshallbewritteninalargeandlegiblehandwriting,withblackink,anduponlawpaper,orprinted,ortype-written.5?Itmattersnothowexcellentabriefis,ifitbeillegibleitisalightputunderabushel,andmayaswellneverhavebeenwritten.Asbetweenapoorbriefprintedorplainlywritten,andagoodbriefpoorlywritten,theformerwillprevail.48Sup.CourtRule20,§3.49Sup.CourtRule,20,§3.TheassignmentshouldshowwhethertheChancellorandMastercon-curred.Whentheyconcurastofacts,theappellate
Courtwillnotreverseiftherebeanyevidencetosupporttheirfinding.See§1302,sub-sec.5.50Sup.CourtRule,23;5Pick.,776.

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1055MOTIONSINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.§1308
ARTICLEIII.MOTIONSINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.§1308.Motions,WhenandHowHeard.§1309.MotionstoDismissAppeals.§1310.MotionstoDismissWritsofError.
§1311.MotionforaCertioraritoPerfecttheRecord.§1312.OtherMotionsintheAppellateCourts.§1308.Motions,WhenandHowHeard.—TheClerkkeepsamotiondocket,onwhichmustbeenteredallmotionswhicharemadeinCourt,andnotatoncedisposedof.ThursdaysandFridaysaremotiondays,whenmotionsmaybemade,andthemotiondocketcalled.Allmotionsnotdisposedofwhenmademustbeenteredontheminutesandonthemotiondocket,andnoticethereofimmediatelybegiventooppositecounsel.Motionsaredisposedofonlyonwrittenbriefs,1iftherebeanycontest,orlitigatedmatterinvolved.TheCourtwillnot,ordinarily,hearoralarguments,eitherinsupportof,oragainstmo-tions.CounselshouldnotrisetomakeamotionintheappellateCourtunless:1,Thetimethereforisclearlymature;2,theparticularkindandcharacterofmotionhasbeendefinitelydeterminedon;.3,thenecessaryevidenceinsupportofthemotionisinhandreadytobepresented;and4,duenoticeofthemotiongiventheadverseside,whensuchnoticeisnecessary.§1309.MotionstoDismissAppeals.—IfforanycausetheappellateCourtoughtnottoentertainanappealitmaybedismissedonmotion.2Theordinarygroundsfordismissinganappealarethefollowing
:
1.Becausetheappealwasnotgranted,3orwasimproperlygranted,4orpre-maturelygranted,orgrantedtothewrongterm,5orgrantedtothewrongappellateCourt.58,2.BecausetheappellantfailedtoperfecthisappealintheCourtbelowbygivingaproperbond;orbyfailingtogiveit,ortotaketheoath,inthetimeallowedforthatpurpose.63.Becausetheappellantwasnotentitledtoanappeal,forthereason(1)thathewasnotapartyoraquasipartytothesuit,or(2)thatheconsentedtothedecreeappealedfrom.7Amotiontodismissanappealbecauseofanydeficiencyorirregularityingrantingorobtainingit,orinfilingtherecord,orothergroundnotaffectingthemeritsofthecontroversy,mustbemadeatthetermaftertheappealwasgranted.8Where,however,thegroundofthemotiontodismissisadefectivebondorpauperoath,theCourtwillnotsustainthemotioniftheappellantfileasufficientbondoroathwithinsomeshorttimedesignatedbytheCourt.9And1Sup.CourtRule,16.2ThedoorsoftheappellateCourtdonotswinglooselyinward,andnolitigantcanenterwithoutaweddinggarmentintheshapeof(1)anorderofrecordbytheCourtbelowgrantinganappeal,oranappealinthenatureofawritoferror;or(2)awritoferrorgrantedbytheappellateCourtitself,oroneofitsJudgesorClerks;or(3)awritofsupersedeas;or(4)awritofcertiorari.3AnappealmustnotonlybeprayedintheCourtbelow,'butgranted;andtherecordmustsoshow.Teasdale&Co.V.ManchesterCo.,20Pick.,267.AnappealnotgrantedconfersnojurisdictionontheappellateCourt,andthecasewillbestrickenfromthedocket.Baileyv.State,11Pick.,391.There-citalinanappealbond,orinbillofexceptions,thatanappealwasgranted,isnotsufficient:therecordmustshowit.Sellarsv.Sellars,17Pick.,606.Butafinaldecreewhichrecitestheprayerforanappeal
andgivestimetofilean.appealbondsufficientlyshowstheappealwasgranted.Bankv.Johnston,21Pick.,521.4Astowhatdecreesmaybeappealedfrom,see,ante,§1265.5InPondV.Trigg,5Heisk.,532,itwasheldthatanappealprayedtothenexttermoftheSu-premeCourtwhentheSupremeCourtofthatDi-visionoftheStateisin"session,maybedismissedatthetermoftheSupremeCourtthenbeingheld.6aSee,ante.§1263a.6Staubv.Williams,1"Lea,36.7Williamsv.Neil,4Heisk.,280.8Greerv.Williford,Peck,290;Snyderv.Sum-mers,1Lea,481;Gillespiev.Goddard,.1Heisk.,777;TedderV.Odom,2Heisk.,51.9Wilsonv.Corry,2Leg.Rep.,215;Staubv.Williams,1Lea,36.

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§1310MOTIONSINTHE'APELLATECOURTS.1056evenafteranappealhasbeendismissed,ifthedecreeisonethatmaybeap-pealedfromasamatterofright,theappellantmayfiletherecordandobtainawritoferror,andinapropereaseasupersedeas,also.§1310.MotionstoDismissWritsofError.—Awritoferrormaybedis-missedonmotionifanyoftheprerequisitestothewritarewanting,orifthecomplainantinerrorwas,foranyreason,notentitledtothewrit.Theprin-cipalgroundsonwhichtobaseamotiontodismissare
:
1.Becausethedecreecomplainedofwasnotafinaldecree.Awritoferrorwillliefromafinaldecreeonly,andafinaldecreeisonewhichmaybeappealedfromasamatterofright.102.Becausetherecordwasnotfiledinthetimeallowed,bylawforsuingoutawritoferror.3.Becauseacostbond,orpauperoathinlieu,wasnotfiledinthetimepre-scribedbylaw.114.Becausenoticeoftheintentiontoapplyforthewritwasnotgiventheadversepartywithinthetimerequiredbylaw.12,
Amotiontodismissawritoferrormustbemadeatthefirsttermafterthedefendant-in-errorhasnoticeofthefilingofthewrit.Hecannotmovetodis-missforwantofnotice,ashismotionshowsthathehasnotice.13Wherethegroundofdismissalissomedefectinthebondorpauperoath,theCourtwillallowasufficientbondoroathtobefiled,iftendered,orifgivenwithinsomeshortperioddesignatedbytheCourt,onapplicationtherefor.§1311.MotionforaCertioraritoPerfecttheRecord.—Itfrequentlyhap-pensthattheClerkfailstoincorporatesomematerialpaperinthetranscript,andthesideinjuredtherebymaybeunwillingtohavethecauseheardontheimperfectrecord.Insuchacase,iftheomissiondoesnotappearfromtherec-orditself,orisnotadmittedbyadversecounsel,anaffidavitmustbemadespecifyingtheomission.Onmotion,supportedbysuchaffidavitorotherproof,theCourtwillawardacertioraritotheClerkandMastercommandinghimwithoutdelay,tomakeout,certifyandtransmitafull,trueandperfecttran-scriptoftherecordinthecause,onfileinhisoffice.Thereisusuallyanoteplacedatthefootofthewritspecifyingtheparticularpapercalledfor.14TheRulesoftheCourtrequiresuggestionsofthediminutionoftherecordtobemadebeforethecauseiscalledfortrial,andatsuchtimeaswillgiveopportunitytohavetherecordperfectedforthehearing,ortheimperfectionwillbeconsideredaswaived,andthecauseheardontherecordasitexists.TheCourtwill,however,ordinarilyconsideranyamendmentbroughtbeforeitprevioustotheannouncementofitsopinioninthecause.15Butifapartygoestotrialuponanimperfectrecord,itwillbetoolateforhim,afterthecausehasbeendecided,topetitionforarehearinginorderthatthedefectintherecordmaybesupplied.18Thesuggestionofadiminution,andtheawardofacertiorarimaybeasfollows
:
10Ante.§1265;Gibsonv.Widener,1Pick.,16.112Meigs'Dig.t§958.12InChesterv.Foster,6Pick.,515,itwasde-cidedthatunlessthisnoticewasgivenwithinthetwoyears,thewritwould,onmotion,bedismissed.See,ante.§1273.13Moodyv.McNeily,3Heisk.,545;Coxv.God-dard,1Heisk.,777;Snyderv.Summers,1tea,481;2Meigs'Dig..§958,sub-sec.3.14See,infra.15Sup.CourtRule,26.Thisruleisasfollows:Suggestionsofdiminutionofrecordshallbemadebeforethecauseiscalledfortrial,andatsuchtimeasgivesopportunitytohavetherecordperfectedforthehearing,ortheimperfectionoftherecordwillbewaived;Provided,however,Thatanyamendmentthussupplied,broughtbeforetheCourtbeforethecauseisfinallydisposedofafterhearing,maybeconsideredSee,ante,§1297;andLaFolletteCo.V.Smith,7Cates,584.
16RailwayCompaniesV.Hendricks,4Pick.,720.ApartywillnotbeallowedtoexperimentwiththeCourtinanysuchway.SeeHubbardV.Fravell,12Lea.310.Ifhegoestotrialonarecord,heiscon-clusivelydeemedtowaivealldefectstherein.SeeWaiver,ante,§71.Ifthedefectisdiscoveredtoolatetomoveforacertiorari,theappellantmaydis-misshisappeal,andthenfileaperfecttranscriptforawritoferror.Thisshowstheimportanceofanearlyandcarefulscrutinyofthetransrrint,andanearlvsuggestionofadiminution,ifanyexist.Nevertheless,ifmanifestjusticerequiredit,andcounselorpartieshavesatisfactoryexcusefornotsuggestingadiminutionbeforethehearing,theCourtmay,inaclearcase,disregarditsrule,andawardacertiorari,andrehearthecause.SeeTrottv.West,Meigs,163.

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1057MOTIONSINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.§1312ORDERFORACERTIORARIFORPERFECTTRANSCRIPT.JohnDoe,etal.,vs.RichardRoe,etal.Inthiscause,theSolicitoroftheappellantsuggestedtotheCourtthatthetranscriptinthecauseisimperfect,andtheCourtbeingsatisfiedthereofbyhisaffidavit,(or,bytheadmissionofadversecounsel,or,hyaninspectionofthetranscript,whenthetranscriptonitsfaceshowstheomission,)onhismotionacertiorariwillissuetotheClerkandMasteroftheChanceryCourtatBristol,commandinghimwithoutdelaytofileinthisCourtafull,trueandperfecttranscriptoftherecordonfileinhisofficeinthiscause.Thewritof-certiorariinsuchacaseusuallyhasanaddendumspecifyingthepartsoftherecordthathavebeenomittedfromthetranscript,andmaybeasfollows
:
CERTIORARIFORPERFECTTRANSCRIPT.StateofTennessee,TotheClerkandMasteroftheChanceryCourtatBristol
:
Whereas,inthecaseofJohnDoe,etal.vs.RichardRoe,etal.,nowpendinginourSu-premeCourt[ortheCourtofCivilAppeals,]atKnoxville,onasuggestionthatthetrans-scriptwasimperfect,acertiorariwasorderedtoissueforaperfecttranscript
;
Youare,therefore,herebycommandedwithoutdelaytomakeout,certifyandtransmittothepresenttermofoursaidCourt,afull,trueandperfecttranscriptofalltherecordinsaidcause,onfileinyouroffice,andmakeduereturnofthiswrit,showinghowyouhaveobeyedthesame.Witness,S.E.Cleage,ClerkofoursaidCourt,atofficeinKnoxville,thesecondMondayinSeptember,1906. S.E.Cleage,Clerk.N.B.—Themissingpartsoftherecordspeciallydesiredare,[Hereinsertthepartsspec-ifiedbytheparties,ortheirSolicitors,andadd:]andanyotherpartofsaidrecordfoundtobeomitted. S.E.Cleage,Clerk.§1312.OtherMotionsintheAppellateCourt.—TheprincipalothermotionsmadeintheappellateCourtarethefollowing
:
1.MotionforFurtherTimefortheArgument.Ifthecaseisverycomplicated,orverynovelinitsquestionsoflaw,orofunusualimportance,orifseveralcauseshavebeenconsolidated,orifforanyotherreasononehour'stimetoeaehsideisinsufficientfortheargument,onmotionandduepresentationofthefacts,madeinadvanceofthehearing,theCourtmayallowfurthertime,suchfurthertime,however,notexceedingonehourtotheside,andoftennotexceedinghalfanhour.2.MotionThatMoreThanOneCounselMaybeHeardonaSide,If,foranyoftheforegoingreasons,orforanyreason,itisimportantordesirablethatmorethanonecounselmaybehearduponanyside,theCourtmay,onmotioninad-vanceofthehearing,allowtwotobeheard.Anincreaseinthenumberofcounselhearddoesnot,however,implyanincreaseofthetimeforargument.Counselnotheardcanalwaysfilebriefs,orwrittenarguments.3.MotionforaWritofError.Anypartyentitledtoanappealofrightmay,withoutprayinganappeal,orafterfailingtoprosecuteanappeal,presenttherecordofthecausetotheappellateCourtwhileinsession,andmoveforawritoferrorthereon,whichmotionwillbeallowedofcourseifbond,orpauperoath,befiled;providedthemotionismade,andthetranscriptandbondoroathfiled,andthenoticetotheadversesidegiven,withintwoyearsafterthefinaldecreecomplainedof.17Onmakingsuchamotion,counselmustpresentaperfecttranscriptoftherecordandapetitionforthewrit,containingthebrieftobeusedonthetrial,andaccompaniedbyacopyofthenoticeservedonthead-verseparty,orbyagoodexcusefornotgivingsuchnotice.184.MotionforaSupersedeas.Asupersedeaswillbegrantedonmotion,inapropercase,whetherthedecreesoughttobesupersededisafinaldecreeoranaffirmativeinterlocutorydecree.Onmakingsuchamotion,thetranscript,petition,brief,andnoticewillberequiredinsupportthereofaswhereawritoferrorismovedfor;butthebond,incaseofasupersedeasofafinaldecree,17Chesterv.Foster,6Pick.,515.AwritoferrormaybehadfromtheClerk,asamatterofcourse,ifappliedforwithinayear.See,ante,%1273.18Sup.CourtRule,27.Thisexcuseshouldbein
theformofanaffidavit.Anyexcusethatwouldbesufficienttosustainanexparteapplicationforare-ceiverwouldprobablybesufficient.See,ante,§903,note8.

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§1313THEHEARINGINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.1058willbethesameasincaseofappeal,19andifthesupersedeasistoaninterloc-utorydecreethebondwillbesuchastheCourtmayrequire.205.MotionstoRevive.Whenapartydies,orafemalepartymarries,theremustbesuggestionandproofofthedeathormarriage,andarevivor,inthesamecasesandmanner,andbyandagainstthesamepersons,asinlikecasespendingin.theChanceryCourt.RevivorsmaybehadbeforetheClerkinva-cation,asinChancery;andpublicationmaybehadastonon-residentsandothers.216.MotionbyAppelleeforanAffirmanceoftheDecreeBelow.ItisthedutyoftheappellanttoseethatthetranscriptisdulyfiledintheappellateCourt;andifhefailsotodo,theappelleemayatanytermsubsequenttotheonetowhichtheappealwastaken,producethetranscriptinopenCourt,andmoveforanaffirmanceofthedeereeappealedfrom.Beforemakingthemotion,however,hemustgivetheappellantreasonablenoticeofhisintentiontomakesuchmotion.22Ifthedelay,however,iscausedbytheneglectoftheClerk,theCourtwilloverrulethemotiontodismiss.23Thereisnolimitoftimewithinwhichthemotiontoaffirmmustbemade.247.MotionforDeclarationofaLienontheRecovery.Counselwhoobtainare-coveryfortheirclientsareentitledtoalienonsuchrecoverytosecuretheirreasonablefeesinthecause;andsuchalienwillbedeclaredbytheCourt,onmotiontherefor,andthusperpetuated.ThedeclarationofalienintheCourtbelowisvacatedbytheappeal,anditisimportanttohaveitrenewedintheappellateCourt,intheeventofarecoverythere.25IntheCourtofCivilAppealsthereisnosetlimittoargument,eitherastotime,numberofcounsel,oramountinvolved.
AETICLEIV.THEHEARINGANDDECREESINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.§1313.DecreesoftheAppellateCourts.§1314.TheHearingintheAppellateCourts.§1315.HowtheAppellantShouldPresentHisCase.§1316.HowtheAppelleeShouldPresentHisCase.§1317.WhenCausesWillbeReversed.§1318.WhenCausesWillbeRemanded.§1319.PetitiontoRehear.
§1320.WhenandbyWhomDecreesMustbePrepared.§1321.FormsofOrdersandDecreesintheAppellateCourts.§1322.WhatCasesCanbeCarriedtotheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.§1323.HowCasesareCarriedtotheSu-premeCourtoftheUnitedStates.§1313.DecreesoftheAppellateCourts.—InhearinganddeterminingChancerysuitsbroughtupbyappeal,theappellateCourtsitsasaCourtofChancery.Formerly,whenthebusinessoftheCourtwasnotsogreat,aChan-cerycausewasre-examinedastoallmattersoflawandfactappearingintherecord:itwastrieddenovo,asthoughoriginatingintheappellateCourt-,1buttheaccumulationofbusinessintheCourtissogreatthatithasbecomeabso-lutelynecessarytoconfinethere-examinationoflawandfactstosuchmattersasarespeciallycomplainedofinthebriefoftheappellant.TheCourtpronouncessuchadecreeastheChancellorshouldhavepro-nounced.Itisinnowayrestrictedbythedecreeappealedfrom,orbyanyantecedentorderordeeree,buthasunlimitedpowerofadjudication.19Code,§3184.20Code,§3933.21Sup.CourtRules,12-15;5Pick.,772.ForthepracticeinChancery,see,ante,§§698-722.22FurberV.Carter,2Sneed,1;Freemanv.Hen-derson,5Cold.,647.23LaymanceV.Laymance,15Lea,476.SeePyettv.Hatfield,15Lea,475.
24Spaldingv.Kincaid,Thomp.Cases,48.25See,ante,S§1180-1182.1SeeDibbrellV.Eastland,3Yerg.,533.Inthiscause,Catron,Ch.J.,said,thatthedecreesappealedtotheSupremeCourtwere"generally,insomere-spects,altered,andoftenreversedandentirelychanged."

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1059THEHEARINGINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.§13141.WhentheChancellorHasDenied'AnyBeliefanddismissedthebill,theap-pellateCourtmay:1,affirmintoto;or2,affirminpart,andgrantpartialrelief
;
or3,reverseintoto,andgrantthefull.reliefprayed.2.WhentheChancellorHasGrantedSomeoftheBeliefprayedbutdeniedtheremainder,theappellateCourtmay:1,affirmintoto;or2,affirminpart,andreverseinpart;or3,reverseintoto,anddismissthebill.3-WhentheChancellorHasGrantedalloftheBeliefprayedtheappellateCourtmay:1,affirmintoto;or2,affirminpart,andreverseastotheremainder;or3,reverseintoto,anddismissthebill.4.WithoutEitherAffirmingorEeversingtheDecreeoftheChancellor,theap-pellateCourtmayremandthecause:1,thatnewpartiesmaybemade;or2,thatthepleadingsmaybeamended;or3,thatnewpleadingsmaybefiled,suchasasupplmentalbill,oracrossbill;or4,thatadditionalproofmaybefiledastoaparticularmatter;or5,thatsomeotherthingmaybedonenecessarytocompletejustice,ortoproperpractice,theCourtinsuchcaseshavingallthepowersanddiscretionoftheChancellor,andstatutorypowersofitsown.2TheappellateCourtinChancerycauseshasthesamediscretionastothetaxationofcoststhattheChanceryCourthas;andmaytaxthecostsinadifferentmanner,andagainstdifferentparties,thandidthelowerCourt.3§1314.TheHearingintheAppellateCourts.—Thebusinessofeachcircuitistakenupanddisposedofbycountiesintheorderinwhichtheystandonthedocket.Theentirebusinessofeachcountyisdisposedofwhensuchcountyiscalled,beforeproceedingtothebusinessoftheothercountiesofthecircuit.Thereisonlyonecallofthedocketofeachcountyofeverycircuit;onthatcalleverycauseistriedorcontinued.ThelawcausesaredisposedofbeforetheEquitycausesarecalled,andsooftheEquitycausesbeforetheStatecausesarecalled.Statecausesincountiesaretakenupimmediatelyafterthecivildockethasbeentried.4TheEquitycausesareheardintheappellateCourtinthesamemannerasintheChanceryCourt,except
:
1.TheEecordintheCauseisNotBeadPrevioustotheArgument.Counselmay,however,duringargumentrefertoandreadsuchpartsoftherecordasmaybenecessarytoillustrate,orestablish,thepointsmadeandreliedon.52.TheArgumentMustbeExclusivelyOral,orExclusivelyinWriting,ascounselprefer.6Counselarenotallowedtoexpatiateorallywhilereadingawrittenargument,noraretheyallowedtosandwichanoralargumentwithpartsofawrittenargument.Awrittenargument,however,doesnotsupersedethenecessityofabrief.73.OnlyOneCounselandOneHourAllowedEachSide,unlessotherwiseorderedbytheCourtbeforethehearingofthecaseisbegun,8onapplicationthereforbymotion.Othercounsel,ifany,canfilebriefs,orwrittenarguments.94.NoOralArgument,When.Allcivilcasesinwhichthesubjectindisputeisofvaluelessthanfivehundreddollars,exclusiveofcostsandinterest,except1,thoseinvolvingtheconstitutionalityofastatute;2,aquestionofrevenue;or,3,thetitletorealestate,willbeheardupontheassignmentoferrorsandbriefs,andwrittenargumentifdesired;butnooralargumentswillbeheardinsuchcases.105.TheBeadingofBooks,orEeportsofOpinions,NotAllowedDuringArgument.Counselmayquotetherefrom,iftheydesire,eitherintheirwrittenororalargument;buttheymustquotefrommemory,iftheirargumentisoral.TheCourtmay,however,calloncounseltoreadanyauthorityquoted,inwhich2Code,§3170.Forcasesillustratingtheexerciseofthesepowers,see,post,%1318.3ButwheretheappellateCourtaffirmsadecreeonthemeritsitwillnotordinarilydisturbthetaxation.,ofcostsmadebytheChancellor.Grosvenorv.Bethell,9Pick.,577;Tylertf.Walker,17Pick,,306.4Sup.CourtRules,9-10.6Ibid,19.eRule21;SPick.,775.7Ibid.Thereasonofthisruleisthatamixture
oforalandwrittenargumentsgreatlyprolongstheargumentationinwordswithoutanycompensatingaugmentationinforce.8Ibid.9Rule24;5Pick,776.10Rule.21,amended.IntheCourtofCivilAp-pealsthereisnosetlimittoargument,eitherastotime,numberofcounselheard,orthevalueofthesubjectindispute.

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§1315THEHEARINGINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.1060casenocommentsduringthereadingwillbeallowed,butsuchcomment,ifany,mustprecedeorfollowthereading.11§1315.HowtheAppellantShouldPresentHisCase.—Counselwillfindthattheirargumentswillbeofthegreatestbenefittotheircause.andtheCourtifthefollowingsuggestionsaredulyobserved
:
1.TheirStatementoftheFactsoftheCase.Acasewellstatedishalfwon.CounselshouldrememberthattheCourtknowsabsolutelynothingaboutthecase;andthatalltheCourtneedstoknow,orwishestoknow,isenoughofthecasetoenableittounderstandtheerrorsoffactorlawreliedonforareversal.Inmakingtheirstatementofthecase,counselshouldaddressthemselvesex-clusivelytotheintellectoftheCourt,andendeavor,byaplain,short,clearstatement,madeinaconversationaltoneandstyle,topossessthemindoftheCourtofthematerialfactsoftheease,ifthequestionbeoneoffact;andifthequestionbeoneoflaw,counselshould,inthesamemanner,statesuchfactsasarenecessary,andnomore,toenabletheCourttounderstandthequestionoflawraised,andtoperceiveitspertinencytotheissuesinvolved.Inmakingtheirstatementofthefacts,counselshouldbecarefultokeepabsolutelyinsidetherecord,andtosaynothingnotfairlywarrantedbytherecord.Chancerycaiisesoftenraisenoquestionsbutthoseoffact;andinsuchacaseitshouldbetheaimofcounseltophotographthemoreprominentfeaturesofthecauseuponthemindoftheCourt,notgoingintotheminutedetailsunlessnecessaryinweighingthetestimonyofwitnesses.Asarule,counselpaytoolittleatten-tiontotheirstatementofthefacts,andpaytoomuchattentiontothesupposedquestionsoflaw.Thelawarisesfromthefacts,andis,asitwere,theshadowofthefacts.AstheCourtunderstandsthefacts,soitadjudicatestheissues.TheSolicitorwhogetsaCourttoseethefactsasheseesthemisfarmoreapttowinthesuitthantheSolicitorwhogetstheCourttoseethelawasheseesit.TheJudgesknowthelaw,butareignorantofthefacts:givethemtheinformationtheyneed,andlettheothersidegivethemthelawtheydonotneed.122.TheirStatementoftheLawoftheCase.Ordinarily,counselquotetoomuchelementarylaw.TheCourtneedsbutlittleaidfromcounsel,inmattersoflaw.Ordinarily,allthatisnecessaryistostatethefactsoutofwhichthequestionoflawsprings,andthentostatehowtheChancellorheld,andwhere-inyouthinkheerred.TheCourtwillapplythelaw,andjudgetherightofthecaseasyouproceed.Havingstatedwhatyoumaintainisthelaw,youmaythencitetheauthoritiescontainedinyourbriefonthatpoint.Ingeneral,ifyoupossesstheCourtofthefacts,theCourtwillpossessyouofthelaw.§1316.HowtheAppelleeShouldPresentHisCase.—Theobjectoftheap-pellantistoreverseorchangethedecreeoftheChancellor,andhewillbestronglytemptedtoomit,orhurryover,mattersdeemedbytheChancellormaterialtothecase.Thesemattersthecounseloftheappelleeshouldfully,clearlyanddispassionatelypresent,withoutanycriticismofadversecounselforfailingtogivethemtheirdueweight.ThissupplyingofomissionsisthemaindutyofthecounseloftheappelleeinhisargumentbeforetheCourton^questionsoffact.Heshould.notundertaketorestatethewholecase,unlessadversecounselhassomisstateditthatanewandcorrectstatementisabso-lutelynecessarytoenabletheCourttounderstandthegroundsonwhichtheChancellorbasedhisruling,orderordecree.Hisargumentonthepointsoflawinvolvedshouldconsist(1)inshowingthattheargumentofcounselfortheappellantisunsound,ortheauthoritiescitedbyhimdonotapply,orhavebeenoverruledormodified,oraremeredicta;or(2)inpresentingauthoritiesorargumentsofhisowninsupportoftheCourtbelow,indoingallwhichheshouldmaintainacalmnessofdemeanor,anua11Ibid,22. jtheyarenauseatedbyhearingcounselgravelycite12Judgestakeadownrightpleasureinlisteningtoandexpoundlawtooelementaryforevena"mootalucidstatementofthefactsofacase;whereas,ICourt.

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1061THEHEARINGINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.§1317good-natured,courteousmanner,usingaconversationalstyleofdelivery,andforbearingtomakeanyreflectionsoranimadversionsonthemannerorargu-mentofhisopponent.§1317.WhenCausesWillbeReversed.—ItisafundamentalruleoftheappellateCourtsnottoreverseanydecreeoftheChanceryCourtexceptforerrorswhichaffectthemerits.13TheappellateCourtinEquitycausesregardssubstanceandnotform,andwillnotreversewheretheequitiesofthecasehavebeenattainedbythedecree,eventhoughthestepstakenhavebeenirreg-ularorinformal,theCourtlookingatthecorrectnessoftheresultsreachedbytheChancellor,ratherthanattheprocessbywhichtheywerereached.ButiftheChancellor'sdecreeisillegalorinequitable,andnotsuchasshouldhavebeenrendered,theappellateCourtwillreversetheChancellor,andrendersuchadecreeasintheirjudgmentshouldhavebeenrenderedintheCourtbelow.AndiftheChancellor,bysomeinterlocutoryorder,deniedapartyarightaffectingthemerits,orgaveapartyanadvantagehewasnotentitledto,theCourtwill,oncomplaintofthepartyinjured,relieveagainstsuchaction,byafinaldecree,ifpracticable,orifnot,thenbyremandingthecausewithproperdirectionstoeffectuatetheendsofjustice.Injurycases,however,wherethejuryhasbeendemandedbyoneoftheparties,theappellateCourtwillgrantanewtrial,andreversethedecree,foranyerrorconnectedwiththejurytrialthatwouldhaveentitledtheappellanttoareversalifthecausehadbeenappealedfromtheCircuitCourt,inacausetriedbyajury.§1318.WhenCausesWillbeRemanded.—ItmaybelaiddownasageneralrulethattheappellateCourtwillremandaChancerycause(1)whenevercom-pletejusticecannotbedonetheappellantonthemeritsbyreasonofsomeerroroftheChancellorinaninterlocutoryorder,orinhisrulingsinexcludingevidence,wherebytheappellantwasnotenabledtoproperlypresenthiscase
;
or(2)whenever,foranyotherreason,notresultingfromthemisconduct,orculpablenegligenceofthepartycomplaining,hehasnothadafairopportunitytoamendhispleadings,orpreparehisproofs.Asillustrationsofthisrule,causeswillberemandedinthefollowingcases
:
1.Wherethebillwasimproperlydismissedonmotion,demurrer,orplea.2.Wherethebillwasimproperlydismissedinconsequenceofsomerule,orinterlocutoryorder.143.WheretheChancellorerroneouslyrefusedtoallowamaterialamendmentofapleading.4.Whereareference,oraccount,ortherecommittalofareportwaserron-eouslydenied,andsuchdenialnotcuredbyotheractionoftheCourt.5.Where,byanimproperrulingoftheChancellor,thepartycomplainingwaspreventedfromtakingorusingmaterialevidence,orwaserroneouslydeniedacontinuance.6.Where,inajurytrialdemandedbyoneoftheparties,theChancellorcommittedsomematerialerrorinadmittingorexcludingevidence,orincharg-ing,orfailingtochargethejury,orinrefusinganewtrialonsomeotherground.7.Where,onthefactsproved,thecomplainantshowsaprobablymeritoriouscauseofaction,butthefactsarenotsufficientlyalleged,orthepleadingsdonotraisethenecessaryissues,oracrossbillisnecessary,andthecomplainantasked,butwasrefused,leavetomaketheproperamendments.15thecasewasremanded,withleavetothedefendanttoamenditscrossbill,or,atitsoption,proceedbymotionatlaw;inCharlesV.Taylor,1Heisk.,528,13Code,%4516.14Kainv.Ross,1Lea,76.15InGovernorv.Montgomery,2Swan,613,onremandingthecause,theSupremeCourtsuggestedtheaddingofanewcounttothedeclaration;inMcEwenV.Troost,1Sneed,186,thecasewasre-mandedwithleavetocomplainanttoamendhisbill,andleavetoadefendanttofileacrossbillifshethoughtproper;inDulaneyv.Dunlap,3Cold.,306,
thecausewasremandedtomakenewparties;so,also,inSaylorsv.Saylors,3Heisk.,525;inStewartv.Glenn,3Heisk.,581;inHumberdv.Kerr,8Bax.,291;andinOnealv.Smith,10Lea,343.ButtheappellateCourtwillnotremandforamendmentofpleadingsunlesstherighttoreliefonamendment

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§1319THEHEARINGINTHEAPPEEEATECOURTS.10628."Wheretherecordshowsthatthereismoresatisfactoryevidenceobtain^ablewhichwillenabletheCourttocometoamoresatisfactoryconclusion.169.Wherecompletejusticecannotbedonebyreasonofsomedefectinthepleadings,orwantofproperparties,oroversightwithoutculpablenegli-gence.1710.Wherethecomplainantshaveameritoriouscauseofaction,butcompletejusticecannotbedoneforwantofnecessaryparties.1811.WhereinanywaythepartycomplaininghasbeenerroneouslypreventedfromsopresentinghiscaseastoenabletheappellateCourttodohimfulljus-ticeonthemerits.12.Whereapartoftherecordislost,thecausemayberemandedwithdirec-tionstosupplytheloss.19§1319.PetitiontoRehear.—IfitappearfromtheopinionoftheCourt,whethersuchopinionbeoralorwritten,thattheCourthasmadeamanifestmistake,oversight,oromission,insomecontrollingmatteroflaworfact,whichresultsinmanifestinjustice,thepartyaggrievedbysuchmistakemaypetitiontheCourttorehearthecause;andonsuchpetitiontheCourtwillcorrectthemistake,ifanyappear.Petitionstorehearshouldbefiledonly(1)toraisesomenewquestionofcontrollingimportance,notconsideredintheCourt'sopinion;or(2)tobringtotheattentionoftheCourtsomedecisivematteroflaworfactwhichwasmanifestlyoverlooked;or(3)tobringforwardsomeothermatterastowhichthedecreeoftheCourtismanifestlyerroneous.20TheCourthastherighttopresumethatapetitiontorehearseekstoraisesomeoneormoreofsuchquestionsormatters;anditisonthefaithofthispresump-tionthatapetitionisallowedtobefiled.Apetition,therefore,thatmerelyseekstohavearehearingofmattersalreadyheard,orareconsiderationofquestionsalreadyconsidered,orare-argumentofmattersalreadyargued,,isbothagrossmisuseoftheofficeofapetitiontorehear,andagrossabuseoftheconfidenceoftheCourtinallowingittobefiled;andapproachesdanger-ouslynearthebordersofbadfaith.21Apetitiontorehearshouldclearlyandbrieflystatethematterwhereinthebeclear.Randolphv.Merchants'Bank,9Lea,63.Inseveraloftheforegoingcases,theCourtseemstohaveremandedandgivenleavetoamend,onitsownmotion.SeeRossv.Ramsey,3Head,17;Furmanv.North,4Bax.,296;Bondv.Montague,13Pick.,727,736;also,McEwenV.Troost,1Sneed,186,whichwasremandedwithleavetoamendplead-ingsandfileacrossbill;Dulaneyv.Dunlap,3Cold.,306,wherethecausewasremanded-withleavetoamendthecrossbill.Code,§3170.Buttheappel-lateCourtwillnotremandforamendmentofthepleadingsifthepartysoaskinghasbeenguiltyofculpablenegligenceinnotmakingtheamendment.Bankv.White,6Cates,62.Onaremandment,wheretherehasbeensomenegligenceoroversight,thepartyindefaultwillordinarilybetaxedwithallthecostsofthecause.Hearstv.Proffitt,7Cates,560.16Cowanv.Dodd,3Cold.,278;Griderv.Harbi-son,6Cold.,208;inwhichtwocasestheSupremeCourtmaderemandmentthatthenartiesmighthavetheopportunityofadducingadditionalproof,asinjusticemightotherwiseresult;WoodV.Neely,7Bax.,586,whichwasremandedbytheSupremeCourttoenablethecomplainanttoprovethatthenotesuedonhadbeenassignedtothecomplainant:SmithV.Carter,16Lea,527,whichwasremandedbytheSupremeCourttoenablecomplainantstoprovethatthelotstheywereclaimingasahome-steadwereworthlessthanonethousanddollars;Smithv.Hinson,4Heisk.,250,whichwasre-mandedwithleavetocomplainanttoproveaddi-tionaldebts.17Code,§3170;Woodv.Neely,7Bax.,590;Bankv.Tefferson,8Pick.,537;HearstV.Proffitt,7Cates.560.18SaviorsV.Saviors,3Heisk.,526;Stewartv.Glenn.3Heisk.,581;Birdsongv.Birdsong,2Head,299;ThurmanV.Jenkins,2Bax.,426.
19SeayV.Hughes,5Sneed.155;Mvnattv.Hubbs,1Heisk.,321;Dentonv.Woods,11Lea,506.So,iftherecordshouldbetamperedwithafterappealintheCourtbelow,orspuriousmatterin-jectedintoit,beforeorafterthetranscriptwasmadeoutorfiledbytheClerkandMaster,itwouldseemtobepropertoremandthecauseandtranscriptwithnroperdirectionstohavethetranscriptcon-formedtothetruestateoftherecordintheCourtbelow.20Andrewsv.Crenshaw,4Heisk.,151.Theap-pellateCourtslaydowntheserulessubstantiallyonceortwice,atalmosteveryterm.TheywerestatedfullybyCaldwell,J.,inGateu.Bell,atKnoxville,in1890.Apetitiontorehearshouldnotbepre-sentedunlesstobringtotheattentionoftheCourtsomeplain,andobvious,andpalpableerror,oromis-sion,ormistake,insomethingmaterialtothedecree.Tenkinsv.Eldredge,3Story,299,citedinnotetoSto.En.PI..5421.AndseeHubbard?>.Fravell,12Lea.305.TheraseofBleidornv.PilotMountainC.&M.Co.,5Pick.,204,givesanillustrationofapetitiontoconsiderwhathadnotbeenconsideredatall.Seeformofpetitioninthissection.TheotherpetitionisbasedonWilliamsr.CoalCreekM.&M.Co.,7Cates,578.SeeSenterv.Bowman,5Heisk.,14:Briggsv.Hinton,14Lea,224;HooperV.Rhea,3Shan.Cas.,153.ThecaseofNicholsonv.Patterson,2Hum.,448.wasapropercaseforapetitiontorehear.See,Nicholsonv.Patterson,6Hum.,394.Meigswastheattorneybywhoseoversightthepointwasnotmade,andtheplaintiffinerrorwashimselfaneminentlawyer,andafterwardChiefJusticeoftheState.Lindslev«.Thompson,1Tenn.Ch.,272;275.See,ante,§537,note27.21Ofamajorityofpetitionstorehearitmaybesaidthatthevpresentnothingimportantthatisnew,andnothingnewthatisimportant.

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1063THEHEARINGINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.§1319error,omission,ormistakeconsists;andshouldcontainnoargumentorelab-oration.Thefollowingisaform
:
PETITIONTOREHEARONAQUESTIONOFFACT.C.F.G.Bleidorn,etal.\
vs. }FromtheChanceryCourtofMorgancounty.PilotMountainC.&M.Co.JTotheHonorableSupremeCourtoftheStateofTennessee
:
Yourpetitioners,thecomplainantsandappellantsinthiscause,respectfullyshowtotheCourtthattheyaremuchaggrievedbytheopinionannounced[ordecreerendered]inthiscause,onSeptember30,1890,wherebyitwasadjudgedthattheyhadnotitleastoanylandinsideofentry1727.ThisdecisionisbasedontheassumptionthatScarborough'spossessionNo.2hasperfectedthetitletoentry1727.Inmakingthisdecision,theCourtmanifestlyoverlookedthefactthatthispossessionwasinsideofentry1925,and,therefore,couldnothavebeenadverseto1949,1925beingasuperioroutstandingtitle.Petitioners,therefore,prayforarehearingonthisparticularpoint;andthatsaiddecreebeso-correctedastogivepetitionersallthelandsinsideoftheinterlapof1727and1949,andoutsideof1925;andforgeneralrelief.Pickle&Turner,Solicitors.Apetitionforarehearing,beforebeingpresentedtotheCourt,mustbefur-nishedtotheoppositecounsel;andafterbothsideshavepreparedbriefsonthepointsraisedbythepetition,therecord,togetherwiththepetitionandbriefs,willbepresentedtotheCourt,withoutargument.IftheCourtdeter-minesthatthecauseshallbereheard,thecounselwillbenotified,andthepointorpointsonwhichre-argumentisdesiredwillbeindicated,andthetimeforthere-argumentdesignated.Butpetitionsforrehearingmust,inallcases,bepresentedtotheCourtwithintendaysaftertheannouncementoftheopinioninthecasewhichissoughttobere-examined,exceptdecisionsmadewithinthelasttendaysoftheterm,andinsuchcases,thepetitionsmustbepresentedassoonafterthedecisionsaremadeaspracticable.Nosuchpetitionswillbereceivedonthelastdayoftheterm.22PETITIONTOREHEARONAQUESTIONOFLAW.R.A.Williams,]vs. \FromtheChanceryCourtofMorganCounty.CoalCreekM.&M.Co.,etal.JTotheHonorableSupremeCourt:Yourpetitioners,thedefendants(andappellees)inthiscause,respectfullyrepresenttotheCourtthattheyaremuchaggrievedbysomuchoftheCourt'sopinioninthiscauseasholdsthattherecoveryofthecomplainant,asatenantincommonwithothersnotpartiestothissuit,enurestotheirbenefit,andentitlesthecomplainanttothepossessionoftheentiretractforhisandtheirbenefit.Petitionersareadvisedthat,whilethereareauthoritiessustainingtheCourt'sholding,thequestionisanewoneinourState,andtheweightofauthorityconfinesthecomplainant'srecoveryinsuchacasetohisowninterest,anddoesnotentitlehimtothepossessionofthewholetract.Petitioners,therefore,prayforarehearingonthisparticularpoint;andthatcomplainant'srecoverybelimitedtohisownundividedinterest;andforgeneralrelief.Lucky,Sanpord&Fowler,SolicitorsforDefendants.BRIEFINSUPPORTOFABOVEPETITION.Petitionersciteandrelyonthefollowingauthorities
:
NewellonEjectment,130.Barrowv.Nave,2Yerg.,227.Deweyv.Brown,2Pick.,(Mass.)387.Moberlyv.Bruner,59Pa.St.,483.Grayv.Givens,26Mo.,303.Marshallv.Palmer,91Va.,344.Overcashv.Richie,89N.C,384.Kingv.Hayayy,51Kans.Mathisv.Boggs,19Neb.,698.Kirkv.Boling,20Neb.,261.Johnsonv.Hardy,43Neb.,358.22Sup.CourtRule,17.MerelyfilingthepetitionIsentedtotheCourtwithinthetendays.Adams».withinthetendaysisnotsufficient:itmustbepre-|Sharon,5Pick.,335.

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§1320THEHEARINGINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.1064AttentioniscalledtothefactthatMr.Freeman,whoinhisworkonCotenancyandPar-tition,§300,sustainstheopinionoftheCourt,admitsinanotetoMarshallv.Palmer,supra,thatthereis"agrowinginclinationtorestricttherecoveryofatenantincommon"tohisundividedinterest. Lucky,Sanford&Fowler,Solicitors.Whenthequestionraisedisamerepointoflawtheauthoritiesreliedonmay-besubjoinedtothepetition,asaboveshown.Butifthebriefcoversseveralpagesitshouldbeseparatefromthepetition.BRIEFOFPETITIONERFORAREHEARING.JohnDoe,1vs.\BriefofPetitioner.RichardRoe.JPetitionerrespectfullyshowstotheCourtthatitsopinioninthiscaseiserroneousinthefollowingparticulars
:
i.[Heresetouttheerroroffactallegedinthepetition.]TheCourtwillseebyreferencetotherecord[R..p.94]that[Soandso,showingacon-trollingfactwhichwasevidentlyoverlooked,andwhichmanifestlymakestheopinion(anddecree)erroneous.]ii.[Heresetouttheerroroflawallegedinthepetition.]IntheopinionoftheCourtthecaseofGudgeonv.Juggler,1Fox,00,wasevidentlynotconsidered.ThiscaseislaterthanDenv.Fen,reliedonintheopinion,andoverrulesit,layingdownthelawaspetitionercontends.in.[Heresetoutanyothermatterallegedinthepetition,andcitethepagesoftherecordwherethemattertothecontraryisfound,ifitbeaquestionoffact;andifaquestionoflawcitetheauthoritiesreliedontocontroverttheopinion.]Respectfullysubmitted, XYZ,Solicitor.§1320.WhenandbyWhomDecreesmustbePrepared.—Counselmaypre-sentdecreesatanytimewhentheCourtisnotengagedinhearingacause;butdecreesaboutwhichcounseldonotdiffermaybeenteredwithoutbeingpresentedtotheCourt.Thedecreesandjudgmentswillbepreparedbycoun-selofthesuccessfulparty,andsubmittedtocounselontheotherside.Intheeventofdisagreementaboutadecree,thepartydisagreeingmustnotehisob-jections,inwriting,andtheseobjections,alongwiththedecreeorjudgmentprepared,andsuchbriefsascounseloneithersidemaydesiretopresentthere-with,willbehandedtotheCourt,whenthedecreeorjudgmentwillbeexam-inedandcorrected,ifnecessary,orfurtherinstructionsgivencounsel.Iffoundcorrect,itwillbegiventotheClerkwithordertoenterit.23§1321.FormsofOrdersandDecreesintheAppellateCourts.—CounselmustalwayskeepinmindthatindeterminingallChancerycausesbroughtupbyappeal,(butnotbyanappealinthenatureofawritoferror,)theappellateCourtisaChanceryCourt,composedoffiveappellateChancellors;andthatindeterminingallquestionsthatariseinsuchcauses,theyaregovernedbythedoctrinesandprinciplesofEquityJurisprudence,andtherulesandprocedureofEquityPractice.Hence,indrawingdecreesinChancerycausesintheappellateCourt,thesameformofphraseologywillbeobservedasinlikecasesintheChanceryCourt.Thefollowingformsmaybeofserviceasguides
:
MOTIONTOALLOWFURTHERTIMEFORARGUMENT.JohnDoe,etah,vs.RichardRoe,etal.,Inthiscausethecomplainants(appellants)movedtheCourttoallowthemthefurthertimeofthirtyminutesinwhichtomaketheirargument,whichmotionwasallowed[or,dis-allowed;or,takenunderadvisement]DECREEREVERSINGTHEDECREEBELOW.JohnDoe,vs. \AppealfromtheChanceryCourt,atKnoxville.RichardRoe,etal.J reversed.ThiscausecameontobeheardthisSeptember25,1891,beforetheHonorableSupreme23Sup.CourtRule,25.

