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Redemption Manual Four Point Five Edition (4.5)
How to oecome a Secured Party Creditor
Copyright© 2000, 2003, 2009, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 -by THE AMERCIAN'S BULLETIN®
ABS Publishers, All rights reserved.
Published by The American's Bulletin, P.O. Box 3096, Central Point, Oregon 97502
Phone - (541) 779-7709.
To order additional copies of this book, send $115.00. Shipping included. Payment via Postal Money
Order or other well-known money order ONL Y -made out to The American's Bulletin.
All purchases are final - No refunds.
Production Editor: Robert Kelly
Cover Design: Nicholas Beeson
Interior Layout: Marianne McCutcheon
Printing History:
May 21, 1999:
September 15, 1999:
April 5, 2000:
September 24, 2005:
December 17, 2006:
October 25, 2008:
First Edition
Second Edition
Third Edition
Fourth Edition
Forth Edition (Four Point Four Edition)
Fourth Edition (Four Point Five Edition)
Redemption Manual, The American's Bulletin®, and the American's Bulletin Logo are registered
Trademarks of The American's Bulletin and the association between the image of the book cover is a
common law copyright of the ArtistIBook designer. All other trademarks, trade names, and logos are
property of their respective companies.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as
trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and The American's Bulletin was aware of a
trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has
been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions,
or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.
ISBN: 978-0-9792397-0-0 Perfect Bound 20071126 -Printed in the united States
The American's Bulletin
Central Point, Oregon
of America
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This book is dedicated to all 
who seek freedom from the Matrix ••. 
The information contained in this book is 
foundational and 'entry level' for those who 
want to become a Secured Party Creditor 
and is not to be construed as legal advice. 
The contents have been reviewed and edited 
but errors and typos may exist. This book is 
not intended to answer every question you 
may have as to Redemption, as no one book 
can do that in light of the fact of the 
continuation of the evolution of information 
and any respective new processes or 
adjustments to such processes. 
The Redemption Manual is presented as 
educational information only and it is the 
responsibility of the reader to continue to 
study, research, document and understand 
the program called Redemption and the 
process(es) thereof before moving forward ... 
whereupon we presume you will take the 
necessary responsibility to free your mind 
and take control. 
NOTICE; Proceeding from this point is in 
effect; taking the RED PILL, obviously from 
the first Matrix movie (movie review is a few 
pages forward). Since YOU want to know the 
truth, to go down the 'Rabbit Holes,', you 
will be exposed to new information, history, 
facts, concepts, processes, etc., so hold on ..• 
it's going to be the ride of your life... and 
YOUR very being, your life, your beliefs, 
what you've been taught... and your 
FREEDOM will be tested! 
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge and give thanks to the many men and women who have
played a role in bringing the Redemption process/information forward, as well as those
involved in the research, the investigation and the 'application' of Redemption concepts,
as a means to test and perfect the same. Thanks to Roger Elvick for bringing what is
called Redemption forward in the beginning and to the many others since then, too
numerous to mention. A special thanks to Michael, Apollo, Nicholas and Marianne for
their help in bringing this book together to a finish for this current revision. We all have
sought the truth and the facts so we might all come to understand our predicament,
servitude and standing; to more fully see and grasp the importance of our sover eignty and
Redemption from the 'commercial scheme; and the servitude foisted upon us while our
fathers and grandfathers slept. As we continue to travel up this road, we must not forget
those who traveled before us and left the signs of their sacrifice and as we so travel, we
must accept the responsibility, dedicate our lives to the same but higher ends for truth and
freedom. We must seek out others who desire to be free as 'equal sovereigns,' to
experience the benefits of Redemption and what has been created and established for
them and their posterity. May our Creator find our efforts worthy on this orb of rock, dust
and water as we work towards the goal of freedom, and our Redemption!
... Robert Kelly
Director and Editor
The American's Bulletin
Note : Please disregard any typos or grammatical errors that may exist or be found herein!
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NOTICE
Redemption is not for the timid, the weak, and the ignorant. One must read, study and test
(apply) what one is becoming exposed to, in understanding the commercial scheme being
operated against every man, woman and child today in this Country ... for the sole
purpose to allow the 'government corporations' to survive and continue to serve
'themselves' under a socialistic bankrupt democracy.
There is not one book that is going to answer all your questions and give you everything
you need to know and understand as to Redemption. Much has been researched and
written about Redemption. It has been both shocking, interesting, and yet exciting to see
the process(es) and the successes in relation to what is dubbed Redemption. It is not the
end, but the beginning!
It is imperative that you move forward with the educational process, acquire other books
and information (list contained herein) to understand and implement the transfer from
being the 'Debtor/Slave' on the Plantation to becoming the Secured Party/Creditor and
perfecting your sovereignty. If you do not have a computer and if you do not understand
Redemption or are unwilling to learn all that might be necessary in regards to the
commercial scheme, as the supposed 'Principal' (sovereign in a collective capacity) and
take the responsibility, it is strongly suggested THAT YOU DO NOT GO FORWARD
OR CONTINUE WITH WHAT IS CALLED REDEMPTION.
From this point forward, you must decide which PILL to take. If you decide
to take the Blue pill, you wake up in bed and believe whatever you want ... and
you go back to the plantation and all remains the same ... you continue to be a
debtor-slave on the plantation owning nothing, having no rights, only
privileges. If you take the Red pill, you will be located and removed from the
Matrix. You'll be exposed to all the rabbit trails (the reality, the truth) and
soon, you'll be able to recognize the 'commercial program' and to operate
within it in a system where there is no money, just commercial paper. You
will come to understand all things as you go forward. You will learn to go to
peace and not to war! Before you is a lot of responsibility. As you take the
Red pill and go forward, there's no going back. YOU WILL NEVER BE
THE SAME.
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PREFACE
It would be useful at the outset for us to share with you our fundamental assumptions and
motivation for writing this manual and the important results and benefits that we hope you will
realize in your study of Redemption.
The subject of Redemption is complex and involves the disciplines of history, government,
commercial law, statutory procedure, banking and finance, real estate, and diplomacy. Each of
these subjects is highly technical and has its own specialized language. To cover all of them in a
single manual, at even a fundamental level, would of course be impractical. Therefore out of
necessity, we have set as our goal in updating The Redemption Manual 4th Edition, to present a
high level overview of core concepts that we hope will offer you a clear understanding of what
Redemption is and how it might be useful to you.
The war that is raging in the world is a war to influence what you think and ultimately how you
act. You can control any group no matter how large, if you can shape their opinions, perceptions
and belief system in such a way as to distract them from knowing or understanding the
fundamental reality in which they are enmeshed; a prison without bars. This is the ultimate form
of leverage.
Here is a summary of what happened: A group of men (who wish to remain anonymous),
through their agents (employees of Unites States, Inc., and their sub-corporations) began, under
the Lincoln Administration, to quietly hi-jack the Constitution and the three branches of the
Constitutional Republic. A quasi-governmental corporate takeover was then engineered to take
control of the 50 states, the banking system, and the coining and printing of money. A civil war,
a bankruptcy, and the confiscation of the wealth of the nation, were sponsored in order to create
a context (read EMERGENCY) for the enslavement of the (formerly) sovereign people of the 50
(formerly) sovereign states under COLOR OF LAW. The icing on the cake: In 1938 the rulings
of the Supreme Court were then partitioned to prevent the invocation of any law based on the
Common Law, to be replace by the Uniform Commercial Code, and courts of International
Contract Law (Admiralty). The coup 'd etat, is that most of you don't even realize that you have
personally, aided and abetted by your own ignorance of history and the law, signed and acted
yourself into this system of 'commercial' slavery. You do this every time you get a job, get
married, give birth, register your car, take out a mortgage, use Federal Reserve Notes, or join the
military. Welcome to the same-old-world order-We have seen the enemy, and the enemy is US!
If this is news, congratulations, you are a successful mind control subject. If you think you are a
landowner in America, take a close look at the warranty deed or fee title to your land. You will
almost always find the words tenant or tenancy. The title or deed document establishing your
right as a tenant, not a landowner, has been prepared for transfer by a licensed BAR Attorney,
just as it was carried out within the original English feudal system that you may have presumed
yourself to have escaped from in 1776.
If your goal is to recover what has been stolen from you, it will be necessary to redeem yourself
from living a life of false perceptions. Redemption is the path of waging peace with your
adversary. It is the path of turning the fraud that has been perpetrated on you to your advantage,
so that you can control your property and prevail in any venue involving agencies and employees
of the state and federal government. This manual offers you the opportunity to move from the
ranks of debtor/slave on the plantation to the elevated status of Secured Party Creditor. We wish
you success in Redemption.
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INTRODUCTION
If you are new to 'Redemption,' then the information/process as presented in this book may be
shocking and a little strange. We understand that it will be a leap of information that you have
never been exposed to! Maybe you've experienced your "government" or were stomped on and
railroaded in court or 'raped, pillaged or plundered' by an attorney, state agency or even the IRS!
Maybe you believe Constitutional due process and fairness still exists "in the law"... in the
courtroom. Maybe you believe that everything is the way it's supposed to be. They say, "Jump,"
and you ask, "How high?" You look around and aside from the negative TV News at 6:00 pm,
you just don't see anything wrong. Maybe you've not recognized the 'glitches' in the program ...
yet. Well, better snap on your seat belt, Dorothy, because things have changed and where you're
going, there's no turning back.
This book was difficult to update from its past 3rd edition format. Over six years have passed
in regards to what has been dubbed 'REDEMPTION.' What has come forward since the first
introduction of Redemption via seminars, articles, information etc., is voluminous.
This book is not to be construed as legal advice. It is the cumulative work and effort of
countless hundreds and maybe thousands of those who came before us and who at present have
worked at great expense of time and energy to find the 'Truth' and 'Freedom,' if such exist at
this time in this country and on this planet!
Using the IRS as an example, we could all agree that based upon well over 25 years of
research, all that research is now historical and cannot be rebutted. The facts of history are the
facts of history. You cannot go back and change history. You can't, but rather, 'they' altered the
'facts' of history in the text books to hide certain things for certain agendas! You'll have to be
the judge of that for yourself.
We'll make an attempt to add commentary, explanation, and other such information in this
'update' to allow better understanding of the problem(s) and the issue(s) as it relates to
Redemption. It will be incumbent upon the reader/student of Redemption to continue his/her
educational experience to fully understand the basics, the fundamentals, and the concepts of
Redemption to better deal with the problems and the commercial scheme implemented by
government without your knowledge or consent.
While at this time of our history, the 'fad' is ' ... to have FUN,' yet many do not see the reality
that 'they are living in a fictional world.' While we want our children to have 'fun' and live safe,
go to college, live the good life, we are often pricked into a jolt of commercial reality in regards
to fines, fees, taxes, DEBTS and the like, having to go court, whether for traffic or for other
matters. There we experience the pain of the 'economic needle' ... extracting our blood (your
labor as converted into what you think is dollars) along with the message that ... 'Go forth and be
a good citizen/subject, do what you are told, shut-up and be sure to vote!' Within this fictional
world of make believe, the masses are subjected to playing a gigantic 'Monopoly Game' where
there is no real money and the banker usually wins.
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As such, and from time and time again, reliable sources (including attorneys) reveal that 
"law" has no bearing on what happens in court proceedings as much as the "procedure" of which 
is only known to BAR members (judges, prosecutors, attorneys, including the very defense 
attorney you were gullible enough to use, hire or who was compelled upon you) who carefully 
and methodically extract either/all your time (community service/slave labor), money (bail, liens, 
levy, garnishment, fine, restitution), property (child, home, car, bank account) or your liberty 
(detention, jail, prison, probation). No one told you that your 'Attorney' can ONLY represent 
your 'Debtor' (an artificial person-entity). No one told you that court proceedings are purely 
"administrative" and not "judicial" as the "organic" Constitutions (State and Federal) mandate. 
In these "administrative" proceedings, why is it that these so-called courts do not explain the 
'Nature and Cause' of the action, never prove 'Jurisdiction' and never allow you to have 
'Counsel of your Choice' and never - never ever allow the jury to decide the law in a case/trial? 
Maybe those 'administrative' "Tribunals" are not Constitutional 'Judicial' Courts of Due 
Process . Welcome to America! 
Or maybe you turned on the radio or television and heard yet another politician praising the 
passage of a Bill of which neither the politician nor the other members of Congress ever read, let 
alone having ever brought it before the unbiased masses for scrutiny (which is not done because 
the Federal Constitution is not for the People). Nearly every Bill passed restricts more and more, 
in profound ways, freedom of speech, property rights, and freedom of travel, while at the same 
time, gives public servants more power and authority without having to be accountable to the 
"people." 
Or maybe you received another tax bill (Federal, State, property), or a traffic ticket, or a child 
support payment bill ... or whatever. While looking at your bank balance or what's left in your 
wallet, you realize, "Hey, I don't have the money to pay this!" And due to the situation, you just 
might end up in jailor doing community service work to 'Pay Off' this 'debt to society!' Wow, 
don't you get a 'Gold Star' for the day! 
What you will come to understand, learn and know, is that the United States (the Federal 
Corporation) went bankrupt in 1933 and as a result of further acts, removed the substance 
backing our Nation's money, replacing it with 'bankruptcy script' of a private corporation ... 
called the Federal Reserve Bank. 
Sometime in the 1960's, the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) was adopted by most all 
States. The UCC is the federal common law of negotiable instruments and governs all 
transactions ... because there is no lawful money (substance backing the money being gold and 
silver) therefore you have not 'paid' your bills nor 'paid' for anything pursuant to the law of 
payment since 1933. All you have ever done is discharged the debt. .. until a future time, but you 
have not obtained title! The government, because of going bankrupt, had to finance its operation 
to survive and it needed to do so because it can only tax what it creates. It created artificial 
entities ('Ens legis,' being a 'corporation' or 'trust-corporation'), so that it could tax it and in 
doing so, sends you the 'tax bill' or other 'presentments' for fines, fees and taxes! In operating 
this scheme against you, you think the 'presentment' is in your name. The government has 
divested you of your 'rights, titles, interest, property and wealth' by and through an undisclosed 
and non-disclosed commercial program to RAPE, PILLAGE AND PLUNDER the American 
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people, to keep the 'private' government corporations functioning.
In this book and others (the Redemption Companion, Cracking the Code 3rd Edition,
Redemption- The Cold Hard Facts and possibly other writings) you will learn, understand and
know what the truth is, what the facts are and what the solution is to 'Re-capture' or REDEEM
your 'rights, titles, interest, property and wealth ' and put yourself in the position, with
standing and capacity (status & knowledge) to ACCEPT FOR VALUE and discharge the debt(s)
as a SECURED PARTY/CREDITOR ... (Not as a debtor/slave on the plantation as before).
Keep in mind as you begin reading this manual, things within Redemption have evolved from
the beginning and continue to do so, even now. You must make the effort to stay updated and
currant to the best of your ability as to any 'new' aspects or matters dealing with Redemption.
The historical concept is : that the American people are still the sovereign power. The Bible
teaches that the Israelites (Ish= man, ra = ruling, el= God, = man ruling with God) are the "Kings
and Priests of Israel." When the Country was supposedly freed at the conclusion of the
Revolutionary War, the concept was established that, "A man is king in his own Castle." Last but
not least, "The people have succeeded to the rights of the King, the former sovereign of this
State. They are not, therefore, bound by general words in a statute restrictive of prerogative,
without being expressly named." Pray-tell, do 'kings' pay taxes? The people, due to the
bankruptcy and commercial law in place that allows the people, as the sovereign power, in their
Secured Party / Creditor capacity, to discharge ALL the fines, fees, taxes, judgments and
debts, take control of all the property ... BECAUSE THERE IS NO OTHER WAY TODAY TO
PAY THE DEBT(S) (AS THERE IS NO LAWFUL MONEY), YOUR STATUS WAS
CHANGED TO DEBTOR/SLAVE ON THE PLANTATION FOR THE FINANCIAL
BENEFIT OF CORPORATE GOVERNMENT.
Before you is a path, like the yellow brick road to OZ. What you will learn will affect you
from this day forward, one way or the other. Freedom and truth is like a two-edged sword and
with Redemption comes a lot of responsibility to know and understand all that is necessary to
become the Secured Party/Creditor (SPC) aka 'sovereign' (in the collective capacity) with other
SPC's to understand the reality ... 'Of the people, by the people and for the people.' As the
Creditor, you are the 'Banker,' therefore would you not agree that you have a lot to learn?
Note: the Treasury indicated that around January of 2001 that there were "over 11 million"
transactions/charge-backs sent in which equates to "Over 11 million Secured Party/Creditors on
Board!" And around mid-year of 2002 the number was increased to 22 million and most recently
(12-2006) 55 million ... but those numbers have in no way been verified.
However, you now can become part of this growing base of informed, knowledgeable
'Secured Party/Creditors' - men and women who, as intended by our God and due to the reality
of our 'day and time,' are moving forward as those, who being 'above the government
corporations, are taking their rightful positions over the government/servant who operate those
bankrupt corporations to understand the commercial scheme and discharge the debts.
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FORWARD
This REDEMPTION MANUAL FIFTH EDITION is the continuation of an unusual work.
Some portions from the third edition are left intact while others have been updated.
Formatting, commentary, updates, and new information have been added. Where necessary,
some information-documentation will be taken from THE REDEMPTION COMPANION to
better present or document a particular point or matter.
The writings of a man in prison, preserving his thoughts, his study notes, and his conclusions
within letters to his family are maintained. This individual has chosen to reveal his understanding
of why he was in prison and how he got there. How to keep the rest of us out of there, how to
understand the commercial nature of all things, is the reason for the update of this FIFTH
EDITION.
In the following pages you will find history, definitions, Scripture, information, and best of
all, what we Americans have been deprived of from the beginning: 'the total (as we best
understand it today) of the undisclosed COMMERCIAL SCHEME that has been perpetuated
upon every man, woman and child in America since 1933 ... and ... the solution.
In the beginning of this manual are references to Scripture. Though some believe it to be a
direct part of what we call REDEMPTION, it is also presented herein to show that: 'commercial
law' has been in use since day one.
Some believe that this Country, without the guidance and help of Almighty God, as a Nation,
is doomed. That might be true, however, 'for evil to prevail, good men do nothing.' We, like so
many other civilizations before us, may have left our first love. For it is said in Scripture: "Thou
shalt not have any other gods before Me! " That's all well and fine, but when one is compelled
to honor Caesar and his private corporate rules, regulations, and statutes to support his de-facto
bankrupt corporation under democratic socialism (today called the Federal and State
government(s)) it's a little difficult except in your private prayer room/closet to recognize by
prayer or otherwise your Creator/God, when out in the federal fictional world, there are many
gods to distract the people.
It is said that the LOVE OF MONEY IS THE ROOT OF ALL EVIL. Again, that might be
true in some cases. Obviously in today's society, people scramble for what they think is money
to pay the bills and live in what they think, or hope, is a comfortable way of life ... for it is all
they know.
Our so-called leaders in their lust for power and money have sold our fathers, ourselves, and
our children (our posterity to the 10th generation) into bondage. Today every man, woman and
child owes $1000.00 to the national debt. This may be perceived as immoral and reprehensible!
However, it is just BACKWARDS!
The so-called government OWES YOU that amount and a whole lot more for their fraud,
damage and dishonor:
"All that government does and provides legitimately is in pursuit of its duty to provide
protection for private rights, which duty is a debt owed to its creator, WE THE PEOPLE."
(Wynhammerv. People, NY 378)
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So you see, they owe us! However, due to their unauthorized actions and corruptions, they
have removed what was 'Constitutionally' established as real money, backed by something of
value, i.e., gold and silver.
Therefore, what you THINK you owe, what they THINK you owe, what you THINK they
owe you ... is of no importance, when there is nothing in 'reality' to 'pay' with! And since a
total different commercial system has been put into effect to allow what has been called this
'Commerce Game' to go on and on and on, it is only a matter of importance to fully understand
it and utilize it, in and for your commercial transactions and in regards to what 'your' so-called
government demands ... (example) in the nature of TAXES!
Many remarkable discoveries lie ahead. Keep in mind, not everything in everyone's
commercial life's situations can be addressed or covered herein, however the principles can be
applied to almost every situation.
If someone were to ask to you place a value on your freedom, you would undoubtedly say that
it is one of your most prized possessions. If on the other hand, someone were to ask you to name
in a single word that which most impinges on your freedom, how many of you would volunteer,
"why me, of course!" Then name in a single word the commodity that you are most dependent
on in forming your impressions, making decisions, and understanding your world. How many of
you would say "accurate information?" Lastly, what word or phrase might you use to label a
person who is proud to be oblivious to the underlying conditions of his or her life-"ignoramus,"
"fool," "dupe," "easily conned," "asleep," "doesn't care," "pretender," "happy idiot," "insane,"
or "delusional?" And if this described your condition, would you be willing to take a deeper look
within? In the experience of this author, this describes the majority of Americans today.
So, it is for the reasons stated above, that Redemption is for everyone and few will be willing
to pay the price-to learn, to take responsibility, and to act. These are the attributes that are
required of any man or woman who would be free.
"I will not make any deals with you. I've resigned. I will not be pushed, filed, and stamped,
indexed, debriefed or numbered. My life is my own . ... You won't hold me." To which Number 2
sardonically replies, "Won't we?"
Thus begins "The Arrival," the first of 17 television episodes originally broadcast in Britain in
1967. Subsequent shows seem to support that Number 2 (a role played by a different actor in
each episode) is right--the Prisoner can be held. Indeed, each program ends with a set of jail bars
closing over the Prisoner's face. But what they--whoever they are--can't do is defeat him. For the
Prisoner manages to triumph despite his hopeless situation because of his unrepentant refusal to
sacrifice his ideals and self-identity.
So you can sit around and massage each other's hearts, whining and complaining about all the
problems you see out there-the government, the economy, your neighbors, etc., or you can look
within and realize that you can't control anything but yourself, and if you were to do that well,
and join with others around you who are doing that well, you stand a chance, and without that,
well, you have what you have.
If you read this book, your perceptions and your belief system will be challenged. You will
stand at the precipice and say to yourself, well, if everything that I have been taught is a clever
lie and an illusion, then what is the truth? And if you make it to the other side you will
understand the full meaning of the phrase "truth is stranger than fiction." Which do you prefer,
the RED PILL or the BLUE?
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Table of Contents 
Acknowledgement ................................................... .............. 5 
Notice ............................................. ..................................... 6 
Preface ..................................................... ........................... 7 
Introduction To Redemption ..................................................... 8 
Forward..................... ................................................. ......... 12 
Table of Contents. .... ....... ............................................ ........... 15 
MOVIE REVIEWS - Setting The Stage 
Wizard of Oz..................................... ......... .................. ......... 21 
Matrix I .................................................................... ............ 28 
Matrix II ............................................................ ................... 32 
Matrix III ..................................................................... .......... 43 
Section I - HISTORICAL BACKGROUND & PRINCiPLES ..... ........... 58 
Redemption ............................................................ .............. 59 
Registration / Obedience / Subjection ........................................... 60 
Pre-sent / Re-Present / First Born of Egypt / AFV .......................... 61 
Common Law vs Private Law ................................................ ..... 62 
Theory Of Cognitive Dissonance ..................................... ........... 63 
Kings / The Career Politician's Creed / Man / Men ......................... , 64 
Corporations ............................................................. ............. 65 
General Information ................................................... ............. 66 
Public E�ucation & Monetary System ............................... .......... 67 
Re-Publl �............................................................... ............... 68 
Oath - License .......................................................... ............ 69 
Money Creation & Banks / Our Mirror Image ................................ 70 
Quotes From The Past ................................ rd· . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . .... 71 
March �, 1933 - Senate Document No. 43 - 73 Congress ............. 72 
Federalist Paper #79 Law Conference / Keynes-1920..................... 73 
Money ................................................................................... 74 
Stanek vs White / UCC 3-419 .................................................... 75 
UCC 10-104 ............................................... ........................... 76 
27 CF R 72.11 / Commercial Crimes / Coinage Act - 1965 ............. , 77 
And ... Maxim Of Law .............................................................. 78 
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Section 2 -INFORMATIONAL ARTICLES ON US 
GOVERNMENT, BANKRUPTCY, FED RESERVE, 
ETC., PRESENTING 'NEW HISTORy' ..•..••.••••••• 79 
Time for a Quick 'Timeline of History' Lesson ........................... 80 
A Brief History Of The United States ........................................... 84 
What Is The United States .................................... .................... 114 
The 'New Deal' - United States Bankruptcy ....................... ............ 148 
73 Congress / 1933 / HJR-19 2 ... ............................................... 160 
Emergency Powers Fraud.......... .......... .................. ........ ........... 161 
Secrets Of The Federal Reserve....... ... ...................................... 164 
What Banks Don't Want You To Know / The Credit River Case ........ 184 
History Of United States Currency .............................................. 214 
Merchants Of Fiction....................... ....................... .................. 216 
Are You Sure You Want To Hire An Attorney ................................ 221 
Mythological License To Practice Law ......................................... 225 
Essay On The Law with: .................................... ..................... 234 
Babylon And The Roman Empire 
Hierarchy Of Law 
Commercial Law 
Uniform Commercial Code (Law) 
Section 3 - Sovereig nty •••••.•.••••••••••.••..•••••••.•.•••••••••••••••••• 238 
On Sovereignty Of The People................................................... 239 
On the Subject Of Sovereignty . ....................................... .............. 244 
A Peak Into The Mind Of A Tory .......................................... 247 
Memorandum On Sovereignty .. ................................................. 250 
Section 4 - THE STRAW-MAN/DEBTOR ........................... 256 
What Is The Straw-man........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... . . . . . . . . . .. 257 
Addressing The Straw-man Matter ...... .................. .................... 259 
The Debtor - UNINCORPORATED CORPORATION ......... ........... 260 
Why The UCC Filing ................. .............................................. 261 
It's Better To Have One Filed.................................................... 267 
Commentary On Security Agreement. .................... .................... 280 
Basic Steps For Redemption........... ... .................. .................... 282 
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Section 5 - BECOMING A 'S.P.C' - SECURED PARTY 
CREDITOR (INSTRUCTIONS &. FORMS) ..••.••••• 283 
Secured Party ................ ........................... ............................. 284 
Required Sources .. ..................................................... ............ 285 
Convention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 288 
Process Overview.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 293 
Security Agreement............................... .......... ............ .. ..... .... 295 
Power Of Attorney....................................................... ........... 337 
Common Law Copyright .............................. ....... .................... 343 
Hold Harmless Agreement. . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .... . .... .. 353 
UCC-1 Financing Statement............... ......... ............................ 365 
Sample UCC-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .... 370 
Sample UCC-1 Informational Filing ........................................ 371 
Sample UCC-1 Amendment for Private Conveyance......... ........ 372 
UCC Financing Statement - Electronic Filing ............................. 373 
Charge Back - Letter To SOT- B.C. Bill Of Exchange ................. . . 381 
Birth Certificate Bond........................ ......... ......................... .. 392 
UCC Amendment I UCC- 3 Amendments wi Sample Text .... ........... 394 
Birth Certificate ... (Sample Only) ................................................. 397 
1 040-ES Tax Voucher.......... ............. ......... ............................ 398 
Regional Filing List..... .... ...................................................... 401 
UCC 1, 3 & 11 (for a Search) - Hard Copies - For Duplication 
on Copy Machine (No Page Numbers )..... ... ......... ................. 402 
Section 6 - NOW WHAT DO I DO? 
THE PRIVATE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS ••• 403 
Now What Do I Do.......... ....................... ................................ 404 
Conditional Acceptance For Value (CA FV).............. ......... .......... 409 
Steps Dealing With Presentments ............................................. 432 
Discharge Of Debt - UPDATE with NEW INFO! AFV-R FD........... 435 
Discharge of Debt - Reality Check. . . . . ... . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . 438 
So What ............................................. .... ........................... . 451 
Agents .. ...... ................ ... .......... ........................ .. .... ..... ....... . 456 
Section 7 - TRAFFIC STOPS AND THE COURTS............... 459 
Introduction............................ ......... ....... .......... ......... .... ....... 460 
When Dealing With The Courts...... .............. ......... .................. 462 
Going Into Court.... ......... .................. .................................... 464 
General Immunity Pertaining To Prosecutors......................... ..... 469 
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Before The Judge... ........ .............. ........................... ... .......... 471 
Courtroom Strategies ........................... ................................ 474 
Advanced Concepts And Techniques .......................................... 479 
Strategies Of Last Resort ......................................... ............. 482 
The Official State Known As PERSON........... ................. .......... 488 
Police Encounters................... ......... ........................ ............. 500 
If YOU Are Taken To Jail ................................................... ..... 513 
A Few Case Cites........................ . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . .. 514 
Comment Before The Judge............................. ... ......... .......... 515 
All Day - Every Day........ .............................................. ......... 516 
The Mythological Motor Vehicle.......................... ........... .......... 521 
Section 8 - AFFIDAVITS •••••••••••.••.••••••••••••••.•••.•.•..•••••••••• 529 
The Affidavit ........ ................................................... ........... . 
Basic Sample Of Affidavit. ................................................... . . 
Affidavit Of Truth - BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN .............. . 
Affidavit Of Notice Of Default (CA FV) .................................... .. 
Affidavit Of WALKER TODD (H OT! ) .................. ..................... . 
Section 9 - APPENDIX •.•..•.••••.•••••••.••••.•••••••••.•••.••••••••••• 
530 
536 
537 
539 
542 
549 
Glossary ...................................... ........................ .................. 550 
The Past is now the Future - 'Shock & Awe' .......... ......... ......... 661 
Revised Article 9 (Summary) .................................... ............. 662 
Copy Certification .. ...................... ............................ ........... 671 
Theodore Roosevelt Quote - 1907 ............................ ............. 672 
Books and Materials List .......................................... ................ 673 
Miscellaneous................................................................................... 674 
Appendix NOTE As To Forms (Section 5)... ............. ............ 675 
Foot Print Document - (Sample) ....................................... 676 
... This is not the END! ............................... ...................... 677 
Section 10 - LIST OF FILES ON THE COMPANION 'CD' 
AF FIDAVIT OF TR UT H - BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
AF FIDAVIT OF NOTICE OF DEFAULT (CA FV) 
AF FIDAVIT OF WALKER TODD 
BLANK FORMS: 
SECURITY AGREEMENT 
CO MMON LAW COPY RIG HT 
HOLD HARMLE SS AGREEMENT 
POWER OF ATTORNEY 
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W e go to the movies for entertainment, maybe to get away from the reality of our world and just for a few moments we escape that reality and enter a
'Twilight Zone' if you will, of adventure, romance, and the like. But is it possible
someone is trying to tell you something? Is there 'full disclosure' being made on
the silver screen? Are you aware of the message or have you been oblivious?
Following are movie reviews on the Wizard of Oz and the MATRIX movies. They
are presented herein to allow you to understand 'really' what has happened and
what to understand.
The Wizard of OZ
The 'Coded' Movie of What Really Happened to America
By Robert Kelly
Just as you can read between the gory lines in the newspaper on any given day in America, you
can discover clues and truths slipped in by the Powers that be ... if you look hard enough as to
what is actually going on. Such 'notice' can also be found in somewhat lighter fare ... the
movies!
As you well know, movies have become the national pastime of entertainment. Millions go to
the movies, VHS tapes and DVDs fill in the rest of the gap. The story-line, topics, and time
frames vary as to the manuscript and the vision of the Directors.
Such a movie was 'The Wizard of Oz,' an allegory for the new state of affairs in America in
the 1930s following the stock market crash and the factual bankruptcy of the United States
Government immediately following.
'The Wizard of Oz' movie is not just a movie for children, though perceived today it is, and it
has become a national icon of an historical nature, replayed every year on television ... just for
the children.
What is missed by most, is the symbolism in the movie, in almost every character and aspects
of the 'set' and so-called 'special effects' and props back then. After reading this article and then
seeing the movie again, it will never be the same to you ... or your children!
The setting was Kansas: Heartland America, the geographical center of the USA. In comes
the twister, the tornado, i. e. whirling confusion of the stock market crash that left everybody
economically 'dizzy!' It signified the theft of America's gold, the coming US bankruptcy, the
Great Depression. The tornado whisked Dorothy and Toto up into a new, artificial (dream-like)
dimension somewhere above the solid ground of Kansas. When Dorothy awakes, she finds
herself in the 'land of Oz.' Dorothy comments to her little companion, "Toto, I have a feeling
we're not in Kansas anymore."
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That's right. After the bankruptcy, Kansas was no longer just plain old "Kansas," it was now
"KS," an artificial corporate venue of the bankrupt United States, newly established "federal
territory," part of the "Federal Zone," and Dorothy and Toto were in "this state" now.
On her journey in this unfamiliar land, Dorothy meets up with three unusual 'characters,' each
having certainly a different problem or aspect as portrayed on the silver-screen, but their true
identity has been de-coded and it follows!
The first was the Scarecrow (a man of straw - a front) and 'he' identified his Straw-man
persona for Dorothy; "Some people without brains do an awful lot of talking. Of course, I'm not
bright about doing things." And in his classic song, "If I Only Had a Brain," the
Scarecrow/Straw-man succinctly argued, "I'd unravel every riddle, for every 'individdle,'
(individual) in trouble or in pain."
Today, in light of Redemption, we would translate it as: Once one discovers that his Straw
man exists, all political and legal mysteries, complexities, and confusions are resolved or
understood and once one takes legal title (control) to his 'Straw-man,' he becomes the
'authorized representative' of the 'Straw-man' to accept and discharge (settle) all commercial
affairs, as in Oz (the new commercial world - aka the MATRIX) because the 'Straw-man' has
no BRAINS, and no hands and fingers to grasp a pen to write the check, so to speak, to pay the
fine, fee, tax or debt!
The second character was the Tin Man, or "T.I.N. man" (also identified as; Tax payer
Identification Number). The Tin Man was a hollow man of metal, a "vessel," a "vehicle," a
newly created commercial code word for the Straw-man. Just like the Scarecrow, the Tin Man
had no brain and had no heart. Both were "artificial persons." One of the definitions of "tin" in
Webster's is "counterfeit." The Tin Man also represented the mechanical and heartless aspect of
commerce and commercial law. Just like they say in the Mafia: "Nothing personal, it's just
business." And in another profession similar to the Mafia, the business of lawyering, they have
the attitude that it's nothing personal, "bidness is bidness." The heartless Tin Man also carried
an ax, the traditional symbol for God, i.e., modem commercial law in earlier dominant
civilizations, including fascist states. In the words of the Tin Man, expressing relief after
Dorothy had oiled his rusty points and parts he said, "I've held that ax up for ages."
The word "ace" is etymologically related to the word "ax," and in a deck of cards the only one
above the King is the Ace, i. e. God. One of the "Axis" Powers of World War II, Italy, was a
fascist state. The symbol for fascism is the "fasces," a bundle of rods with an ax bound up in the
middle and its blade projecting. The fasces may be found on the reverse of the American
Mercury-head Dime (in Roman deity 'Mercury' was the God of Commerce). It can also be found
on the wall behind, and on each side of, the speaker's podium in the US Senate (each gilded
fasces is approximately six feet in height), and at the base of the seal of the US Senate are two
crossed fasces.
The third character that Dorothy met was the Cowardly Lion, or "King of Beasts" and as the
most feared of all animals in the jungle, was lacking "courage! " The Lion is symbolic of the
once fearless American people, who have since lost their courage. Yes, there are a lot of "hot
talkers" out there, just listen to your local radio talk shows. American men love to talk, but none
have the courage to "DO" a damn thing! The American people are scared of the corporate
Federal System and local revenue collectors, i.e. cops and judges in their so-called courtrooms
(tribunals) of justice (commerce). After your first few go-arounds with the 'Just-Us' system,
believing there was 'justice' in the courts, you probably lost some of your courage too. And you
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may have not known it, but the IRS has been dealing with only your 'Straw-man' (Debtor)
strictly under the laws of Commerce and they are just like the Tin Man, heartless!
After Dorothy and her three companions made their way to Oz, they had learned that they had
to go see the 'Wizard.' To find the Wizard, they had to just "follow the yellow brick road," (gold
is known as 'yellow bricks' and are melted into 'ingots!') All one has to do is follow the trail of
America's stolen gold and you will find the thief who stole it. In the beginning of the movie the
Wizard was represented by the traveling mystic, "Professor Marvel," whom Dorothy
encountered when she ran away with Toto. His macabre shingle touted that he was "Acclaimed
By The Crowned Heads of Europe, Past, Present, and Future." Boy, that Professor Marvel must
have been a regular wizard to be acclaimed by the future crowned heads of Europe before they
were even crowned! Before the bankers stole America, they had long since disempowered the
Christian monarchies of Europe and looted their kingdoms. Maybe this "Professor Marvel"
fellow knew something about the future that other folks didn't. With a human skull peering down
from its painted perch above the door inside his wagon, the good professor lectured Dorothy of
the priests of Isis and Osiris and the days of the pharaohs of Egypt!
When Dorothy and her new friends emerged from the forest they were elated to see the
Emerald City before them, only a short jaunt away. Then came the Wicked Witch of the West,
desperate for the ruby slippers that Dorothy was wearing, as they held special powers. A
significant point here is that in the original book, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, published in
1900, (39 years earlier), the slippers were not red, but silver. In the first cut of the movie, the
slippers were silver, but were changed to 'red' to be more colorful!
At the time the book was written, America still had all its gold and silver. The value of one
ounce of gold was set at 15 ounces of silver, with silver being the more plentiful of the two
metals and generally known as 'poor man's gold!' Just as the silver slippers carried Dorothy,
America's stockpile of silver and gold, backing the currency, carried the country to a position of
preeminence throughout the world at that time. But, as mentioned, when the movie came out in
1939 the slippers were not silver, but red.
Between 1916 and 1933, most of America's gold was rounded up by the 'privately owned'
Federal Reserve Banks and shipped off to the Fed owners in England and Germany. The reason
for this was that Federal Reserve Notes could be redeemed in gold and the use of Federal
Reserve Notes carried an interest penalty that could only be paid in gold. The American people
were defrauded into trading their gold for (worthless) paper with green ink on it. Our previous
currency, United States Notes, carried no such interest requirements - but such was the bargain
that came with the Federal Reserve Notes. The reason JFK was murdered was because he was re
issuing United States Notes - interest free! [Go to any coin store and see or buy a 1963 U.S. (not
Federal Reserve) Note].
When the bankruptcy was declared in 1933, Americans were required (misdirected) to tum in
all gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates by May 1 st; known as "May Day" (the birthday
of Communism in Bavaria in 1776, the birthday of the IRS, and celebrated worldwide as the
"International Workers Holiday," a holy day to the Wizard and his tribe).
Talking to people who were alive at that time, you may find out that the general sentiment
toward such thievery bordered on a second revolution. Maybe it was just too much of a clue, or
too much salt in the wound for Dorothy to be skipping down the "Yellow Brick Road" in a pair
of "silver slippers," so that, for whatever reason, a color less likely to annoy or provoke was
selected (i.e., red!).
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With regard to the choice of "ruby," or red-colored, slippers: Red's primary significance, at
least on documents and the like, is that it is the color of blood, as in flesh-and-blood, and
symbolizes a living, breathing man or woman, i. e., non-corporate/non-artifici al.
The color 'Red' could also have been chosen for the related tie to the International Banking
Federal Reserve founder, the Rothchilds, [aka Red Shield] family. It does signify "private," as
opposed to "public."
Your new Social Security Card has a red serial number on the reverse, signifying the private
side 'bond/account' attached to the public side of your "Straw-man's" Social Security Account .
For postal employees, red-sticker Registered Mail means "personal accountability" (private), all
other mail carries "limited liability" (public). It is likely that the ruby slippers symbolized the
American people with blood in their veins as opposed to "citizens of the United States," Straw
men with the counterfeit "corporate blood" of bluelblack ink on a birth certificate. No matter
their color in the movie, the Wicked Witch of the West wanted those slippers at any cost and had
to move fast before Dorothy and her crew could make it to the Emerald City.