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vs.RichardRoe
1065THEDECREESINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.§1321Court,[orbeforetheHonorableJudgesoftheSupremeCourt,]uponthetranscriptoftherecordinthecausefromtheChanceryCourtofKnoxcounty,[or,atKnoxville,]andthebirefsandargumentofcounsel;uponconsiderationofallwhichtheCourtisofopinionthatthedecreeoftheChancellor[or,ofthesaidChanceryCourt,oroftheCourtbelow,]ismanifestlyerroneous,andthatthecomplainantisentitledtonoreliefwhatever[or,thattheequitiesallegedinthecomplainant'sbillarefullymetanddeniedbytheanswersofthedefendants,andarenotsustainedbytheproof.]Itis,therefore,ordered,adjudged,anddecreedbytheCourt,thatthecomplainant'sbillbe,andthesameis,dismissed,andthecomplainantandDanielDoe,hisprosecutionsurety,willpayallthecostsofthecauseintheCourtbelow,[or,intheChanceryCourt;]andthecomplainantwillpayallthecostsincidenttotheappeal[or,allthecostsaccruedinthisCourt,]forallofwhichexecutionsarerespectivelyawarded.DECREEAFFIRMINGDECREEBELOW.JohnDoe,FromtheChanceryCourtatKingston.AFFIRMED.Thiscausewasthisdayheard,[orwasheardonaformerdayofthepresentterm,]uponthetranscriptoftherecordfromtheChanceryCourtatKingston,andthebriefsoftheappellantsandappellees,andargumentofcounsel,uponconsiderationofallwhichtheCourtisofopinionthatthereisnoerrorintherecord:
ItisthereforeorderedanddecreedthatthedecreeoftheChanceryCourtbe,andthesameherebyis,inallthingsaffirmed;andthatthecomplainant,thesaidJohnDoe,haveandrecoverofthedefendant,RichardRoe,andJohnJones,hissuretyontheappealbond,thesumoffourthousanddollars,theamountofthesaiddecree,andthefurthersumoftwohundreddollarsinterestthereontothisday,aggregatingfourthousandandtwohundreddollars,andallthecostsofthecauseinthisCourtandintheCourtbelow,forwhichanexecutionwillissue.OnmotionofT.L.Carty,Esq.,alienisdeclaredinhisfavorontheabovedecreetosecurehisreasonablefeeascomplainant'sSolicitorinthiscause.DECREEOFAFFIRMANCEWHENNOASSIGNMENTOFERRORS.[Hereinsertthestyleofthecause:seeprecedingdecree.]ThiscausecameonthisdaytobehearduponthetranscriptoftherecordfromtheChan-ceryCourtatCookeville,andtherebeingonfilenobriefassigningerrors,asrequiredbytherulesandpracticeofthisCourt,itisthereforeorderedandadjudgedthatthedecreeofthesaidChanceryCourtbeinallthingsaffirmed,[andthatthebillbe.dismissed,andthatcom-plainant,andJohnJones,hisprosecutionsurety,paythecostsaccruedintheChanceryCourt,andcomplainantandJamesSmith,hissuretyontheappealbond,payallthecostsincidenttotheappeal,forwhichexecutionswillissuerespectively.[Ifthedecreebelowwasinfavorofthecomplainant,omitallaftertheword"aMrmed,"andadd:]andthatcomplain-anthaveandrecoverofthedefendant[heresetoutverbatimthedecreebelow,andadjudgethecostsoftheappeal,awardexecutions,andifnecessary,remandforfurtherproceedings.]TheonlymaterialdifferencebetweendecreespronouncedbytheSupremeCourtincasesheardonappealorwritoferrorfromtheChanceryCourt,andcasesheardoncertiorariorwritoferrorfromtheCourtofCivilAppeals,isintheircommencementandrecitals,aswillappearbythefollowingform
:
DECREEOFSUPREMECOURTONDECREEOFCOURTOFCIVILAPPEALS.JohnDen,|
vs.\FromtheChanceryCourtof County.RichardFen.J AFFIRMED,[ORMODIFIED,ORREVERSED.]ThiscausewasheardbeforetheSupremeCourtuponthetranscriptoftherecordfromtheChanceryCourtof....:.county,thedecreeoftheCourtofCivilAppeals,thebriefoftheappellantandreplybytheappellee,andargumentofcounsel,fromallofwhichtheCourtisofopinionthat[&-c,asshowninthefollowingforms:]DECREESAFFIRMING,REVERSINGANDMODIFYINGTHEDECREESOFTHECOURTOFCIVILAPPEALS.JohnDoe,1vs.j-FromtheChanceryCourtatRichardRoe.J affirmed,[reversed,modified.]Thiscausewasheardthisday,[or,onaformerdayofthepresentterm,]uponthetran-scriptoftherecordfromtheChanceryCourtat ,thedecreeoftheCourtofCivilAppeals,thebriefsofthepartiesandargumentsofcounsel,uponconsiderationofallwhich,itappearsto.theCourtthatthere*[isnoerrorinthedecreeoftheCourtofCivilAppeals.]Itisthereforeordered,adjudgedanddecreed,thatthesaiddecreebe,andthesameherebyis,inallthingsaffirmed:andthat[FollowthedecreeoftheCourtofCivilAp-

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§1321THEDECREESINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.1066pealsineveryparticular;butiftheSupremeCourtreversessaiddecree,thenproceedasfollows,omittingeverythingaftertheasterisk(*)above:]aremanifesterrorsinthedecreeoftheCourtofCivilAppealsassetforthinthefirstandfifthassignmentsoferror,(whicharesustained,andallotherassignmentsoverruled,)andthatthe'equitiesofthebillarefullymetanddeniedbytheanswer,andnotsustainedbytheproof,itisthereforeor-dered,adjudgedanddecreed,thatthedecreeoftheCourtofCivilAppealsbe,andherebyis,reversedandsetaside,andthedecreeoftheChanceryCourtinallthingsaffirmed,andthatthebillofcomplaintbeandherebyisdismissed,andthatthecomplainantandJohnJones,hisprosecutionsurety,payallthecostsofthecauseintheChanceryCourt,andthatcomplainantpayallthecostsincidenttotheappeal,24forwhichletexecutionsissuerespect-ively.[//thedecreeoftheCourtofCivilAppealsismodified,thenomitallaftertheasterisk(*)above,andproceedasfollows:]aremanifesterrorsinthedecreeoftheCourtofCivilAppealsassetforthinthe.first,thirdandfifthassignmentsoferror,saidassign-mentsaresustained,andallotherassignmentsaredisallowedandoverruled,andthebalanceofsaiddecreeisaffirmed.Itisthereforeordered,adjudgedanddecreed,that[HeresetoutthedecreeoftheCourtofCivilAppealsasmodifiedbytheSupremeCourt.IfthedecreeoftheSupremeCourtrequirestheremandmentofthecause,thenadd:]ItisthereforeorderedthatthecauseberemandedtotheChanceryCourtat ,tobefurtherproceededinaccordingtothisdecreeandtotheopinionoftheSupremeCourtinthecause.[Thenadjudgethecostsac-cordingtothesaidopinion.]DECREEAFFIRMINGDECREEOECOURTOFCIVILAPPEALS.JohnDen,1
vs.\FromtheChanceryCourtatCookeville.RichardFen.J affirmed.Thiscausewasheardthisday[or,ataformerdayofthepresentterm,]uponthetran-scriptoftherecordfromtheChanceryCourtatCookeville,thedecreeoftheCourtofCivilAppeals,thebriefsofbothparties,andtheargumentsofcounsel,uponconsiderationofallwhich,theCourtisofopinionthatthereisnoerrorinthedecreeoftheCourtofCivilAppeals.Itisthereforeordered,adjudgedanddecreed,thatthedecreeoftheCourtofCivilAppealsbe,andthesame,ishereby,affirmed;andthatthecomplainant,JohnDen,haveandrecoverofthedefendant,RichardFen,andJohnSmith,hissuretyontheappealbond,thesumoftwelvethousandandninehundredandtendollars,theamountofsaiddecreeandinterestthereontodate,andallthecostsofthecause,forwhichexecutionwillissue.AndonmotionofJamesC.Ford,Esq.,alienisdeclaredinhisfavorontheaboverecoverytosecurehisreasonablefeeascomplainant'sSolicitorinthiscause.DECREEAFFIRMINGTHEDECREEBELOW.JohnDen.|
vs. \WritofError25totheChanceryCourt,atAthens.RichardFen,etal.J affirmed.ThiscausewasheardupontherecordthereoffromtheChanceryCourtatAthens,anduponthebriefsofcounsel,andwasarguedbycounsel,ataformerdayoftheterm,andtakenunderadvisementbytheCourt;andonconsiderationofallwhichtheCourtisofopinionthatthereisnoerrorintherecord,andinthedecreeofsaidChanceryCourt.Itis,therefore,ordered,adjudged,anddecreed,thatthewritoferrorbedismissed,andthatthedecreeofsaidChanceryCourtbe,andthesameis,inallthingsaffirmed;andthat[Heresetoutthemandatorypartofthedecreebelow.2*]Itisfurtherorderedanddecreedthatthesupersedeasbedischarged,andthatthede-fendants,RichardFenandFrankFen,whoaloneprosecutedthewritoferror,andJohnBrownandJesseJones,theirprosecutionsureties,payallthecostsofthesame,forwhichanexecutionisawarded.Andthecomplainant,havingmovedtheCourtforjudgmentonthebondforasupersedeasexecutedbythedefendantsinthiscause,itisorderedandadjudgedbytheCourtthatRich-ardFenandFrankFenasprincipals,andJohnBrownandJesseJonesassureties,tosaidbond,paycomplainantsaidsumof[namingtheamountofcomplainant'srecovery,]dollars,forwhichanexecutionwillissue.24Inthiscasethedefendantissupposedtohaveappealed.25WhenaChancerycauseistakentoanappellateCourtbyappeal,itretainsitsstyleintheappellateCourt;andsuchisthepracticewhenaChancerycauseistakenupbyanappealinthenatureofawritoferror,orbyawritoferror.Butwhenacause,fromtheCircuitCourt,iscarriedupbyanappealinthenatureofawritoferror,orbyawritoferror,thepartysodoing,whetherplaintiffordefendantintheCourtbelow,istermedplaintiff-in-error,andistreatedintheappellateCourtasthe
plaintiffinthatCourt,andasprosecutingasuittheretoreversetheactionofthelowerCourt.20Thisisnotnecessaryincaseofawritoferror,butisgoodpracticeincasesofappeal,orofappealinthenatureofawritoferror,forthenthedecreeappearsinfullontherecordsofeachCourt.If,however,thedecreeiswhollyaffirmedwithoutmod-ificationsandremandedforexecution,allthatisnecessaryistoadjudgethatthedecreeoftheChan-cellorbeinallthingsaffirmed.CliftV.Clift,3Pick.,28.

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1067THEDECREESINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.1322DECREEMODIFYINGTHEDECREEBELOW.27JosephE.Frazier,"I
VS. \ MODIFIED.E.T.,V.&Ga.R.R.Co.,etal.JThiscausecameontobeheard,onthetranscriptoftherecordfromtheChanceryCourtofKnoxville,ontheappealofrespondent,theEastTennessee,Virginia&GeorgiaRailwayCompany,thewritoferrorofthecomplainant,JosephE.Frazier,andthebriefsOfbothofsaidparties;andwasarguedbycounsel,andtakenunderadvisementbytheCourt;andthereupononconsideration,itwas,onthis,26thdayofOctober,1889,ordered,adjudged,anddecreedbytheCourt,asfollows
:
1st.Thattheassignmentoferrorsbythecomplainantiswelltaken,andthesameisthereforesustained.2d.Thattheassignmentoferrorsbytherespondentisnotwelltaken,andisthereforeoverruled.3dThatthedecreeoftheChancellor,thatthereshouldbedeductedfromtheamountofliabilityoftheEastTenn.,Va.&Ga.R.R.Co.,tothecomplainant,suchsumsofmoneyashemayhavemadebyhisworkinotheremploymentorbusinessafterthe6thofJanuary,1885,andaccordinglydeductingfromtheamountspecifiedinthecontractsuedonthesumof$1,491,bereversed;andthatcomplainant,JosephE.Frazier,accordinglyhaveandrecoverofthedefendantCompanythefullamountpromisedhiminsaidcontractwithoutdeductionorabatement,to-wit:Principal$3,834.10,andinterestthereonfromAugust1st,1889,tothisdate,'$54.82,amountingtothreethousandeighthundredandeighty-eight92-100dollars($3,888.92.)4th.ThatinallotherparticularsthedecreeoftheChancelloriscorrectandisaffirmed.5th.Thatthecause,beremandedtotheChanceryCourtatKnoxville,fortheexecutionofthedecreeandfurtherproceedings,accordingtotheopinionofthisCourt.6th.ThatthecostsofthiscauseinthisCourtbepaidbytheappellant,theEastTenn.,Va.&Ga.RailwayCompany,anditssureties,JohnDoeandRichardRoe,andintheCourtbelowasdecreedbytheChancellor,forwhichexecutionsareawarded.7th.AndonapplicationofMessrs.Ingersoll&Peyton,Solicitorsforcomplainant,thelienforfeesintheirfavoroncomplainant'srecoveries,declaredbytheChancellor,iscontinuedandenlarged,soastoincludeservicesinthiscause,inthisCourt.§1322.WhatCasesCanbeCarriedtotheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.—IfthejudgmentordecreeoftheSupremeCourtoftheStateinvolveswhatistermeda"Federalquestion,"incertaincasessuchjudgmentordecreemaybereviewedintheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates,onawritoferror.ThestatutesoftheUnitedStatesprovidethatafinaljudgmentordecreeinanysuitinthehighestCourtofaState,inwhichadecisioninthesuitcouldbehad,maybere-examined,andreversed,modified,oraffirmed,intheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates,uponawritoferror,inanyofthefol-lowingcases:1.WherethevalidityofatreatyorstatuteoftheUnitedStateshasbeendrawninquestion,andthedecisionoftheStateSupremeCourthasbeenagainstitsvalidity.2.WherethevalidityofanauthorityexercisedundertheUnitedStateshasbeendrawninquestion,andthedecisionhasbeenagainstitsvalidity;3.WherethevalidityofastatuteofanyStatehasbeendrawninquestiononthegroundofitbeingrepugnanttotheConstitution,treaties,orlawsoftheUnitedStates,andthedecisionhasbeeninfavorofitsvalidity
;
4.WherethevalidityofanauthorityexercisedunderanyStatehasbeendrawninquestiononthegroundofitbeingrepugnanttotheConstitution,treaties,orlawsoftheUnitedStates,andthedecisionhasbeeninfavorofitsvalidity
;
•5.Whereanytitle,right,privilege,orimmunityisclaimedundertheCon-stitution,oranytreaty,orstatuteoftheUnitedStates,orunderanycommissionheld,orauthorityexercised,undertheUnitedStates,andthedecisionisagainstthetitle,right,privilege,orimmunityspeciallysetuporclaimedbyeitherpartyundersuchConstitution,treaty,statute,commission,orauthority.Inanyofthesecases,thejudgmentsanddecreesoftheSupremeCourtofthe27ThisdecreewastakenbythedefendantstotheSupreme(SourtoftheUnitedStates;butwasthereaffirmed.ItputseachresolutionoftheCourtinaseparateparagraph,decree.whichisthebestformofa

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§1323THEDECREESINTHEAPPELLATECOURTS.1068State,whenfinal,maybere-examined,andreversed,modifiedoraffirmedintheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates,uponawritoferror;andthelatterCourtmay,initsdiscretion,awardexecution,orremandthecausetotheStateSupremeCourt.28Therighttoprosecuteawritoferrorinsuchcasesdoesnotdependontheamountincontroversy.29§1323.HowCasesareCarriedtotheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.AcaseiscarriedtotheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesfromtheSupremeCourtoftheStatebyawritoferror.IfyoudesiretohavetheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatespassontheFederalquestioninvolvedinthecase,ifde-cidedagainstyouintheStateCourts,youshouldraisethatquestionclearlyinyourpleading,ifitcanbetheredone;orinarequesttotheChancellorforaninstructiontothejury,iftherebeajurytrial;andinyourbriefintheStateSupremeCourt;andalso,havetheStateSupremeCourtdistinctlyadjudicatethequestioninitsdecree.80Ifthedecisionisagainstyou,youwillthenprepareapetitiontotheChiefJusticeoftheStateSupremeCourtforawritoferror,givingthereinenoughoftherecordtoshowthataFederalquestionissoinvolvedinthecasethatthepetitionerisentitledtohavethecasereviewedintheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt,onawritoferror;andprayingthatsuchawritmaybeallowed.YouwillthenapplyforawritoferrortotheClerkoftheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesat"Washington,ortotheClerkoftheUnitedStatesCircuitCourtintheDistrictwhereinthedecisionoftheStateSupremeCourtwasmade.31Youwill,thereupon,presentyourpetition,andthewritoferror,andabondfortheprosecutionofthewrit,totheChiefJusticeoftheStateSupremeCourt,who,ifsatisfiedwiththesufficiencyofthebond,andthataFederalquestionexists,32willapprovethebond,andwriteonthewritoferror,totheleftoftheClerk'ssignature,hisallowancethereof,thus"AllowedbyW.D.Beard,ChiefJustice.''TheChiefJusticewill,atthesametime,issueacitationnotifyingtheadversepartytoappearbeforetheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesatWashington,andshowcausewhythedecreecomplainedofshouldnotbecorrected,andspeedyjusticedone.Thepetition,writ,bond,andcitationwhenserved,andanaffidavitoftheser-viceofthecitation,willallbefiledwiththeClerkoftheStateSupremeCourt,whowill,thereupon,forwardtotheClerkoftheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt,atranscriptofthecause,includingtheopinionoftheStateSupremeCourtinthecause,alongwiththebond,citation,affidavitofservice,andthewritoferrorandhisreturnthereon.3328TI.S.Rev.Stats..§709.29Curtis'Tur.U.S.Courts.46.30Thiscourseishighlyexpedient,butnotabso-lutelynecessary.31ItbeingmoreconvenientforlocalpractitionerstoapplytotheClerkoftheU.S.CircuitCourt,thatClerkusuallyissuesthewritoferror.Curtis'Jur.U.S.Courts,46;81;U.S.Rev.Stats.,1004.TheU.S.CircuitCourtClerk,insuchacase,isasort
ofstatutorydeputyfortheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtClerk.32The^ChiefJusticeoftheStateSupremeCourtwill,ordinarily,allowthewritoferroronpetitiontherefor;andleaveittotheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatestodeterminewhetheraFederalques-tionisinvolved,ornot.33Allofthisfullyandatlargewill"appearinthebooksgivingthepracticeintheFederalCourts,butisoutsideoftheplanofthistreatise.

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1069CHANCERYSUITSINTHECIRCUITCOURT.§1324
PARTXI.CHANCERYSUITSINTHECIRCUITANDCOUNTYCOURTS.CHAPTERLXXVII.CHANCERYSUITSINTHECIRCUITCOURT.be§1326.ChancerySuitsintheCircuitCourtParticularlyConsidered.§1324.WhatChancerySuitsMayBroughtintheCircuitCourt.§1325.HowaChancerySuitintheCircuitCourtisConducted.§1324.WhatChancerySuitsMaybeBroughtintheCircuitCourt.—TheNorthCarolinaActof1782gavetheCourtsofLawexclusiveEquityjurisdic-tion;andtheseCourtscontinuedtoexercisethatjurisdictionuntilseparateChanceryCourtswereestablished,asheretoforeshown.1Insomecases,thisEquityjurisdictionisstillretainedbytheCircuitCourts,concurrentlywiththeChanceryCourts.Suchjurisdiction,however,isseldomexercised,com-plainantsgenerallypreferringtoinstitutesuchsuitsintheCourtsofChancery.Theordinaryeasesofconcurrentjurisdictionarethefollowing:1.Suitsfordivorceandalimony;2.Suitstopartitionlandsbetweentenantsincommon,ortoselllandsforpartitionamongthem;3.Suitstosellthelandsofdecedenttopayhisdebts
;
4.Suitsfortheallotmentofdower,andofhomestead;5.Suitstoreleasetestamentaryandothertrustees,andsuitstoappointtrus-teesinplaceofthosereleasedordead
;
6.Suitsonpetitionoftrusteesbywillorotherwise,tosellthetrustprop-erty,realorpersonal;27.SuitsinthenameoftheStateagainstcorporations,andsuitstopreventtheusurpationofoffice;3and8.Suitsbyadistributeeorlegateeagainstthepersonalrepresentativetocompelthepaymentofhisdistributivershareorlegacy.4Inentertaininganddetermininganyofthesesuits,thepleadings,processes,procedureandformsoforders,reportsanddecrees,arethesameasinlikesuitsintheChanceryCourts,aswillbemorefullyshowninthenextsection.Thecommonlawformswillnotbeused,beingwhollyinapplicable.TheequitablejurisdictionoftheCircuitCourtisexclusivelystatutory;and,asaconsequence,inordertomaintainitsjurisdictioninanymatterofexclusiveequitablecognizance,astateoffactsmustbeshowntoexistcomingwithintheprovisionsofsomestatute,givingjurisdictionthereoftotheCircuitCourt.5TheChanceryCourtshavingexclusiveoriginaljurisdictionofallcasesofanequitablenature,wherethedebtexceedsfiftydollars,unlessotherwisepro-videdbylaw,6thepresumptionisthateverysuchcasemustbeinstitutedinthoseCourts,andwhereasuitofanequitablenatureisbroughtintheCircuitCourts,thecomplainant,onthequestionofjurisdictionbeingproperlyraised,mustbeabletopointoutsomestatutespecificallyconferringupontheCir-cuitCourtsjurisdictionofthatparticularsuit.ThisconcurrentequitablejurisdictionoftheCircuitCourtscannotbeextendedbyconstruction,butmustbestrictlyconfinedtotheexpresslimitsdesignatedbythestatutes.71SeeArticleoCourts,ante,§16.2Code,§§4232-4233.3Code,§.3411.4Code,§2312.
theHistoryofourChancery5Arringtonv.Grissom,1Cold.,522;Thompsonv.Mebane,4Heisk.,377.6Code,§4280.7Statev.Alder,1Heisk.,547;Lanev.Marshall,1Heisk.,34;ThompsonV.Mebane,4Heisk.,377;Talbotv.Provine,7Bax.,510.

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§1325CHANCERYSUITSINTHECIRCUITCOURT.1070§1325.HowaChancerySuitintheCircuitCourtisConducted.—IneverycasewherethesuitsmentionedintheprecedingsectionarecommencedintheCircuitCourt,theprocedure,fromthefilingofthebillorpetitiontothefinaldecree,andtheprocedureinenforcingthefinaldecree,arepreciselythesameasinlikesuitsintheChanceryCourt,except(1)thenameandtitleoftheCircuitJudgewill,inallcases,besubstitutedforthenameandtitleoftheChancellor;(2)thewordCircuitwillbesubstitutedforthewordChanceryinallpleadings,processes,orders,reports,anddecrees,and(3)thenameandtitleoftheClerkwillbesubstitutedforthenameandtitleoftheClerkandMaster.8AbillorpetitionintheCircuitCourtwillbeginasfollows
:
ADDRESSANDCOMMENCEMENTOFABILLINTHECIRCUITCOURT.TotheHon.WilliamR.Hicks,JudgeoftheSecondJudicialCircuit,holdingtheCircuitCourtatJacksboro',fortheCountyofCampbell
:
JohnDoe,a'residentofAndersoncounty,complainant,1
RichardRoe,aresidentofCampbellcounty,defendant.ThecomplainantrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
I.[Heresetoutthefactsonwhichthesuitisbased,inthesamemannerasinaChancerybillbasedonthesamefacts,dividingthebillintopropersections;and]II.[Prayforthesameprocess,andthesamespecialandgeneralrelief,asinaChancerybillseekingthesamerelief;andsweartothebill,ifaverificationwouldbenecessaryinalikecaseintheChanceryCourt.]Thestatuteprovidesthatthesuitsabovementioned,whenbroughtintheCircuitCourt,shallbeconductedafterthemannerofsuitsinEquity,andac-cordingtothepracticeandprocedureintheChanceryCourt;9andinsuchcasestheClerksoftheCircuitCourtsarevestedwithallthepowersoftheClerksandMastersoftheChanceryCourts.10TheClerkoftheCircuitCourtwilltaketheprosecutionbond,filethebill,issueacopyofthebillwiththesummons,takebillsforconfessed,appointguardiansadlitem,setasideanorderproconfesso,makereports,selllands,revivecauses,andwilldoanyotherthing,ormakeanyotherorder,necessaryorproperfortheClerkandMastertodo,inalikecase.11ThedefendanttoaChancerysuitintheCircuitCourtmustmakehisdefenceinpreciselythesamemannerasthoughthesuithadbeenbroughtintheChanceryCourt.Hemay(1)pleadinabatement,or(2)movetodismiss,or(3)demurtothebill,or(4)pleadinbar,or(5)answer,or(6)mayfilehisanswerasacrossbill,orfileaseparatecrossbill.12ThesedefencesmustalsobemadeinthesameorderandmannerasinlikesuitsintheChanceryCourt.Theanswermaybeexceptedtoforinsufficiency,impertinenceorscandal,asinChancery;andthesameproceedingswillbetaken,andthesamerulingsandordersmade,onsuchexceptions,asonexceptionstoanswersinChancery.TheCircuitCourtmay,also,makeallsuchreferencestotheClerk,andre-quireallsuchreportsbyhim,aswouldbenecessaryorproperinlikecasesintheChanceryCourt;andtheordersanddecreesoftheCourtwillbeenforcedinthesamewaytheChanceryCourtenforcesitsdecrees.Inshort,allsuitsofanequitablenaturebroughtintheCircuitCourt,arebrought,defendedandlitigated,andheardanddetermined,inaccordancewiththepleadings,prac-8Thesedifferencesareinsignificant,andyettheyareall.Theformsofpleadings,processes,orders,reportsanddecreesintheChanceryCourtcanthusbeeasilyadaptedtotheCircuitCourt.9Astodivorcesuits,see.Code,§2454;astosuitsinpartitioncases,seeCode,§3274;astosuitstoselllandsofadecedenttopayhisdebts,seeCode,§2269;astosuitsfordistributiveshares,seeCode,2314;astosuitsinthenameoftheStateagainstcorporationsandagainstusurpationofoffice,seeCode,553415-3417;andastoallChancerysuitsintheCircuitCourt,seeCode,§§2949;4236.
10Code,§4051.11Code.§§4051;4420-4428.12Buthecannot,bymeansofacrossbill,enlargetheequitablejurisdictionoftheCircuitCourt.Inhiscrossbill,hecannotprayforanyaffirmativere-liefexceptsuchastheCircuitCourthasjurisdictiontograntonanoriginalbill,ororiginalpetition.Thus,inadivorcesuit,thedefendantmayfileacrossbillprayingadivorce;butadefendantinapartitionsuitcannot,bycrossbillhaveadeedre-formed,norcanheenforceavendor'slienagainstanyoftheotherpartiestothesuit.

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1071CHANCERYSUITS,INTHECIRCUITCOURT.§1326tice,proofsandprinciplesprevailingintheChanceryCourt;andinsuchsuitstheCircuitCourthaspowertoperformallthefunctionsoftheChanceryCourt.13Alldepositions,exhibits,andotherdocumentaryevidenceactuallyreadatthehearing,becomepartsoftherecord,andonappeal,nobillofexceptionsisnecessaryastothem;butdepositionsordocumentsrejectedatthehearingmustbemadeapartoftherecordbyabillofexceptions.14Andappealsareprayedandgranted,andtimegiventoexecuteappealbonds,inthesamemannerasinChancery.§1326.ChancerySuitsintheCircuitCourtParticularlyConsidered.WhilethepleadingsandpracticeinEquitycausesarethesameintheCircuitCourtasintheChanceryCourt,nevertheless
1
theCircuitCourtjurisdictioninsuchcausesisnotalwaysentirelyco-extensivewiththatoftheChanceryCourt.1.DivorceSuitsintheCircuitCourt.Theformsofbills,answers,orders,ref-erences,reportsanddecrees,andthemeasuresofrelief,indivorcesuitsintheCircuitCourt,arethesameasthosealreadygivenintheChapteronDivorceSuitsintheChanceryCourt;and,therefore,neednotberepeated.15TheCircuitCourt,however,couldnot,itwouldseem,decreemaintenancetoawife,exceptasanincidenttoaperpetual,oratemporarydivorce.2.PartitionSuitsintheCircuitCourt,andsuitstoselllandsforpartition,areconductedinthesamemannerasinChancery.Thebills,answers,references,reportsanddecreesbeingpreciselythesameinbothCourts.16TheCircuitCourtcannot,however,entertainjurisdictiontoadjudicateequitiesbetweenthepartiesthatarenotincidentaltothepartition.3.SuitstoSelltheLandsofaDecedenttoPayHisDebtsarebrought,proceededinandconcludedinthesamemanner,whetherbroughtintheChanceryortheCircuitCourt,ashasalreadybeenfullyshown.17Thepleadings,proofs,orders,references,reports,decrees,andproceedingstoexecutethedecrees,arethasameinbothCourts.IntheCircuitCourt,however,noequitiesbetweenthepartiescanbeadjudicatedinthisproceeding,thejurisdictionoftheCourtbeinglimitedtothesaleoftheproperty,andthedisbursementoftheproceeds.4.SuitsintheNameoftheStateAgainstCorporations,andtoPreventtheUsurpationofOffice,arecommenced,conductedandconcludedinthesameman-nerinboththeCircuitandChanceryCourts,andthejurisdictionofbothCourtsissubstantiallythesame,exceptthattheChanceryCourthasfullerpowersandbetterprocessesforreachingalltheassetsofacorporation,andsettlingalltheequitiesbetweenthecorporation,itsstockholders,debtors,andcreditors.5.SuitsforDistributiveSharesarebegun,prosecutedanddeterminedinthesamemannerintheCircuitCourtasintheChanceryCourt,aswillfullyappearbyreferencetothatsubject.186.SuitsfortheAllotmentofDowerandHomesteadarefullyconsideredintheArticleonthatsubjectintheChaptertreatingofChancerysuitsintheCountyCourt.19TheCircuitCourt,however,hasalargerjurisdictioninsuchsuitsthantheCountyCourtindeterminingthelegalrightsofthepartiestotheland,incaseofdisputedtitle.13Code,§§2949;4236;andsectionsoftheCodeaboverited.14HillV.Bowers,4Heisk.,274.16See,ante,%%1088-1105.WhiletheCircuitCourtsundertake,indivorcesuits,toexerciseun-limitedequitablejurisdiction,declaringandenforc-ingliensandtrusts,settingasidefraudulentcon-veyances,declaringdeedstobemortgages,grantinginjunctionsandneexeats,andmarshallingsecurities,whendeemednecessarytoalimony,itisveryques-
tionablewhetherthereisanyauthorityforsuchex-erciseofjurisdiction,asidefromcommonusage.Communiserrorfacitjus.(Commonerrorbecomeslaw.)Consuetudoprolegeservatur.(Customisconsideredlaw.)16See.ChapteronPartition,ante,§§1058-1072.17SeeArticleonSuitstoSelltheLandsofaDecedenttopayhisDebts,ante,%%988-996.18See,ante,§927.19See,post,§§1329-1333.

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§1327CHANCERYSUITSINTHECOUNTYCOURT.1072
CHAPTERLXXVIII.CHANCERYSUITSINTHECOUNTYCOURT.ArticleI.ChancerySuitsintheCountyCourtgenerallyConsidered.ArticleII.AssignmentofHomesteadandDower.ArticleIII.SuitstoSettleInsolventEstates.ARTICLEI.CHANCERYSUITSINTHECOUNTYCOURTGENERALLYCONSIDERED.§1327.WhatChancerySuitsMaybeBroughtintheCountyCourt.§1328.HowChancerySuitsintheCountyCourtareConducted.§1327.WhatSuitsmaybeBroughtintheCountyCourt.—InthefollowingeasesthestatutehasconferredEquitypowersandjurisdictionupontheCountyCourt
:
1.Suitsfortheallotmentofhomesteadanddower.12.Suitstopartitionlandbydivision,orsale.23.Suitstopartitionanddistributetheestatesofdecedents;andforthesepurposesthepowertoselltherealand-personalpropertybelongingtosuchestates,ifnecessarytomakethepartitionanddistribution,orifmanifestlyfortheinterestoftheparties.34.Suitstosellthelandofadecedenttopayhisdebtsincaseswherethewholeestateisnotinsolvent.45.Suitstosettleinsolventestates,andforthispurposetosellrealorper-sonalpropertybelongingthereto,attheinstanceofthepersonalrepresentative,orthecreditors,wheretheamountoftheestatedoesnotexceedthreethousanddollars.56.Suitstoenforcevendors'lienswhentheamountislessthanfiftydollars.67.Suitsbyadistributeeorlegateeagainstthepersonalrepresentativetocompelthepaymentofhisdistributiveshare,orlegacy.7TheCountyCourtsarenotCourtsofgeneraljurisdiction,asaretheCircuitandChanceryCourts:theirjurisdictionisstatutoryandlimited,especiallyinthosecaseswheretheirjurisdictionisconcurrentwiththeCircuitandChan-ceryCourts.8InordertoascertainthejurisdictionoftheCountyCourts,thestatutesmustbeconsulted;and,unlessastatutecanbefoundexpresslygivingthemjurisdictioninaparticularmatter,nosuchjurisdictionexists.TheCountyCourtsderivenojurisdictionfromthecommonlaw;andtheyhavenov.Snelling,2Heisk.,485;WalshV.•Crook,7Pick.,388.*Code,§§2327a;4233;Actsof1873,ch.64;LinnvilleV.Darby,1Bax.,307;BurgnerV.Burgner,11Heisk.,731;Kindellv.Titus,9Heisk.,727;Nor-villev.Cobb,1Lea,467.5Code,§§4201-4205.Intheadministrationofinsolventestates,theCountyCourthasexclusivejurisdiction,wheretherealandpersonalestatedoesnotamounttoonethousanddollarsinvalue.Code,§§2327;2362;2364;Actsof1871,ch.106:Connell«.Walker,6Lea,709;Steelv.Maness,15Lea,141.eActsof1887,ch.141.7Code,§2312;Stewartv.Glenn,3Heisk.,581.8ButinmattersofadministrationthejurisdictionoftheCountyCourtsisgeneral.RailwayCo.V.Mahoney.5Pick.,311;FranklinV.Franklin,9Pick.,119.
1Code,§§2407;4201.The.statutedoesnotex-presslygivetheCountyCourtjurisdictiontoassignhomestead;butseemstoproceedonthesuppositionthatsuchjurisdictionalreadyexisted.Whilejuris-dictionisnotgenerallyconferredbyimplication,theimplicationinthiscaseseemstobesufficientlystrong;andtheCountyCourtsthroughouttheStateareexercisingthejurisdictionwithoutquestion.SeeM.&V.'sCode,§§3250;3255;3997;4020;4036;Rheav.Meredith,6Lea,605;SteelV.Maness,15Lea,141.Contemporaneaexpositioestoptimaetfortissimoinle%e.Broom'sLeg.Max.,654.2Code,§3266.3Code,§§3206;4201;Actsof1873,ch.64.ButtheCountyCourtcannotpartitionlandwhenitisnecessary,asapreliminarystep,tosettlequestionsastothetitle.Norwillthewantofjurisdictionbewaivedbythedefendantansweringthebill.Dean

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1073CHANCERYSUITSINTHECOUNTYCOURT.§1328jurisdictionofanymatterofequitablecognizance,unlessitbeexpresslycon-ferredbysomestatute.9§1328.HowChancerySuitsintheCountyCourtareConducted.—Insuitstopartitionlands,ortoselllandsforpartition,andinsuitstosellthelandsofadecedenttopayhisdebts,thepleading,practiceandprocedureintheCountyCourtarethesameasinChancery,withtheexceptionofthechangeinthestyleoftheCourtandofitsClerk.10Insuchcases,thefollowingisaformfortheaddressandcommencementofaBILL,OB,PETITION:TotheWorshipfulCountyCourtofDavidsoncounty
:
JohnDoe,aresidentofDavidsoncounty,,complainant,vs.RichardFen,aresidentofthesamecounty,defendant.Thecomplainant[or,petitioner,]respectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.[Proceedtosetoutthefactsonwhichthesuitisbased,inthesamemannerasinaChan-cerybill;and] ii.[Prayforthesame.process,andthesamespecialandgeneralrelief,asinaChancerybilloflikecharacter;andsweartothebill,ifaverificationwouldbenecessaryinChancery.]TheClerkwillissueacopyofthebillwiththesummons,andthedefendantswillmakedefencebypleainabatement,motiontodismiss,demurrer,pleainbar,oranswer,asinlikesuitsintheChanceryCourt.TheCountyCourtmaymakesuchreferencestotheClerk,andordersuchreportsaswouldbeneces-saryandproperifthesuitwereinChancery;andmaymakeanyandallor-ders,anddecreesnecessarytoadjust,determine,andenforce,therightsofthepartiesinthesubject-matterofthesuit,ornecessarytoenforceitsdecrees,andmayappointspecialcommissionerstomakesales,andmayrenderjudg-mentonnotesgiveninthecause,andopenthebiddings,setasidesales,issuewritsofpossession,and,ingeneral,doanythingnecessaryforthepurposeofexercisingandeffectuatingitsjurisdictionthattheChanceryCourtmightlaw-fullydoinalikeease.11TheClerkoftheCountyCourt,inallChancerycausesinhisCourt,isvestedwithallthepowersofaClerkandMaster;andmaytakebillsforconfessed,appointguardiansadlitem,setasideordersproconfesso,extendtimefortakingproof,hearsuggestionandproofofparty'smarriageordeath,issuescirefaciastorevive,orderarevivorofthecause,and,inanequitycause,doanyotheractinvacationthataClerkandMastermaylawfullydo.12Thelaw,pleadings,practiceandprocedure,decreesandproceedingsthereon,andappealstherefrom,andprocesstoenforcedecrees,insuitstopartitionlandsorselllandsforpartition,andinsuitstosellthelandsofadecedenttopayhisdebts,willbefoundfullysetforthintheArticlesespeciallydevotedthereto;andneednotberepeatedhere.13
9Youngv.Shumate,3Sneed,369;Bondv.Clay,2Head,379;Dean.».Snelling,2Heisk.,484;Bow-ersV.Lester,2Heisk.,459;LinnvilleV.Darlev,1Bax.,310.TheCountyCourthasnojurisdiction,onabillbyanexecutorandtrustee,tosellthelandsofminorlegateesforthepurposeofconvertingthem.Crossv.Bloomer,6Bax.,75.NorhastheCountyCourtjurisdictionofabill,byanadminis-tratorwiththewillannexed,toselllandsforadivisionbetweenlegatees.Bartonv.Cannon,7Bax.,402.10Code,§§2269;2314;2327o;2949;3274;4196;
Actsof1873,ch.64.InChancerycasesintheCountyCourt,thedepositions,exhibitsanddocu-mentaryevidenceactuallyreadatthehearing,be-comepartsoftherecordwithoutbeingincorporatedinabillofexceptions.HillV.Bowers,4Heisk.,274.11Code,§§4202-4205.Actsof1873,chs.64and8812Code,§§4051;4420-4428.13SeeArticleonPartition,ante,§51058-1072;andArticleonSaleofLandtoPayDebts,ante,§§988-996.

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§1329ASSIGNMENTOFHOMESTEADANDDOWER.1074
ARTICLEII.ASSIGNMENTOFHOMESTEADANDDOWER.§1329.ApplicationforHomesteadandDower,HowMade.§1330.FrameandFormofthePetition.§1331.ProceedingsinCourtUpontheApplication.
§1332.ProceedingsandReportoftheCom-missioners.§.1333.ConfirmationoftheReport,andFinalDecree.§1329.ApplicationforHomesteadandDower,HowMade.—Thewidowmaymakeapplicationverbally,orinwriting,totheCountyCourtofthecountywhereherhusbandlastresidedbeforehisdeath,tohaveherhomesteadanddowerassignedher,1havingpreviouslygivenfivedays'writtennoticeofherapplicationtothepersonalrepresentative,iftherebeone,andtotheheirsordevisees,ortotheirguardianifanybeminorsandhaveaguardian.Thenoticemaybeinthefollowingform
:
NOTICEOFAPPLICATIONFOBHOMESTEADANDDOWER.ToAB,theadministrator[or,executor,]andCF,theheir[or,devisee,]ofEF,deceased:YouareherebynotifiedthatIwillmake[verbalor]writtenapplicationtotheCountyCourtofDavidsoncountyonthefirstMondayofAprilnext,tohavehomesteadanddowerassignedmeasthewidowofsaidEF,outoftherealestateofwhichhediedseizedandpossessed.ThisMarch3,1891. G.F.Thisnoticemaybeacknowledgedorserved,andserviceproved,inthesamemannerasincaseofnoticestotakedepositions.2Wheretheapplicationisverbal,theentriesontheminutesshowingtheapplicationshouldreciteenoughfactstoshowthattheCourthasjurisdictionofthematter,andthatnoticeoftheapplicationwasgivenasrequiredbythestatute,andshoulddescribethelandoutofwhichhomesteadanddoweraretobeassigned.Whereasuitispendingtowhichawidowentitledtohomesteadanddowerisaparty,shemay,onanswerorpetitionfiledinthecause,prayingtherefor,havehomesteadanddowerassigned,withoutbeingcompelledtoinstituteorig-inalproceedingsforthatpurpose.3Whenlandencumberedbyrightofdowerissoldonabillbyanadministra-tortopaydebts,oronabillbytenantsincommonforpartition,orinanyotherproceedinginCourttowhichthewidowisaparty,shemayconsenttohaveherdowersoldalongwiththefee,andtotakeherdoweroutofthepro-ceedsofthesale.4§1330.FrameandFormofthePetition.—Thebetterpractice,however,inmakingapplicationforhomesteadanddower,istofileapetitionalleging:1,thehusband'sdeath;2,thefactthathediedseizedandpossessedofcertainlands,describingthem;3,thatthepetitionerishiswidow;4,that,iftherebeawillinterferingwithherhomesteadanddowerright,shehasdulydissentedtherefrom;5and5,prayingthattheadministratorandheirs,ordeviseesinter-estedintherealestate,namingthem,bemadeparties,andthathomesteadanddowerbeassignedheraccordingtolaw.8Thesamenoticemaybegivenof1Code,§2411;Actsof1873,ch.98.AstoHome-stead,seeM.&V.'sCode,§§2935-2946;andastoDower,see1858Code,§§2398-2419.AstothejurisdictionoftheCountyCourttoassignhome-stead,see,ante,§-1327,note1.2Code,§2410.SMartinV.Lincoln,4Lea,289;Code,§2411.ThecaseofLanev.Courteney,1Heisk.,331,insofarasitintimatesthatawidowcannotbyanswersetupherclaimtodower,isnotlaw.Seecaseabovecited,andalso,Code,§§2411,2414.But,ofcourse,ananswerwillnotavailunlesstheheirsarebeforetheCourt.4SeeCode,§§3305-3307.Forthemethodofas-certainingthevalueofthelifeestate,seeArticleonGrossValueofLifeEstates,ante,§§1070-1072.
5IfshehasnotalreadysignifiedherdissentinopenCourt,andherpetitionforhomesteadanddowerisfiledintheCountyCourt,shemaysignifyherdissentinsaidpetition.Thesaferandbetterpracticeinsuchcasesisto.signifyherdissentfromherhusband'swillinopenCountyCourt,andtohavethefactofsuchdissentdulyenteredontheminutesoftheCourt.Code,§2404.8IfherbillisfiledintheChanceryorCircuitCourtshemayalsoprayforandrecoverrentsforthetimeherdowerhasbeenwrongfullywithheld.Walkerv.Walker,6Cold.,581;Loudonv.Loudon,1Hum.,1.Inthelattercase,thereistheformofadecreeadjudgingdowerandbackrents.See,also,Clift».Clift,3Pick.,17.