The Witch's tactic was to cover the countryside with poppy flowers, or "poppies," the source
of heroin, opium, and morphine, symbolically drugging them (the American people) into
unconsciousness, and then just waltz in and snatch the slippers. In other words, the best way to
subjugate the American people and boost the goods was to dull their senses by getting them
hooked on drugs (Note: LSD was created the same year, 1939, by Dr. Albert Hoffman). The
poppies/drugs worked on Dorothy, the Lion and Toto, our flesh-and-blood friends, but had no
effect on the Scarecrow or the Tin Man, the artificial entities. The two of them cried out for help
and Glenda, the Good Witch of the North, answered their prayers with a blanket of snow, aka
cocaine, a stimulant nullifying the narcotic effect of the poppies/opium on Dorothy, the Lion and
Toto. At this writing, aside from marijuana, the two most available drugs on the streets of
America are heroin and cocaine in their various forms.
As they all scampered toward Emerald City, the city of green (Federal Reserve Notes, the new
fiat "money," or "money by decree"), we heard the Munchkins singing on the glory of the
Wizard's creation:
"You're out of the woods, You're out of the dark, You're out of the night, Step into the sun,
step into the light, Keep straight ahead, for the most glorious place on the face of the Earth or the
stars !"
The foregoing jingle abounds with llluminist-Luciferian symbols and metaphors re: darkness
and light.
The Wicked Witch of the West made her home in a round, medieval watchtower, ancient
symbol of the Knights Templar of Freemasonry, who are given to practicing witchcraft and also
credited as the originators of modem banking, circa 1099 A.D. The Wicked Witch of the West
was also dressed in black, the color symbolizing the planet Saturn, sacred icon of the Knights
Templar, and the color of choice of judges and priests for their robes. Who was the Wicked
Witch of the West ? Remember, in the first part of the film her counterpart was "Almira Gulch,"
who, according to Aunt Em, "owned half the county." Miss Gulch alleged that Dorothy's dog,
Toto, had bitten her. She came to the farm with an "Order from the Sheriff' demanding that they
surrender Toto to her custody. Aunt Em was not immediately cooperative, and answered Miss
Gulch's allegations that Toto had bitten her with: "He's really gentle. With gentle people, that
is."
Could "gentle" really mean "Gentile ?" When Miss Gulch defied them to withhold Toto and
"go against the law," dear old Aunt Em was relegated to "pushing the Party line" for Big
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Brother. She dutifully succumbed to the pressure and counseled Dorothy reluctantly. [Does this
sound like most American people? ] "We can't go against the law, Dorothy. I'm afraid poor Toto
will have to go." When Dorothy refused to surrender Toto, Miss Gulch lashed out, "If you don't
hand over that dog, I'll bring a damned suit that'll take your whole farm!"
Today, 70% of all attorneys in the world reside in the West - America, to be exact, and 95%
of all lawsuits in the world are filed under US jurisdiction. The Wicked Witch of the West and
Miss Gulch, dear friends, represent judges and attorneys, i. e. , the American legal system
(including the attorney-run US Congress). They are the executioners and primary henchman for
transferring all wealth in America from the people over to the banks and the government. The
Wicked Witch of the West wanted the silver slippers, the precious metals, and her counterpart,
Miss Gulch, wanted to take Toto. What does the word "toto " mean ... in "attorney language," i.e.
Latin? "Eve rything! "
Dorothy and her three companions finally made their way to the Emerald City. They sought
an audience before the Wizard, were taken inside and brought before the Wizard; a gigantic
image speaking in a loud voice behind glass, similar to 'smoke and mirrors!' Dorothy and the
gang fell for the Wizard's illusion, power and commands in the beginning. But it was little Toto
who, by his instinct, pulled the curtain back to expose the fraud of the Wizard; a 'front-man' for
the Wizard ... an 'agent' for the FICTION ... this Wizard the people feared. The Wizard, this
gigantic image speaking in a loud voice behind glass, could very well symbolize, with the advent
of television, the power of government speaking lies before the people via TV. 'Cause if the
people saw it on TV, it must be true! And, of course, the people will believe their government. ..
won't they? Remember the drugs?
But Dorothy and the others soon wised up and revealed the Wizard for what he was: a
confidence man. Then, when asking the 'agent' (administrative agencies) about helping the
Scarecrow/Straw-man, about "getting a brain," he gave the Straw-man a piece of paper and a
diploma from a "university." The Wizard also cited "the land of .E Pluribus Unum, " which is
Latin for 'one out of many,' i.e., converting the many into one New World Order, or Novus Ordo
Seclorum, a Latin phrase placed on the American One Dollar Bill shortly after the bankruptcy.
He also proudly revealed/confessed that he was: "Born and bred in the heart of the Western
wilderness, an old Kansas man myself!" He gave the TIN man a 'ticker' (clock) to sound like a
heart (but it was not!) and to the Lion, he gave a 'Medal' to signify that the Lion had courage.
These all, of course, were mere trinkets in the Land of Oz - a fictional world of course!
The bankers did pretty well in Europe, but as the Wizard pointed out, they made a killing in
the "Western wilderness," i.e. America, with the theft of American gold, labor, and property.
Quoting John D. Rockefeller: " ... grateful and responsive rural folk" who populated the country
at that time.
When Dorothy asked Glenda, the Good Witch of the North (representing honesty, good-faith
and Christianity), for help in getting back to Kansas, Glenda replied: "You don't need to be
helped. You've always had the power to go back to Kansas."Just click your heels together three
times (three days - Truth in Lending) and say, "There's no place like home! ""
Translation: You've always had the right and power to reclaim your sovereignty, you just
forgot or were never taught that you or the American people have such power. The Oregon Bill
of Rights says the people have "all power! " Since the people are the true sovereign power, then it
is only necessary to wake from the dumbed-down, drugged-like effect the 'Powers-that-Be' have
over you and the American people as to that power and position, and then exercise it.
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The actual reclaiming of your sovereignty, the remedy in today's bankrupt commercial world, 
is a process including a UCC- l Form to the Secretary of State, and a Charge Back Invoice with 
Bill of Exchange to the Secretary of the Treasury U.S ., wherein you can take commercial control 
of your Straw-man (with a T.I.N. number) and charge up your UCC Contract Trust Account so 
that you can discharge the debt(s) of your debtor. 
Americans have intimate, firsthand knowledge of the heartless mechanics of the laws of 
commerce, religiously applied by the example of the unregistered foreign agents of the Internal 
Revenue Services. The IRS (accounting firm and collection agency for the private Federal 
Reserve Bank) was constituted under the UCC at its inception in 1954 and has been operating 
strictly in that realm ever since. 
And, as a side note, how was the wicked Witch destroyed? By accident, a bucket of 'water' 
(the true substance of all things, good and healthy - simple water [H20] destroyed the 'evil' just 
like the '0' in Ozone destroys virus and bacteria (cancer) did the oxygen in the water destroy the 
evil Witch! 
You may have wondered what the meaning is behind the words in the title "The Wizard of 
Oz." Look them up in a dictionary. Like almost everything else, it's right out there in the open 
for you to see if you will just look closely enough. One definition of "wizard" is: "a very clever 
or skillful person." "O Z" is an abbreviation of "onza," o-n-z-a, the Italian word for "ounce," or 
"ounces," the unit of measurement of gold, silver, and other precious metals. No matter how 
large the quantity of gold or silver being discussed, the amount is always expressed in ounces , 
e.g., rather than "hundreds of tons" of gold, it's "so many million ounces" of gold. As attested by 
the factual history of this country, the "Wizard of Oz" was the Wizard of Ounc es. And who took 
the gold that backed the America's money? Why the Bankers and the lawyers working for the 
foreign principals, the private federal reserve (constituting the 20 Class A Stockholders - being 
mostly private bankers!) all orchestrated and greased by POLITICIANS then and still today. 
Only because it is not the mind set of politicians today to correct the matter and put full and 
absolute power over the control, creation, minting and putting into circulation of "United States 
Money" backed by gold (substance/value! ). 
What everyone has to understand is that as things are today, the commercial system as in 
place is better for everyone ... just as long as everyone understands the 'program!' Maybe "The 
Wizard of Oz" back then was the 'introduction to the program as to the monetary condition and 
changes in American.' It just appears that no one told (gave full disclosure) to the American 
people not only of the change, but how to operate in this new commercial world where all the 
real value was removed and all that was put in its place was commercial paper! 
Everything worked out for Dorothy, i.e., the American people. In the end she "made it home." 
Meaning: there is remedy in law. It's there, it was just encoded and disguised and camouflaged. 
Fortunately, the code has been cracked, and there is a way home, just like in the movie. Like 
Dorothy said, "There's no place like home" and there isn't! There 's nothing like sover eignty for a 
sovereign people! We have commercial remedy in the Redemption Process. 
Will you continue to be conned by the confidence men and believe the Wizard's words 
coming out from that box of 'smoke and mirrors' called the TV, or will you wise up like Dorothy 
did and "look behind the scenes" to recognize the scheme? Will you rise above the occasion and 
obtain the knowledge to become a Secured Party Creditor, private banker and Sovereign to take 
your place among others who are above the government, instead of being that 'debtor-slave on 
the plantation' living your life in debt and servitude? It's your choice. Dorothy did it a long 
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THE AMERICAN 'S BULLE TIN - May/June 1999
Movie Review
by Jack Smith
MA TR IX
... The Fi rst Mo vie
FROM: ZION GROUP - RIGHT WAY l.a. w. [Jack Smith]
TO: ALL PERSONS STILL LODGED IN THE MATRIX!
SUBJ ECT: EMERG ENCY ! THE TIME IS NOW TO EXTRACT YOURSELF FROM THE
MATRIX - YOUR SAVIOR HAS COME FOR YOU!
C are must be taken when describing and decoding the information for the uninformed that is coming from within the MATRIX by way of the Communication . The uninformed cannot
be told about the MATRIX, they must experience it. The Communication rightly explains to
them that "The MATRIX is the world pulled over your eyes to blind you from the truth. It
makes you a slave. A prison for your mind ." If you attempt to expose the uninformed to too
much "light," you will blind them.
The Communication is the story of the Gospel of the Scripture, but it is set within the
framework of a Greek-science-fiction-dr ama . The leading character is named Neo . He is played
by Keanu Reeves . The word Neo in Greek means new . Neo is the new man or the new Adam
come to save the people of ZION . But first, he must die and be resurrected by the Trini ty. Once
resurrected, he will save the world by taking people out of the MATRIX and into the land of
ZION . The problem is that in the beginning, Neo does not know who he is or where he is . He
first must be brought out of the land of the MATRIX and learn who he is . He is extracted by a
team of Zionists led by their leader, Morpheus, who is played by Laurence Fishburne . The
woman Trinity, played by Carrie-Anne Moss, is one the principal person from the Zion group
that communicates with people in the MATRIX . Together, Morpheus represents God the Father ;
Trinity represents God the Holy Spirit (who breathes life back into Neo and brings the message
to the MATRIX) ; and Neo represents God the Son . Their team of helpers is called the people of
Zion . They consult the ORACLE, which represents the Holy Scripture . The ORACLE does not
judge good from evil, but is a guide to show the path upon which the people of Zion must go .
The people of Zion use a vessel named the NEBUCHADNEZZAR as a means of travel within
the MATRIX .
Allied against the Zionists is the MATRIX. The MATRIX is the world which has deceived all
the people therein to fall into a dreamlike sleep. In this condition, the people are warehoused in
large storage facilities. The people are physically hooked up to the cells in this warehouse by
tubes that both feed them and extract electrical and heat energy from them to run the machines of
the world who have taken over control. The tubes also feed the people in the MATRIX
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computer generated thoughts programmed into MATRIX computers. Therefore, life in the
MATRIX is nothing more than an incredibly-complex computer program created by the
MATRIX to conceal the real intent of raising and harvesting human beings to provide electrical
energy to run the machines which control the MATRIX. These electronic thoughts fed to the
people in the MATRIX create a substitute for real thinking and real thoughts and real experience.
Instead, the people in the MATRIX only believe that they are alive and experiencing their lives.
Their bodies never physically leave the cells in which they are kept. But to their minds, they
appear to be living a normal existence with a job, personal relationships, hobbies, and the like. In
the MATRIX, everyone is united as in "AI", artificial intelligence. Your world is a computer
program that appears real to you.
There is a group that works for the MATRIX called the Agents. These Agents are not real
people, but sentient computer programs which give the Agents supernatural powers. Their job is
to locate and destroy people who have either physically disconnected from the MATRIX or who
are within the MATRIX but are receiving unauthorized communications from people outside the
MATRIX. The name of the leading Agent is SMITH, who represents SATAN, a totally evil
entity out to destroy any living being who would attempt to physically leave the MATRIX.
All communications with people within the MATRIX are done through the MATRIX
computers. The communication can be made by way of a phone connection (or modem
connection) to the MATRIX computer which in tum communicates with the person in the
MATRIX over the direct computer link to the person's mind. Once a person is physically
removed from the MATRIX, that person never again physically goes into the MATRIX, but is
mentally projected into the MATRIX computer.
Before Neo comes out of the MATRIX and learns who he is, Neo is captured by the Agents
and taken to an interrogation. Agent Smith says: "O.K. Mr. Anderson. I see a man sitting before
me who has two lives [one in the law forum of the MATRIX and one in the law forum of Zion].
Your first life is as a man named Thomas A. Anderson. In this life you have an SSN, you pay
your taxes. You work as a computer programmer for a software development company.
Your second life is as a man named Neo. Neo has committed almost every computer crime in
the book [in our law forum]. Only one of these lives has a future. Which life is that going to
be?"
The leader of the resistance movement is named Morpheus. This, like Neo, is also a Greek
name. You might not be familiar with this name. I wasn't. The name means "he who forms, or
molds." Morpheus was the Greek god of dreams. The Encyclopedia Mythica says: "He lies on
an ebony bed in a dim-lit cave. He appears to humans in their dreams in the shape of man. He is
responsible for shaping dreams, or giving shape to the beings which inhabit dreams. Morpheus ...
Is mentioned as the son Hypnos, the god of sleep." Morpheus is the man who, with the help of
others, extracts Neo from the Matrix and leads him to resolve who he is and how Neo can save
the people from the Matrix.
The name MORPHEUS is also a computer game by Piranha Interactive Publishing, Inc.
"Imagine a world where you died but your dreams lived on. The adventure begins with you as an
explorer, separated from your party, aboard the ship Herculania [in the movie, the ship's name is
the NEBUCHADNE ZZAR]. You are looking to resolve the legacy of your father who has
disappeared in the region 30 years earlier. You become despondent, certain of your impending
death, drifting between strange and foreboding dreams." This game could well be a semi-outline
for the movie MATRIX.
What led Neo to question his life in the MATRIX? At one time, Morpheus asks him : "You
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don't like the idea of not being in control of your own life, do you?" And Neo answers in the
affirmative. Neo's name is an anagram for the "ONE" or the savior. In a discussion with the
Agent SMITH, Neo was told: "Once we started thinking for you, it [the MATRIX] became our
[not your] world."
Neo asked what would happen if you die in the MATRIX. The answer is that you also die in
the real world since the body cannot live without the mind. Neo also asked what would happen
if one tries to take on the Agents in the MATRIX. The answer is : "They are all powerful in the
MATRIX. You cannot take them on "in this [meaning the artificial world they created without
rules] place." The only way to prevail is to run from them and get out of the MATRIX. That is
because there are no rules [or law] in the MATRIX. The rules and the law in the MATRIX are
whatever the MATRIX computer programs say that they are. The law is a fiction. The MATRIX
is run on a public policy of containment of the living beings in the MATRIX. Nothing more and
nothing less.
There are many symbols in the Communication. Neo, when mentally extracted from the
MATRIX, is given the opportunity by the people of Zion to decide whether or not he wants to be
physically extracted, also. He is warned that after being physically extracted, it will be very
difficult to return to the MATRIX if he changes his mind. Neo is offered a blue pill to take if he
wants to mentally go back into the MATRIX and be mentally sedated, never again to question
the MATRIX. He is offered a red pill if he wants to physically come out. The red pill is
symbolic of the blood of Christ sacrificed to set man free from the things of this world. The pills
are also symbolic of the story of Alice in Wonderland and the song sung by Gracie Slick- "One
pill makes you larger and one pill makes you small."
Neo first meets the Zionists at a meeting spot called the "Adam Street Bridge." This is
symbolically where Thomas A. Anderson, the first Adam in sin, crosses over into the hands of
the Zionists to become the makings of the second Adam. Thomas A. Anderson, when he was still
within the MATRIX, was wakened by his alarm clock which read "9 :1 8 A.M." The number 9
stands for the fruits of the spirit [or the coming of blessing or judgment], while 18 represents
bondage [the condition Thomas A. Anderson was in].
Thomas A. Anderson lives in room number 101 in a hotel named "The Heart of the City"
during his existence in the MATRIX. The "heart" is the metaphor for the physical life of the
person or entity. It represents that Thomas A. Anderson was destined to be that life which is to
come out of the MATRIX and give life to the people in the MATRIX. Room number "101"
deals with the numbers 10 = Fullness of law and responsibility and teaching, and 1 = Unity,
primacy. Thomas A. Anderson is the one that will apply the natural law to defeat the law of the
MATRIX.
Trinity carries on her activities within the MATRIX out of room "303." Room number
"303" deals with the numbers 30 = blood of Christ, and 3 = division, perfection, and
completeness.
Neo's physical removal from the matrix is a birthing cycle in which the "cord" was cut, the
birthing fluids were present, and the escape afterwards from the pod where the birthing took
place was through a pool of water (a baptism) into a new life. There are several other washings
[or baptisms] represented by the waters falling at the Adam Street Bridge, etc.
Look up the term "Matrix" in Black's 4th Law Dictionary. You may be amazed. It means :
"In civil law, the protocol or first draft of a legal instrument, from which all copies must be
taken." Does this refer to the fact that "all copies" or all people within the MATRIX must follow
the "prime directive" of the MATRIX to work and slave for the MATRIX? The definition of
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"Matrix Ecclesia" in Latin is: "A mother church. This term was anciently applied to a cathedral,
in relation to the other churches in the same see, or to a parochial church, in relation to the
chapels or minor churches attached to it or depending on it." The Communication is trying to
tell you that the MATRIX [or the world] is a mother church preaching a religion. A religion
based upon an illusion and false sense of being. Did you ever get the impression that life as we
know it is backwards. That what we perceive as reality is the illusion and what we perceive as
illusion is the reality? In the Communication, you get the picture from both sides of the mirror
where the MATRIX is on the illusion side of the mirror and Zion is on the real side of the mirror.
The end of the Communication is nothing short of jubilant and heroic. Neo makes a "phone
call" to the people of the MATRIX. He is feeding a direct communication into their mind by way
of the computer hookup. Neo tells them, "There are no rules. You can do anything that you want
to." The law is done away with in their law forum. Their Constitution is dead. (as long as you do
not harm the life, liberty or property of another).
Neo invites them to join the Zionists. As proof that there is no law in their law forum, Neo
flies away into the sky as a superman. [After all, if there is no law, there is no gravity in their
law forum].
May the force of Zion be your calling.
IT'S TIME TO COM E OUT OF THE DARK!
NOTE ; It was suggested that the Second and Third Matrix Movie Reviews be reduced to only
those 'points' deemed important in relation to the first movie review and therefore
REDEMPTION, to better further your understanding and save a few pages. The 'message'
within the 2nd and 3rd movie review is far too important for your understanding to be removed
and must be read several times for you to understand the concepts as applied to your commercial
Redemption so you too can 'see' the Matrix around you and also for you to make the choice to
live in Zion (Freedom ville so-to-spe ak... as a secured party creditor versus the government
municipal corporation-Plantations!)
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The American 's Bulletin - July/August 2003
MATRIX - RELOADED
A MOVIE REVIEW
By Jack Smith
... The Se cond Movie
Think of a movie as though it were a parable. A parable is a story which parallels real life issues. But it is told in such a manner that
the average person will not understand the meaning of the story as it relates to real life. The story
or parable itself discusses facts and answers the WHO, WHAT, WHERE and WHEN questions .
The true meaning of the parable is in the answer to the WHY question that most people do not
ask or answer.
This Article is addressed to the WHY people. If you are one of the WHAT people, take the
blue pill and go back into your position in the Matrix.
Are you still in the Matrix or are you one of the people of Zion? If you answered that
question by determining that you are out of the Matrix and you are one of the people of Zion,
then you still might have a serious problem in understanding what your relationship is to the
controllers of the Matrix. You are not as independent as you might think. This is the true value
of the message being given in the movie The Matrix 2.
The Movie, The Matrix 2, introduces us to a much higher concept of liberty and
responsibility, and especially the concept of being at war or at peace with the system. It answers
the question of "Do you have a choice when you are out of the Matrix?" The answer is yes! But
you might be surprised that the ability to have choice does not give you freedom and
independence from the controllers of the Matrix.
In the Movie The Matrix 2, we are introduced to the people who live in a city called Zion. The
first movie did not describe Zion at all. It only dealt with several people from Zion that were
aboard the vessel the Nebuchadnezzar. Zion is a city deep in the core of the earth away from the
Matrix. It is inhabited by people who have been physically removed from the Matrix. The
Matrix warehouses the remaining 99% of the humans in a condition similar to a coma in which
the humans are fed nutrients and the illusion of a normal life by machines run by computers. The
Matrix harvests the bodily heat and chemical energy from the human bodies to power the
machine world. When a physical body dies in the Matrix, it is removed from the Matrix by the
machines and ground up and fed to the remaining inhabitants as a food source.
The underground city of Zion appears to be a mirror of the Matrix. Whereas in the Matrix, the
machines appear to control the humans therein living off of their energy, in the City of Zion, the
people control the machines which serve them and keep them alive. The Matrix appears to be on
the surface of the earth where humans ordinarily live and survive. The City of Zion is deep in the
earth as though it were a burial ground for the dead. The people on the surface living in the
Matrix are, for all intents and purposes, dead (or living in a dream or a coma), but mentally have
perceived themselves to be very much alive by their mental stimulation through the Matrix's
computers. The people in Zion are buried deep in the earth (where ordinarily the corpses are
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buried, but they are men tally awake and very much physically at liberty from the physical and 
mental constraints of the Matrix's computers and warehouses) . 
There are several interesting issues that are raised with the Movie The Matrix 2. The first 
movie was mostly about Neo, personally . It was about waking him up from his naivety and the 
placing of him into a position in which he could be aware of, and deal with, larger issues than his 
own condition and future. 
Since the Movie is only a parable to teach us, the first movie also was about waking us up to 
the reality of the world . Now, in the second movie, we are ready for larger issues. This is what 
we are getting . 
There are three major conversations in the Movie The Matrix Two which serve to introduce us 
to the more important aspects of our relationship as people who have come out of the Matrix to 
the issue of the Matrix still being there as a "neighbor ." What should be our relationship? 
Should we fight the Matrix? Should we destroy the Matrix? Should we be at peace with it? 
In the first movie, Neo was extracted from the Matrix . Who accomplished this extraction? 
Was it Neo himself? Was it Morpheus? Was it Trinity? No ! Neo was offered a blue pill or a 
red pill. The blue pill represents admiralty. If Neo took the blue pill, he would be put back into 
a condition of delusion to conform to the public policies and would have no interest in learning 
any of the private conditions of reality. If Neo took the red pill, it would be "the blood of the 
Messiah" and Neo would be aware of the private things in the world (as opposed to this world) 
and would become a servant to help others learn the truth. 
The red pill, Neo was told by the members of Zion, was a locator program. The purpose of 
Neo swallowing the red pill was to be a transponder or beacon so that his physical body could be 
located in the store house of the Matrix. It was a machine in the Matrix that was responsible for 
extracting Neo from the Matrix. It wasn't Neo, Morpheus, Trinity, or any other human who got 
Neo out of the Matrix. Since it was a machine who extracted him, why would the Matrix extract 
him if it wasn't a policy of the Matrix to let anyone out that wanted to be let out? The answer is 
simple . The Matrix only survives because adhesion to the Matrix is volunta ry. Is it not possible 
to unvolunteer from the "Matrix" of this world by expatriating the physical membership? Will 
the governments of this world (the Matrix) not let one expatriate voluntarily if one does so in a 
proper manner? The answer is yes. Likewise, the red pill can be viewed as a form of 
expatriation request. 
It appears that Neo's separation from the Matrix in a physical fashion in the first movie was 
not a guarantee of the fact that Neo's future would not be influenced in some manner by the 
Matrix. And, in fact, in the Movie The Matrix 2, there is a significant interplay between the 
Matrix and Neo's lives and also with those of his friends in Zion . The second movie deals with 
the issues of the interaction between Zion and the Matrix . 
Neo has a discussion with the Oracle that enlightens us as to the reason why the people of 
Zion and the Matrix are linked together. The following conversation takes place between Neo 
and the Orac le. Interspersed in this conversation, I will add some comments in parenthesis . 
0: Well. Come on . I'm not going to bite you. Come around here and let me have a look at 
you. My goodness . Look at you. You turned out all right, didn't you? How do you feel? 
You are not sleeping. We will get to that. Why don't you come and have a sit. 
[An invitation to sit is a form of a commercial process called a draft. The Oracle was 
the drawer of the draft. As such, the drawer is the debtor. The drawee, in this case Neo, 
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is the creditor. If the drawee does not fulfill the draft request, a dishonor occurs and the
drawee becomes the debtor. You do not want to be the debtor by dishonoring the draft.]
N: Maybe I will stand. [A dishonor]
0: Suit yourself. [Acceptance of Neo's dishonor without going to war.]
[Neo sits down voluntarily.]
N: I felt like sitting. [Now Neo is in honor, so the conversation continues .]
0: I know. So, let's get the obvious stuff out of the way.
N: You're not human. Are you?
0: It's tough to get any more obvious than that.
N: If I had to guess, I would say you are a program from the machine world. So is he.
[Referring to the Oracle's body guard.]
0: So far so good.
N: But if that is true, it can mean that you are a part of the system. Another kind of
control.
0: Keep going.
N: I suppose the most obvious question is: How can I trust you?
0: Bingo! It is a riddle. No doubt about it. The bad news is there is no way that you can
really know if I am here to help you or not. So it is reall y up to you ! Just have to make
up your own damn mind to either accept what I am going to tell you or reject it.
[Isn't this the real issue with the people of Zion today in their relationship to the
Matrix. The issue is: How can we trust the judge or the law enforcement officer, or the
lawyer, or the prosecutor, etc., if they are in the public system?]
[The Oracle reaches into her purse to get some candy.]
Candy?
N: Do you already know if I am going to take it?
0: I wouldn't be much of an Oracle if I didn't.
N: But if you already know, how can I make the choice?
0: Because you didn't come here to make the choice. You already made it. You're here to
try to understand why you made the choice. I thought you would have figured that out
by now.
[Notice how the issue is going from "what" questions to "why" questions!]
N: Why are you here?
0: Same reason. I love candy! [Joke]
N: Why help us?
0: We're all here to do what we are all here to do. I'm interested in one thing Neo. The
future. And believe me, I know the only way to get there is together.
[There is a parable in the New Testament. It talks about a field (which is this world)
where an enemy came one night and sowed weeds in the wheat filed. The wheat is the
Zion people and the weeds are the people of the Matrix. The servants asked the master
whether the servants should pull out the weeds when they started growing. The master
told the servants to allow the weeds and the wheat to grow together because the wheat
would be destroyed by the pulling up of the weeds. This is what Neo is being told here.
The people of the Matrix and the people of Zion must exist side by side for a period of
time, lest the warfare between both cause both parties annihilation.]
N: Are there other programs like you?
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0: Well, not like me, but look - see those birds? At some point a program was written to
govern them. A program was written to watch over the trees, the wind, sunrise, and
sunset. There are programs running all over the place. Ones doing their job. Doing
what they were meant to do. They are invisible. You'd never even know they were
here. But the other ones, well. You hear about them all the time.
N: I've never heard of them.
0: Of course you have. Every time you heard someone say: "I've seen a ghost or an
angel." Every story you have ever heard about vampires, werewolves, or aliens is the
system assimilating some program that is doing something that they are not supposed to
be doing.
N: Programs hacking programs. Why? [Again a "why" question.]
0: They have their reasons, but usually a program chooses exile when it faces deletion.
N: Why would a program be deleted?
0: Maybe it breaks down. Maybe a better program is created to replace it. It happens all
the time. And when it does, a program can either choose to hide here or return to the
source.
N: The machine mainframe!
0: Yes. Where the path of the One ends. You have seen it in your dreams, haven't you?
The door made of light. What happens when you go through the door?
N: I see Trinity and something happens. Something bad. She starts to fall. And then I
wake up.
0: Do you see her die?
N: No.
0: You have the sight now. You are looking at the world without time.
[Time is a commercial entity. When there is no commerce involved, time is
irrelevant. In the Tom Hanks movie Cast Away, when Tom Hanks was on the Island,
time was irrelevant . There were no commercial contracts or terms to implement in
which time was a factor. Time in the Garden of Eden was also irrelevant.]
N: Then why can't I see what happens?
0: We cannot see past the choices we do not understand. [Because we have not yet
thought it into existence.]
N: Are you saying that I have to choose whether Trinity lives or dies?
0: No . You have already made the choice. Now you have to understand it.
N: No. I can't do that. I won't! [This is a war or a dishonor which leads to losing control
over the situation.]
0: You will have to.
N: Why?
0: Because you are the One. [You are the creditor and must face it.]
N: What if I can't? What happens if I fail?
0: Then Zion will fall. Our time is up. Listen to me, Neo. You can save Zion if you
reach the source, but to do that you will need the Key Maker.
N: The Key Maker?
0: Yes. He disappeared some time ago. We do not know what happened to him. Now he
is being held prisoner by a very dangerous program. One of the oldest of us . He is
called the MEROVINGIAN. He will not let him go willingly.
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[The character called the Merovingian is an important character in history. He is the
original sovereign line of kings of Northwest Europe from about 500 to 850 AD. This
line of kings saved the Pope in Italy, thus becoming his master before the Pope made or
broke other would-be kings, and the Merovingian successors today are part of those
who believe they are the keepers of the Holy Grail, and the secret leaders of the world
society. Do a search on this name on the Internet.]
N: What does he want?
0: What do all men with power want? More power. Be there at that exact time and you
will have a chance.
N: I must go.
0: Seems like every time we meet, I have nothing but bad news. I'm sorry about that. I
surely am. But for what it is worth, you have made a believer out of me. Good luck
Kiddo.
This conversation was incredible . It is the first of three conversations that link the fact that
the people of Zion, or those who would free themselves from the boundaries of the physical
matrix, are not at liberty to: 1) Make war against the Matrix and its leaders or people, or 2)
Operate independently from the leaders and people of the Matrix. In today's world, this is
equivalent to saying: 1) Do not fight the world government system to destroy it. 2) Do not make
war against the courts, the judges, the prosecutors, the law enforcement, and the United Nations
or the Federal Reserve. That system (the Matrix) is linked to you and your survival.
The second conversation was even more interesting . It involved a discussion between Neo,
Morpheus, Trinity and the man called Merovingian. In the movie plot, in the attempt by
Morpheus, Trinity, and Neo to "bring down the Matrix" by destroying the mainframe computer
terminal, the location of that mainframe and the ability to get to it was why it was important to
learn the location of the Key Maker. He had the information they sought.
MORPHEUS: We are here to speak to Merovingian.
MAITRES DE: Of Course, he has been expecting you. Follow me.
MER: Ahah! Here he is at last. Neo! It is the One himself. And the legendary Morpheus,
and Trinity of course. I have heard so much, you honor me. Please. This is my wife,
Persephone. Something to eat? Drink? Have you seen so many contrivances as we
have here? Please, for the sake of appearances.
N: No, thank you.
MER: Yes, of course.
N: We don't have time.
MER: Yes, of course. Who has time? But then if we do not ever take time, how can we have
time? [Time is a commercial function of the Matrix. If you take time, you are the
creditor. If you do not take time, you have dishonored it and you are its debtor]
Magnificent French Wine. I love French wine. Of all the languages, French is my
favorite language. Especially to curse ..... It is like wiping your ass with silk. I love it.
You know why we are here? I am a trafficker in information. I know everything I can.
The question is, do you know why you are here?
MOR:We are looking for the Key Maker.
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MER: Oh, yes. This is true. The Key Maker, of course. But this is not a reason . This is not a
why. The Key Maker himself is an answer by his very nature to a means and not an
end, and so to be looking for him is to be looking for a means to do? What?
N: You know the answer to that question .
MER: But do you?
You think you do, but you do not . You are here because you were sent here. You
were told to come here, and then you obeyed. It is, of course, the way of all things .
You see there is only one constant . One universal. It is the only reality .... Causality .
Action-reactio n. Cause and effect.
MOR:Ev erything begins with choice .
MER: No . Wrong . Choice is an illusion created between those with power and those without .
Look there. Look at that woman . [Referring to a woman at another table in the
restaurant] My God, just look at her. Affecting everyone around her. So obvious, so
bourgeois, so quiet. But you see, I have sent her a dessert. A very special dessert . I
wrote it [the program for the dessert - since we are in the digital matrix] myself. It
starts so simply. [The woman takes a bite out of the dessert, reflecting on its flavor.]
Each line of the program paints a new fate. Just like poetry. Fast . A rush . Heat. A
heart flutters. You can see it now, yes? She does not understand why. Is it the wine?
No. What is it? What is the reason? Soon it does not matter. Soon the wine and the
reason are gone . And all that matters is the feeling itself. This is the nature of the
universe . [The desert program contained a substance that would, over time, cause her
to leave the table and go to the women's room with a physical uneasiness to resolve.]
We struggle against it. We fight to keep from dying . Of course we pretend to be alive .
Beneath a poised appearance, the truth is really our complete case out of contr ol .
Causality . There is no escape from it. We are forever slaves to it. Our only hope,
our only peace is to understand it. [That is the "why."] To understand the why. Why
is what separates us from them. You from me. Why is the only real source of power .
Without it you are powerless . And this is how you come to me. Without the WHY,
without [any] power. Another link in the chain . But fear not . Since I have seen how
good you are at following orders. I will tell you what to do next. Run back and give the
Fortune Teller this message . Her time is over .
Now, I have some real business to attend to. [The Merovingian desires to follow the
pretty lady to the women's rest room .] Adieu and good bye.
N: This isn't over . [Nonacceptance of a draft order = dishonor .]
MER: Oh, yes it is . The Key Maker is mine and I see no reason why I should give him up.
No reason at all. [There was no cross-commercial consideration to the Merovingian
from Neo to make a commercial agreement attractive to the Merovingian .]
PER: Where are you going?
MER: Please, my wife, I have told you. We are all victims of causality . I drink too much
wine . I must take a piss . Cause and effect. [Merovingian leaves. His body guards
move to escort Trinity out .]
TRI: Touch me and that hand will never touch anything again .
[Trinity, Morpheus, Neo leave. They get on an elevator to go to the bottom floor of the
building .]
N: Well, that didn't go so well .
MOR: Are you sure the Oracle didn't say anything else?
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N: Yes.
TRI: Are you sure we didn't do something wrong?
N: Or didn't do something.
MOR: No. What happened- happened and couldn't have happened in any other way.
N: How do you know?
MOR: We are still alive. [Morpheus understands honor and acceptance.]
[The Elevator door opens on another floor as the trio is going down to reveal
Persephone. She intercedes and promises to deliver what they want.]
Twice now, Neo has been told by entities in the Matrix that the answer to the question WHY
is the only important issue that he needs to deal with. The Oracle told him that the WHAT has
already been decided in his life. The Oracle told him if he does not understand the why, he will
not be able to "see" beyond the WHAT issue that he does not know the WHY about. Now
Merovingian also tells them that without knowing WHY events occur, there is no hope to be in
CONTROL. But being in CONTROL means that commercially you are a creditor. So not
knowing WHY makes one a debtor in commercial affairs. As a debtor, one cannot be in control
and cannot "win" (if that is what one is hoping to achieve in terms of a commercial or military
(democracy) victory).
Neo, Morpheus, and Trinity wrongly thought that the issue was "choice." Doesn't Babylon
tell us that we should be fighting for "women's choice" or rights? The Merovingian rightly told
Neo that CHOICE is an act of a debtor in reacting to the possible consequences of being the
debtor. It is an illusion. A person with a mortgage on his house has a choice. He can either pay
his monthly mortgage payment to the bank or he can choose not to pay the monthly mortgage
payment. He will also be subject to the duties or obligations that that choice he makes saddles
him with. The issue is never in achieving the ability to make a CHOICE in life. The issue is
being in CONTROL of one's options as a creditor of the commercial agreements so that one's
duties are established by one's own desire to voluntarily serve your fellow man instead of being
a slave to your fellow man.
Neo finally gets the information from the Key Maker so that he can reach the main frame
computer to shut it down and save this world. When he arrives at the room outside the main
frame shut off switch, he meets another character in the Matrix called the Architect. The third
quotation from the second Movie follows between the Architect and Neo. It is the most
revealing of all the discussions.
A: Hello, Neo.
N: Who are you?
A: I am the Architect. I created the Matrix. I've been waiting for you. You have many
questions. And though the process has altered your consciousness, you remain
irrevocably human. Ergo- some of my answers you will understand and some you will
not.
Accordingly, while your first question may be the most pertinent, it is also the most
irrelevant.
N: Why am I here? [Notice how Neo has learned to ask the important WHY questions
now.]
A: Your life is the sum of a remainder of an unbalanced equation inherent in the
programming of the Matrix.
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You are the eventuality of an anomaly, which in spite of my sincerest efforts, I have
been unable to eliminate from what is otherwise a harmony of mathematical precision .
While it remains a burden assiduously avoided, it is not unexpected, and thus not
beyond a measure of control, which has led you inexorably here.
[The Matrix, like any military de facto government predicated on some continuous
warfare, needs to have a protagonist and an antagonist to survive. i. e., - there needs to
be enemies in the Matrix system. And Neo was one of the "enemies" set up in the
system, along with the other inhabitants of Zion, to structure the system to make it
possible to have continuous warfare so the system works in its de facto capacity . His
rebellion is a programming "anomaly ." In other words, it does not appear to be the
norm established for the bulk of the system. But his rebellion is not outside the
ultimate control of the Matrix master programming . Why this is necessary to the de
facto structure of the current Matrix design, it seems to escape the master designer as
to why a de jure system would not suffice. Notice, also, that the Architect uses
sophisticated Greek style rhetoric to attempt to confuse Neo and intimidate him so that
the Architect will not have to answer Neo's question .]
N: You have not answered my question!
A: Quite right. Interesti ng . That was quicker than the others .
N: Others? How many?
A: The Matrix is older than you know. I prefer counting from the emergence of one
integral anomaly [one rebellion in history] to the emergence of the next, in which case
this is the sixth version .
N: Two possible explan ations. Why has no one told me? Or no one knows?
A: Precise ly.
As you are undoubtedly gathering, the anomaly is systemic . Creating fluctuations in
even the most simplistic equations .
[The Architect is telling Neo that the fact that there is a Matrix world with people
locked into permanent slavery and warehoused in the Matrix and a world with people
of Zion in a sense of freedom living below the land is planned or "systemic ." They
exist together in a form of an uneasy harmony .]
N: Choice . The problem is choice. [Again Neo has not learned that CHOICE does not
hold the answer . You are either a creditor by CAUSEIEFFECT or else you are a
debtor.]
A: The first Matrix I designed was quite naturally perfect. [Garden of Eden?] It was a
work of art. Flawless . Sublime . In triumph equaled only by its monumental failure.
The inevitability of its doom is apparent to me now as a consequence of its
imperfection inherent in every human being. [The desire to be in control of one's life
for gain or commerce instead of for service . This creates an ongoing warfare that
brings the fall of government from a republic to a democracy - a military controlled
warfare.] And so I redesigned it based on your history, to more accurately reflect the
vary and grotesqueries of your nature. However, I was again frustrated by failure.
I have since come to understand that the answer eluded me because it required a lesser
mind, or perhaps a mindless bound by the parameters of perfection . [A mind that does
not assume good in men, but rather assumes evil in men . A mind that does not look for
peace, but one that looks for continual warfare.]
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Then the answer was stumbled upon by another, an intuitive program, initially created
to investigate certain aspects of the human psyche. If I am the father of the Matrix,
she would undoubtedly be its mother.
N: The Oracle!
A: Please. As I was saying, she stumbled upon a solution whereby nearly ninety-nine per
cent of all subjects accepted the program [CONTROL] as long as they were given a
choice. Even if they were only aware of the choice at an unconscious level. [i.e.- an
opportunity to presume they could elect or vote or choose in an action.]