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1075ASSIGNMENTOFHOMESTEADANDDOWER.§1331thefilingofsuchpetitionasisrequiredtobegivenincaseofaverbalapplica-tionforhomesteadand,dower;orasubpoenatoanswerthepetitionmaybeissuedbytheClerk.ThefollowingisaformofaPETITIONFORHOMESTEADANDDOWER.TotheWorshipfulCountyCourtofDavidsoncountyi
GF,widowofEF,deceased,aresidentofDavidsoncounty,petitioner,vs.AB,theadministrator,andCF,theheirsofsaidEF,de-ceased,allresidentsofDavidsoncountydefendants.ThepetitionerrespectfullyshowstotheCourt
:
i.ThatsheisthewidowofEF,whodiedintestateimthecountyofDavidson,whereinhelastresidedbeforehisdeath.Thedefendant,AB,hasbeen'dulyappointedadministratorofhisestate,andCFishisonlychildandheir,shebeinganinfantlessthanoneyearold,andwithoutageneralguardian.[Ifthedecedentdiedtestatesostate,statethatABishisexecutor,andadd:]Thepetitionerhas,heretofore,inopenCourt,dulysignifiedherdissentfromthewillofhersaidhusband,andsaiddissenthasbeenenteredontheminutesofyourWorships'Court. ii.ThesaidEF,atthetimeofhisdeath,wasseizedandpossessedofthefollowingtractoflandintheNinthcivildistrictofDavidsoncounty;boundedasfollows:Beginningonawalnutat[describingthelandbymetesandbounds,accordingtothetitlepapers.]in.Petitioner,therefore,praystheCourt
:
1st.Thatanoticeofthepetitionbedulyservedonsaiddefendants[//noticehasalreadybeenserved,thisprayerisunnecessaryandwillbeomitted.]2d.Thathomesteadanddowerbeassignedheroutofsaidtractofland,inthemannerandtotheextentprescribedbylaw,andforgeneralrelief. G.F.Thepetitionneednotbeswornto,inanordinarycaseintheCountyCourt.Ifthewidowdoesnotknowofwhatlandsherhusbanddiedseizedandpossessed,shemay,ifherbillisfiledinChancery,prayforadiscoveryagainsttheheirs,andtheCourtwillcompelthemtoproducethetitlepapers,andtodiscoveranymatternecessarytoenablehertoascertaintheextentofherhus-band'slandedestate:7shewouldprobablynotbeentitledtoadiscoveryinanyotherCourt;butshecouldhaveasubpoenaducestecumservedontheheir,andthusmakeawitnessofhimtoprovethefacts.§1331.ProceedingsinCourtupontheApplication.—Noanswerorotherdefencetotheapplicationwillbenecessary,unless(1)thepetitionerisnotthelawfulwidowofEF,neverhavingbeenlawfullymarriedtohim,orelsehavingbeendivorcedfromhim;or(2)unlessthereisamarriagecontractwaiving,foraconsideration,allrightsofdowerandhomestead;or(3)unlessthereisawill,andshehasfailedtodissenttherefrominthetimeandmannerprescribedbylaw;or(4)unlessthelandbelongstotheheirunencumberedbyrightsofhome-steadanddower,aswhenhisfatherhadamerelife-estatewithremaindertohisheir,orwhenthelandwasboughtandpaidforwiththeheir'smoney,andatrustresultstotheheir.Theproceedingsupontheapplicationforhomesteadanddoweraresum-mary,andareheardanddeterminedatthefirsttermafternotice.Iftheaver-mentsofthepetitionbeproved,theprayerofthepetitionwillbegranted.Thefactthatpetitionerlivedwithdecedentashiswifeis,ordinarily,sufficientproofofalegalmarriage;hisdeathmaybeprovedbyanyneighbor,orbyherself
;
andthedeedoractualpossessionwillordinarilybesufficientproofthatthedecedentownedtheland.Sheisnotboundtointroducetheoriginaldeed,butmayproduceacertifiedcopyfromtheRegister'soffice.8
TCliftV.Clift,3Pick.,17.Thisisimportantwhendowerissoughtinlandsheldincommon,andinmines.
8Walkerv.Walker,6Cold.,S73.

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§1332ASSIGNMENTOFHOMESTEADANDDOWER.1076ThefollowingistheformofanORDERAPPOINTINGCOMMISSIONERSTOLAYOFFHOMESTEADANDDOWER.GF,widowofEF,deceased,vs.AB,theadministrator,andCF,theheirofsaidEF,deceased.
,
GF,thewidowofEF,deceased,thisdaymadeapplicationtotheCourt,[bypetition,ifsuchbethefact,]fortheappointmentofCommissionerstoassign,toherhomesteadanddoweroutofthelandsofwhichthesaidEFlatelydiedseizedandpossessed.AnditdulyappearingtotheCourtthatsheisthewidowofsaidEF,whoresidedinthiscountyatthetimeofhisdeath;andthatthesaidEFdiedseizedandpossessedofthefollowingtractoflandintheNinthcivildistrictofthiscounty,boundedasfollows:[describingitbymetesandbounds;]anditappearingthatfivedays'noticeinwritingofthisapplicationwasgiventhedefendants,itisorderedbytheCourtthatsaidapplicationbegranted;andIJandKL,twofree-holdersoftheCourt,andMN,theCountySurveyor,allofwhomareunconnectedbyaffinityorconsanguinitywithanyoftheparties,areappointedCommissionerstoallotandsetaparttosaidGF,outofsaidtract,firstahomesteadofthevalueofonethousanddollars,andthenone-thirdoftheremainderofthetract,accordingtoqualityandquantity,asdower.TheCommissionerswillmaketheirreport,accompaniedbyaplat,tothenexttermoftheCourt.WhentheapplicationforhomesteadanddowerismadeintheCircuitorChanceryCourt,athirdperson,claimingtitleparamounttothewidow'shus-band,may,onhisownpetition,interveneandbemadeapartydefendant,andassuchresistherclaimtohomesteadordower.Instrictpractice,hewouldberequiredtofileanoriginalbillinthenatureofacrossbill;9butunderthestatute,onhisswornpetitionshowingthathehasasuperiortitletothewidow'shusband,hemaybeallowedtoappearanddefendagainstherclaim.10Suchthirdpersonmay,also,inasummaryway,showtheCountyCourtthatthelandishis,andthusdefeatthewidows'application.§1332.ProceedingsandReportoftheCommissioners.—Thestatutepre-scribeswhattheCommissionersshalldoinlayingoffhomesteadanddower.Theymustintheirreportdescribethehomesteadbymetesandbounds,iflessthantheentiretractisassignedasahomestead;andtheymustdescribethedowerbymetesandbounds,unlessthebalanceofthehomesteadtract,orawholetract,isassignedasdower;andwhereapartofatractisassignedashomesteadordower,theCommissioners'reportmustbeaccompaniedbyaplatshowingplainlythemetesandboundssetaparttothewidow.11ThefollowingisaformofaCOMMISSIONERS'REPORTOFHOMESTEADANDDOWER.GF, 1vs. J-AB,admr.,&c,etal.JTotheWorshipfulCountyCourtofDavidsoncounty
:
TheundersignedcommissionersappointedinthiscauseatthelasttermofthisCourt,anddulysworn,toallotandsetaparttoGFherhomesteadanddoweroutofthetractoflanddescribedintheorderappointingthem,respectfullyreportasfollows
:
1st.Theyhaveallottedandassignedtoherthefollowingportionofsaidtractasherhomestead:Beginningonacedar:[givingthemetesandbounds]tothebeginning,con-tainingtwentyacres,andincludingthefamilyresidence,andtheappurtenances.2d.Theyhaveallottedandassignedtoher,asdower,thefollowingportionofthere-mainderofsaidtract:Beginningonacedar,acornerofsaidhomesteadand[givingthemetesandbounds]tothebeginning,adjoiningthesaidhomestead,andcontainingsixty-sevenacres,beingone-thirdinvalueinsaidremainder.Saidhomesteadanddowerareshownontheplat12herewithexhibitedasapartofthisreport,marked"A."billofcosts: March5,1891.IJ,2days'service,$2.00 KL,\KL,2 " 2.00 IJ.(Commissioners.MN,2" (Surveyor)3.00 MN,CountySurveyor.Stretchu.Stretch,2Tenn.Ch.,140.10Hillv.Bowers,4Heisk.,272:Huntv.Wine.10Heisk.,ISO;Code,§2799.11Code,§2417.SeeArticleonPartition,forfurtherinformationastoaCommissioner'sreportinsuchacase.Ante,§§1062-1064.TheobjectofthelawinassociatingtheCountySurveyor,orhisdep-
uty,withtheCommissionersistoenablethemtomaketheplat,andtodescribethehomesteadanddowerbymetesandbounds.ThelawrequirestheirreportandplattobeenteredinfullontheminutesoftheCourt.Code,§2417;Jamesv.Fields,5Heisk.,399.12Thisplatisofgreatvalue,andshouldalways

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1077SUITSTOSETTLEINSOLVENTESTATES.§1333§1333.ConfirmationoftheReport,andFinalDecree.—Thereportmaybeexceptedtobytheheir,orhisvendee,becausetoomuchhasbeenallowed;oritmaybeexceptedtobythewidowbecausetoolittlehasbeenallowed.TheseexceptionswillbeheardsummarilyinopenCourt,onoralorotherevidence.TheCourtmayoverruletheseexceptions,13orsustainthemandsetasidethereport,withinstructiontotheCommissionershowtoproceed.Whenthereportisconfirmeditwillbeincorporatedinthedecree.DECREECONFIRMINGREPORT.GF, 1vs. VDower.AB,&c,etal.J-ThiscausecomingonthisdaytobeheardonthereportoftheCommissionersappointedatthelastterm,whichreportisasfollows
:
[Herecopyit,andtheplat,infull.]Andsaidreportbeingunexceptedto,isinallthingsconfirmed;andthesaidGFisvestedwithalltheright,title,andinterestinandtosaidhomesteadanddowertractstowhichsheisrightfullyentitledaccordingtolaw,asthewidowofEF,deceased,and,onherap-plication,awritofpossessionwillissuetoputherinpossessionofsaidlands.ItisfurtherdecreedbytheCourtthatthepetitioner,GF,payallthecostsofthiscause,forwhichexecutionmayissue.Ifanyofthedefendantstothepetitionareinpossessionofthehomesteadanddowerassigned,theCourtmayawardawritofpossessiontoputthewidowinpossessionofthelanddecreedher.
ARTICLEIII.SUITSTOSETTLEINSOLVENTESTATES,ofthe and§1338.ScheduleofAssets.§1339.PetitiontoSelltheLands.§1340.ProceedingsUponthePetition,DecreeofSale.DistributionoftheAssets.ProceedingsUpontheClerk'sReportofAssetsandClaims.§1311.§1342.
§1334.ExtentoftheJurisdictionCountyCourt.§133S.SuggestionandAdvertisementofIn-solvency.§1336.EffectoftheSuggestionofInsol-vency.§1337.FilingClaimsandProceedingsThereon.§1334.ExtentoftheJurisdictionoftheCountyCourt,—TheCountyCourthasexclusivejurisdictiontoadministertheassets,realandpersonal,ofanin-solventestate,whentheamountthereofislessthanonethousanddollars-,1andconcurrentjurisdictionwiththeChanceryCourtinallcaseswheretheamountoftheestateexceedsonethousanddollars.13.Asanincidenttosuchjurisdiction,theCourtmayorderallnecessaryaccounts,declareproratas,sellthedece-dent'srealestate,anddoallsuchotherthingsasmaybenecessarytodistributetheentirenetestateamongthecreditors.Anestateisinsolvent,inthemeaningofthestatute,whenthepersonalassetsareinsufficienttopaythedecedent'sdebts.2§1335.SuggestionandAdvertisementofInsolvency.—Whentheexecutororadministratorascertainsthattheestatecommittedtohischargewillprob-ablybeinsolvent,heshouldatoncemakesuggestionthereoftotheClerkoftheCountyCourt,ortohislegallyappointeddeputy.3Anycreditormay,also,bemade.Jamesv.Fields,5Heisk.,399.TheSur-veyorismadeaCommissionerexpresslytomakethesurveyandplat,andheshouldbeallowednocom-pensationunlesshedischargesthisduty.Theonlyexcusefornotmakingasurveyandplatisthefactthatthewholeofatractorofalotwasassigned;and,hence,nosurveyandplatwasnecessary.Ifastreammakeanaturalboundaryofthehomesteadordower,itwouldbeasufficientdesignationtoassignallofthetractononesideofsuchstream.13SeeExceptionstoMaster'sReport,ante,§§615-617.
1Connellv.Walker,6Lea,709;SteelV.Maness,15Lea,141;Code,§§2327;2362-2364;Actsof1871,ch.106.iaButsee,ante,§1327,sub-sec.5.2FlemingV.Talliafer,4Heisk.,352;NorvilleV.Coble,1Lea,467;Ewingv.Maury,3Lea,388.3Code,§2328.Thelegalimportofthesugges-tionofinsolvencyis,thatthepersonalassetsoftheestateareprobablyinsufficienttosatisfyallthede-cedent'sdebtsandliabilities.Flemingv.Talliafer,4Heisk.,352;Ewingv.Maury,3Lea,388.

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§1336SUITSTOSETTLEINSOLVENTESTATES.1078suggesttheinsolvencyofanestate.4Onsuchsuggestionbeingmade,theClerkwillordertheadministratortogiveduenoticetoallcreditorstofiletheirclaimsbyastatedtime.ThisorderandthesuggestionofinsolvencymustbeenteredbytheClerk,orhisdeputy,intheMinuteBookofInsolventEstates,5asfollows
:
SUGGESTIONOPINSOLVENCY,ANDOBDEBOPPUBLICATION.EstateofI\No.490.JohnSmith,deceased.JOnthisMarch5,1890,cameSamuelSmith,theadministratoroftheestateofJohnSmith,deceased,andsuggestedtometheinsolvencyofsaidestate.Itis,therefore,orderedbyme,thatthesaidSamuelSmith,assuchadministrator,givenoticebyadvertisementintheKnox-villeJournal,[orsomeothernewspaperpublishedwithintheState,]andalsoattheCourtHousedoorinKnoxville,forallpersonshavingclaimsagainstsaidestatetoappearandfilethesameinthisCourt,authenticatedinthemannerprescribedbylaw,onorbeforethefirstdayofAugustnext,[orsomeotherday,tobefixedinthenotice,whichdayshallnotbelessthanthreenormorethansixmonthsafterthedateofthenotice;]andwarningthemthatanyclaim,notfiledwithinsaiddate,willbeforeverbarred,bothinlawandequity.6JohnW.Conner,Clerk.Theadministratorwillthereupon,atoncegivethenoticerequiredbytheClerk'sorder.Thisnoticemaybeinthefollowingform:NOTICEOFINSOLVENCY.?TothecreditorsofJohnSmith,deceased:ByorderoftheClerkoftheCountyCourtofKnoxcounty,noticeisherebygiventoallpersonshavingclaimsagainsttheestateofJohnSmith,deceased,toappearandfilethesamewiththeClerkofthesaidCourt,authenticatedinthemarinerprescribedbylaw,onorbeforethe1stdayofAugustnext.Theinsolvencyofsaidestatehavingbeensuggested,anyclaimnotfiledonorbeforesaidday,willbeforeverbarred,bothinlawandequity.MarchS,1890.SamuelSmith,administratorofJohnSmith,deceased.§1336.EffectoftheSuggestionandPublicationofInsolvency.—Theobjectofthestatuteinprovidingfortheadministrationofinsolventestatesis:1,Topreventtheassetsoftheestatebeingconsumedbythecostsincidenttomulti-plicityofsuits;and2,Tosodistributethenetassetsamongthevariouscred-itorsthateachonemayreceivehisratablesharethereof.Toeffectuatethisobject,thestatuteprovidesthatthesuggestionofinsolvency,andtheadvertise-mentthereof,shalloperateasaninjunction,inallcases,againstthebringingofanysuit,inanyCourtwhatever,againstthepersonalrepresentativeoftheinsolventestate.Incaseofsuitsinstitutedbeforesuchsuggestion,theCourt,orJustice,beforewhomthesameispending,shall,uponthefactofthesugges-tionofinsolvencybeingproved,proceedinthecausenofurtherthantorenderfinaljudgment;andifsuchjudgmentisagainstthepersonalrepresentative,theCourt,orJustice,renderingthesameshall,insteadofawardingexecution,causeittobecertifiedtotheCountyCourtbeforewhichthesuggestionismade.8Anothereffectofthesuggestionandadvertisementofinsolvencyistocon-ferupontheClerkoftheCountyCourtbeforewhomthesuggestionismade,exclusivejurisdictiontohearanddetermineallclaims,largeandsmall,legalandequitable,againsttheestate,onwhichsuithasnotbeenbroughtbeforetheadvertisementofinsolvency,hisdecisions,however,beingsubjecttotheap-4Code,§2329.Butifthesuggestionismadefalselyandfraudulently,the_creditor_willbeliableforallcostsresultingfromhissuggestion.5Code,§§2330;2358.6Thestatuteprescribesthatanyclaimnotfiledonorbeforethedayfixedinthenotice,orbeforeanappropriationofthefundsoftheestateismadeamongthecreditors,shallbeforeverbarred,bothinlawandEquity.Code,§2330.7Inpublishingthisnotice,thistitleshouldbeomitted;andthepublicationshouldbeginwiththewords:TothecreditorsofJohnSmith,de-ceased.Thesewordsshouldbeinboldfacetype,
toattractattention.See,ante,%%198;877;1001;103S.8Code,§§2332-2333.Ifasuitshouldbeinsti-tutedagainstthepersonalrepresentativeaftersuchsuggestionandadvertisement,hemaypleadthesameinabatementofthesuit,ormayhavetheplaintiffattachedforviolatingtheinjunction,orthejudg-mentmaybetreatedasanullity.Lattau.Sumerow,4Lea,492.Butasuggestionofinsolvencyisnotoperativetopreventsuitsagainsttheadministratorunlessanduntilpublicationthereofisdulymade.Bashawv.Temple,7Cates,596.

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1079SUITSTOSETTLEINSOLVENTESTATES.§1337provaloftheCountyCourt,andtotherightofappealtotheCircuitandSu-premeCourts.§1337.PilingClaims,andProceedingsThereon.—Uponthesuggestionandadvertisementofinsolvency,allcreditorsandclaimantsmustfiletheirclaimswiththeClerkoftheCountyCourt.Ifhisclaimisnotdue,orifsuithasbeenbroughtandnojudgmentyetrecovered,hemust,nevertheless,filehisclaimwithinthetimefixedintheadvertisement,orbeforeanappropriationofthefundsoftheestateismade,oritwillbeforeverbarred.9Thepersonalrepre-sentativemustinlikemannerandtimefileanyclaimhe,inhisownright,mayhaveagainsttheestate.Noparticularformalityisnecessaryinfilingclaims.Aswornpetitionmaybefiledgivingahistoryoftheclaimwhenanexplana-tionisadvisable;ortheclaim,ifanopenaccount,maybesworntoinwritingandfiled.Iftheclaimisanote,orotherwrittenacknowledgmentofindebted-ness,signedbythedecedent,itisconclusive,unlesstheexecutionthereofisdeniedunderoathbythepersonalrepresentative,accordingtothebestofhisknowledge,informationandbelief.10ThefollowingistheformofASWORNACCOUNT.JohnSmith,Dr. ToWilliamBrown.1890.March7.To100lbs.ofBacon, - $10.00"100""Flour, 5.00"20""Sugar, 2.00
April2.Bycash,due,
17.003.0014.00BalanceStateofTennessee,\KnoxCounty.JWilliamBrown,beingdulysworn,makesoaththattheforegoingaccountagainstJohnSmith,nowdeceased,iscorrect;thathehasgivenJohnSmithalljustcredits,andthatthebalanceoffourteendollarsisjustlydueandowingbySamuelSmith,theadministratorofsaidJohnSmith. WilliamBrown.Sworntoandsubscribedbeforeme,andfiled}March10,1891.W.T.Jones,DeputyClerk.
)
Ifthepersonalrepresentativedenytheaccount,orotherclaim,onoath,itmustbeproven.Thedenialmaybeasfollows
:
DENIALOPANACCOUNT.WilliamBrown, ]
vs. \No.490.SamuelSmith,admr.ofJohnSmith,deceased.JSamuelSmith,administratorofJohnSmith,deceased,makesoaththattheforegoingaccountofWilliamBrownagainstJohnSmithforfourteendollars,iswhollyincorrectandunjust,accordingtothebestofhisknowledge,informationandbelief.[Juratasabove.] SamuelSmith,Admr.DENIALOFTHEEXECUTIONOPANOTE.WilliamBrown,|
vs. \N.490.SamuelSmith,admr.,&c.JThedefendant,SamuelSmith,forpleatosaidnote,[bond,orotherwrittenevidenceofdebt,]saysitwasnotexecutedbyhisintestate,JohnSmith,orbyanyoneauthorizedtobindsaidJohnSmithinthepremises.SamuelSmith,Admr.Thedefendantmakesoaththattheabovepleaistrueaccordingtothebestofhisknowl-edge,information,andbelief.11 SamuelSmith.Sworntoandsubscribedbeforeme,andfiled\March10,1891.W.T.Jones,DeputyClerk.]"Whethertheclaimbeallowedordisallowed,theClerkwillendorseonitthefactanddateofitsallowanceordisallowance,andsignhisnamethereto;andifanappealisprayedandgranted,thatfactalsoshouldbestated,12thus
:
9Code,§2330.Ifthesuitagainsttheadminis-Hearnv.Roberts,9Lea,365;Hurleyv.Murrell,2tratorisbroughtbythecreditorbeforethetwoTenn.Ch.,620.yearsandsixmonthselapse,hemayfilehisjudg-10Code,§§3777-3778.mentatanytimebeforethefundsaredistributed.11Code,§§2940;3777-3778.12Code,§2336.

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§1338SUITSTOSETTLEINSOLVENTESTATES.ADJUDICATIONOFCLAIMS.1080
Thisclaimallowed,[ordisallowed,ortendollarsofthisclaimallowed,]andappealprayedbytheadministrator,[orclaimant,]tothenexttermoftheCircuitCourt;andhehavinggivenanappealbondwithsurety,saidappealisgranted.March20,1891. JohnW.Conner,Clerk.TheClerkshouldsetadayforthehearingofanyandallpartieswhohavefiledclaims.Ordinarily,whenthepersonalrepresentativeadmitsaclaim,itwillbeallowedunless1,somecreditororotherclaimantdisputesitsamountorvalidity,or2,itisbarredbythestatuteoflimitations,orbearsonitsfaceotherevidenceofitsinvalidity.Anycreditorhasaright(1)tocontestanyclaimofthepersonalrepresentative,orofanyotherclaimant;andhastheright(2)toshowthatthepersonalrepresentativehasnotfiledatrueandper-fectscheduleofalltheassetsoftheestate;andeitherthepersonalrepresenta-tive,oranyclaimant,mayappealtothenexttermoftheCircuitCourtfromanyadjudicationoftheClerk,disallowinghisownclaim,orallowinganyotherclaim,orfromanyotherdecisionoftheClerkastoclaimsorassets.Thepartyappealingmustgivebondwithsurety,asincaseofanappealfromaJusticeofthePeace;andthereupontheClerkmustcertifyhisdecisiontothenexttermoftheCircuitCourtwheresuchanissuewillbemadeupunderthedirectionoftheCourtaswillpresentthequestionsinissuefordecision,withoutanyformalpleading.123-ThejudgmentoftheCircuitCourt,oroftheSupremeCourt,ifanappealbetakentoit,shallbecertifiedbacktotheCountyCourt.13§1338.ScheduleofAssets.—Afterthetimefixedintheadvertisementforfilingclaimshasexpired,andtheclaimscontestedhaveallbeenadjudicated,theClerkmustmakeanorderontheadministrator,orexecutor,thatonorbeforeadaytobeappointedinsuchorder,heshallfilewiththeClerkatrueandperfectscheduleoftheestate,consistingoftheavailablefunds,chosesinaction,andothereffects,includingrealestate.
No.490.ORDERTOFILESCHEDULE.Estateof )JohnSmith,deceased.)
Inthiscase,itisorderedbymethatSamuelSmith,theadministrator,filewithme,onorbeforeAugust25,1891,atrueandperfectscheduleoftheamountofsaidestate,includingthereintheavailablefunds,chosesinaction,andothereffects,also,therealestate.August5,1891. JohnW.Conner,Clerk.Theschedulemaybeinthefollowingform
:
SCHEDULEOFASSETS.TotheWorshipfulCountyCourtofKnoxcounty,andtoitsClerk
:
InobediencetotheorderoftheClerkofthisCourt,IsubmitthisscheduleoftheassetsoftheestateofJohnSmith,deceased
:
1.Proceedsofpersonalproperty.(SeeAccountofSalesonMe.)- -$310.002.OnenoteonGeorgeBrown,andinteresttodate,- - 220.003.OnejudgmentagainstHenryJonesintheCircuitCourtatKnoxville,andinterest,- - - - - - 70.004.Onetractofland,containing300acres,inthe12thdistrictofKnoxcounty,worthabout - - - . 2,000.005.Alotofnotesandaccountsprobablyworthless,(Seelistherewithfiled,markedA.)Totalavailableassets, _ $2,600.00August20,1891. SamuelSmith,Ad'mr.'SamuelSmithmakesoaththattheforegoingisatrueandperfectscheduleoftheassetsofsaidestate,includingallavailablefunds,chosesinaction,realestate,andothereffects[Jurat,asin§1337,ante.]12aCode,§2336;Brienv.Baker,5Sneed,213.Thewords"questionsfordiscussion,"inthissectionoftheCodeshouldread"questionsfordecision."Actsof1849-50,ch.73,§5,carriedintheActof1851-52,ch.283,§10.13Code,§§2334-2336.Iftheestateisoflessvaluethanonethousanddollars,theappealwillbe
totheCircuitCourt;ifofgreatervalue,theappealwillbetotheSupremeCourt.ButwhereanappealwouldproperlylietotheCircuitCourt,byconsentofbothpartiesitmaybetakendirecttotheSupremeS,"!'-„,Code'§§3147-3148;PhillipsV.Hoffman,5Cold.,252.

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1081SUITSTOSETTLEINSOLVENTESTATES.§1339§1339.PetitiontoSelltheLands.—"Whentheschedulefiledbythepersonalrepresentativecontainsrealestate,hemustfileapetitiontohaveitsold.ThepetitionwillbeaddressedtotheCountyCourtofthecountyinwhichtheestateisbeingadministered;andwillstate:1,thedeathofthedecedent;2,histestacyorintestacy,asthecasemaybe;3,theappointmentofcomplainantasexecutor,oradministrator;4,thesuggestionandadvertisementoftheinsol-vencyoftheestate;and5,thenecessityforasaleofthedecedent'slandstopayhisdebts,andwill6,describethelandsandprayfortheirsale.Thewidowandheirs,ordevisees,mustbemadedefendants;andtheymustbebroughtbeforetheCourtbyserviceofsubpoena,orsummons,andacopyofthepetition,ifresidents;andbypublication,ifnon-residents.14Thispetitionmaybesubstantiallyasfollows:PETITIONTOSELLTHELANDSOPANINSOLVENTDECEDENT.TotheWorshipfulCountyCourtofKnoxcounty
:
SamuelSmith,administratorofJohnSmith,deceased,aresidentofKnoxcounty,petitioner,againstMarthaSmith,thewidow,andCharlesJ.Smith,andJamesSmith,theheirsofsaidJohnSmith,deceased,allresidentsofKnoxcounty,defendants.PetitionerrespectfullyshowstotheCourt:i.ThatJohnSmith,lateofKnoxcounty,isdead,intestate,andpetitionerhasbeendulyappointedhisadministratorbythisCourt.Thedefendant,MarthaSmith,isthewidowofsaidJohnSmith,andtheothertwodefendants,CharlesJ.andJamesSmith,aretheonly-heirsofsaidJohnSmith.II.TheestateofsaidJohnSmithisinsolvent:itsinsolvencyhasbeendulysuggested,anddueadvertisementthereofbeenmade.Theclaimsthathavebeenfiledandadjudicated,ag-gregatemorethantwothousandandthreehundreddollars,whereasthetotalpersonalassets,aswillbeseenbyreferencetopetitioner'sschedulethereof,heretoforefiledinthisCourt,amounttoonlyaboutsixhundreddollars.in.ThesaidJohnSmithdiedseizedandpossessedofthefollowingtractoflandinthe12thcivildistrictofKnoxcounty.Beginningonamaple,[describingitfullybymetesandboundstothebeginning,]containingthreehundredacres,moreorless.Thesaidwidowisnowlivingonsaidtract,andclaimshomesteadanddowertherein.Itwillbenecessarytosellsaidtracttopaysaiddecedent'sdebts.IV.Thepremisesconsidered,petitionerprays:1st.Thatthesaidwidowandheirsbemadedefendantsheretobyserviceofprocess,andcopyofthispetition,andberequiredtomakeanswerhereto,butnotonoath.2d.Thatifsaidwidowclaimshomesteadanddowerinsaidtract,andisentitledthereto,thatthesamebelaidofftoherbycommissionersatherexpense,inthemannerprovidedbylaw.1534.Thatsaidtract,orsomuchthereofasisproper,besoldonacreditofnotlessthansix,normorethantwenty-fourmonths,andinbarofallrightofredemption;and,thatitsproceedsbeinsertedinsaidschedule,andappliedtothesatisfactionoftheindebtednessofsaidestate.164th.Thatpetitionerhavesuchfurtherandotherrelief,asmaybenecessarytoenablehimfullyandproperlytodischargehisdutiesinthepremises.SamuelSmith,Admr.Ifanyofthepartiesarenon-residentsorminors,orofunsoundmind,thepetitionsoallegingmustbeswornto,orthefactsmadetoappearbyaseparateaffidavit.§1340.ProceedingsuponthePetition,andDecreeofSale.—Iftherebenon-residents,publicationmustbemadeasinaChancerycause;17andifanyofthedefendantsareminors,orofunsoundmind,aguardianadlitemmustbeappointedforthem,asinsuitsintheChanceryCourt.18Ifthedefendantsarealladults,andmakenodefencewhendulybrought14Code,§2338.15Insuchacase,thewidowmustpayallcostsoflayingoffherhomesteadanddower,andallcostsincidentthereto.Code,§2418.16Code,§§2338-2341.
17SeeArticleonProcessbyPublication,ante,§§196-198.18SeeArticleonGuardiansadlitem,ante,§§106-108.

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§1341-SUITSTOSETTLEINSOLVENTESTATES.1082beforetheCourt,19anorderproconfessomaybeenteredagainsttheminopenCourt.Ifanyofthemareminors,orofunsoundmind,theymustanswerbytheirguardianadlitem,asinaChancerysuit.20Uponproofoftheinsufficiencyofthepersonalassetstopaytheadjudicatedclaimsagainsttheestate,theCourtwillorderthelandtobesold.TheusualproofismadebytheadministratorandtheClerk,theadministratorprovingtheamountoftheavailablepersonalassets,andtheClerk,oradministrator,provingtheamountoftheallowedclaims.Theadministrator'sscheduleofassets,ifproperlyswornto,willbeprimafacieproofoftheamountofthepersonalassetsavailableforthepaymentofdebts;andtheClerk'sreportofadjudicatedclaimswillbeprimafacieproofoftheindebtednessoftheestate.Ifthewidow,claimsherhomesteadanddower,whichshemaydoorally,orinanswer,andshowsherselfentitledthereto,theCourtwillappointcom-missionerstoassignthesame.21Thepetitiontosellthelandmaybeheard,andadecreeofsalemade,atthefirsttermafterthepetitionisfiled,providedthedefendantshaveallbeendulybroughtbeforetheCourt,andtheanswersoftheminors,ifany,areinbytheirguardiansadlitem,dulyappointedbytheClerk,22orbytheCourt.Forgoodcause,however,acontinuancemaybehadbyeitherparty.23Thedecreeforsalemaybeinthefollowingform:DECREETOSELLLANDSOPADECEDENT.SamuelSmith,Admr., ]
vs. \No.490.MarthaSmith,CharlesJ.Smith,andJamesSmith.24JThiscausecomingonthisdaytobehearduponthepetitiontosellthelandsofJohnSmith,deceased,topayhisdebts,andupontheanswersofthewidowandheirsofsaidJohnSmith,[or,uponjudgmentproconfessoheretoforetakenandenteredagainstthewidowandheirsofsaidJohnSmith,]andupontheproof,fromallofwhichitdulyappearstotheCourtthattheinsolvencyoftheestateofsaidJohnSmithhasbeendulysuggestedandadvertised;thatthepersonalassetsarewhollyinsufficienttopaytheclaimsallowedagainstsaidestate,andthatasaleoftherealestateofwhichsaidJohnSmithdiedseizedandpos-sessedisnecessarytosatisfythebonatideunpaidclaimsagainstsaidestate;itis,therefore,orderedanddecreedbytheCourtthattheClerkofthisCourtproceed,asrequiredbylawforexecutionsales,26tosellonthepremises,[or,attheCourtHousedoorinKnoxville,]thetractoflanddescribedinsaidpetition;whichtractissituatedinthe12thcivildistrictofKnoxcounty,andboundedasfollows:[describingitfullybymetesandboundstothebeginning,]containingthreehundredacres,moreorless.Saidtractwillbesoldonacreditofsixandtwelvemonths,subjecttothehomesteadanddowerrightsofMarthaSmith,thewidowofsaidJohnSmith,asheretoforedennedanddecreedbythisCourt.Thesalewillbeinbarofallrightofredemption,thecomplainantsoprayinginhispetitionandnowatthebaroftheCourt.TheClerkwilltakenotesbearinginterestfromdate,withgoodsecurity,fromthepurchaser,andwillretainalienonthelandforfurthersecurity.TheClerkwillreporttothenexttermoftheCourt.§1341.DistributionoftheAssets.—Theproceedsofthesaleoftheland,afterthepaymentofthecostsincidenttothepetitionandsale,andofanytaxesthatarealienthereon,areinsertedintheadministrator'sscheduleofassets,andcompletesthefundtobeappliedindischargeoftheindebtednessoftheestate.TheClerk,thereupon,takesandstatesanaccountshowingtherein
:
1.Anyarticlesexemptfromexecutioninthehandsofthedecedentathisdeath,specifyingthem,thatwentintothehandsoftheadministrator,ifany.2.Thewidow'syear'ssupport,ifsetapartinkind,andnotpaidovertoher.3.Allfees,costs,commissions,andcompensationlegallydueintheadminis-trationoftheestate(1)tothepersonalrepresentative,(2)tohisSolicitor,and(3)totheClerk,specifyingtheamountdueeach,andonwhataccount.4.Claimsallowed,oradjudicated,thatareentitledtopriorityofsatisfaction,19Theymaymakeanyofthedefencesspecifiedin§991,ante.20SeeAnswerofGuardianadlitem,ante,§383.21ForproceedingstoAssignHomesteadandDower,seepreredingArticle,§§1329-1333.22Code,§§4051;4420.23Code,§2339.
24Thebetterpracticeistosetoutallthenamesofthedefendantsinthedecreeofsale,orinthedecreeconfirmingthesale,becausethepetitionmaygetlostormislaid.Thenamesofthepartiesmaybeailinsertedinthebodyofthedecreeconfirmingthesale:thisisthebestpractice.Ante,§580.25Code,§2340.

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1083SUITSTOSETTLEINSOLVENTESTATES..§1342suchasexpressandstatutoryliens,26givingthenameofeachpreferredcred-itor,thecharacterofhislien,theamountduehim,andonwhatparticularfundthelienrests.'5.Claimsforfuneralexpenses;and6.DebtsandarrearagesduetheState,specifyingtheiramountandcharacter.Theseitemswillbedeductedfromthefundforgeneraldistribution,andwillbepaidovertothepartiesentitledinfull,iftherebesufficient;ifnot,theywillbepaidintheorderofpriorityabovegiven.Aftertheaboveitemshaveallbeendeducted,thebalanceoftheassets,realandpersonal,willbedistributedamongtheunpreferredcreditors.TheClerk,aftersettingoutinhisaccountthenamesoftheownersoftheabovesixpreferreditems,andtheamountdueeach,andafterdeductingthetotalamountthereoffromthetotalamountofassets,willthenproceedwithhisaccount,andsetoutthereinthenameofeachpreferredcreditor,andtheamountduehim,andtheamountofhisprorataoftheassetsremainingaftermakingthedeductionabovestated.ThisaccountistobereportedtotheCourt,andmaybeinthefollowingform:REPORTOFASSETS,CREDITORS,ANDPRORATA.TotheWorshipfulCountyCourtofKnoxcounty:IrespectfullysubmittotheCourtthefollowingreportoftheassetsandcreditorsoftheestateofJohnSmith,deceased,andtheamountdueeachcreditor
:
Totalamountofassets,- - $2,600.00I.PreferredClaimsAllowed:1.AdministrationfeesduetheClerk:(1)Forreceivingandfilingsuggestionofinsolvency,andmak-ingorder-forpublicationthereof,(2)Forreceivingandfilingtenclaimsagainstsaidestate,(3)[Andsoon,specifyingeachitemofcost.]TotalamountduetheClerk,2.Compensationallowedtheadministrator,3.FeetoJamesComfort,Solicitor,forservicesinsuittosellthelandfortheadministrator,4.Oneexemptcow,soldbymistake,5.Widow'syear'ssupportincash,-6.JamesBrown,expressvendor'slienonlandsold.(SeedecreeoftheChanceryCourtatKnoxville.)7.JohnCrape,forcoffinanddigginggrave,Totalamountofpreferredclaims,Amountfordistributionamongthegeneralcreditors,II.GeneralCreditorsWhoseClaimshaveBeenAllowed:
.501.008.50$10.0040.00.35.0020.00160.00310.0025.00600.00$2,000.00
1.WilliamJohnson,note,2.GeorgeJones,judgment,3.JohnCobb,
TOTALAMOUNT.PRORATA.$800.00$640.001,200.00960.00500.00400.00$2,000.00Eachofthesecreditorsisentitledtoaprorataof80%.Nov.1,1891. JohnW.Conner,Clerk.§1342.ProceedingsupontheClerk'sReportofAssetsandClaims.—TheClerk'sreportmaybeobjectedtobyanypersoninterested,andsuchexcep-tionsmaybetakentotheaccountashemaythinkproper.27Thepersonsin-terestedinexceptingtotheaccountare:(1)thepersonalrepresentative;(2)26Thestatuteprovidingforaproratadistributionofaninsolventestatedoesnotaffectliensacquiredinthelife-timeofthedecedent.Allsuchliensmustbesatisfiedbeforethegeneralcreditorscanreceiveanything.Thefollowingaretheprincipalliensen-titledtopreference:1,Liensobtainedbythelevy
ofanattachment,orexecution;2,Liensofjudg-mentsordecrees;3,Vendors'expressliens;4,Mort-gages,ordeedsoftrust;and5,Otherliensfixedonthepropertyinthelife-timeofthedecedent.1Milliken'sMeig'sDig.,%75;1King'sDig.,§142.27Code,§2343.

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§1342SUITSTOSETTLEINSOLVENTESTATES.1084anyclaimantwhoseclaimhasbeenallowed,and(3)anyclaimantwhoseclaimhasbeendisallowed.Aclaimantwhoseclaimhasbeenallowedmayexcepttothereportbecauseanotherclaimhasbeenallowed,orbecausemorehasbeenallowedtoanotherclaimantthanhewasjustlyentitledto.Theformofexceptionstothereport,andthemannerofdisposingofsuchexceptions,arethesameasinlikecasesintheChanceryCourt.28TheCountyCourtmayconfirmthereport,ormaymodifyit,ormayrecommitittotheClerkforsuchalterationsasmaytotheCourtseemjust.AnypersoninterestedinthedecisionoftheCourtuponexceptionstothereport,mayappealthere-fromtotheCircuitorSupremeCourt,orCourtofCivilAppeals,ongivingbondwithsuretyforcostsasinothercases.29ThefollowingisaformofaDECREECONFIRMINGREPORTS,ANDAPPEALTHEREFROM.InthematteroftheEstate)ofJohnSmith,deceased.}ThiscausecameonthisdaytobeheardupontheClerk'sreportofassets,creditorsandprorata,andupontheexceptionsofWilliamBrownbecausehisclaimwasdisallowed,andupontheexceptionsofGeorgeJonestotheactionoftheClerkinallowingWilliamJohnsoneighthundreddollars,onconsiderationofall_whichitisorderedandadjudgedbytheCourt,thatsaidexceptionsbealloverruledand'disallowed,andthatsaidreportbeinallthingsconfirmed.TheClerkwillrecordsaidreportinhisbookofAccountsofInsol-ventEstates;30andSamuelSmith,theadministratorofsaidestate,willforthwithmakedistributionoftheassetsreportedinhishandsamongthecreditors,accordingtosaidreport,payingtoeachunpreferredcreditoreightypercent,oftheamountofhisclaim;andanexecutionwillissueondemandofanycreditorfortheamountduehimuponsaidreportafterduenoticeofsuchdemand.31FromthisdecreeWilliamBrownandGeorgeJonesprayanappealtothenexttermoftheSupremeCourtatKnoxville,andeachofthemhavinggivenbondwithsuretyforcosts,saidappealisgranted.InmakingoutthetranscriptfortheSupremeCourttheClerkwillcopy32(1)theaccountofWilliamBrown,andtheadjudicationthereof;(2)thereportinsofarasitreferstotheclaimofWilliamJohnson;(3)thenoteofsaidJohnson;(4)theexceptionsofsaidBrownandsaidJohnsontothereport;(5)thedepositionsrelatingtosaidaccountandsaidnote;and(6)thisdecree.TheoriginalnoteofsaidJohnsonwillbesentupwiththetranscript.Theappeal,however,shallnotaffectsomuchofthisdecreeasisnotappealedfrom,andtheadministratorwillpayallthepreferredcreditorsinfull,andseventypercent,oftheprorataallowedtheothercreditors,exceptWilliamJohnson,retainingthebalanceoftheassetssubjecttothefurtherordersofthisCourt,afterthedecisionofsaidappeal.33ThereportwhenconfirmedisrecordedintheAccountsofInsolventEstates.34Anylegatee,distributee,widoworcreditor,may,atanytimebeforethefinalsettlementofanestate,suggesttotheCountyCourt,andshowbyproof,thatthepersonalrepresentativehasnotreturnedacompleteinventory,andhavetheomissionschargedtohim.Whenanadministrator'saccounthasbeenfinallysettledbytheCountyCourtanypartyinterestedthereinmayappealfromthejudgmentofsuchCourtconfirmingsuchsettlement,totheCircuitorChanceryCourt.35
28SeeExceptionstoMaster'sReport,ante,§§615-620.ThefollowingareformsofEXCEPTIONSTOTHECLERK'SREPORT.[Theexceptionsmaybewrittenatthefootofthereport,oronaseparatesheetofpaperattachedthereto!asfollows:]WilliamBrownexceptstotheforegoingreport,becausetheClerkhasdisallowedhisaccountfiledinthiscauseforfourteendollars.WilliamBrown.GeorgeJonesexceptstotheforegoingreportbe-causetheClerkhasallowedWilliamJohnsoneighthundreddollarsonanotewhichisbarredbythestatuteoflimitations.GeorgeJones.Exceptionsfiled,Nov.1,1890.JohnW.Conner,Clerk.
29Code,§§2344-2345.AstowhVthertheappealshouldbetotheCircuitorahigherappellateCourt,see,ante,§1337,note13.30Code,§2358.31Code,§§2343-2353.Thecreditormustgivetheadministrator,orexecutor,writtennoticeofhisin-tentiontoapplyforanexecution.Code,§2353.32Code,§2346.33Code,2347-2349.34Code,§§2344;2358.35Code,§2304.See,ante,%536,wherethepracticeonsuchanappealisconsidered.

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GENERALINDEXHOWTOUSEANINDEX.Aperfectindextothecontentsofabookwouldbelargerthanthebookitself,asisprovedbyCruden'sConcordancetotheBible,which,thoughamereindex,ismuchlargerthantheBible.Aperfectindex,then,toalawbookisnottobeexpected.Inanindex,thesamemattersareoftenrepeatedunderdifferentheads:thus,thesamemattersmaybeindexedunderdepositions,evidence,proof,testimony,and,toalimitedextent,underdocuments,exceptions,exhibits,andnotice.So,manyincongruousmattersmaybeputunderthesamehead:thus,underexceptionsmaybeputexceptionstoanswers,tobills,todepositions,toevidence,toreports,towitnesses,totherulingsoftheCourt,andbillsofexceptions;andundernoticemaybeputnoticeofpriorequitiesandrights,noticetotakedepositions,noticebyscirefacias,noticebypublication,noticetotakeaccounts,noticetocreditors,noticeofmotions,noticeofsuingoutwritsoferrorcoramnobis,andnoticeofwritsoferrorintheSupremeCourt.Itrequires,therefore,nolittlediscernmenttoprepareagoodindexthatwillnotbetoovoluminous;anditrequiresacorrespondingamountofdiscernmenttosuccessfullyuseanindex.Thefollowingrulesmayaidyouinfindingwhatyouseek:1.ThePrincipalSubjectMustbeConsulted,andnottheSecondary.Thus,ifyouarelookingforexceptionstodepositions,lookunderdepositions;ifyouarelookingforexcep-tionstoanswers,lookunderanswers.2.TheNounMustbeLookedfor,nottheAdjective,orParticiple.Thus,forspeak-ingdemurrers,lookunderdemurrers,andnotunderspeaking;andforconstructivefraud,lookunderfraud,andnotunderconstructive.3.TheMostPertinentSubjectMustbeConsulted.Thus,fornoticetotakedeposi-tions,lookundernotice,ordepositions,andnotunderevidence,orproof,ortestimony,orwitnesses.4.TheTableofContents,inthefrontofthebook,maygreatlyaidyouinfindingwhatyouseek.Thistablegivesacompleteanalysisofthebook,andshowstheplanofitsar-rangement,andthelocationofthematteryouareseeking.5.AllReferencesaretotheSections,andnottothePages,unlessotherwiseex-presslystated.Inafewinstances,wherethesectionsareverylong,thereferencesaretothepages,andaresonoted.6.IndextoForms.WhilealltheformsareincludedintheGeneralIndex,neverthe-lessforyourconvenience,andtoenableyoumorequicklytofindanyforminthebook,aseparateIndexofFormsisgiven.7.Cross-ReferencesintheIndexes.Thecross-referencesintheIndexesareusedbothtoaidtheuseroftheIndex,andtoeconomizespacebytherebyavoidingunnecessaryrepetitions.8.ReferencesintheFootNotes.Thefootnotesoftenrefertoothersectionsofthebookwherefurtherandfrequentlyfullerinformationonthesamesubjectmaybefound,andareinthenatureofspecialindexestothematterstreatedof.

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1086 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]ABATEMENTSOPSUITS.abatementdefined.240,note1.effectofthedeathofaparty.113;698.whenasuitisabated.698.» abatementandrevivor.698-722.statutoryprovisionsforrevivors.716.(SeeBillsofRevivor;FleasinAbatement;Revivors.)ACCIDENTSASGROUNDSOPRELIEF.whenrelievedagainst.939-943.rationaleofthelawasto.932.casesarisingfromaccident.939.frameandformofbillsinsuchcases.941;943.ACCOUNTS,ANDACCOUNTING.1.AccountandAccounting.accountsgenerallyconsidered.952.suitsforanaccounting.953-958.formsofbillsfor.954-957.procedureinMaster'sofficeon.603-609;958;1193;1205,sub-sees.42-47.surchargingandfalsifying.952;955.suitonbondofguardian,administrator,orexecutor.957.pleaofsettledorstatedaccount.333.answerofexecutortoabillfor.928.aswornaccount.1003;1337.suittocollectastatedaccount.1077.anaccountfromanothercountyorstate.1078.2.TakinganAccount.whenreferencesarenecessaryorproper.594-602.whenandhowreferencesaremade.599.frameandformofareference.600-601.chanceryruleasto.1193.proceedingsintakinganaccount.603-610;958;1193;1205,sub-sec.42-47.whenandwheretobetaken.603;1193.noticeoftimeandplace.604;1193.meetingsandadjournments.605;1193.anaccountwhenopenedandhow.606;1193.examinationofwitnessesat.607;1193.productionofdocuments.608.characterofevidenceat.609.filingofclaimsonareference.610.chargesanddischarges.958;1205,sub-sec.46.diligencerequiredofcomplainant.1205,sub-sec.43.decreeagainstcomplainantforfailuretofurnishproofon.1205,sub-sec.43.affidavittoopen.606.exceptionstoreport.615-618.partnershipaccounthowstated.961,note6.accountonbilltoselllandtopaydecedent'sdebts.994.toadministerinsolventestates.1004.accounttakenwithoutorderwhen.1205,sub-sees.44-45.3.Accounts,Suitson.suitsrelatingtoaccounts..953-958.onaccountsfromanothercounty.1078.aswornaccount.1337.;1003.

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GENERALINDEX.1087[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]ACQUIESCENCE.acquiescencegenerallyconsidered.68;71.whatamountstoacquiescence.68.howacquiescenceoperates.68.(SeeWaiver;LachesandNegligence;Estoppel.)ACTOF1877,ENLARGINGJURISDICTIONOFCHANCERYCOURT.actgenerallyconsidered.21,noteSO.speciallyconsidered.29;36;38;819,note68;820,note69;899,note17;1084.ACTIONSATLAW.(SeeSuitsatLaw.)ADJOURNMENTS.ofcourt,bymasterwhen.1165.entryofadjournment.532.ofthetakingofanaccount.1193.ADMIRALTYSUITSINCHANCERY.whatare.182,note23.cannotbeprosecutedonpauperoath.182,sub-sec.1.
ADMINISTRATIONOFESTATESOFINSOLVENTS.suitstoadministerassets.1030-1032.equalityisequity.47.administrationinchancery.985-987.ofinsolventestates.997-1004;1334-1342.(SeeAdministratorsandExecutors;InsolventEstates.)ADMINISTRATORSANDEXECUTORS.whenadministratorappointedinchancery.985.howappointed.985.frameandformofabilltoappoint.986.proceedingsafterbillfiled.987.suitstoselladecadent'slandtopaydebts.988-996.billby,toselllandsfordebts.989.defencestobill,byheirs.991.proceedingsonthebill.991-996.suitstoadministerinsolventestates.997-1004;1334-1342.forlegacies,anddistributiveshares.927.presumptionthatnoonewilladminister.712,note14.injunctionsbyandagainst.809.answerofexecutortobillforalegacy.928.suitstoopensettlementsmadebyadministrators.957.administrationofinsolventestatesinthecountycourt.1334-1342.(SeeAdministration;InsolventEstates.)ADMISSIONSBYPARTIES.theirweightasevidence.1141,sub-sec.5.admissionsinthebill.458.intheanswer.459.(SeeEvidence.)ADVERTISEMENTSBYCLERKANDMASTER.forcreditors.1001;1035.ofsaleofland.627.(SeePublications.)ADVISEMENT.takingacaseunder.544.

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1088 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]AFFIDAVITSINCOURTPROCEEDINGS.officeof.784.bywhomshouldbemade.785.beforewhommustbemade.790.requisitesandframeof.786.weightandeffectof.787.incourtnothingisbelievedunlessswornto.62,sub-sec.2.whenabillmustbeswornto.161-163;788.affidavitstobills,petitions,pleas,andanswers.788;163;379.formsofaffidavitstobills,petitions,pleas,andanswers.789.onmotiontodissolveinjunction.8S6.tosetasideproconfessos.208.ofsolicitornotsufficient,when.785,note3;436,note14;789.toproveexhibits.468.haveaccountopened.606,note9;1193.aninjunctionbill.788;838,note4.foracontinuance.520.toanswermaybelimited,when.380,note24.ofjustificationofsuretiesoncostbond.181.corroborationtoinjunctionbill.839.foracorporation,tobill.789.juratto.789.AGENCY.whoactsbyanotherisbound.62,sub-sec.5.noticetoagentsufficient.65,sub-sec.1.
AGREEMENTSINCOURTPROCEEDINGS.inreferencetotakingaccounts.609.toproof.472.shouldbeinwriting.1141,sub-sec.4;1205,sub-sec.62.astopleadings,proofs,andothermattersinasuit.72.byimplicationsduringasuit.72.ALIASPROCESSINCHANCERY.aliassubpoenas.195.motionsfor.218.ALIMONY.pendentelite.1097.petitionfor.1098.proceedingsonpetition.1098.referencetomaster.1098.alimonyonfinaldecree.1101.remediestosecurealimony.1102;865.neexeat,whenavailable.865.(SeeDivorce.)AMENDEDBILLS.whenbillsmaybeamended.430;666-667;673-674;1205,sub-sec.15.groundsfor.431;669;671.formandmannerof.432.bill.amendedandamendedbill.668.amendedvs.supplementalbill.670;681.whatamendmentsmaybemade.671.notallowed.672.

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GENERALINDEX.1089[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]AMENDEDBILLS—Continued.whentobemade.673-674.leavetoamend,howobtained.67S.effectofanamendedbill.677.essentialsof.678.formof.676;679.defencesto.693-697.demurrerto.694.answerto.695.hearingon.697.inattachmentsuits.879.whencostswillbecharged.S26-S29.(SeeAmendments;Bills.)AMENDMENTSGENERALLY.motiontoamendbill.21S.demurrers,amendedwhen.306,note33;316;432.pleasamended.354;433.amendmentsgenerallyconsidered.427-429.whatmattersmaybeamended.427.generalrulesastoamendments.62,sub-sec.8;428;570,note41;1205,sub-sees.15-19.howtopreventdetrimentfrom.429;526-529.costsandtermson.526-529;1205,sub-sec.18.amendedbills.430-431;1205,sub-sec.15.answers,whenandhowamended.434-437;1205,sub-sees.16-17.depositions,whenandhowamended.502-504.atthehearing.539-540.ofdecrees.573;502,note2.bondsorpauperoath.271,note20.remandedbysupremecourtfor.434,note5;1318.ofattachmentproceedings.878-879.chancellor'sdutywhenpleadingsdefective.1140-1141.remandingforamendment.434,note5;1140.delayinapplyingformustbeexplained.62,sub-sec.8;428.mustbeconsistentwithoriginalmatter.672;64,sub-sec.2;409,sub-sec.12.necessitatedbyerrorsofstenographersandtypewriters.502,note2.(SeeAmendedBills;BillsAmended.)ANNUITYTABLES.kinds,andvalueof.1072.ANSWERSTOBILLS.answerasapleading.355-360.generalnatureof.355;411,note2.answerasamodeofdefence.356.whatdefencesmaybemadebyanswer.357.alldefencesreliedonmustbestated.358.answersuperiortopleaasamodeofdefence.359.whatsufficientwhendefendant'soathiswaived.360.answerasadeposition.361-367;460.asamodeofproof.361.whatmustbeanswered,andhow.362.particularityandprecisionrequiredin.363.whatmattersmustbediscovered.364.thoroughnessofthediscovery.365.howchargesmustbedenied.366.differencewhensworntoandnot.367.

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1090 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]ANSWERSTOBILLS—Continued.matterscommontoallanswers.368-376.anissuemustbemadeby.368.answerwhereseveraldefendants.369.whenanswerofonedefendantenurestothebenefitofanother.210;561.whatdocumentsmustbeproduced.370.whatmattersneednotbeanswered.371.scandalandimpertinence.150;372;421.prayerforcounterrelief.373.whentobeswornto,andwhennot.360;374.essentialsofananswer.375.frameandformofananswer.377-386.thecommencementof.377;385.thebodyof.378;386.answersofpersonsunderdisability.383-384.signedandswornto,when,how,beforeandbywhom.379;788-790.formof.380-381.minordefectsin.410.subpcenastoanswer.187-195.attachmentstocompelananswer.201-204.answer,whentobefiled.225-227;315;376;1205,sub-sec.6.wheretobefiled.228.ofaninfant.383.byadoption.382.formsoftitles,andcommencements.385.formsinframinganswers,andsettingupdefences.386.practicalsuggestionsastoanswers.387-392;425-426.answersasaffidavits.387;842.settingupmattersinavoidance.388;460.pleadingstatuteoflimitations.389.statuteoffraudstobepleaded.390.innocentpurchaser,defenceof.390.formerjudgment,orresadjudicata,defenceof.390.howtoframeananswer.391.astoansweringfully.392.demurrerjoinedtoanswer.403.pleajoinedtoanswer.404;348.answerasacrossbill.405;734-735;1096.answer,howtested.420-424;416-417.exceptionstoanswers.420-424;1190.whenexceptionswilllie.421.willnotlie.422.howexceptionsaredisposedof.424.frameandformofexceptions.423.chanceryruleinreferencetoexceptions.1190.amendedandsupplementalanswers.434-437.whatamendmentsallowed.435.howamended.436.supplementalanswerwhen.437.whatfactsareinissueonananswer.457.admissionsintheanswer.459;558.whenevidenceagainstco-defendant.459answer,whenevidence,andwhennot.460-461.toamendedandsupplementalbills.695-696.

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GENERAIvINDEX.1091[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]ANSWERSTOBILLS—Continued-answertoinjunctionbills.842-843.tocrossbill.735.maybewithdrawn,when.232.furthertimefor,aftercontempt.203.tobillsofdiscovery.1123.formsofaffidavitsto.380;788-789.affidavittomaybelimited.379,note24.answerofcorporation,howverified.379,note20;789.oninformationandbelief.387,note2;460,note12.denialandavoidance,howcombined.391.differencesbetweenanswerandplea.413.demurrerstoanswer.416,note1.replicationsnotallowed.464,note1.answerstoejectmentsbills.1048.ofanexecutortobillforanaccounting.928.reliefgrantedonananswer.SS8.(SeeAnswers,inIndexofForms,post.)APPEALSTOAPPELLATECOURTS.suggestionsastowhentobegranted.1141,sub-sec.8.officeandeffectofanappeal.1262.whomayappeal.1263.towhatcourttheappealmustbetaken.1263a-;1293.whenandhowobtained.1264.whatdecreesmaybeappealedfrom.126S.appealsasamatterofdiscretion.1265.asamatterofright.1265.appealinnatureofwritoferror.1266;1270-1276.andappealinerrordistinguished.1267.bond,oroath,forappeal.1268.practicalsuggestionsconcerningappeals.1269. *appealsfromcountycourttochancery.536.propertimetoprayforanappeal.1269,note62;1183,note59;1211.limitedandunlimited.1264.formsofprayersfor.1264.fromcountycourttocircuitorotherappellatecourt.1337.chancerycourttoappellatecourt.1262-1269.transcriptfor.1280-1286.motiontodismiss,inappellatecourt.1309-1310.byappelleeforaffirmance.1312.hearingof,insupremecourt.1293a;1313-1321.courtofcivilappeals.1289;1313-1321.howappellantshouldpresenthiscase.1315.appelleeshouldpresenthiscase.1316.whencauseswillbereversed.1317.remanded.434,note5;1318.thisbookonendorsedbysupremecourtjudges.1293a,note20.(SeeCourtofCivilAppeals;Errors;SupremeCourt;WritsofError.)APPEALS,COURTOFCIVIL.(SeeCourtofCivilAppeals.)APPEARANCEINCOURT.defendantsmustbeservedwithprocess.60;185,sub-sec.4.whatisanappearance.222.constitutesanappearance.223;1174.

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1092 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]APPEARANCEINCOURT—Continued.effectofanappearance.224.whendefendantboundtoappear.225-227;1200;1205.whereonesummonedisboundtoappear.228.whendefendantbypublicationisboundtoappear.226.defendantsunderdisabilityappear,andhow.227.appearanceanddefenceunderdivisionrules.1205.APPELLATECOURTS.howtheyobtainjurisdiction.1294.supersedeasofinterlocutorydecrees.1295.mandamusinaidoftheirjurisdiction.1296.certiorariinaidoftheirjurisdiction.1297.theirpowerstomakerules.1298.toenforcetheirdecrees.1299.toappointreceivers.1300.tomakerestrainingorders.1300.torevivecausesanddecrees.1301.tograntwritsoferror.1270-1276.ofsupersedeas.1277-1279.transcriptsofrecordsforappeals,orwritsoferror.1280-1286.briefsintheappellatecourts.1303-1307.fundamentalrulesofadjudication.1302.mattersconsideredinanadjudication.1293,note13.motionsin.1308-1312.todismissappeals.1309.todismisswritsoferror.1310.forcertiorari.1311.supersedeas.1295;1312.writoferror.1274;1312.lienforcounselfee.1312;1321.will'notsearchforerrors.1302,sub-sec.2.presumeinfavorofrecord.1302,sub-sec.3.notreverseinamatterofdiscretion,unless.1302,sub-sec.4.master'sreport,when.1302,sub-sec.5.verdict,when.1302,sub-sec.6..decree,when.1302,sub-sec.7,8.notrehearacause,unless.1302;sub-sec.9.hearingin.1313-1321.thisbookonendorsedbysupremecourtjudges.1293a,note20.howappellantshouldpresenthiscase.1315. '
appelleeshouldpresenthiscase.1316.whencauseswillbereversed.1317.willberemanded.434,note5;1318.proceedingsinthechancerycourtonremandmentfrom.662-664.petitiontorehear.1319.decrees,whenandbywhomprepared.1320.formsofordersanddecreesin.1321.whatcasescanbecarriedtoU.S.supremecourt.1322.howcasesarecarriedtotheU.S.supremecourt.1323.(SeeAppeals;CourtofCivilAppeals;Error;SupremeCourt;WritofError;WritofSupersedeas.)ARGUMENTSOPSOLICITORS.atthehearing.537.purposeandcharacterof.537.righttoopenandclose.534,note20;1183,note57.

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GENERALINDEX.1093[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]ARGUMENTSOFSOLICITOUS—Continued,somecourtsneedlessthanothers.537,note27.valueofargument.537,note27.mannerofmakinganargument.1183,sub-sees.6-9.ASSIGNMENTS.1.AssignmentsofProperty.effectofanassignmentbyaparty.66;115-116.rulesapplicabletoassignmentsbyparties.115-116.assignments,howaffectedbypriorities.74.whereequitiesareequal,priorityprevails.55.maximsrelatingtotransfersofproperty.65.note1.equitiesofdebtorincaseofassignmentofthedebt.74,sub-sec.4.fraudulent,when.1016.(SeeBonaFidePurchaser;LisPendens;Priorities;Property.)2.AssignmentsofErrors.onwritoferrorcoramnobis.1259.inappellatecourt.1302-1307.ASSISTANCE,WRITOF.(SeeWritofPossession.)ATTACHMENTS.1.AttachmentsofthePerson.thewritdenned.185,sub-sec.4.attachmenttocompelananswer.201-204.whenitmaybehad.201,formofanattachment.202;923.proceedingsuponanattachment.203.effectofacontempt.204.motionforattachmentfornotanswering.219.attachmenttoenforcedecrees.32;652.ininjunctionsuits.845-848.petitionfor.921.fiatfor.921.commitmenton.922.contemptsbywitnesses.492;923;1159,sub-sec.3;1196,sub-sec.3.furtherconsidered.918-923.(SeeAttachmentsofProperty;Contempts;HabeasCorpus.)2.AttachmentsofProperty.proceedingspreliminaryto.175.officeofanattachmentbill.869.whenattachmentswilllie.870.frameofanattachmentbill.871.formofanattachmentbill.873.attachmentbond.874.whomayissuethewrit.875.formsofthewrit.876.publicationnotice.877.the"firstapplication"allegation.872.propertyattachableinequity.882.amendmentofattachmentproceedings.878.amendedorancillaryattachmentbill.879.ancillaryattachments.880.garnishmentbill.881.judicialattachments.883;870,sub-sec.9.

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1094 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]ATTACHMENTSOPPROPERTY—Continued.defencesinattachmentsuits.884.defencebypleainabatement.246;2SS-2S9;265;88S.objectsofdefencebypleainabatement.257.pleainabatement,whentobefiled.258.formsofpleasinabatement.259.effectofdecisionofpleainabatement.265.dispositionofpropertyattached.886.decreesinattachmentsuits.887.whenattachmentdecreesmaybesetaside.207-213;888.howattachmentdecreesaresetaside.889.petitiontosetasideadecree.890.saleofattachedpropertyafterowner'sdeath,goodwhen.888.fewercontinuancesinattachmentsuits.1205,sub-sec.40.(SeePleasinAbatement,inbothIndexes.)ATTORNEYS.districtattorneyvs.attorneygeneral.1082,note9.solicitor,theirtitleinchancerycourt.1173,note1.(SeeSolicitors.)AVOIDANCE,MATTERSIN.mustbesetupinthebill,when.147.whenandhowsetupbydefendant.388;460.mustbeprovedbypartyallegingthem.441;443;445;470;534,note20.AWARDSOFARBITRATORS.billtoenforce.1077.decreetoenforce.1080.BANKRUPTS.cannotsue,orbesued.86.pleathatdefendantisabankrupt.326.assigneeof,howbecomesaparty.690;115-116.BENEFICIARIES.shouldbemadepartieswhen.91;95;117.howregardedinEquity.57.(SeeTrustsandTrustees.)BIDDINGS,OPENINGOF.whenopened.634.howopened.635-636.formsincidentto.637.proceedingsonopening.638.reopenedwhen,andhow.639.(SeePurchasers;Sales.)BILLSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.1.OrdinaryOriginalBills.mustbeintheEnglishlanguage.133,note4.preliminaryconsiderationsindrawing.79.suitcommencedbybill.133.generalnatureofabill.135;166;276,note4;411,note2.differentkindsofbills.136.originalbills.137.billsnotoriginal.138.frameofanordinaryoriginalbill.139-152.anordinaryoriginalbillgenerallyconsidered.139.whatfactsmustbeallegedinabill.140.

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GENERALINDEX.1095[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]ORDINARYORIGINALBILLS—Continued.howfactsmustbeallegedinabill.141;170.fulnessandparticularityofallegations.142.particularitywhenaninjunctionissought.142,sub-sec.2;838-841;whenfraudischarged.142,sub-sec.3.whenapresumptionisassailed.142,sub-sec.4.complainantmustshowaninterest.143.billmustshowacasewithinthejurisdiction.145.mustshowagroundofsuit.144.mustbeforthewholematter.146.mustnotbemultifarious,orrepugnant.149.mustbefreefromscandalandimpertinence.ISO.mustsetupmattersinavoidance,when.147.incasecomplainantmakesatender.148.prayersfordiscovery,process,andrelief.151-152.formofabill.153-164.oldformofabill.153.presentformofabill.154.addressofabill.155.commencementofabill.156.premises,orstatementoffacts.157.prayerforprocess.151;158.forrelief.152;159.signingabill.160.verificationofabill.161-163;788-789.mannerofverifyingbills.162;788-789.whoshouldverifybills.162.beforewhombillsmustbeverified.163.formalpartsofbills.164.suggestionsastodrawingbills.79;165-173.astoallegingmattersinavoidanceofadefence.147.howpartiesshouldbedescribed.171.debtsshouldbedescribed.1205,sub-sec.66.landsshouldbedescribed.172;1205,sub-sec.66.billapleadingandaffidavit,when.142,sub-sees.2and4;1073,note1;838,sub-sec.1,note3.sufficiencyof,howtested.418.favoredwhendemurredto.63;317,note4;268,note10.admissionsinthebill.458.billwhenevidenceforcomplainant.462.dismissalofatthehearing.569.withoutprejudice.570.someminordefectsinbill.410.motiontoamend.215;675.motionstodismiss.266-274;523-525.groundsofmotionstodismiss.267-272;523-525.nameofbillimmaterial.43;269;431,note4;681;719;139,note19;64,sub-sec.4.filing,whenandwhere.177-180.howfiled.178.maybedeliveredtotheclerk,where.178,note35.howendorsedwhenfiled.178.theoryofbills.166;275.lawofrelationsappliedinframingbills.165-168;408.

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1096 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]ORDINARYORIGINALBILLS—Continued.logicofabill.166,note2.whenevidenceforcomplainant.462.inthecircuitcourt.132S.countycourt.1328;1330;1339.amendedbills.430-432;666-667;671-679.groundsofamendment.430.formandmannerofamending.430;666-679.amendedathearing,when.S39.supplementalbills.431;680-697.billsofrevivor.698-709;717-719.review.1223-1253.2.BillsinParticularSuitsinChancery,billtoattachproperty.869-887.appointanadministrator.985-987.administeraninsolventestate.997-1004.relieveagainstanaccident.941.haveanaccounting.952-957.collectanaccount.1074.collectaswornaccount.1078.enforceanaward.1077;1079.removeclouds.812;1042;1050;1052.recoveronawrittencontract.1079.bycreditorswithoutremedyatlaw.1005-1035.generalcreditors.1031-1035.todissolveacorporation.1081-1083.againstacommoncarrier.1074.forawritoferrorcoramnobis.1254-1261.adivorce.1088-1105.damages.1075-1076.discoveryofproperty.1019-1024.discoveryoffacts.1116-1124.benefitofpersonsunderdisability.968-984.
.
toexecuteadecree.723-724.impeachadecreeorjudgmentforfraud.935.recoveronadecree.1077.collectdebts.1073-1080.enforceadeedoftrust.1041.setupalostdeedorotherwriting.942-944.debeneesse.1133-1135.torecoverescheatedproperty.1051-1052.recoverlandbyejectment.1045-1050.exoneratesureties.962-963.recoveramountofafine,orpenalty.1077.recoveronaforeignjudgment.1025-1027.recoverincasesoffraud.932-938;1009-1017.foragarnishmentofdebtors.881.generalcreditors.1030-1035.torecoveranheir'sshare.927.protectthehomestead.1043;1329-1333.recoverinsurance.1079.administerinsolventestates.997-1004.foraninjunction.800-863.interpleader.1106-1115.benefitofinfants.970-979.

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GENERALINDEX.1097[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]BILLSINPABTICTTLABSUITS—Continued.forinquisitionoflunacy.982.tonullifyvoidablejudgmentsanddecrees.814.recoveronajudgmentordecree.1077.byjudgmentcreditors.1005-1029..
forthebenefitoflunatics.970;980-984.toenforceliensofallsorts.1036-1041.setuplostdeeds,notes,wills,records,etc.942-944.haveadeeddeclaredamortgage.840;931.enforceamechanic'slien.1036-1041.marshalsecurities.1029.enforceamortgage.1041.guardinterestsofmarriedwomen.968-979.subjectpropertyofmarriedwomentotheirdebts.1028.correctamistakeinawrittencontract.939-941.obtainamandamus.1084-1087.forecloseamortgage.1041.collectanoteofhand.1079.obtainaneexeat.864-868.oustusurpersfromoffice.1081-1083.recoveramountdueasapenalty,orfine.1077.forapartitionofland.1058-1072.protectionorrecoveryofproperty.1042-1052.specificperformanceofacontract.949-951.dissolutionofapartnership.959-961.amountdueonapolicyofinsurance.1079.aquowarrantoproceeding.1081-1083.aquiatimetinjunction.1042.reformationofdeedsorotherinstruments.945-946.rescissionofcontracts.947-948.re-executionofdeeds,orotherwritings.942-944.recoveryofproperty,realorpersonal.1045-1056.redemptionofland.1044.replevinofproperty,ordetinue.1053-1056.reviewofadecree.1223-1253.areceivertobeappointed.892-917.tomarshalsecurities.1029.selllandsofwivesandinfants.972-979.selllandforpartition.1058-1072.selllandofadecedentforhisdebts.988-996.forexoneration,orsubstitutionofsureties.962-965.subrogationofsureties.964-965.substitutionofsureties.964-965.anewtrialatlaw.1206-1209.enforcementoftrusts.925-931;1081-1083.toenjointrespasses.819.perpetuatetestimony.1125-1132.taketestimonydebeneesse.1133-1135.sellawife'slandwhenforherinterest.972-979.subjectawife'sseparateestatetoherdebts.1028.construeandenforcewills,andtrusts.929.staywaste,andtrespasses.819.bywardagainstguardian.927;957.(SeeBills,inIndexofForms,post.)

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1098 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]BILLS,AMENDED.whenbillsmaybeamended.430-431;666-697.formof,procedureon,defencesto.666-697.(SeeAmendments;AmendedBills;Bills.)BILLSTOCABBYDECBEEINTOEXECUTION.whentheywilllie.723.formof.724.BILLS,CROSS.(SeeCrossBills.)BILLSOFDISCOVEBY.originandhistoryofthebill.1116.objectof.1117.natureofthedisicoveryrequired.1118.discoveryandproductionofdocuments.1119.frameandformofbill.979;1120-1121.statutorypetitionfor.1122.defencestobillsofdiscovery.1123.objectofdemurrersto.279.demurrers,becauseofforfeiture.1123.ofimmaterialityofdiscovery.1123.ofprofessionalconfidence.1123;1178ofinquiryintodefendant'stitle.1123.pleaandanswerto.1123.inaidofajudgmentatlaw.1019-1024.proceedingsonbillinaidofajudgmentatlaw.1124.decreeonsuchabill.1124.BILLSOFEXCEPTIONS.whatmustbeincorporatedin.1213.formof.1214.chancellor'sauthenticationasubstitutefor,when.538.matterslostwhennotin.1213.chancellor'sdutyinreferenceto.1141,sub-sec.9.waysidebillofexceptions.1214,note20.BILLSOFEXCHANGE.formofbilltorecoveron.1073.BILLSTOIMPEACHDECREESFORFRAUD.whatdecreesareimpeachable.935.formofbill.935.BILLSOFINJUNCTION.(SeeInjunctions.)BILLSOFINTEBPLEADEB.(SeeInterpleader.)BILLSTOPERPETUATETESTIMONY.generalnatureof.1125.whatbillmustshow.1126.necessityforperpetuation.1127.prayerofbill,andaffidavit.1128.formofbill.1129.defencesto.1130.statutorypetitiontoperpetuate.1131.formofpetition.1132.billtotaketestimonydebeneesse.1133-1135.

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GENERALINDEX.1099[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]
BILLSQUIATIMET.whenproper.1042.BILLSOPREVIEW.objectof.1223.groundsof.1224.whatdecreesmaybereviewed.1225.whomayfileabillof.1226.whentobefiled.1227.wheretobefiled.1228.preliminaryreliefonfiling.1229.hearingof.1230.billsinthenatureof.1231.forerrorsoflaw.1232-1236.whatareerrorsoflaw.1233-1234.fornewproof.1237-1239.leavetofilea.1240-1243.howleaveisobtained.1241.whenleavemaybedenied.1243.frameandformofabillofreview.1244-1248.whatbillshouldshow.1245-1246.essentialsofbill.1247.formsof.1248.defencesto.1249-1253.demurrersto.1251-1252.demurrerandpleato.1253.BILLSOFREVIVOR.officeofbillofrevivor.699.whennotnecessary.700.properpartiesto.701-702.whendefendantmayfilea.703.whatisinissueupon.704.'generalresultsofarevivor.705.rulesrelativetorevivors.706.revivorofdecrees.574;707;723-724.frameandformofbillofrevivor.708-709.billsakinto.717-719.defencesto.720-722.demurrersto.721.pleasto.722.statutorymethodsofrevivorinlieuofbill.710-716.(SeeAbatement;Revivor.)BILLS,SUPPLEMENTAL.(SeeSupplementalBill.)BILLSTOTAKETESTIMONYDEBENEESSE,objectof.1133.frameofbill.1134.statutorysubstituteforbill.1135.BONAFIDEPURCHASERS.generalnatureofabonafidepurchase.75;332.theremusthavebeenapurchase.75,sub-sec.1.avaluableconsideration.75,sub-sec.2.

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1100 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated]BONAFIDEPURCHASERS—Continued.theremusthavebeennonoticeofpriorequity.75,sub-sec.3;76.goodfaith.75,sub-sec.4.equitiesof,howaffectedbynotice.76.defenceofmustbepleaded.332;390.constituentsofplea.320,note2;332,note74.formofplea.332.answersupportingplea.332.(SeeAssignments;Notice;Priorities.)BONDSINCOURT.costbonds.180-181.pauperoathinlieu.182-183,foramendedandsupplementalbills.692.injunctionandrefundingbonds.859-863.injunctionbondmustbefiledwhen.1205,sub-sec.52.byreceiver.909.costbondmaybeamended.271,note20.injunctionspertainingtotitlebonds.810.attachmentbond.874.replevinbond.1055.guardian'sbondforproceedsofland.1069.bondtoreplevyattachedproperty.886.chancellor'sdutyastomaster's.1139.ofclerkandmaster.1154.forappealtoappellatecourt.1268.forrentsoflandincaseofappeal.1050.tobeenteredbymasterinbondbook.1171a,sub-sec12.partiestosuitsonofficialbonds.119.BOOKSKEPTBYTHEMASTER.supremecourtreports.1162.minutebook.1169.judgmentindexbook.1169,sub-sec.2.executiondocket.1169,sub-sec.3;1171a,sub-sec.15.cashbook.1169,sub-sec.4.ruledocket.1169,sub-sec.5;1171a,sub-sees.10-11,13-14.memorandumbook.1169,sub-sec.6.depositionbook.1169,sub-sec.7.insolventbook.1169,sub-sec.8.trialdocket.1169,sub-sec.9.bondbook.1171a,sub-sec.12.chambersdocket.1205,sub-sees.53-56.(SeeClerkandMaster.)BRIEFSINCOURTTRIALS.inthechancerycourt.1184;1199;1205,sub-sec.61.appellatecourt.1303-1307.contentsof.1303.formof.1306.whenandwherefiled.1304.suggestionsinreferenceto.1307.thisbookonendorsedbysupremecourtjudges.1293a,note20.BURDENOFPROOFINATRIAL.restsonpartyaffirmingafact.441;443;445;470;534,note20;1183,note57.whenshifted.443;534,note20.

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GENERALINDEX.1101[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]CAPTIONS,OKCOMMENCEMENTS.ofdeposition.486.minutesofcourt.532.bills.156;178.answers.380-381;385.decrees.567,note32;566-568.specialterm.532;1138.styleortitleofacausenottobechanged.178,note32.ofacause.178.CASHBOOKINCOURT.tobekeptbytheclerkandmaster.1169,sub-sec.4.
CAUSEINCHANCERYCOURT.whenatissue.464.standsfortrial,when.531;533;1205,sub-sec.26.howheard.534.howentitled,orstyled.178;786.styleofnottobechanged.178,note32.hearingofonbillandanswer.438-440.party"showingcause"mustshowgoodcause.62,sub-sec.8;428.mayberemandedforfurtherproof,when.541.proceedingswhencausehasbeenremanded.662-665.CERTIORARI,WRITOF.inaidofjurisdictionofappellatecourt.1207.formof,tosupplydefectsinrecord.1311.motionfor,inappellatecourt.1311.CHAMBERSOFTHECHANCELLOR.whatandwhere.776.jurisdictionofthechancelloratchambers.770-775.toruleondemurrers,pleasandmotions.771.toconfirmsales.772.tomakeafinaldecree.773.tograntanappeal.774.toprepareacaseforfinalhearing.775,sub-sec.3.tomakeordersinrelationtoextraordinaryprocess.775.tohearappealsfromthemaster'srulings.775.toactinotherminormatters.775.toappointanadministrator.987,note8.procedureatchambers.777-783.howcausesareheardat."777.noticeorconsentrequired.778.
, formsofproceedingsandofentries.779.howordersanddecreesatareenteredofrecord.780-781.areauthenticated.781.effectofordersanddecreesatchambers.782.exceptionstoordersanddecreesmadeatchambers.783.chambersdockettobekeptbythechancellor.1205,sub-sees.53-57.chambersclerk:hisduties.1205,sub-sees.53-56.(SeeAttachments;Chancellor;ClerkandMaster;Injunctions;MotionsatChambers;Receivers.)CHANCE.presumptionsoffactbasedonprobabilities.445,note53.

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1102 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]CHANCELLORS.theearlychancellors,theirrulesofaction.3-4.ecclesiastics.2,note7.maydismissbillonhisownmotion.525.whatfactshecannotconsider.62,sub-sec.1;451;1183,sub-sec.8.presumedtoknowthelaw.452.mayremandforfurtherproof.540-541.maytakeacaseunderadvisement.544.leavearecordunadjourned.546.shouldnothimselftakeanaccount.597,note12.mayconsentforthoseunderdisability.35;599,note21.hispowers.1137-1138.qualificationsanddisqualifications.1136.powersatchambers.770-775.inrelationtoextraordinaryprocess.775.toproceedingsinthemaster'soffice.775.tohearingmotions,demurrersandpleas,confirmingsales,anddecidingcauses.770-783.actsvoidwhencoramnonjudice.61,sub-sec.2.appointmentofclerkandmaster.1137.ofspecialterms.1138.dutiesofchancellor.1139-1141.astobondsofclerkandmaster.1139.reportsofclerkandmaster.1139.toremoveclerkandmaster,when.1139,sub-sec.2.holdhiscourts.1139,sub-sec.3.chancellorinwhatsenseapublicservant.1139,note1.hisdutywhenpleadingsorproofsinadequate.1140-1141.suggestionsto.1140-1141.astoamendments.429;526;1141.continuances.1141,sub-sec.2;526-529.pleasanddemurrers.1141,sub-sec.3.agreementsbeingreducedtowriting.1141,sub-sec.4.testimonyofparties.1141,sub-sec.5.salesofland.624;1141,sub-sec.6.announcinghisdecree.543.preparingandreadingdecrees.543;1141,sub-sec.7.allowingappeals.1141,sub-sec.8.signingbillsofexceptions.1141,sub-sec.9.rulesgoverningjudgesindeciding.1141,sub-sec.10.whenincompetenttodecide.1142.provisionsincaseofhisincompentecy.1143-1147.ofhisinability.1144.whenhemayinterchange.1146.chancellorandbar.1148-1152.deportmentofsolicitorstowardschancellor.1149.ofchancellortowardssolicitors.1151-1152.proceedingsatchambers.777-783.hisdiscretion,howexercised.583,note4;833,note37;857;902.hisdutytoadministerjustice.1140,note11.tobeimpartial.1140;1152.(SeeChambers;ChanceryCourts;MotionsatChambers.)

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GENERALINDEX.1103[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]CHANCERYCOURTS.historyofthecourtinEngland.1-9.inNorthCarolina.10;16.inTennessee.10-22.divinelawofjusticeitsruleofdecision.8.itsjurisdictionandpowersgenerallyconsidered.16-30.statutoryjurisdiction.20;26-30.exclusivestatutoryjurisdiction.30.concurrentjurisdiction.27-28.inherentjurisdiction.23-25.representstheconscienceofthestate.2,note8;189,note24.itsjurisprudence,pleadingsandpracticeinotherstates.IS;21,note49.pleadingsandpracticeinthisstate.18,note23.triumphoverthelawcourts.20-21,note50.generalpowers.19;21,note52;23-25.practicefoundedonthatofEngland.18.powerstoenforceitsdecrees.646-665;21,note52.preferabletocircuitcourt,when.78.ordinaryroutineof.532.maximsapplicabletothecourt,anditsorders.61.anactofthecourtinjuresnoone.61,sub-sec.1.thepracticeofthecourtisthelawofthecourt.61,sub-sec.4.orderofthecourtprotects.61,sub-sec.7.rationaleofcourts.530.adjournmentofthecourt.532.courtsmadeforcomplainants.521,note5.howopened.532.captionsofminutesof.532.mayremandforfurtherproof.540-541.actsforthoseunderdisability.35;599,note21;972,note2;968;971;980.etiquetteofthecourt.1148-1152.thecourtandthebar.1148;1152.master'sdutywhilecourtisinsession.1171-1171a.summaryjurisdictionoversolicitors.1177.alwaysopenforfilingpleadingsandproofs.889,note49.whatthecourtjudiciallyknows.452,sub-sec.2.dutyofcourtinsellinglands.624;1141,sub-sec.6.discretionarypowerofcourtovermoneyincourt.769.actsasguardianofwives,infantsandlunatics.968-971.thecourtofthecommonpeople,originally.133,note4.maydismissabillonitsownmotion,when.525.specialtermshowappointed.1138.appealtofromcountycourt.536.thisbookonendorsedbysupremecourtjudges.1293a,note20.(SeeChancellor;Court;Decrees;Jurisdiction;Equity;Hearing;Prac-tice;RulesofPractice;SuitsinChancery.)CHANCERYRULES.(SeeRulesofPractice.)CHANCERYSUITS.inthecircuitcourt.1324-1326.countycourt.1327-1342.comparedwithsuitsatlaw.78;132.characterof,whenfirstinstitutedinEngland.3.(SeeChanceryCourt;SuitsinChancery.)

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1104 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]CHABGESANDDISCHARGES.onanaccounting.958;1205,sub-sec.46.CHTJBCH.nojurisdictionofmattersofreligion,exceptwhen.56;825,note102.CIRCUITCOURTS.preferabletochancerycourt,when.78.whatchancerysuitsmaybebroughtin.1324-1326.equitablejurisdictionof.1324-1326.howachancerysuitisconductedin.1325.CITIES.howsued,orsuing.89;130.mustbesuedincountywheresituated.177,notes17;30.CIVILAPPEALS,COURTOF.(SeeCourtofCivilAppeals.)CIVILLAW,THE.itsearlyhistory,anddevelopment.1-9.(SeeChanceryCourt;Equity;Maxims.)CLAIMSINCOURT.filingofonareference.610;1337.petitionforleavetofile.794;1003.informalclaim.1003;1337.claimorchargeontakinganaccount.958.CLEANHANDS.complainant'shandsmustbeclean.42.demurrerforwantof.287.CLERKSANDMASTERS.officeof,generallyconsidered.1153.appointmentandinduction.1137;1154.dutiesof,inreferencetosales.627.makingreports.603;614.reportingtaxesonlandssold.1205,sub-sec.50.frameandformofhisreport.611-613.proceedingsbeforeonareference.603-610;958.filingclaimsbefore.610.mayamendhisreportwhenexceptedto.1205,sub-sec.47.deedby.650.punishmentforfailingtomakereports.603,note2;614.chancellor'sdutyastohisbonds.1139.reports.1139;1171a,sub-sec.1-5.removablebychancellor,when.1139,sub-sec.2.mattersreferableto.1153.powersanddutiesintheinstitutionofasuit.1155.intheprosecutionofasuit.1156.onruledays.1157.onotherdays.1158.intakingproof.1159.inmakingreports.1160;1171a,sub-sees.1-2,4-5.hisfinancialreport.1161;1171a,sub-sees.1-2.4-5.bookreport.1162;1171a,sub-sec.3.powersof,inrevivingsuits.1163;1205,sub-sec.48.

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GENERALINDEX.1105[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]'CLERKSANDMASTERS—Continued.,
powersofinmakingdeeds.650;1164.inadjourningcourt.1165.inreceivingandpayingmoney.644-645;1166-1168.inopeningbiddings.635.booksheisrequiredtokeep.1169;1171a.
hisdutieswhilecourtisinsession.1171;1171a.
otherduties.1170;1171a.
custodyofthefilesandrecords.1170,note101;1171-1171a;1205,sub-sec.51.rulesforhisguidance.1171a.
hisruledocket,howtobekept.1171a,sub-sees.10,11,13-14;1169,sub-sec.5.executiondocket,howtobekept.1171a,sub-sec.15;1169,sub-sec.3.financialreportmustshowwhat.1171a,sub-sec.3.reportofsalesmustdescribetheland.1171a,sub-sec.5.chancellor'sdocket,howtobemade.1171s-,sub-sec.17.amountsindecreesmustbeexpressedinwords.1171,sub-sec.9.nottoenteradecreeunlessinink.1171a,sub-sec.8.mustcopyallbondsinbondbook.1171a,sub-sec.12.appointguardiansadlitem,when.1171,sub-sec.16;1205,sub-sec.49.copyallreturnsonruledocket.1171a,sub-sec.14.deputyclerkandmaster:hispowersandduties.1172.chambersclerk,exoMcio.1205,sub-sec.53-56.(SeeBooks;References;Reports;Sales.)CLIENTSINCOTJRTPROCEEDINGS.confidentialcommunicationsby.1178,note27.solicitorcanbind.62,sub-sec.5;1175.dutyofsolicitorto.1176.(SeeSolicitors.)CLOUDSONTITLE.injunctionsagainst.812;1208.billquiatimet.1042;1050;1052;1208.decreeremovingacloud.1209.CODEPRACTICE.comparedwithchancerypractice.15.COMMENCEMENTSOFPLEADINGSANDDECREES.(SeeCommencements,inIndexofForms,post.)COMMISSIONERS.totakedepositions.478.theirpowersandduties.492-496.exceptionsbefore.496.commissionertosellland.650.topartitionland.1062-1063.toassignhomesteadanddower.1332.reportsof,onpartitionofland.1063.ondowerandhomestead.1332.injunctionsagainst.815.COMMONCARRIERS.billagainstbyabailor,shipperorconsignor.1079.COMMONLAW.(SeeLaw.)

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]106 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unless,otherwisestated.]
COMPLAINANTSINTHECHANCERYCOURT."complainant"preferredto"plaintiff."133,note7.courts,madeforcomplainants.521,noteS.complainantsfavoredonacontinuance.521,note5.maydismisstheirbills,when.523-524.motionsbyyinperson.220.incourt.214-220;514;745-749.atchambers.771-775.ruleontotakesteps.239.impliedcontractofwiththecourt.814,note27.howtonieetamotiontodismisshisbill.274.(SeeMotions;Parties.)CONCURRENTJURISDICTION.(SeeChanceryCourt;Jurisdiction;SuitsinChancery.)CONSCIENCEINEQUITY.whatwasformerlymeantby.4,note17.goodconscienceandgoodreasonenforcedbyequity.4;45;58.thechancerycourtrepresentsconscienceofstate.2,note8.
CONSENTINCOURTPROCEEDINGS.effectsofconsent.72;61,sub-sec.3.decreesbyconsent.577;1205,sub-sec.70.estopscomplaint.72.decreesbyconsentmustbesigned.1205,sub-sec.70.agreementsshouldbeinwriting,andsigned.1141,sub-sec.4;1205,sub-sec.62.CONSOLIDATIONSOFSUITSINCOURT.motionsfor.754-755.orderfor.755;1039.CONSIDERATIONFORPROPERTY.whopaystheconsiderationacquiresanequity.43.CONSTRUCTIONSOFWRITINGSINCOURT.ofcontracts.63.pleadings.63.billstoconstruewills,ortrusts.929.maximsofinterpretation.63,note21.(SeeContracts;Interpretation.)CONTEMPTSINCOURTPROCEEDINGS.attachmenttocompelananswer.201-204.formofanattachment.202;923.proceedingsuponanattachment.203.effectofacontempt.204;924.ininjunctionsuits.845-848.contemptgenerallyconsidered.918.natureandkindsof.919.inpresenceofthecourt.920;1196.outofthepresenceofthecourt.921;1196.punishmentforcontempts.922.contemptsbeforethemaster.429;923;1159,sub-sec.3;1196,sub-sec.3.interferencewithofficersorprocess.40.chanGeryruleinreferenceto.1196.bywitnesses.492;923;1159,sub-sec.3;1196,sub-sec.3.(SeeAttachmentsofthePerson.)

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GEN^RAIvINDEX.1107[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]CONTINUANCESOB"CAUSES,motionfor.519-521.affidavitfor.520.termsimposedon.521;526-529;1197;1205,sub-sees.33-38.suggestionsasto.526-529;1141,sub-sec.2.complainantsfavoredonamotionfor.521,note5.innature,nocontinuances.526,note4.continuancesbyconsent.529;1197.devicestoobtain,page473,note13.chanceryruleasto.1197.causeformeansgoodcause.62,sub-sec.8.effectofacontinuance,522.ininjunctionandattachmentsuitsfewercontinuanices.1205,sub-sec.40.CONTRACTS,ANDCONTRACTORS.dutyofcourtstoenforceandnottomake.61,sub-sec.3;note1.whenspecificallyenforced.949.maximsrelatingtocontracts.61,sub-sec.3;949,note2.contractdefined.949.theimpliedcontract.58,note78;932.betweencomplainantandcourt.814,note27.equitylookstotheintentratherthantoform.43;58.injunctionspertainingto.811.constructionof.63,note21.contractors'liens.1037.billonacontract.1079.CONTRIBUTIONS.suitstocompelcontribution.966-967.formofbillforcontribution.967.CONVERSION.generallyconsidered.45.CONVEYANCES.infraudofcreditors,howsetaside.1009-1017.voluntarydeemedfraudulent,when.1011.(SeeDeeds;FraudulentConveyance.)CORAMNOBIS.(SeeWritofErrorCoramNobis.)CORPORATIONS.howsued,astoname.89.partiestosuitsbyandagainst.131.howservedwithprocess.193.answerof,howverified.379,note20;788-789.injunctionsagainst.818.chanceryruleastoorganizationof.1201.billagainstinnatureofaquowarranto.1081-1083.frameandformofsuchabill.1082-1083.COSTSINCHANCERY.whatarecosts.582.costsofsuit,howsecured.180.formofbond.181.pauperoaths.182-183.