While this answer functioned, it was obviously fundamentally flawed [what about the
1 % of the subjects who did not receive the programming], thus creating the otherwise
contradictory systemic anomaly, that if left unchecked might threaten the system itself.
Ergo- Those that refused the program [apparent CONTROL], while a minority, if
unchecked, would constitute an escalating probability of disaster [a rebellion that
would destroy the ultimate control of the Matrix by the machines.].
N: This is about Zion!
A: You are here because Zion is about to be destroyed. [Zion is the people who have
come out of the Matrix, but they have not left commerce. They still are not about
service. They just want to be in control of their own lives for personal gain and profit.
They call this control- CHOICE. But CHOICE is not control because they have not
gotten back to the natural law that says that if one chooses to fight his brother, he
cannot live in freedom and liberty.] It's [Zion's] every living inhabitant terminated, its
entire existence eradicated.
N: Bull shit! [Non-acceptance of the information presented to Neo by draft from the
Architect. This is another dishonor.]
A: Denial is the most predictable of all human responses. But rest assured, this will be
the sixth time we have destroyed it. And we have become exceedingly efficient at it.
[Note: In the book of Daniel, there is a discussion about a dream that
Nebuchadnezzar is having involving a Beast. The Beast represents empires
established on earth. In one of the dreams, there were six worldly empires
represented. Some that were, some that are, and some that will be. Since these
empires are time dependent, they are commercial empires. The six empires represent:
Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, the Medes and Persians, Greece, and Rome. Each new
empire was established and overthrown in history in order to perfect commerce. Each
succeeding empire became more efficient in its quest for commercial profits, earnings,
taxation, and control. Slaves overthrew masters, not to serve their brothers, but to
themselves become the new masters. It was all about getting more of the "choices" for
themselves. Never about serving their brothers.]
A: The function of the One is now to return to the Source allowing a temporary
dissemination of the code you carry, reinserting the prime program. [i.e .. , we will
restart the Matrix with a new history and use your DNA to perfect a more perfect, or a
more intelligent and masterful, gene pool for the slaves. After all, better slaves create
better profits. It is all about competition when you are in commerce.] After which,
you will be required to select from the Matrix 23 individuals, 16 females and seven
males, to rebuild Zion. [Note: 23 is the number of death. So the new Zion will be
built again upon the premise of dead people and not living people. Seven is masculine
perfection. 15 is rest. The new people will restart a new Zion - or a new nemesis for
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the new Matrix. See the programmers of the Matrix need to restart an "enemy" for 
their system to work to maintain continuous warfare.] 
Failure to comply with the process will result in a cataclysmic system crash killing 
everyone connected to the Matrix, which coupled with the extermination of Zion, will 
ultimately result in the extinction of the entire human race. 
N: You won't let it happen! You can't. You need human beings to survive . [Again, Neo is 
fighting the system as though there is a choice that will save the day. This dishonor 
only shows that Neo still does not understand the WHY.] 
A: There are levels of survival we are prepared to accept. 
However, the relevant issue is whether or not you are ready to accept responsibility for 
the death of every human being in this world. [Note how Neo is the creditor with the 
capacity to maintain or destroy the whole world. This power does not rest in the hands 
of those who control the Matrix. They are honorable.] 
'Tis interesting in reading your reactions. [Seeing the expression on Neo's face .] 
Your five predecessors were, by design, based on a similar predication a contingent 
affirmation that was meant to create a profound attachment to the rest of your species, 
facilitating the function of the One. While the others experienced this in a very 
general way, your experience is far more specific. Vis-a-vis, love. 
[Love is an emotion that, when properly invoked, results in serving mankind and 
not in commercial actions that are warlike and killing your brother such as Cain's 
actions in Genesis 4. So the Architect is noting that Neo's "rebellion" or "protest" is 
significantly oriented on a different plane than the rebellion or protest of the previous 
six empires. This is an omen of things to come in possibly resolving the "war" in the 
third Matrix movie.] 
N: Trinity? 
A: Apropos. She entered the Matrix to save your life at the cost of her own. 
[Neo had gotten Trinity to promise not to enter the Matrix. It was too dangerous for 
her according to a dream where Neo had prophesied the possible death of Trinity, if 
she entered the Matrix. Trinity chose to enter the Matrix when she had knowledge that 
Neo's and Morpheus' lives were in danger.] 
N: No! 
A: Which brings me at last to the moment of truth where the fundamental flaw is 
ultimately expressed, and the anomaly revealed as both beginning and end. [The 1 % 
who appear not to be in control by the Matrix are really in control of the Matrix and 
carry out the process of killing the old system to restart the new system. As the WHO 
sang : "Out with the old boss. In with the new. Same as the old boss." The Zion people 
are given only CHOICE. And this CHOICE does not give them the capacity to do 
anything which would ultimately destroy the Matrix.] 
There are two doors. The door to your right [private world] leads to the source and 
the salvation of Zion [where the Matrix main frame computer can be shut down]. The 
door to your left [public world] leads back to the Matrix, to her [Trinity], and to the 
end of your specie [where Zion will be defeated by the machines]. As you adequately 
put it, the problem is choice . 
But we already know what you are going to do, don't we? 
Already I can see the chain of reaction, the chemical precursors that signal the onset 
of an emotion designed specifically to overwhelm logic and reason. An emotion that 
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is already blinding you from the simple and obvious truth . She is going to die. [But 
the Architect has already admitted he is fallible. He has been wrong in the past .] And 
there is nothing you can do to stop it. Hope? It is the quintessential human delusion: 
simultaneously the source of your greatest strength and your greatest weakness . 
N: If I live, you should hope that we will not meet again. 
A: We won't . 
[Neo leaves by the left door back into the Matrix to attempt to save Trinity from her 
certain death.] 
Neo has no other choice but to go back into the Matrix through the left door, or the door that 
represents the "public" interest . A remedy in the private world, without a corresponding remedy 
to witness it in the public world, is not a closed remedy at all. Neo was forced to leave by the 
public door to resolve that problem by private capacity . If Neo would have first shut down the 
computer by going into the private right door, he would have lost Trinity, his love, forever. It 
takes a double witness to resolve all "charges" or claims . Merely resolving the charge or claim 
on the private side without a public witness is not a victory. It takes 2 or more witnesses to 
prove a thing . One witness is on the public side. One witness is on the private side. Patriots that 
try to resolve an issue by private administrative procedure, without getting a public witness to the 
same thing, have not closed the accoun ts . 
Since everything is backwards in the public world, Hollywood is the true church today telling 
us the truth [backwards]. Their movies are the "sermons" being taught for all to hear and see, if 
they have awoken up from the Matrix . The Matrix 2 is telling us that we need to learn the WHY, 
and we must not destroy the Matrix until its time. The "programs" [officials in this world 
government] are there to tell us the truth and help us in our freedom and survival . If we go to 
war against them, we just might not survive. Isn't the One World Government today tracking 
"terrorists?" Aren't terrorists another name for those who fight the leaders of the Matrix? 
Go in peace my brothers! 
••• 
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MOVIE REVIEW
The Third Movie of the Tr ilogy
MATRIX - REVOLUTIONS
By Jack Smith
Note: words in [ ] are those of Robert KellylThe American's Bulletin
The movie series on the Matrix is a backward history of the United States and a history of true Israel (not the de facto democracy in the Middle East). Matrix- Revo lution ends with
the proposed Constitution of the United States of America in 1787. Matrix- the first movie,
begins in present times. The story is a cycle of history repeated over and over again by a people
who do not get it right.
All communication is based upon symbolism. Every war is won by communication. If you
are not enjoying the war (everyday life in a democracy), you are not understanding or getting the
code and are not receiving the true message sent in everyday communications by code.
There is a war going on out there. There has always been a war going on out there. The
object of war is to restore honor to commercial dealings between foreign entities so there can be
a lasting peace. But where there is no honor, there can be no peace.
The Matrix
In the Movie the Matrix 1, Neo learned that there was a secret war going on between the
Machine world of the Matrix and a number of people who called themselves Zion who believed
themselves to be separate and apart from the Machine world of the Matrix. The Matrix was a
system that warehoused living beings in a coma like state. It harvested their thermal, chemical,
and biological energy to supply power to run the Machine world. The living beings in the Matrix
were fed neurological impulses to their brains that gave these beings the simulation of a normal
life of a living man. By these computer generated memories, these living beings perceived
themselves to exist in a life involving family, neighborhoods, nations, work environments, and
personal relationships. At no time did the living beings in the "coma like state" have a clue that
they were not leading a "real" life of choice. The people of Zion, however, believed that they
had been disconnected from the Matrix. They dwelled in a city called Zion buried deep in the
core of the earth to protect the inhabitants from the attacks of the Machine world of the Matrix.
These people of Zion believed that they were free of the control of the Matrix, while
understanding that they were at war with the machines from that world.
There were a few people of Zion that sprung Neo from the control of the Matrix in the first
movie. They believed that Neo might be a living being who would have extraordinary powers to
bring freedom and peace to the people of Zion, and to those souls in the Matrix still trapped by
the machines.
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Matrix Reloaded
In the second movie the Matrix- Reloaded, Neo learns that the fate of the people of Zion is
not independent of the persons in the Matrix or the Machine world that controls the Matrix. To
the contrary, Neo learns that the controllers of the Matrix have dealt with previous rebellions by
people who had separated themselves from the Matrix (like the people of Zion) and had
attempted to defeat the Matrix. The current attempt by Neo and the people of Zion to defeat the
machines from the Matrix is chronicled as the 6th rebellion against the Matrix. All previous
rebellions had resulted in defeat and annihilation of the people outside the Matrix by the
machines from the Matrix. After defeat, the Matrix restarts the outside world, or the so called
enemies of the Matrix. The people of Zion are controlled by the controllers of the Matrix and
allowed only so much latitude at freedom before they are reigned in. At the end of the second
movie, the Machines of the Matrix are starting an attack on the people of Zion by burrowing with
tunneling machines into the core of the earth to reach the city of Zion with the intent of
destroying the people of Zion. The people of Zion are attempting to prepare defenses against the
impending machine attack.
Into this plot of warfare between the people of Zion and the machines of the Matrix is tossed a
man named Neo. Some believe that Neo is a special soul that might possess the capacity to
resolve the conflict between the Machine world and mankind by bringing peace. Those who
held this belief were a select minority and included Morpheus (from the people of Zion) and an
important computer program named the Oracle from the Machine world of the Matrix. In
Matrix- Reloaded, two important entities from the Matrix, the Architect and the Oracle, had
informed Neo that the people of Zion and the Matrix were a symbiotic society where one entity
could not exist without the other at the present time. Their futures were indelibly intertwined
with each other. They would either go into the future together or there would be no future.
Symbolism in Communi cation
All Hollywood movies are parables. They describe the current reality in this world and code
it in terms of mythical persons, places, events, and things. In Scripture, the Messiah also taught
about His kingdom- the World (in contradistinction to this World) in terms of parables. Once the
Messiah was asked why He taught in parables. His response was so that the common man would
not know what He was teaching. Only the elect would understand (or the special few).
Hollywood movies are parables which teach the truth and reality in such a way that the common
man will not understand the lessons and the information that is being given. By understanding
the Scripture, or the Hollywood movies, you will understand what is going on in the law of this
World, and will begin to understand your remedy to get free of the slavery and tyranny that you
have entrapped yourself into.
But in the Scripture, the Messiah went on to say that the elect will understand the meaning of
the parables because, for them, they will understand the code and will understand the meaning of
the communication and lesson being taught.
I humbly beseech you, brethren, those of you who have eyes to see, ears to hear, and are
members of the elect, to listen up. The story of the parable in the three Matrix movies is a
plan of salvation and redemption from the ravages of the Matrix wars (or how to resolve
your personal problems in this world).
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In every parable it is first reasonable to understand who the characters represent. It is also
necessary to understand how the characters actions have created a cause/effect relationship to the
events of the story.
As to relationships, the Matrix is this world (or an artificial world in contradistinction to the
world which is real and a creation of nature and nature's God. The artificial world is de facto or
colorable, while the real world is de jure or black and white). The Matrix is the system of
"Babylonian" government, commerce, politics, and military that operates in the background and
superimposes itself over the living people to control the energy given off by the living people,
presumably for the personal benefit of the powers behind the "Babylonian" government. The
system operates off the commercial energy of the living people who are harnessed by way of
alter ego corporations, called Straw-men. These Straw-men are created by the Babylonian
government upon the birth of each living soul and named after the living soul. The only
distinction is that the living soul's name is spelled according to the proper English rules in upper
and lower case letters. The Straw-men corporation names are spelled in all capital letters, like
other artificial and dead things. All commercial enterprise by living souls are performed through
their corporate entities, or Straw-men, as front-men. Since the government has the highest legal
title to these Straw-men, all commercial activity is presumed to be controlled by Babylon and
hence taxed to Babylon. It is by this mechanism that the "Babylonian" system draws out the
commercial energy of every living soul. Therefore, the people tied up in the Matrix are
representative of the Straw-men, who politically are known as Fourteenth Amendment persons -
or fictions - created by government to replace living souls in the government political body.
In a proper world, or the world, mankind or living people are in control. This fundamental
law is based upon the laws of nature or the law of the land. In this world, the foundational basis
for who is in control is the law of the sea or admiralty. It is a system constructed of "trusts,"
instead of principals, who are acting in their own self interest. A nation in the world whose laws
are based upon the law of the land can be ruled as a republic. A nation in this world whose laws
are based upon the law of the sea is usually ruled as a democracy (demon-ocracy).
The story in the Matrix trilogy deals with a system which progresses from a democracy to a
repUblic. This is a mirror image to the history of the United States which has progressed from a
republic in 1787 to a democracy in 2003 when this movie came out. A democracy is also a
nation which is led by the military under emergency rules, behind a front of civilian rule, to
confuse the populace as to the true nature of what is happening. In a democracy, the rights and
needs of the individual must be subjugated to the needs and wants of the whole. There is no
individual liberty, per se. The military, political, commercial system is operated under the
admiralty/maritime rules of "contribution" and the presumption of joint tort-feasors.
In the Matrix trilogy, the lives of the people are not paramount. They have been warehoused
in facilities where liberty, freedom, and independent action are nonexistent for the average
inhabitant who does not even understand that his life is an illusion; that he is programmed to
feed the war machine. At the same time, the average inhabitant is mentally deluded into
believing his whole life is one of a normal free and independent inhabitant of a modem society,
exercising free will. This is done by instilling mental unawareness into the being or else
controlled rebellion into others. In modem society, it is done chemically by drugs (or alcohol),
or it is done commercially by withdrawing the desire or means of successful fulfillment
(exporting productive jobs from the society), or it is done politically by providing controlled
candidates which offer no change in the makeup of the system, or it is done psychologically by
instilling cognitive dissonance into the population. In short, the tools of modem society are used
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to enslave living souls (death), as opposed to providing life and providing it more abundant ly.
[Have you been deceived into feeding the war machin e?]
Occasionally one inhabitant of the Matrix breaks free of his programming and sees a larger
picture. These people are the ones who "take the red pill" and are presumably physically
independent of the social programming of the Matrix. These people have collected together in a
society called the People of Zion. Today, in the present world, we might call these people
"Patriots."
Symbolism in the Matrix Trilogy
It is not a coincidence that Zion is the name of a mountain in the Old Testament of Scripture
representing the Children of Israel. The Children of Israel gathered to become a nation and
receive their law from the Creator when the Children of Israel were led out of slavery in Egypt.
So, the Matrix is a metaphor for "Egyptian slavery." The People of Zion in the movie were a
metaphor for ex-slaves led to their freedom by the Creator to create and start a Republic nation
of their own. A republic is a form of government, based upon liberty and freedom, which
requires knowledge and wisdom of the inhabitants to self-rule under concepts of honor and
responsibility. This is in direct oppOSItIon to rule by the dictates of a
commercial/military/industrial complex, based upon policies and police regulations, which
assume inhabitants are incapable of treating one another with honor and respect without
supervision and discipline.
It is also not a coincidence that the symbols used in the Matrix parable are mirror images, or
backwards to reality in meaning and time. The People of Zion, who are supposed to be alive and
free, are buried deep in the ground in the City of Zion as though they were dead corpses. The
"dead" people living in the Matrix in a condition of a coma are warehoused on the surface of the
planet as though they were alive and mobile. The surface of the planet is smoky, dreary. The
sun never shines, but appears dead. The City of Zion is alive with activity but lit by artificial
light. The people in the Matrix are programmed to be happy and without a care in the world, but
they have no independent thought or ability to effect change on their commercial/political
system. The People of Zion are always apprehensive about the war and struggling to survi ve.
They have the capacity to effect change and also must exercise discretion and elect
responsibility.
In today's world, the people of the Matrix are the 99.99% of the people who live with their
heads in the sand and have no clue as to what is going on. They are programmed by the "talking
heads," the boob tube, and other public sources of information (including the public fool
system). They can carry on an allegedly articulate conversation about persons, places, and events
while never knowing or explaining any cause/effect relationships that exists in the world or this
world. In the words of the Merovingian from Matrix- Reloaded, "They do not understand the
why." Therefore, they are slaves.
The People of Zion in today's world are, for the most part, the patriots, rebels, and yes - in
some cases - terrorists. Or, at least they may shortly be prosecuted politically for being terrorists .
These people are outside the Matrix (so to speak even though the Matrix still exercises control
over them). These patriots are mostly at war with the Matrix and falsely believe that their
involvement in this war will bring about change that will correct the problems with the Matrix
and the Matrix's relationship with them. About 99.99% of the People of Zion live to destroy the
Matrix and what it symbolizes. It appears as though the Matrix is out to destroy the People of
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Zion. There is constant warfare. Those who do not notice that a democracy is in fact a controlled
war zone of combatants, are all the more deceived by this world. Looks can be deceiving to
those who do not see or do not hear.
We learned in Matrix- Reloaded that the Matrix is not out to completely destroy the People of
Zion. In fact, the Matrix is charged with restarting the People of Zion every time Zion is
destroyed. Think of this program as a social urban renewal program where an "old," socially
archaic "People of Zion" must be upgraded to a new, more commercially competitive "People of
Zion." After all, the Matrix sees the People of Zion as a manufactured enemy to the Matrix, used
to instill commercial competition into the Matrix to maximize the commercial benefits to the
Matrix. So every now and then, the Matrix exterminates the old society of "independents" (who
think they are free) and restarts the new urban renewal society with better stock and blood to
give the appearance of a better enemy which instills more competition into the Matrix world.
This world is just like the Matrix model. It is just like the United States of America which
cannot continue as a "democracy" without having some permanent "enemy" at which the
democracy is always at war. The Matrix is a symbiotic society. The Matrix cannot survive
without an alter ego in the People of Zion. Likewise, the People of Zion have never had the
ability to destroy the Matrix.
Scripture states this same theme that the People of Zion and the Matrix are joined together in
a short-term, common future. Scripture says that for a time the wheat and the tares must grow
together in the field and not be separated. To pull up the tares (the Machine world of the Matrix)
would cause death to many "wheat" people (People of Zion and the sleeping people in the
Matrix). So they should exist together. The only two reasons that the Matrix has to destroy the
People of Zion is: to prevent the People of Zion from getting too strong so that they would
physically threaten to overthrow the control exerted on them by the Matrix; and 2) the Matrix
restarts the society with better genetic stock from time to time to create better competition with
the Matrix to help maximize or perfect commerce. The six restarted systems of Zion could well
refer to the servants under the international world governments represented by: 1) the Egyptians,
2) the Syrians, 3) the Babylonians, 4) the Medusa and Persians, 5) the Greeks, and 6) the
Romans (of which our current system of one world government is merely an extension of the
Roman world government- i.e. Roman civil law, Roman calendar, and Roman universal church).
[Nothing new under the sun!]
The Remedy Lies Outside of Zion or the Matrix
It is a fact. There were good entities existing as programs in the Matrix and there were evil
entities existing as programs in the Matrix. There were also good, living souls amongst the
People of Zion and there were very bad, living souls amongst the People of Zion. A condition of
being "good" did not necessarily provide any remedy to mankind from the war which existed
between the Matrix and the People of Zion. There was no remedy in fighting a continuous war.
One's remedy is always in the peace that ensues after the war. Getting to this peace and making
the condition of peace productive by one's actions is the issue. [Go to peace rather than going to
war!]
There are four types of living souls . 1) Ostriches with their heads in the sand (or their bodies
in the Matrix) not knowing what is going on or why it is happening. This is the most numerous
type of living soul in this world. 2) People who wake up and discover that this world is not
operating correctly the way it should to bring life to the people and to bring it to them more
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abundantly. The people in group two are classic Patriots. But they could just as well be people
who have studied medicine, religion, politics, education, recorded history, or any other
profession or discipline. Anyone who studies what is going on in this world by the professions
or the societies knows that they have got it wrong and are creating death and not life. (How about
the "Family Planners" in modem society, as an example, who use abortion to spread "life?")
The People of Zion in the Matrix trilogy are firmly in this group two. They believe that the only
solution to the perceived problem that the Matrix is screwed up and doing everything backwards
for the benefit of living souls is war to the death of everyone in the Matrix. Group two's classic
remedy is to destroy their enemies- the ones who are doing this are thinking backwards. Group
two believes that when they defeat everyone else who is wrong, then things will work well for
the people in group two. "When the whole world changes to my way, then things will be better
and I can be happy." This is their motto. But is it realistic that the whole world will change- or
must change- in order for one to become "happy?"
The third type of people are those who realize that one's happiness and well being is not
derived from changing the whole world to one's way of thinking. Happiness is derived by
changing your way of thinking so that it creates a better world for you to live in. This is realistic.
You can change yourself. You cannot change anyone else who does not see the light and want to
change themselves.
There were a few characters in the Matrix movie series that could be classified as group 3
thinkers. They believe in a remedy other than war. They inclu de: Neo, Morpheus, Trinity,
the Oracle, Niobe (Jada Pinkett Smith), and (the head of the Council for the People of Zion).
[Do you believe in a remedy other than war? ]
Resolving a War in Matrix Revol ution
It is not rational to structure your society on habitual warfare. But this is exactly what a
"democracy" is. The ultimate cause/effect riddle or question that one can pose is: "How do you
bring a society that is at constant warfare to peace?" The ultimate underlying cause is
commercial debt. Commercial debt causes all war. To end war, one must either make
arrangements to end the debt liability of the debtor side of the war by discharge, forgiveness, or
as an operation of law. Or else, the creditor must be offered some concession which would end
the war by offering something that is more desirable than the collection of the debt. In the story
of Matrix- Revolu tion, the age-old war between the Matrix and the People of Zion is ended by
one of these causes.
The cause of the war that plagued the People of Zion and the Matrix is not set forth in the
story of any of the trilogy movies. The cause of the war was studied in an extra set of stories set
forth artistically in the DVD The Animatrix. The Animatrix tells nine short stories dealing with
collateral issues involving the Matrix and the People of Zion. In the story- The Second
Rena issance Part 2, the events which led up to the war between the People and the Machines
are told. The war started when machines wanted representation in government. The machines
felt that they contributed to commerce and needed representation. Most of the people believed
that the machines should not have political representation. People started to rebel against
machines by destroying them. The machines defended themselves and attacked the people for
self protection. As the machines got the upper hand, they subdued the people and placed them
into servitude. The cause of the war was the dishonor of the people in not "accepting" the
machines' draft request to have representation in commercial government. The non-acceptance
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by the people made the people the commercial debtors to the machines who became the
commercial creditors. In commerce, a debtor cannot win. A creditor cannot loose.
In today's world, the Patriots are upset at the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the
United States. This Amendment changed the representation of the "citizenry" of the political
and commercial government. Under the 14th Amendment, "artificial things" are now citizens of
the government instead of real people. An "artificial thing" (a machine- if you will) could well
be defined to be a "machine" or an entity that performs without civil or commercial life. The
14th Amendment person is a perfect definition of a machine. So when the Patriots fight the 14th
Amendment and its definition of an artificial entity as a citizen, the patriots are dishonoring the
One World Government's draft request for commercial representation for fictions. This makes
the One World Government (or the Matrix) the creditor and the Patriot the commercial debtor by
dishonor. This creates a commercial warfare, which is exactly what we have in today's society.
This is why the people who act as persons are described as the commercial enemies in the
Trading with the Enemy Act that was passed in the First World War as a protection from
enemies, and updated in 1933 under the new Deal when the United States government had to call
upon the States to help defray the debt and the "persons- citizens of the United States" became
the enemies of the UNITED STATES government by decree of President Roosevelt.
If one followed the character of Neo in the Matrix trilogy, Neo evolves from group 1 to group
2, and finally to group 3. Neo starts out as an ostrich with his head in the sand. In the first
movie he is awakened by Morpheus and becomes a Patriot rebel in group 2. In the second
movie, Neo learns that it might not be possible to obtain a military victory over the Matrix. By
the time Neo is seen in the third Matrix movie, he is convinced that he must change his
perspective in order to provide a remedy to go to peace. He is now in group 3. [Are you? Will
you want to go to peace?]
Notice Neo's character in Matrix-Reloaded. He does not get involved in fighting an offensive
war against the Matrix. In fact, the only time Neo uses force at all is to defend himself against
physical attack by Agent Smith or from characters in the Matrix which attack him. He protects
his life and the lives of others without going on the offensive.
The public critics of the Matrix trilogy complain that Neo's character shows little or no
emotion. Why should his character? Neo is seeking knowledge and wisdom as to cause and
effect of relationships. In the immortal words of the Merovingian, Neo truly wants to understand
the "WHY." Neo wants to serve the People of Zion and Trinity, whom he loves. Neo is not
seeking self-gratification by fulfilling emotional needs. Nor does Neo act as a direct and
proximate result of purely emotional pressure.
In Matrix-Reloaded, we learn that both Neo and Agent Smith have been decoupled from the
control of the Matrix. Agent Smith is no longer a program executing within the mainframe of the
Matrix. Both Agent Smith and Neo are gaining personal energy and ability now that they are not
feeding energy to the Matrix. There is a vast difference in the characters of these two entities.
Neo has learned love and service above self. Neo does not work for consideration from the other
party. Agent Smith is a "Satan" to Neo. A "Satan" is defined as an adversary or one who
opposes you. Agent Smith is applying all his energy toward destroying Neo and all that is good.
Since they are both decoupled from the Matrix, they both possess free will to lead their lives as
they choose, unbridled by the constraints of the Matrix controllers and its social programming.
Neo seeks life. Agent Smith seeks death. [Peace and War]
In Matrix-Revo lution, the People of Zion are fighting a war against the superior force of the
machines. In this war, the People of Zion can only hope to survive, but by all odds they will
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lose. The Zion military command puts their faith in implements of war and their manpower to
use them. No military strategy is based upon using outside plans or programs to stop the war.
Only a few living souls within the People of Zion have any outside faith in the belief that
Morpheus has ; that the road to peace is somehow dependent upon Neo and what he might be
able to accomplish in some way outside the scope of the military.
Symbolism in the City of Zion
The ultimate stronghold of the People of Zion was their city, deep in the earth. It had an outer
receiving dock, an inner city, and finally, a temple where the People of Zion worshipped. The
military plan was to first protect the dock. If it was breached, they would fight in the city. If the
city was lost, the last defense would be the temple. The approach to the temple was a narrow
passage where the machines could not overpower the people with their might because of the
close confines of the pas sage. Isn't it jus t like these People of Zion to get it backwards . Instead
of using the "temple" as their last defense against their enemy, should they not have relied upon
their Creator and their spiritual temple as a first defense to help defend them? Should not the
temple have been the origin of their first efforts instead of their last? Also, if the People of Zion
believed that the temple was a physical place where their Creator would gather with them, they
were wrong. The true temple is a place within us where the Creator dwell s in our hearts.
Without the understanding that the Creator dwell s in you, they were seeking an ultimate place of
refuge external to their being, which is only a de facto fiction.
Neo realized that the way to peace was not to run away from or fight with one's "ene my," but
to go to one' s "enemy" and make of him a friend by writing a peace treaty that will end the war
and give each party a new beginning.
In a world at war, one does not create peace by fighting one' s enemy, but by negotiating a
peace treaty in which both parties receive just consideration and an overwhelming logical reason
to offer concessions that will end the war. After all, isn't the purpose of all warfare to end
disho nor, adjust the wro ngs, and bring back a condition of peace? Isn't that what the movie -
Saving Private Ryan was all about? It was about Ryan being sent home to the 'private' world of
civilian peace and prosperity. Not the military man 'Private Ryan' continuing into an ongoing
war which would bring death and not life.
In the case of Matrix- Revolution, Neo and Agent Smith are alter egos. Neo and Agent Smith
are the same coin-two different sides. Agent Smith is the bad "Adam." Neo is the good
"Adam." In the language of Paul in the New Testament: Neo is the spiritual man. Agent Smith
is the fleshly man. Scripture says that to live, the spiritual man must kill the fleshly man. If you
do not give up your life, you cannot save your life. Post Matrix- Reloaded, Agent Smith and
Neo have become jo ined in their DNA and become alter egos of the same entity. The Oracle, in
one of her di scussi on with Neo in Matrix- Revolution, has alluded to this. She tells Neo that both
personas cannot continue to exist . Agent Smith has become a problem for the People of Zion.
He is as formidable an enemy as the Machines. Worse yet, Agent Smith is a threat to the Matrix
since he is gaining power and is no longer controlled by the Matrix. Although Neo only exists
for love and service, Agent Smith would destroy Neo, Trinity, the People of Zion, and then
would tum to the Matrix. His hatred knew no bounds.
Notice that the Matrix had control over the People of Zion, notwithstanding the fact that the
People of Zion were not physically in the Matrix. The Matrix computers could track all the
People of Zion. It was only Neo and Agent Smith that became invisible to the Matrix computer.
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Even the monitors on the vessels belonging to the People of Zion that could tap into the Matrix
computers could not pickup and locate Neo or Agent Smith any more , even when Neo was
aboard the vessel.
Neo's dedication to, and desire to ser ve, the People convinced him that he had an opportunity
to bring about a negotiated peace treaty with the Matrix. Agent Smith was converting programs
from the Matrix into Smith clones . Agent Smith was even converting some of the People of
Zion into Smith clones. Smith was creating a replicant army (a private independent army) from
both the Matrix and the People of Zion that were not loyal to anyone except Agent Smith. If
Smith was not stopped soon, his private army might take over this world. Neo realized that he
could not defeat Agent Smith in a one-on-one battle. They both posses sed equal levels of power
and energy. Howev er, Neo devi sed a strategy guaranteed to defeat Agent Smith based upon
Agent Smith's ego and hatred.
Neo went to his enemy-the Machine City in the Matrix to negotiate a peace treaty between
the People of Zion and the Matrix. Neo did not have the approval of the People of Zion, nor its
governing counsel, to carry out the peace mission. Neo was not invited by the Machines to come
to a peace treaty negotiation. What Neo did have was honor, logic, and consideration that could
not be refused by either the Machines or the People of Zion. Neo did not ask the Machine world
to give up anything. Neo took on all liability and responsibility in the plan to end the war by
settling and closing the matter between the Machines and the People of Zion. There was no risk
to the Machines, only the potential for gain. In any peace treaty, consideration must be offered
as a means of persuasion to both parties to adopt concessions necessary for peace. The People of
Zion were being physically defeated. No concession was offered to them except their own lives
by ending the conflict. The Machine world, or the world of commerce, had a problem offering
persuasive consideration that could not be refused.
Neither Neo nor Agent Smith was under the control of Zion. In toda y' s world, this would be
equivalent to a "patriot" who would learn how to be "outside the syst em" and not be under the
legal control of the One World Government. Knowledge to achieve this goal could be conceived
to be a direct threat to the One World Government 's system of universal control if the one who
poss essed this knowledge did not possess the character trait of honor. What if a person outside
the control of government was a terrorist bent on destruction, such as Agent Smith? Would an
all powerful "Agent Smith" outside the control of government worry the system? You bet !
[What if such 'men' were not terrorists or at war -would there be need to worry? NO !]
Neo proposed to the Machine world that if Neo would neutralize Agent Smith so that Agent
Smith could pose no threat to the Matrix, would the Matrix in return stop the war against the
People of Zion and allow the People of Zion to exist in harmony with the Matrix? It was further
proposed that those within the Matrix who wanted to leave and jo in the People of Zion, be
allowed to exit the Matrix peacefully.
Isn't the proposed peace treaty between the People of Zion and the Matrix an embellishment
of the (second) 13th Article in Amendment to the Constitution of the United States? There shall
be no involuntary servitude ! Aren 't the people lodged in the Matrix the artificial 14th
Amendment persons who are not living souls? If the people want to come out of the Matrix so
that they do not have to serve as slaves, will they not gain the capacity of living people again?
Can you see how the Matrix movie trilogy is a restatement of the hist ory of the United States?
Wasn 't the peace treaty with England in the 178 0' s (after the Revolutionary War) a grant of
ability of living souls to emerge from the "Matrix" government style syst em England had
superimposed on the living souls of the colonies?
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The only problem that Neo had in fulfilling his offer to remove Smith as an adversary to the
Machine world was how to carry out the task. Neo was incapable of physically defeating Agent
Smith in a battle.
You and Your Enemy
An enemy is an alter ego. When one fights a fiction (or alter ego), it makes the fiction
stronger. The way to defeat a fiction is to stop warring against it. Become one with your enemy
or the fiction. Let your enemy possess you and take you over. Since he is a fiction, he cannot
defeat you when you do not give him energy by fighting him. The Oracle tells Neo that Agent
Smith is Neo. He is Neo's opposite. The Oracle tells Neo that within 24 hours , in one way or
another, the problems would be resolved. Neo is to Agent Smith as the People of Zion were to
the Matrix Machines. Neo seeks life. Agent Smith seeks death. The People of Zion are living.
The Machines are dead. If Neo resolves the conflict with Agent Smith, peace will prevail and
the Machine world will end their conflict with the People of Zion. If on the other hand, Agent
Smith prevails against Neo, the People of Zion will be exterminated by their alter ego-the dead
Machines. The choice every living soul has in this world is: Do you choose to side with that
which gives life or do you choose death?
Man Wrestles Not With Himself, But With God Who Is In Us
In Scripture, the most famous Old Testament fight was the battle between Jacob and his
adversary at Peniel. Jacob wrestled with him all night. Jacob was physically defeated. It was
only when Jacob stopped wrestling with his adversary that he realized that he could win. In fact,
Jacob learned that he was wrestling with the Creator who appeared to Jacob as Jacob's enemy.
When Jacob stopped wrestling, the Creator praised him and renamed him Israel. This name
means "God rules." The Creator always tests us by bringing us an enemy to see if we will allow
our enemy to give us a remedy by being at peace with him or whether we will war aga inst our
enemy and be denied our remedy. One's enemies are always sent to you by the Creator as a test.
The name "IS RAEL" is not a name that belongs to a nation or to a race or a religion. It is a
name of honor that is best owed upon those who learn the lesson of serving and remaining at
peace with those who might appear to be your enemy.
Neo's remedy to neutralize Agent Smith's pos sible threat against the Matrix, the People of
Zion and the Machine world, was to allow the Machine world to plug Neo back into the Matrix.
By this act, the Machine world and the Matrix would again have control over Neo. Neo de vised
a very simple strategy to defeat Agent Smith. He would fight Agent Smith as though Neo was
trying to win. Then Neo would allow Agent Smith to defeat Neo and possess his body. When
they would become one with each other in Agent Smith' s victory, the Machine world would shut
down the "Neo" program running in the Matrix. This would also shut down Agent Smith whose
DNA, being jo ined with Neo' s, would perish. Remember, die in the Matrix and you die in the
real world.
Think of the metaphor that Hollywood is des cribing here. Neo is a form of the Mes siah. He
came into this (not the) world (the Matrix) free and independent of the constraints and control of
this world (the Matrix) . However, the Messiah, as did Neo, allowed Himself to be placed under
the control of this world (as a man of flesh instead of a man of spirit) . As a man of flesh, the
Messiah died in the flesh. Neo was deleted as a program in the Matrix while voluntarily
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subjecting himself to the world of the Matrix. In the real world, the Messiah destroyed the man
of sin or the man of the flesh that is at war with the man of the true spirit. As such, the Messiah
conquered death. Remember, to live, one must first die and be reborn in the spirit. In the movie,
Neo placed himself in the flesh (back into the Matrix)-or he became united as one with his
adversary (a "S atan" is an adversary) Agent Smith. Agent Smith was indeed a Satan in that he
was interested in being the king over the dead instead of the king over the living. [Public
government today is a kingship over the dead just like the Matrix was a system of political rule
over the civilly dea d.] Neo defeated Agent Smith by "acceptance" of Agent' s Smith war against
Neo to defeat him. It was in this act of allowing Neo's enemy to defeat him that allowed Neo to
win by not resisting. Likewise, neither Neo nor the Messiah died to save themselves. They
allowed the enemy, death, to take them so that they would be set free as well as securing the
freedom of their brothers from the adversary. Also, neither in the movie nor in real life did the
People of Zion ask Neo or the Messiah to carry out their acts of redemption in their behalf. The
acts of Neo and the Messiah were both free acts of love and totally noncommercial.
In Scripture it is said that by one man (the first Adam) sin entered into the world and death by
sin. In a mirror image to this, Paul, in the New Testament, said that by one man (the Messiah or
the second Adam) the remedy to obtain redemption and salvation from sin also entered into the
world. In the first Matrix movie, Neo first met the agents of the People of Zion at a place called
the Adam Street Bridge . This bridge was a link from the first Adam to the second Adam .
There is a double witness to the redemption by Neo of the People of Zion and the Matrix.
When Neo is pos ses sed by Agent Smith and they are being "de-rezzed" by the Matrix, Neo
makes a statement. He says : "It is done !" One gets the second witness by the Machine world
when the head Machine states: "It is done ." Is this anything like the words that came from the
cross in John 19:3 0, "It is finished ?" You see, a military society is also an ecclesiastical society.
In order to stop the democracy and tum it back into a republic, it takes a sacrifice or a
redempti on. [Is there any wonder why this world is not too happy with those people who speak
of the process of Redemption toda y?]
The End is a Grand Beginning
In the closing scene of Matrix- Revolution, we have four entities in the scene. The number 4
represents the things of the world. There is one animal, two persons from the Matrix, and one
living soul. The scene opens by looking out on a city street on the surface of the planet. A
young girl wakes up from a sleep on the sid ewalk as though she were a "bag" person or homeless
individual . A cat walks the street toward her. As the cat moves toward her, there is a ripple
vertically that moves through the visual scene. The ripple starts in the location of the cat and
moves, line by line, rapidly from left screen to right screen. As the visual scene ripples, the
green hue of the old world takes on the true colors of a real world. It is a sign that the old world
controlled by the Matrix and the machines has transitioned into a real world where the surface of
the planet again belongs to the living. The sky is blue again instead of darkened with smoke and
pollution. The sun is rising in the east. The scene shifts to a park in the city where the Oracle is
seated on a park bench with the figure of the Architect of the Matrix walking toward her. The
cat represents nature. By the ripple starting through the cat, the cat has just been reborn into one
of its "nine" lives. In other words, the cycle starts over again. The girl is the last exile from the
old Matrix. She represents the true church (or overcomer, or the first fruits of the harvest) who
has been redeemed by the acts of the Messiah (Neo) into a new life. A life filled with peace and
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hope. The Oracle represents the legislative character of the Matrix (or the controllers of this 
world), which establishes the mind and the plan of its activities. The Architect of the Matrix 
represents the executive character of the Matrix which carries out the plan of the Matrix. He is 
reactive and not proactive. 
The final scene of Matrix- Revolution is not an ending. It is a beginning. It presents an 
opportunity. The Architect makes a snide remark to the Oracle about whether she is happy that 
she got her way in helping Neo bring about a peace between the Matrix and the People of Zion. 
The Oracle replies that she is happy. The Architect then asks if she was not afraid of the 
consequences of her actions. She replies that all acts taken to secure honor face great risks. The 
Architect then asks the Oracle how long she believes that the peace will last. She replies, "As 
long as they can keep the peace." 
I am reminded about this nation in 1787. When the founding fathers came out of the 
Const itutional Convention after proposing the Constitution of the United States as a foundational 
document of government, a woman asked them: "What kind of government have you given us? " 
The response was : "A republic, if you can keep it !" The Const itutional Convention was not an 
end. It was a beginning. A republic is built on a noncommercial foundation where the people 
remain in honor and pay their debts at law. A democracy is when the people are in dish onor and 
the debts cannot be paid. A democracy is a military government constantly at war. [Like the 
civil war, the war in Viet Nam, the war on poverty, the war on dr ugs, the Desert Storm, the 
Bosnian war, the war on terrorists, the Iraq War, etc. Wars that never end. 
When the People of Zion came out of the Matrix after Neo's redempti on, the question was : 
"How long could the world remain at peace?" The question might as well have been: "How long 
can the People of Zion live in a newly created republic that was provided for them?" The answer 
was, as long as they could keep it. Do they understand what was provided for them? Do they 
understand that if they break the peace and go back to war that their republic will be dest royed? 
Do they understand that if they do not pay their deb ts, they cannot live in a Republic? Probably 
not. It didn 't take the American colonies very long to dest roy their republic and be placed under 
a democracy-or the rule of the Matrix. 
The trilogy of the Matrix is basically a history of the United States of America told 
backwards. The people of the United States were redeemed in 1787. They were given a 
republic, if they could keep it. Today they are enslaved in a democracy without commercial 
liberties. The end of the Matrix trilogy exist ed in 178 7. The beginning of the Matrix trilogy 
exists today. The story is told backwards. To unwind the destruction of the acts of the people 
requires a redemption from the acts that got them here. The end is in sorts a beginning. For all 
of hist ory repeats itself and man is usually dest ined to repeat the mistakes of history over and 
over again. 
If you were one of the critics that sugge sted that the special effects in the movie and the action 
was superb, but the stupid and mindle ss verbal gymnastics of the philosophical di scussions 
between the leading characters was nonsense and unintelligible, then please take the blue pill and 
go back to sleep. You are just getting in the way of reality and you are preventing the solution. 
On the other hand, if you believe that the resolution of the problem came as a result of 
military victory, and not as a result of noncommercial service by one who loved his brother, then 
you probably believe that the title for the third movie-Revolution, deal s with war and prote st, 
instead of dea ling with a revolving (revolution) or a turning over of your mental concept to go to 
peace as a means of acceptance and working with the enemy to end the war, instead of working 
against or rebelling against the enemy and continuing the war. Freedom is the result of the fruits 
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of acceptance, negotiation, and settlement by consent of the parties (contract) and never as a
result of victory of war. Freedom is never without cost (free), but freedom is not purchased with
money-it is won on the field of honor, not battle. Your enemy is not your enemy. Your enemy
is the other side of you, your alter ego, your man of flesh who consumes and does not serve.
Zion should be the private side, or the man of good. The man of flesh is the public side. You do
not kill the man of flesh by warring against him. The man of flesh dies when the man of the
spirit takes over by service. See the pattern set forth in Genesis 32.
Some miscellaneous notes on The Matrix:
The Merovingian is the equivalent of the Secretary of State in today 's governmental society.
He has all authority over foreigners who interface with this world.
Neo did not seek a fight with anyone in the Matrix, especially the Merovingian.
Neo had peace with the Matrix (Babylon).
Neo had adversaries in his own camp of the People of Zion and in Agent Smith.
Neo served for love, not for remuneration.
Smith (the name), means a commercial tradesman who sells himself for money in a profession.
Neo redeemed the People of Zion:
Not with money to buy their liberty.
Out of love, service, and duty.
Not even at the request of the People of Zion (No one asked him to do it).
Smith' s purpose was to kill everything living. He was the king over a realm of death.
Smith would first kill all the people in the City of Zion.
Then Smith would kill all the people lodged in the cocoons in the Matrix.
This would destroy the Machine world, which could not exist without the people's energy.
Morpheus sensed the tum in the tide of the battle with the Machines in the City of Zion before
the war was officially over. He physically threw down his weapons and emerged from his
protective surroundings when he saw the Sentinels hesitate in their attack. He sensed that Neo
had brought about the peace that had been hoped for.
The Trainman was the commercial transportation link between this world and the world. The
Trainman was controlled by the Merovingian -the Secretary of State -that approved all foreign
commerce (or the movement of property and persons from the realm of the Matrix to the world
of the People of Zion). The Train Station was des cribed as nowhere. It was between two
worlds .
Neo travels to the Machine City to confront the Machine leaders for a remedy in a vesse l
called the Logo s-or the Word. And the Word became Flesh to fulfill the jo b of redempti on.
Respectfully submitted for your edification and consideration. Jack Smith
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NOTE : Neo, came to understand what "he" had to do, to stop the war. He went to the 
Machine World and was asked what he wanted. Neo replied, "Pea ce!" Neo then made an 
"agreement" with the Machine World, that if the machine World would "plug" him back 
into the Matrix, Neo would go fight Agent Smith. When he and Agent Smith were both at 
their lowest point, the Machine World could unplug their "programs" and destroy them 
both. This would destroy both the "threat" and the "take-over" by the Agent Smiths. But 
in the agreement Neo made with the Machine World, he said, "If you agree, you must let 
anybody go free who wants to leave the Matrix !" The Machine World agreed ! Neo went to 
establish peace by agreement ... not by going to war ! Each accepts for valuelhonor and 
discharge all fines, fees, taxes, judgm ents, debts, criminal charges, etc., and now 
understand "th at's just busine ss!" 
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REDEMPTION
NOTE: Any reference or inclusion to scripture in the following pages is to show the reader
the nexus/connection of the operation of commercial law from those times past, up to today,
to show that commercial law and the operation thereof is constant and operates in all that you
do.
The following pages are writings and thoughts from one of the gentlemen who brought this
concept to the forefront. Many of these writings contain Biblical references, which you may not
have interpreted as he has done. The thoughts are extremely insightful, unusual and deep,
definitely meat and not for spiritual babes. It is suggested that you reference the following with a
Bible and read with prayerful considerati on, asking God for discernment and understanding, as
you read through these writings as a point of reference.
Redemption is defined as:
"The deliverance from the power of alien dominion and the en jo yment of the resulting
freedom. It involves the idea of restoration to one who possesses a more fundamental right or
interest. The best example of redemption in the Old Testament was the deliverance of the
children of Israel (American's) from bondage, from the dominion of the alien power of Egypt."
(Washington, DC)
(Zonderv an's Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible)
... (a) in the natural sense of delivering (See; Luke 24: 21) of setting Israel free from the Roman
yoke. (The Expanded Vines Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words) ."
The 'commercial' definition of Redemption may be stated as : "The recognition and action
taken to redeem the debtor and all the property pledged, to take control, to file notice, to lien all
the property, to restore right(s), title(s), and interest(s) in property to sever the commercial
bondage and acquire the standing and capacity to discharge all fine, fees, taxes, debts and
judgments of the debtor and all commercial matters due to the US Bankruptcy ... a.k.a. "National
Emergency imposed upon the people without full disclosure and consent."
AND:
Salvation from the states or circumstances that destroy the value of human
existence or human existence itself. The word "redeemer" and its related terms
"redeem" and "redemption" appear in the Bible some 130 times and are derived
from two Hebrew roots: pdh ... and g'l.... Thought used to describe divine activity as
well, they arose in ordinary human affairs and it is in this context in which they
must first be understood. Pdh is the more general of the two, with cognates! of
related meaning in Ak kadian, Arabic and Ethiopic. It belongs to the domain of
commercial law, and refers to the payment of an equivalent for what is released or
secured. The verb pdh, unlike g'l, indicates nothing about the relation of the agent
to the object of redemption, which in the Bible is always a person or another living
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being. Its usage does not differ in cultic activity from that of a normal commercial
transaction. In both cases a person or an animal is released in return for money or
an acceptable replacement (cf. Ex 13:13; 34:20; Lev. 27:27; 1 Sam. 14:45 with
Ex. 21 :7-8; Lev. 19:20; Job 6:23). Gil is more restricted in usage and does not
appear to have cognates in other Semitic languages. It is connected with family law
and reflects the Israelite conception of the importance of preserving the solidarity
of the clan. The go'el ("redeemer") is the next of kin who acts to maintain the
vitality of his extended family group by preventing any breaches from occurring in
it. Thus he acquires the alienated property of his kinsman (Lev. 25: 25) or
purchases it when it is in danger of being lost to a stranger (cf. Jer. 32:6ff.) .. ..
Encyclopedia Judaica, 1972
I Cognate: A person or thing related in origin Underline emphasis added.
REGISTR ATION
(SOCI AL SECURITY?)
LUKE 2: 1 -And it came to pass in those da ys, that there went out a decree from Caesar
Augustus, that all the world should be taxed. KJV (REGISTERED)
Registered, as utilized currently, also means to 'submit ' information into a book. It al so
means TO SURRENDER TITLE, i.e., the registration of your car, the right to vote, or
compulsion to register for the military draft. Debtor/S laves on the Plantation register, sovereign
free men do not. Though, in some cases, it is appropriate, as Sovereign, to register 'your' Debtor.
OBEDIENCE TO GOD
ACTS 5: 34-39 -Then stood there up one in the council, a Pharisee named Gamaliel, a doctor
of the law, had in reputation among all the people, and commanded to put the apostles forth a
little space; and he said unto them, "Ye men of Isr ael, take heed what ye intend to do as touching
these men. For before these days rose up Theud as, boast ing himself to be somebody ; to whom a
number of men, about four hundred, jo ined themselves: who was slain; and all, as many as
obeyed him, were scattered, and brought to naught. After this man rose up Judas of Galilee in the
days of the taxing, and drew away much people after him: he also perished ; and all, as many as
obeyed him, were di spersed. And now I say unto you, refrain from these men, and let them
alone : for if this counselor this work be of men, it will come to naught: But if it be of God,
ye cannot overthrow it; lest haply ye be found even to fight against God. "
SUBJECT ION
ROMANS 13: 1-2 -"Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers . For there is no power
but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God. Whos oever therefore resist eth the power,
resist eth the ordinance of God: and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnat ion."
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Keep in mind, as it is in our nature as men and Americans to defend and resist, you must
learn to 'agree with thy adversary .' However, under the Godly principle you are to submit to
Gods authority and the public servants are to submit to your authority, for the 'people' are above
the government . You serve your God or belief structure and the public servant is to serve you ,
his master. And that' s the way it is (unless you contract with the government) !
PRE- SENT
ROMANS 12: 1-2 -"I beseech you therefore brethren, by the mercies of God,
that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your
reasonable service. And be not conformed to this world, but be ye transformed by the renewing
of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good and acceptable and perfect will of God ."
We are to PRESENT ourselves not be Re-Presented, or as more commonly seen, re-presented
(represented) in court by an 'Attorney' who is there only to represent the corporate fiction in the
administrative Unit (court) to administer the bankruptcy and the pledges of the property to the
State and to compel (take) the revenue from the debtor-slaves of the Plantation.
RE-PRESE NT
LUKE 11: 46, 52 -And He said, "Woe unto you also, ye lawyers ! For ye lade men with
burdens grievous to be borne, and ye yourselves touch not the burdens with one of your fingers .
Woe unto you, lawyers ! For ye have taken away the key of knowled ge: ye entered not in
yourselves, and them that were entering in ye hindered" .. .. . This pretty well speaks for itself.
FIRST BORN OF EGYPT
When Moses led the Israelites (government agencies) out of Egypt, it was done with the
killing (execution by an executive) of the first born of Egypt. In other words, under the execution
of the law by the hand of the individual , the government was rede emed ; but the individual s were
never rede emed. Now with the 2nd contract (cross), the individual will be fr eed or redeemed by
his endorsement of the acceptance of the offerlcontract, which is fo r both his and the
government's mutual benefit.
The attorneys or legal profession took the indu strial society into the BAR and closed the door
to the temple, not only baring themselves from entering, but baring and forbidding all th ose
others to enter therein for Redempti on. (Luke 11 : 46-52)
AC CEPTAN CE FOR VALUE
[The Principle Aspect of Redemption!]
MATTHEW 5: 25-26 -"Agree with thine adversary quickly, whiles thou art in the way
(court) with him; lest at any time the adversary deliver thee to the judge, and the judge delive r
thee to the officer, and thou be cast into prison. Verily I say unto thee, Thou shalt by no means
come out thence, till thou hast paid the uttermost farthing."
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See also: Matthew 27 : 11, Luke 23: 39-43 
This is the cornerstone of the concept. Read and understand this verse, applying it to where 
we are today. Today 's court system, as an example, only deals with two kinds of persons, 
creditors and debto rs, masters and slaves ! By accepting for value the presentment offered, we 
become the holder of it, and the roles being played out are immediately reversed ! By agreeing 
(and accepting) with thy adversary, you remove the 'controversy!' It is the controversy which 
brings life into the 'action' in the courts. No controversy, no need to have a 'judicial' decision ! 
COMMON LAW vs. PRIVATE LAW 
To understand common law in its usage and applications, we first need to realize that it is law 
by execution, or the law that was called the Mosaic Law, that has evolved into the Roman Civil 
Law. The Roman Civil law is the base for our present statute law that exists today. Therefore: the 
common law is the statute law by execution (needs a public agreement) that is in common/public 
use today, that carries a public liability (a tax collection) for its usage. 
In our nation, we have both common stock/employees and preferred stock/inalienable rights. 
In order for the government to regulate its common stock (consumers), it has taken an assumed 
tax exemption/priority of the individual s, which are using the industrial goods and services of the 
nation. 
By partaking of the industrial products there is a tax that must be collected in order to keep 
record and track of all the industrial energy usage, and all common stock/public fu nds have a 
public liability, as these funds represent the energy (money is the evidence of transfe r of energy) 
that must be regulated. We volunteer to pay the taxes just by our use of industrial goods and 
services, which is why it is a voluntary tax system. If you do not use any of the industrial goods, 
then there are no taxes. In order to use the industrial goods and services without the requirement 
of taxes, we must accept the charges and direct them back to the government, all 100%, and 
thereby we lend our tax exemption/priority to the government to discharge the public liability. 
This exchange gives us an employer status, or inalienable rights (the preferred stock), which 
then allows us to enjoy all the goods and services at our will. 
The common law evolves from the Old Testament and our Private lawlinalienable rights come 
from the New Testament, as the New Testament is the fulfillment of the law, by operation. All 
public law is execution of law (or Old Testament) and the New Test ament is international law, 
but an individual can only fulfill it voluntarily, by operation. The operation of law can only 
operate when no malice or vindictive harm is intended and is based upon the CONSCIENCE of 
those charged to uphold it. It is purely spiritual !! 
To sum it up, then, with common law rights (Const itutional rights), we are considered by the 
IRS to be employees of the Federal Zone or non-resid ent aliens. With our un-alien-able rights, 
we volunteered into the Federal Zone with our priority exchange for the tax exemption and 
therefore we are now the employer ! 
Therefore, common law is unto death and it cannot give eternal life, as it operates only by 
execution (death) to transfer the energy through the principal. Private law (operation of law) is 
unto life, as it is done by acceptan ce; the acceptance of the charges of a contract. Through 
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acceptance, public liability (execution) is offset, giving life. It does not require the death of the 
principal to redeem. The energy is transferred not through the principal, but by the principal. 
NOTE: Once you understand the full power of Calvary (acceptance for value) of what Christ did 
on the Cross for each of us, you will understand how our debt (sin creates debt) is paid in full! 
DEFENDANT. All of the time you have spent in your life researching and studying the LAW, 
the RULES, etc., must be reformed and relegated to, and for, historical purposes only ! If you do 
not do thi s, you will always be a DEFENDANT. From now on we are going to 'Agree' with our 
adversary quickly. (Matthew 5:2 5) The concept is new to us. It will take some time to 
understand. In the end, God's Word and Godly people always win. 
THEOR Y OF CO GNITIVE DISS ONANCE 
DISS ONANCE : Lack of agreement, consistency, or harmony; di scord. 
As computers go, the human brain is without parallel or parity, when compared to even the 
most sophisticated man-made computer. Nevertheless, it is a computer and like all computers, it 
can be programmed. 
There is a theory known as the Theory of Cognitive Disso nance (TDC) which holds that the 
mind involuntarily rejects information not in line with previous thoughts and/or actions. 
V. Leon Festinger may have been the first person to document the Law of Cognitive 
Dissonance, but he was certainly not the first to observe it. Since the most ancient times, mind
controllers have been enticing free people into servitude (piping them on board, so to speak) by 
taking advantage of man's tendency to generate cognitive di ssonance. 
In his book, A THEORY OF COGNI TIVE DIS SONANCE, (St anford University Press, 
1957), Festinger says that new events or new information create an unpleasantness, a di ssonance 
with existing knowledge, opinion, or cognition concerning behavior. When this happens, 
pressures naturally arise within the person to reduce the di sso nance. Not reconciling the new 
information with the old, but redu cing the dis sonance. 
V. L. Festinger further stated that the strength of the pressures to reduce the diss onance is a 
function of the magnitude of the di sso nance. Diss onance acts in the same way as a state of dr ive, 
need or tension. The greater the dis sonance, the greater will be the intensity of the action to 
reduce the di ssonance and the greater the avoidance of situations that would increase the 
di sso nance. 
A person can deal with the press ure generated by the di sso nance by changing the old behavior 
to harmonize with information. But if the person is too committed to the old behavior and way of 
thinking, he simply rejects the new information. A simple "I don 't believe it" thought or word is 
the easy cop out. For if you are unaware, you are unaware of being unaware. 
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KINGS
God made "man" both king and priest and said that man's insist ence on having an earthly
king to rule them instead of depending on God' s WORD to rule them was the same thing as
rejecting God. It still is: "Then all the elders of IsraeLcame to Samuel... make us a king to
judge us like all the nations ... And the Lord said ... the people ... have not rejected thee, but they
have rejected me, that I should not reign over them ... howbeit yet protest solemnly unto them, and
show them the manner of the king that shall reign over them. And Samuel told all the words of
the Lord ... "this will be the manner of the king that shall reign over you: He will take your sons,
and appoint them fo r himself, fo r his chariots, and to be his horsemen; and some shall run befo re
his chariot s ... And he will take your daughters to be conf ectioneries, and to be cooks, and to be
bakers. And he will take your fields, and your vineyards, and your olive-yards, even the best of
them, and give them to his servants. And he will take the tenth of your seed, and of your
vineyards, and give to his offi cers, and to his servants ... He shall take the tenth of your sheep; and
ye shall be his servants. And ye shall cry out in the day because of your king which ye shall have
chosen you; and the Lord will not hear you in that day." II I Samu el S: II-IS
If you're deemed a 'king and priest, ' a secured party/creditor and sovereign ... what need of
you to be ruled by tyrants , lying politicians, dictators and Presiden ts? Are you not free? Can
you not take responsibility?
THE CAREER POL ITICI AN'S CREED
We will tax, tax, tax, spend, spend, and spend . ... and the voters will re-elect us, re-elect us, re
elect us! - because they're TOO DAMN DUMB to understand!!! -Harry Hopkins, an ad viser to
former Preside nt Franklin Roosevelt.
"We tax his pay, tax his play, Even tax his time of day ; We tax his shirt and tax his coat, tax
his car and tax his boat; We tax his food and tax his drink, tax him good ... so he can't think !
We tax his house, tax his chair; by taxing his comb, we tax his hair. By taxing his pills, we tax
his health; with tax es on taxes, we steal his wealth! And when he's sick, we'll tax his bed -tax
him 'till he's good and dead ! Then we'll place upon his tomb : "TAXES DROVE ME TO MY
DOOM" But after he's gone, WE won't relax, we'll steal his kid' s home with an inheritance
tax !"
.......... source; unknown
Don't you find it curious that the sole solution of the Politician's remedy for every problem,
for the most part of which they create, is the raising of taxes! Never do they reduce the size of
government, never do they reduce their "sa laries !" But, at your cost, you pay for everything and
even that which they waste !
MAN/MEN
In looking at the word man/men, etc., as they were created in the image of GOD, (contract),
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this then shows that the man created was the indu strial Bond, which was created by the contract 
The indu strial Bond is the image of industrial benefits for society, but when the deception took 
place, the syste m's operator's (attorne ys) deceived the financial institutions into believing that 
the debt (borrowed) funds (municipal bonds) were what they needed and thereby, the "debt 
money individual s" were able to in-debt all of society into believing the lie and thereby 
dest royed the beneficial public government. It no longer had the debt free industrial bonds 
(man/men) to operate for all of society's benefit. 
Then the indust rial bonds were, or are now based upon, debt funds or municipal bonds and 
therefore they are consuming all the energy (funds) needed to keep our society operating. In 
Genesis 6, which is about the energy that was taken from the public government, it was to hold-it 
and use it to run the industrial society. The flood of public funds has again covered the earth and 
it is time to 'CHARGE BACK' the debt (energy) money by use of the public policy H1R-192. 
The Ark is the private government treasury (Federal Reserve) that will act as the mediator to Re
public the public debt funds , by private assi gnment or acceptance. Thereby once again the public 
government will hold the energy (money) for the indust rial uses . 
After the true energy was perverted, the perverted funds were only for personal gain of a 
select few and were immoral fund s. Therefore, they cannot heal, but only destroy whoever took 
part of their use. 
Men -Industrial Bonds (privately held and assi gned to the Public Government' s or Republic's 
use). 
Giants -Are the corporations formed by the attorneys or by the people that they indu ced, but 
either way they are not held by debt free funds and are consuming not only the owners , but also 
those who partake of their services or goods, as all Corporations are held in bar by the legal 
society. 
Daughters -The lending institutions that are part of the corporate industrial system and obtain 
the assumed tax exemption of those who use their services. 
Ground -Industrial costs = the contract accepted the costs and thereby the breath of life was 
established for the goods to be re-public-ed. Woman was formed as the public bond in offset to 
the private bond. 
Garden of Eden -All industrial goods and government are created for the benefit of those who 
know how to regulate and operate the system -by contract, or today the written word, by 
operation of law -New Test ament. When the syst em is operating properly, it will benefit all 
individ uals in the whole world. 
CO RPORAT IONS 
Corporations, being artificial and created by Government, borrow from the Government 
Treasury, which holds the energy, but the Government has both the corporate side for daily 
operation (and the public person), and the Agency for enforcement of public policy/regulation 
and statute s. 
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Whenever a public regulation/policy/statute is offended, the Agency must hold someone 
responsible with (commercial) charges to mend the offense, either by imprisonment or by 
allowing the offender to use the charges to purchase public goods and services. When the 
individual is held in prison, the charges are used by the public for public needs and public 
expansion, but the individual who holds the charge is held on account, with no personal use. 
Once a Corporation manufactures a product that is consumed by the public (i.e., public goods 
and services) that it has paid for, the public debt must be dis charged via HJR-192, and an equal 
exchange must take place. The individual must hold charges from an offense before he/she can 
exchange this for public goods and services. 
Without the charges from an offense, an individual must (or can only) exchange public debt 
(unredeemed public funds) for public debt, which is against the Public Policy HJR-192. The 
individual , then, can someday be held accountable for this offense, which will give himlher the 
charges required to discharge the public obligation within a limited scope, but only for the 
benefit of the public Corporations need to take care of their inventory/stock (people). This 
accountability can come in the form of either illness or legal redr ess . This occurs when a 
Corporation either allows a person to hold and consume the public liability, which prevents it 
from passing through to the Government (which causes the Pas sover), or by holding the 
charges/energy back for the use and consumption of the Industrial complex. We can be the 
holder-in-due-course, which means: someone (Gove rnment) is holding the charges/energy for 
our benefit. In fact, this is what HJR-192 is all about ! We are to pass our debt to the Government, 
instead of to another individ ual. 
When an individual does experience either medical or legal problems, the modern practices of 
either these professions , with their latest VOODOO and Chromium-plated theology practices, 
can only treat the symptom and not the root cause. If they were to treat the root cause, they 
would either bury or imprison their client. Because of their limited license, they are not allowed 
to attend to this primal concern, lest they obtain a charge that must be addre ssed and create a 
repetitive cycle that can never end. This is one reason why there is no remedy in the public 
system, though we need it, as it is the one that must regulate the commercial transactions 
between individu als (men) and Governme nts . 
GENER AL INFORMATION 
Attorneys are "limited ," that is to say, they must stay within their indu strial license because 
they cannot make commercial claims, as commercial claims are commercial/retail amounts 
covered by the truth-in-Iending requirements that hold persons personally responsi ble. The 
admi nistrative license of an attorney in Bar has no accountability, is thereby limited, and has no 
authority to convey title to anything. The only way that an Attorney can enter the commercial 
zone is by the assumed tax exemption of some individual or if hired by some individual (man) . 
Your UCC Contract Trust (Treasury) Account is the insurance for the full retail amount, 
because it is the "principal" and the "so urce." A sufficient amount is your acceptance of 
whatever the "B ill" happens to be, since whoever tells you how much the Bill is becomes the 
witness to the fact (the forbearer), who carries the burden of testimony by license. You bind that 
testimony by your ACCEPTANCE. Your acceptance is the criminal "charge" in fact. 
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Acceptance of deficiency charges the deficiency to pre-pay closing of escrow. The calendar 
call is the exempt priority adjustment . The 'Principal' allows the agent to take the exempt 
priority, to offset the deficiency, or adjust the account to '0.' 
IN OTHER WORDS, the fiscal year and calendar year together make one whole year. 
Concept/suggest ion: Request the Circuit Court Deputy to take the deficiency (charge) of action 
and put it on the Circuit Court Docket and call the calendar (call the baileelbroker in charge of 
the adjust ment) to deliver the same to the principal requesting release of the commodity (putting 
the whole account into one account). Request the Order of the Court to be released to the 
principal. 
PUBLIC EDUCATION 
Vs. 
THE MONETARY SYSTEM 
Allot is being requested of the young individu als that are coming from our primary education 
system. They (children) are being taught that they should go on to obtain a college education. 
Public education is just what is says ; you are educated for use in the public syst em and thereby 
you become accountable for the public liability (debt) that the public money carries. 
It is sold with the idea that with better public education, individuals will be better able to lead 
profitable lives by giving them the tools that they need to make greater amounts of money. In 
tum, they will be able to obtain the commercial products required to create a more comfortable 
life. 
First, we must take a look at how public money affects, or what it do es, to an individ ual. 
Money is the evidence of the transfer of energy in commerce, after the fact. So, the commercial 
cause for the transfer has taken place before the actual event has happened. In other words, the 
public offer was made first, then the actual acceptance or need was exchanged. Because of this 
being the case, the individual who made the public offering thereby carried the public energy 
(negative) within themselves (speculation upon and acceptance) which may cause other 
problems that can be medical, legal or personal in nature. This suggests that the more available 
the public funds are for our use, the more likely we are to have other problems in our lives. 
We must remember that the true creation of money is by our endorsement (si gnature !). Money 
created in any other method is by the acceptance of someone else's de bt. Such a debt carries 
with it a negative charge and this negative charge must be decayed in our bod ies, which causes 
us to age, etc. The negative side is the public liability. It can only be discharged by our 
acceptance and charging back or (re-public/re-venue) the public money back to the public for the 
public to use. If this is done , there is no longer a public liability and it will not carry the negative 
charge as before. 
It states in the Scriptures to: "Se ek ye first the Kingdo m, " which is to find your own 
inheritance that was created at your birth and thereby all other needs shall be taken care of. There 
is a maxim of law that says ; "The money of the sovereign is his credit, he is the wealth for which 
no substance on earth can establish a value for." 
You first must obtain your sovereignty. Not very many people are going to find their true 
sovereign rights, as they must learn to hold the criminal charge and this is not publicly 
acceptable as the public syst em cannot teach this. You must seek and do your own searching and 
not follow the govemme nt/leader, as the system wants us to go along with their debt program of 
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servitude and not to venture out on our own. This will label you as undes irable, but it is people 
like yourselves who lead and keep the public system in check. 
The public syst em is a necessary evil, and once an individual learns how to harness it for 
his/her benefit, the public liability shall no longer affect him or her. The public syst em is the 
syst em that we must live in and it will provide us with all our needs . We must learn how to stop 
its uncontrollable liability, by our acceptance and re-venue done very simply. When you have a 
need to know, you will search it out. Seek and ye shall find ! 
Thereby, when we accept more public education it becomes a greater liability (debt) and it 
becomes harder to obtain our true liberty. It is a built-in factor that when we accept public 
degrees we become liable for the public's benefit. Should we obtain a public education? We need 
to keep private values that allow us to use the public education to enhance our ability to benefit 
the public and ourselves. 
Once we have learned to read, write, use math, research and investigate, we can educate 
ourselves. But there are certain parts of the public educational system that can be used to benefit 
us beyond such basic, instructional need s, such as vocational-technical schools. Here, we must 
be very careful not to obtain the education to serve the public master, but to harness it -not only 
for our own good, but for the good of the general public, too. 
Public education is used to attempt to help people fill their needs, but in doing so, most want a 
fast FIX and do not attempt to figure out what the real roots of the problems are. This is why the 
legal and medical fields are so volatile and keep individuals from searching for the truth (and 
true healing!). In Matthew, Chapter 23 and Luke 11 it states that people in these fields will be 
held accountable from Able to Zechariah, or from A to Z. 
A lot of well-meaning people don't understand the 'private to public' concept and encourage 
individual s to get a good education. Maybe we need to really get a good education on the Private 
vs. Public accountability, and this can only be done by private study and experience. A public 
education looks good on paper, but it's the after-results that may get you and hold you 
accountable (as in debt for the rest of your life) for the public liability. 
RE-PUBLIC 
RE-PUBLIC : What does it mean to re-public or to have a republican form of government? 
The republic is referred to in the scriptures as Heaven or where the private held commercial 
stock is held by agents . It states in the Scriptures that only your agent/angel (nowhere in the 
Scriptures does it state that you are going to be in heaven; all references are to angels/agents in 
Heaven [Matt. 18: 10, Mark 12 : 25] ), a government agent, who by Oathlbond, must do your 
private commercial business, as requested in writing. The spoken word is only hearsay and as 
Christ said on the cross, "It is finished" (Hearsay) (John 19: 30). We have to keep in mind that 
the government has only one function and that is to regulate the commercial transactions 
(busine ss) between people and/or state s, in light of the U. S. Bankruptcy, aka National 
Emergency (March 9, 1933). 
The only way that the government has to measure these affairs is by the commercial paper 
passed between the individua ls, which are valued by the tax value on the paper transaction. In 
order (after the Order of the Melchizedek, Hebrews) for there to be no taxes due, there must be a 
tax filing or registration, as they are one and the same. In order for the registration to take place, 
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it must be ordered by an individual which, after registration, the immoral criminal usage is 
hereby defused and the funds have been re-public-ed. 
In the above reference to registration by an individual, the question could be asked why the 
government agent doesn 't just register the commercial transactions. Then the funds would be 
defused/r edeemed, right? This would be Beelzebub casting out Beelzebub (Matt. 12 : 24) or, to 
put it in plain words, you cannot use a negative (a minus symbol -) to reduce a negative (-). In 
the relationship with the government, the government is a negative (infid el-debtor). This leaves 
only one who can be the other side of the bond and that would be the sovereign/secured 
partylcreditor, who can be the only one to order the registration of the funds . (Luke 2: 1-51 ) 
[Note : only a '+' can erase a '-' , i.e., your private 'credit', (+) can wipe out the 'de bt' (-). To 
RE-PUBLIC would also be to re-venue. 
OATH VS. LICENSE 
Study the similarities and differences between taking an oath vs. purchasing a LICENSE and 
how they are viewed in the public liability. 
An OATH is our acceptance of our public offer to serve the public by the discharge of our 
duty and obligations, either by discharge (doing) or by dishonor (failure/refusal). We have bound 
our subconscious to act upon true, natural agreements that have been accepted and charged 
(acceptance is charge) by an individ ual. Failure of the individual to honor his oath (who has 
bound his conscious to an act or uphold the laws of nature), such as the promise to pay to correct 
the damages by his wrongdo ing, creates di shonor. This action only takes place under moral 
undertaki ngs and with no malice involved. 
A LICENSE carries about the same convictions, but the public is selling the right of its 
liability, thereby limiting the account (field) to those who are regulated to dut ies requested under 
a limited obligation to perform. The study of the immorality of public license can be found in 
Acts, Chapter 8 and Chapter 22: 28. 
Licenses are necessary as the different public responsibilities carry a very narrow path/act. 
Only those trained in that narrow path/act know the proper connection. This goes ba ck to public 
education, which most people believe broadens your knowledge, but it' s only knowledge based 
upon a narrow point or subject. In order to control the application of this narrow view, it must be 
licensed, so as to protect the innocent from its misapplication, which is considered malice or 
immorally taking advantage of the innocent. 
Once we purchase (accept) the license we then become accountable in the same manner 
as an oath. When the individual holding the license is requested to act upon his duties and 
obligations, and he/she refuses/fails/dishonors, he/she then has accepted the commercial 
dishonor that goes with his/her action and is charged accordingly. Gee, like a Driver 's 
License for example - you accepted the license and you became bond to the Motor Vehicle 
Code and accountable to the State ! You speed ... you pay the fine! 
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MONEY CREATION and BANKS 
Some individua ls, with their endorsement (their signatures), creates all money. When it is 
created in the public form/forum, it carries a public liability, which must be taxed to the 
Government. 
Whenever an individual signs a note at a bank, this creates the funds that he/she is 
borrowing. 
Even the wages or funds that a person accepts from working or selling products that they 
grew or made are public funds that have been borrowed into existence by someone else. 
The Federal Reserve Act allowed the banking system to set up the way that a person could 
redeem these funds that they are handling. Again, the Federal Reserve Act has two sid es, the 
public, which the Federal Reserve Bank uses in the public form and which most people are 
familiar with; and the private side, which only those who hold the preferred stock of the United 
States are going to be able to use. 
Whenever a Federal Reserve Bank buys United States Bond s, Bills, or Notes it must iss ue a 
negotiable instrument (draft) for the purchase of the public offerings. This instrument requires 
some individual 's signature, but it must circulate back to the bank (where it is placed on the 
ledger as collateral) to be held as the collateral for the original issue. These funds were created 
by a public acceptance and therefore they carry a public liability and they must be taxed as they 
pass through the system. When a NON-NEGOTIAB LE instrument (draft) is received by a bank, 
it is placed upon the bank's ledger as collateral for the bank and the bank charges the account of 
the Principal who endorsed the instrument. These funds were created by a private tax exemption 
and are NON-NEGOTIABLE, which means they do not carry a public liability that must be 
taxed. 
NON-NEGOTIAB LE funds can only come from the individual (Secured Party/Creditor
sovereign) who accepts a criminal charge and thereby is the holder of the priority tax exemption 
to pass the charge through . 
OUR MIRROR IMAGE 
The mir ror image is referred to in the public system as a "STRAW-MAN." This is what was 
created by the regist ration or filing of an individual 's birth certificate. 
This is a necessary evil -in that the Government needed to provide for our needs by the 
creation of an industrial bond to provide the goods and services for our lives. This was done in a 
public form and it carries a public liability and it must have an execution (death) in order for it to 
be paid off in the public system. Should the individua l accept this bond for value, it then loses its 
public liability as the individual has used his tax exemption to allow it to pass through himlher 
and not carry this public liability. 
When the public laws are passe d, these laws are to regulate the industrial society and its 
commercial activities they affect. Public law, which has been done away with by the United 
States Governments bankruptcy, and thereby commerce, is regulated by public policy now. 
Whenever an infraction of public policy occurs it is charged against a "St raw-man, " and since 
most individu als are not aware of their Straw-man, they believe it is charged against them as an 
individual. They try to use public law (argument of facts) to deny these charges. When you 
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accept these charges, there is no controversy and you then become the holder-in-due-course and 
these charges become your private property, which cannot be regulated in the commercial zone. 
When you accept your birth certificate for value, you're then the holder of the indu strial bond, 
which it created. It 's now held for both your benefit and the public's , but the public liability is no 
longer attached to the bond or you're "S traw-man," which is now yours , also. 
TWO QUO TES ... ON E FR OM TH E PAST 
AN D ON E FR OM TH E PR ES EN T 
John Adams said : 
"I' m firmly of the opinion ... that there never was a paper pound, a paper dollar, or a paper 
promise of any kind that ever yet obtained a general currency [as money] but by force and fraud. 
That the army has been grossly cheated; that the creditors have been infamously defrauded [so me 
closed their shops to prevent being paid off with worthless paper money] ; that the widows and 
fatherless have been oppressively wronged and beggared ; that the gray hairs of the aged and the 
innocent, for want of their jus t du es, have gone down with sorrow to their graves , in consequence 
of our disgraceful depreciated 
paper currency." (See: The Financial History of the United States, (18 96 Ed .) 
From : Silent Weapons for Quiet Wars 
The International Organizational intents, purposes and activities include complete control of 
Public Finances, control, supervision, and audit of indigen ous fiscal resources, budget practices, 
taxation, expenditures of public funds , currency iss ues, and banking agencies and affiliates. This 
of course complies with Silent Weapons for Quiet Wars , Research Technical Manual, TM
SW790S.1, which discloses a declaration of war upon the American people, to wit: 
This manual is in itself an analog declaration of intent. Such a writing must be secured from 
public scrutiny. Otherwise it might be recognized as a technically formal declaration of domest ic 
war. Furthermore, whenever any person or group of persons in a position of great power, and 
without the consent of the public, uses such knowledge and methodology for economic conquest 
-it must be understood that a state of domest ic warfare exists between said person or group of 
persons and the public. (Page 3) 
"Consequently, in the interest of future world order, peace, and tranquility, it was decided to 
privately wage a quiet war against the American public with an ultimate objective of 
permanently shifting the natural and social energy (WEALTH) of the undi sciplined and 
irresponsible many into the hands of the self-disciplined, responsible, and worthy few." Page 7, 
Secret Weapons For Quiet Wars. 
"I n order to achieve a totally predictable economy, the lower class elements of the society 
must be brought under control, i.e., must be house-broken, trained and assig ned a yoke, and long 
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term social dut ies from a very early age, before they have an opportunity to question the 
propriety of the matter. In order to achieve such conformity, the lower class family unit must be 
disintegrated by a process of increasing preoccupation of the parents and the establishment of 
government operated day care centers for the occupationally orphaned children. 
The quality of edu cation given to the lower class must be of the poore st sort, so that the moat 
of ignorance isolating the inferior class from the superior class is, and remains, incomprehensible 
to the inferior class. With such an initial hand icap, even bright lower class individuals have little, 
if any hope, of extricating themselves from their assig ned lot in life. This form of slavery is 
esse ntial to maintaining some measure of social order, peace, and tranquility for the ruling upper 
class." Page 8 "S ecret Weapons For Quiet Wars 
March 9, 1933 -
Senate Document No.43, 73rd Congress, 
1st Session: 
"The ownership of a property is in the State; individual so-called "ownership" is only 
by virtue of government, i.e., law amounting to mere user; and use must be in accordance 
with law and subordinate to the necessities of the State." (Repeated in: Hearing Before A 
Subcommittee Of The Committee On Foreign Relations, Feb 17, 1950 p.494 ; Const itution For 
The United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Treaty Document 97-19, and the 
Communist Manifesto.) 
On March 6, 1933 the Conference of Governors pledged the faith and credit of the 
several States of the Union to the aid of the National Government, and thereafter formed 
numerous socialist programs and committees, such as the "C ouncil of State Governments," 
"SSA ," etc., purportedly to deal with (accommodate) the economic "Emergency," operated 
under the "Declaration of Interdependence" of January 22, 1937 and published some of 
their activities in "The Book of the States" Volume 11, Pg. 144. 
On February 17, 1950, Senate Hearings were held concerning the U.N. and its Organizations. 
James P. Warburg testified on February 17, 1950: 
"We shall have wor ld government, whether or not we like it. The question is only whether 
world government will be achieved by consent or by conqu est. " 
So much for a country where the people are free, independent and with America being a 
sovereign nation ! Evident ly, the politicians have been lying to the American people for years . 