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1,108 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]COSTSINCHANCERY—Continued.bondoroathforamendedorsupplementalbills.692.motionforbettersecurity.234.billofcoststoadeposition.488.onacontinuance.521;S26-S29;1197;120S,sub-sees.33-38.costs,howadjudged.S82-593.generalrulesasto-583;586.statutoryrequirements.584.taxationandretaxation.585.successfulpartiestaxedwith,when.587-588.apportioned,when.589-590.administratorstaxedwith,when.591.guardiansandtrusteestaxedwith,when.591.costsoninterlocutoryorders.592.paidoutoffund,when.593.'costsohamendments.429;526.costsspurpartiestodiligence.521;526-529.onoverrulingdemurrers.592,note61.chanceryrulesasto,oncontinuances.1197;1205,sub-sees.33-38.ofexpressageandpostageinmotionsatchambers.1205,sub-sec.57.(SeeBonds.)COUNSEL.(SeeSolicitors.)COUNTY.howsued,orsuing.89;129.wheretobesued.177,sub-sec.12.term"district"'meanscounty,when.177,note15.whereinsuitmustbebrought.177;250;251;292.COUNTYCOURTS.appealfrom,tochancerycourt,when.536;1342.chancerysuitsin,generallyconsidered.1327-1328.whatchancerysuitsmaybebroughtin.1327.howchancerysuitsin,areconducted.1327.petitionsin.1328.assignmentofhomesteadanddowerin.1329-1333.proceedingsin,tosettleinsolventestates.1334-1342.COURTS.rationaleof,andtheirjurisdiction.530.inwhatcourttobringsuit.78.circuitandchancerycourtscontrasted.132.etiquetteof.1148-1152.implied'contractofwithplaintiffs.814,note27.ordersofprotectthoseactingunder.61,sub-sec.7.(SeeChanceryCourt.)COURTS,CHANCERY.(SeeChanceryCourts.)COURTS,CIRCUIT.(SeeCircuitCourts.)COURTOFCIVILAPPEALS.whyestablished.1287.itsjurisdiction.1263a;1288;1294-1301.proceedingsin.1294-1321.

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GENERALINDEX.1109[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]COUBTOFCIVILAPPEALS—Continued."amountinvolved,"whatmeantby.1263a,note15a.howcausesareheardin.1289.effectofitsdecrees.1290;1291.itsdecrees,howrevised.1291;1293.effectof.1291.formsofdecrees.1291.proceedingsonremandmentfrom.663.(SeeAppellateCourts.)COURT,SUPREME.(SeeSupremeCourt.)CREDITORS.offendedagainstasoftenasoffending.1009,note2.petitionbytobecomeaparty.615;794;1003;992remediesinadministeringaninsolventestate.988-996;1003;1337.injunctionsinbehalfof.806.creditoratlargenorighttoextraordinaryprocess.806.whoisageneralcreditor..806,note12.suittoaidajudgmentcreditorwherenofraud.1018.whereadiscoveryisnecessary.1019-1024.aforeigncreditor.1025-1027.bycreditorstocollectdebts.1073-1080.generalcreditors'bills.1030-1035.frameandformofageneralcreditors'bill.1033-1034.proceedingsuponageneralcreditors'bill.1035.advertisementforcreditors.1035;1001;1335.judgmentcreditors'bills.1005-1027.whohasnoremedyatlaw.1005-1035.canhavejudgmentsbutnoexecutionslevied.1007-1035.needsadiscoveryofproperty.1019-1024.isanon-residentanddefendantanon-resident.1025-1027.filingclaimsby,underdecree.610;794;1003.ofhusbandinadivorcesuit,rightsof.1105.CROSSBILLS.generallyconsidered.399;725-738.whenshouldbefiled.400;727;730.proceedingsupon.401.answerasacrossbill.405;734-735.relationofcrossbilltooriginalbill.726.whatreliefobtainablebyadefendant,without.729.whencrossbillnotproper.728.frameofacrossbill.732.formof.733.formofanswerasacrossbill.734-735;405.defencesto.737.hearingonacrossbill.738.costbond,whenanswerfiledasacrossbill.373,note37;405;736.innatureofpleapuisdarriencontinuance,when.727;437.DAMAGES.forbreachofinjunctionbonds.863.whenirreparable.819,note62.suitsinvolvingunliquidateddamages.26;36;38;28,note34;1076.whatareliquidateddamages.28,note34.

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1110 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]DAMAGES—Continued.demurrerbecausebillisforunliquidateddamages.293.billtorecoverliquidateddamages.1075.unliquidateddamages.1076.DAYINCOURT.(SeeAppearance;Defendant.)DAYSOFGRACE.originof.225,note27.DEATHOFPARTIES.effectofthedeathofaparty.113;698.decreeafterdeathnotvoid,when.698,note4;888.(SeeAbatementandRevivor.)DEBTORS.equitiesof,whendebtisassigned.74,sub-sec.4.comparedwithacreditorastodevices.1009,note2.hisopinionastohisallegedfraud.1009,note7.hisassets,whenproratedamonghiscreditors.1030-1035.suitstocollectdebts.1073-1080.proceedingsagainstbycreditorwithoutremedyatlaw.1005-1035.saleofhislandstopayhisdebtsathisdeath.988-996;997-1004.DEBENEESSE.billstotaketestimonydebeneesse.1133-1135.DECEDENTS.suitstoselldecedents'lands.988-996.administrationofinsolventestatesinchancery.997-1004.incountycourt.1334-1342.(SeeAdministration;Administrators;InsolventEstates.)DECREESINTHECHANCERYCOURT.1.DecreesGenerallyConsidered.decreesgenerallyconsidered.564-574.nature,officeandeffectof.564.essentialsof.565;446;576;648,note14.frameandformof.566-568.bywhomdrawn.545.chanceryruleasto.1192.whenchangedoramended.572-573;502,note2.revivorof.574;707.kindsof.575-579.interlocutorydecrees.572,note58;575.finaldecrees,576.announcementof.543.groundsof.555.natureandextentofreliefgranted.555-563.wheninterestwillbeallowed.563.reliefunderthegeneralprayer.557.basedontheanswer.558.givenadefendant,when.559.betweenco-defendants.560.defeatedbyaco-defendant.561;210.forpersonsnotparties.562.givinglibertytoapply.566,note30.

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GENERALINDEX.Mil;[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]DECREESINTHECHANCERYCOURT—Continued.vconsentdecrees.577;1205,sub-sec.70.nuncprotuncdecrees.578.supplementaldecrees.579.decrees,valid,voidableandvoid,when.446;565;'814,note43.suggestionsastosubstanceandform.580-581;1192.decreesastocosts.582-593.filingclaimsunder.610.ofsale.626.ofpurchasenote.643.billstocarrydecreesintoexecution.723-724;1077.toimpeachdecreesforfraud.935.decreescircumscribedbythepleadings.139,note19;140;142;648,note14.mustbebasedonissues.142;406,note1.notonproofalone.142.basedonconsentmustshow,what.1205,sub-sec.70.againstawifeorinfantvalid,unless.1255,note11.logicofdecrees.407.equityenforceswhatgoodreasonrequires.58.allpresumptionsinfavorof.61,sub-sec.6.,
probativeforceofdecrees.446;565;649;814,note43.decreesbasedonanswers.555,note1;558.shouldbeinink.571;1171a,sub-sec.8;1192;1205,sub-'sec,71.shouldbeonatleastahalfsheet.571;1192;1205,sub-sec.71.shoulddescribelandssold.627,note41;172;1205,sub-sec.69.voidandvoidable.61,sub-sec.5;446;565,note;814,note43.afterdeathofdefendantnotvoid,when.698,note4;888.effectofanappealon.1262.whatmaybeappealedfrom.1265.superseded.1277-1279.drawingandenteringofdecrees.545;571.orderofcourtprotectshimwhoobeysit.61,sub-sec.7.(SeeRelief.)2.InterlocutoryDecrees.definedanddescribed.575;572,note58.formof.567.referencesto.themaster.594-602.objecttoareference.594.whatmaybereferred.595-598.mattersnotproperforareference.596.whenreferencesarenecessary.597-598.howandwhenmade.599.frameandformof.600-601.filingclaimsunder.610.willbesuperseded,whenandhow.1277-1278.(SeeOrders,inIndexofEorms,post.)3.FinalDecrees.defined.576;1265;572,note58.onaproconfessq.209-211.settingasideaproconfgssodecree.208-213;888-890.whenaproconfessowillnotauthorizeafinaldecree.210;561.drawingandentering.571;545;1141.groundsof.58;555.natureandextentofreliefgranted.555-563.

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1112 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]DECREESINTHECHANCERYCOURT—Continued.reliefundergeneralprayer.557.ontheanswer.SS8.foradefendant.SS9.betweendefendants.560.forpersonsnotparties.562.decreesgenerallyconsidered.564-574.announcementofdecrees.543.decreeswhenvalid,voidableandvoid.61,sub-sec.5;446;565;814,note43.probativeforceofdecrees.446.multifariousness,noobjectiontoathearing.542.defectofparties,howtreatedathearing.542.nature,officeandeffectofadecree.446;564;649.essentialsof.565;576;580.frameof.566;581.formof.567-568.whenmaybechanged.572.whenandhowamended.573.revivorof.574;715;723-724.kindsof.446;575-579.consentdecrees.577.nuncprotuncdecrees.578.
,.supplementaldecrees.579.decreedismissingbillathearing.569.onmotion.440;524;569.decreesofsale,andproceedingsthereon.621;643.onarehearing.1222.suggestionsastosubstanceandform.580-581;1141,sub-sec.7.costs,howadjudged.582-593.decrees,howenforced.646-661.powersofthecourtinenforcing.646-665.transferoftitlebydecree.649.injunctionstoperform.32;651.attachmentstoenforce.32;652.paymentofmoneyonadecree.644-645.ofproceedsofpropertysold.645.confirmingsale.996;649;630.ininjunctionsuits.36;38;837;844.whenandhowsetasideinattachments.888-890.whatmaybeappealedfrom.1265.superseded.1279.effectofanappealoa1262.whenawritoferrorwilllieto.1272.willbesuperseded,whenandhow.1277;1279.remandedfromsupremecourt.662;664.courtofcivilappeals.663.(SeeRelief;Decrees,inIndexofForms,post.)4.DecreesinParticularSuits.settingasideaproconfesso.213.onapleainabatement.264-265.inacausesetforhearingonbillandanswer.440.dismissingbill.440;524;569.onverdictofjury.551.declaringalienandorderingasale.568.orderingasaleofland.626;844;1069;1340.

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GENERALINDEX.1113[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]DECREESINTHECHANCERYCOURT—Continued,confirmingasaleofland.630;649;996.adjudgingthedefendanttobealunatic.983.removingacloud.1209.declaringamechanic'slien.1040.toenforcealienonasawmill.568.setasideafraudulentconveyance.1015.onabillofdiscovery.1124.scalinganoteforusury.844.openingastatedaccount.956.dissolvingapartnership.961.orderingasaleofinfant'slands.977.inanejectmentsuit.1049.foradebtonalegaldemand.1080.onanaward.1080.anopenaccount.1080.foraninterpleader.1114.onarefundingbond.862.fordivorceandalimony.1104.toselladecedent'slandfordebt.995;1340.fordistributionofaninsolventestate.1004.partitionofland.568;1064.saleforpartition.1069.homesteadanddower.1333.inanattachmentsuit.887.grantingreliefonacrossbill.844.settinguparesultingtrust.930.declaringadeedtobeamortgage.844;931.forconstructivefraud,orbreachoftrust.938.aspecificperformanceofacontract.951.tosetasideadecree.213;890.setupalostnote.943.reformadeed.945.foranaccounting.954.anewtrialatlaw.1209.(SeeDecrees,inIndexofPorms,post.)DECREESINTHECOUNTYCOURT.assigninghomesteadanddower.1333.toselllandofdecedentforhisdebts.1340.confirmingclerk'sreportofassets.1342.DECREESINCOURTOPCIVILAPPEALS.affirmingdecreebelow.1290.reversingdecreebelow.1290.enforcementof,onremandment.663-664.decreeshowreviewedinsupremecourt.1291;1293.DECREESINTHESUPREMECOURT.reversingdecreeofchancerycourt.1321.affirmingdecreeofchancery.1321.andmodifyingdecreebelow.1321.reversingandmodifyingdecreebelow.1321.affirmingwhennoerrorsassigned.1321.decreeofcourtofcivilappeals.1321.modifyingdecreeofcourtofcivilappeals.1321.enforcementofonremandment.662;664.(SeeDecrees,inIndexofForms,post.)

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1114 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]DEEDS.deedsoftrustenforcedinchancery.1041.bymasterorcommissioner.650;1164.injunctionspertainingtotrustdeeds.810.billtoenforcedeedoftrust.1041.deedsinfraudofcreditors.1009-1017.suitstoreform.94S-946.rescind.947-948.DEFENCESINSUITSINCHANCERY.proceedingspreliminarytodefence.229;233-239;750-752.defencesgenerallyconsidered.230;425.variousmodesofdefence.231;411.orderinwhichdefencesaremade.232.dilatoryandperemptory.230.defence,whentobemade.225-227;1205.wheretobemade.228.byonedefendantbenefitsanother,when.561;210.notspeciallysetupcannotbereliedon.358;391.mustbeconsistent.409.motionforfurthertimetomake.237.joinderofdefences.402-405.differentdefencesdistingushed.411-415.analysisofalldefencesonmerits.414.tableofdefencesonmerits.415.defencestoamendedandsupplementalbills.693-697.crossbills.735;737.billsofrevivor,720-722.ofdiscovery.1123.toselldecedent'slands.991.defencetomeritsconcedesjurisdiction,when.177,notesllf,16,17,30;292,note22;261;413,note6.suggestionsastodefences.425-426.equitabledefences,whatare.814,note32.defencesinattachmentsuits.884.toejectmentbills.1048.notavailableatlaw,butinequity.814,note32.(SeeAnswers;Demurrers;JoinderofDefences;motionstoDismiss;FleasinAbatement;FleasinBar.)DEFENDANTSINCHANCERYSUITS.employmentofcounselby.229;233,note3;1174.defendantvs.respondent.133,note7;355,note1.whoshouldbedefendants.100-102.misnomerof,howcorrected.385,sub-sec.3.whenentitledtoclosetheargument.1183,note57.betterisconditionofdefendant.62,sub-sec.3;64,sub-sec.20.defencebyonedefendantbenefitsanother,when.561;210.whatreliefadefendantmayhave.559-560;844.defencesgenerallyconsidered.229-232.preliminarymotionsby.233-239.materialdefendant,whois.177,note12.musthaveadayincourt.60;185,sub-sec.4.whenandwhereboundtoappear.225-228;1200;1205.

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GENERALINDEX.1115[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]DEFINITIONS.(SeeInterpretation.)DELAYSINSTJITS.mustbeexplained,when.49;62,sub-sec.8.causeofmustbejustandlegal.62,sub-sec.8.suggestionstoprevent.S26-S29.DELIVERYUPOFINSTRUMENTS.whenenforcedinchancery.947-948.DEMURRERSINCHANCERY.officeofdemurrer.276;301-304;412.groundsof,generally.276-277;302.demurrerstothediscovery.279;1123;1178.notapplicabletopleasoranswers.280;416,note1;3S1,note17.byallowance.278;281-288.becausenotforthewholematter.282.forwantofproperparties.283.formultifariousness.284.forrepugnancy.285.becausecomplainant'shandsnotclean.287.pendencyofanothersuit.286.demurrersofright.278;289-300.forwantofequityinthebill.289.ofjurisdiction.290.becauseamountisunderfiftydollars.291.billisfiledinthewrongcounty.292.billisforunliquidateddamages.293.aplainremedyatlaw.294.matterisunfitforequity.295.billseekstoenforceapenalty.296.casenotwithinageneralrule.297.caseinsomeexceptionstotherule.298.complainanthasnorighttosue.299.isamarriedwoman.299.aninfant.299.failedtotakeanecessarystep.299,sub-sec.4.thedefendantisnotliable.300.oflachesofcomplainant.288.rulesgoverningdemurrers.301-308.whatademurreradmits.304.demurrersmustbespecial.305.mustnotbetoobroad.306.mustnotspeak.307.joinedwithanotherpleading.308;311.frameandformofdemurrers.309-311.demurrerscoupledwithanswers.311;403.coupledwithaplea.1253.formsofdemurrers.310-311.whenademurrermustbefiled.312.actionofthecourtondemurrers.313-316.howdemurrersaredisposedof.313.whendemurrersaredisposedof.314.effectofsustainingandoverrulingdemurrers.315.amendingdemurrers.306,note33;316;432.

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1116 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]DEMURRERSINCHANCERY—Continued.practicalsuggestionsconcerningdemurrers.317-319;425.,
dispositionofthecourttowarddemurrers..317;1141,sub-sec.3.practicalvalueof.318.howtoframea.319.differencesbetweenademurrerandaplea.412.howtested.419.toamendedandsupplementalbills.694.billsofrevivor.721.maybefiledafteranswer,when.232.shouldberuledonfinally.315,note19.billfavoredwhendemurredto.63;317,note4;268,note10.demurrerstopleas.351,note.differencebetweendemurrerandplea.412.costsonoverruling.592,note61.tobillsofreview.1251-1252.ofdiscovery.1123.(SeeDemurrers,inIndexofForms,post.)DEPOSITIONSINCHANCERYSUITS.whendepositionmaybetaken.474;1205,sub-sees.20-32.depositionsofparties.475.howdepositionsaretaken.476.beforewhatofficers.477.commissionersappointedtotake.478.witnessmaybere-examined,when.607,notes13-14;1191,sub-sec.6;1193,sub-sec.10.witnessmaybeexaminedatcourt,when.1205,sub-sec.31.depositionscomparedwithoralproof.479.noticetotakedepositions.480-482;1205.sub-sec.30.whereapartyisoutofthestate.482;1205,sub-sec.30.formofnotice.481.serviceofnotice.482.depositionstakenoninterrogatories.483-485.noticeoffilinginterrogatories.484.formofinterrogatories.485;487;508;509.formalitiesofadeposition.486-491.formofcaption.486.ofbody.487.ofcertificate.488.depositionstakeninshorthand.489.wheninterpreternecessary.495.oathofinterpreter.495.howenvelopedandtransmitted.490.receivingandfiling.491.powersanddutiesofcommissioners.492-496;1159.exceptionstodepositions.1205,sub-sec.32;1191;497-501;511.amendmentofdepositions.502-504.practicalsuggestionsaboutdepositions.505-513.rulesforquestioningwitnesses.505.howtoexamineawitness.506-507.cross-examine.508.formsofquestions.508;509;485;487.rebuttingevidence.510.exceptionstoevidence.512.howtoreaddepositions.513.

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GENERALINDEX.1117[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]DEPOSITIONSINCHANCERYSUITS—Continued.powersofmasterintaking.1159.chanceryruleastodepositions.1191.howmadepartoftherecordwhenruledout.538;1213,sub-sees.1and6.(SeeEvidence;Exceptions;Proof;Questions;Testimony;Witnesses.)DEPUTYCLERKANDMASTER.hispowersandduties.1172.DETAINEROFLAND.billtorecoverpossessionofland.1045.DETINUEINCHANCERY.frameandformofbillin.1057.DILIGENCE.(SeeLachesandNegligence.)DISABILITY,PARTIESUNDER.chanceryactsforthosedisabled.35;598,note14;972,note1;980;968-971.discretionofthecourtoversmallsumsbelongingtominors.769.saleofpropertyofwives,infantsandlunatics.972-984.(SeeHusbandandWife;Infants;Idiots;Lunatics;MarriedWomen;Parties.)DISCHARGE.ontakinganaccount.958;1205,sub-sec.46.DISCLAIMERSTOBILLSINCHANCERY.dennedandexplained.393.whenadefendantcannotdisclaim.394.whenallowable.395;1048.effect'of.396.frameof.397.formof.398;1048.DISCOVERYINCHANCERY.(SeeBillofDiscovery.)DISCRETIONOFTHECHANCELLOR.defined.583,note4.ingrantinginjunctions.833,note37.indissolvinginjunctions.857.inappointingareceiver.902.DISMISSALOFBILLSINCHANCERY.motiontodismiss.266;523-525.groundsofmotionstodismiss.267-272;523-525.whenmotiontodismissmustbemade.273.forwantofequity.268.formofbillunknown.269.forwantofjurisdiction.270.ofaprerequisitetothewrit.271.othergroundsofdismissal.272;524.howamotiontodismissmaybedefeated,oravoided.274.motionbycomplainanttodismiss.523-524.bythecourt,suasponte.525.atthehearing.569.withoutprejudice.570.

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1118 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]DISMISSALOPBILLSINCHANCERY—Continued.notwhenbillisamendable.570,note41.billfavorablyconstruedonhearingofmotion.63;317,note4;268,note10.DISSOLUTIONOPINJUNCTIONS.(SeeInjunctions.)DISTRIBUTEES,OB,LEGATEES.suitsbyagainsttheadministrator.927.billforlegacy,ordistributiveshare.927.DISTRICT.termasusedinCodedefined.177,noteIS.districtattorneyabetterdesignationthanattorney-general.1082,note9.DISTRINGAS,WRITOF.whenawarded.656.formof.656.
.
DIVORCESINCHANCERY.marriageanddivorcegenerallyconsidered.1088.groundsofdivorce.1089.localjurisdictionofthecourt.1090.restorationofconjugalrights.1091.pleadingsandprocedureinasuitfordivorce.1092-1098.frameofbill.1093.generalformofbill.1094.specialformofbill.1095.answerandcrossbill.1096.alimonypendentelite.1097.petitionforalimony.1098.proceedingsonthepetition.1098.trialofdivorcesuit.1099.kindsofdivorcegranted.1100.alimonyonfinaldecree.1101.remediestosecurealimony.1102.otherreliefgranted.1103.frameofthedecree.1104.rightsofcreditorsofhusband.1105.neexeatgrantedwhen.865,note10.DOCKETSOPTHECHANCERYCOURT.executiondocket.1169,sub-sec.3;1171a,sub-sec.15.ruledocket.1169,sub-sec.5;1171a,sub-sees.10-11,13-14.trialdocket.1169,sub-sec.9.ruledocket,howtobekept.1171a,sub-sees.10-11,13-14.executiondocket,howtobekept.1171a,sub-sec.15.chancellor'sdocket,whattobeenteredin.1171a,sub-sec.17.chambersdocket.1205,sub-sees.53-56.DOCUMENTSINCOURT.documents,whatare.466,note15;468.whentobefiled.466.orderedtobeproduced.467;608.exhibitswhat,andwhenandhowproved.468.discoveryandproductionof,bybill.1119.noticetoproduce,orsecondaryproof.471.originalssentuponappeal,when.450,note76.(SeeEvidence;Exhibits;Depositions;Proof.)

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GENERALINDEX.1119[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]DOWER.applicationfor,howmade.1329.frameandformofpetitionfor.1330;proceedingsincourtonapplicationfor.1331.bycommissionerstandreport.1332.confirmationofreportanddecree.1333.(SeeHomestead.)DUTIES.rightsanddutiesconsidered.167.EASEMENTS.injunctionstoprotect.821.ECCLESIASTICALQUESTIONS.chanceryhasnojurisdictionof,exceptwhen.56;.825,note102.EJECTMENTBILLSINCHANCERY.partiestosuitstorecoverland.125.ejectmentbill.1045.formof.1046.defencesto.1048.answersto.1048.pleaoftitle.327;1048.ofstatuteoflimitations.331;1048.disclaimers.1048.whatcomplainantmustprove.1047.frameandformofdecrees.1049.bondsforrentsincaseofappeal.1050.ELECTIONBETWEENREMEDIES.wheretwosuitsaboutsamematter.'328;62,sub-sec.6;67,note17;836.rightsaboutsomematter.67,note17.(SeeEstoppel;Waiver.)EMPLOYEES.ofcorporations,partnershipsandmerchants,suitsby.1037.ENROLLMENTSOPCOURTPROCEEDINGS.chanceryruleinreferenceto.1202.ENTRIESOPRECORD.entriesinminutesleftopen.779.shouldbeinviolable.1169,note77.EQUITY.usedinatwo-foldsense.51,note51.itsoriginandevolution.1-10.howlawhasfollowedEquity.7.thetriumphofEquityoverthecommonlaw.9;13-15;21,note50.equitabledefences,whatare.814,note32:classificationofmattersofjurisdiction.22.wife'sequityenforcedinchancery.968-969.suitincontrastedwithsuitatlaw.78;132.enforcespropertyrightsonly,exceptwhen.59.actsupontheperson.32.willnotsufferawrongwithoutaremedy.33.delightstodocompletejustice.38.lookstotheintentratherthantotheform.43.

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1120 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]EQUITY—Continued.imputesanintentiontofulfilanobligation.44.regardsthatasdonewhichoughttobedone.45.delightsinequalityofbenefitsandburdens.47.actsspecifically,andnotbywayofcompensation.34.aidsthevigilant,andnotthosewhosleepontheirrights.49.followsthelawinsomematters.S3.willundowhatfraudhasdone.48.regardsthebeneficiaryastherealowner.57.enforceswhatgoodreasonandgoodconsciencerequire.58.(SeeChanceryCourt;Law;MaximsandPrinciplesofEquity.)ERRORSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.variousmethodsofcorrecting.1205a.newtrialsinchancery.1210-1214.atlaw.1206-1209.rehearings.1215-1222;1204;1319.billofreview.1223-1253.appeal.1262-1269.writoferror.1270-1276;1279.oferrorcoramnobis.1254-1261.appealinthenatureofawritoferror.1266-1267.writsofsupersedeas.1277-1279.motiontodismisswritoferror.1310.transcriptsofrecordincasesof.1280-1286.(SeeAppeal;BillofReview;Rehearing;Supersedeas;WritofError;WritofErrorCoramNobis.)ESCHEATS.proceedingstodeclare.1051-1052.ESTATES,INSOLVENT.suitstoadminister,inchancery.997-1004.incountycourt.1334-1342.(SeeInsolventEstates.)ESTOPPELSINCHANCERY.principlesonwhichestoppelsrest.67.essentialelementsofanestoppel.67,note17.estoppelswhenappliedtoland.67.estoppelsuponmarriedwomen,andinfants.67.effectandextentofanestoppel.67;71.mustbespeciallypleaded.334,sub-sec.7.(SeeWaiver.)ETIQUETTEOFTHECHANCERYCOURT.thecourtandthebar.1148.deportmentofsolicitorstowardsthecourt.1149;1183.towardseachother.1150;1183.ofthechancellortowardsthebar.1151.EVIDENCEINCHANCERY.generalrulesofevidence.441;470.evidencemustbepertinent.441,sub-sec.1.thebestevidencepossiblemustbeproduced.441,sub-sec.4.importantrulesofevidence.470.paroltovarywritings.442;447;930,note2.burdenofproof.441;443;445;470;534,note20.

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GENERALINDEX.1121[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]EVIDENCEINCHANCERY—Continued.probativeforceofcourtrecords.446.parolevidenceincasesoffraud,accidentandmistake.442,sub-sec.1;447.tosetuporenforceatrust.442,sub-sec.2;447;930,note2.tohaveadeeddeclaredamortgage.442,sub-sec.3;447.tovaryorimpeachwritingsinothercases.442;447.mustbepertinenttoallegations.142;648,note14.presumptions.444;445;449;page365,notes49-53.amountofevidencenecessary.445;447.necessarytovarywritings.930,note2;447.fraud,howproved.448.whenpresumed.449;1011.badgesoffraud.1010.inspectioninaidofproof.450.factschancellorcannotconsider.451.whatneednotbeproved.452.mustbeproved.441,note4;470.whenevidencenotnecessary.453-454.whatfactsareinissue.142;455;470;441,note4;648,note14.inissueuponaplea.456.inissueuponananswer.457.admissionsinpleadings.458-462.answer,whenevidence.460.whennotevidence.461. •billwhenevidenceforcomplainant.462.whenproofmustbefiled.463-468;1191.preliminariestotaking.463.cause,whenatissue.464;533.timeallowedfortakingproof.465;1191;1205,sub-sees.20-32.documents,whentobefiled.466;471;608;1205,sub-sec.22;1190;sub-sec.2.whenorderedtobeproduced.467.proofofexhibits.468;1205,sub-sec.22.agreementsastoproof.472.negligenceintakingproof.473.exceptionstoevidence.512;535;496;538.rebuttingevidence.465;510;1191;1205,sub-sec.21.objectionsto,atthehearing.535;538.ruledoutathearing,howmadeofrecord.538;1213.defectsinremediedatthehearing.538.remandingforfurtherproof.541;1140;1318.evidenceonareference.607-609.billstoperpetuatetestimony.1125-1132.totaketestimonydebeneesse.1133-1135.motionsinreferenceto.756.noticetoproduce,orsecondaryevidencewillbeoffered.471.actsandfacts,whatconstitutes.786,note14.chancellor'sdutywhenproofsinadequate.1140.testimonyofparties,ofgreatvalue.1141,sub-sec.5.opinions.863,note24;1009,not7;1068,note19.confidentialcommunications.1123;1178,note27.factsjudiciallyknown.452,sub-sec.2.chanceryruleastoevidence.1191.exceptionsto,when,whereandhowtaken.512;535;538.objectionstoevidencebeforethemaster.512,sub-sec.6.

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J122 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]EVIDENCEINCBA.NCEEY-_Continued.evidenceonareferencetothemaster.607-610.opinions,valueofasevidence.1068,note19.originaldocumentsentuponappeal,when.450,note76;1283,note15a.betteristheconditionofdefendant.62,sub-sec.3.togiveevidenceaduty.1159,note46.(SeeDepositions;Documents;Exhibits;Presumptions;Proof;Testi-mony;Witnesses.)EXCEPTIONSINCOTJBTPROCEEDINGS.1.ExceptionstoAnswers.frameandformofexceptionstoanswers.423;1190.whenexceptionswilllie.421.willnotlie.422.nottodelaythetakingofproof.1205,sub-sec.23.howexceptionsaredisposedof.424;1190.2.ExceptionstoEvidencebeforeCommissioner.exceptionswhenandhowtaken.496;512.nottobeargued.506.3.ExceptionstoDepositions.variousgroundsofexception.497;498.whentobetaken.499;1191;511.howtakenandruledon.500;1191;511.whenandhowdisposedof.501;1191;511;1205,sub-sec.32.4.ExceptionstoEvidenceattheHearing.groundsof,andwhenandhowtaken.535;512;538.howmadeapartoftherecordforreview.538.5.ExceptionstoBeports.tomaster'sreport.615-618;1342.formofexceptionstomaster'sreport.616.whenandhowdisposedof.617.mattersnotreachedby,howcorrected.618;1063,note29.howheard.617,note18.toreportofcommissionerstopartition.1063,note29.chanceryrulesastoexceptionstoreportsofmaster.1193.6.BillsofExceptions.purposeof.1213.whatshouldbeincorporatedin.1213.formof.1214.necessityoftomakerecordofmattersinparole.1213.howwrittenevidencemaybemadeofrecordwithout.538.whenoriginaldocumentwillbesentuponappeal.450,note76;1283,note15a.chancellor'sdutyasto.1141,sub-sec.9.(SeeAnswers;BillsofExceptions;Depositions;Evidence;Reports.)EXECUTIONSOFOBDEBSANDDECBEES.executiondenned.647,note8.howdecreesareenforced.21,note52;646-661.executionagainsttheperson.651-652.fierifacias,653.orderofsale.654.writofpossession.655.ofrestitution.657.ofdistringas.656.ofsequestration.658-661.attachmentstoenforcedecrees.652

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GENERALINDEX.1123[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]EXECUTIONSOFORDERSANDDECREES—Continued.injunctionstoperformdecrees.651.againstexecutions.814.executiondocket.1169,sub-sec.3.levyofexecutionreleasedbyinjunction.831,note28.bysupersedeas.1277;1279.enforcementofdecreesonremandment.662-665.writofmandamus.1084-1087.executionsmustbewithinthedecree.648,note14.essentialsoffinalprocess.648.billtocarrydecreeintoexecution.723-724.(SeeProcess,Einal.)EXECUTIONDOCKETSINCHANCERYCOURT.whattocontain.1169,sub-sec.3.howtobekept.1171a,sub-sec.15.EXECUTORS.(SeeAdministrator;Administration.)EXHIBITSINSUITSINCHANCERY.whenorderedtobefiled.235;467;1190,sub-sec.2.whatare.468,note33.whenandhowproved.468;1205,sub-sec.22.endorsementson,todeposition.487.chanceryruleastofiling.1190,sub-sec.2;1205,sub-sec.22.EXONERATIONOESURETIES.suitsfor.962-963.frameandformofbill.963.FACTSINCOURT.whatconstitutesafact.786,note14.factshowmadeapartoftherecordforreview.538;1213.FAITH.good.446;58;932.bad.48;1010.FEDERALQUESTIONS.whatare.1322.FEESINSUITS.ofsolicitors.1179.lienofsolicitorfor.1180-1181.ofguardianadlitem.1182.onmotionsatchambers.1205,sub-sec.57."FEMECOVERT.(SeeMarriedWomen;HusbandandWife.)FIATSBYCHANCELLORS.forinjunctions.174;828-831;908;1000;873.neexeat.866.attachmentsofproperty.908;873.inquisitionoflunacy.981.writofreplevin.1054.attachmentoftheperson.921.alternativemandamus.1086.(SeeFiatsinIndexofForms,post)

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J124 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]FILES,ANDFILINGOFPAPERS,INCOURT.filesinmaster'sofficeunderhiscontrol.1170,note101;1171-1171a;1205,sub-sec.51.bill,whenandwherefiled.177.howfiled.178.whenapleadingisdeemedfiled.179.pleadingfiledwithoutauthority.233,note3;1174.pleadingsandpapersonfilemaybewithdrawn,when.1170,note101.ruleoncomplainanttofileexhibits.235.FINESINCOURT.forcontempt.922.suittocollect.1077.FORFEITURESANDPENALTIES.whenrelievedagainst.939-941.demurrertobillseekingaforfeiture.296.suittocollectafine.1077.collectapenalty.1077.FORMVS.SUBSTANCE.equityregardssubstance,notform.43;269;431,note4;681;719;1255,note12.nameofbillimmaterial.269;431,note4;681;718.importanceofform.269,note11.technicalitiesreprehended.269,notes13-14;1086,note18;1082,note16;1254,note6.
FORMSOFCOURTWRITINGS-rulesastoformsofpleadingsanddecrees.1205,sub-sees.64-69.(SeeIndexofForms,post.)FORMERJUDGMENT,ORSUIT.(SeeResAdjudicata.)FRANCHISES.injunctionstoprotect.822.FRAUDS.equitywillundowhatfraudhasdone.48.whenrelievedagainst.932-938.rationaleofthelawastofraud.932;814,note27.maximsrelatingtofraud.48,note45.casesofactualfraud.932-935.ofconstructivefraud.936-938.statuteoffrauds,pleaof.330;390.fraudprovedbycircumstances.448;1010-1011.whenpresumed.449;1009;1011.billstoimpeachdecreesandjudgmentsfor.935.noonecantakeadvantageofhisownwrong.51;52.billstosetasidefraudulentconveyances.1009-1017.defendant'sopinionastohisallegedfraud.1009,note7.generalchargesoffraudnotsufficientinabill.142,sub-sec.3;838;934.frameandformofbillstoundofrauds.934;838;937;938.badgesoffraud.1010.Fraud,thegodoftrafficandtheft.48,note38.viewedwithhorrorbyequity.48,note45.(SeeEvidence;FraudulentConveyance;Trust.)

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GENERALINDEX.1125[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]FRAUDULENTCONVEYANCES.billstosetaside.1009-1017.badgesoffraud.1010.fraudpresumed,when.449;1011.conveyancesfraudulentinlawbutnotinfact.1012.frameofbilltosetaside.1013.formofbilltosetaside.1014.suittosetasideageneralassignment.1016.defencesinsuitstosetaside.1015.decreesinsuitstosetaside.1015.somepracticalsuggestions.1017.defendant'sopinionsastohisconduct.1009,note7.(SeeEvidence;Fraud.)FUNDSINCOURT.(SeeClerkandMaster;Money.)GARNISHMENTS.billof.881.formsof.873;1023;1034.GENERALITIES.notsufficientinallegationsofbills,when.142;838.instatementsofanswers,when.361-366;842.inexceptionstowitnesses.535,sub-sec.4toevidence.535,sub-sec.4.todepositions.500;535,sub-sec.4.toanswers.423.toreports.615;1193,sub-sec.13.mastermustspecifytheevidenceherelieson.612;1193,sub-sec.7.assignmentsoferrorsmustbespecific.1302,sub-sec.2;1303,sub-sec.9;1307,note40.demurrersmustbespecific.305.GENERALASSIGNMENTS.suittosetasidewhenfraudulent.1016.GENERALCREDITORS'BILLS.whentheylie.1031.rationaleof.1032.frameof.1033.formof.1034.proceedingsupon.1035.ordersustaining.1035.advertisementforcreditors.1035.rationaleofproratingassetsamongcreditors.1030.whoisageneralcreditor.806,note12.
GENERALRULEOFLAW.appliedtodrawingbills.166;275.presupposedinabill.276,note,appliedtopleadings.408.illustratedbydiagram.411,note2.demurrerbecausecasenotwithin.297.GOODCAUSE.isajustandlegalcause.62,sub-sec.8.

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1126 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]
GOODFAITH.definedandexplained.4,notes16-17;58.GRACE.mattersof.3;4;8.daysof,howoriginating.225,note27.
GUARDIANS,GENERAL.bondforproceedsofward'sland.1069.whenproceedsoflandpaidguardian.1069.ofalunatic,hispowersandduties.984.billagainst,byhisward.927;957.chancerycourtguardianofwives,infantsandlunatics.968-971.appointsguardiansforinfantsandidiots.970;983.GUARDIANSADLITEM.whennecessary.106.hispowers,duties,andliabilities.107;1182,note55.somepracticalsuggestionsto.108.motionforappointmentof.216.whentobeappointed.227;1171a,sub-sec.16.whomtobeappointed.227,note'36;974,note16!answerofinfantby.383.chancellorshouldfixhisfees.598,note14;1182.feesofincaseofrecovery.1182.appointedbythemaster,when.1171a,sub-sec16;1205,sub-sec.49.HABEASCORPUS.whenpartycommittedforcontempt.922.writof.203.HEARINGSOPCAUSESINCOURT.1.IntheChanceryCourt.noonetobecondemnedwithoutachancetobeheard,exceptwhen.59.onbillandanswer.438-440.bythechancellor.530-537.whenacauseisreadyforhearing.531;533;1205,sub-sec.26.onademurrer.531,sub-sec.1.plea.531,sub-sec.2.billandanswer.531,sub-sec.3.master'sreport.531,sub-sec.5.petitions.799.whenandhowacauseisheard.533-534;743;1199.objectionstoevidenceatthehearing.535;538.argumentofcounselat.537.readingdepositionsat.513.amendmentsat.539;1205,sub-sec.62.remedyfordefectiveproofat.540.remandmentforproofat.1140;541;1318.noobjectionstoreliefat,when.542.hearingcausesprivately.534,note17.jurisdictioncannotbeobjectedtoat.542.trialbyjury.547-553.hearingonacrossbill.738.onamatterappealedfromthecountycourt.536.onamotion.531,sub-sec.6;743.

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GENERALINDEX. 1127[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]HEARINGSOFCAUSESINCOURT—Continued,announcementofthedecree.543.takingthecaseunderadvisement.544.drawingordersanddecrees.545.leavingtherecordunadjourned.546.chanceryruleastopapersandbriefsat.1199.deportmentofchancelloratthehearing.1152.2.IntheCourtofCivilAppeals.howcausesareheard.1289;1303-1316.3.IntheSupremeCourt.howcausesareheard.1314.theappellantshouldpresenthiscase.1315.ruleslimitinghearingnecessaryin.1305.howtheappelleeshouldpresenthiscase.1316.motions,whenandhowheard.1308-1312.HOMESTEADS.applicationfor,howmade.1329.frameandformofpetitionfor,1330.proceedingsincourtuponpetition.1331.ofcommissioners,andreport.1332.confirmationofreport,andfinaldecree.1333.billtoprotect.1043.(SeeDower.)HUSBANDANDWIFEINCHANCERY.effect©fthemarriageofafemaleparty.114.howtheysueandaresued.99. •
whentheyanswerseparately.236;383.husbandcannotdismisswife'ssuit.523,note8.wife'sequity,howenforced.968-969.divorceandalimony.1088-1105.(SeeMarriedWomen.)IDIOTSANDLUNATICSINCHANCERY.suitsintheirbehalf.35;970.howtheysue.82.aresued.87;101.whentobemadedefendants.101.mustbeservedwithprocess.192.jurisdictionofchanceryover.970;980-984.nextfriendsoflunatics.103-105.guardiansadlitemoflunatics.106-108.whenguardiansadlitemtobeappointed.227.inquisitionoflunacy.981.proceedingsonaninquisition.982.appointmentofguardianfor.983.guardian'sdutiesandpowers.984.howmoneysbelongingto,arepaid.1168.suitswherechanceryactsasguardian.9/0;980-984.toselltheirproperty.980-984.(SeeDisability;Lunatics.)IMPRISONMENT.(SeeAttachments;Contempt.)

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1128 GENERALINDEX.tThereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]IMPERTINENCEINCOURTPAPERS.(SeeScandalandImpertinence.)INCOMPETENCYOPTHECHANCELLOR.(SeeChancellor.)INFANTSANDINFANCYINCHANCERY.chanceryactsforthem.35;S99,note21;968-971.suitsbyandagainstinfants.82;87.howinfantssue.82.aresued.87.whentobemadedefendants.101.whenandhowtheyappear.227.nextfriendsofinfants.103-105;227.guardiansadlitemofinfants.106-108.suitstoselltheirlandsformaintenance,education,orre-investment.972-979.demurrerbecausecomplainantisaninfant.299.pleathatcomplainantisaninfant.326.billbyagainstguardian.927;957.infantswhenestopped.67.serviceofsubpcenaon.192,note43.answersof,byguardianadlitem.383.saleofpropertyof,foreducationorsupport.972-979.whenasalemaybemade.972;978.willbeconfirmed.978.frameofabilltosell.973.proceedingsonbehalfofdefendant.974.referencetomasterastofacts.975.reportofthemasterastoasale.976.actionofcourtonreport,anddecree.977.howmoneybelongingto,ispaid.769;1168.discretionofthecourtastosmallsums'belongingto.769.(SeeDisability;GuardiansadLitem;Parties.)INFORMATIONANDBELIEF.withoutavermentoffact.170.answeron.387,note2;460,note12.affidavitstobillsandanswerson.788-789.onmotions,effectofaffidaviton.856.(SeeAffidavits;Injunctions;Receivers.)INJUNCTIONSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.1.InWhatCasesInjunctionsareGranted.injunctionsinbehalfofsureties.805.creditors.806.marriedwomen.807.pertainingtopartnerships.808.executorsandadministrators.809.mortgages.810.trust-deeds.810.title-bonds.810.writtencontracts.811.topreventacloud.812;1208.protectprocessandofficersofthecourt.813.againstsuits,judgmentsandexecutions.814;294,note33.commissioners,andofficers.815.

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GENERALINDEX.1129[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]INJUNCTIONSINTHECHANCEBYCOURT—Continued,againstillegaltaxes.816.takingprivateproperty.817.corporations.818.waste,trespasses,andsimilarwrongs.819.nuisances.820;826.toprotecteasements.821.getbenefitofequitabledefences.814,note32.wherecomplainanthasnoadequateremedyatlaw.294,note33.toprotectfranchises.822.performdecrees.651.inothercases.823.2.Practice,PleadingsandDecreesinInjunctionSuits,injunctivepowergenerallyconsidered.800;804.procedingspreliminaryto.174.injunctionstoperformdecrees..651.injunctionsgenerallyconsidered.801-803.defined.801.officeofatemporaryinjunction.802.amandatoryinjunction.803;824;651.inwhatcasesinjunctionsaregranted.804-823.discretionofchancelloringranting.833;857.casesnotproperforinjunctiverelief.825.chanceryrulesinreferenceto.1195.injunctions,howobtained,issuedandserved.827-837.whenandwhereobtained.174;827.whennoticeofapplicationrequired.828-829.formsoffiats.174;828-831;873;908;1000.billtobefiledinfivedaysafterfiat.1205,sub-sec.52.bondoroathfortobefiledintendaysafterfiat.1205,sub-sec.52.secondapplicationsforinjunctions.832.formofthewrit.834.howissuedandserved.835.whenprayerfornotnecessary.836.whencontinuedormadeperpetual.837.reliefsgrantedininjunctionsuits.844.pleadingsininjunctionsuits.838-843.frameofthebill.142,sub-sec.2;838;851-852.formsofbills.839-840;851-852.frameandformofbillformandatoryinjunction.841.frameofanswertoaninjunctionbill.842.formofanswer.843.injunctionbills,howswornto.851-852.violationsofinjunctions,andremedies.845-848.whenaninjunctionbecomeseffective.845.effectofaninjunction.846;831,note28.whatconstitutesaviolation.847.howviolationsarepunished.848.dissolutionofinjunctions.849-858.generallyconsidered.849;1195.forwantofequityinbill.850.onbillandanswer.851-852.forwantofdiligentprosecution.853.whendissolutionwillnotbegranted.852.