John Maynard Keynes in 1920 : 
"By a continuing process of inflation, governments can confiscate secretly and 
unobserved, an important part of the wealth of its citizens. There is no subtler, no surer 
means of overturning the existing basis of society than to debauch the currency. The 
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process engages all the hidden forces of economic law on the side of destruction, and does it 
in such a manner which not one man in a million is able to diagnose. " 
From Feder alist Paper #79 : 
"In the general course of human nature, A POWER OVER A MAN'S SUBST ANCE AMOUNTS TO 
A POWER OVER HIS WILL, AND WE CAN NEVER HOPE TO SEE realized in practice the complete 
SEPARATION of the Judicial from the Legislative Power, IN ANY SYST EM WHICH LEAVES THE 
FORMER DEPENDENT FOR PECUNIARY RESOURCES ON THE OCCAS IONAL GRANTS OF 
THE LATTER. " 
LAW CONFERENCES - U.S. PARTICIPATION 
PUBLIC LAW 88 -244; 77 STAT. 775 [H.J.Re s.778] 
Joint Resolution to provide for participation by the Government of the United States in the 
Hague Conference on Private International Law and the International (Rome) Institute for the 
Unification of Private law, and authorizing appropriations therefore. Resolved by the Senate and 
House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress Assembled, That: 
The President is hereby authorized to accept membership for the Government of the United 
States in (1) The Hague Conference on Private International Law and (2) the International 
(Rome) Institute for the Unification of Private Law, and to appoint the United States delegate s 
and their alternates to meetings of the two organizati ons, and the committees and organs thereof. 
Sec. 2. There is authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary, not to exceed 
$25 ,000 annually, for the payment by the United States of (1) its proportionate share of the 
expenses of the Hague Conference on Private International Law and of the Inter-national 
(Rome) Institute for the Unification of Private Law, and (2) all other necessary expenses incident 
to participation by the United States in the activities of the two organizations referred to in clause 
(1) of this section. Approved December 30, 1963 . 
HJR- 19 2 June 5, 1933 
Resolved by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United States of America 
in Congress asse mbled : "That (a) every provision contained in or made with respect to any 
obligation which purports to give the obligee a right to require payment in gold or a particular 
kind of coin or currency, or in an amount in money of the United States measured thereby, IS 
DECLARED TO BE AGAI NST PUBLIC POLIC Y, and no such provision shall be contained in 
or made with respect to any obligation hereafter incurred. Every obligation, heretofore or 
hereafter incurred, whether or not any such provisions is contained therein or made with respect 
thereto, SHALL BE DIS CHARGED UPON PA YMENT, DOLLAR FOR DOLLAR, in any such 
coin or currency which at the time of payment is legal tender for public, and private debts . ... " 
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MONEY
The following statements come from several diff erent sources, from Congress, Supr eme
Court cases, and the Federal Reserve. All stem from the passage of HJR-192.
"The Treasury writes up an interest bearing bond for one billion dollars . The Federal Reserve
gives the Treasury a one Billion dollar credit for the bond, and has created out of nothing a one
Billion dollar debt which the American people are obligated to pay with interest."
Money Facts, House Banking and Currency Committee, 1964. p.9
"A debt is not paid by the giving of a note."
Noland Co. v. Maryland Casualty Co. "A note is only a promise to pay and not payment, "
Fidelity Savings State Bank v. Grimes, 131 P.2nd 894
"Checks aren't money in themselves ."
I BET YOU THOUGHTfrom the Federal Reserve Board of N., p. 7
"T hey (checks) are simply order forms instructing banks and other de posit ory institutions
such as savings banks and credit unions to move transaction balances, which are money."
Same as above.
"B anks don 't keep cash in checking accounts -and don't transfer currency or coin when
acting on a check's instructions."
From Same book on the Federal Reserve.
"The money (Federal Reserve Notes) will be worth 100 cents on the dollar, because it is backed
by the credit of the nation. It will represent a mortgage on all the homes and other property of all
the people in the nation. The money so issued will not have one penny of gold coverage behind
it, because it is really not needed ."
- 73rd Congress - March 9, 1933
"The "giving of a (federal reserve) note does not constitute payment."
See Echart v Commissioner s CC A., 42 Fd2d 158.
"The use of a (federal reserve) 'N ote ' is only a promise to pay."
See Fidelity Savings v Grimes, 131 P2d 894.
"Legal Tender (federal reserve) Notes are not good and lawful money of the United
States."
See Rains v State, 226 S. W 189.
"Federal reserve notes are valueless."
See IRS Codes Sectionl.l0 0l -l (4657) CC H.
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"That (federal reserve) 'N otes do not operate as payment in the absence of an agreement
that they shall constitute payment."
See Blachshear Mfg. Co. v Harrell. 12 S.E. 2d 766.
THE FOLLOWING IS A BA NK RU PTCY CASE
ST ANEK v. WHITE
Supreme Court of Minnesota -1927
Chief Justice Wilson: "The original debt was not paid. The di scharge in bankruptcy
operated as a bar to enforcement. The debt could be revived with a new promise, which in
Minnesota, must be in writing. The moral obligation involved in the original debt affords a
sufficient consideration to suppose a new promise to pay the debt.
Liability rests upon the promise to pay, not on the original note. The discharge took the
enforceability from the original note which still evidenced the moral obligation, and the new note
revived the legal obligation.
There is a dist inction between a debt discharged and one paid. When dis charged, the debt
still exists , though divested of its character as a legal obligation during the consideration of the
dis charge. Som ething of the original vitality of the debt continues to exist, which may be
transferred even though the transferee takes it subject to the disa bility incident to the discharge.
The fact that it carries something which may be a consideration for a new promise to pay, so as
to make an otherwise worthless promise a legal obligation, makes it the subject of transfer by
ass ignment. Indeed, there is no reason why a transferee of such note should not have the benefit
of having the debt advanced to a condition of legal liability." INCREDIBLE!
UCC 3-419
INST RUMENTS SIG NED FOR
ACC OMMODATION
(a) If an instrument is is sued for value given for the benefit of a party to the instrument
(" accommodated party") and another party to the instrument (" accommodation party") signs the
instrument for the purpose of incurring liability on the instrument without being a direct
beneficiary of the value given for the instrument, the instrument is signed by the accommodation
party "for accommodation."
(b) An accommodation party may sign the instrument as maker, drawer, acceptor, or
endorser and, subject to subsection (d), is obligated to pay the instrument in the capacity in
which the accommodation party signs . The obligation of an accommodation party may be
enforced notwithstanding any statute of frauds and whether or not the accommodation party
receives consideration for the accommodat ion.
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(c) A person signing an instrument is presumed to be an accommodation party and there 
is notice that the instrument is signed for accommodation if the signature is an anomalous 
endorsement or is accompanied by words ind icating that the signer is acting as surety or 
guarantor with respect to the obligation of another party to the instrument. Except as provided in 
UCC-3-605, the obligation of an accommodation party to pay the instrument is not affected by 
the fact that the person enforcing the obligation had notice when the instrument was taken by that 
person that the accommodation party signed the instrument for accommodation. 
(d) If the signature of a party to an instrument is accompanied by words indicating 
unambiguously that the party is guaranteeing collection rather that payment of the obligation of 
another party to the instrument, the signer is obliged to pay the amount due on the instrument to 
a person entitled to enforce the instrument only if (i) execution of the judgment against the other 
party has been returned unsatisfied, (ii) the other party is insolvent or in an insolvency 
proceeding, (iii) the other party cannot be served with process, or (iv) it is otherwise apparent 
that payment cannot be obtained from the other party. 
(e) An accommodation party who pays the instrument is entitled to reimbursement from 
the accommodated party and is entitled to enforce the instrument against the accommodated 
party. An accommodated party who pays the instrument has no right of recourse against, and is 
not entitled to contribution from, an accommodation party. 
Uniform Commerci al Code · § 10· 104, 
Laws Not Repe aled . 
[( 1)] The Article on Documents of Title (Article 7) does not repeal or modify laws 
prescribing the form or contents of documents of title or the services or facilities to be afforded 
by bailees, or otherwise regulating bailees businesses in respects not specifically dealt with 
herein: but the fact that such laws are violated does not affect the Status of a document of title 
which otherwise complies with the definition of title. (Section 1-201) . 
As amended in 1962 and 1994 V 49 
(b) As used in th is resolution, the term "obligation " means an obligation (including every 
obligation of and to the United States, (excepting currency) available in money of the United 
States; and the term "coin or currency" means coin or currency of the United States, 
INCLUDING FEDERAL RESERVE NOTES and circulating notes of Federal Reserve banks and 
national banking associa tions. NOTE: Are you willing to comm it a crime to "pa" an alleged 
debt ? 
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27 CFR 72. 11
(Code of Federal Regulations)
MEANING OF TERMS: As used in this part, unless the context otherwise requires,
terms shall have the meanings ascribed in this section. Words in the plural form shall include the
singular, and vice versa, and words importing the masculine gender shall include the feminine.
The terms "includes" and "including" do not exclude things not enumerated which are in the
same general class.
COMMERCI AL CR IMES :
Code of Fede ral Regu lati ons, Ch apter 27, Sec tion 72.1 1
Any of the fo llowing types of crimes (FEDERAL OR STATE): Offenses against the
revenue laws ; burglary; counterfeiting; forgery; kidna pping; larceny; robbery; illegal sale or
posses sion of deadly weapons; prostitution (including soliciting, procuring, pandering, white
slaving, keeping house of ill fame, and like offenses) ; extortion; swindling and confidence
games ; and attempting to commit, conspiring to commit, or compounding any of the foregoing
crimes. Addiction to narcotic drugs and use of marijuana will be treated as if such were a
commercial crime. "ALL CRIME IS COMMERCIAL !" [ They want the money ! ]
NOTE: Any action/complaint/transaction initiated by the state/federal agents are
commercial in nature in light of the fact that they impose a quasi-monetary fine in violation of
Art. I § 10 & Art. 11 § 1 and the U.S . Bankruptcy.
At the Signing of Coin age Act
on July 23, 19 65, Lyndon B. Johnson Stated
in his Press Release that:
"When I have signed this bill before me, we will have made the first fundamental change in our
coinage in 173 Years. The Coinage Act of 1965 supersedes the Act of 1792. And that Act had
the title: An Act Establishing a Mint and Regulating the Coinage of the United States ... "
"Now I will sign this bill to make the first change in our coinage system since the 18th Century.
To those members of Congress, who are here on this historic occasion, I want to assure you that
in making this change from the 18th Century we have no idea of returning to it."
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Now time for a quick history lesson: 
TIME LINE OF HIS TOR Y 
1773 - May - Britain renewed Townshend Act duty on tea (about to expire) and also 
allowed the British East India Tea Company to sell direct to the American public without 
any middleman (and without any middleman markup), thus angering Bost on' s merchants and 
triggering the Boston Tea Party. 
1773 - December 16 - Boston Tea Party. That evening, thirty men dis guised as Mohawk 
Indians dumped 342 chests of British tea into Boston Harbor. In 1774, King George III and 
British Parliament retaliated by passing the Coercive Acts, called by the colonists as the 
Intolerable Acts . 
1774 - September 4 - The First Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphi a. 
1775 - April 18 -Start of the Revolutionary War. 
1776 - May 1 - Order of the Illuminati (a secret society of wealthy intellectuals) founded 
in Bavaria by Dr. Adam Weishaupt, a Prof essor of Canon Law at Ingolstadt University. 
The llluminati and the Freemasons collaborated for awhile, then later split ranks. After the 
headquarters of the llluminati were raided by the Bavarian government, the llluminati operated 
under the guise of the League of the Just. From the beginning, the llluminati's purpose was to 
overthrow the Pope, all governments, including as all kings of Europe. 
178 1 - First National Bank of United States (Bank of North America) formed by act of the 
Continental Congress, who also owned and controlled it, instead of it being privately controlled. 
1789 - Const itution of the United State ratified. 
1791 - Ass umption Act of 1791 allowed a newly chartered Bank of the United States (or more 
commonly today, the First Bank of America) to assume private control of State chartered banks. 
1792 - The Coinage Act of 1792 defined a dollar as a unit of measure in either gold or silver. 
Note : In 1965, certainly after the U.S. bankruptcy, then President Johnson signed THE 
COINAGE ACT OF 1965, which for the first time, altered and replaced the COINAGE ACT OF 
1792 ... therein removing any definition of what constitutes a "dolla r" today ! Federal Reserve 
Notes are not "dollars" even though it' s stated on its face and as the Federal Reserve Bank has 
stated : a federal note is just a piece of paper ! Also, a 1969 court case (Credit River) in 
Minnesota said: 
"T hese Federal Reserve Notes are not lawful money within the contemplation of the 
Constitution of the United States and are null and void . Further, the Notes on their face 
are not redeemable in Gold or Silver Coin nor is there a fund set aside anywhere for the 
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redemption of said not es ." 
18 32 - President Andrew Jackson vetoed renewal of the charter for the Second Bank of the 
United States. Two subsequent assassi nation attempts on his life proved unsuccessful. 
1871 - The Federal Government formed itself into a D.C. Corporation and adopted itself 
under the U.S. Const itution. 
1873 - Financial panic. 
18 84 - Financial panic. 
1893 - Financial panic. 
1907 - Financial panic provoked by J.P. Morgan to bring about total change and private control 
of the central banks and the monetary system. 
1910 - Basic plan for the Federal Reserve Act drafted at a secret meeting held at the private 
resort of J.P . Morgan on Jekyll Island off the coast of Georgia. The seven men who attended 
represented an estimated one-fourth of the total wealth of the world. They were : 
1. Nelson W. Aldrich , Republican "whip" in the Senate, Chairman of the National 
Monetary Commission, Father-in-law to John D. Rockefeller Jr. ; 
2. Henry P. Davidson , Sr. Partner of J.P. Morgan Company ; 
3. Charles D. Norton, Pres. of 1st National Bank of New York; 
4. Piatt Andrew , Assi stant Secretary of the Treasury ; 
5. Frank A. Vanderlip, President of the National City Bank of New York, 
representing William Rockefeller; 
6. Benjamin Strong, head of J.P. Morgan 's Bankers Trust Company, later to become 
head of the system ; 
7. Paul M. Warburg, a partner in Kuhn, Loeb & Company, representing the Rothschilds 
and Warburgs in Europe. 
1913 - April 8 - 11 h Amendment ratified allowing power reserved to the States to be 
pas sed into the hands of a new form of Federa lism, placing the State of the Union in the position 
of mere supervised Units of such government. This act set the stage for the complete change by 
the Federal government from a Const itutionally guaranteed Republican form to a Democracy and 
set the stage for the host ile corporate takeover of the U.S. monetary system and to place control 
of it in private hands . 
1913 - December 22 & 23 - Federal Reserve Act creating Federal Reserve (private 
Corporation and NOT a Federal agency) Central Banks signed into law by Woodrow Wilson, to 
which years later quoted " ... 1 have unwittingly ruined my country." 
191 5 - May 7 - The U.S.S. Lusitania, an ocean liner with American passe ngers onboard, 
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was sunk by a German U-boat, commanded by Captain Walther Schwieger, off the coast of
Ireland in the English Channel. Just before this tragedy, the Lusitania, reportedly carrying over 6
million rounds of ammunition owned by J.P. Morgan Company, stopped its traditional zigza g
sailing pattern and cut its speed in half to await an escort vessel, the H.M.S. Juno, which was to
lead it to port. Unbeknownst to the Lusitania, and for reasons which have never been
satisfactorily explained, the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, ordered the Juno to
return to the port of Queenstown while the Lusitania sat alone and unprotected in the English
Channel waiting for its escort. One torpedo was fired and, within 18 minutes, 1, 198 pass engers ,
including 128 Americans, perished. It is speculated that Churchill deliberately sacrificed the
Lusitania in order to force American entry into the war.
1917 -April 16 -United States officially declared war on the Axis powers .
1919 - June 28 - League of Nations signed without United States participation until more than
twenty years later when this was repackaged as the United Nations.
1920 -Financial Panic engineered by the Fed proving it could manipulate economies of nations
at will without war.
1921 - Shepp art-Towner Maternity Act (known as the "Maternity Act") created the birth
"registration" or what we now know as the "Birth Certificate."
1921 - July 29 - Counsel on Foreign Relations (CFR) formed because of the United States '
refusal to jo in the League of Nations following World War I. An outgrowth of a secret British
society formed by Cecil Rhodes and backed by Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundation money, the
CFR's agenda envisioned nothing less than world domination and the establishment of a modem
feudali st society controlled by themselves through the world' s central banks .
1930 - Breton Woods Agreement in which sixteen nations declared bankruptcy. The Geneva
Convention Treaty declared that International Bankruptcy treaties were superior to all federal
law, and the United States Const itution.
1933 - March 9 - The United States Cor poration went "Bankrupt" and was declared so by
President Roosevelt (Rosenfelt) by Executive Orders #607 3, 610 2, 61 11 and 6260. See: Senate
Report 93-549, pages 187 & 594. The Bankruptcy was codified at 12 U.S .c. A. 95a. Gold was
illegally ordered to be turned in. By 1965, Silver was removed after John f. Kennedy was
assas sinated by the federal government and the international bankers . Today, constitutional
money of exchange does not circulate. Your energy, faith and spirit was and is PLEDGED to the
State due the exist ing national Emergency!
1933 -Most likely you were not a gleam in your daddy 's eye, but your daddy was made a
Debtor, his property pledged to the State, his titles changed to 'Certificate of Title' or 'Deeds ,'
and he was soon departed of his constitutional money to pay his debts at law!
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1938 - Federal United States jo ined the International Criminal Police Commission
(INTERPOL), desig nating the U.S. Attorney General as the official representative to the
organizati on. The Secretary of the Treasury desig nated by the U.S. Attorney General as the
representative to INTERPOL in 1958. Representatives to INTERPOL must, pursuant Article 30
to the "Const itution and General Regulation of Interpol (22 U.S.c. § 263 (a» , "renounce their
allegiance to their respective countries and expatriate ." The World Bank is the agent for the
creditors/principles of the federal United States and is not subject to American Law.
1944 - July - Breton Wood Monetary Conf erence, at the Washington Hotel in Breton
Woods , New Hampshire, which through the guidance of Harry Dexter White, Assist ant
Secretary to the U.S. Treasury later known as a member of a Communist espionage ring, and
John Maynard Keynes, a well-known Fabian Socialist from England, created the IMFlWorld
Bank whose main role was the elimination of the gold-exchange standard as the basis of
currency valuation and the establishment of world socialism. White became the first Executive
Director for the United States at the IMF. Over 100 more nations declared bankruptcy.
1946 - Administrative Procedures Act
1973 - Trilateral Commission created by David Rockefeller to coordinate North America
(United States, Mexico, Canada) , Japan and Western Europe into a New World Order under
slogans such as free trade and environmental protection until a full-blown regional government
emerges from the process. The so-called trade treaties within the European Union (EU) , the
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Agreement (APEC), and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) have little to do
with free trade.
1980 - UNIDO Treaty No. 9719 ratified by the Senate which makes the U.S. Constitution
subservient to the U.N. World Const itution.
1992 -Ruby Ridge, Idaho ; Federal Government surrounded a family cabin home of Randy
Weaver, his wife Vicky and three children, in the hills of Northern Idaho. The feds, under a ruse
of a federal violation via set-up, shot and killed Rand y' s son Sammy and later shot his wife
Vicky in the head .
1993 - Waco, Texas ; David Koresh, head of the 'Davidia ns' were surrounded by the federal
military on the ruse of failing to pay a tax on an a .50 caliber machine gun, after first being
attacked by fed A TF agents shooting into the Church/home complex. After days of a stand-off,
with helicopter also firing into the Church/home complex with women and children, military
tanks attacked the building and pumped in gallons of a gas, of which a fire then started and due
to winds the structure was engulfed in flames and was burned to the ground. The women and
children went into a underground structure and were found dea d. Government agents were able
to get inside before the fire and shot some of the Davidians in the head .
1995 - Oklahoma City - Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building Bombing. On the morning of
April 19, 1995, supposedly Timothy McVeigh, an ex-army explosive expert parked a rented
Ryder truck with explosives in front of the complex and, at 9: 02am, a massive explosion
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occurred which sheared the entire north side of the building, killing 168 people. However, based
upon additional evidence, the concrete columns just inside the building were set with small high
explosives. As it has been proven that a truck load of fertilizer could not have caused that amount
of da mage. One year later, a business across the street had discovered a tape recording of a
business meeting that morning in 1995 . On the tape was heard; Boom,Boom ,Bo om,Boom,B oom,
Boom and then a humongous BOOM! Per all the other evidence seen, established, researched
etc., McVeigh most likely was a patsy or paid to do the deed . But you decide !
200 1 -September 11 - 9/11 NEW YORK TRADE TOWERS ; suppose dly collapsed as a
result of single air plane crashes into each of the two towers . Nongove rnmental reports stated
that at 9: 00AM, the eight Banks computer programs within the towers were set to down-load to a
central computer as the Country was going to shift from a 'debt-based ' money system to an
'asset-based' money system. Over 2000 people were killed due to the collapse just prior to the
thousands who worked in the towers . As reported, the Jews were told not to show up for work
that day. As reported, the owner of the towers had just increased the insurance on the towers jus t
months before and evidence shows that the towers collapsed not due to the air planes crashing
into them, but from well placed explosives for a controlled demolit ion. Presumption is; that since
the fedslFB I was involved in the previous Trade Tower explosions a few years earlier; that when
all the facts are looked at, it wasn 't done by foreign terrorists ! But you decide !
Of the remaining historical events of our time; Afghan war, War in Iraq, Patriot Act I & II and
????? ... That you have lived through, experienced and witnessed .... the question is ... were you
awake?
A BR IEF HI STOR Y OF THE
UNITED STATES
The agency Representatives of the var ious United Colonies of North America, via Declaration
of Independence, declared their separate and equal station, to which the Laws of Nature and
Natures Cr eator entitle them, formally expatriating themselves from England and/or Great
Britain, and repatriating themselves in an orderly fashion into a social compact styled as "The
United States of America" under the legislative assembly known as the "United States in
Congress Assembled."
However, most people do not realize that the primary reason for the expatriation and ensuing war
was not "taxation without representation," but the forced payment of taxes to the King in gold,
not paper money. The people in the Colonies of North America were flourishing by using their
own "fiat money" sys tem based only on their production -not a gold based system that could be
manipulated by the King. The King could not "control" the fiat money syst em and therefore
passed a law requiring the subjects of the Crown to pay taxes in gold only. The King had most of
the gold -the people of the colonies had little (scarcity/value), unemployment ensued -and
embittered souls cried for redress . This fell on deaf ears , which lead to the natural powers of the
people, from which all political power is inherent, they declared their separation, causing the
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Crown to declare an unjust war on the exercise of the principals of Life, Liberty, and the
pursuit of Happiness , as the peoples of the colonies of North America had so aptly de clared and
laid before a candid world, for the causes which impelled them to their separation.
The Representatives of the United States in Congr ess Ass embled did win the Revolutionary war
with England. There was a malfunction, however, in the plans for The United States of America.
Money powers were waiting at the gate from the very beginning.
Although the British Empire, as a recognized government in the world, lost the American
Revolution, the power (finance) structure behind it did not lose the war. The most visible of the
power structure identities was the East India Company, owned by the Bankers and the Crown in
London, England. This was an entirely private enterprise whose flag was adopted by Queen
Elizabeth in 1600. This flag had thirteen red and white horizontal stripes with a blue rectangle in
its upper left-hand comer.
The British government became host ile by oppressive legislation and eventually declared war
from 1774-1782 . The East India Company's owners constituted a portion of the invisible,
(sovereign) Power structure (banks) behind the British government. They kept control of its
holdings in the New World and moved right into the new economy created by New Order
through the social compact, known as The United States of America. Together, and in close
asso ciation with, the colonial repre sentatives of the United States in Congress Asse mbled and
their most powerful landowners still maintained control of the New World for the British Crown.
The United States Const itution created a new social contract structure of government that was
established on a much higher plane than the parliamentary system of the Confederation of The
United States of America. It was a social compact known as "Const itutional republic," wherein
a certain amount of power was delegated to the States (Corporations) enfranchised by the New
Order of the Social Compact. A certain amount was delegated to the agency federal government
with the residua l power reserved to the signatory parties respectfully (The Real Party In
Interest, "We (The) People of the United States" who either signed the Declaration of
Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the new Constitution of the "United
States" for "The United States of America" or were related as a member posterity of such
People having been signatory thereto). To no other people, did such social compact guarantee
any Standing of Rights or otherwise under the new Social Compact. The Representatives of
"We the People of the United States," by way of their agency representatives of the "United
States in Congress Assembled," had certain enumerated powers delegated by the social
compact known as the Const itution of the United States. So far as the several States party to the
U.S. Const itution are directly concerned, the Representatives of the United States in Congress
Asse mbled, may not exercise any power not so delegated by the social compact known as the
U.S. Const itution. All power not delegated to the Representatives of the United States in
Congress Ass embled, by the social contract is reserved to the several States within their
respective territorial borders --or, to the signatory people thereto, or their posterity thereof
(Article of Amendment, the IX and X of the U.S . Const .).
The Const itution was pushed and supported by the bankers through their asso ciates, for their
own control over the construct known as The United States of America created by the new social
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compact. Had the Articles of Confederation been completely adopted and/or reaffirmed, instead
of adopting the Const itution which came about due to the Treaty of Peace with the Crown of
England in 1782-83, the bankers would have far less control than they achieved.
Ten Square Miles
Define the word "Colum bia." This word and the following words to be defined in this section
are from WEBSTERS COLLEGIATE DICTIONAR Y J(lh EDITION.
Columbia: [NL (new Latin) Christopher Columbus] (Originated in 1775): THE UNITED
STATES
Columbus has the same root word as columbarium and columbine.
Columbarium [L dovecote, from columba dove] a structure of vaults lined with recesses
for cinerary urns.
Dovecote: 1. a small compartmented raised house or box for domestic pigeons or dov es;
also for breed ing. 2. a settled or harmonious group or organization .
Columbine [ME from ML columbina, L columbinus -like a dove ,from columba dov e, GK
kolymbos a small grebe (diving bird), kelainos black]
Columbidea is the Latin species of do ve.
Dove : 3. one who takes a conciliatory attitude and advocates negotiations and compromise; an
opponent of war.
District: [F from ML districtus jurisdiction, from distringer to distrain] 1. a territorial di vision as
for administrative or electoral purposes . 2. an area, region or section with a dist inguishing
character.
Distrain: [ME distreynen, from di s-+ stringere to bind tight, more at strain] 1. to force or compel
to satisfy an obligation by means of a dist ress 2. to seize by distr ess; to levy a dist ress.
Strain [ME streen progeny, lineage, from OE streon gain, acquisition ; akin to OHG gistriuni
gain, L struere to heap up] 1. lineage, ancestry b. a group of presumed common ancestry with
clear-cut physiological but usual no morphological dist inctions. 2 a. inherited or inherent
character, quality, or dispo sition.
(Emphasis added on all of the above definitions.)
Note: The Columbia fa ction, an Ita lian Organization and Masonic group, fu nded Christopher
Colin, who was renamed by the organization as Christopher Columbus, circa 1480 's. The
Columbia fa ction 's symbol is a black dove! It is also interesting to note that the Illuminati, an
Italian Masonic group, was fo rmed in 17 76, in America. Both of these groups strictly adhere to
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their own hereditary bloodlines and purposely do not intermix with other ancestries. References
-read the Biggest Secret by David Icke.
THE UNITED STATES consists only of what remains of the ten miles square granted by the
Constitution and ceded by particular States creating the City of Washington, District of
Columbia (D.C.), and further such acquisitions of its territories of Guam, American Samoa,
Mariana Islands, and Puerto Rico, etc.
One of the powers granted in the federal social compact is to the United States in Congress
Asse mbled, in Article 1, section 8, clause 16 and 17, which reads as follows:
16. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not
exceeding ten mile square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of
congress, become the seat of government of the United States, and to exercise like
authority over all places pu rchased, by the consent of the legislature of the state in which
the same shall be, fo r the erection of fo rts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and the
needfu l buildings: -- and,
17 . To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper fo r carrying into execution the
fo regoing powers, and all the new powers vested by this Constitution in the government
of the United States, or in any department or offi cer thereof
Said Cong ress, has absolute --or what is des cribed as -- plenary power. This is municipal, police
power, and the like.
Where does this Congress have such plenary power? Read again clauses 16 and 17 above. Only
within the geographical area of the District of Columbia, and all forts, magazines, arsenals,
dockyards, and other needful buildings within the several States.
The United States is an Abs traction -- It Exist s Only on Paper
It is a total fiction. It exists as an idea. The various Republic States of the Union exist in
subst ance and reality. The United States only takes on physical reality after Congress positively
activates constitutionally delegated powers through statutes enacted in accordance with Article I
section 7 of the social compact known as the U.S. Constitution. It is necessary for you to read
that section.
The Constitution is Bifurcated -- Separated in Two Parts
The Const itution was bifu rcated. Bif urcated is defined as separated. (See the Bif urcated Chart
at the end of this course) . We will call it bifurcated because it is the separation from the original
jurisdiction as outlined in the Articles of Confederation. Article I, section 8, clauses 16 and 17
clearly set this out.
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It important to remember, as we will be returning to this particular section later on throughout 
this di scourse, the U.S. Congress does have the right to make all laws regarding Washington 
D.C. within the ten miles square granted, whether equal in geographical size as granted or not, 
and such other territories owned by the United States, etc .. This tiny scope of legislative powers 
is the only authority as it relates to the United States in Congress Assembled when 
contemplating any people of the various states, or standing otherwise, not signatory to such 
social compact, otherwise than by either being directly or indirectly related as a member of 
the posterity to the actual people signatory thereto. 
The First National Bank in the United States 
Define 'Bank ' in Blacks Law 4th. -Please read the entire definition (which consists of one full 
column). This has reference to law and judges and particularly to water, i.e. maritime, before 
you arrive at what you think a bank might be. Read it carefully because this will become more 
and more important later in these courses). 
One of the first acts that the so-called President, Mr. George Washington, did within two years 
of his appointment was to declare an emergency. William Morris with the help of Alexander 
Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury, heavily promoted the first national bank (Bank of England) to 
legislation in order to create a private bank. In 1781, Congress chartered the first national bank 
for a term of 20 years , with the same European bankers that were holding the debts before the 
war. The bankers loaned worthless, un-backed, non-secured printed money to each other to 
charter this first bank. 
After thousands of lives were lost fighting a war to get control of the wealth of the people and 
their medium of money, why did congress contract with the same bankers that STARTED the 
revolutionary war in the first place? 
Very simple. Since the Crown and members of the Rothschild family [as they where commonly 
known] were the secured party creditors, they demanded a private bank to hold the securities (the 
assets) of the United States as the pledged assets to the Crown of England in order to secure the 
debt to which the United States had defaulted. The holders (Fiscal Agent of the Crown) of the 
securities were the private bankers operating the newly chartered bank. So, under public 
international law, the creditor nation forced the United States to establish a private bank to hold 
the securities as the collateral for the loan. As throughout history, Money leads wherever we let 
it go unrestrained. 
European Bankers Expand 
1785 AD - It had been rumored that the youngest Rothschild, Nathan, expanded his wealth to 
20, 000 pounds within a 15 year period by using other people's money, an increase of 2500%. 
1787 AD - Amshel (de Mayer) Rothschild made the famous statement: "Let me issue and 
control a Nation's money and I care not who writes the laws." 
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It has been alleged that Thomas Jefferson stated, "I f the American people ever allow the 
previous banks to control the issue of their currency, first by inflation then by deflation, 
[then] the banks and the corporations which grow up around them will deprive the people 
of all property until their children wake homeless on the Continent their fathers 
conquered. " 
1798 AD - The five Rothschild brothers expanded by opening banks in each of the majo r 
cities of Europe. Amshel Mayer, Germany; Solomon, Vienna; Jacob, Paris; Nathan, London ; 
Carl, Naples. 
The War of 1812 and the Second National Bank 
The charter for the private bank was for 20 years --or until around 181 1. What happened in 
18 12? The War of 1812 . What did England attack? Washington, D.C., within the ten miles 
square. Here the British burned the White House, Library of Congress, and other buildi ngs. 
Was the attack by England within the assumed ten miles square an act of war? No, it was not. 
Under public international law, what was an act of war was the United States not extending the 
first national bank into the second national bank to continue to maintain the securities on the 
unpaid debt. So, when the United States acted in di shonor, by not giving the lawful creditor his 
securities in a peaceful manner, the only remedy available under international (Public Order) 
recourse to the creditor was to come in on letters of Marques and seize the assets to protect his 
loan. 
Did the second national bank get approved? Absolutely. After England attacked the nation that 
was in default, they saw the light and enacted the second national bank. This was for another 20 
years , which was to expire around 18 36. 
The For gotten 13th Amendment 
Attorney: ... with obligation to the courts and to the public, not to the client, and wherever the 
dut ies of his client conflict with those he owes as an officer of the court in the administration of 
ju stice, the former must yield to the later. (emphasis added) Corpus Juris Scandiu m, 1980, Vol. 
7, (head ing) Attorney-Client, sections 2, 3, and 4, See note. (All attorneys owe their allegiance, 
first to the Crown of England ; second, to the courts ; third, to the public; and finally, to their 
clients as Wards of Court. Is it any wonder your attorney never wins a case for you?) 
BAR (acronym for British Accreditation Regency -look up each of these words) 
Attorneys are members of the BAR. The American Bar Association is a branch of the Bar 
Council, sole bar association in England. All laws, today in America, are copyrighted property 
of a British company, all state Codes are private, commercial, British-owned "law." All attorneys 
follow instruction from England Attorn, twist and tum over their clients to the private law of the 
bankruptcy. That is their job. That is their pledge to those whom they owe allegiance. 
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Note : By definition, the obligations and duties of attorneys extend to the court and the "public" 
(government) before any mere "client. " Clients are "wards of the court" and therefore "persons 
of unsound mind." See also "clien," "wards of court." 
The Original 13th Amendment 
There was also another important issue involved in the War of 1812 . The original 13th 
Amendment prohibited Attorneys and anyone with a title of nobility to hold any public office in 
America. All the states had ratified this 13th Amendment, except for Virginia. 
You'll note that the War of 1812 was waged mostly in Washington, D.C. The British burned all 
the repository build ings, attempting to destroy all records of the new symbols of the social 
compact known as The United States of America, represented in Washington , D.C. by the United 
States in Congress Ass embled . 
Thus, the War of 1812 was partly waged to prevent the pass age and enforcement of the new 
Thirteenth Amendmen t. Most book repositories throughout the states were burned to the ground 
and all records dest royed . There's a famous painting in Washington D.C. depicting the British 
boarding a ship after they "s urrendered ." The painting shows the British carrying their rifles as 
they mounted the gangplank. One must ask, "What army is allowed to keep their weapons after 
they surrender ?" One must also ask, "Who really won that war? " 
As a result of the accumulated debt of waging that war, a new Bank Charter was issued for 
another 20 years . 
Andrew Jackson and the Bank 
President Andrew Jackson put an end to this second Charter in 18 36. Jackson's reasoning was 
simple: The Constitution does not delegate authority for Congress to establish a national bank. 
Jackson's rationale has never been seriously challenged, and the Const itution has never been 
amended to authorize Congress to establish a national bank. Nor, for that matter, does the 
Const itution delegate authority for the United States to establish corporations, particularly 
private corporations . 
There was not a national bank established in America for more than 75 years, unti1 1913 with the 
Federal Reserve Bank. Andrew Jackson did an excellent jo b. 
What did Congress do with Andrew Jackson? They impeached him. Is that because Congress is 
made up mostly of attorneys ? Who do the attorneys have a title of nobility to? The Crown of 
England. So Congress is populated by attorneys who are Esquires or titles of nobility to the 
Crown of England. So, who does our Congress represent? The Bankers (the Fiscal Agents of 
the Crown) . 
The bankers hired an assassin to kill Andrew Jackson using two pist ols, however the plot failed 
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as both pistols misfired. 
Andrew Jackson vi olated public international law because he denied the creditor his just lien 
rights on the debtor. However, the bankers did not lend value (substance), so in actuality they 
had an unperfected lien, and therefore the law actually did not apply. 
Andrew Jackson stated, "Controlling our currency, receiving our public money, and holding 
thousands of our citizens in dependence . . . would be more formidable and dangerous than a 
military power of the enemy. " 
The Civil War 
In 1860-61, the Southern states (Representatives of the Original Signatories of the Social 
Compact) walked out of Congr ess. This created sine die . Abraham Lincoln was elected 
President. The South walked out and declared their states' rights pursuant to the Social Compact 
known as the U.S. Constitution. Slavery was only window dr essing for the Civil War. The war 
had nothing to do with slavery. It has to do with States (the Right of the present living Posterity 
of the Original Signatories to the Social Compact to alter or abolish the forms of government 
which their Forefathers established for themselves and their Posterity) Rights and the National 
debt to the Creditor 's Fiscal Agent (the bankers ). The South wanted to be redeemed from the 
Crown in England. The North wanted to remain under their dominion and their debt. 
When the Posterity of the Member States of the South ordered their Representatives to walk out 
of Congress, this ended the public side of the bifurcated Const itution as far as the Republican 
form of government was concerned. What remained of the government was the private side, the 
democracy (the remaining Mob of illegitimate members of the congressional body of agents who 
had breached the organic social compact known as the U.S, Const itution which the beneficiaries 
of the Original Signatories of the Trust so established for their Pos terity) foisted upon them 
under the rule of the (Fiscal Agents of the Crown) bankers . 
During and after the Civil War, the original 13th Amendment was replaced and a new 13th 
Amendment was issued first by Executive Order, and then enacted under Martial Law on 
December 18 , 1865 ; the 14th Amendment was enacted similarly on July 28, 1868; The 15th 
Amendment enacted similarly on March 30, 1870. 
President Lincoln, by Executive Order proclaimed the first Trading With the Enemy Act. 
President Lincoln stated, "The government should create, issue, and circulate all currency and 
credit needed to satisfy the spending power of the government and the buying power of 
consumers ." Further, he quoted, "The privilege of creating and issuing money is not only the 
supreme prerogative of government, but it is the government 's greatest opportunity ." 
Afterward s, he was murdered because he defied the bankers by printing interest free money to 
pay for the war efforts. 
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The 14th Amendment brought the freed slaves, whose previous owners were private plantation 
owners and transferred those slaves under slavery of the government, the assumed ten miles 
square jurisdiction of Washington, D.C. 
At any given period of time, the only people in the United States who were under the jurisdiction 
of the private bifurcated government of the assumed ten miles square of Washington , D.C., were 
the government employees and those who created the social compact, and of course those 
residing as resident and non-resident aliens within the territories owned by the United States and 
now the former slaves. The former Citizens of those living in the Southern portion of the social 
construct known as the United States for The United States of America, now "captured ," became 
14th Amendment £itizens by Martial Law. Their only express and sole privilege was to vote as 
granted by the 15th Amendment. The remainder of the compact party people of the posterity 
related thereto, could still invoke the power over government through original jurisdiction of the 
Republic side of the Const itution only in limited application from any curtailed pr ivilege and 
immunity effected pursuant thereto by way of the Act of July 27, 18 68, c249, § 1, 15 Stat. 223, 
Rev. Stat. § 1999, now Title 8, U.S.c. §§ 800 -801 (Expatriation Act). 
Thus, the new form of Democracy (MOB RULE-MARTIAL LAW), as the government was so 
styled, operated fully under the authority of private law dictated by the creditor, according to the 
principals of International Public Order. 
UNITED STATES Incorpora tes in Engla nd 
In 18 71 the default again loomed and bankruptcy was imminent. So in 1871, the assumed ten 
miles square was incorporated in England. The new military social construct of the United 
States was still operating under the old familiar known social compacts age ncy name as the 
"United States in Congress Asse mbled" which used the Constitution as their by-laws. Not as 
authority under the Const itution, but as authority over the Constitution. They copyrighted, not 
only the Const itution but also many names such as THE UNITED STATES, U.S., THE 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, USA and many other titles as their own intellectual property 
and secured such property rights by copyright. This is the final blow to the original Constitution 
as applicable to the Trust operating under the U.S. Const itution for the Beneficiaries of the 
original signatories of the Social Compact created for their benefit by their forefathers . From 
here on out, the UNITED STATES was governed entirely by foreign (foreign to the law 
established by the Social Compact) private corporate law, dictated by the bankers as fiscal agents 
for the private Creditors of the intellectual property which they now held in, and under copyright 
with, the Creditors extending the right to use such copyright to their esquires by and through the 
Crown 's (!!r itish Accreditation Regist ry) BAR international Agents (Atto rneys) in association 
with the Vatican by Treaty as the Exchequer of the Vatican Treasury. 