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1130 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]INJUNCTIONSINTHECHANCERYCOURT—Continued.when,whereandhowdissolved.8S4;1195.proceedingsonamotiontodissolve.855.whenaffidavitsmayberead.856.discretionofcourt,howexercisedonmotiontodissolve.833;857.effectofdissolution.858.ofrefusaltodissolve.858.bondsforinjunctions.859-863.onpauperoath.831.formofbond.860.refundingbonds.861-862.remediesoninjunctionbonds.862.measureofdamagesforbreachof.863.releaseslevy.831,note28;846.restrainingordersinthesupremecourt.1300.inthechancerycourt.890.fewercontinuancesininjunctionsuits.1205,sub-sec.40.INJURIES.'
irreparable,what.819,note62.INNOCENTPURCHASERS.theirequitiesconsidered.75.pleaof.332;390.INQUISITIONSOPLUNACY.proceedingsin.890-894.INSOLVENTESTATES.1.SuitstoAdminister,inChancery.jurisdictionalfacts.997.frameandformofthebill.998-999.proceedingsonthebill.1000-1004.ordersustainingthebill.1002.transferringsettlement.1002.petitionsbycreditors.1003;794.accountanddistribution.1004.2.SuitstoAdminister,intheCountyCourt.extentofjurisdictionofcountycourt.1334.suggestionandadvertisementofinsolvency.1335.effectofthesuggestion.1336.filingclaimsandproceedingsthereon.1337.swornaccountandhowdenied.1337.adjudicationofclaims.1337.scheduleofassets.1338.petitiontoselldecedent'slands.1339.proceedingsonpetition,anddecreeofsale.1340.distributionofassets.1341.reportofassetsandprorata.1341.proceedingsuponthereport.1342.decreeconfirmingreport.1342.appealfromdecreeofconfirmation.1342.(SeeAdministration;AdministratorsandExecutors.)INSPECTIONINAIDOPPROOP.whenaninspectionmaybehad.450;567.inspectionoforiginaldocumentbyappellatecourt,when.1269;1283,note15a.

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GENERALINDEX.1131[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]INSTRUMENTS.suitstosetup,reformorrescind.942-948.INSURANCE.billonpolicyof.1079.INTEREST.whenallowedinadecree.563. '
INTERLOCUTORYAPPLICATIONS.(SeeAttachments;Chambers;Injunctions;Motions;NeExeats;Receivers.)INTERLOCUTORYDECREES.(SeeDecrees;DecreesInterlocutory.)INTERPLEADER,BILLSOF.whenbillwilllie.1106.whatitshouldshow.1107.characteroftheconflictingclaims.1108.incaseoftenantsandagents.1109.essentialsofbill.1110.frameandformof.1111-1112.defencestobill.1113.proceedingsupon.1114.billsinthenatureof.1115.INTERPRETATIONS.maximsofinterpretations.63,note19;317,note4.equitylookstotheintent.43.documentsdefined.466,note15;467,note22;468,note33.exhibitsdefined.468,note33.suitslocalandtransitory.177,notes28-29.executiondefined.647,note8.representativesdefined.706,note57."amountinvolved''defined.1263a,note15a.adequatecompensation.819,note62.compensatorydamages.819,note62.irreparablemischief.819,note62.persondefined.80,note1;870,note1.confidorandconfidee.46,note34.abatementdefined.240,note1;116,note18.liberalconstructiongivenbillsandwritings.63.privies,whoare.165.judgmentvs.decree.132,note3.originalprocessdefined.1005,note1.trusteeandbeneficiary.46."equity"hastwosignifications.51,note52.lienordefined.1038.(SeeContracts;Construction.)INTERPRETERS.whenneededintakingadeposition.495.howusedandsworn.495.INTERROGATORIES.rulesforquestioningwitnesses.505-509.frameandformofquestions.509.

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1132 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]INTERROGATORIES—Continued.depositionsoninterrogatories.483-485;487.noticeoffilingofinterrogatories.484.formofinterrogatories.485;509.inbillsofdiscovery.1116-1122.ruleonpartytoanswerinterrogatories.475.(SeeDepositions;Exceptions;Questions.)IRREPARABLE.damages,injury.mischief,what.819,note62.ISSUESINCHANCERYSUITS.cause,whenatissue.464.whatfactsareinissue.142;455.uponaplea.456.uponananswer.457.uponabillofrevivor.704.nothinginissuenotalleged.140;142.offactinjurytrials.549-550;1259,note39.JOINDEROFDEFENCESINCHANCERY.whenandhowdefencesarejoined.402-405.demurrerandanswerjoined.311;403.andpleajoined.1253.pleaandanswer.332;341-349;404.disclaimerandanswer.394-398;1048.answerandcrossbill.405;732-733;1096.JUDGES.(SeeChancellor;ChanceryCourt.)JUDGMENTS.voidandvoidable.446;565;814,note43.injunctionsagainst.814.suitonajudgmentordecree.1077.tosetasideajudgment.935;1208.fornewtrialafterjudgment.1206-1209.judgmentonpurchase-moneynotes.643.suitswherenojudgmentcanbehad.1005-1008.judgmentinanotherstate.1025-1027.butdiscoverynecessary.1019-1024.inaidofjudgmentcreditorswherenofraud.1018.judgmentindexbook.1169,sub-sec.2.(SeeDecrees;DecreesFinal.)JUDGMENTCREDITORS.suitsonaforeignjudgment.1025-1027.billsbyjudgmentcreditors.1005-1027.suitsinaidofwherenofraudisalleged.1018.whereadiscoveryisnecessary.1019-1024.JUDGMENTSPROCONFESSO.whenandhowtaken.205;424;1194;1205,sub-sees.3,11,12.proofofpublicationmustbeproduced.1205,sub-sec.13.formof.205;1205,sub-sec.68.effectofaproconfesso.206.whenitmaybesetaside.207;1205,sub-sec.11.howitmaybesetaside.208;238.finaldecreeonaproconfesso.209;211.

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GENERALINDEX.1133[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]JUDGMENTSFROCONFESSO—Continued.whenfinaldecreenotauthorized.210.defeatedbyaco-defendant.210;369;561.settingasideadecreeonaproconfesso.212;888-890;1194.formsofpetitionanddecreetosetaside.213.motionforaproconfesso.217.defendantnotanswering,incontempt.201-204.whataproconfessoadmits.206,note9;209,note37.carerequisiteindrawingdecree.209,note42.settingaside,inattachmentsuits.888-890.chanceryrulesasto.1194;120S.rightsofdefendantwhenproconfessoissetaside.1194.
JUDICIALNOTICE.whatthechancellorcanconsider.62,sub-sec.1;451-452.cannotconsider.62,sub-sec.1;451;1183,sub-sec.8.
JURATS.toaffidavits.786,sub-sec.7;789;154;164.
JURISDICTION.generallyconsidered.16-22;36;38;61,sub-sec.2.classificationofequitablemattersof.22.changesinthejurisdiction.20.effectoftheactof1877.21;29;36;38;819,notes;820,note69;899,note17;1084.statutoryjurisdiction.20;'26-30.jurisdictionunderfiftydollars.23;26.incasesofunliquidateddamages.28;29;36;38.concurrentjurisdiction.27-28.equitableorinherentjurisdiction.23-25.exclusivestatutoryjurisdiction.30.maximsofjurisdiction.32-40.jurisdictionoverquestionsofproperty,only.56;23,note1;825.inwhatcountybillmustbefiled.177;250-251.jurisdictionforonepurpose,forallpurposes.36;38.notlostbyimplication.37.circumscribedbythepleadings.139,note19.concededbyadefencetothemerits,when.542;260;290;292,note22;413,note6;177,notesllf,16,17,30.cannotbeobjectedtoatthehearing.542,note12.givenbyconsent,when.565,note13;290.presumptioninfavorof.565,note11;1302.therationaleofcourtsandtheirjurisdiction.530.nojurisdictionofpolitical,ecclesiastical,orscientificquestions,exceptwhen.56.wantofoversubject-matterfatalatallstages.290;525.ruleofinconflictswithothercourts.23,note4.ofchancelloratchambers.770-775.oversolicitorsofthecourt.1177.ofsupremecourt,itsnature.1293.thecourtofcivilappeals.1-288.theappeHatecourts.1294-1301.howobtained.1294.mandamusinaidof.1296.certiorariinaidof.1297.demurrersforwantofjurisdiction.290-295.

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1134 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]JURISDICTION—Continued.pleasinabatementtothejurisdiction.244-259.demurrerbecauseremedyatlawadequate.294,note33.(SeeChancellor;ChanceryCourt;Demurrers;PleasinAbatement.)JURYTRIALSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.whenmaybehad.S47.appropriate.548.issuesoffact.549-550.trial,howconducted.551.effectofaverdict.552.suggestionsastojurytrials.553.juryinchancerynotaconstitutionalright.547,note2.issues,ifimmaterial.549,note15.thebenchoftwelvechancellors.550,note18.demandforajury,issues,verdict,anddecree.551.tobedemanded,whenandhow,orwaived.547;1205,sub-sec.63.termmaybeextendedwhen,trialnotconcludedwithin.554.LACHES,ANDNEGLIGENCE.equityaidsnonebutthevigilant.49;68;71.negligence,anditseffects.69.laches,anditseffects.70;62,sub-sec.8.costsimposedfornegligence.429,note15.costsspurdiligence.521,note6.negligenceinpreparingproof.473.rulestopreventdelay.527.demurrerbecauseoflaches.288.groundfordissolvinginjunctions.853.timeawitness.70.procrastinationincourts.526,notes2-4.LANDS.landsofdecedentssoldfortheirdebts.988-996.partitionandsaleof.1058-1072.shouldbesoldfirstasawholeandtheninlots,when.1069,note20.howtobedescribedinpleadingsanddecrees.172;580;627,note41liensonland.1036-1041.frameandformsofbillstoenforceliensonland.1039.ejectmentbill,andproceedingsthereon.1045-1050.detainerbilltorecoverpossession.1045.whatrecordshouldshowbeforesale.622.shouldbedescribedinreportofsale.1171a,sub-sec.5.suitstoprotectorrecoverland.1042-1052.saleoftobeguarded.1141,sub-sec.6.decreesforsaleof.626;844;977;995;1069;1340.(SeeEjectmentBill;Sales.)LAW.thecivillaw.1-5.commonlaw.5-7.andcivillawcompared.5-7;132.howlawhasfollowedequity.7;53.remedyatlaw,inadequate.294,note33;814.frameofbillsincasesactionableat.1073-1080.suitsatlawandinchancerycompared.78;132.

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GENERALINDEX.1135[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]IiAW—Continued.generalruleoflawinframingbills.166.divinelawofjusticeenforced:nchancery.8.
LAWYERS.(SeeSolicitors.)LEGATEES.(SeeDistributees.)LEVIES.releasedbyinjunction.831,note28.supersedeas.1277.LIBERTYTOAPPLY.whengrantedinadecree.566,note31;1104LIENS.liensgenerallyconsidered.1036;1038.speciallyconsidered.1037.bylispendens.66;116;73,sub-sec.2.rightsofpartieshavingliens.1038.enforcementofliens,mortgages,andtrustdeeds.1037.ofrailroadcontractors.1037.employeesofcorporationsandmerchants.1037.onboats.1037.frameandformsofbillstoenforce.1039;1041.referencesanddecreesrelatingto.1040.billtoforecloseamortgage.1041.toenforcemechanic'slien.1039.deedoftrust.1041.journeyman's,orsub-contractor'slien.1039.vendor'slien.1037,sub-sec.1;1041.ofcontractors,laborers,employees,mechanicsandmaterialmen.1037.ofwharfingers,cotton-sellers,landlords,furnishers.1037.oncrops,tobacco,cotton,boats,animals,andotherpersonalty.1037.liensofjudgmentcreditors.1018;1021.ofattachingcreditors.869;887;73,sub-sec.2.ofsolicitorsforfees.1179-1182.motionfordeclarationof,inappellatecourt.1312,sub-sec.7.
LIFEESTATES.valueof,howascertained.1070-1072.LIMITATIONS.statuteof,regardedwithfavor.331,note47.pleaofstatuteof.331;389.demurrerof.298.timeawitness.70.
LISPENDENS.noticeby.66;73,sub-sec.2.whennoticebeginsandends.66.extentandeffectofthenotice.66.transfersofpropertyinlitigation.66;115-116.(SeeAssignment;Notice.)

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1136 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]LOSTINSTRUMENTSANDPAPERSINCOURTPROCEEDINGS.suitstosetup.942-944.howlostpapersaresupplied.944.ordertosupply.944.LUNATICSINCHANCERY.(SeeDisability;IdiotsandLunatics.)MANDAMUSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.billforinchancerycourt.1084-1087.wheretobefiled.177,sub-sec.25.inaidofjurisdictionofappellatecourt.1296.MANDATORYINJUNCTIONS.whengranted.803;824.frameandformofbill,andfiat,for.841.MARRIAGE.effectof,onafemaledefendant.114;698.generallyconsidered.1088.divorceandalimony.1088-1105.(SeeDivorce;HusbandandWife;MarriedWomen.)MARRIEDWOMENINCHANCERY.howmarriedwomensue.83-84;99.whentheymaysuealone.84.mayansweralone.383;236.demurrerbecausecomplainantisamarriedwoman.299.pleathatcomplainantisamarriedwoman.326.suitsagainstmarriedwomen.88;99;1028.nextfriendsofmarriedwomen.104.guardiansadlitem,whennecessary.106.suitstoselltheirlandsforsupportorreinvestment.972-979.marriedwomen,whenestopped.67.injunctionsinbehalfof.807.howmoneybelongingtoispaid.1167.wife'sequity,howenforced.968-969.separateestate,howreachedbycreditors.1028.effectofmarriageofafemaleparty.114;698.(SeeDivorce;HusbandandWife;Marriage.)MARSHALINGSECURITIES.suitstocompelsecuritiestobemarshaled.1029.billtomarshalsecurities.1029.MASTERSINCHANCERY.(SeeClerkandMaster.)MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOPEQUITY.divinelawofjustice,itsruleofdecision.8.generallyconsidered.31,note5;64,note27.maximsandprinciplesofjurisdiction.32-40.equityactsupontheperson.32.equitywillnotsufferawrongwithoutaremedy.33.whenpartiesaredisabled,chancerywillactforthem.35.jurisdictionforonepurpose,jurisdictionforall.36;38.chanceryneverlosesjurisdictionbyimplication.37.equitydelightstodocompletejustice,andnotbyhalves.38;24-36.

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GENERALINDEX.1137[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]MAXIMSANDPRINCIPLESOFEQUITY—Continued,hewhoseeksequitymustdoequity.'39.chancerywillnottolerateinterferencewithitsofficers,process,ordersordecrees.40.maximsandprinciplesofadjudication.41-60.twelvetablesofequity.41.hewhocomesintoequitymusthavecleanhands.42.equitylookstotheintentratherthantotheform.43.imputesanintenttofulfilanobligation.44.regardsthatasdonewhichoughttobedone.45.nopersonboundtoactforanothercanactforhimself.46.equalityisequity.47.equityactsspecifically,andnotbywayofcompensation.34.aidsthevigilant,notthosewhosleep.49.souseyourownasnottoinjureanother.SO.whereoneoftwopersonsmustsufferaloss.52.equityfollowsthelaw.53;5-7.noonecantakeadvantageofhisownwrong.51.wherethereisequalequitythelawprevails.54.areequalequities,thefirstintimeprevails.55.equitywillundowhatfraudhasdone.48.regardsthebeneficiaryastherealowner.57.noonetobecondemnedunheard,exceptwhen.60.equityenforcespropertyrightsonly,exceptwhen.56;23,note1;825.whatgoodreasonandgoodconsciencerequire.58.staredecisis.59.whoenjoysthebenefitshouldbeartheburden.62,sub-sec.7.mustshowcause,mustshowgoodcause.62,sub-sec.8.maximsapplicabletothecourt,anditsorders.61.applicabletothepracticeofthecourt.62.applicabletopleadings.63.applicabletotransfersofproperty.65,note1.relatingtofraud.48,note45.tocontracts.61,sub-sec.3;949,note2.ofinterpretation.63,note19.thelawdespisestrifles,andquibbles.62,sub-sec.8,note14.maximsastonotice.65;66;74;76.priorities.73-74.bonafidepurchasers.75.estoppels.67.constructionandinterpretation.63,note19.acquiescence.68.negligence.69.laches.70.lispendens.66.otherprinciplesandmaxims.64.MECHANICS'LIENS.whentheyexist.1036-1040.frameandformofbillstoenforce.1039.sub-contractor'sorjourneyman'sliens.1039.MERCHANTS.employeesof,theirlien.1037.MINORS.(SeeInfants;Disability.)

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1138 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]MINUTESOFTHECHANCERYCOURT.whentobereadandsigned.1139,sub-sec.3.' notsigned,effectof.571,note43.bookfor.1169.captionoftheminutes.S32;1138.maybeleftopen,when.546.shouldbeinviolable.1169,note77.entryvacated,hownoted.1169,note77.
MISCHIEF.irreparable,what.819,note62.MISJOINDERSINPLEADINGS.ofpartiescomplainant.109-112;299.defendant.109-112;300.MISNOMERINPLEADINGS.ofdefendant,howcorrected.385,sub-sec.3;89,note16.billimmaterial.43;269;431,note4;681;719;64,sub-sec.4;139,note19.(SeeParties.)MISTAKES,INCHANCERY.whenrelievedagainst.939-941.rationaleofthelawasto.932.casesarisingfrommistake.940.frameandformofbillsinsuchcases.941.MONEYINCOURT.paymentofbyclerkandmastertopartiesentitled.644-645;1166-1168.whenorderedtobepaidintocourt.765.whencomplainantmustpayin.766.defendantmustpayin.767.investmentofmoneypaidin.768.powersofthecourtoversmallsums.769.proceedsofsaleforpartition,howpaid.1069.dutiesofmasterinreceiving.1166.payingout.1166-1168.howmarriedwomenarepaid.1167.moneyofinfantsandlunaticsispaid.1168.inhandsofclerk,howreached.1166;note67.MORTGAGE.enforcedinchancery.1041.partiesinsuitsconcerning.120.injunctionspertainingto.810;828.billtoforeclose.1041.provedbyparolevidence.442,sub-sec.3.
MORTALITYTABLES.kindsof,andtheirvalue.1071.MOTIONS.1.Motions,GenerallyConsidered,motionsdefined.214;739.motions,ofcourse.740.specialmotions.740,sub-sec.2.generallawofmotions.741.

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GENERALINDEX.1139[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]MOTIONS—Continued.motionsmustbereducedtowriting.120S,sub-sec.58.howsupported.742;62,sub-sec.8;1205,sub-sec.59.howheard.743;1205,sub-sec.60.practicalsuggestionsconcerningmotions.742.2.MotionsBeforetheMaster.motionsrelatingtotheinstitutionofasuit.1155.relatingtotheprosecutionofasuit.1156.relatingtoproconfessos.1156;1157.toextendtimeforanswering.1156,sub-sec.6.toextendtimefortakingproof.1156,sub-sec.6;1159.relatingtoproof.1156,sub-sec.7;1159.relatingtotherevivorofasuit.1163;1205,sub-sec.48.(SeeClerkandMaster.)3.MotionsatChambers.chambersdefinedandlocated.776.jurisdictionofthechancelloratchambers.770-775.foractionondemurrers,pleasandmotions.771;775.confirmationofsales.772.hearingandfinaldecree.773.anappeal.774.someactionpreparatorytoahearing.775,sub-sec.3.someorderrelativetoextraordinaryprocess.775.hearingonanappealfromthemaster'srulings.775.otheractionofthechancellor.775.appointmentofadministrator.987,note8.procedureonmotionsatchambers.777-783.howcausesareheardon.777.noticeorconsentrequired.778.formsofentriesandrulingson.779.howordersanddecreesonareentered.780.areauthenticated.781.effectofordersanddecreesatchambers.782.exceptionstoactions.-\tchambers.783.(SeeChambers;Decrees;DecreesInterlocutory;MotionsinCourt;Orders.)4.MotionsintheChanceryCourt.motionsgenerallyconsidered.214;739-743.bycomplainants.214-220.toamendbill.215.forguardianadlitem.216.foraproconfesso.217.foraliasormesneprocess.218.forattachmentsforwantofanswer.219.bycomplainantinperson.220.suitsbymotioninchancery.221.ofcourse.740.specialmotions.740,sub-sec.2.preliminarymotionsbydefendants.233-239;750-752.motionsforcomplainant'ssolicitortoshowauthority.233.todismissbills.266-274;523-525.previoustothehearing.514-525.bycomplainant.214-220;514;745-749.topreparehiscaseforhearing.514.

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J140 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]MOTIONS—Continued.toprotectorenforcerights.514,sub-sec.2.wheredefendantfailstoanswerinterrogatories.747.foraninjunction.748.forareceiver.748.foranattachmentforcontempt.748.foralimony.748,sub-sec.4.forcomplainant'ssolicitortoshowauthority.233;750.bydefendant.233-239;515;750-752.commontobothparties.753-762;516.byaquasiparty.517;764.byastranger.518;763.foracontinuance.519-521.torevive.710;716.bycomplainanttoperfecthispleading.745.togetthedefendantintocourt.744.toamendhisbill.745.torevive.745,sub-sec.4.tohaveanadministratorappointed.745,sub-sec.5.tostrikeapaper,orpleading,fromthefile.753;747,sub-sec.2;233,note3.toproduceanissue.746.topreparecaseforhearing.747.toprotectorenforcerights.748.tosetcauseforhearingonbillandanswer.438.inreferencetodecrees.749.bydefendantlookingtodismissalofsuit.266-273;750.tofileacrossbill.751.toamendhispleadings.751.todissolveaninjunction.752.tosetasideaproconfesso.238;752.toperfecthisdefence.751.tosetaside,ormodifyinterlocutoryorders.752.inreferencetosecurityforcosts.233;234;750,sub-sec.3.tofilingexhibitstobill.235.toanattachment.752.toaninjunction.752.toareceiver.752.forfurthertimetomakedefence.237.tocompelcomplainanttotakesteps.239;750.motionscommontobothparties.516;753-762.inreferencetopapersimproperlyfiled.753.wheremoresuitsthanone.754.toconsolidate.755.inreferencetoevidence.756.torulesbymaster.757.tomaster'sreport.759.tothetrial.760.tosales.761.tocorrectionoferrors.762.toamendments,generallyconsidered.62,sub-sec.8;428.forareferencetothemaster.758.aboutpayingmoneyinto,oroutof,court.765-769.abortiveorprematuremotions.742,note,howmotionsareheard.743.

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GENERALINDEX.1141[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]MOTIONS—Continued.whenmotionsmaybeheard.531,sub-sec.6;1198.fornewtrialsmustspecifygroundsinwriting.120S,sub-sec.72.(SeeDecrees;DismissalofBills;MotionsatChambers;MotionsinIndextoForms,post.)5.MotionsinSupremeCourt,andCourtofCivilAppeals.whenandhowheard.1308.todismissappeal.1309.dismisswritoferror.1310.forcertiorari.1311.thatmorethanonecounselbeheard.1312.formoretimeforargument.1312.writoferror.1312.ofsupersedeas.1312.byappelleeforaffirmance.1312.forlienontherecovery.1312.torevivesuit.1312.havecauseremanded.1318.MOTIONSTODISMISSBILLS.(SeeDismissalofBills.)MULTIFARIOUSNESSINBILLSINCHANCERY.essentialsof.284,sub-sec.1.billmustnotbemultifarious.149;284.chancellors'dreadofmultifariousness.284,note12.demurrerfor.284.multifariousnessnoobjectiontoreliefatthehearing.S42.NAMES.ofcausesnottobechanged,unless.178,note32.billimmaterial.43:269;431,note4;681;719;64,sub-sec.4;139,note19.person,initials.171.corporations.89,note16.things.89,note15.defendantwhenwronginbill.385,sub-sec.3;89,note16.(SeeFormvs.Substance;Misnomer.)NEEXEATS.generallyconsidered.864.inwhatcasesgranted.865.howobtained.866.proceedingsinexecutionof.868.frameofbillforaneexeat.867.NEGLIGENCEANDLACHES.(SeeLaches,andNegligence.)NEWTRIALS.
1.InChancery.motionfor.1211.whenmotionshouldnotbemade.1183,note59;1211,note2.groundsfor.1212.whengrantedbyappellatecourt.1318.motionformustbeinwriting,andspecifygrounds,1205,sub-sec.72.

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1142 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]1TEWTRIALS—Continued.2-AtLaw.willbegrantedbythechancerycourt,when.1206-1207.frameandformofbillfor.1208.reliefgrantedon.1209.impliedcontractbetweencomplainantandcourt.814,note27.propertimetomovefor.1183,note59.NEXTFRIENDSINCHANCERYPROCEEDINGS.generallyconsidered.103.ofmarriedwomen.104.ofminorsandlunatics.105.NONESTPACTUM.pleaof.334;374;1337.NON-JOINDEROPPARTIES.effectof.109-112;283.NON-RESIDENTS.whoare.196,note.whenmaybesuedbyanon-resident.1025-1027.serviceofprocesson.196-198.(SeeNotice;Publication.)NOTARIESPUBLIC.mayswearpartiestopleadings.163;379.depositionof.474.NOTESFORMONEY.judgmentonpurchasemoneynotes.643.billstocollectnotesofhand.1073;1079.NOTICES.1.InGeneral.generalprinciplesofnotice.65.noticedefined:itskinds.65.whatisactualnotice.65.circumstancefromwhichnoticemaybeinferred.65,sub-sec.4.constructivenotice.65;76.whatismeantbybeingputoninquiry.76,sub-sec.2.whatfactswillputoneoninquiry.76,sub-sec.3.noticebyrecitalsindeeds.76,sub-sec.4.effectofnoticeofadeed.76,sub-sec.5.noticetoagentwhennoticetoprincipal.65,sub-sec.2.effectofbeingputoninquiry.65,sub-sec.3.noticebyregistration.76,sub-sec.6.noticebylispendens.66.whenthelispendensbeginsandends.66.whattheextentofthenoticebylispendens.66.effectofvoluntaryalienationpendingsuit.115-116.noticetodebtorwhennecessarytoperfectanassignment.74.caseswherenoticeisnotrequired.74,sub-sec.2;73,sub-sec.effectofnoticeofapriorclaim.76.2.NoticesinWriting.noticetotakedepositions.480-482;1205,sub-sec.30.totakeanaccount.604.

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GENERALINDEX.1143[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]NOTICES—Continued.noticeofapplicationforinjunction.828-829.forreceiver.907.forhomesteadanddower.1329.tocreditorsofaninsolventestate.1001;1335.offilingofanswer.421.ofdocumentaryevidence.466,note21.toproduceawritinginevidence.471.ofdocumentaryevidencetobereadathearing.1046.suitbrought.59.writoferror.1275.writofsupersedeas.1278.toapartyoutofthestate.1205,sub-sec.30.(SeeDepositions;Injunctions;Receivers.)NUISANCES.souseyourownasnottoinjureanother.50.injunctionsagainst.820;826.NUNCPROTUNCDECREES.what,andwhenproper.578.OATHSINCOURTPROCEEDINGS.nothingbelievedincourtunlessswornto.62,sub-sec.2.(SeeAffidavit.)OBJECTIONS.(SeeExceptions.)OFFICERS.maybesued,when.94;815.chancerywillprotectitsofficersandprocess.40;61,sub-see.7';813.injunctionstoprotect.813.against.815.quowarrantobillagainst.1081-1083.orderofcourtprotectswhoobeys.61,sub-sec.7.
OPENINGBIDDINGSINCOURTSALES.whenandhowopened.634-639.(SeeBiddings.)OPINIONS.ofdefendantastohisallegedfraud.1009,note7.witnesses.863,note24;1068,note19.
ORDERSOFTHECOURT,ORCHANCELLOR,maximsrelatingtoorders.61.protectthoseactingunder.61,sub-see.7.(SeeChambers;Chancellor;DecreesInterlocutory;Motions;Orders,inIndexofForms,post.)ORDERSATCHAMBERS-(SeeChambers;Chancellor.)ORDERSOFSALEINCHANCERY.formof.654.whenawarded.654.(SeeAttachment;Executions.)

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]144 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]PAPERSINCAUSE.inmaster'sofficeunderhiscontrol.1170,note101.maybewithdrawn,when.1170,note101.(SeePiles.)PAROLEVIDENCE.whenadmissibletovarywritings.443.amountnecessarytovarywritings.447.(SeeEvidence;Proofs.)PARTIESTOSUITSINCHANCERY.1.Parties,GenerallyConsidered.howtodeterminewhoshouldbe.90.generalrulesastowhoshouldbe.91;127.exceptionstothegeneralrules.92.partieswhennotknown,orverynumerous.92.whoareproper,andwhonecessaryparties.93;177,note19.notproperparties.94.noobjectionathearingfordefectofparties.542.quasiparties.615,note2;764;1263.motionsandpetitionsbystrangers.518;763-764;794-799.creditorshowbecomeparties.615;794;1003.howparties,shouldbedescribed.171.relationsofpartiesinframingbills.165-168.summaryoftherulesastoparties.95.whoarepartiestoasuit.109.generalrulesastodefectsofparties.110;283.effectofnon-joinderofparties.111.ofmisjoinderofparties.112.ofthedeathofaparty.113.ofthemarriageofafemaleparty.114.ofanassignmentbyaparty.115-116.generalrulesapplicabletoassignments.115-116.testimonyofpartiesimportant,when.1141,sub-sec.5.2.PartiesinParticularSuits.partiestosuitsincasesoftrusts.117.whenadministrators,executors,andguardiansshouldbe.118.partiesinsuitsconcerningmortgagesandotherliens.120.onofficialbonds.119.tosuitsaffectingequitableproperty.91;102,sub-sec.3;127;882,sub-sec.2.byoragainstthestate.128.acounty.89;129.acity.89;130.aprivatecorporation.89;131.incaseofassignments.121.tosuitsonbills,notes,ordersandchecks.122.whereseveralarejointlyliable.123.whereothercreditorshaveconcurrentrights.124.tosuitstorecoverland.125.tosuitstopartitionorsellland.126.tobillsofrevivor.701-702.toreachmoneyinhandsofclerk.1166,note67.3.PartiesComplainant.term,"complainant,"'preferredto"plaintiff."133,note7.generalruleastopartiescomplainant.80;96.

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GENERALINDEX.1145[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]PARTIESTOSUITSINCHANCERY—Contnued.alienenemiesandforeignadministrators.81.howminorsandlunaticssue.82.howmarriedwomensue.83-84.personsunderaquasidisability.85.whoshouldbecomplainants.96-99.complainantswhenpartiesarenumerous.97.allpartieshavingconcurrentrightsshouldbe.98.husbandandwife,howtheysue.99.complainantmustshowaright.143.nextfriends.103-105.4.PartiesDefendant.term,"defendant,''preferredto"respondent."133,note7.generalruleastodefendants.86;100;177,note19.suitsagainstinfantsandlunatics.87.marriedwomen.88.counties,cities,andothercorporations.89.partiesunderdisability,whentobedefendants.101.suggestionswhomtomakedefendants.102.widow,whentobemadeadefendant.702.effectofmarriageonafemaledefendant.114.officersmaybesued,when.94;815.ownersofequitiesmustbemadedefendants,when.127;882.defendantsmustbesummoned,unless.60.PARTITIONANDSALE,INTHECHANCERYCOURT.partiesinsuitstopartitionland.126;1058-1059.suitstopartitionorsellland.1058-1072.whenlandsmaybepartitionedorsold.1058;1065.billforpartitionorsale.1059-1060;1066.decreeforpartition.568;1061.commissionerstopartition,theirduties.1062.reportofcommissioners,anddecreethereon.1063-1064.billofsale.1059;1066.referencetomasterastosale.568;1067.questionforwitnesses.1067,note14.reportofmasteranddecreeforsale.1068-1069.dispositionofproceedsofsale.1069.valueoflifeestate.1070-1072.PARTNERS.suitsbyandagainstpartners.959-961.pleadings,decreesandprocedure.961.accountbetween,howstated.961,note6.injunctionsbyandagainst.808.employeesofpartnerships,lienof.1037.PAUPEROATHSINCOURTPROCEEDINGS.when,theymaybetaken.182-183;1268.maybeamended.271,note20.injunctionson.831.(SeeBonds;Costs.)PAYMENTOPMONEYINCOURT.bytheclerkandmaster.644-645;1166-1168.(SeeHoney.)

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1146 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]PENALTIESANDFORFEITURES.whenrelievedagainst.939-941.demurrertobilltoenforceapenalty.296.suittocollect.1077.PENDENCYOPANOTHERSUIT.pleaof.328.demurrerbecauseof.286.PERSON.defined.80,note1.nameof.89,notes15-16.PETITIONS.distinguishedfrommotion.739.abill.133.petitionsgenerallyconsidered.791.byaparty,byaquasiparty,byastranger.578;791-799.whenpetitionnotproper.796.frameandformof.797.howswornto.788-789.whenandwheretobefiled.798.petitionprointeressesuo.793-795.hearingof.799.tosetasideaproconfessodecree.213;889-890.forareceiver.906.byacreditortobecomeaparty.794;1003.foraninquisitionoflunacy.981.tosetasideanattachmentdecree.889-890.rehearacause.1219-1220.forawritoferrorcoramnobis.1257-1258.inthecircuitcourt.1325.countycourt.1328;1339.forhomesteadanddower.1330.toselllandofaninsolventestate.1339.forawritoferror.1275;1291.writofsupersedeas.1278.PLAINTIFF."complainant''preferredto.133,note7.
PLEADINGSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.rationaleofpleadings.406-410.necessityandobjectof.134;406.defencesgenerallyconsidered.229-232.analysisandcomparisonof.406-415.logicof.407;411,note2.generalruleoflawappliedto.408;411,note2.doctrineofrelationsappliedto.408.principalrulesof.409.minordefectsin.410.variouskindsofcontrasted.411-413.howtested.416t419.suggestionsastotesting.425-426.pleadings,whenevidence.458-462.maximsapplicableto.63.liberalinterpretationsofwritings.63,sub-sec.3.

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GENERALINDEX.1147[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]PLEADINGSINTHECHANCERYCOURT—Continued-contraryallegationsnotallowed.63,sub-sec.1.surplusagereprobated.63,sub-sec.2;120S,sub-sec.64.misdescriptiondoesnotvitiate.63,sub-sec.4.surplusageworksnoinjury.63,sub-sec.S.maybedeliveredtotheclerkwhere.177,note2.nameofimmaterial.43;269;431,note;681;719.alldefencesonthemeritsanalyzed.414-415.variouspleadingscomparedtovariousweapons.413,note6.pleadingsmaybewithdrawnwhen.1170,note101.decreemustconformto.139,note19;140;142.filingof.177-179;1190.billsandanswersshouldbeparagraphed.157;378;1205,sub-sec.65.rulesastoformsofpleadings.1205,sub-sees.64-67.thisbookoncommendedbysupremecourtjudges.1293a,note20.(SeeAmendments;Answers;Bills;Defences;Demurrers;Petitions;Pleas.)PLEASINTHECHANCERYCOURT.1.Fleas,GenerallyConsidered.pleasinabatementandinbardistinguished.241;321.officeofaplea.411-412.differencesbetweenanswerandplea.413.betweendemurrerandplea.412.whenapleamustbefiled.260-261.truthof,howascertained.351.overrulingandallowingpleas.351.settingdown,forargument.262;419.takingissueupon.263;350.nottobeencouraged.1141,sub-sec.3.howswornto.788-789.tested.262;419.whatisinissueuponaplea.456.whenapleamustbesupportedbyananswer.255;341-349.amendmentofpleas.354;433.generalreplicationtoaplea.1205,sub-sec.67.suggestionsaspleas.425,sub-sec.2;1141,sub-sec.3.2.PleasinAbatementintheChanceryCourt.defined.240.distinguishedfrompleasinbar.241;243;321.groundsofpleasinabatement.244-252.definitionofpieasinabatement.240;321.howdividedinourpractice.243.pleastotheprocess.244-246.tothesubpoena.245.totheattachment.246.ofnon-partnership.252;360,note28.tothegeneraljurisdiction.249.tothelocaljurisdiction.250.tothepersonaljurisdiction.251.tothebill.247-252.ofprematurityofsuit.248.becauseamountislessthanfiftydollars.249.requisitesoftheplea.253.frameandformofpleas.254.howswornto.788-789.

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1148 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]PLEASINTHECHANCERYCOURT—Continued.whenthepleamustbefiled.260-261.settingpleadownforargument.262.takingissueuponaplea.263.effectofthedecisionofaplea.264-265.dismissalofbillon.264,note80.inattachmentsuits.246;255-259;884-885.rationaleofthepracticeinpleasinabatement.242.totheperson,underthegeneralpractice.252.whenthepleamustbesupportedbyananswer.255;341-349.formsofdecreesondecisionofpleasinabatement.264—265.(SeeAttachmentsofProperty;Pleas;PleasinBar.)3.PleasinBarintheChanceryCourt-pleasinbar.generallyconsidered.320-324.defined.320.distinguishedfrompleasinabatement.241;243;321.affirmative,negative,andanomalous.322;336-338.rationaleof.323;412.nolongernecessary.318,note8;324;359.kindsofpleasinbar.322;325-334.tothebill.325.theperson.326.titleinthedefendant.327.formersuitpending.328.judgment,orresadjudicata.329.statuteoffrauds.330;390.oflimitations.331;390.innocentpurchaser.332;390.statedandsettledaccounts.333.award.334.release,payment,accord,andsatisfaction.334,sub-sec.2.prematurityofsuitandnonestfactum.334,sub-sees.3-4.thatcomplainantisconnectedwithatrust.334,sub-sec.5.tender,estoppel,andothermatters.334,sub-sees.6-8.resadjudicata.329.adversepossessionofsevenyears.331.differencesbetweendemurrersandpleas.412.answersandpleas.413.frameandformof.335-340.generalrequisites.335.requisitesofanaffirmativeplea.336.ofanegativeplea.337.ofananomalousplea.338.frameofaplea.339.formsofpleas.340.howswornto.788-789.pleassupportedbyananswer.255;341-349;404.whenmustbesupportedbyananswer.341.whymustbesupported.342.originofsuchaplea.343.characterofsuchaplea.344.ofthesupportinganswer.345.whenanswerinsupportnotneeded.346.frameofpleaandsupportinganswer.347.

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GENERALINDEX.1149[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]PLEASINTHECHANCERYCOURT—Continued.formofpleaandsupportinganswer.348;404.presentpracticeinsuchcases.349.proceedingsuponapleainbar.3S0-3S4.howapleaisputinissue.350.truthofpleas,howascertained.351.overrulingandallowingpleas.352.pleaorderedtostandforanswer.353.amendmentofpleas.354;433.answer,asuperiormodeofdefence.359.pleajoinedtoananswer.332;341-349;404.toademurrer.1253.demurrercomparedwithplea.412.answercomparedwithplea.413.pleas,howtested.419;351.whatisinissueuponaplea.456.pleastobillsofrevivor.722.tobillsofdiscovery.1123.tobillsofreview.1253.onlyoneallowedtobefiled.335,note5.suggestionsastopleas.425;1141,sub-sec.3.(SeeDefences;Pleading;PleasinIndexofForms,post.)POLITICALQUESTIONS.nojurisdictionof,exceptwhen.56;825,note102,POSSESSSION,WRITOF.whenawarded.655.POSTAGE.partofthecosts,when.582;1205,sub-sec.57.PRACTICEOFTHECHANCERYCOURT.foundedonthatofEngland.18.codepractice,orreformedprocedure.15.maximsapplicabletothepracticeofthecourt.62.whatdoesnotappearofrecorddoesnotexist.62,sub-sec.1.innovationsreprehended.59;62,sub-sec.4.thecauseshownmustbegood.62,sub-sec.8.presentrulesofthechancerycourts.1189-1204.formerrulesoftenmisleading.18,note23.rulesof,forparticulardivisions.1205.practiceofcourtislawofcourt.61,sub-sec.4.staredecisisastoinnovationsinpractice.59.thisbookoncommendedbysupremecourtjudges.1293a,note20.(SeeChanceryCourt;Chancellor;ClerkandMaster;RulesofPractice.)PRAYERSINPLEADINGS.fordiscoveryandprocess.151;158.forrelief.152;159.natureandextentofreliefgranted.555-563.inanswerforcounterrelief.373.(SeePrayers,inIndexofForms.)PRELIMINARIES.tobringingasuit.77-79.defendingagainstasuit.229.

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1150 GENERAL,INDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]PREMATURITYOFSUIT,pleaof.248;334.demurrerbecauseof.298.PREMISES.ofabill.157.decree.566,note27.PRESUMPTIONSINEVIDENCE.presumptionsgenerallyconsidered.444;page365,notes49-53.presumptionsdeemedwitnesses.445.fraudwhenpresumed.449;1009;1011.presumptionsinfavorofcourtproceedings.61,sub-sec.6;565,note11;1302strongorweakinproportiontotheprobablechances.445,note53.(SeeDecree;Evidence;Fraud;Proofs.)PRINCIPLESOFEQUITY.(SeeMaximsandPrinciplesofEquity.)PRIORITIESANDBONAFIDEPURCHASERS-thefoundationoftheruleofpriority.55;73.thefundamentalruleofpriority.73,sub-sec.1.prioritiesofattachments,judgments,andexecutions.73,sub-sec.2.whatequitiesaresuperiortoothers.73,sub-sec.3.exceptionstotherulesofpriority.73,sub-sec.4.theessentialrequirementsofnotice.65.assignments,howaffectedbypriorities.74.noticetodebtortoperfectassignment.74,sub-sec.1.caseswherenoticeisnotrequired.73,sub-sec.4;74,sub-sec.2.effectofnoticeofpriorclaim.73,sub-sec.3towhomnoticemustbegiven.65;74,sub-sec.3.equitiesofthedebtoragainstassignee.74,sub-sec.4.bonafidepurchasers.75;320,note2;332.whereequitiesareequal,priorityprevails.55.(SeeAssignments;BonaFidePurchaser;Notice.)PRIVITY.theruleastoprivies.165.demurrerforwantof.721,sub-sec.1.
PROCESSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.1.Original,andMesneProcess.defendantstherighttobeheard.60.proceedingspreliminarytoprocess.174-183.processdenned.184.originalprocessesdescribed.185.prayersfor.151;158.subpoenas.187-195.issuanceofsubpoena.191.returnablewhen.1200;1205.processonSunday.186.processbypublication.196-200.motionforaliasormesneprocess.218;195.processtoattachtheperson.201-204.pleasinabatementtoprocess.244-246.defendantmustbeservedwithprocess.60;185;192.serviceoncorporations.193.

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GENERALINDEX.1151[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]PROCESSINTHECHANCERYCOURT—Continued,injunctionstoprotect.813.chanceryruleastoreturnof.1200.(SeeSubpoena;Publication;Writs)2.PinalProcess.finalprocessgenerallyconsidered.646-648.powersofcourtsinenforcingdecrees.32-33;646;1299.kindsoffinalprocess.647.essentialsoffinalprocess.648.transferoftitlebydecree.649.deedbymaster,orcommissioner.650.injunctionstoperformdecrees.6S1.attachmentstoenforcedecrees.652.executions,orfierifacias.653.Ordersofsale.654.writofpossession.655.ofdistringas.656.ofsequestration.658-661.ofrestitution.657.(SeeExecutions;Writs,inbothIndexes.)PROCONFESSOS.(SeeJudgmentProConfesso.)PROINTERESSESTJOPETITIONS.petitionbyonewhosepropertyhasbeenseizedbyanofficer.794-795;894;910.byoneclaiminganinterestinmoneyorpropertyincustodyofthecourt.794-795.PROOFSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.presumptions.61,sub-sec.6.whatneednotbeproved.452.whatevidencebycomplainantnotneeded.453.bydefendantnotneeded.454.whenproofmustbefiled.463-468;1191;1205,sub-sees.20-32.whatdoesnotappeardoesnotexist.62,sub-sec.1.preliminarystepstotaking.463.timeallowedfortaking.465;1191;1205,sub-sees.20-32.practicalsuggestionsconcerningproof.469-473.whentobegintakingproof.469.whatmustbeproved.441,note4;470.documentaryevidence.466-468;471;1205,sub-sec.22.whatthecourtjudiciallyknows.452,sub-sec.2.importantrulesofevidence.470.opinionsofwitnesses.863,note24;1068,note19;1009,note7.testimonyofpartiesimportantwhen.1141,sub-sec.5.noticetoproduce.471;608.burdenofproof.441;443;445;470;534,note20.negligenceintaking.473.exceptionstoanswernottodelay.1205,sub-sec.23.depositionscomparedwithwitnesses,asproof.479.proofinchiefandinrebuttal.465;510;1191;1205,sub-sec.21.objectionsto,atthehearing.535.defectsin,remediedatthehearing,when.540.remandingforfurtherproof.541;1140;1318.proofonareference.607-609.