More Bankruptcy Re-organ izations 
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Define the word "B y-laws" (STD)
Then, in 1909, default loomed once more. The US government went to the Crown of England
and asked for an extension of time. This extension was granted for another 20 years on several
conditions. One of the conditions was that the United States were forced to allow the creditors to
establish a new national bank. This was done in 1913 , with the Federal Reserve Bank. Along
with the 16th Amendment, the collection of Income tax, enacted February 25, 1913 , and the 17th
Amendment enacted May 31 , 1913, were the conditions for the continuing extension of time
allowed by the creditors for the United States to continue to exist as a functioning entity within
the International Public Order. The 16th and 17th Amendment further reduced the States ' power
by removing the State legislative right to appoint Senators directly. The UNITED STATES
adopted the Babylonian system, that being the most clever way to control the mob of people
collectively to keep and control political power, thereby controlling any future attempt by
contractual obligations , the ability by the beneficiaries to attempt to overcome and to restore the
former syst em of government to which their forefathers had sacrificed their lives, wealth and
their Sacred Honor to give them. Whether or not their forefather's actions where right or wrong,
the fruit of their labor still exists, with those of us who still study our prede cessor' s actions for
the benefit of hopefully avoiding the same mistakes.
First World War
In 19 17, peoples of all walks of life were again drafted into the First World War (WW 1) for the
sole purpose of the beginning of centralizing global power under a New World Order. This was
to greatly affect the Life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness of all individuals living upon the face
of Planet Earth, then, now and in the future. The so-called debt accumulated so that it became
impos sible for anyone to pay off their debts in lawful currency of the United States by 1929 . It
also enhanced the War Powers Act that President Lincoln, by Executive Order 100, put in place
during his Presid ency. This War Powers Act was re-enforced and became "The Trading with the
Enemy Act" of 19 17. This will become more important later on.
The Great Depression
We all know what happened in 1929. This was the year of the stock market crash and the
beginning of The Great Depression.
The Great Depression : The stock market crash moved billions of dollars from the people to the
banker' s warehouses (Banks). This also removed various forms of cash and/or certificates,
backed by lawful coinage (Gold and Silver) of the United States then in circulation for the
peoples' use. Those who still pos ses sed any cash invested in high interest yielding Treasury
Bonds, driven higher by increased dema nd. As a result, even more cash was removed from
circulation for the general public use. There was not enough cash left in circulation to buy the
goods being produced. Production came to a halt as inventory overcrowded the market. There
were more products on the market than there was cash to buy them. Prices plummeted and
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indu stries plunged into bankruptcy, throwing millions more people out of work and out of cash.
Foreclosures on homes, factories, businesses and farms rose to the highest level in the history,
not only locally but globally. A mere dime was literally salvation to many families now living
on the street. Billions of people globally lost everything they had, keeping only the clothes on
their backs.
In Europe, in 1930, the International Bankers declared several nations bankrupt, including the
United States. Then in 1933, President Roosevelt was elected and took office. His first act as
President was to declare, publicly, that The United States was bankrupt. He further went on to
issue his Presidential Executive Order on March 5th, 1933 that all United States Citizens/citizens
must tum in all their gold in return for Federal Reserve Notes . This was passed into law by
Congress on June 5t\ 1933.
House/Senate Joint Resolution 192 (19 33)
All the people, whether subject to the jurisdiction or not, deluded by a system of public
education, assumed the position of such status of citizenship and turned in all the gold in their
posses sion at that time. Why? Were we United States Citizens? No. We were still a sovereign
people until that time. We just thought that we were required to tum in all the gold in our
pos session. Only those people living in Washingt on, D.C., and the 14th Amendment £it izens and
the Citizens per the Article IV of the U.S. Constitution (the beneficiaries of the Social Compact)
were so required. We were still sovereign (Non-Members of the Social Compact) . We were not
under the jurisdiction of the United States of America, which incorporated in 1871.
When people turned in their gold, they just recognized and/or volunteered into the jurisdiction of
the ass umed ten miles square jurisdiction of Washington D.C. and their laws, by general
acquiescence. Pursuant thereto, such people became 14th Amendment United States £itizens by
tacit agreement. Their post erity, which include many of us in this social net of subterfuge, were
required to delive r all birth registries to the government. In their place were returned Certificates
of (title) Birth, the title to our bodie s, that were then regist ered by the U.S. Department of
Commerce (Commercial Registry) in its sub-department known as the Bureau of Vital Statistics.
This title to our bodie s, all of our property and all of our future labor, was pledged to the
International Bankers as security for the money owed in bankruptcy by the corporate United
States (Title 28 U.S.c. 3002( 15)(A) ). All of this was done under the authority of Commercial
Law (Babylonian law) by and through secured Transactions governing security interest in
documents of Title. All People were not in bankruptcy. Only the Corporate UNITED STATES
and the various global governmental corporate (Nations) constructs globally which had become
the pawns of the international bankers were in bankruptcy. Through such global social
subterfuge and schemes foisted upon all walks of life, most people were duped into believing
themselves a party to the various governmental social compacts and thereby a party to the
bankruptcy of the various bankrupt Nations . All peoples continue to believe now, as then, that
they are each individually and collectively a member of such aforesaid compacts and/or
constructs. The foundational truth is far from the illusion peoples suffer under. All peoples have
never had now or then, a contractual nexus to such compacts and/or constructs. All walks of life
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have been continually deceived and educated from childhood to believe that they must give sole
allegiance to, and (for whatever unsound non-exist ent contractual reason) to be controlled by
those who form such compacts and/or constructs.
We must remember, however, that it was only the politicians (and the Post erity of the Original
Signatory Members of the Social Compact known as the U. S. Const itution) and the assumed ten
miles square of Washington, D.C., the UNITED STATES CORPORATION and other such
various Government constructs throughout the planet at the time, globally speaking, that went
into bankruptcy. It was specifically relative to no other People or Social Compact, which was
not a party to such or did not go along with the social scheme at the time, so-to-speak.
In the years following the independence of the several colonies in the North of the Western
Hemisphere, a close business relationship had develo ped between the cotton growing aristocracy
in the South and the cotton manufacturers in England. The European bankers decided that this
business connection was the Union' s and/or Social Compact's Achilles Heel, the door through
which the young Republican form of Government could be successfully attacked and overcome.
The lllustrated University History, 1878, p. 504, tells us that the southern states swarmed with
British agents . These conspired with local politicians to work against the best interests of the
Social Compact known as the United States. Their carefully sown and nurtured propaganda
developed into open rebellion and resulted in the secession of the people of the Compact Party
State known as South Carolina on December 29, 1860. Within weeks, the people (beneficiaries
as the posterity of the original signatories to the social compact) of six compact party state s
jo ined the conspiracy against the Union and broke away to form the new social compact
construct known as the Confederate States of America, with Jefferson Davis as President.
The plotters raided armies, seized forts, arsenals, mints and other Union property. Even members
of President Buchanan's Cabinet conspired to dest roy the Union by damaging the so-called
public credit and working to bankrupt the social compact Union. President Buchanan claimed to
deplore secession but took no steps to check it, even when a U.S. ship was fired upon by South
Carolina shore batter ies.
Shortly thereafter, Abraham Lincoln became President, being inaugurated on March 4, 18 61.
Lincoln immediately ordered a blockade on Southern ports to cut off supplies that were pouring
in from Europe. The 'official' date for the start of the Civil War is given as April 12, 18 61 when
Fort Sumter in South Carolina was bombarded by the Confederate s, but it obviously began at a
much earlier date .
In December, 1861, large numbers of European Troops (Briti sh, French and Spanish) poured into
Mexico in defiance of the Monroe Doctrine. This, together with widespread European aid to the
Confederacy, strongly indicated that the Crown was preparing to enter the war. The outlook for
the North, and the future of the Union, was bleak indeed.
In this hour of extreme crisis, it has been said by those who remain anonymous, that President
Abraham Lincoln appealed to the Crown's perennial enemy, Russia, for assist ance. When the
envelope allegedly containing Mr. Lincoln's urgent appeal was given to Czar Alexander II, it has
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been post ulated that he weighed it unopened in his hand and stated: "B efore we open this paper
or know its contents, we grant any request it may contain."
Unannounced, a Russian fleet under Admiral Liviski, steamed into New York harbor on
September 24, 1863, and anchored there; The Russian Pacific fleet, under Admiral Popov,
arrived in San Francisco on October 12. Of this Russian act, Gideon Wells said : "They arrived at
the high tide of the Confederacy and the low tide of the North, causing England and France to
hesitate long enough to tum the tide for the North" (Empire of "The City, " p. 90) .
History, if it can be found in truth, may reveal, if the truth ever comes to light, that the
Rothschild family was heavily involved in financing both sides of the Civil War. Lincoln put a
damper on their activities when, in 1862 and 18 63, he refused to pay the exorbitant rates of
interest demanded by the Rothschild family. Mr. Lincoln issued by Executive Order, via the
new military social construct, a presumed Constitutionally-authorized interest free United States
Notes. Allegedl y, for this and other acts of patriotism, Mr. Lincoln was shot down in cold-blood
by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, just five (5) days after Lee surrendered to Grant at
Appomattox Court House, Virginia. Booth's grand-daughter, Izola Forrester, states in "This One
Mad Act" that Mr. Lincoln's assa ssin had been in close contact with myst erious Europeans
prior to the slaying, and had made at least one trip to Europe. Following the killing, John Wilkes
Booth was whisked away to safety by members of the Knights of the Golden Circle. According
to the author, Booth lived for many years following his di sappearance.
HJR 192
On March 9, 1933 -House 73rd Congress, Session I. Chapter I, page # 83, 1st paragraph, third
sentence it stat es: "Under the new law the money is issued to the banks in return for
Government obligations, bills of exchange, drafts, notes, trade acceptances, and bankers
acceptances. The money will be worth 100 cents on the dollar, because it is backed by the credit
of the nation. It will represent a mortgage on all the homes and other property of all the
people in the nation. " (Emphasis added)
House Joint Resolution 192, June 5, 1933, states that one cannot demand a certain form of
currency that they want to receive if it is dollar for dollar as ALL CURRENCY IS YOUR
CREDIT! ! If they do, they are in breach of the contract of HJR 192. You have already accepted
this contract and now they must perform.
Pursuant to this contractual resolution expounded upon by the corporation that you are
discharging the debt pursuant to HJR 192, they must give you a Letter of Release or Payment in
Full in the form of dis charge.
If they ask you, "Where does the money come from to pay for the items?" you should
correct them and say, "There is no money because the UNITED STATES and all
municipalities are in bankruptcy and the only currency that exists is that of all the people's
credit." You could also tell them, "The US Trust Fund is where all of the people's property has
been collateralized to create the credit of their nation." If they appear confused, show them a
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copy of the 73rd Congress, March 9, 1933 where it says :
"(The new money) will be backed by the credit of the nation. It will represent a mortgage
on all the homes and property of all the people in the nation. "
IN THEIR OWN WRITING THEY AGREE ALL PEOPLE IN THE NATION ARE THE
CREDITORS!
They would be so impressed and shocked that they had actually witnessed a creditor who knows
his business, that they in tum would probably conduct themselves more respectful and business
like towards you.
To understand how the "money" system works today, one must remember the 73rd Congress,
March 9, 1933;
"The money (Federal Reserve Notes) will be worth 100 cents on the dollar, because it is
backed by the credit of the nation. It will represent a mortgage on all the homes and
other property of all the people in the nation. The money so issued will not have one
penny of gold coverage behind it, because it is really not needed. "
Since the "national emergency in banking," otherwise known as bankruptcy, occurred in 1933,
our "money" is credit -your credit -backed by your collateral or your promise. When you sign
any promise to pay, it becomes MONEY! What is the difference between Federal Reserve
Notes and the Promisso ry Note you gave the bank? They both represent your credit. Only one
thing is different -the bank failed to record your Promissory Note when they recorded the
Deed of Trust, therefore it is not "registered" in the public register like FRNs are. Could this be
considered "fraudulent use of a foreign security?" You better believe it is !
INTERNATION AL BANK ERS PURSUE THEIR GOAL
Undaunted by their initial failures to destroy the Social Compact United States, the international
bankers pursued their objective with relentless zeal. Between the end of the Civil War and 19 14,
their main agents in the United States were Kuhn, Loeb and Co. and the J. P. Morgan Co.
A brief hist ory of Kuhn, Loeb and Co. appeared in Newsweek magazine on February 1, 1936:
"Abraham Kuhn and Solomon Loeb were general merchandise merchants in Lafayette, Indiana,
in 1850. As usual in newly settled regions, most transactions were on credit. They soon found
out that they were bankers. In 1867, they established Kuhn, Loeb and Co. , bankers , in New York
City, and took in a young German immigrant, Jacob Schiff, as partner. Young Schiff had
important financial connections in Europe. After ten years , Jacob Schiff was head of Kuhn, Loeb
and Co., Kuhn, having returned. Under Schiffs guida nce, the house brought European capital
into contact with American industry ."
Schiffs "important financial connections in Europe" were the Rothschilds and their German
representatives, the M. M. Warburg Company of Hamburg and Amsterdam. Within twenty years
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the Rothschilds, through their Warburg-Schiff connection, had provided the capital that enabled
John D. Rockefeller to greatly expand his Standard Oil Empire. They also financed the activities
of Edward Harriman (Railroads) and Andrew Carnegie (St eel).
At the turn of the 20th century the Rothschilds, not satisfied with the progress being made by
their American operations, sent one of their top experts, Paul Moritz Warburg, over to New York
to take direct charge of their assault upon the only true champion of individua l liberty and
prosperity --the United States.
At a hearing of the House Committee on Banking and Currency in 1913 , Warburg revealed that
he was "a member of the banking firm of Kuhn, Loeb and Co. I came to this country in 1902,
having been born and educated in the banking business in Hamburg, Germany, and studied
banking in London and Paris, and have gone all around the world .... "
(In the late 1800s, people didn 't study banking in London and "all around the world" unless they
had a special mission to perform!)
Early in 1907, Ja cob Schiff, the Rothschild-owned boss of Kuhn, Loeb and Co., in a speech to
the New York Chamber of Commerce, warned that "unless we have a Central Bank with
adequate control of credit resources, this country is going to undergo the most severe and far
reaching money panic in its history. "
Shortly thereafter, the United States plunged into a well orchestrated monetary crisis that had all
the earmarks of a skillfully planned Rothschild 'job .' The ensuing panic financially mined tens of
thousands of innocent people across the country --and made billions for the banking elite . The
purpose for the 'crisis' was two-fold:
(1) To make a financial 'killing' for the Insiders , and
(2) To impress on all people the 'great need' for a central bank.
Paul Warburg told the Banking and Currency Committee: "In the Panic of 1907, the first
suggestion I made was, 'let us have a national clearing house' [Central Bank] . The Aldrich Plan
[for a Central Bank] contains many things that are simply fundamental rules of banking. Your
aim must be the same ... . "
Digging deep into their bag of deceitful practices, the international bankers pulled off their
greatest coup to date --the creation of the privately owned Federal Reserve System, which
placed control of the finances of the United States securely in the hands of the power-crazed
money monopolists. Paul Warburg became the 'Fed's' first chairman!
It has been alleged that Congressman Charles Lindbergh put his finger firmly on the truth
when it is proffered that he presumably stated, ju st after the 'Feder al' Reserve Act was passe d
by a depleted Congress on December 23, 1913: "T he Act establishes the most gigantic trust
on earth. When the President [Wilson] signs this Bill, the invisible government of the
monetary power will be legalized .... The greatest crime of the ages is perpetrated by this
banking and currency bill." No wonder his son was kidnapped and killed.
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united States of America
The several states (People) then got together and began to draw up guidelines for Federal
Government. These were the Articles of Confederati on. These Articles were ratified but were
never truly perfected because there were factions between the wealthy of the new nation who
still had economic and political ties with previous counterparts of the Crown in Britain. Some
people wanted to be aligned with England. Their wealth and continued wealth were locked with
English rule and commerce. Others wanted to be completely separate from England. Those who
favored England found that there was too much opposition to be bound with England. As a
result, those in favor of England, with the aid of English Bankers, did the next best thing for
themselves. They pushed for a Constitution governed by Treaty instead of the Articles of
Confederation to control the new Social Compact.
The Const itution was completed and established before the Articles of Confederation were
brought forward in respect to Article VI of the newly finished Articles of Confederati on. In
1789, the U.S. Const itution was adopted by several signatory people and thereafter their holdings
became known as States. But a few (People) states (those being the true people, whom most are
unaware of as referred to in the Social Compact as States, of the so-called Union [Marriage] of
the States) wanted some protection from the new Social Compact federal system of
representative agency government. It took another two years for the Bill of Rights to be added to
the Social Compact known as the U.S. Const itution. This was to protect those People signatory
to the Social Compact from their agency representations in government, the assumed ten miles
square and the employees of that government. Never were all people ever invited to sign the
Social Compact, but were sold on the assumption that the right s, privileges, and immunities
applied to all people, which of course was an absolute lie (read H.G. Well's "The Outline of
History" 3rd Edition Revised [1921], page 842, 3rd paragraph and continuing on page 843 .
Continue reading the first four (4) sentences of the first paragraph of page 843).
Notice that the title of this essa y doesn 't include the word "THE ." Just as General Motors
doesn 't imply a plural number of motors, United States does not imply a plural number of
states- there is nothing plural about the contemporary use of the term. United States is a singular
proper noun, and correct usage does not include the antecedent definite article the. United states
is a corporate trade name, like General Motors , and identifies a corporation, albeit federal and
municipal, but a corporation nevertheless. Just as proper English doesn 't include "the Canada,
"the Finland, or "the Egypt", it likewise does not include "the United States." A far more
accurate indicator would be the State of United States. We read of the "S tate of Great Britain" in
the Declaration of Indep endence, and hear of the "S tate of Israel" in the news. The proper recital
of the name "United States," identifies the for-profit, bankrupt, commercial enterprise in
Washington, DC, presently managed by the receiver in bankruptcy, Secretary of the Treasury of
Puerto Rico, a.k. a., Secretary of the Treasury. The United States is a slyly concocted fraud that
plants in the mind the notion that its identity is merged with the states, when in fact it is foreign
to the (People) states.
Note: While functionally speaking the Republic no longer operates since the fraudulent
takeover by declared state of war (see Trading with the Enemy Act) after the bankruptcy,
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this condition is artificial, de facto, and unlawful.
It is well established that "United States", a.k.a., US, U.S., USA, America, government, and
federal government, et al is a corporation, originally incorporated February 21, 1871 under the
name "District of Columbia," 16 Stat. 419 Chapter 62. It was reorganized June 11, 1878; as a
bankrupt organization per House Joint Resolution 192 on June 5, 1933, Senate Report 93-549,
and Executive Orders 6072, 6102, and 6246; a de facto (define de facto) government, originally
the ten square mile tract ceded by Maryland and Virginia and comprising Washington D.C., plus
the possessions, territories, forts, and arsenals.
UNITED STATES. Means: (A) a federal corporation ... Title 28 USC Section
3002(5) Chapter 176. It is clear that the United States ... is a corporation ... 534
FEDERAL SUPPLEMENT 724. [emphasis added]
Note : from 1776 to 1789 United States was a confederation and after 1789 it was a
singular incorporated federal nation system.
The significance of this is that, as a corporation, the United States has authority to implement
laws for "We the People of the United States" but no more authority to implement its laws
against "All The People" than does MacDonald Corporations, except for one thing-the
contracts we've signed as surety for our "S traw -man" with the United States through
misrepresentation of, by, and for the Creditor Bankers. These contracts binding us together with
the United States and the bankers, are actually not a party-in-interest with us, but with our
artificial entity, acting as a transmitting utility, or as they term it, the office of "p erson ," which
cleverly uses the same descriptive alphabetical denoted letters as the name given to the living
breathing people, privately at birth, but with one difference - the form of identification changes
the symbolic alphabetical spelling with ALL CAPITAL LETTERS.
THE UNITED STATES as a corporation, created in England, came under the jurisdiction of
England. This entitled England to create laws as England saw fit to do, establish those laws in
THE UNITED STATES and everyone who at that time was a 14th Amendment Citizen were
subject to obey those laws. This also placed the Congress of THE UNITED STATES above that
portion of what we think is the Constitution, not under the authority of the Constitution.
Copyrighted, remember? The only Bill of Rights left at this point in 2009, is four Amendments
--13th, 14th 15th, and 16th. That is all the Courts are required to take cognizance of when any
people appear in their courts, excepting those people operating via International Public Order by
way of the Supreme Law of the Land (Treaty) within the framework of any form of Social
Compact (Kiyokura Okimura v. Acheson, 99 Fed Supp. 587 [D. of Hawaii](l951)).
The 1929 stock market crash and the Great Depression that followed placed the so-called
American people in desperation, homelessness, poverty and even starvation. The minds of all
people were focused on survival. They were then in a condition to accept any handout given by
the government, no matter what the cost to their freedoms.
All people were drawn in as 14th Amendment Citizens by such misrepresentation through the
15th Article of Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the registration of people's birth records
and in return, handed certificates in exchange for this perfected consideration of the sole and
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exclusive right to vote under the new social construct of Democracy. People were further enticed
deeper into that system by volunteering for many other licenses and privileges given by the
corporate U.S. government. We were also made enemies of agency, THE UNITED STATES.
This act gave the agencies of the UNITED STATES authority, under the laws of war and as a
captured alien people, to force anything on them as the corporation chose to create or deprive
them of, whether for their benefit or not.
Then, in 1976, Congress removed any semblance of justice in their court system with Senate bill
94-201 and 94-381. From this point forward, the 'officers of the court' can construe and
construct the laws to mean anything they choose them to mean. (See: Dyett v. Turner, 439 P.
Rptrs. 266 [1968] ; and Utah v. Phillips, 540 P. Rptrs. 936 [1975] ; and Respublica v. Sweers 1
Dallas. 43)
As 14th Amendment £itizens, the people are not Citizens of the Social Compact known as the
United States of America as we have always been taught to think. We are actually subjects via
International Public Order to whatever jurisdiction which we are found in or reside in, unless we
have otherwise emerged into some other political status freely determined to prove that we the
people don't belong to such social construct, to whichever may claim an interest however
defined or by whatever means shown to operate.
There is no law today except as relative to such fictions governed by copyrighted statutes, to be
interpreted by 'judges' who construe and construct whatever they choose to have those private
statutes mean.
We, as sovereigns irresponsibly continue to recognize the illegitimate Crown of England (and its
Fiscal Agent the IMF) as PRINCIPLE of all the People on the soil whether referred to as the
United States or by whatever derivative or variation thereof. In reality, the IMF was the Creditor
of the UNITED STATES, a corporation, but NEVER you, lawfully or legally. The Creditor of
the UNITED STATES designed invisible contracts to ensnare the sovereign people of Planet
Earth as subjects. The Creditor of the UNITED STATES implemented the invisible contracts
through apparent 'color of law' and the sovereigns irresponsibly agreed by way of the education
received under misrepresentations. We, as the Sovereign Peoples of Earth, through the invisible
contracts and our irresponsibility to reject the Creditors' (IMF) ideas, have been duped into
voluntarily giving up our substance and energy to the private order of a few well orchestrated
men by way of the mythical creations of corporations effecting our condition and present
situation.
You'll find that there is a common thread woven throughout our entire history. That thread is
commerce, the merchant, the money-changer (banks), the law merchant (i.e., the law of
commerce), civil law and maritime law. This is not to say that commerce is bad. It does,
however, say that commerce brings with it the laws of commerce. Wherever commerce goes, it
brings laws that can bind people into slavery. This can happen only if the people agree with it,
depending upon their condition of mind, either willingly, through misrepresentations or by
mistake.
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United States - US - U.S. - USA -U.S .A. -America
United States of America
Means: (A) a federal corporation ... Title 28 USC Section 3002(15)(A) Chapter 176. It is clear
that the United States ... is a corporation ... 534 FEDERAL SUPPLEMENT 724.
It is well settled that "United States" et al is a corporation, originally incorporated February 21,
1871 under the name "District of Columbia," 16 Stat. 419 Chapter 62. It was reorganized June
11, 1878; a bankrupt organization per House Joint Resolution 192 on June 5, 1933, Senate
Report 93-549, and Executive Orders 6072, 6102, and 6246; a de facto (define de facto)
government, originally the ten square mile tract ceded by Maryland and Virginia and comprising
Washington D. c., plus the possessions, territories, forts, and arsenals.
The significance of this is that, as a corporation, the United States has no more authority to
implement its laws against "We The People" of all walks of life, than does MacDonald
Corporations, except for one thing --the contracts we've signed as surety for our Straw-man with
the United States and the Creditor Bankers. These contracts bind all people by
misrepresentations together with the United States and the bankers are actually not valid with the
true flesh and blood man or woman, but with our artificial entity, or as they term it "person,"
which appears to be us but is spelled with ALL CAPITAL LETTERS.
First, your birth certificate was voluntarily given by your mother through misrepresentations to
the State "of' Corporations and then entered into the Commercial Registry for Registration,
within the UNITED STATES, when you were born. This, in commerce, gave Title to your body
by way of illicit constructive or other types of contracts. Now, all of us are members by mistake
and/or misrepresentations, of the Babylonian system in every manner.
Next, the government created an artificial 'person', an organization, a fictitious entity, and what
we call an artificial entity and/or "Straw-man." By and through an adhesion contract, the
government then made you, the real man or woman, responsible for, fiduciary for and surety for
that artificial entity. This is how your artificial entity secured the National debt and through it,
you became a 14th Amendment £itizen of the UNITED STATES.
All licenses and all existing contracts are made between the UNITED STATES or THE STATE
OF (whatever state your "Straw-man" resides in) and your artificial entity. That fictitious entity
binds you to the UNITED STATES because they have, through adhesion contracts, made you the
real man or woman, fiduciary and responsible for that artificial entity and/or Straw-man. Of
course, you voluntarily sign, and even request, all those contracts, don't you?, whether by
misrepresentation, condition of mind, or mistake.
All of these contracts you sign carry with them your agreement to obey and uphold all the laws,
rules and regulations passed by the Congress of the UNITED STATES CORPORATION and
THE STATE OF ... and will be enforced against you.
From that day forward, we could never own any property because the state now had possession
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of it all. (In 1964, the state obtained title to our property.) We can only rent the homes that we
believe we own. We only have a certificate of title to the car we think we own. The state owns
the true title to our homes and to our cars, to everything we thought or think we own. You
married the state through your marriage license and your children became wards of the state. All
of this was pledged, including all the fruits of our future labor, to the bankers as security against
the national debt and was placed in the possession of the Secretary of State of each state as an
agent for the Trustee of the Bankruptcy -The U.S. Secretary of Treasury.
This was further tightened up when we applied for our Social Security number after 1935, by
contract, which we hurriedly and voluntarily entered into when the Social Security Act was
signed into law. Then, it was further solidified as we entered into additional contracts and
applied for a variety of benefits and licenses - all voluntary affairs ... without full disclosure!
States Lose Sovereignty
President Roosevelt then called all the governors into Washington D. C. for a conference. This
was the beginning of all states losing the remainder of their sovereignty. It was not until 1944
that the corporate states lost all their power over the corporate United States with the Buck Act.
With this Act, the states became, essentially, 14th Amendment Citizens as well. This completed
the destruction of the corporate states having any power to protect against usurpation by the U.S.
Government. The corporate states now were under the jurisdiction of Washington, D.C..
The adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code by all States in 1964 and a number of other like
laws and Acts were incorporated into this nation. This made the Uniform Commercial Code the
Supreme Law of the Land.
In 1976, Congress took away any semblance of law or justice left within our court system. All
law today is now construed, constructed and made up by the judge as it happens before your very
eyes.
The Military Social Construct known as the UNITED STATES, acting through the guise of the
"United States in Congress Assembled," took away any control or authority we might have had
over the court system. See Senate Bill 94-204 which deals with their court system and Senate .
Bill 94-381 dealing with Public Law. This has been well hidden from all of us.
Many of us who go going into court often wonder why and how the courts can simply override
their laws, as we've cited those very laws within our paperwork. It's very simple -now that we
know how they do it. They operate on their words "construe and construct."
A simple word such as 'in' changed to 'a t' as in 'a t law ' or 'in law' has a totally separate
meaning. For example: If you're in the river, you are wet, you can swim, etc., But if you're 'a t'
the river, you might enjoy a refreshing picnic, play baseball or run races. See the difference a
simple word can make? And, the attorneys often change this word when they answer your
motions - in addition to many others.
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You will be paid in dividends when you read the answers of attorneys to your paperwork.
Compare what they claim their case law says to the actual case law itself. You'll discover that
they have actually changed the words therein. This is illegal, you might say. No, not, according
to the Senate Bills abovementioned.
You see, they can now construe and construct any law or statute to mean whatever they decide it
means, for their benefit. You don't know any of this. You think they are railroading you in a
kangaroo court. No, they are 'l egal ' in what they do, according to the present social compact
contract which they are bound to uphold. They usually follow the law to the letter - their law -
private international law, the law of contract, which you know nothing about. This law is called
contract law.
Contracts
Failure to understand the above and realize what law you are dealing with when you go into
their court, will only lead to failure.
Even if you have filed your DCC-1 and have captured your Title and your artificial entity, this
makes no difference in their courts. Why? They operate in total fiction, in the Land of Oz, in
respect to any assumed standing which you may, by mistake, think otherwise. They can only
recognize contracts. You are a real sentient being outside of their created social compact,
contractually speaking. Whatever you file in their court, whether it is your VCC-l or use any of
their perceived Law which is copyrighted, in the Administrative or Judicial power of their
Original Jurisdiction inside of their established social compacts or otherwise, is all that is real,
lawful, and credibly in truth to them. They do not recognize truth of any sort, other than by such
compacts or the treaties between such social compacts. They only recognize fictions known as
corporations, which they administer, and/or contract law governing social compacts and their
corporations and such applicable treaties between them.
So, when you go into any court, be aware that it is their private copyrighted law, that the judge or
the prosecutor can 'c onstr ue' and 'c onstr uct' that law in any fashion they choose. They call this
practicing Law. It will always mean what they choose it to mean according to the present
custom, usages, and practices of the day.
So, are their courts bound by the Constitution? Law? Statutes? No! Their Courts are bound by
contracts only and the statutes used to enforce the contracts. When we use their statutes,
Constitution, DCC, rules and regulations - all copyrighted without a license from the BAR - we
are in violation of copyright infringement and punishment is mandatory.
There is NO Law in this illusionary Nation/State (read Norman Angell's "The Great Illusion"
[1910] reprinted in 1933) under whatever form or name for which such is known - or the world
for that matter - there is only contract law by which the private people (Sovereigns) treat with
one another in the so-called Global Public Forum where commerce is concerned and is the Order
of the Day, known as the International Public Order via Private International Law, between
Sovereigns and/or their created social compacts and corporate constructs.
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Summary
We can see throughout all walks of life in our collective history that Babylon, or however one
wishes to refer historically to an oppressive system of whatever form any social compact of
society takes, commerce and Merchant Law have followed wherever the productive people go.
The Bankers were waiting in the wings when the founding forefathers established a new social
compact for themselves. It was only two years after the Constitution was enacted that the
bankers threw them into bankruptcy. The newly founded government of the social compact
moved over to the side under the assumed ten square mile jurisdiction their congress controlled.
In 1860, the Southern states walked out of Congress as stated earlier. This officially ended the
lawful side of the Constitution under a Republican form of Government. Due to on-going
breaches of the social compact by several of the beneficiaries, within several of the individual
compact party member states constructs, and their abuse of the federal branches of the social
compact designed to forbid such breaches, but instead, uphold the breaches to the social compact
until the Union was reduced to chaos and eventually destroyed and replaced by a new form of
Republic (see the Gettysburg address by the attorney, President Lincoln) not unlike the continued
revamping of the 4 or 5 French Republics, historically, until the bankers had complete control of
the social compact to their liking.
In 1871, the assumed ten square miles and its territories that congress controlled was
incorporated in England. The Constitution was adopted as the by-laws of their corporation. This
ended, completely, their previous Constitutional standing. The beneficiaries of the Original
Signatories (You know, their BLOOD posterity) to the Social Compact no longer had a
Constitution within the framework which their forefather's had created for their benefit by and
through such agencies in Offices of Trust, Honor or Profit, could or would be bound or
controlled to the beneficiaries' sole and express benefit.
THE UNITED STATES as a corporation, created in England by and through treaty, now came
under the jurisdiction of England. This entitled England to create laws as England saw fit to do.
England established those laws in THE UNITED STATES and everyone who at that time or
would be by such misrepresentations as could be foisted upon the unsuspecting people, were and
are 14th Amendment £itizens. They were and are subject to obey those laws however defined by
their esquires (Attorneys). This also placed the Congress of THE UNITED STATES above that
portion of what we think is the Constitution, not under the authority of the Constitution.
Copyrighted, remember? The only Bill of Rights relative to all Walks of Life at that point in
time were eradicated, via Martial Law, by four Articles of Amendment -- 13th, 14th 15th, and 16th.
This is all the Courts are required to take cognizance of whenever you appear in their courts.
Next the Merchants of Babylon, the bankers, moved deeper into our nation by the establishment
of the Federal Reserve Bank in 1913 and the IRS to collect the interest on their loans made to the
UNITED STATES.
The 1929 stock market crash and the Great Depression that followed placed the people in
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desperation, homelessness, poverty and even starvation. This orchestrated bankruptcy was not
only local but was carried out repeatedly on a planetary scale. The minds of all people were
orchestrated and forced to focus on survival. They were then in a condition to accept any
handout (New Deal) given by the (New Order) government, no matter what the cost to their (Fair
Deal) freedoms.
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt treasonously placed the beneficiaries' social compact trust
entirely into socialism.
All walks of life were drawn in as 14 th Amendment £itizens through the registration of our birth
certificates. All walks of life were further enticed deeper into that system by volunteering for
many other licenses and privileges without any consideration given by the government to reduce
our Rights into privileges and then to be reduced to paying fees for the exercising of such
privileges which could be taken by the State for whatever reason it deems necessary. All walks
of life were also made enemies of THE UNITED STATES. This act gave the UNITED STATES
authority, under the laws of war and as an alien captured people, to force anything upon us they
choose to create unless one emerges as discussed above.
Thereafter, all walks of life sank further into socialistic communism. If you read the ten planks
of communism (the Communistic Manifesto), you'll discover that this nation has fulfilled every
plank successfully. We are a Communistic Nation, period.
Then, in 1976, Congress removed any semblance of justice in our court system with Se nate bill
94-201 and 94-381 as stated on page 25. From this point forward, the 'officers of the court' can
construe and construct the laws to mean anything they choose them to mean.
As 14 th Amendment £itizens, we the people are not £itizens of their social compact like we have
always been taught to think. We are actually, each and every one of us, a Sovereign of Planet
Earth, through the Unalienable Birthrights to which the laws Nature and Nature's Creator
entitled us.
Today, as in ancient Babylon, various walks of life have idols of worship, of which money, i.e.
Federal Reserve Notes, represent such as graven images created by people. Both represent a
fiction of construed value, for whatever reason any market would bear, based upon conditions of
supply and demand. The value established is whatever is given accordingly, relative to anyone's
particular inordinate affection of such idols.
Today law has become a fiction of corporate copyrighted statutes, to be interpreted by 'judges'
who construe and construct whatever they choose to have those statutes mean.
Do you now have a different viewpoint on where you actually are now from where you thought
you were before reading this manual?
Demonstrate to those of like or kindred spmts the difference between where you were, or
thought you were, when you began reading this manual and where you now know you are in
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terms of your political, citizen and legal standing within the social construct known as the
UNITED STATES.
Now, The Rest of the Story Of the Term "Titles of Nobility"
The Hierarchy of Authority, from the Sovereign man/woman, to their family, has ever existed on
any other presumed authority relative to any particular one or another outside of contract, to
anyone in the family with respect to any neighborhood, or in any townships, or in any counties,
or in any states, or in any country, and finally to any other type of social construct purporting to
exist upon this planet or otherwise. Because all such constructs are fictions of the mind in
relationship to the flesh and blood, the True Sovereigns of Authority, existing on Planet Earth.
Therefore, the divine "Structure of the Family," is the only true source of Sovereignty outside of
the Supreme Creator of all Creation. Now that you know the hierarchy of authority that is
mapped out as above, is everything running like the above line of command in today's multiple
societies or constructs by which the various forms of social compacts exist anywhere? Not quite!
You see, the foreign bankers knew they could not control Sovereign's with THIS system. So
they decided to design a fictional system, which "looks" like the real thing -but really is not.
The first thing that was done was to make an entity which looked and sounded like the forms of
government to which the people of earth were familiar with such as the federal republic entitled
"united States of America." Notice that the "u" in united is a small u - that's because it is an
adjective, describing the States (noun) of America. What if one capitalized the "U", as in United
States? This would be a name, a "title" wouldn't it? So, now we have a "title" for the republic
which was incorporated in England in 18 71 as an English corporation. So does this mean we are
being ruled by a private, foreign operated corporation - NOT a government? Has this happened
to most other such governments on Planet Earth? You Bet!
In 1944, the Buck Act (Title 4, U.S.C. 104-116) took the sovereignty away from the compact
party states so that the enfranchised states could also have a "title" as in "The State of Arizona."
Next came the counties and municipalities -each had their own corporations, which usurped the
organic government of the Trust organically established. What the beneficiaries had then become
were an inverse relationship to the original organic republican form of government as handed to
them by their forefathers.
All right, let's go back to history. Let's assume and presume what most people in the year 17 88
(January 1) did about the United States as a government - that it was in default to the Crown of
England to the tune of 18 million Lira, plus interest. Then, as a direct and proximate result, the
U.S. corporate government was bankrupt in their private capacity from the start of the
Constitution. Now, the debt had to be paid for a period of 70 years. After a period of 70 years, if
the Bible is res judicata and stare decisis, the Creator said the people and their social constructs
can come out of bankruptcy with their Creditors (England) on December 31, 1858. And let's
say, as an operation of law, at that time some notice was given to the nation that may have gone
something like this: "Excuse me, do you people really want to leave Babylon and have your
liberty back now, or would you prefer to maintain the Crown of England as your master and
serve him faithfully?" Or something along those lines. Look at Leviticus 3: 17, which says that
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"If you love your master and your period of service is up, you can go to the ju dges, recite
the fact that you love your master and you don't want to leave him." You can choose to
serve him for the rest of your life by placing yourself into voluntary servitude.
After December 31, 18 58, did the Crown of England, through its attorney agents, give notice to
the country, "Hey, you guys want to leave (Britain) Babylon and go back to the original
jurisdiction which your forefathers established for your benefit? Or, do you want to have your
government remain under us?" Now, remember, this could have only pertained to the posterity of
the Original signatories to the social compact. The rest of the people walking around have never
emerged into any form of social compact to establish their political status according to
International Public Order. Thereby, they are considered subjects of the jurisdiction for which
they are either found in or reside in or otherwise.
Apparently, the Southern States did not wish to remain under slavery and walked out of
Representative United States in Congress Assembled.
Evidently what happened is, the other people to which the social compact applied, failed to give
Notice of Lawful Protest. This was their acquiescent divine right to vote to remain in Britain
(Babylon) under the Crown of England with continuing debt, plus a reorganization of
government. Thus, having failed to do so, they remained under the new law forum because the
old law forum to which they were entitled to, i.e., liberty and freedom, was abdicated. The
Southern members of the social compact party states walked out, ending the public side of the
Constitution. They wanted nothing to do with continued servitude and so noticed the
representative agency Congress of the Union and the other various governments concerned
(Britain). The people did not want foreign ownership or intrigue in their local politics to over
ride their own governmental structures of self-government. The compact party members of the
Northern states did not protest in any manner because they were busy fighting the Civil War,
which was foisted upon them through misrepresentation and intrigue by these same foreign
agents. Therefore, at the end of such conflict, they were handed a new law forum to which all
northern people volunteered into. This was to go on for another 70 years of captivity and
subjected their fellow southern brethren to the social compact in like kind to perpetual slavery
and/or involuntary servitude without their freewill consent, into the new forum by force of arms.
Nothing settled by force is ever settled at all. Free will is the true test of Life, Liberty and the
Pursuit of Happiness and any time force is used to hold any condition or Union together, other
than to cast such condition out to keep the peace, for breach of contract is illegal and immoral.
Any other form of choice is no choice at all. It is an affront against the Divine Creator's Will of
Liberty granted to each and every living Man and Women.
Original Jurisdiction
You may use several law dictionaries to look up meanings for law and legal terms. It depends on
the author and publisher as to which law forum they publish. If you read "Black 's Law
Dictionary" you're going to get one opinion of one point of view. If you're reading Bouvier 's or
Ballentine's you might be getting another point of view. This is inserted here because Black's
Law Dictionary came out shortly after this new Constitution was formed in 18 87.
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Black's Law Dictionary was first published in 18 91. That was 20 years, a time of prescription,
after the corporate United States came into full force and effect by the Act of February 21, 18 71.
What does Black's Law Dictionary define? It defines the terms, the legal meanings of words, as
they apply to the bifurcated United States Corporation. Roughly every 20 years there has been a
new edition of Black's because every 20 year period in use --is in the bifurcation --. If anyone
failed to give a Notice of Lawful Protest, they would go on to the next stage and say, "Let's
change it again to see if we can go a little further, and we'll see if anybody protests this." So as
you go through any such 20 year segments, 18 71, 18 91, 1911, 19 31, 19 51, 19 71, 19 91, you get
different definitions within Black's Law Dictionary.
Remember, bifurcated means separated. The newly incorporated United States is separated from
the original jurisdiction (even separated entirely from the Constitution) of the Republican form
of Government as established by the U.S. Constitution. Remember that the original Constitution
came in with the fact that it contains both the private side and public side, appertaining to the
residual sovereignty of the original Signatories. This was passed by hereditary birthrights by way
of such reservations, limitations, and restrictions (i.e., Article VI and the attendant Articles of
Amendment) within the compact over their creation to which their posterity received
(beneficiaries) by contract through the Trust Indenture (Constitution) creating the Social
Compact (see Preamble to the Constitution).
The private side of government can never be changed. The private side of government is based
upon the Laws of Nature and Nature's Creator, and those laws never change. So the Public side
of government, which we call General Jurisdiction, is different from Original Jurisdiction. Their
Original Jurisdiction is based on the Laws of Nature and Nature's Creator which are the powers
assumed by peoples acquiring by such declarations, their separate and equal station, and
establishing the forms of original jurisdictions of government by social compact to secure the
peace, safety and happiness for themselves and their posterity. The Laws of Nature that Nature's
Creator entitles them to can never change. Only the forms which people use to implement the
reasons for which they create any society (i.e., for their benefit), to secure the peace, safety, and
the pursuit of happiness according to the dictates of their beliefs, customs, and practices of such,
not only for themselves but for their posterity, can change. Could you amend the Original
Jurisdiction? Why would you amend the social compact to change that which never changes?
Unless you intend to change the very structure of society of the social compact as a whole, to
which the original jurisdiction was created, to protect and pass such protections by birthright to
the posterity by the Will of the Creators through their Testament (Constitution) thereto, there
is no reason to do so. To do so, would be diametrically opposed to the dialectical Will and
Testament (lex scripta) of the Creators of such social compact, leading to a rebellious war with
the Laws of Nature and Nature's Creator's established Pillars of Universal Law via which any
and all such social compacts was justly created. To ignore the intent and purposes of the
Creators of such social compacts would bring about utter Chaos. A breach of the Peace of the
International Public Order to which any other Original Jurisdictions have come to rely upon to
maintain the General Order of the Public Arena between them in relation to their intercourse,
to which such treaties are established, to secure the blessings of the variety of such societies in
creation, as those so created and governed by the Pillars of Universal Law is a treason against
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each and every Walk of Life on Planet Earth. Such actions, which tend to create chaos, tend to 
arise from the disrespect of one's ancestors and their refusal to learn the lessons of their 
predecessors. So Original Jurisdiction is and always remains exactly what it is. It never changes! 
Only from time to time does the situation arise out of necessity to ordain new constructs for the 
purposes so delineated ut supra. What is the law? The law never changes, it is the same 
yesterday, today and tomorrow. 
CONTRACT [.] Contract is governed by the Doctrine of Four Corners or that which is expressed 
in terms on some form of medium as to be an accepted custom and practice as lex scripta and, in 
vary rare circumstances with exacting evidence to support such, is by such custom and practices 
recognized as a Maxim of Law so well known for it to be unnecessary to put it in written 
formality, thus becoming known as lex non scripta by such general acceptance or general 
acquiescence. This definition of contract is derived from the principles of the "Doctrines of the 
Maxims of Law" that have been developed down through the millennium of jurisprudence of 
Mankind guided by the "Divine Spir it of Truth" as recognized by not just one society, but 
which each and every one of these societies are founded upon. These are the same Maxims , 
which we have referred to as the Supreme Creator's "Pillars of Universal Laws." 
Now, we move to the public side of any social compact. What is this side, the side that is 
amended from time to time but does not change in respect to intent? That is the public 
administration side of the various social compacts and/or their respective agency side of these 
governing compacts. Is the public government law? Yes. This Law affects and controls anyone 
who is a signatory to some over-lying (above the Constitutional compact) contract conditioned 
upon the ability to create such agency relationship, arising from the social compacts respective 
thereto, and to whom such agencies are to be bound within any administrative manner, relative 
thereto, and further, in relationship to their consideration given for performance of certain 
conditions governed thereby, concerning any such over-lying (treaty) contract. 
Furthermore, it is contract which establishes and governs any means to create internal and 
external management, policies and procedures (such as venues, forums and/or jurisdictions), 
rules and/or regulations thereby which to inform parties to whom such concerns or however 
their Law is known as it may apply or not and to whomever, to help determine their use and 
their procedure applying to their assets and their property belonging to their private and any 
corporate side of their public side of government, created to give Order within their Social 
Compact, relative to any foreign exchange from the public side of government to the private side 
of government. 
Just think for a minute. Does a private owner of a business or property have any political right to 
make his own rules, regulations and "law" for use of his own property? Yes, he does. That is 
exactly what their statutes, regulations and rules are. They are internal management, policies, 
and procedures. They deal with their property and assets of their private side of their 
government in relationship to any agency public side of their government. 
In 18 71, did "A ll Walks of Life" not signatory to any other such social compact fall under their 
incorporated jurisdiction of their private government? Yes and No. Only those who lived in 
their City of Washington, their District of Columbia, and/or their United States and its 
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territories and any and all registered voters (14 th Amendment slaves [£itizenD pursuant to their 
15 th Article of Amendment. Now on to the second part of this answer, No! Due to the fact, that 
All Walks of Life have a choice to emerge into any other political status freely determined by 
that People to proclaim their separate and equal station, and assume among the powers of Earth, 
their separate and equal station to which Nature's Law and Nature's Creator entitle them within 
the framework of the International Public Order. 
The particular conflict known as the Civil War between the Several States of the Union did not 
touch upon "A ll Walks of Life." What All Walks of Life within any locale of that, or any 
other conflict, continually educates others to believe is that those of the Social Compact (those 
who formed and/or presently administer any such Social Compact) are serving all interests. In 
fact, such compact party members thereof are simply carrying out their design of action for their 
own private reasons and gain. By controlling their centers of education relative from childhood 
throughout adulthood, members of such social compacts continue to teach others outside of such 
compact that there was/is some duty owed or allegiance given on the part of those of the various 
Walks of Life. But, for all intents and purposes, in realty such Walks of Life do not owe either -
bearing in mind that they are neither a party signatory to such social compact or directly related 
by blood as one of their posterity thereof. Therefore, such Walks of Life have little or nothing 
whatsoever to do with a Social Compact known as the Several States of the Union, commonly 
referred to as the United States of America, not unlike so many others before them who had been 
so enticed, appertaining to others outside such social compacts (those not signatory or related by 
blood to those signatory to the compact) and drawn into conflicts then at hand or otherwise. This 
type of education upon all Walks of Life help firm up positions from either side of any conflict 
for the particular parties' own private reasons, whether or not those reasons were just in any eyes 
of those foreign or otherwise to their compact or not. Through such misrepresentations and 
conditioning of the minds of those foreign to their social compact, were their members to their 
compact successful at controlling the outcome of that particular conflict or otherwise from the 
outset. From an assumed and definite presumed authority, that those outside their compact 
believed as educated by member agencies of the various social compacts truly had or have any 
rightful authority to do so upon a vast populous. This same type of educational program 
continues to perpetrate the same mindset to keep all Walks of Life under various forms of 
control to this very day. They will continue to do so with their same tools of misrepresentations 
and false education. Whenever any such conflict arises, in respect to the needs of their members 
of their Social Compacts, all the Sovereign Peoples of Earth shall remain fodder for these 
compacts until these Sovereign People become aware of the Supreme Law (Treaty) and how to 
use Private International Law within the International Public Order (for which all social 
compacts are founded upon) for their benefit for those who choose or wish to emerge into any 
other political status for whatever various reasons, into a social compact for their own safety, 
liberty, and pursuit of happiness. Rather than to continue to exist for others who have done so 
for whatever private reason. Those Walks of Life who continue to refuse to emerge into 
whatever form of compact for their benefit will always be at the mercy of those who have [.] 
Without exception. 
Returning now to further comment upon the original private corporate government back in 17 89, 
appertaining to the social compact known as the United States, this social compact was 
established on certain principles and rules. But, as we've seen, it went through a bankruptcy 
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almost right away, and with each stage of their bankruptcy there was reorganization.
Reorganization creates a new set of circumstances, and probably a new set of creditors and/or
masters with rules to discharge their old bankruptcy. Roughly every 20 years you have a re
organization, you get different changes in the rules and regulations, and it just goes on and on.
As the proprietors and creditors of their private law forum, it goes into worse and worse
bankruptcy, creating tighter and tighter rules in order to raise revenue to keep things going, and
that is what you see today.
Look at the back of one of your so-called bills. Do you see an Egyptian pyramid? This is the
symbol and logo of the U.S. Treasury! Have you observed the architecture of Washington D.C.
with its Egyptian monoliths, columns, stairways and Corinth's? What are the colors of Egypt? -
Red, white, and blue. What is the symbol of Egypt - the FIVE pointed star. Egypt means
hemmed in or "b oxed " in - District of Columbia is assumed to be a ten miles "s quare." The
District (UNITED STATES) of Columbia was started by the Illuminati, a Masonic group that
originated in, yes - Egypt! What do you think the Illuminati call the UNITED STATES? You
guessed it - New Egypt! If you are noticing any similarities here, feel free to discuss them with
others among those who seek the truth of history, locally or otherwise.
AMERICA, THE LAND OF THE FREE (?)
Indentured servants in Europe were frequently offered the option to go to a mass of land known
as America and work off their assumed debt to those they owed money (and sometimes their
life). Many took the gamble and found that they were able to pay off their debts much easier and
faster in the land of opportunity than they could have by staying in Europe.
UNITED STATES, THE CORPORATION
In 18 71, the United States incorporated in England, as was stated earlier, and therefore became
an English corporation under the rule of the Crown (Rothchild). As you will see, corporations are
not governments. They can only rule by contracts through corporate copyrighted policy. How
can a corporation have authority over you? Only by and within the framework and Four-Comers
Doctrine of Contract Law!
St ate : (as defined in 28 USC ss 13 31 C&D)
Define the following words in a standard dictionary including derivations: corporation, law,
legal, lie, color of law, rights, benefit, certificate, application, attorney, represent, organization,
organ, work, policy, copyright, private.
Define the following words/phrases in a Black's dictionary: color of law, represent, rights,
benefit, privilege, corporation, artificial entity, person, body, individual, citizen, intern, revenue,
internal revenue, bankruptcy, resident, occupant, dweller, habitant, reside, indicia, address,
taxpayer, debtor.
NOTE : I could note my own observations. But this would only eliminate, on your part, the task
of self-education. So please take the time to educate yourself and not continually rely upon
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others to speak for you or explain what they have learned and for which you have failed to take 
the time to delve out for yourself, so that the knowledge you received by and through repetitious 
study becomes a tool of wisdom for each and every one of you who reads this manual. 
UNITED STATES AND THE SECURED PARTY 
Due to the immediate bankruptcy since their revolutionary war, their UNITED STATES has 
been under many bankruptcy re-organizations. There are only two groups of people in this 
situation that we have today - the creditors and the debtors. Their creditor is also called a 
Secured Party because his interest is secured and not able to be taken away by any debtor . 
Who gave any "consideration" to make the Federal Reserve Notes, Bills, and Bonds otherwise 
known in today's commerce as currency or "l egal tende r? " 
The 73rd Congress of March 9, 1933 said: 
"It (the new currency) will be worth 10 0 cents on the dollar and will represent the credit of 
their nation. It will represent a mortgage on all the homes and the property of the people of 
the nation." 
If UNITED STATES received the benefit of the credit that all Walks of Life extended to them -
does that make them the DEB TOR or the CREDITOR? UNITED STATES employees even 
know who you are - a CREDITOR! !! So isn't it time we started acting like the Creditor we 
truly are? 
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WHAT IS THE UNITED STATES
More Forbidden History
Based on the comments and behavior of people all over North America, as it is known, the
United States, Inc. is revered (dare we say worshiped) unlike any other corporation on the soil in
the Western Hemisphere of planet Earth, commonly referred to as America. The reasons for this
are many, but few of them have to do with anything remotely dealing with truth and reality. The
majority of those who call themselves, unwittingly, "Americans," know very little about any real
history of the United States, including the nature of the incident that sparked the War for
Independence and the true outcome of that war. As you will discover below, it was not about the
tax on tea. Our heads are filled with revisionist history by the members of the social compact that
control the centers of public education; within or around the locale of the social compact known
as the United States. We have continually been redacted to encourage worship, adoration, and
subservience to government authority. All their school teachers out there who have ever tried to
deviate from the "accepted" instructional materials in their controlled government schools, know
what I mean-if you didn't toe the line you were forced into retirement.
What would you think if your friends and neighbors started a cult following after McDonalds
Corporation? What if on every anniversary since the founding of McDonalds, they gathered
together to have a barbecue and shoot off fireworks because they thought that Big Macs set them
free; or took special days off during the year to celebrate Ronald McDonald's birthday and
carved busts of Ronald at Mount Rushmore to honor him? They would fly the McDonalds
corporate flag outside their homes and paste stickers of the flag on their vehicles. What if every
time Executives for McDonalds ran for office, and sent in campaign contributions for their
favorite candidate? Periodically they might even call on the officers of the corporation to solve
problems that they were experiencing in their daily lives.
Whereas this sounds sacrilegious, absurd, and may even appear to stretch the bounds of making
an appropriate analogy, it is no less valid or logical. In fact, if it weren't for certain unrevealed
contracts, and a whole lot of brai n washing , United States Inc., would have no more influence,
power, or jurisdiction over you than McDonalds, IBM, General Motors, or for that matter, any
other corporation. America has been under an evolving military occupation since 18 71. The flag
that is flown around the so-called nation in public places, and by people who celebrate the
occupation, is the war flag of United States. If there were such a thing as a Peace-time flag, it is
presumed that it would be a neutral, white banner/flag and no other -such as the type of flag that
is commonly referred to as a "Truce Flag."
Notice that the title of this essay doesn't include the word "THE." Just as General Motors
doesn't imply a plural number of motors, United States does not imply a plural number of
states-there is nothing plural about the contemporary use of the term. United States is a singular
proper noun, and correct usage does not include the antecedent definite article the. United states
is a corporate trade name, like General Motors, and identifies a corporation, albeit federal and
municipal, but a corporation nevertheless. Just as proper English doesn't include "the Canada,
"the Finland, or "the Egypt", it likewise does not include "the United States." A far more
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accurate indicator would be the State of United States. We read of the "State of Great Britain" in
the Declaration of Independence. We hear of the "State of Israel" in the news. The proper recital
of the name "United States," identifies the for-profit, bankrupt, commercial enterprise in
Washington, DC, presently managed by the receiver in bankruptcy, Secretary of the Treasury of
Puerto Rico, a.k.a., Secretary of the Treasury. The United States is a slyly concocted solecism (a
violation of grammatical rules or of the approved idiomatic usage of language) that plants in the
mind the notion that its identity is merged with the states, when in fact it is foreign to the
Compact Party States.
To fully answer the question: What is the United States, it's forbidden history and the very
presumption for supporting it-that we are free, must first be examined. We will forego our
opinions for the moment, and examine the record. If you sincerely believe that you are free from
bondage (because you can't see, hear, taste, smell or touch it), you will understand after
completing this reading that your awareness of this possibility is not a necessary condition for its
existence. Contrary to popular opinion, all that those who fought and died for in the War for
Independence was rendered null and void just a few short years after the battle ended. The
British Soldiers were recalled, but the Bankers were not. The so-called United States is but a
tool-a Trojan horse, if you will (and you are the subject of those who control it), for the Money
Kings (the Ancient Money-Changers of Modem-day Money Mechanics).
As a backdrop to the so-called American Revolution, here is a brief overview of the economic
forces that were being unleashed in Britain around the time of the revolution. It provides
important background and insight for you to understand that the Money Kings use everyone and
everything as pawns, including governments, in a world game of Monopoly. They never operate
out in the light of day. They prefer anonymity-you can only know them through their agents
and their state apparatus of their countries they control[.] The following nine paragraphs
examine their methods of operation (modus operandi) and the strategies behind them. The
economic juggernaut these Money Kings set in motion toppled everything in its wake, including
the fledgling new republic. Ask yourself while you read them, do you see evidence of these
same practices operating in your world today?
The Money Power of the World entered upon a new and grander era of development when steam
was applied to manufactures. In 17 74, Mr. Watt perfected the steam engine. This new servant of
man, mightier than the Genii of oriental fable, was at once set to work propelling manufactures.
The power loom, the spinning Jenny and the cotton gin were soon afterward invented, giving a
great impulse to the steam manufacturing industry.
The conditions of the time threw steam manufactures entirely into the hands of the London
Money Power. Great Britain was the only country in Europe which had coal and iron for steam
purposes. The capitalists of the East India Company were the only people in the world with
capital to engage in the new industry. The great trading companies of other countries had been
broken down by British conquests. Enriched by the trade of the Orient and the Tropics, these
London capitalists at once seized the opportunity events offered them (chance serves a prepared
mind) and embarked energetically in steam manufactures.
The East India Company, as such, did not engage in these manufactures. All the stockholders
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would not wish to invest in them: so large a corporation would be unwieldy; the immensity of
the monopoly might excite alarm and provoke opposition. It would serve them better to operate
through smaller corporations. A few capitalists might hold the stock of a great number of them
without exciting jealousy and their management would be quiet and easy. The different
corporations were like the regiments of an army: it was easy to form them into brigades, and
divisions, and army corps, in order to give them the compact solidity of a grand military
organization. It had the flexibility of individual enterprise, and the solidity of despotism. The
Money Kings adopted the policy of single corporate companies for each special enterprise.
They built manufactories of all kinds: they started iron mills, woolen mills and cotton mills.
Manufactures of all kinds sprung up everywhere. The Money Kings organized new joint stock
corporations, which built mills and manufactories. New companies operated mines of coal and
iron, as Commerce energetically expanded through manufactures wrought by steam power.
They organized new companies, which built vessels to plow the waters of every ocean, and built
new warehouses. They established new trading stations all over the earth.
Commerce had languished in previous ages because the Earth's Temperate zone did not have
sufficiently cheap products suited to tropical demand to offer in exchange for tropical
productions. Steam manufactures opened up a new commercial era. They greatly stimulated
tropical production, by offering manufactures in those markets. They also greatly stimulated
industry in the Temperate zone. In all the countries of the Temperate zone, the demand for the
manufactures of Britain was far beyond the ability to pay for them with exports.
The first effect of this state of things was a wave of excitement that swept over Great Britain. An
industrial boom was started. Everybody had money invested in the stock of manufacturing
companies, shipping companies, trading companies. The Money Kings took care to have the
majority of stock: outside companies for steam manufactures they knew they could devour at
their leisure. The grand Money Kings had such advantages in their immense capital and in their
perfect organization, that in commercial crises, often originated and always manipulated by
them, they managed systematically to break down rival companies and buy them out. They
robbed and plundered the minority stockholders. In the end, these organized capitalists got into
their own hands, and for a pittance of the true value, all, or the greater part of, the stock of the
various companies, manufacturing, mercantile and shipping, that originated in steam
manufactures. They thus reduced to a system and a science the art of crushing rival companies
and freezing out minority stockholders. Their whole career was a systematic course of treachery,
fraud and plunder, without a parallel in history. They advanced step by step, always causing a
boom in every new enterprise that enlisted much outside capital, always managing to operate
within seasons of business disaster. They lost a few hundred thousand by falling prices, a loss
which they were abundantly able to stand, while making many millions by obtaining cheaply the
stock of broken corporations and the stock sold by minority stockholders.
Dealing in futures in Boards of Trade, was then started on a grand scale. This system originated
for the purpose of enabling large capitalists to force stocks up or down as they chose, by dint of
capital, without any regard to the actual value-the most satanic engine of trickery, fraud and
oppression ever devised to enable the strong to plunder the weak. It is the drag net with which
the Money Kings destroy multitudes of men of small means. Like the fisherman takes fish in his
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sea, they are fishermen and the rest of mankind is their prey. They are always seeking after
spoil. They are always dragging their net for the destruction of the unwary.
But aside from this plunder of the weak and the trusting, the regular profits of the new age of
industry were very large. In every social construct or compact of the Temperate zone, the
ongoing demand for British manufactures was much greater than could be paid for by exports.
The difference in the balance of trade was always systematically arranged by lending money on
mortgage for that amount, or by spending the amount of the deficit in starting some business
enterprise in that locale of so-called country. In this way, the adverse balance of trade was not
felt by the economic community of the locality falling behind. It bought all it wanted, and the
adverse balance of trade actually made times better; for it caused the profits of the Money Kings
to be invest ed in the so-called country, stimulating business into activity. The disadvantage was
the business invest ment did not belong to the so-called nation, but to the Money Kings : and the
prosperity it caused was not national prosperity, but was the bloated gains of the Money Kings .
The regular method of the Money Kings for the last hundred years has been to start new
manufactures, new shipping compan ies, new trading companies ; gather in all the outside capital
possible; freeze out minority stockholders; and throttle outside corporations. This effectively
indebted all nations to them. First, they would make parasitic investments equal to the amount of
the deficit of the balance of trade. This was done by putting in the profits derived from the East
India Company. Then, after invest ing these profits, they would continually reinvest any future
profits of all their enterprises in each and every count ry until their invest ments accumulated like
rolling balls of snow, to at last become an avalanche under which to bury the prosperity of the
world.
Rise of the Money Kings
THE WAR FO R INDEPENDENCE
Approximately 3 percent of the confederate population participated in one of the bloodiest wars
in history and allegedly won their independence. They understood the historical roots of war,
injustice and oppression beca use they experienced it first-hand-knowledge, which has since
been lost to posterity. The victor' s history books do indeed leave out much truth and lied about
much of the rest to justify the outcome and to control the future labor pool to the victor' s wants
and needs within such conquered areas .
The primary reason for the War for Independence was not "taxation without representation," but
the forced payment of taxes to the King in gold instead of paper money. America was flourishing
by using her own "fiat money" system based only on production, not a gold-based system that
could be manipulated by the King. The King could not "control" the fiat money system and
therefore passe d a law requiring that taxes be paid in gold only. The King had most of the gold
the colonies had little, so unemployment ensued. The embittered colonists cried for war.
Benjamin Franklin put it this way, "The colonies would have gladly born the little tax on tea, and
other matters, had it not been that England took away from the colonies their money." Prior to
the Revolutionary War (1 774), The Times of London said this regarding fiat money in America:
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"If this mischievous financial policy, which has its origins in North America, shall
become endurrated down to a fixture, then that government will furnish its own
money without cost. It will pay off debts and be without debt. It will have all the
money necessary to carry on its commerce. It will become prosperous without
precedent in the history of the world. The brains and the wealth of all the
countries will go to North America. That country must be destroyed or it will
destroy every Monarchy on the globe."
The truth is that the Revolution failed. You might say that we won a military victory over the
most powerful military force on the planet at the time. However, reading the Treaty of Paris
(signed the Winter of 17 82) it becomes clear that we were not exactly negotiating as equals.
We had won the recall of British troops but not the bankers. Even though we are taught that we
won our independence from England, we actually were able to remain free from the international
bankers for only a few years at the close of the presidency of Andrew Jackson. The most visible
of the power structure was the East India Company owned by the bankers and the Crown in
London, England. This was an entirely private enterprise whose flag was adopted by Queen
Elizabeth in 16 00-thirteen red and white horizontal stripes with a blue rectangle in its upper
left-hand comer. All debts owed before the war were to be collected by the foreign creditors,
(i.e., trading companies) by and through the Customhouses run by these trading companies . The
practice goes on to this very day throughout the planet. Various Customhouses of the many so
called countr ies fall directly under the control of foreign agents to ensure the payment and
service of the past and present debts.
WHO WAS BEHIND THE CONS TIT UTION
When the creditors of the new social compact of the so-called "The United St ates of America" as
a nation/state found the Articles of Confederation to be inadequate to exact payment from their
young debtor, the Constitution was written. This document put into operation the Treaty of Paris
and tho se on-going amendments thereto. It was supported by the bankers through their
associates, to increase their control over the social compact known as "The United States of
America." Had the Articles of Confederation been completed and adopted, instead of the
Constitution, the bankers would have had far less control over the signatories to the social
compact or to their posterity in the future.
Any Constitution must have some prior reference to establish its foundation. The authority for
the so-called American Constitution is alleged to be based upon the Bible ; the Magna Charta,
signed in 1215 by King John; the Petition of Rights, granted by King Charles I in 16 28; the
Engli sh Bill of Rights, granted by William and Mary in 16 89; the right of habeas corpus, granted
by King Char les II, and the Articles of Confederation, 17 81. And accordingly, any and every
Constitution thereafter must have an enabling clause. From this point onward, no Constitution
may dimini sh, in any manner, those rights already established in the above six documents
relative to the social compact to which it referred and to whom such was created by or for, other
than by such powers, as enumerated for such causes, as might be demonstrated. The
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beneficiaries thereof, may and of right, collectively establish according to principles by which 
any previous social compact was established to begin with may reinstitute new safeguards for 
their freedom, liberty, and pursuit of happiness for themselves and their posterity, laying its 
foundations upon such principles as they shall see fit to secure these benefits unto themselves. 
The Declaration of Independence declared universally to a candid world that all people were 
sovereign under the Creator's Natural Law when they took upon themselves the Mantle of 
So vereignty, singularly, jointly, and severally, and assumed among the powers of Earth their 
separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and Nature's Creator entitle them. These 
Sov ereign People of the various E'S tates of Planet Earth, created their separate and equal St ate 
body corporate governments for the protection of their rights in a Union (Marriage) of the 
Se veral St ates, to better serve these ends for themselves and their posterity. These endeavors in 
Union, sought foreign Alliance to better firm up their collective relationship to the various social 
compacts of the time in the interest of good will and peace within the International Public Order 
of the day. They delegated certain authority from the people 's powers (those signatory to the 
founding documents creating the social compact) by and through the several State Constitutions 
in order that the three branches of agency government could properly carry out the dictates 
outlined in the St ate Constitutions to protect their rights in relation to foreign exchange that 
might arise from time to time by the formality of treaty. 
The so-called American Constitution created a new structure of central agency government that 
was established on a much higher plane than either the parliamentary system or the confederation 
of states when delegating agency powers for foreign purposes as delineated by the social 
compact to govern such agency power. It was a people's "Constitutional republic," where a 
certain amount of power was reserved to the states and a certain amount was delegated to the 
federal agency government. The so-called agency United St ates, by way of the United St ates in 
Congress Asse mbled, has certain powers delegated by the Constitution. So far as the several 
St ates party to the Constitution are concerned, the United St ates may not exercise power that is 
not delegated by the Constitution. All power not delegated to the United States by the 
Constitution is reserved to the several States within their respective territorial borders-or, to the 
(sig natory and/or their posterity currently living) people. 
BRITISH SUBVERSION, BANKS , AND TREASON 
Even though the Treaty of Paris allegedly ended the open Revolutionary War in 17 83, it did not 
covertly stop the Crown and their Money Kings from subverting the newly found politica l 
structure by whatever means possible . Si mply put, the fact of the continuing existence of the 
social compact as it was designed threatened the Monarchies and Money Kings where it hurt 
most: financially, by a collective of Sovereign People by and through their State body corporate 
governments and central agency government. It effectively severed the nexus third party 
attachment, if properly attended with respect to the Sovereign People behind the Veil of the 
Corporation so established. But, where in hist ory have any people kept eternal vigila nce, either 
of themselves or for their posterity or their posterity when times are easy, after the sacrifice and 
success of their forefathers? The Sovereign People (forefathers of the social compact) had paid 
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close attention to how the Crown and Money Kings had used corporations to plunder the people 
and hidden itself behind this veil to limit the Money Kings ' and Crown' s liability arising via tort. 
This was because of the Money Kings and Crowns avarice desire to rule all walks of life, 
whether such people fell within the moral jurisdiction of the Crowns or not. The forefathers who 
created the social compact known as "The United St ates of America" in turn reversed the use of 
corporations to protect themselves and their posterity from the Crown to their benefit. The so
called United St ates stood as a heroic role model for a short time, for other weaker social 
compacts around the planet, which inspired them to also struggle against oppressive Money 
Kings and Monarchies, etc. The French Revolution (17 89-1 799) and the Polish Uprising (1 794) 
were, in part, encouraged by the so-called American Revolution. Locally speaking, we the 
people stood like a beacon of hope for most of the world. The Money Kings and Monarchies 
regarded the so-called United St ates as a political infection, the principle source of radical 
republican democracy that was destroying the Money Kings and Monarchies (more importantly 
the Money Kings, the power behind the Crowns) around the world. The Money Kings and 
Monarchies realized that if the principle source of that infection could be destroyed, the rest of 
the world might avoid the contagion and the Monarchies would be saved. 
Knowing they couldn't destroy us militarily, they resorted to more covert methods of political 
and financial subversion, employing spies and secret agents (Attorneys) skilled in bribery and 
legal deception. This was perhaps the first "cold war." In the 17 94 Jay Treaty, the United St ates 
agreed to pay £600,000 sterling to King George III, as reparations for the so-called American 
Revolution which came about not from any one people of the so-called Americas damaging the 
Crown, but because the Crown and Money Kings had sought to invade the private lives of all 
walks of life without real representation. The US Senate ratified the treaty in secret session and 
ordered that it not be published. When Benjamin Franklin' s grandson published it anyway 
(perhaps our first whistleblower), the exposure and resulting public up-roar so angered the 
Congress that it passe d the Alien and Se dition Acts (17 98) so that federal judges could prosecute 
editors and publish ers for reporting the truth about the government. So much for the so-called 
people 's rights of freedom of speech who were not signatory to the social compact. And who are 
these people who claim a right under a contract to which they themselves were not signatory? 
Are they related to the actual signatories by blood, as one of their posterity to which the 
contractual nexus could pos sibly extend to state a Claim of Action concerning such speech from 
which such posterity of the signatories could be granted relief? No. Not ONE of them had any 
true credibility, especially concerning any member of the State Compact Party St ates of the 
Union (Marriage) of the Se veral States. That would be like someone coming to your bed and 
claiming a right of prima noctae (the right of first night-the right of the nobleman of ancient 
times in England, and various other jurisdictions, to take to themselves the brides within their 
domain during the first night after the wedding of the peasants for their own pleas ure and to be 
returned the following day after the young bride had been deflowered by the nobleman). Not 
something that we would likely stand for now, is it ?! So, how is it one can presume to claim a 
right under a social compact, i.e., Constitution, to which you are not signat ory to, nor related in 
some form or anot her as their posterity, to be able to state a claim for which relief coul d possibl y 
be granted by any prov able underlying contractual nexus for their agents to be abl e to recognize 
a liability on their part to petjorm in some fiduciary manner, on your behalf, for any assumed 
breach of contract concern ing any alleged claim of right arising thereunder, as stated or 
claimed by you, in a forum to which, for all intents and purposes, is foreign to you and looked 
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upon in the same manner by such a one, relative to you and your standing, to state a claim for
which relief can be granted in such forum. Unless you can prove a contractual nexus, you'r e
"burnt toast," an alien in their regard, with no possi ble expectation that you would be viewed
otherwise or have any inherent right to protection or benevolence.
Si nce they supposedly had won the Revolutionary War, why would their Se nators agree to pay
reparations to the loser? Why would they agree to pay £600,0 00 sterling, eleven years after the
war ended? It doesn't make sense, especially in light of the Se nate's secrecy and later fury over
being exposed ... unless we assume their Sena tors (Attorneys) had been bribed (or were already
in the service thereof) to serve the Money Kings and British monarchy to betray the so-called
American people ! That is treason only in regards to the intents and purposes of the original
creators of the social compact and the then and after living posterity thereof!
From the beginnin g, the United St ates Bank had been op posed by the Democratic-Republicans
lead by Thomas Jefferson, but the Federalists (the pro-monarchy party) won the vote (17 96) . The
initial capitalization was $ 10 ,000,000 --80% of which would be owned by foreign bankers.
Si nce the bank was authorized to lend up to $20,0 00,000 (double its paid capital), it was a
profitable deal for both government and the bankers, since they could lend and collect interest on
$1 0,000,000 that did not exist.
However, the European bankers outfoxed the agency U.S. government. By 17 96, the agency U.S.
government owed the bank $6,200, 000 and was forced to sell most of its shares. By 18 02, our
government owned no stock in the United St ates Bank!
Thomas Jefferson had warned (1 802) :
"If the Am erican people ever allow private banks to control the issue of their
currenc y, first by inflation, then by deflation, the banks ... will deprive the people of all
property unt il their children wake-up homeless on the continent their fathers
conqu ered .... The issuing powe r should be taken from the banks and restored to the
people, to whom it properly belongs. "
BAN K FRAUD, BRIBERY, AND CORRUPTION
Chief among the international financiers was Amshe1 Bauer of Germany who, in 17 48 opened a
goldsmith shop under the name of Red Shield. (In German, the name is spelled Rothschild and is
pronounced Rote-shilld) . In 17 87, Amshel (Bauer) Rothschild made the famous statement:
"Let me issue and control a Nation 's money, and I care not who writes the laws. " He
had five Sons Amshel Mayer, Solomon, Jacob, Nathan, and Carl. In 1798, the five
Rothschild brothers expanded by opening banks in Germany, Vienna, Paris, London,
and Naples.
The objective behind these bankers was to establish a clearinghouse/warehouse (bank) which
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was to receive special privilege and immunity to use the unjust fractional reserve banking in 
order to print money and loan it to the agency government and corporate industry charter via the 
corporate agency government. No beneficial interest could accrue from any beneficial use from 
any circulation of any note generated via the charter. This was established by the agency United 
St ates for the purpose of servicing the debt of the corporate United St ates and for the purpose of 
transferring the liability of the accrued debt, which had never been extinguished since the 17 70' s, 
forward without interest being paid to the (fiscal agents of the Crown) bankers. Through these 
schemes, the corporate agency government contrived to pass the liability through adhesion 
contracts to other walks of life under various new deals to discharge thereon debts to the Crown. 
One of the very simple schemes foisted upon the people at large was fractional reserve banking. 
It is simply a special privilege given to a man or group of men to create credit out of thin air. The 
schemes are executed by extending this credit/debt to any and everyone else in or found about a 
loosely associated people closely associa ted with a particular society or social compact. By, and 
through, such misrepresentations perpetrated upon such Walks of Life. which do not have the 
same access to the same privileges or immunities that the creator of the social compact or their 
posterity have, and thereby are burdened with paying the collecting fees from servicing the 
alleged debt of the social compact, the assumed value of money and the attached-plus interest -
for the cost of the use of the units created to discharge in tender of debt thereof. Due to the 
beneficial interest created by the use of such instruments created by fractional reserve banking, 
the Crown and Money Kings become very rich and the agency government is allowed to 
continue to legally discharge its debt and service their liability without ha ving to produce 
anything of value other than to 'a ttorn' such property (by and through such Attorneys of the 
Crown) from the unaware populous not familiar with the principals of discharge, contractually 
speaking, which is only a viable option to those which exercise credibility to expatriate from 
such as sumed nexus with such social compact and its liability and repatriate according to the 
principals of International Public Order into such society to which they become a creative 
signatory member thereof to such social compact, thereby creating a nexus for their safety, 
liberty, and pursuit of happiness by creating a hereditary birthright and standing to which their 
posterity may acquire by birth as well. 
The basic mathematics behind the fractional banking system is very clear. If this system is left in 
place long enough, the man or group who controls this system of debt creation will own all the 
gold available in the social compact however known as a nation/state, kingdom or otherwise. 
Once the supply of real portable specie money (gold/silver or whatever the medium of exchange, 
whether money of account or money of exchange (species) is in his or their hands, this man or 
group of men becomes the master of the entire economic field of endeavor of such social 
compact. Why? Because this man or group of men controls the only source of operating medium 
(money, however defined) available through which the social compact functions to discharge 
debt. Only the man who has the privilege of printing and/or minting the money and loaning or 
extending such as interest can determine who gets special (drawing rights) funding-his friends 
and allies . Everyone else is limited to how much money (of account or exchange) they have 
access to; therefore, after two or three generations, the friends and allies of this "banker" will 
own all of the energy of such social compact. This present condition is being played out in the 
so-called American society and is now owned by a small cadre of very wealthy men throughout 
the planet. This same scheme of fractional reserve manipulation is being played out, throughout 
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all of the various political social constructs globally with ONE aim, world domination of each 
and every resource to which the Planet Earth can produce for their selfish benefit, including the 
absolute control of each and every living soul upon the planet to be forced economically into 
serving solely the private interests and gain of the Money Kings. 
How long the fractional banking process takes to work its way through the wealth of any social 
compact depends upon how successful the "banker" is in forcing, through bribery and corruption, 
the restriction of the formal agency government's is suance of real money backed by gold or 
silver or such other medium of account or exchange. Species currency is put into circulation to 
honestly and truly lli!Y debt or discharge whatever liability is acquired which may or may not 
arise when one increases one's E'St ate through the benefit of their efforts and labor as most 
people evidentially wished to. Was this not the American Dream? Furthermore, as the supply of 
real money shrinks, the people of any social compact are forced to rely on the creation of a 
fictitious debt by the privileged few to a greater and greater extent, until finally, the only thing 
left is a massive amount of "un-payable deb t," with no way to lawfully discharge their acquired 
debt, which was created from nothing and consists only of the interest charged upon the fictitious 
debt, while collecting interest for every moment of its existence. All this for the benefit of the 
privileged, who become the de facto (ille gally usurped) agency government because of the 
"money power" they allow to be wielded by and through the social compact. Few are ever 
aware of the true damages done to their E'S tates or that of such E' St ate to which may or may 
not be possi ble to pass by hereditary right so-to-speak and the debt which if not lawfully 
discharged back to the Original source or Creator of the debt, passes on to future generations of 
their posterity, creating a continuous debtor class people (subje cts now of the Money Kings) to 
the whims of a foreign despotic tyrannical power. 
THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK 
Through the Bank of England, the Rothschilds/the Money Kings demanded (did you ever 
wonder how they could make such a demand of the Crown) a private bank in the so-called 
United St ates to hold the securities of the United St ates as the pledged assets to the Crown of 
England in order to secure the debt to which the signatories of the social compact by and through 
their agency government had defaulted. As one of his first acts, President Washington declared a 
financial emergency. William Morris with the help of Alexander Hamilton, Se cretary of 
Treasury, hea vily promoted the creation of a private banker's clearinghouse (customhouse) to 
service the debt to the international bankers. In 17 91, Congress chartered the first national bank 
(banker's clearinghouse) for a term of 20 years, to hold the securities of the same European 
bankers who had been holding the debts before the war. The bankers loaned worthless, un
backed, non-secured printed money of acc ount to each other to charter this first bank. On 
December 12 , 17 91, the Bank of the United St ates opened its doors in Philadelphia. 
The holders of the securities were the private bankers. So under Public International Law, the 
Creditor (Crown of England) forced the so-called United States to establi sh a private banker' s 
clearinghouse (warehouse) to hold the securities as the collateral for the (social compact) so
called national debt. 