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1152 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]PROOFSINTHECHANCERYCOURT—Continued,inejectmentsuit.1047.chanceryruleastotimefortaking.1191;120S,sub-sees.20-32.bookingandpaging.1199.confidentialcommunicationstosolicitors.1178,note27.probativeforceofadecree.446.mustrelatetotheallegations.142.suitstoperpetuatetestimony.1125-1135.(SeeDepositions;Evidence;Testimony;Witnesses.)PROPERTY.propertygenerallydefined.56.equitableproperty.882.attachableinchancery,butnotatlaw.882.injunctionsagainsttaking.817.toprotectandenforcetherightsofpropertythebusinessofcourts.56;804.maximsinreferencetoitstransfer.65,note1.rulesinreferencetoitstransferpendinglitigation.66;115-116.suitstoprotect,recoveranddivideproperty.1042-1072.PROSECUTIONBOND.(SeeBonds;Costs.)PUBLICATIONSINCOURTPROCEEDINGS.whenallowable.196.proceedingspreliminarytopublication.197.evidenceofpublication.199;1171a,sub-sec.7.effectofpublication.200.form,manner,andtimeofpublication.198.inattachmentsuits.877.forcreditors.1001;1035.proofoftobefiledbeforeproconfessoallowed.1205,sub-sec.13LPUISDARRIENCONTINUANCE.crossbillinnatureof.730,sub-sec.11.PUNISHMENT.forcontempts.922-923..PURCHASERS,INTHECHANCERYCOURT.equitiesandliabilitiesof.73,sub-sec.3;76.equitiesofwhennoticeofpriorclaims.76.liabilitiesof,atmaster'ssale.627,sub-sec.6;642.openingbiddings.634-639.dutiesofpurchaser.640.rightsof.641.judgmentonnoteof.643.mayberelievedwhenandhow.632-633.impliedcontractofmaster'ssale.634,note2.maximsrelatingtotransfersofproperty.65,note1.bonafidepurchasers.75;332.(SeePriorities;Sales.)PURCHASEMONEY.collectionhowenforcedbycourt.643;1037;1041.billtoenforcelienfor.1041.QUASIPARTIESINCHANCERY.whoare.615,note2;764;1263.

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GENERALINDEX.1153[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]QUESTIONS.rulesforquestioningwitnesses.505-509.frameandformofquestions.509.exceptionstobeforecommissioner.496;512.when,whereandhowtaken.512;535!(SeeDepositions;Exceptions;Interrogatories.)QUIATIMET,BILLS.whenmaybefiled.1042.formofbill.1050;1052.QUOWARRANTOBILLS,INCHANCERY.suitsinthenatureofaquowarranto.1081-1083.RAILROADS.contractorson,liensof.1037.RATIONALEOFTHELAW.astopleadings.134,note9;406-408;411,note2.tofraud,accidentandmistake.932.oftheproratingofassets.1030.ageneralcreditors'bill.1032.judicialequity.58.anewtrialatlaw.814,note27.
.courtsandtheirjurisdiction.530.RECEIPTS.maybecontradictedbyparol.442.RECEIVERS,INCHANCERYPROCEEDINGS.
„proceedingspreliminaryto.176.officeofareceiver.891;910-913whomaybeappointed.892.ofwhatappointed.893.effectofareceivership.894.inwhatcasesappointed.895-902.insuitsbyoragainstpartners.896.againstdebtors.897.againstcorporations.898.torecoverrealty.899.toprotecttrustpropertyandliens.900.rightstoproperty.901.chancellor'sdiscretioninappointing.902.timeandmannerofappointing.903-909.whenandbywhomappointed.176;903.applicationfor,howmade.176;904.frameofabillfor.242,sub-sec.2;905.formofapetitionfor.906.billfor.1050.noticeoftheapplicationfor.907.formoforderappointing.908.bondofreceiver.909.theirpowers,duties,andliabilities.910-913.puttinghimintopossession.910.powersof.911.dutiesof.912.liabilitiesof.913.

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1154 GENERALINDEX. _[The1referencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.|
RECEIVERS,INCHANCERYPROCEEDINGS—Continued,hisallowances.914.compensation.915.accountsandreports.916;1171a,sub-sec.6.reportsmustbeitemized.1171a,sub-sec.6.removalanddischargeof.917.insupremecourt.1300.RECORDSOFCOURTS.whatnopartof,unlessbybillofexceptions.1213.orunlessauthenticatedbythechancellor.S38.transcriptsof.1280-1285.howmadecompleteinappellatecourts.1311.probativeforceofcourtrecords.446.maybeleftunadjourned,when.546.matternotintherecordnottobeconsidered.62,sub-sec.1;451;1183,sub-sec.8.REDEMPTION.whentherightexists.623;1044.salesinbarof.623.suggestionsastosalesinbarof.623,note11.decreeinbarof.626.billtoredeemland.1044.RE-EXECUTIONOFINSTRUMENTS.rationaleofthelaw.932.suitstohavecontractsre-executed.942.frameandformofbillsforre-execution.943.REFERENCESTOTHEMASTERINCHANCERY.whenreferencesarenecessaryorproper.594-602.objectof.594.whatmaybereferred.595-598;1153.mattersnotproper.596.howandwhenmade.599.frameandformof.600-601.proceedingsuponareference.603-610;958;1193;1205,sub-sees.42-47.referenceonfurtherdirections.602.whenandwhereexecuted.603.notice.oftimeandplace.604.adjournmentsat.605;1193.openingtheaccount.606.examinationofwitnessesat.607;512.productionofdocumentsat.608.characterofevidenceon.609;512.diligencerequiredofcomplainant.1205,sub-sec.43.decreeagainstcomplainantwhennoproofon.1205,sub-sec.43.objectionstoevidenceon.512.filingclaimson.610.master'sreport.611-614.reportwithoutareference,when.664;1205,sub-sees.44-45.referenceonbilltoselladecedent'sland.993.astoamountdueonalien.1040.astoasaleforpartition.1067.maintenance,education,orreinvestment.975.chancellorshouldnotactasmaster.597,note12.(Account;Decrees,Interlocutory;ClerkandMaster.)

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GENERALINDEX.1155[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]REFORMATIONOFWRITTENINSTRUMENTS,whenenforcedinchancery.942-948.rationaleofthelaw.932.suitsforreformation.945.effectofreformation.946.REFUNDINGBONDS.ininjunctionsuits.861-862.(SeeBonds;Injunctions.)REGISTRATION.objectandeffectof.76,sub-sec.6.(SeeNotice;Priorities.)REHEARINGSINCHANCERY.chanceryruleasto.1204.rehearinggenerallyconsidered.1215.groundsof.1216.whomayhavea.1217.whenandwherethepetitionmustbefiled.1218.frameofapetition.1219.formofapetition.1220.proceedingswhenarehearingisgranted.1221.decreeupona.1222.rehearingintheappellatecourt.1319.RELATIONS.relationsofpartiestoasuit.165.lawofrelationsindrawingbills.167.formofbillwhererelations.168.formofbillwherenorelations.169.doctrineofappliedtopleadings.408.privities.165.RELIEFSINTHECHANCERYCOURTprayersfor.152.natureandextentofreliefgranted.142;555-563.basedonanswer.558;555,note1.foradefendant.559;844.betweendefendants.560.forpersonsnotparties,when.562.againstfraud.51;48;932-938.equityenforceswhatconsciencerequires.58.equityactsupontheperson.32.nowrongwithoutaremedy.33.equitydoesfulljusticeandnotbyhalves.38.hewhoseeksequitymustdoequity.39.equityfollowsthelaw.53.complainantsmusthavecleanhands.42;51.lossmustfallonhimwhocausedit.52.whereequitiesareequal,thelawprevails.54.priorityprevails.55.reliefcircumscribedbythepleadings.139,note19.noreliefonproofalone.142.noobjectionstoreliefathearing,when.542.becauseofdefectofparties.542.becauseofmultifariousness.542.

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1156 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]BELIEFSINTHECHANCERYCOURT—Continued.whenreliefagainstadefendantisdefeatedbyaco-defendant.561;210.atlawnotadequate.294,note33.reliefsinequityunknowntolaw.7;33;294,note33.(SeeDecrees;Decrees,Final;Prayer.)RELIGION.chancerycourtnojurisdictionof,exceptwhen.56;825,note102.REMANDINGSUITSINCHANCERY.foramendmentofpleadings.434,note5;1140;1318.furtherproof.541;1140;1318.byappellatecourt.1318.proceedingsonremandment.662-666.fromthesupremecourt.662;664.courtofcivilappeals.663.thefederalcourt.665.forenforcementofdecree.664.statusofsuitonremandment.662-666.REMEDIES.atlawinadequate,when.294,note33;814;819,note62.damagesnotcompensatory,when.819,note62.norightwithoutremedyforitsviolation.33.remediesinchancerynotknowntolaw.7;33.RENTS.recoverableonejectmentbill.1045-1046.whoentitledtoonsaleofland.641.bondforincaseofappeal.1050.RENUNCIATIONS.(SeeElection;Estoppel;Waiver.)REPLEVINBILLINCHANCERY.whenitwilllie.1053.formof.1054.bond.1055.writofreplevin.1055.proceedingsuponthebill.1056.REPLEVINBONDS,inattachmentsuits.886.replevinsuits.1055.REPLICATIONS,INCHANCERY.toaplea.263;350;1205,sub-sec.67.ananswernotallowed.464,note1.
REPORTSOFMASTERS,COMMISSIONERS,ANDRECEIVERS.whatmaybereferredforareport.1153.whatareportshouldcontain.611.frameandformof.612-613;1171a,sub-sec.2.whentobefiled.614;1171a,sub-sec1.exceptionsto.615-617;1193.effectofamaster'sreport.619-620.effectofitsconfirmation.620.errorsinnotreachedbyexceptions.618.reportofsale,andproceedingsthereon.628-633.

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GENERALINDEX.1157[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]REPORTSOPMASTERS,COMMISSIONERS,ANDRECEIVERS—Continued.confirmationof.620;629-630.chanceryruleastoreportsandexceptionsto.1193.withoutareference,when.664;120S,sub-sees.44-45.mastermayamendhisreportwhenexceptedto.1205,sub-sec.47.ofassetsandliabilitiesofdecedent.994.receivers'reports.916;1171a,sub-sec.6.commissioners'reportofpartition.1062-1063.ofdowerandhomestead.1332.master'sreportastoadvisabilityofsaleoflandforpartition.1068.astosaleoflandsofinfantsandwives.976.cannotbemadebyathirdperson.611,note1.powersanddutiesofmasterinmaking.1160;1171a,sub-sees.1-5.financialreportofmaster.1161;1171a,sub-sec.3.bookreportofmaster.1162;1171a,sub-sec.3.taxesonlandsold,tobereported.1171a,sub-sec.4;1205,sub-sec.50.landsoldtobedescribedinreport.1171a,sub-sec.5.evidencereportisbasedonmustbespecified.1171a,sub-sec.2.ofreceiptsandexpendituresmustbeitemized.1171a,sub-sec.6.(SeeClerkandMaster;Exceptions;Reference.)QUESTIONS.forwitnesses.485;509;1067,note14.crossquestionsforwitnesses.487;508.REPUGNANCY.billmustnotberepugnant.149;64,sub-sec.2.demurrerbecauseofrepugnancy.285.RESADJUDICATA.whenpleadableinbar.329.howpleaded.329;390,sub-sec.3.formofplea.329.BE-SALES,INTHECHANCERYCOURT.openingbiddings.634-639.settingasidesales.631-633.resalebymaster,whenandhow.627;1203.(SeeBiddings;Purchaser;Sales.)RESCISSIONS.suitsforrescission.947-948.RESIDENTS.serviceofprocesson.192.RESTITUTION.
writof.657.RESTRAININGORDERSinthechancerycourt.890.appellatecourt.1300.(SeeInjunctions.)RETAINER.whatconstitutesa.1174;229;233,note3.
RE-TAXINGCOSTS.whenandhow.585.

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1158 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]RETURNS.onsubpoenas.192.allwritstobeenteredonruledocket.1171a,sub-sec.14.RETURNDATSOPPROCESSINCHANCERY.appearance,whenrequired.225-227.returndayofsubpoenas.190;1200;1205,sub-sees.1-4.chanceryruleasto.1200;1205,sub-sees.1-4.(SeeAppearance;SubpoenatoAnswer.)REVERSALOFDECREE.whenbyappellatecourt.1317.remandedwhen.1318.REVIEW,BILLSOP.(SeeBillofReview.)REVIVORSOFSUITS.effectofthedeathofaparty.113;888.ofthemarriageofafemaleparty.114;698.revivorofdecrees.574;707;723-724.billofrevivor.699-709;717-719.whennotnecessary.700.generalresultsof.705.rulesrelativeto.706.statutorymethodsofrevivor.710-716.methodofrevivornotmaterialtorightsofparties.710,note,revivorbymotion.710.byscirefacias.711-713;715;1205,sub-sec.48.liabilitiesresultingfromrevivor.714.formsinreviving.715. *statutoryprovisionsforreviving.716.defencestoarevivor.720-722.powersofmasterinrevivingsuits.1163;1205,sub-sec.48.inappellatecourt.1301.(SeeAbatement;BillofRevivor;Death;ScireFacias.)RIGHTS.whatarerights,andwhatduties.167.RULESINTHECHANCERYCOURT.1.RulesonComplainant.oncomplainanttotakesteps.239.solicitorofcomplainantforhisauthority.233.onpartytoanswerinterrogatories.475.(SeeMotions,inbothIndexes.)2.RuleDays.whatare.1157.powersofthemasteron.1157-1158,note43.(SeeClerkandMaster;Motions,inbothIndexes.)3.RuleDockets.howkept.1169,sub-sec.5;1171a,sub-sees.11,13,14.(SeeClerkandMaster.)4.RuleofLaw,General.generalruleoflawindrawingbills.166;408.demurrerbecausecasenotin.297-298.appliedtopleadings.408.

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GENERALINDEX.1159[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]RULESINTHECHANCERYCOURT—Continued.illustratedbydiagram.411,note2.theoryofthebill.166;275.(SeeRelations.)5.RulesofPractice.ofthechancerycourt.1189-1205.mayberelaxedwhen.1189,note3;1205,sub-sec.74.oldrulesoftenmisleading.18,note23.ruleastopleadingsandexceptionsthereto.1190.depositions,evidenceandtimeforproof.1191;1205,sub-sees.20-32.decrees.1192.accounts,reportsandexceptionsto.1193.proconfessosandproceedingson.1194;1205,sub-sees.2,3,11-14.injunctions,grantinganddissolving.1195.contempts.1196.continuances.1197.motions.1198.hearings.1199.briefsoflawandfacts.1184;1199;1205,rule61.rulesforachancerydivision.1205.theguidanceofthemaster.1155-1172.process,whenreturnable.1200;1205,sub-sees.1-10.corporations.1201.enrollment.1202.resales.1203.rehearings.1204.themaster'soffice.1171a.atthemaster'soffice.1157-1159,note43.chambers.776-783.thisbookonendorsedbysupremecourtjudges.1293a,note20.SALESINTHECHANCERYCOURT.maximsrelatingto.65,note1.whenasalewillbedecree.621.dutiesofthecourtinmaking.624-625;1141,sub-sec.6.whenprivatesaleswillbemade.625.whatshouldappearofrecordwhenlandissold.622.saleoflandinbarofredemption.623.nowarrantyoftitleatcourtsales.640-642.whentitlepasses.629;649-650.titlebydeed,ordecree.649-f350.formofadecreeofsale.626.dutiesofmasterinreferenceto.627. , ,reportofsaleandproceedingsthereon.628-633.confirmationofsale.629-630;649;996.settingasidesales.631-633.openingbiddings.634-639.purchaser'sduties,rightsandliabilities.640-643.chanceryruleastore-sales.1203.salesofdecedent'slandstopaydebts.988-996;997-1004.forpartition,1065-1069.formaintenance,education,orreinvestment.972-984.maximsrelatingtotransferofproperty.65,note1.vendor'slienonsaleofland.1037,sub-sec.1.ofpropertyvalidafterowner'sdeath,when..888.bonofidepurchasers.332.

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1160 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]SALESINTHECHANCERYCOURT—Continued.court,notthemaster,makesthesale.625,note27;634.howadvertised.627,note34.descriptionoflands.627,note41;172;1171a,sub-sec.S.impliedcontractatmaster'ssale.634,note2.landsoldmustbedescribedinreportwhen.1171a,sub-sec.5.shouldfirstbesoldasawhole,andtheninlots,when.1069,note20.ofland:dutyofchancellorasto.1141,sub-sec.6.decreesofsaleoflands.626;844;977;995;1069;1340.taxesonlandssoldmustbereported.1171a,sub-sec.4;1205,sub-sec.50.(SeeBiddings;ClerkandMaster;PartitionandSale;Purchaser;Title.)SCANDALANDIMPERTINENCEINPLEADINGS.billmustbefreefromscandalandimpertinence.150.answermustbefreefromscandal.372;421,notes2-3.(SeeExceptions.)SCIREFACIASTOREVIVESUITSINCHANCERY.revivorbyscirefacias.711-713;1205,sub-sea48.whatascirefaciasagainstheirsshouldshow.712.defencesto.713;720-722.formsof.715.statutoryprovisionsforrevivors.716.orderfor.218.(SeeAbatement;BillofRevivor;Revivor.)SECURITY.marshalingofsecurities.1029.suretiesshouldliveinthestate.180,note5.howjustified.181.injunctionsinbehalfof.805.forcostsofsuit.180-183.(SeeBonds;Costs;Sureties.)SEQUESTRATIONSINCHANCERY.generallyconsidered.658.powersofsequestrators.659.dutiesofsequestrators.660.formofwrit.661.canbeeffectivelyusedwhen.647,note5.SET-OFPS.whenenforcedinchancery.334,sub-sec.8;814,sub-sec.2.SHERIFFS.theofficeof.1185.generaldutiesof.1186.dutiesof,whilecourtisinsession.1187.suggestionsastodutiesintermtime.1188.maybemadeadefendant,when.94;815.SHOWINGCAUSE.causemustbegood.62,sub-sec.8;428.SOLICITORSOFTHECHANCERYCOURT.whenruledtoproduceauthority.233;1174.appearanceby.223,note16;1174.affidavitofwantofauthority.233.howandbywhomlicensed.1173.

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GENERALINDEX.1161[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]SOLICITORSOFTHECHANCERYCOURT—Continued.courtandthebar.1148.deportmentof,towardsthecourt.1149.towardseachother.1150;1183.chancellortowardsthebar.1151.diligence,courtesy,dignity,andgoodfaithrequiredof.1148.officeandstatusofsolicitor.1173.retainerandappearance.229;1174;233,note3.hispowersinacause.1175.dutiesandliabilities.1176.canbindtheirclients.62,sub-sec.5.affidavitby,notsufficientwhen.785,note3.argumentby.537;1183,sub-sees.6-9.righttoopenandcloseargument,when.534,note20;1183,note57.whensuccessfultodrawtheorderordecree.545.someethicsforyoungsolicitors.1183.theterm''solicitor''comparedwith"attorney."1173,note1.summaryjurisdictionofcourtover.1177.confidentialcommunicationsto.1178,note27.hiscompensationforservices.1179.whenhehasalienforhisfee.1180.hislien,howenforced.1181-1182.suggestionstoyoungsolicitors.1183.aboutbringingasuit.77-79.drawingbills.79;165-173.demurrers.317-319;425-426.answers.387-392;425-426.pleas.425-426.proof.469-473.depositions.505-513.motions.742.decrees.580-581.jurytrials.553.appeals.1269;1211;1183,note59.deportment.1183.fraudulentconveyances.1017.dutytofurnishbriefs.1199;1205,sub-sec.61;1184;1303-1307.thisbookrecommendedtobyjudgesofsupremecourt.1293a,note20.
SPECIALTERMSOFTHECHANCERYCOURT.whenandhowappointed.1138.SPECIFICPERFORMANCE.equityactsspecifically.34.whatcontractswillbespecificallyenforced.949.evidenceincasesof.442,sub-sec.4.billfor,onsaleofland.950.decreefor.951.STAREDECISIS.whentherulewillbeapplied,andwhennot.59;62,sub-sec.4.noveltydisturbsthepractice.62,sub-sec.4.
STATE,THE.thefountainofjustice.189,note24.partiesinsuitsbyoragainst.128.

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i162 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]STATE,THE—Continued.cannotbesued.128.herofficersmaybesued,when.128;815-816.STATUTES.statuteoffrauds,pleaof.330.oflimitations,pleaof.388;331.demurrerofstatuteoflimitations.298,sub-sec.2.ofstatuteoffrauds.298,sub-sec.3.
STAYOEPROCEEDINGS.(SeeAttachment;Injunction.)STIPULATIONS.(SeeAgreements.)STRANGERS.whentheymayappearinacause.S18;578.howtheyappear.518;794.motionsby.518;763.petitionsby.794-799.STYLEOFACAUSEINTHECHANCERYCOURT.acausehowentitled.178;786.stylenottobechanged.178,note32.
SUBPOENASINTHECHANCERYCOURT.1.SubpoenastoAnswer.formofsubpoenatoanswer.187.counterpartsubpoenas.188.requisitesofasubpoena.189.returndayofsubpoenas.190;1200;1205,sub-sees.1-5.issuanceofsubpoenas.191.serviceofsubpoenas.192.serviceofoncompaniesandcorporations.193.processagainstotherdefendants.194.aliasprocess.195;218.chanceryruleastoreturndays.1200.defendantsmusthavenoticeofsuit,unless.60.pleasinabatementtothesubpeena.245.defendantservedwithmustobey,orispunishable.201-204.2.SubpoenastoTestify.witnessmustobey,orispunishable.492;923;1159,sub-sec.3;1196,sub-sec.3.formofsubpeenatotestify.492.SUBROGATIONANDSUBSTITUTION.whenenforcedinchancery.964-965;1042,sub-sec.7.formofbillforsubrogation.965.crossbillforasubrogation.405.SUBSTANCEVS.FORM.(SeeFormvs.Substance;Name.)SUGGESTIONS.1.Generally.ofdeath.710.insolvency.1335.

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GENERALINDEX.1163[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]SUGGESTIONS—Continued.2-ToChancellors.howtopreventdelays.526-529;1141.astoamendments.429;526;1140-1141.continuances.1141,sub-sec.2;526-529.pleasanddemurrers.1141,sub-see.3.agreementsbeingputinwriting.1141,sub-sec.4.testimonyofparties.1141,sub-sec.5.salesofland.624;1141,sub-sec.6.allowingappeals.1141,sub-sec.8.signingbillsofexceptions.1141,sub-sec.9.announcinghisconclusions.543.whenpleadingsorproofinadequate.1140.3.ToSolicitors.aboutbringingasuitinchancery.77-79.drawingbills.79;165-173.demurrers.317-319;425-426.answers.387-392;425-426.pleas.425-426.proof.469-473.depositions.505-513,whomtomakedefendants.102.motions.742.defences.425-426.jurytrials.553.decrees.580-581.appeals.1269;1211;1183,note59.briefs.1303-1307;1184.deportment.1183.fraudulentconveyances.1017.SUITSATLAW.injunctionsagainst.814.whentosueatlaworinchancery.78.comparedwithsuitsinchancery.78;132.twoamultiplicity.814,note30.
SUITSINCHANCERY.1.SuitsinGeneral,inChancery.suitsinchancerycontrastedwithsuitsatlaw.78;132.toprotectandenforcerightstoproperty.56.preliminariestobringingasuit.77-79.defendingapainstasuit.229.inwhatcourttobringsuit.78.howasuitiscommenced.133.whomaysueinchancery.80-85.besuedinchancery.86-89.prematurityofsuit,hownleaded.248;298;334.inthecircuitcourt.1324-1326.countycourt.1327-1342.styleofcausenottobechanged.178,note32.whenasuitiscommenced.179-180.whereasuitmustbecommenced.177;250;251;292.suitbroughtinwrongcountv,voidwhen.177,notes17,30;250-251.suitslocalandtransitory.177,notes28-30.

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1164 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]SUITSINCHANCERY—Continued.motionswhereseveralsuitsaboutsamesubject-matter.754-755.whenconsolidated.754-755;1039.thisbookon,endorsedbysupremecourtjudges.1293a,note20.2.ParticularSuitsinChancery.partiesinparticularsuits.117-126.suitsforanaccounting.952-958.onanopenorstatedaccount.1074-1077.aswornaccount.1078.anaward.1077;1079.foranattachmentofproperty.869-890.appointmentofanadministrator.985-987.administrationofestates.988-1004.incasesarisingfromaccident.939-941.forremovalofclouds.812;1042;1050;1052.bycreditorswithoutremedyatlaw.1005-1035.generalcreditors.1030-1035.onawrittencontract.1079.todissolveacorporation.1081-1083.againstacommoncarrier.1074.forawritoferrorcoramnobis.1254-1261.awritofdetinue,orofreplevin.1057.unlawfuldetainerofland.1045-1050.divorce.1088-1105.damages.1075-1076.discoveryofproperty.1019-1024.personsunderdisability.35;968-984.discoveryoffacts.1116-1124.toexecuteadecree.723-724.impeachadecreeforfraud.935.recoveronadecree.1077.collectdebts.1073-1080.enforceadeedoftrust.1041.setuplostdeeds,&c.942-944.takeevidencedebeneesse.1133-1135.forunlawfulentryanddetainer.1045-1050.errorcoramnobis.1254-1261.escheatedproperty.1051-1052.ejectmentandrightsinland.1045-1050.exonerationofsureties.962-963.torecoveramountofafine,orpenalty.1077.recoveronaforeignjudgment.1025-1027.recoverincasesoffraud.932-938;1009-1017.foragarnishment.881.generalcreditors.1030-1035.toprotectthehomestead.1043;1329-1333.recoverinsurance.1079.administerinsolventestates.997-1004.foraninjunction.800-863.aninterpleader.1106-1115.benefitofinfants.970-979.aninquisitionoflunacy.982.tonullifyvoidablejudgmentsanddecrees.814recoveronajudgmentordecree.1077.byjudgmentcreditors.1005-1029.

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GENERALINDEX.1165[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]SUITSINCHANCERY—Continued.suitsforthebenefitoflunatics.970;980-984.toenforceliens.1036-1041.setuplostdeeds,notes,records,&c.942-944.haveadeeddeclaredamortgage.840;931.obtainajudgmentbymotion.221.enforcemechanics'liens.1036-1041.marshalsecurities.1029.enforcemortgages.1041.haveadeeddeclaredamortgage.840;931.protectrightsofmarriedwomen.968-979.subjectpropertyofmarriedwomen.1028.correctamistakeinawriting.939-941.forecloseamortgage.1041.foramandamus.1084-1087.awritofneexeat.864-868.tocollectanoteofhand.1079.oustausurperfromoffice.1081-1083.recoveramountdueasapenaltyorfine.1077.forapartitionofland.1058-1072.recoveryorprotectionofproperty.1042-1052.aspecificperformanceofcontract.949-951.dissolutionofapartnership.959-961.amountdueonpolicyofinsurance.1079.aquowarranto.1081-1083.aquiatimetinjunction.1042.reformationofinstruments.945-946.rescissionofcontracts.947-948.re-executionofwritings.942-944.recoveryofproperty,realandpersonal.1045-1056.redemptionofproperty.1044.awritofreplevinordetinue.1053-1056.abillofreview.1223-1253.areceiver.892-917.tomarshalsecurities.1029.sellpropertyofwivesandinfants.972-979.selllandforpartition.1058-1072.selladecedent'slandtopayhisdebts.988-996.forexonerationorsubstitutionofsureties.962-965.subrogationofsureties.964-965.substitutionofsureties.964-965.anewtrialatlaw.1206-1209.perpetuationoftestimony.1125-1132.takingtestimonydebeneesse.1133-1135.enforcementoftrusts.925-931;1081-1083.toenjointrespasses.819.oustusurpersfromoffice.1081-1083.enforcevendors'andotherliens.1036-1041.sellawife'slandwhentoherinterest.972-979.enforceawife'sequity.968-969.subjectawife'sseparateestatetoherdebts.1028.construeandenforcewillsandtrusts.929.staywasteandtrespasses.819.byawardagainsthisguardian.927;957.(SeeBills,inbothIndexes.)

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1166 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]SUNDAY.processwhenissuableon.186.notacourtday.641,sub-sec.10.SUPERSEDEAS.officeofthewrit.1277.supersedeasofinterlocutorydecrees.1278;1295.howobtained.1278;129S.offinaldecrees.1279;1291.howobtained.1279.formofwrit.1279.(SeeAppellateCourts;WritofError.)SUPPLEMENTALBILLS.generallyconsidered.431;680.amendedbillvs.supplemental.670;681.onfactspriortooriginalbill.682.onfactssubsequenttooriginalbill.683.mustnotbringforwardanewcase.684.essentialsof.685.whentobefiled.686.howleavetofileisobtained.687.frameof.688.formof.689.costbondandprocesson.692.originalbillinthenatureof.690-691.defencestosupplementalbills.693-697.demurrerto.694.answerto.695.hearingon.697.billofrevivorandsupplement.718.(SeeAmendedBills.)SUPREMECOURTOFTENNESSEE,shorthistoryofthecourt.1292.natureandextentofitsjurisdiction.1263a;1293;1302,sub-sec.1.itsfourgreatduties.1292a.hasnooriginaljurisdiction.1302,sub-sec.1.casescarriedtoU.S.supremecourtfrom.1322-1323.reportsofitsdecisionstobepreserved.1162.endorsementofthisbookbyitsjudges.1293a,note20.(SeeAppellateCourts.)SUPREMECOURTOFTHEUNITEDSTATES.whatcasescanbecarriedto.1322.howcasesarecarriedto.1323.proceedingsonremandmentfrom.665.SURCHARGINGANDFALSIFYING.whatmeantby.952;955.suitsforanaccounting.952-958.SURETIES.injunctionsinbehalfof.805.exonerationof.962-963.subrogationandsubstitution.964-965.contribution.966-967.justificationof.181.proceedingswheninsufficientoncostbond.234.(SeeSecurity;Bonds;Purchasers.)

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GENERALINDEX.1167[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]SURPLUSAGE.doesnotvitiate.64,sub-sees.3,S.TABLES.annuity.1072.mortality.1071.TAXES.injunctionsagainstwhenillegal.816.onlandsold,tobereported.1171a,sub-sec.4;120S,sub-sec.SO.TECHNICALITIES.(SeeFormvs.Substance.)TENDER.frameofbillallegingatenderbycomplainant.148.TERMSOFTHECHANCERYCOURT.specialterms.1138.maybeextendedwhentrialnotconcludedwithin.5S4.TESTIMONY.ofpartiesofgreatvalue,when.1141,sub-sec.S.billstoperpetuatetestimony.1125-1132.totaketestimonydebeneesse.1133-1135.privilegedcommunications.1123;1178.(SeeDepositions;Evidence;Proof;Witnesses.)TESTINGPLEADINGSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.generallyconsidered.416;425-426.theobjectandresultof.417.testingbills.418;276-320.pleasanddemurrers.419;350-354.answers.420-424.THEORYOFTHEBILL.theoryofthebillimportant.166;275.(SeeGeneralRuleofLaw.)TIME-whenawitness.70.TITLE.nowarrantyincourtsales.640-642.transferof,bydecree,ordeed.649-650.whenitpassesatcourtsales.629;649-650.injunctionstopreventcloudsin.812.bondfor,injunctionspertainingto.810.ofacause.178.nottobechanged.178,note32.(SeeDeeds;Purchaser;Sales;Style;Warranty.)TRANSCRIPTSOFCOURTRECORDS.foruseasevidence.1280.anappellatecourt.1280.whatshouldcontain.1281.requisitesof.1282.formof.1283.

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1168 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]TRANSCRIPTSOPCOURTRECORDS—Continued.originalpaperattachedtowhen.4S0,note76;1283,note15a.abbreviatedform.1284.suggestionsformaking.1285.feesofclerkfor.1286.TRANSFEROPPROPERTY.(SeeAssignment;Property.)TRESPASSES.injunctionsagainst.819.TRIALOFCAUSE.(SeeHearing;JuryTrials;NewTrials.)TRIALBYJURY.(SeeJuryTrials.TRUSTSANDTRUSTEESINEQUITY.generallyconsidered.925.expresstrusts.926-927.resultingtrusts.930.constructivetrusts.931.trusteesandquasitrustees,whoare.46.maximsrelatingtotrusts.44,46,57.beneficiariesregardedastherealowners.57.terms"confidor"and"confidee"suggested.46,note34.deedsoftrustenforcedinchancery.1041.suitstoconstruetrusts.929.partiestosuitsconcerningtrusts.117-120.relationofconfidence.44-46;57;449.injunctionspertainingtotrustdeeds.810;828.pleathatcomplainantisconnectedwithatrust.334,sub-sec.5.quowarrantobillagainstpublictrustees.1081-1083.billtoenforceadeedoftrust.1041.toconstrueandexecuteatrust.929.tosetuparesultingtrust.930-931.UNITEDSTATESSUPREMECOURT.whatcasescanbecarriedto.1322.,
howcasesarecarriedto.1323.proceedingsincauseonremandmentfrom.665.USURPEKS.quowarrantobillagainst.1081-1083.USURY.toimpeachanoteforusury.840.decreescalinganoteforusury.844.VACATION.powersofchancellordi'rine.770-775.ofmaster.1157-1158.(SeeChambers;Chancellor;ClerkandMaster;Motions.)VENDITIONIEXPONAS.awardedwhen.654.(SeeAttachment;Execution.)

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GENERALINDEX.1169[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]VENDOR'SLIEN.whenitexists.1037,sub-sec.1.billtoenforce.1041.VENUEOFCHANCERYSUITS.wheresuitsinchancerymustbebrought.177;250;251.suitslocaland.transitory.177,notes28-30.demurrerbecausesuitbroughtinwrongcounty.292.pleabecausesuitbroughtinwrongcounty.251.decreevoidifbillfiledinwrongcounty.177,notes17,30;250-251.VERDICTOPJURY.effectof.552.VERIFICATIONS.(SeeAffidavits.)VOIDANDVOIDABLE.decrees,when.446;565;814,note43.VOLUNTARYCONVEYANCES.billtosetasideasfraudulent,when.1009-1014.WAIVERSINCHANCERYPROCEEDINGS.generallyconsidered.71;68-70.whenoperativeonthecomplainant.71,sub-sec.1.onthedefendant.71,sub-sec.2.oneitherparty.71,sub-sec.3.notoperative.71,sub-sec.4.ofadefencebyfailingtopleadit.71,sub-sec.2.maximrelativeto.62,sub-sec.6;71.estoppels.67.WARRANTYOETITLE.purchaser'sduties,rightsandliabilities.640-643.nowarrantyatcourtsales.640-642.(SeePurchasers;Sales;Title.)WASTE.injunctionsagainst.819.WIDOW.whentobemadeaparty.702.WIFE.(SeeHusbandandWife;MarriedWomen.)WILLS.suitstoconstruewills.929.WITNESSESINCHANCERYSUITS.witnessescomparedwithdepositions.479.rulesforquestioningwitnesses.505.howtoexamineawitness.506.yourownwitness,howexamined.507.howtocross-examineawitness.508.howexaminedonareference.607.questionsfor.485;509.crossquestionsfor.487;508.witnesswhendrunk,insubordinate,ortamperedwith.508.

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1170 GENERALINDEX.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.1
WITNESSESINCHANCERYSUITS—Continued.rightsanddutiesofawitness.494;1159,note46.whenhemayrefusetoanswer.494.maybeimprisonedwhen.923;492;1159,sub-sec.3;1196,sub-sec.re-examinedwhen.607,notes13-14;1191;1193.examinationofbeforethemaster.607.shouldbenamedinorderofcontinuance.1205,sub-sec.29.timeawitness.70.tobearwitnessaduty.1159,note46.maybesummonedtoappearatcourtwhen.1205,sib-sec.31.solicitorscannotdiscloseconfidentialcommunications.1178.(SeeDepositions;Evidence;Proof;Testimony.)WRITSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.subpoenatoanswer.187-189.totestify.492.aliassubpoenatoanswer.218.inquisitionoflunacy.981.ofsequestration.661.distringas.656.attachmentofperson.202;923.ofproperty.876.injunction.834;651.neexeat.864-867.judicialattachment.833.orderofsale.654.possession,orassistance.655.execution.646-661.fierifacias.653.mittimus.922.habeascorpus.203.replevin.1055.scirefadias.690;715.errorcoramnobis.1254-1261.supersedeas.1277-1279.error.1270-1276.certiorari.1297;1311.restitution.657.mandamus.1084-1087.(SeeProcess.)WRITSOFERRORdistinguishedfromanappeal.1267.fromwritatcommonlaw.1223,nole2.officeof.1270.whoentitledto.1271.towhatdecreesitwilllie.1272.whenmustbeobtained.1273.howobtained.1274.formofpetitionfor.1275;1291.transcriptfor.1283.ordergranting.1274.filingtranscriptfor.1274.effectofwrit.1276.motionfor.1312.todismiss.1310.

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INDEXTOFORMS.
[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]ABATEMENT,PLEAOE.(SeeFleasinAbatement)ABATEMENTANDREVIVOR.(SeeRevivor;ScireEacias.)ACCOUNTSANDACCOUNTINGS.orderforanaccountofassetsandliabilities.1004.orderforanaccounting.1040.billforanaccounting.954.decreeforanaccounting.954;957.billtoopenanaccount.956.decreeopeningastatedaccount.956;957.billtocompelguardiantoaccount.927;957.surchargeandfalsify.952;955.decreefor,ondeclaringamechanic'slien.1040.noticeofthetakingof.604.formofaccountbythemaster.613;916;1341.billonaswornaccount.1078.aswornaccount.1003;1337.denialofaswornaccount.1337;1078.prayersfor.159,sub-sees.6,10-12.complainant'schargeon.958.defendant'schargeon.058.furtherchargesanddischarges.958.(SeeExceptions;Reports.)ADJOURNMENTSOETHECOURT.entryof.532.ADMINISTRATORSANDEXECUTORS-orderappointinganadlitem.985.billtoappoint.724;986.orderonbillappointing.987.chambersorderappointing.987,note8.billbyadministratortoselllandfordebt.989;1339.billbycreditortoselldecedent'slandforhisdebts.990.answertobilltoselltheland.991.referenceastosaleofdecedent'sland.993.master'sreportonreference.994.decreetoselldecedent'slandforhisdebts.995;1340.confirmingthesale.996.billtowindupaninsolventestate.999;1339.fiatonaninsolventbill.1000.abstractofaninsolventbill.1001.publicationnoticetocreditors.1001,1335.ordersustainingthebill.1002.petitionbyacreditortobecomeaparty.1003.informalclaim.1003;1337.orderforanaccount.1004.

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INDEXTOFORMS.1173[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]ADMINISTRATORSANDEXECUTORS—Continued.finaldecreefordistribution.1004;1340.suggestionbyofinsolvencyofestate.1335.noticetocreditorsby.133S.denialofaccount,andofnote,by.1337.scheduleofassetsby.1338.petitiontocountycourttosellland.1339.decreebycountycourttosellland.1340.billtoconstrueawillortrust.929.billforheir'sshareofestate.927.pleathatdefendantisnotadministrator.340.answerofexecutortobillforadistributiveshare.928.(SeeInsolventEstates.)ADVERTISEMENTS.ofsaleofland.627.advertisementforcreditors.1001;103S.(SeePublication.)ADVISEMENTS.ordertakingcauseunderadvisement.544.AFFIDAVITSINCHANCERYPROCEEDINGS.forprocessonSunday.186.publication.197.tosetasideaproconfesso.208.ofwantofauthoritybysolicitor.233.ofinsufficiencyofsureties.234.toanswer.380;789.answerfiledasacrossbill.405.proveexhibits.468.foracontinuance.520.toanswerdenyingpartnershipofcomplainants.374.ofjustificationofsuretiesoncostbond.181.corroborationtoinjunctionbill.839.bysolicitor,oragent.162;789;873.foracorporation.789.juratto.789;154;164;340;786,sub-sec.7.generalformof.786.tobillsandpetitions,pleas,andanswers.162;789.billonaswornaccount.1078.ofnonestfactumtoanswerdenyinginstrumentsuedon.374.AGREEMENTS-astofacts.472.AIIMONT.petitionfor.1098.referenceasto.1098.orderallowing.1098.decreefor.1104.AMENDMENTSOFPLEADINGS.toabill.676;679.ananswer.437.orderallowingamendmentofbill.215;236;539.amendedbill.679.

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1174 INDEXTOFORMS.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]AMENDMENTSOFPLEADINGS—Continued.noticeofamendmenttodefendant.673.demurrertoamendedbill.694.answertoamendedbill.69S.
ANSWERSTOBILLSINCHANCERY.orderextendingtimeforanswering.237.allowingwifetoanswerseparately.236.answersupportingaplea.332;348.pleaandsupportinganswer.332;348.commencementsofanswers.385,oldformofanswer.381.presentformofanswer.380.affidavitto.380;789.byacorporation.379,note20;789.ofguardianadlitem.383.byadoption.382.infant,byguardianadlitem.383.formsusedinframinganswers.386.framingdenials.386,sub-sees.3-4,8;391.admissions.386,sub-sees.1,5,7.whendefendantisignorant.386,sub-sec.2.inmakingadiscovery.386,sub-sec.6.inpleadingstatuteoflimatitions.386,sub-sec.9.statuteoffrauds.386,sub-sec.10.innocentpurchaser.386,sub-sec.11.resadjudicata.386,sub-sec.12.accordandsatisfaction.391.denialandavoidance,howcombined.391.answeranddisclaimer.398;1049.demurrerjoinedwithananswer.311;403.incorporatedinananswer.403;311.pleaandanswer.348;404.answerascrossbill.405;735;843;1096.exceptionsto,forinsufficiency.423.forscandal.423.clerk'srulingonexceptions,andappeal.423.actionofthecourtonappealfromclerk'sruling.424.amendedorsupplementalanswer.437.toamendedorsupplementalbill.695.billfordivorce.1096.billtoselldecedent'slandfordebt.991.ejectmentbill.1046.injunctionbill.843.billagainstexecutorforadistributiveshare.928.bypartneragainstpartnerconsentingtoadissolution.961.denyingpartnership,howswornto.374.executionofinstrumentsuedon,howswornto.374.
APPEALSINCHANCERYPROCEEDINGS.prayersfor.1264;1342.bondfor.1268.pauperoathfor.1268.prayedandgrantedatchambers.779.tochancellorfromrulingsbythemaster.501.

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INDEXTOFORMS.1175[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]APPELLATECOURTS.(SeeCourtofCivilAppeals;SupremeCourt.)ASSIGNMENTS.1.AssignmentsofProperty.billtosetasideforfraud.1016.2.AssignmentsofErrors.onwritoferrorcoramnobis.1259.inappellatecourt.1306-1307.ATTACHMENTSINTHECHANCERYCOURT1.AttachmentsofthePerson.forcontempt.202;923.orderforfornotperformingdecree.652.writoffornotperformingdecree.652.bailbondon.203.defendantattached,ordertoanswer.203.ordercommittingdefendant.203;922.motionfor,andorderof.219;652.petitionfor.921.fiatfor.921.orderofcommitment.203;922.mittimuson.922.writofhabeascorpus.203.forwitnessfornotanswering.923.judgmentforcontempt.920.2.AttachmentsofProperty.generalformofattachmentbill.873.fiatfor.873;876;908.billtoattachandgarnish.873.bondfor.874.writof,byclerk.876.byjudge,orchancellor.876.publicationforthedefendant.877.directiontoclerktoissuesubpoena.873.ancillarywrits.879-880.judicialattachmentwrit.883.orderawardingajudicialattachment.883.pleasinabatementtothewrit.259;884.replevybondforpropertyattached.886.referenceonreplevybond.886.decreeonareplevybond.887.decreeinattachmentsuits.887.petitiontosetasidedecrees.213;890.ordersettingasidedecree.213;890.restrainingfurtherproceeding.890.AWARDSBYARBITRATORS.billtoenforce.1077;1079.BIDDINGSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.petitiontoopen.637.exhibittopetition.637.decreeopening.637.formofbiddings.637-638.master'sreportofsaleonopening.638.

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1176 INDEXTOFORMS.
['Ffaereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.'BILLSIHTHECHANCERYCOURT.1.FormsCommontoAllBills.oldformofbill.1S3.presentformofbill.1S4.formalpartsofbills.164.addressofbills.15S;132S;1328.commencements,orcaptionsofbills.156.prayersforprocess.158;164.prayersforrelief.159.affidavitstobills.162;789.endorsementandfilingofbills.178.generalformsofbills.168;169.generalformofinjunctionbill.839.abstractofbillininsolventsuit.1001.amendedbill.679.amendmentstobills.215;676;679.crossbill.733.crossbillandanswerjoined.405;735;843;1096.supplementalbill.689.billofrevivor.709.motionforhearingonbillandanswer.438.orderdismissingbills.274;440;524;569.billsinthecircuitcourt,generalformof.1325.thecountycourt,generalformof.1328.2.FormsofParticularBills.amendedbill.679.billtoattachproperty.873;1008;1034.toappointanadministrator.724;986.toadministeraninsolventestate.999.abstractofsuchabill.1001.byadministratortoselllandtopaydebts.989.torelieveagainstanaccident.941.haveanaccounting.954;956;957.collectastatedaccount.1077.collectanopenaccount.1074.aswornaccount.1078.enforceanaward.1077;1079.setasideafraudulentgeneralassignment.1016.enforcelienofasub-contractor.1039.removeclouds.1050;1052;1208.setasideafraudulentconveyance.1014.recoveronawrittencontract.1079.haveacontractspecificallyperformed.950.dissolveacorporation.1083.enforcecontributionamongsureties.967.bycreditorswithoutremedyatlaw.1018;1023;1027;1034.ajudgmentcreditor.1018;1023;1027.generalcreditors.1034.againstacommoncarrier.1079.forwritoferrorcoramnobis.1258.tocollectadebtduebyaccount.1074.obtainadivorce.1094;1095;1096.foradiscoveryofproperty.1023.adiscoveryoffacts.1121.damagesliquidated.1075.

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INDEXTOFORMS.1177[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]BILLSINTHECHANCERYCOURT—Continued.fordamagesunliquidated.1076.toexecuteadecree.724.impeachadecreeforfraud.935.recoveronadecree.1077.collectdebtswherejudgmentatlawcannotbehad.1008.collectdebtsdueonanaccount.1074.enforceadeedoftrust.1041.setupalostdeed,orotherwritings.943.reformadeed.941;945.rescindadeed.934;948.haveadeeddeclaredamortgage.840.havedowerassigned.1330.enjoinasuituponanote.814.enjoinwasteandtrespasses.819;1041.enjoinanuisance.826.enjoinasaleunderadeedoftrust.840.enjointheviolationofanyrights839.enjointheclosingofaroadway.841.enjoinasaleunderavoidabledeed.934.enjointheenforcementofavoidabledecree.935.enjoinatransferofequitableproperty.1008;1023.recoverescheatedproperty.1052.recoverlandbyejectment.1046;1050.exoneratesureties.963.collectabillofexchange.1073.recoveramountofafine,orpenalty.1077.recoveronaforeignjudgment.1027.recoverincaseoffraud.934;935;937;1014;1015.setasideafraudulentconveyance.1014;1016:setasideafraudulentgeneralassignment.1016.garnishdebtorsofdefendant.873.aidgeneralcreditors.1034.holdaguardianaccountabletohisword.927;937;957;971.recoveranheir'sshare.927;937.protectthehomestead.1043.havehomesteadassigned.1330.recoveroninsurancepolicy.1079.administerinsolventestates.999.abstractofsuchabill.1001.obtainaninjunction.814;819;826;839;840;841;935;1008;1034.obtainamandatoryinjunction.841.obtainaninterpleader.1112.selllandsofinfantsfortheireducation.973.haveaninquisitionoflunacy.981.enforceajourneyman'slien.1039.nullifyvoidablejudgmentsanddecrees.935.recoveronjudgmentsanddecrees.1027;1077.enforceaforeignjudgment.1027.aidjudgmentcreditors.1018:1023;1027.enforceliensofmechanics.1039.enforcelienofjourneyman.1039.enforcelienofsub-contractor.1039.enforceliensofvendors.1041.enforceliensofanykind.1039.

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1178 INDEXTOFORMS.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]BILLSINTHECHANCERYCOUBT—Continued.tosetupalostdeed.943.haveaninquisitionoflunacy.981.haveadeeddeclaredamortgage.840;931.enforceamechanics'lien.1039.marshalsecurities.1029.enforceamortgage.1041.correctamistakeinadeed.941;945.subjectamarriedwoman'sseparateestate.1028.obtainamandamus.1086.setupalostnote.943.collectanoteofhand.1079.enjoinanuisance.826.obtainaneexeat.867.byanextfriendagainstaguardian.971.tooustausurperfromoffice.1083.havelandpartitionedinkind..1060.havelandsoldforpartition.1066.haveacontractspecificallyperformed.950.haveapartnershipdissolved.961.collectamountdueonapenalty.1077.recoveronapolicyofinsurance.1079.reformadeed.945.rescindadeed.934;948.redeemland.1044.replevinproperty.1054.reviewadecree.1248.haveareceiverappointed.873;906;961;1023;1034;1041;1050.marshalsecurities.1029.selllandofinfantforhiseducation.973.selllandforpartition.1066.selllandofdecedentforhisdebts.989;1339.enjoinsaleoflandunderdeedoftrust.840.exoneratesureties.963.subrogatesureties.965.enforcecontributionbysureties.966.obtainanewtrialatlaw.1208.enforceatrust.840;930;931;937;957;1041;1083.construeatrust.929.enjoinatrespass.819.perpetuatetestimony.1129.ousttheusurperofanoffice.1083.impeachanoteforusury.840.subjectawife'sseparateestatetoherdebts.1028.enforceawife'sequity.969.construeawill.929.staywaste.819.bywardagainstaguardian.927;957;971.BILLS,CROSSformof.773.toenforceanoteassailedbytheoriginalbill.733.answerfiledasacrossbill.405;735;843;1096.

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INDEXTOFORMS.1179[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]BILLSOFDISCOVERY.prayersforadiscovery.159,sub-sec.4;1121.formsofbills.1121;1023.byjudgmentcreditors.1018;1023.decreeon.1124.BILLSOFDIVORCE.generalformof.1094.specialformof.109S.answerandcrossbill.1096.BILLSOFEXCEPTIONS.authenticationofevidencebychancellorinlieuof.538.billofexceptions.1214.waysidebillofexceptions.1214,note20.BILLOFEXCHANGE.billtorecoveron.1073.BILLSOFINTERPLEADER.formof.1112.demurrersto.1113.decreeforaninterpleader.1114.BILLSOFREVIEW.formof.1248.demurrerto.1252.demurrerandpleato.1253.BILLSOFREVIVOR.formof.709.BILLS,SUPPLEMENTAL.formof.689.demurrerto.694.answerto.695.BONDSINCHANCERYPROCEEDINGS,prosecution.181.justificationofsuretiestobonds.181.bailbond,incaseofcontempt.203.costbond,affidavitofinsufficiencyof.234.motionandorderforbettercostbond.234.injunctionbond,afterjudgmentatlaw.860.beforejudgment.860.generalinjunctionbond.860,note11.refundingbond.829;861.referencetomasteroninjunctionbond.862.judgmentonrefundingbond.862.neexeatbailbond.868.receiver'sbond.909.guardian'sbondforproceedsofland.1069.attachmentbond.874;860,note11.replevybondforattachedproperty.886.referenceonareplevybond.886.decreeonareplevybond.887.bondsforrentsonappealinejectmentsuit.1050.replevinbond.1055.forappealtoappellatecourt.1268.

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1180 INDEXTOFORMS.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]BOOKS.master'sbookreport.1162.judgmentindexbook.1169,sub-sec.2.trialdocket.1169,sub-sec.9.
BRIEFSINCHANCERYSUITS.inthechancerycourt.1184.theappellatecourt.1306;1307.onvariouspoints.1307.petitiontorehear.1319.formsinthisbookendorsedbysupremecourtjudges.1293a,note20.CAPTIONSOFPAPERSINCOURTPROCEEDINGS.ofminutesofcourt.532.decrees.532;see567,note32.specialterm.1138.depositions.486.bills.156;164.billbyaguardian.156.aninfant,lunatic,ormarriedwoman.156.ahusbandandwife.156.aguardian,administrator,orexecutor.156.acreditorinbehalfofhimselfandothers.156;999,note17.a.corporation,county,orcity.156.taxpayeronbehalfofhimselfandothers.156.alegateeinbehalfofhimselfandothers.156.partners.156.thestateonrelation.156,sub-sec.6.fortheuseofacitizen.156,sub-sec.10.answers.380;385.acause.178.(SeeCommencements.)CERTIFICATE.toadeposition.488.CERTIORARI,WRITOF.foramoreperfecttranscript.1311.motionandorderfor.1311.CHAMBERS.noticeofapplicationtochancellorat.779.ordermadeat.779.appealprayedandgrantedat.779.ordermadeathowenteredonminutes.779;781.howauthenticated.781.appointingadministrator.987,note8.orderonaninsolventbill.1000.CHARGES.ontakinganaccount.958.dischargeontakinganaccount.958.CLAIMSINCOURTPROCEEDINGS.informalclaimbyacreditor.1003;1337.adjudicationofbycountyclerk.1337.chargeontakinganaccount.958.

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INDEXTOFORMS.1181[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]CLERKANDMASTER.letterofappointment.1137.inductionintooffice.1154.financialandbookreports.11614162.howhisdeputysignshisname.1172.CLOUDS.billtoremove.10S0;1052;1208.decreetoremove.1209.COMMENCEMENTSOFPAPERSINCOURTPROCEEDINGS.ofbills.156;164.demurrers.310..pleas.254;340.answers.380;385.decrees.567-568.depositions.486.affidavit.786.(SeeCaptions.)COMMISSIONS.totakedepositions.478.ofcommissionerstopartition.1062.clerkandmaster.1137.COMMITMENTS.mittimusforcontempt.922.COMPLAINANT.ruleontotakesteps.239.CONSOLIDATIONOPCAUSES.orderfor.755.decreeinconsolidatedcauses.755.CONTEMPTSINCHANCERY.attachmentfor.202.judgmentfor.920.petitionforanattachment.921.fiatforanattachment.921.orderofcommitment.203;922.mittimus.922.attachmentagainstwitness.923.(SeeAttachmentsofthePerson.)CONTINUANCES.affidavitfor.520.rulingonmotionfor.522.CORAMNOBIS,WRITOPERROR.fiatfor.1256.petitionfor.1258.proceedingsonpetitionfor.1259.(SeeWritofErrorCoramNobis.)CONTRIBUTION.billforcontribution.966.

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1182 INDEXTOFORMS.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]CORPORATIONS.answerby,verificationof.379,note20;789.billagainsttoannulcharter.1083.commencementofbillby.156,sub-sec.5.answerby.385,sub-sec.4.COSTS.bondfor.181.motionbecausebondfordeficient.234.billof,toadeposition.488.COUNTYCOURT.billorpetitionin.1328';1330;1339.petitionforhomesteadanddower;andproceedingsthereon.1330-1333.insolventestates.1335-1342.COURT.appointmentofspecialterm.1138.(SeeMinutesoftheCourt.)COURTOFCIVILAPPEALS.decreeaffirmingdecreebelow.1290.reversingdecreebelow.1290.petitionforwritoferrortoreviewdecreeof.1291.CREDITORS.petitionbytobecomeaparty.797;1003.billbywhocangetnojudgment.1008.cannot'levyexecution.1018.foradiscovery.1023.aforeignjudgmentcreditor.1027.toreachawife'sseparateestate.1028.marshalsecurities.1029.selllandofdecedent.990;999,note17.setasideafraudulentconveyance.1014.inbehalfofgeneralcreditors.1034.advertisementforcreditors.1001;1035.ordersustainingageneralcreditors'bill.1035.CROSSBILLS.formof.733.toenforceapurchase-moneynote.733.adeedoftrust.405.answerfiledas.405;735;843;1096.decreegrantingreliefon.844.DEATH.suggestionofdeathofaparty.698.DECREES,ANDORDERS.1.IntheChanceryCourt.formalpartsof.567;568.proconfesso.205;217;225;1205,sub-sec.68.settingasideaproconfesso.213.onapleainabatement.264-265.whencausesetonbillandanswer.440.finalonoverrulingademurrer.315.sustainingademurrer.315.dismissingbill.440;524;569.

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INDEXTOFORMS.1183[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]DECREESANDORDERSINTHECHANCERYCOURT—Continued,onissuesoffactandverdict.SSI.captionof.532,note;seeS67,note32.mandatorypartof.566,sub-sec.S;567;S68.generalformof.567-568.interlocutorydecree,generalformof.568.finaldecree.568.ordervacatingdecree.572.decreedeclaringlien,andorderingsale.568.declaringamechanic'slien.1040.onexceptionstoamaster'sreport.616-617.tosellland.626;844;1069;1340.confirmreports.616;617;1333;1342.enforcelienonsawmill.568.setasideafraudulentconveyance.1015.vestingtitleinpurchaserofland.649.confirmingsaleofland.630;649;996.openingbiddings.637.onpurchase-moneynote.643.divestingandvestingtitle.649.injunctiontoperformdecree.651.orderingsaleofinfant'slandforhiseducation.977!onbillofdiscovery.1124.attachmentorderfornotperformingadecree.652.scalinganoteforusury.844.onareplevybond.887.
' openingastatedaccount.956;957.dissolvingapartnership.961.inejectmentsuit.1049.fordebtonalegaldemand.1080.onanaward.1080.foradebtonacommoncount.1080.foraninterpleader.1114.onrefundingbond.862.ofdivorceandforalimony.1104.toselldecedent'slandfordebt.995;1340.confirmingthesale.996.fordistributionofaninsolventestate.1004.partition.568;1061;1064;1069.homesteadanddower.1333.adjudgingdefendantalunatic.983.inattachmentsuits.887.consolidatedcauses.755.makingatemporaryinjunctionperpetual.837.billtoexecuteadecree.724.toimpeachadecreeforfraud.935.grantingreliefoncrossbill.844.settingupresultingtrust.930.declaringdeedtobeamortgage.931.forbreachoftrust.938.specificperformance.951.anaccounting.954;956;957.anewtrialatlaw.1209.grantingarehearing.1222.petitionstosetasidedecrees.213;890.

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1184 INDEXTOFORMS.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]DECREESANDORDERS—Continued.decreestosetasidedecrees.213;890. ,tosetupalostnote.943.tosetupalostdeed.943.toreformadeed.945.torevivedecrees.707;71S.(SeeOrdersinIndexofForms.)2-DecreesinCourtofCivilAppeals,affirmingdecreebelow.1290.reversingdecreebelow.1290.3.DecreesinSupremeCourt.reversingdecreeofchancerycourt.1321.affirmingdecreeofchancerycourt.1321.modifyingdecreeofchancerycourt.1321.ofaffirmance,noerrorsbeingassigned.1321.affirming,reversing,andmodifyingdecreesofcourtofcivilappeals.1321.decreeofcourtofcivilappeals.1321.4.DecreesintheCountyCourt.tolayoffhomesteadanddower.1331.confirmingreportastohomesteadanddower.1333.orderingsaleoflandofadecedent.1340.confirmingclerk'sreportastoassetsandcreditors.1342.overrulingexceptionstoclerk'sreport.1342.(SeeOrdersinIndexofForms.)DEEDS.crossbilltoenforcedeedoftrust.40S.decreetoreform.945.ofmasterorcommissioner.650.billtohavedeeddeclaredamortgage.931;840.setasideforfraud.934;1014.havealostdeedsetup.943.reformadeed.945.rescindadeed.948.decreetosetasideafraudulentconveyance.1015.DEFENCES.(SeeAnswers;Demurrers;JoinderofDefences;PleasinAbatement;FleasinBar.)DEMTTRREESINTHECHANCERYCOURT.forwartofparties.283.multifariousness.284.becausecomplainant'shandsnotclean.287.forwantofequity.289.ofjurisdictionofsubject-matter.290-292.oflocalandpersonaljurisdiction.292.becausethesuitisforinjuries.293.plainremedyatlaw.294.suitpremature.298.suitbarredbystatute.298;310.contractnotinwriting.298,sub-sec.3.ofmattersinavoidance.298,sub-sec.4.defendantnot.liable.309.
.contractisusurious.310.amountsuedforisunderfiftydollars.291.

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INDEXTOFORMS.1185[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]DEMURRERSINTHECHANCERYCOURT—Continued.becausecomplainantisaninfant.299.amarriedwoman.299.coupledwithananswer.311;403.aplea.1253.incorporatedinananswer.311;403.toobroad.316.toobroad,amendedandallowed.316.topartofabill.311;316.supplementaloramendedbill.694.billofreview.1252.billofinterpleader.1113.andpleatobillofreview.1253.orderoverrulingandfinaldecree.315.sustaininganddismissingbill.315.ondemurrertoobroad.316.overrulingademurrer.316.DEPOSITIONSINCHANCERY.commissiontotake.478.noticetotake.481.orderdispensingwithnotice.480.captionsof.486.bodyof.487.endorsementonexhibitto.487.onenvelopecontainingdepositions.490.questionsintakingdepositions.485;487;508-509.takenoninterrogatories.485;487.questionstoshowtamperingwithwitness.508.crossquestions.487.oathofinterpreter.495.depositionsruledonhow.538.billofcoststodeposition.488.certificatetodeposition.488.whentakeninshort-hand.489.exceptionsto.500-501;538.endorsementsonenvelope.490.DISCHARGE.ontakinganaccount.958.DISCLAIMERS.formof.398.toanejectmentbill.1049.DISCOVERY.billfor.1121;1023;1018.prayersfor.159,sub-sec.4;1121.byjudgmentcreditors.1023.decreeonbillfor.1124.DISMISSALOFBILLS.onahearing.569.motiontodismiss.274.ordertodismiss.274.onbillandanswer.440.bycomplainant.524.

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1186 INDEXTOFORMS.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.DISMISSALOFBILLS—Continued.ordersettingaside.274.ondemurrer.315.DISTRINGAS,WRITOF.formof.656.DIVORCES.formofbillfor.1094-1096.answerandcrossbillfor.1096.petitionforalimony.1098.referenceastoalimony.1098.orderallowingalimony.1098.decreefor,andforalimony.1104.DOCKETS.trialdocket.1169.DOCUMENTS.ordertoproduce.467.noticetoproduce.471.DOWER.noticeofapplicationfor.1329.petitionfor.1330.proceedingson,report,anddecreefor.1331-1333.(SeeHomestead.)EJECTMENTSUITS.billtorecoverland.1046;1050.disclaimertobill.1048.answertobill.1048.decreein.1049.pleaofstatuteoflimitations.331;1048.ordersandbondsonappeal.1050.bondstosecurerents.1050.ENDORSEMENTSONCOURTPAPERS.onpleadingswhenfiled.178.exhibitstodepositions.487.envelopeofadeposition.490.ENTRIESINMINUTESOPTHECOURT.entriesinminutesleftopen.779.showingminutesleftopen.546.astomaster'sfinancialandbookreports.1162.ERROR,WRITSOF.petitionfor.1275;1291.ordergrantingawritoferror.1274;1275.writoferror.1274.fiatforwritof.1274-1275.(SeeWritofError.)ERRORCORAMNOBIS.(SeeWritofErrorCoramNobis.)ESCHEAT.billtoenforce.1052.

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INDEXTOFORMS.1187[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]EVIDENCE.ruledouthowauthenticatedforappeal.538.EXCEPTIONSINCOURTPROCEEDINGS.1.ExceptionstoAnswers.forinsufficiency.423.scandal.423.rulingonandappeal.423.actionofthecourton.424.2.ExceptionstoDepositions.formof.500.rulingofclerkon.500. _,
appealfromclerk'sruling,andchancellor'saction.501.authenticationofbythechancellor.538.3.ExceptionstoReports.formof.616;1342.decreeon.616-617;1342.4.BillsofExceptions.formof.1214.waysidebill.1214,note20.rulingsofchancellorhowsubstitutedfor.538.EXECUTIONS.formsof.653.injunctiontoperformdecree.651.attachmenttoenforcedecree.652.ordertosell.654.orderofsale.654.writofpossession.655.restitution.657.EXHIBITS.ordertofile.235;467.affidavittoprove.468.endorsementon,todeposition.487.EXONERATIONOESURETIES,billforexoneration.963.FEES.lienfordeclared.1181.FIATSBYCHANCELLORS.forunlimitedinjunction.174;829;830;873;908.interimfiat.828.todelaysaleofland.828.conditionalfiat.828;814;829;830.forlimitedinjunction.814;829;830;831.mandatoryinjunction.566,sub-sec.5;830;841.wherepauperoathistaken.831.foraneexeat.867.anattachment.873;876;908.oninsolventbill.1000.foraninjunction,attachmentandreceiver.908.anattachmentoftheperson.921.awritofreplevin.1054.analternativemandamus.1086.

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]188 INDEXTOFORMS.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]FIATSBYCHANCELLORS—Continued.foraninquisitionoflunacy.981.awritoferrorcoramnobis.12S6.restrainingorder.890.forawritoferror.1274;127S.asupersedeas.1278;1279.TILINGOPPAPERS.billhowendorsedfor.178.ordertofileexhibits.235.FORMERJUDGMENT,ORSUIT.pleaofformersuitpending.328.offormerjudgment,orresadjudicata.329.FRAUD.billtosetasideadeedorotherwritingforfraud.934;945;948.toimpeachadecreeforfraud.935;948.forviolationoftrust.937.tosetasideafraudulentconveyance.1014;1016.decreetosetasideafraudulentconveyance.1015.incaseofconstructivefraud.938.GUARDIANS,ANDGUARDIANSADLITEM.orderappointingaguardianadlitem.216.answerofinfantbyguardianadlitem.383.bondofforproceedsofland.1069.orderappointingguardianforalunatic.983.billbywardagainsthisguardian.927;957;971.HABEASCORPUS.writof.203.HEARING.motionforonbillandanswer.438.decreeonbillandanswer.440.dismissingbill.569.HOMESTEADS.noticeofapplicationfor.1329.petitionfor.1330.orderappointingcommissionerstolayoff.1331.reportofcommissionerstolayoff.1332.decreeconfirmingreport.1333.billbywifetoprotectherhomestead.1043.HUSBANDANDWIFE.orderforwifetoanswerseparately.236.commencementofbillby.156.answerby.385.billtoenforcewife'sequity.969.toprotecthomestead.1043.INFANTSINCHANCERY.billofagainstguardian.927;957;971.nextfriendagainstguardian.971.commencementofanswerby.385.billIw156.

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INPEX.TOFORMS.1189[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]INFANTSINCHANCERY—Continued.answerof,byguardianadlitem.383.billtoselllandof,foreducation.973.referenceastosaleofland.975;978.reportastosaleofland.976.decreeonreportorderingsale.977.INJUNCTIONSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.1.InjunctionsGenerallyConsidered.toperformdecrees.651.bondfor.829;860;861.refundingbond.829;861.judgmentonrefundingbond.862.fiatforunlimited.174;829;830;908;873.limitedorconditional.814;829;830;831.mandatory.566,sub-sec.5;830;841.interim.828.writofinjunction.834.temporaryagainstsuitatlaw.834.affidavitofcorroborationtobill.839.temporarymadeperpetual.837.wherepauperoathistaken.831.adinterim,ortemporarywritof.834.noticeofmotiontodissolve.854.orderonmotiontodissolve.855;861.proceedingsonbonds.861-862.injunctiononinsolventbill.1001.restrainingorder.890.2.InjunctionBills,AnswersandDecrees.generalformofbill.839.toenjoinsuitonnote.814.staywaste.819.enjoinanuisance.826.saleundertrustdeed.840.noteforusury.840.trespass:mandatorywritsought.841.mandatoryinjunctionbill.841.answertoinjunctionbill.843.decreegrantingcounterrelief.844.INQUISITIONOFLUNACY.petitionfor.981.fiatfor,andwritof.981.noticetothedefendant.982.returnofserviceofthepetition.982.verdictofthejuryonaninquisition.982.decree,andappointmentofguardian.983.INSOLVENTESTATES.1.InChancery.billtoadministerinchancery.999.chancellor'sfiatonbill.1000.abstractofbill.1001.publicationnoticetocreditors.1001.ordersustainingbill.1002.petitionbycreditortobecomeaparty.1003.

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11^0 INDEXTOFORMS.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]INSOLVENTESTATES—Continued.informalclaim.1003;1337.decreeofdistribution.1004.(SeeAdministratorsandExecutors.)2.IntheCountyCourt.suggestionofinsolvency,andorderofpublication.1335.noticetofileclaims.133S.aswornaccount.1003;1337.denialofaccount.1337.ofexecutionofnote.1337.adjudicationofclaims.1337.ordertofilescheduleofassets.1338.scheduleofassets.1338.petitiontosellthedecedent'slands.1339.decreetosellthelands.1340.reportofassets,creditorsandprorata.1341.exceptionstoreport.1342,note28.decreeconfirmingreport.1342.(SeeAdministratorsandExecutors.)INTERPLEADERBILLS,OE.formof.1112.demurrersto.1113.decreeon.1114.INTERPRETER.oathof.495.INTERROGATORIES.noticeoffiling.481;484.formof.485.depositiontakenon.485;487.questionsfor.485;487;509.crossquestionsfor.487;508.toshowtampering.508.INVENTORIES.ofproperty.916.notesandaccounts.916.ISSUESOEPACT.formsof.550;551;1259,note39.decreeon.551.JOINDEROPDEFENCES.demurrerjoinedwithanswer.311;403.incorporatedinananswer.311;403.pleajoinedwithademurrer.1253.wjoinedwithananswer.332;348;404.answerfiledasacrossbill.405;735;843;1096.JUDGMENTS.(SeeDecrees;Orders.)JUDGMENTCREDITORS.billof.1018;1027.JUDGMENTSONNOTES.forpurchasemoney.643.onrefundingbond.862.

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INDEXTOFORMS.119
J
[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]JURATS.toaffidavits.786,sub-sec.7;789;1S4;164;340.JURIES.demandforajury.547.issuesoffact.SS0-SS1;12S9,note39.demandforjury,issues,verdictanddecree.SSI.LAND.(SeeDecrees;Ejectment;Sales-)LIENS.billtoenforceliens,generalform.1039.enforceajourneyman's,orsub-contractor'slien.1039.enforceajudgmentcreditor'slien.1018.enforceamechanics'lien.1039.enforceavendor'slien.1041.referenceastoamountoflien.1040.reporttoascertainamountofmechanic'slien.613.decreedeclaringalienandorderingasale.568;1040.declaringamechanic'slien.1040.declaringafurnisher'slien.1040.declaringalieninvariouscases,generalform.1040.declaringasolicitor'slien.1181;1321.LOSTPAPERSANDINSTRUMENTS.ordersupplying.944.billtosetuplostdeed.943.tosetupalostnote.943.decreesettinguplostnote.943.LUNATICSINCHANCERY.petitionforaninquisition.981.fiatfor,andwritof,inquisition.981.noticetodefendantoftheinquisition.982.returnofserviceofthepetition.982.verdictofthejuryofinquisition.982.decreeadjudgingdefendantinsane.983.orderofcourtappointingaguardian.983.MANDAMUS.billfor.1086.fiatforanalternative.1Q86.motionandorderfor.1087.alternativewrit.1087.peremptorywrit.1087.MARSHALINGSECURITIES.billtomarshalsecurities.1029.MECHANICS'LIENS.(SeeLiens.)MINUTESOPTHECOURT.captionsfor.532.foraspecialterm.1138.leftopen.546.entryinminutesleftopen.779.leftopenhowauthenticated.781.

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1192 INDEXTOFORMS.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]MISNOMERS.ofdefendant,howtreated.89,note16;385,sub-sec.3.
MISTAKE.billtocorrectamistakeinadeed.941.MITTIMUS.incaseofcontempt.922.MOTIONSINCOURTPROCEEDINGS.toamendbill.215.dismissbill.274;524.forhearingonbillandanswer.438.dissolutionofinjunction.856;861.furthertimeforargumentinappellatecourt.1321.solicitortoshowauthority.233.bettercostbond.234.productionofdocuments.467.anattachmenttocompeldefendanttoanswerbill.219.complainanttotakesteps.239.continuance,andrulingson.522.anewtrial.1211.(SeeChamber^;Decrees;Orders;Rules.)NEEXEATS.allegationsinbillfor.867.prayerfor.867.fiatfor.867.writof.867.bailbond.868.NEWTRIALSINTHECHANCERYCOURT.billfor.1208.decreefor.1209.motionfor.1211.orderonmotionfor.1211.NONESTFACTUM.pleaof.334,sub-sec.4.byanadministrator.1337.NEXTERIEND.commencementofbillby.156.billbyagainstaguardian.971.NOTES.forpurchasemoney.627.billtosetupalostnote.943.decreetosetuplostnote.943.billstocollect.1073;1079.judgmentsonforpurchasemoney.643.pleaofnonestfactum,byanadministrator.1337.NOTICESINCOURTPROCEEDINGS.totakedepositions.481.orderdispensingwithnotice.480.toproducedocument,orsecondaryevidencewillbeoffered.471.offilingofinterrogatories.481;484.

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INDEXTOFORMS.1193[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]NOTICESINCOURTPROCEEDINGS—Continued,ofthetakingofanaccount.604.abbreviationoftranscriptforanappeal.1284.saleofland.627,page495.amendmentofbill.673.applicationtochancelloratchambers.779.intentiontoapplyforwritoferrororsupersedeas.1275.grantingofwrit.1279.applicationforhomesteadanddower.1329.motiontodissolveinjunction.8S4.forareceiver.907.forasupersedeas.1275;1278.publicationnoticetocreditors.1001;1035;1335.ofinquisitionoflunacy.982.publicationnoticeinattachmentsuits.877.inothersuits.198.tofileclaimsagainstanestate.1001;1035;1335.(SeePublication.)OATHS.bypaupersinsuits.183.(SeeAffidavits.)ORDERSOFSALE.toselllandleviedon.654.ORDERSINCOURTPROCEEDINGS.fordefendantattached,toanswer.203.commitmentofdefendantincontempt.203;922.proconfesso.205;217;225;1205,sub-sec.68.proconfessoonseconddayofterm.225.settingasideaproconfesso.208.appointingguardianadlitem.216.allowingbilltobeamended.215;236;539.forpublicationastoadefendant.198;877.aliasprocess.218.scirefacias.218.anattachmentfornotansweringabill.219.solicitortoshowhisauthority.233.bettercostbond.234.exhibitstobefiled.235.wifetoanswerseparately.236.furthertimetoanswer.237.complainanttotakesteps.239.rulingonapleainabatement.264.orderingareference.601;602.rulingondemurrers.315-316.sustainingdemurreranddismissingbill.315.overrulingdemurrer.316.toproducedocuments.467.rulingonexceptionstoanswer.424.dismissingbill.274;440;524.foracausetostandoverforamendment.539.tosupplyproof.540.areferenceforanaccount.1040.openingbiddings.637.

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1194 indexToforms.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]ORDERSINCOURTPROCEEDINGS—Continued.dispensingwithnoticetotakedepositions.480.takingcaseunderadvisement.544.vacatingadecree.274;572.consolidatingcauses.755.toselllandleviedon.654.abatingasuit.698.revivingadecree.707;715.revivingsuitonmotion.710;715.forascirefacias.218;710;715.onmotiontodissolveaninjunction.855.dissolvinginjunction.861.ofreferenceonrefundingbond.862.madeatchambers.779.inminutesleftopen.779.forjudicialattachment.883.peremptorymandamus.1087.alimonypendentelite.1098.perpetuatingtestimony.1132.appointingareceiver.908:anadministratoradlitem.985.ageneraladministrator.987.aguardianofalunatic.983.commissionerstomakepartition.1061.commissionerstoassignhomestead.1331.commissionerstoassigndower.1331.forpublicationastocreditors.1335.defendantinattachmentsuit.877.tofilescheduleofassets.1338.ofreferenceastosaleofdecedent'slandfordebt.993.foranaccountonaninsolventbill.1004.atchambersonaninsolventbill.1000.sustaininganinsolventbill.1002;1035.topayguardianproceedsofland.1069.ofreferenceastosaleofinfant'sland.975.restrainingorder.890;1215.ordersettingasideanattachmentdecree.213;890.sustainingageneralcreditor'sbill.1035.supplyingalostpaper.944.granting,andoverruling,motionforanewtrial.1211.stayingproceedingsonapetitiontorehear.1215.rulingonpetitiontorehear.1222.leavingminutesopen.546.declaringalienforfee.•1181;1321.onmotiontodismissapetitioncoramnobis.1259.foracontinuance.522.grantingawritoferror.1274.grantingasupersedeas.1278;1279.acertiorari.1311.reinstatingacauseonremandment.662.(SeeChancellor;ClerkandHaster;Decrees;Fiats;References;Rules.)PARTITIONORSALEOFLANDS.decreefor.568;1061;1064.billfor.1060.

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INDEXTOFORMS. 1195[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]PARTITIONOB,SALEOFLANDS—Continued,commissiontocommissioners.1062.reportofcommissioners.1063.decreeofpartition.1061;1064.billforsaleforpartition.1066.referencetomasterastosale.1067.questionsforwitnesses.1067,note14.reportofmasterastosale.1068.decreeforsale.1069,note20.guardian'sspecialbond.1069.valueoflifeestate.1072.ordertopayproceedsoflandtoguardian.1069.PARTNERSHIP.billtodissolveandwindup.961.decreedissolving.961.billforcontribution.967.pleadenyingpartnership.252.answerconsentingtoadissolution.961.PAUPEROATHS.inlieuofcostbond.182-183;1268.bynextfriend.183;1268.guardian.183.administrator,orexecutor.183.onappeal.1268.PETITIONSINCOURTPROCEEDINGS.tosetasideaproconfesso.213.decreeinattachmentsuit.890;213.perpetuatetestimony.1132.becomeapartytofileaclaim.797;1003.openbiddings.637.setuptitletopropertyprointeressesuo.79S.foralimony,pendentelite.1098.distributiveshare.927.arehearinginchancery.1220.receiver.906.inquisitionoflunacy.981.awritoferror.1275;1291.oferrorcoramnobis.1258.ofattachmentforcontempt.920.ofsupersedeas.1275;1278.arehearingintheappellatecourts.1319.bystrangertosuit.795.prointeressesuo.795.bycreditortobecomeaparty.1003.inthecircuitcourt.1325.countycourt.1328;1330;1339.forhomesteadanddower.1330.toselladecedent'slandfordebt.1339.affidavitto.789.PLEASINCHANCERY.1.PleasinAbatement.becauseamountisunderfiftydollars.249.

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1196 INDEXTOFORMS.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]PLEASINCHANCERY—Continued.becauselandliesinanothercounty.250;254.bothpartiesresideinanothercounty.251;254.subpoenatoanswerservedondefendantwhileawitness.245.suitprematurelybrought.248.groundsofattachmentfalse.259;884.complainantsarenotpartners.252.negativingajurisdictionalallegationinbill.254.settingdownforargument.262;350.replication.263;350.affidavitto.789.rulingofcourtonplea.264.decreeonthehearing.264-265.2.FleasinBar.ageneralform.340.affidavitto.789.howsetforthinananswer.386.thatdefendantisamarriedwoman.326.isnotadministrator.340.thatcomplainantisamarriedwoman.326.isaninfant.326.abankrupt.326.isconnectedwithatrust.334,sub-sec.5.ofstatuteoffrauds.330;404;386,sub-sec.10.formersuitpending.328.judgmentordecree,(resadjudicata),329;386,sub-sec.12.resadjudicata.329.statuteoflimitations.331;386,sub-sec.9.innocentpurchaser.332;386,sub-sec.11.paymentbeforesuitbrought.340.statedorsettledaccount.333.nonestfactum.334,sub-sec.4;374;1337.tenderofmoney.334,sub-sec.6.accordandsatisfaction.391.topartofabill.340.denyingdefendant'sallegedcharacter.340.pleaandsupportinganswer.332;348.settingdownapleaforargument.262;350.replication.263;350.pleajoinedwithananswer.348;404.toassignmentoferrors.1259.incorporatedinananswer.404.joinedwithademurrertoabillofreview.1253.innulloesterratum.1259.ofnonestfactum.334,sub-sec.4.byanadministrator.1337.POSSESSION,WRITOP.formofwrit.655.PRAYERS.forsubpoena.154;158;164.publication.154;158.aninjunction.158,sub-sees.3-4.anattachment.158.areceiver.158,sub-sec.5.

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INDEXTOFORMS.1197[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]PRAYERS—Continued.foraneexeat.867.anadministrator.159.asaleofland.159,sub-sec.9.anaccountofmoneyorpropertyhadandreceived.159,sub-sec.10.ofrentsandprofits.159,sub-sec.11.ofpersonalestate.159,sub-sec.12.anaccount.159,sub-sees.6,10-12.productionofdeedsandpapers.159,sub-sees.5,13.aguardianadlitem.159;164.adiscovery.159,sub-sec.4;1023;1121.amoneyrecovery.159,sub-sec.7.damages.159,sub-sec.8.anappealfromadecree.1264;1342.PROCESS.orderforaliasormesne.218.(SeeSubpoenas;Writs.)PROCONFESSOS.orderfor.205;217;225;1205,sub-sec.68.onseconddayofterm.225.affidavitandordertosetasidea.208.petitiontosetasideadecreeon.213;890.decreesettingasideadecreeon.213;890.PROOF.agreementsastofacts.472.billtoperpetuate.1129.causestoodoverforproof.540.noticetoproducedocuments.471.ordertoproducedocuments.467.actionofchancelloronhowauthenticated.538.PUBLICATIONSINCOURTPROCEEDINGS.affidavitfor.197.orderof.198.inattachmentsuits.877.forcreditors.1001;1035;1335.QUESTIONS.forwitnesses.485;509;1067,note14.crossquestions.487;508.QUIATIMET.formofbill.1052.decree.1209.QUOWARRANTO.billinnatureof.1083.RECEIVERS.billfor.1050.petitionfor.906.noticeofmotionfor.907.orderatchambersappointing.908.-fiatforappointmentof.908.bondsof.909.reportof.916.

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1198 INDEXTOFORMS.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]RECORD.minutesleftopen.546.captionofminutes.532.transcriptsofforappellatecourts.1283-1284.REDEMPTION.billtoredeemland.1044.REFERENCESTOTHEMASTER.astodamagesonarefundingbond.862.areplevybond.886.foranaccountaboutmechanic'slien.1040.onfurtherdirections.602.generalformoforderfor.601.onareplevybond.886.astoalimony,pendentelite.1098.saleofdecedent'slandtopaydebts.993.foranaccountofaninsolventestate.1004.astosaleoflandforpartition.1067.saleoflandofinfantforeducation.975;978.REFORMATIONOFWRITINGS.billtoreformadeed.945.decreetoreformadeed.945.REHEARINGS.orderstayingproceedingsonpetitionfiled.1215.petitionfora.1220;1319.briefonapetitionfor.1319.orderdismissingpetitionfor.1222.allowingpetitionfor.1222.decreegrantinga.1222.petitionforintheappellatecourts.1319.REMANDMENTS.orderreinstatingcauseon.662.REPLEVINBILLS.formof.1054.fiatforwritofreplevin.1054.bond.1055.writofreplevin.1055.REPLICATIONS.toplea.263;355;1205,sub-sec.67.REPORTSOFMASTERANDCOMMMISSIONERaccountstatedonamechanic'slien.613.exceptionsto.616;1342.decreeonexceptionsto.616-617;1333;1342.ofsaleoflandandpersonalty.628.formofreceiver'sreport.916.astosaleofdecedent'slandstopaydebts.994.ofsaleonopenedbiddings.638.ofcommissionerstopartition.1063.toassignhomesteadanddower.1332.astoadvisabilityofsaleforpartition.1068.

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INDEXTOFORMS.1199[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]BEPOBTSOFMASTERANDCOMMISSIONER—Continued.astosaleofinfant'slandforitseducation.976.ofassetsbyadministrator.1338.assets,creditorsandprorata,byclerk.1341.master'sfinancialandbookreports.1161-1162.entryastosuchreports.1162.REPORTSOFRECEIVERS.formof.916.QUESTIONSFORWITNESSES.ontakingdepositions.487;508;S09.toshowtampering.508.QUIATIMET.billtoremoveacloud.1050;1052.RESADJUDICATA.pleaof.329.RESCISSION.billtohavedeedrescinded.948.RESTITUTION.writof.657.RESTRAININGORDERS.inattachmentcase.890.onpetitiontorehear.1215.RETURNS.returnonsubpcenatoanswer.192;193,note51.REVIEW,BILLSOF.(SeeBillofReview.)REVIVORSOFSUITS.ofdecree.707;715.billof.709.onmotion.710;715.orderforascirefacias.715.writofscirefacias.715.revivoronascirefacias.715.byconsent.715.suggestionofdeathofparty.698.orderabatingsuit.698.RULES,ANDRULINGS.oncomplainantforbetterprosecutionbond.234.onsolicitortoshowauthority.233.complainanttotakesteps.239.rulingsofchancellorondepositionsanddocuments.538.SALESINTHECHANCERYCOURT.advertisementbythemaster.627.noteforpurchasemoney.627.reportofsaleoflandandpersonalty.628.decreeconfirming.630;649;996.vestingtitleinpurchaser.649.

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1200 INDEXTOFORMS.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]SALESINTHECHANCERYCOURT—Continued.orderopeningbiddings.637.master'sreportofre-sale.638.deedofmaster,orcommissioner.6S0.decreetosellpersonalty.568.orderofsale.654.decreestosellland.626;844;977;995;1069;1340.landfirstaswholeandtheninlots.1069,note20.SCIREFACIAS.orderfor.218;715.torevivedecree.715.formofwrit.715.revivoron.715.SEQUESTRATIONS.formofwrit.661.SOLICITORSOFTHECHANCERYCOURT.affidavitofwantofauthority.233.ruleontoproduceauthority.233.declarationoflienof,forfee.1181;1321.SPECIFICPERFORMANCE.billtoenforce.950.decreefor.951.STATUTEOFFRAUDS.pleaof.330;340;404.STYLEOFCAUSE.endorsedonbill.178.(SeeCaptions.)SUBPOENAS.toanswer.187,note16.issuedandexecutedonSunday.186.aliassubpoena.218.sheriff'sreturnon.192.forwitnesses.492.SUBROGATION.billforsubrogation.965.crossbillfor.405.SUNDAY.affidavitforprocesson.186.SUPERSEDEAS,WRITSOF.noticeofapplicationfor.1275;1278.petitionfor.1275;1278;1291.orderfor.1278.fiatfor.1278;1279.writof.1279.SUPPLEMENTALBILLS.formof.689.demurrerto.694.answerto.695.

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INDEXTOFORMS.1201[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated]SUPREMECOURT.decreesreversingdecrees.1321.modifyingdecrees.1321.affirmingdecrees.1321.astodecreesofcourtofcivilappeals.1321.SURCHARGINGANDFALSIFYING.billsurchargingandfalsifyinganaccount.9S6.decreeallowing.956.SURETIES.billtoexonerate.963.forsubrogationandsubstitution.965.contribution.966.affidavitofinsufficiencyof.234.motionandorderforbettersecurity.234.affidavitofjustificationby.181.
TERMSOFCOURT.appointmentofspecialterms.1138.TESTIMONY.billtoperpetuate.1129.petitiontoperpetuate.1132.ordertoperpetuate.1132.TITLE.decreevestingtitleinpurchaser.649.deedconveyingtitletopurchaser.650.ofacause.178.
TRANSCRIPTS.forappellatecourt.1283.abbreviatedtranscript.1284.TRUSTS.billtoconstrueandexecute.929;1083.tosetuparesultingtrust.930.toconstrueawill,ordeed.929.tohavedeeddeclaredamortgage.931.bywardagainstguardian.927;937;971.fordistributiveshare.927.answerofexecutor.928.decreesettingupresultingtrust.930.decreedeclaringdeedamortgage.931.billforbreachoftrust.937;1083.decreeforbreachoftrust.938.crossbilltoenforceadeedoftrust.405.
USURPERSOFOFFICE.billtooust.1083.USURY.billtoimpeachanotefor.840.decreescalinganotefor.844.

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1202 INDEXTO.FORMS.[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]VERDICTS.onissueoffact.551.inquisitionoflunacy.982.VERIFICATION.(SeeAffidavits.)WIFE.billtoenforcewife'sequity.960.bywifetoprotectherhomestead.1043.ordertoanswerseparately.236.billtoreachawife'sseparateestate.1028.WILLS.billtoconstrue.929.WITNESSES.questionsfor.485.crossquestionsfor.487.questionstoshowtampering.508.qtiestionsfordepositions.509.subpoenafor.492.WRITSOFTHECHANCERYCOURT.subpoenatoanswer.187.totestify.492.attachmentofperson.202;923.ofproperty.876;879-880.injunction.834.neexeat.867.judicialattachment.883.execution,orHenfacias,653.distringas.656.sequestration.661.habeascorpus.203.mandamus.1087.mittimus.922.inquisitionoflunacy.981.scirefacias.715.possession.655.assistance.655.restitution.657.orderofsale.654.replevin.1055.error.1278;1279.certiorari.1311.supersedeas.1279.(SeeaboveWritsseparatelyIndexed.)WRITSOFERROR.petitionfor.1275;1291.noticeofintentiontoapplyfor.1275.grantofwrit.1279.fiatfor,andordergranting.1279;1274;1275.clerk'sendorsementontranscript.1274.formofwrit.1279.

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INDEXTOFORMS.1203[Thereferencesaretosections,unlessotherwisestated.]WRITSOFEREOECORAMNOBIS.fiatfor.12S6.petitionfor.1258.motiontodismisspetitionfor.1259.assignmentoferrorsonpetitionfor.1259.pleatoassignmentof.errors.1259.WRITSOPSUPERSEDEAS.(SeeSupersedeas.)
ERRATA.Errorsonthepartofbothauthorandprinterappearinallbooks.1Thosewhohavereadmanyproofsinaprintingofficeknowhowthisis,butthosewithoutsuchexperienceoftenconsidersucherrorstheresultsofignorance,orcarelessness.Someerrorshavealreadybeendetectedintheforegoingpages,allhoweverimmaterial;andnodoubtothersexistof,perhaps,nogreaterimportance.Itmaybepropertostatethatsomeapparenterrorsofphraseologyaretheresultsoftheauthorusing,verbatim,thelanguageofthestatute,orotherauthorityhecites,henothavingfeltatlibertytomakeanychangestherein.Thefollowingarethemostimportanterrorsdetecteddowntothedayofpublication-.
Page20,note5:"atthehearin''shouldread"atthehearing."Page32,§38,sub-section8:"precedentsobsolete''shouldread"precedentsobsolete."Page43,§49,line9:"wrongedasdo"shouldread"wrongedastodo."Page47,§56,line7:"labororproprty"shouldread"labororproperty."Page52,§62,subsection1,line10:"sitjudiciishouldread"sitjudici."Page223,chapterxiv:head-lineof§274shouldbeinsertedintableofhead-lines.Page270,note44:Goodloev.Goodloeisreportedin8Cates,page252.Page472,§588:thenumberofthissectionshouldbe598.Page486,§616:inDecreeonExceptionstoaReport,afterthewords"secondexceptiontakenasaforesaid,"attheendofline8,insert:"isnotwelltaken,thesameisoverruled.Anduponthethirdexception,takenasaforesaid."Page522,§657,sub-sec.1:thewords"NatureofanInjunction,"inthehead-lineshouldbe"NatureofanExecution."Page572,note35:"See,ante,§524,note,"shouldbe:"See,ante,§437."Page631,§825,line2:"obilgationsofthecontract"shouldbe"obligationsofthecontract."Page702,§908:thewords"fivehousanddollars,"atthebeginningofthe9thlineoftheFiatforanInjunction,shouldread"fivethousanddollars."Page744,§954:thewords,"Whenthebillis:Open"attheendofthe4thlineshouldbe"WhentheaccountisOpen."Asingleerratummayknockoutthebrainsofawholepassage.—Cowper.
THEEND.

A-Treatise-on-Suits-in-Chancery-Henry-R-Gibson-Second-Ed-1907

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