James Madison had warned: 
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"History recor ds that the money changers have used every form of abuse, intrigue,
dece it, and violent means possible to maintain their control over government s by
controlling money and its issuance. "
BRITSH SUBV ERSION, TITLES OF NOBILITY & TREASON
From the early decades of U. S. history, relations between the United St ates and Great Britain
remained strained. Their relationship deteriorated sharply with the outbreak of war in Europe in
18 03. Britain imposed a blockade on neutral (social compact) countries such as the United
St ates. In addition, the British took people acting under an agency status as American sailors
from their ships and forced them to serve in the British Navy. Concerned about the many
English spies and troublemakers, the United States in Congress Asse mbled, passed an
amendment to prevent those who had English titles and connections from obtaining any seat in
government. Called the Titles of Nobility Act (TONA, 18 10 -11), it reads as follows:
"If any citizen of the United States shall accept, claim, receive, or retain any title
of nobility or honor, or shall without the consent of Congress, accept and retain
any present, pension, office, or emolument of any kind whatever, from any
emperor, king, prince, or foreign power, such person shall cease to be a citizen of
the United States, and shall be incapable of holding any office of trust or profit
under them, or either of them. "
This congress ional act (TONA) was later to amend the U.S. Constitution as the Original XIII
Amendment, which led to the War of 1812 with Great Britain. Furthermore, it took the Civil
War to officially force the gradual replacement of this amendment to be taken from all reference
from every state published record with what is now known as the Sla very Amendment or the
Amendment created as an act against Involuntary Servitude (1 863), a War-time Act passed
under Martial Law.
All "t itles of nobility " were prohibited in both Article VI of the Articles of Confederation of
"The United States of America" (1777) and in Article I, Section 9 of the Constitution of the
"United States" (1778), but there was no penalty. Although already prohibited by the
Constitution, an additional "t itle of nobility " amendment was deemed necessary and was
proposed in 1789, again in 1810, and finally ratified in 1819. But the notice of ratification
delivered to the Se cretary of St ate, an attorney with the tit le, "Esquire," disappeared. As a
result, there still is no penalty for accepting titles or emoluments from foreign rulers today, just
the prohibition.
Clearly, the founding fathers saw such a serious threat in "t itles of nobility " and "h onors," that
anyone receiving them would be required to forfeit their citizen ship . Obviou sly the Amendment
carried much more signif icance for their founding fathers than is readily apparent today. The
forefathers knew that their freedom and that of their posterity could be subverted from inside
their agency government and had sought to prevent such a bitter betrayal. Today, most Se nators,
Congressmen, all Federal Judges, and most of their Presidents are attorneys who carry the title
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"Esquire," often abbreviated as "Esq." Nevertheless, the U.S. Constitution still forbids this. 
In Colonial America, attorneys trained attorneys, but most held no "title of nobility" or "honor. " 
There was no requirement that one be a lawyer to hold the position of district attorney, 
attorney general, or judge; a citizen 's "c ounsel of choice" was not restricted to a lawyer and 
there was no state or national bar associations. The only organization that certified lawyers was 
the International Bar Association (IBA), chartered by the King of England (known as the 
British Accreditation Regist ry), headquartered in London and recognized everywhere as the 
BAR. Lawyers admitted to the IBA, or otherwise BAR, as it is most readily known everywhere, 
receive the rank "E squire " - a "t itle of British nobilit y." 
"E squire" was the principle title of nobility which the 13 th Amendment sought to prohibit from 
exercising any office within the United States. Why? Because the loyalty of "Esquire" lawyers 
was suspect ! Lawyers with an "E squire " behind their names were agents of the Money 
Changers and the Monarchy, and members of an organization whose principle purposes were 
political and regarded with the same wariness that some people today reserve for members of the 
KGB or the CIA. 
The archaic definition of "h onor" (as used when the 13 th Amendment was ratified) meant 
anyone "o btaining or having an advantage or privilege over anothe r." A contemporary 
example of an "h onor" granted to only a few Americans is the privilege of being a judge : 
lawyers can be judges and exercise the attendant privileges and powers, non-lawyers generally 
cannot. We address the judge as, "your Honor." 
By prohibiting "h onors," the missing, but now found, original 13 th amendment prohibits any 
advantage or privilege that would grant some citizens an equal opportunity to achieve or 
exercise political power. Therefore, the second meaning (intent) of the original 13 th 
Amendment was to ensure politica l equality among all citizens of the United St ates, by 
prohibiting anyone, even government officials, from claiming or exercisi ng a special privilege or 
power (an "honor ") over other citize ns. Now, what would happen if this amendment were 
enforced? It would cause an immediate chaos in all three branches of the agency federal 
government and the same in each and every State of the Union because these same Attorneys sit 
in every seat of power throughout every level of the social compact for the sole purpose of 
enforcing the mandates of the Money Kings and the Crown of England, even upon those people 
to whom the alleged original debt was incurred by, that has absolutely nothing to do with either 
said people or through any nexus of the social compact to which their forefathers had accepted 
the liability of such debt in the 17 70s, nor does any people not signatory or evidencing any 
hereditary pr ivileges as their posterity incur any liability for such debt by any stretch of the 
imaginings of such perfidious Attorneys who practice their pedifoggery upon all walks of life by 
and through such frauds perpetrated upon them by these leeches of the ancient Money Changers 
living upon the economic well-being of any and all societies known as Attorneys. 
Both "e squire" and "h onor" would be key targets of the 13 th Amendment even today. 
Because, while "titles of nobility" no longer apply now precisely as they did back in the early 
18 00's, it is clear that an "esquire" or BAR attorney receives far better treatment than a layman, 
in and by their courts, as well as by the public at large, in general. Whereas, if you represent 
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yourself pro per, in se, or speak as a So vereign in proprius personam , you are treated as though 
you were rabble. Your opinions are of little importance in their courts and you are more than 
often treated similarly by such agency government officials. Because you are not an "e squires " 
or BAR attorney, you are considered to be a useless eater, a subject "out of control." The 
concept of "h onor" remains relevant, possi bly more so today than at any previous time in U.S. 
history, for they, the "h onors," are greatly feared and even revered, even by their esquires who 
are considered to be below them. Si nce the Original 13 th Amendment has never been repealed, 
all acts of their government since 181 9 are technically null and void. Most so-called 
lawmakers, are attorneys and are prohibited from participation in any office of government by 
the true amended social compact contract known as U. S. Constitution. Thereby, every attorney 
should be stripped of his or her appearance of right to hold any office as an agent representing 
any so-called citizen of the United States under TONA aforementioned, who have continued to 
interject themselves into the political process solely for their benefit of gainful pill aging and 
plunder. 
When people discove red that European banking interests owned most of the United St ates Bank 
where they deposited their hard earned savings, they saw the sheer power of the banks and their 
ability to influence representative government by economic manipulation and outright bribery. 
On February 20, 1811, Congress therefore refused to renew the Banke r's charter on the 
grounds that the Bank was unconstitutional. This led to the withdrawal of $7,000,000 in specie 
(money in coin) by European invest ors, which in tum, precipitated an economic recession, and 
the War of 1812. This "w ar" was punishment for the United St ates in Congress As sembled, 
refusing under the pressure of people becoming aware of this manipulation, to do business on 
the terms of the International Banking families of the House of Rothschild, through the first 
Bank of the United States. Congress refused to let the National Bank renew its Charter, fearing 
for their safety. 
Except for Gen. Andrew Jackson 's victory in the Battle of New Orleans, the War of 1812 
produced a string of American military disasters. The most shocking of these was the British 
Army's burning of the Capitol, the President 's house, the Library of Congress and other public 
buildings in Washington on August 24 and 25, 18 14. (Americans had previously burned public 
buildings in Canada.) During the War of 1812 , so-called national archives of the United St ates 
and many libraries and document repositories were burned and some of the evidence of the 
TONA previously mentioned disappeared. Nevertheless, the legisla ture of Virginia ratified the 
amendment and it was subsequently printed in many official publications as the 13 th 
Amendment, even in St ates which had NOT ratified, such as Connecticut and several States that 
came into the Union later in hist ory. Beg inning in 18 32, it began to disappear from texts, 
although official state publications continued to publish it as late as 18 76. 
There are undoubtedly other examples of the Money King' s and the Monarchy's efforts to 
subvert or destroy the so-called social compact known as the United States. Some are common 
knowledge, while others remain to be disclosed to the public . For example, national archivist 
David Dodge disc overed a book called 2 VA LAW in the Library of Congress Law Library. 
According to Dodge, "T his is an un-catalogued book in the rare book section that reveals a 
plan to overthrow the Constitutional government by secret agreements engineered by the 
lawyers of the time." That is one of the reasons why the TONA was ratified by the state of 
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Virginia in the particular manner in which they did, although the alleged "notification" thereof
was a long time thereafter claimed to have been "lost in the mail." You see, there is no public
record that this aforementioned book exists either!
That may sound surprising, but according to The Gazette (5/ 1 0/9 1), "T he Library of Congress
has 349,402 un-catalogued rare books and 13.9 million un-catalogued rare manuscripts ."
There may be secrets buried in that mass of documents even more astonishing than a mi ssing
Constitutional Amendment. Yet this image of documentary disarray appropriately describes our
situation today: we are inundated with useless information while we are misdirected from
information that we have not had the time or interest to sort through. As a result we have lost a
precious treasure in the chaos and turmoil of daily life: our sovereignty.
One amazing aspect of the War of 1812 was the existence of a depression during wartime. War
always brings a short-term prosperity, except in the case of this war. To understand this, it is
vital for you to know that all depressions and recessions are artificially created through the
restriction of a medium of accounting or exchange-money. This restriction keeps so-called
money OUT of circulation, which means fewer funds available to facilitate production and
distribution. Furthermore, this means poverty and starvation for all walks of life not privy to
such plunder.
The precariousness of agency government finance during the war and the post war recession
convinced the Republican agency government under James Madison to re-establish a so-called
national bank. Thus was created the Se cond Bank of the United States in 18 16 .
THE SECOND NATIONAL BANK
In January 9, 18 32, The Se cond National Bank applied for a charter renewal 4 years early. This
time, President Andrew Jackson vetoed the Bank's recharter on the grounds that the Bank was
unconstitutional and he successfully paid off the national debt leaving the U.S. with a surplus of
$5,000. He said, "If congress has the right under the Constitution to issue paper money, it
was given them to use themselves, not to be delegated to individuals or corporations."
On January 30, 18 35, President Andrew Jackson attended a congressional funeral in the Capitol
building . As he exited, Richard Lawrence, an unemployed house painter, pointed a pistol at
Jackson and fired. The percussion cap exploded, but the bullet did not discharge . The enraged
Jackson raised his cane to strike his attacker, who fired again. The second weapon also misfired
and the sixty-seven-year-old president escaped assassination at close range. Jackson was
convinced that Lawrence was hired by his political enemies, the Whigs, to stop his plan to
destroy the Bank of the United St ates.
Andrew Jackson violated Public International Law because he denied the Creditor his just
lien/settlement rights on/from the debtor. However, the bankers did not lend value
(substanc e), so in actuality they had an unperfected lien. Therefore the law actually did not
apply.
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THE END OF THE AMERICAN REPUB LI C: 
THE SHADOW GOVERNMENT IS BORN 
In 18 60-61, the Southern states walked out of the United States in Congress Asse mbled . This 
created sine die, a situation in which not enough representatives were pr esent to carry on 
legisla tive business. This was a Constitutional crisis that the newly elected president, Abraham 
Lincoln, had to resolve. 
The Introduction to Se nate Report 93-549 (93rd Congress, 1s t Ses sion, 19 73) summarizes the 
situation as best as possible: 
"A majority of the people of the United States have lived all of their lives und er 
emer gency rule. . . And , in the United States, actions taken by the Govern ment in 
times of great crises have -from, at least, the Civil War-in important ways, shaped 
the present phenomenon of a per manent state of national emergency. " 
From the U.S. Congress ional research information available, it can be reasonably proven that 
when the Representatives of the Southern Compact Party Members of the St ates of the Union 
walked out of United St ates in Congress As sembled on March 27, 1861, the quorum to conduct 
business under the social compact contract known as the United St ates Constitution for "The 
United St ates of America" was lost. Thus, the only votes that the remaining representatives of 
the United St ates in Congress Asse mbled could lawfully take, under parliamentary law, were 
those to set the time to reconvene, take a vote to get a quorum, and vote to adjourn and set a 
date, time, and place to reconvene at a later time. Instead, the remaining representatives of the 
United St ates in Congress Ass embled apparently abandoned the representative House and 
Se nate of the United States without setting a date to reconvene. Under the parliamentary 
procedures of said Congress, when this happened, Congress became sine die (pronounced see-na 
dee-a; literally "without day") and thus, when Congress adjourned sine die, it ceased to exist as a 
lawful deliberative body, and thus the only lawful, Constitutional power that could declare war 
was no longer lawful, or in session. 
It can also be reasonably proven that the Representative Southern Members of the Se veral St ates 
of the Union, by virtue of their secession from the Union, also ceased to exist sine die, and that 
some state legisla tures in the Northern bloc also adjourned sine die, and thus, all the states which 
were parties to creating the social compact contract known as the United St ates Constitution for 
"The United States of America" apparently ceased to exist. On April 15, 18 61, so-called 
President, Mr. Abraham Lincoln executed an executive order as Commander-in-Chief, Lincoln 
Executive Proclamation 1, and it can also be reasonably proven that "The United States of 
America" have been ruled ever since by these same Military Executive Powers denoted as 
Executive Orders . 
It can also be reasonably proven that when a supposed Congress eventually did reconvene, it 
was reconvened under the military authority of the Commander-in-Chief and not by Rules of 
Order for Parliamentary bodies or by so-called contractual Constitutional Law, thus placing the 
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so-called each and every people under martial rule ever since the "n ational emergency "
declared by President Lincoln. Thus, the so-called Constitution for "The United States of
America" has subsequently and temporarily ceased being the acknowledged law of the land in
many courts. The assumed title of President, the assumed title of Congress, and the assumed
jurisdiction of the courts thereof, have unlawfully presumed that they were free to remake the
Union in a new image under the so-called Law of Necessi ty. Whereas, lawfully, no such
Constitutional provis ions were, or are, in place which afforded power to any of the actions
which were taken which presumed to place the Union under the new form of control or
desig nation as a Democracy.
The so-called President, Mr. Abraham Lincoln, apparently knew that his executive orders no
longer had any force under contractual Constitutional Law. So he commissioned General
Orders No. 100 (April 24, 18 63), apparently as a special code to govern his actions under
martial law and to justify the seizure of power. This further extended the laws of the District of
Columbia and also fictionally implemented the provisions of Article I, Section 8, Clauses 17-
18 of the defunct contract known as the Constitution, beyond the boundaries of Washington,
D.C., and illegitimately into the several St ates no longer united under the central agency
government of the United States. General Orders No. 100, also called the Lieber Instructions
and the Lieber Code, have apparently extended the laws of war and private international law
into the so-called Se veral States of the Union. The defunct agency United St ates government
assumed power and become the presumed military conqueror of all the people to which it could
bend its will by misrepresentation over the land of the former Se veral States of the Union.
Martial rule has apparently been kept secret and has never really ended. Lincoln was
assas sinated before he could complete the implementation of his plan to constitutionally, and not
militarily, reform the Southern agency governments and restore the United St ates in Congress
As sembled. Ever since, the so-called social compact known as "The United St ates of America"
has been ruled under military law under the assumed and illegitimate Commander-In-Chief-the
President-and his assumed executive powers according to the policies of Executive Orders of a
non-existent social compact via a military dictator type of functionary for the Money Kings and
the Crown of England under the Law of Necessity according to the princ ipals of International
Public Order.
Constitutional law under the original Social Compact for the Seve ral St ates of the Union is
apparently enforced only as a matter of keeping the public peace under the provisions of
General Orders No. 100 under martial (law) rule. This "p eace " is further evidenced in the
Preamble of the so-called Expatriation Act of 1868. Under martial law, title is a mere fiction,
since all property belongs to the military except for that property which the Commander
in-Chief may, in his benevolence, exempt from taxation and seizure and upon which he
allows the "e nemy " to reside.
In proclaiming the first Trading with the Enemy Act by Executive Order, the illegitimate so
called President, Mr. Abraham Lincoln (an Attorney) set in place the means by which the federal
new agency military government could interact with all walks of life who were not 14 th
Amendment citizens (those non registered voters per the 15 th Amendment of the altered status of
resident alien). Such people could technically be desig nated as enemies. Are you beginning to
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understand how people not a party to the regime of necessity could be at odds with their
condition appertaining to such military agency "government," of Necessity?
In a messa ge to Congress on December 3, 18 61, Mr. Abraham Lincoln (an Attorney) answered
the banker 's argument that the beneficiary people of the posterity could not be trusted with their
Constitutional powers, the political and monetary system of free enterprise conceived by their
Founding Fathers, by saying:
"No men living are more worthy to be trusted than those who toil up from poverty -
none less inclined to take or touch aught which they have not hone stly earned. Let
them beware of sur rendering a political power which they alread y possess, and which
if sur rendered , will surely be used to close the do or of adv ancement against such as
they, and to fIX new disabilities and burdens upon them, till all of liberty shall be
lost. "
In 18 65, just before the close of the Civil War, the military dictator (and illegitimately known as
the President) , Mr. Abraham Lincoln declared his new monetary policy:
"The Government should create, issue, and circulate all the currency and credits
needed to satisf y the spending power of the Government and the buying power of
consumers. By the adoption of these principles, the taxpayers will be saved
immense sums of interest. Money will cease to be master and become the servant of
humanity .... The privilege of creating and issuing money is not only the supreme
prerogative of government, but it is the governments' greatest opportunit y."
Had this been implemented, it would have ushered in a worldwide economic renewal.
Unfortunately, a few weeks after its introduction, Mr. Abraham Lincoln was assass inated
because he defied the bankers in proposing to print interest free money to pay the war debt.
Thus, the government continued to operate fully under the authority of private international law
dictated by the Creditor.
Si nce the Commander-in-Chief, Mr. Abraham Lincoln, was assass inated before he could
complete plans for reinstating Constitutional agency government in the Southern States of the
Union and end the martial rule by executive order, the 14 th Amendment to the Constitution has
further created a "new citizenship " or "status" for their expanded jurisdiction . Laws for the
District of Columbia were proposed and passed by the military agency Congress in 18 71, the
District of Columbia being incorporated as a private, foreign corporation by The District of
Columbia Organic Act of 1871, and all member States of the Union were apparently reformed
as franch isees or pol itical subdivisions (see Dyett v. Turner, [1968] 439 Pacific Reporters, 2d
Se ries, 266, 267 ; and Utah v. Phillips [1975] 540 Pacific Reporter, 2d Series 936, 94 1 -942) of
the corporation known as the UNITED STATES , hence creating a new military social construct,
formerly known as the social compact of the Se veral St ates of the Union. What remained of the
former agency government of the repUblican form of the social compact was the private side
under the rule of the banker' s, solely for their absolute and express benefit.
The first attempt by the military Congress under the new military social construct to define
citizenship was in 18 66 in the passa ge of the Civil Rights Act (Revised St atutes section 19 92, 8
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United States Code Annotated section 1). The act provided that: 
"All persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power are 
declared to be citizens of the United States. " 
And this in tum was followed in 18 68 by the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, United 
St ates Code Annotated. Said Article of Amendment, the XIV, declaring: 
"A ll persons born or naturalized in the United Stat es, and subject to the 
jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they 
reside." 
At this period of time, the only people in the United States who were under the jurisdiction of 
the private bifurcated government of the assumed ten miles square of Washington, D.C., were 
the government employees, those within the territories owned by the United St ates and now the 
former slaves. The former Ci tizens of the Se veral Southern St ates of the Union, now 
"captured, " became 14 th Amendment United St ates £itizens, the only remainder of people 
operating within the military social construct or the alleged Creditors who could still invoke the 
power over agency government through the original jurisdiction of the Republican form of 
government, as established by the social compact of the United States Constitution as the 
holders in due course of each and every private right, privilege and immunity, if the need 
became necessary, concerning any possi ble attempt by the new military social construct to act 
arbitrarily, in any way concerning the servicing of the alleged debt due. 
A new 13 th Amendment was enacted December 18 , 18 65. The 14 th Amendment was enacted 
July 28, 18 68. Bo th Amendments were illicitly ratified by non-elected Representatives and 
Se nators under Martial Law in each and every military enforced Southern State legis lature, put 
into place by the U.S. Military by direct order of the Commander-In-Chief, through force, over 
the conquered territory and under Martial Law. No such State could ever obtain its freedom 
from the new federal social military rule by ratifying these new amendments as misrepresented 
to the people by the federal system. They were told that the troops of aggressi on would be 
removed from such territories and cessation of hostilities would occur once these amendments 
were ratified. Any contract entered under threat, duress, or coercion is null and void. According 
to the Rule of War (Martial Law), once Martial Law is lifted all laws, rules, regulations created 
or promulgated during the hostilities are null and void and the parties return to the "status quo" 
before such hostilities broke out between the parties . But then, the Constitution was not even in 
effect following sine die and the proclamation of martial law. It is apparent that due to the fact 
that the national emergency has never been lifted or proclaimed to be over, that the so-called 
military social construct known as the United St ates is still in power under the rules of Martial 
Law by and through Executive Orders of the Commander-In-Chief, caused of necessity by sine 
die . 
The 14 th Amendment brought the freed slave s, whose previous owners were private plantation 
landowners, and transferred those slaves under subjection of the new military social constructed 
government, the assumed ten miles square jurisdiction of the City of Washington and/or District 
of Columbia. And it offered its protection to those who would choose to become its 
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subjects .. .i n exchange for their freedom and/or sovereignty.
The 14 th Amendment is a good example of the "give-a-little, take a lot" strategy that is often
used, a sugar coating to a bitter pill. Sovereign People, who had assumed themselves to be
among the powers of Earth, had created a social compact (a government) to guarantee
themselves their rights. They secured these rights under this social compact as birthrights for
their posterity (Ci tizens). In contrast, the federal government created fourteenth amendment
£itizenship to guarantee its power over the former Citizens by reducing them to the standing of
its newly created £itizens. It seems to be taking £itizens under its protection, but at the price of
servitude. Sovereigns may choose to become subjects; free men and women to become vassals.
This amendment has always been controversial. Many people over the years have questioned the
amount of power it vests in the federal government. Some have even questioned its validity. On
one occasion Judge Ellett of the Utah Supreme Court as above referenced, remarked:
"I cannot believe that any court, in full possession of its faculties, could honestly
hold that the amendment was properly approved and adopted." State v. Phillips,
Pacific Reporter, 2nd Series, Vol. 540, Page 941, 942 (1975)
However, the most important fact about this amendment is that, although it created a new class
of £itizen, it did not have any effect on Sovereign People . Both classes still exist: When the
Constitution was adopted, the People of the United States were the Citizens of the several St ates
for whom and for whose posterity the government was establi shed. Each of them was a Citizen
by birthright in the State of Birth to which United States was created to protect from foreign
powers at the adoption of the Constitution by the Several States of the Union and to make
Uniform such protection among the St ates, and all free people thereafter born within one of the
several St ates became by birth Citizens of the compact party St ate of The United States of
America. But we know that this is not true from research in the law of contract. Anyone not
signatory to the social compact or directly related as the posterity thereto, is an alien to the
compact and is only allowed to assume whatever right out of neces sity to the compact to keep
the peace until all power is vested in order to secure to the members such blessings unto
themselves or their posterity as are necessary or opportunistic as the need may arise from time to
time ... to preserve their Freedom !
Both classes of Cit izenl£itizen no longer exist except by the need of neces sity, as may or may
not be claimed by any particular member of the current military social construct. It's your right
of expatriation and repatriation to emerge into a social compact to which you become signatory
to, to become a So vereign People, while it's a privilege to be a fourteenth amendment £itizen,
and most importantly, it's up to you to determine which one you are, or which one you choose to
be. Just remember that you "pay" for a privilege, whereas a right carries no obligation. This is at
the heart of your public Declaration of Independence to a candid world by and through such
social compact created to recognize your Sov ereign birthright, to assume among the powers of
Earth, recognized by the laws of Nature and Nature' s Creator to which you are entitled, to
emerge into the Sove reign People you were created to be and which are recognized and
protected within the Universal and/or International Public Order.
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TWO GOVERNMENTS, TWO FLA GS :
THE CORP ORATE STATE
Once the smoke settled after the Civil War, European international bankers arrived in town. In
18 71, the default again loomed and bankruptcy was imminent. So, in 18 72, the ten miles square
District of Columbia was incorporated in England. A loophole was discovered in the
Constitution by cunning attorneys in league with the international bankers. They realized that a
separate nation by the same name exist ed that Congress had created in Article I, Se ction 8,
Clause 17.
The Congress shall have power :
To exercise exclusive legis lation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not
exceeding ten square miles) as may, by cessi on of particular St ates, and the acceptance
of Congress, become the seat of government of the United St ates, and to exercise like
authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legisla ture of the state in which
the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazine s, arsenals, dock yards, and other
needful buildings ; -And
To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the
foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of
the United St ates, or in any department or officer thereof.
This "United St ates " is a Military Legi slative "Democracy" within the former Constitutional
Republican government, and is known as the Federal United States. It has exclusive, unlimited
rule over its Subjects whether or not such Military allow one to call oneself a Citizen or not. In
the eyes of the Military construct, such people are solely resident aliens and all others are non
resident aliens of the District of Colombia, the territories and enclaves (Guam, Midway Islands,
Wake Island, Puerto Rico, etc.). Anyone who is a citizen by way of the 14 th Amendment
(naturalized Citizen s) has only one sole privilege in the military construct and that is the right to
vote, period.
Both United St ates formerly exist ed side by side in the same United St ates in Congress
Asse mbled that rules in both the former social compact and the military construct. One "United
States," the Republican form of government of fifty Several States of the Union, has the "stars
and stripes" as its flag, but without fringe on it. The Federal United St ates' flag is the stars and
stripes with a yellow fringe, seen in all courts. The abbreviations of the States of the Continental
United St ates are, with or without the zip codes, Ala., Alas ., Ariz., Ark., Cal., etc. The
abbreviations of the States under the jurisdiction of the Federal United St ates after the Civil War,
the Legi slative Democracy, are AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, etc. (without any periods). After the Civil
War even the designa ted abbreviation of the District of Columbia changed from Distr. of Col., to
DC. to inform those who might be awake concerning the changing of the guard, over the old
social compact and the new military construct.
The international bankers and the Military Congress conjured up this bit of mischief and passed
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it into law. But whose law? Congress broke faith with "We the People and their Posterity" long
before the incorporation of 18 71. Congress sold them out when they finished the newly formed
military private corporation and made it the government of the District of Columbia. They used
the non-existent, so-called Constitution, under Military Dictatorship to declare such power
through the 14 th Amendment, as their by-laws therefore taking their authority not under the
Constitution but taking their authority over the Constitution. They copyrighted not only the
Constitution, but also any and all related names such as, THE UNITED STATES , U.S. THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, USA as their own. This is the final blow to the original
Constitution as it related to the post erity of the signatories of the social compact known as the
United States for The United States of Amer ica. " Hence forth, the UNITED STATES and
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA has been governed entirely by private corporate law, dictated
by the bankers as the fiscal agent for the Creditors.
The "A ct to Provide a Government for the District of Columbia, " Se ction 34 of the Forty
First Congress of the United State s, Ses sion III, Chapter 61 and 62, enacted February 21, 18 71,
states that:
"The UNITED ST ATES OF AMERICA is a corporation, whose jurisdiction is
applicable only in the ten-mile-square parcel of land known as the District of Columbia
and to whatever properties are legally titled to the UNITED STATES , by its
registration in the corporate County, State, and Federal governments that are under
military power of the UNITED STATES and its creditors."
Under this provision, the Military Congress of the UNITED STATES had obtained the power
to pass Private International Law for application within the federal District of Columbia. All
St ates of the Union, adopted under Military Order, created new, legis lative "conditions" and
"codified" their laws by copyright under federal mandate. St ate "codes" were unlawfully
adopted, despite their origin as instruments of a So vereign People. However, We the People
remain Sovereign within the framework of International Public Order if we choose to emerge
out of such Military Social Construct by creating a new Social Compact according to the
principals of Universal and/or International Law to replace that which, by sine die, no longer
exists for our benefit or that of our posterity.
The private Military copyrighted UNITED STATES CODE, Title 28, 3002(15)(A), basica lly
reiterates that the UNITED ST ATES is a corporation. What was not said in 1871, but was
implicit, was what is plainly stated at Title 28, 3002(15)(3): That all departments of the
UNITED STATES CORPORATION are part of the corporation. Title 28, UNITED ST ATES
CODE, is Copyrighted, per Private International Law. Indeed, the UNITED STATES
CODE, in its entirety, is Copyrighted Private International Law, and appli cable only in the
District of Columbi a.
This incorporation was first reported by Gary W. Phillips, whose career with the Immigration
and Naturalization Service began in 1956. He was the INS director at Se a Tac Airport for 20
years and began challenging the income tax in 1985 (The Idaho Obs erver, March, 2000) . After
nearly 40 years of government service, Phillips was forced to flee his alleged country to protect
his life after exposi ng the facts of the ille gality of the federal government's criminal income tax
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collection scam --facts that are becoming well-known among informed people throughout the
so-called Military Social Construct.
Where did the Cong ress find the authority in the Constitution to reconstitute any part of the
united St ates as a corporation? Quite simply, the 17 91 Constitution was set aside to make room
for the corporation under the Law of Necess ity created by sine die. Would this Act benefit the
Republican form of government? No -the private , corporate bottom line is profit. The
municipal, public bottom line is service. To replace the former service-oriented form of
government with a profit-oriented form of military government, without any public knowledge
or consent of the facts foisted upon the people, can only be described as treason, not only against
the former social compact, but in respect to International Law, as well. This is clearly against
the orderly peace and dignity of International Public Order.
A few superficial changes by attorneys were made to the original Constitution and it was no
longer the real thing. The Military Congress did not change the name of the document so they
could claim to be reading from the Constitution. They merely changed it from the Constitution
for The United States of America to the CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA. They changed the "for" to "or " and capitalized all the letters. All of a sudden we
had two Constitutions, the original for show and the revision for actual use.
The Act of 18 71 provided a government for the District of Columbia and created a corporation
entitled the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, whose jurisdiction extends only over corporate
entities created by the municipal corporation and are operative only in the District of Columbia.
The City of Washington, as the District of Columbia is the capitol of the District of Columbia,
not the United St ates of America, and all laws pas sed within the District of Columbia, are
applicable and enforceable only in the District of Columbia and its possess ions.
The States of the Republican form of government are not posses sions of the District of
Columbia. Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and Guam are posses sions of the District of
Columbia, as well as property legally titled to the UNITED STATES by states and counties . But
the former Republican governments, of the Se veral States of the Union, are under Military
Dictatorship operating under national emergency due to sine die.
The UNITED STATES CODE, in totality, was put together in the District of Columbia as
Copyrighted Private International Law and is applicable only in the District of Columbia and
any other jurisdiction within the purview of its Military Dictatorship. By their own rules of
jurisdiction, the UNITED STATES attorneys have no business prosecuting anyone outside of
the District of Columbia or Federal territories. The military construct of federal district courts
has no venue outside of the District of Columbia and, therefore, has no jurisdiction outside of the
District of Columbia and its possess ions . The Mili tary Congress cannot pass a law that is
applicable in the several States of the Republic than otherwise outside of the presumed
emergency operating under the Law of Necessity created by congressio nal sine die.
If all the laws passed in the District of Columbia are Private International Law, including all of
the UNITED STAT ES CODE and the statutes at large and/or revised statutes passe d after
18 71, and are applicable and enforceable only in the District of Columbia, then how could they
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have become the law of the land? Because, not knowing better, we the People allowed it. We
have allowed agents of foreign countries and/or enterprises to build an illega l corporation that
has systematically corrupted every state, county and city in this nation. It has corrupted the
status and standing of all people, whether or not connected to the former social compact of The
United St ates of America, the Military Social Construct of the UNITED STATES or just aliens
in respect to the International Public Order. The only way that a UNITED STATES DISTRICT
COURT can have jurisdiction over a Sovereign is if the latter volunteers to become a subje ct of
the jurisdiction or fails to declare his independence as a Sovereign within a social compact
according to the principals of International Public Order.
This corporation has created dozens of agencies, the I.R. S., F.B.I., D.E.A. , and the B. A.T.F. , to
name a few, which employ thousands of agents who receive excellent salaries and benefits for
betraying their friends and families while enforcing the private edicts of the so-called Congress.
The men and women of Congress smile, speak softly, and then direct their illega l agencies to
destroy those who do not fully conform to their wishes, striking fear into the hearts of those who
do. Kidnapping and conspiracy are involved in every arrest and convi ction by federal
author ities outside of the District of Columbia, by and through Milita ry Edicts executed via the
Executive Orders of the Commander-In-C hief under the Law of Necessity created by sine die.
The question now leads to whether their duly elected public (PRIV ATE) officials swear an oath
to uphold the Constitution for The United St ates of America, the Republican form of
government within which the posterity to the original signatories who created such social
compact birthrights are protected by a service-oriented government, or swear an oath to the
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, the profit-oriented corporation?
The question is answered by those who study the circumstances of present day conditions
created by historical facts which reflect the outcome of future benefits of safety, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness to all who care for themselves and their posterity as a Society of Sovereign
People of Earth who wish to remain such and wish to pass such Sovereignty to their posterity in
the interest of peace and International Public Order.
It appears by the Milita ry Social Construct' s actions, that most government employees,
knowingly or unknowingly, have sworn an oath to the corporate UNITED STATES . It is taught
to the People by this Military Social Construct, that it is our duty, as the People who elected
them into office, to demand accountability from our assumed "public" officials and to confront
them as to where their loyalties lie . Is it with the corrupt, treasonous corporation that is
controlled by foreign agents from within and without, or is it with the reinstitution of the
posterities ' Constitutional Republican form of government, The United St ates of America, and
the social compact party St ates created thereby in Union with her Citizen s?
An articulate defender of a conservative monetary policy, so-called President, Mr. James A.
Garfield, urged the resumption of specie payments and the payment of government debts . He
said, "W hoever controls the volume of money in any country is absolute master of all
industry and commer ce." In his Inaugural Address in 1881, Garfield said :
"The chief duty of the National Government in conn ection with the currenc y of the
count ry is to coin money and declare its value. Grave do ubts have been entertained
whether Congress is authori zed by the Constitution to make any form of paper money
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legal tender. The present issue of United States notes has been sustained by the
necessi ties of war; but such paper should depend for its value and cur rency upon its
con venience in use and its prompt redem ption in coin at the will of the holder, and
not upon its compulsory circulation. These notes are not money, but promises to pay
money. If the holders demand it, the promise should be kept. "
The so-called President, Mr. James A. Garfield was assassinated after only two hundred days
in office, 80 days after being shot by a attorney, ostensibly because he was upset about not
receiving an ambassadorial posting to France.
In 1909, default loomed once again. The so-called u.s. government asked the Crown of
England for an extension of time. This extension was granted for another 20 years on several
conditions. One of the conditions was that the United States to permit the creditors to establish a
new national bank. The bankers moved deeper into the new military social construct by the
establishment of the Federal Reserve Bank in 1913 and the IRS to collect the interest on their
loans made to the UNITED STATES . The 17th Amendment, enacted May 31, 1913, was the
condition for the extension of time which took away the St ates' rights to appoint members
directly from its legisla tures to serve in the Senate of the United St ates, thereby destroying the
last vestige of repUblican so-called government. The 16th and 17th Amendment further
reduced the States ' power. The UNITED STATES adopted the mercantile system of ancient
Babylonia.
With the pass age of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 , the UNITED STATES was firmly lashed
to the yoke, so that a small number of very rich men have been able to put upon all people a
yoke little better than involuntary slavery itself. That yoke inevitably grows heavier with ever
compounding interest, and totals over $20 trillion of debt allegedly owed by all walks of life
today ($80,000 per man/woman/child). This vast accumulation of wealth concentrates
immense power and despotic economic domination in the hands of the few central bankers
"w ho are able to govern credit and its allotment, for this reason supplying, so to speak, the
life-blood to the entire economic body, and grasping, as it were, in their hands the very
soul of the economy so that no one dare breathe against their will." A worldwide tyranny is
gradually being imposed, hidden to most, by the Money Kings .
THE FIRST WORLD WAR
In 19 17, the people were drafted into the First World War. President Woodrow Wilson had to
find a way to persuade the people to go along with an intervention in another of Europe's wars.
Although restrained to be neutral in the deadly conflict by the Neutrality Act, he sent the Navy to
shepherd British convoys across the Atlantic. German U-boat commanders did not take the bait
and avoided contact with the U.S. destroyers. To force the iss ue, a U.S. naval ship deliberately
sailed into the midst of a battle between British and German naval fleets and was sunk. But
when the truth was learned, Wilson had to find another way.
The Lusitania was a speedy warship refitted by the British as a passe nger liner. Unknown to its
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passe ngers, the Lusitania was carrying a huge cargo of military equipment and munitions in
violation of the US Neutrality Act. The Germans knew that and tried to warn the pas sengers by
placing advertisements in prominent U.S. newspapers. The U.S. St ate Department ordered all of
the newspapers to refuse the ad Only one newspaper, in Des Moines, Iowa, bravely published
the information. To ensure a successful provocation, the Lusitania was ordered to sail at 75%
speed using only three of its four powerful engines . Then the naval escort was ordered away,
leaving the Lusitania vulnerable as it entered the war zone. The first torpedo hit the explosive
cargo and blew the bottom out of the Lusitania. It sank in only 18 minutes . 12 6 innocent civilians
died. Wilson now had his provocation to rally people ignorant of the true facts behind the "War
to End All Wars" (WWI). Deception personified .
The U.S. participation in WWI exacerbated the national debt so that it became impo ssible for us
to pay it off in 19 29. Wasn't that a nice coin cidence? It also enhanced the War Powers Act that
the illegitimate President, Mr. Abraham Lincoln, by Executive Order (as Commander-In-Chief)
put in place during his Presidency. This War Powers Act was re-enforced and the Trading
with the Enemy Act of 1917 was passed to define, regulate, and punish those who were trading
with enemies, and were then required by that act to be licensed by the government to do
business, any busines s. (This will become more important later on.)
THE GREAT DEPRES SION :
FROM SO VEREIGNTY TO SERVITUDE
We all know what happened in 19 29. This was the year of the stock market crash and the
beginning of The Great Depression. The stock market crash moved billions of dollars from the
people to the banks. This also removed cash from circulation for the people 's use. Those who
still possesse d any cash, invested in high interest yielding Treasury Bonds driven higher by
increased demand. As a result, even more cash was removed from circulation in the general
public for private use to the point where there was not enough cash left in circulation to buy the
goods being produced even for the neces sities of life. Production came to a halt as excess
inventory overwhelmed the market. There were more products on the market than there was
cash to buy them. Prices plummeted and industries plunged into bankruptcy, throwing millions
of people out of work. Foreclosures on homes, factories, businesses and farms rose to the highest
level in history under the so-called new Milit ary Social Construct of the UNITED STATES . A
mere dime was literally salvation to many families now living on the street. Millions of people
lost everything they had, keeping only the clothes on their backs.
In Europe, the International Bankers in 19 30 declared several social compact so-called nations
bankrupt, including the United St ates. In 19 33, immediately after Franklin Delano Roose velt
took office, his first act as the ille gitimate Preside nt, was to publicly declare the United States
bank holiday by Executive Order (as Commander-In-Chief of the present Military Construct).
He further went on to iss ue his so-called Presidential Executive Order on March 5th, 19 33 that
all United States Citizens must turn in all their gold in return for Federal Reserve Notes. This
Law was passed by Congress on June 5, 19 33.
All Walks of Life turned in all their gold at that time. The gold represented the hard earned fruits
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of their labors. Why? Were we United St ates Citizen s? No. We were still a sovereign people
until that time. We just thought that we were required to turn in all our gold. Only those people
living in Washington, D.C., and the 14 th Amendment £itizens were so required. As sovereigns,
we were not under the jurisdiction of the United St ates of America, which incorporated in 1871-
18 72.
When we turned in our gold, we just volunteered to be citizens of the jurisdiction and all their
laws of the assumed ten miles square of the City of Washington, District of Columbia, UNITED
STATES , and/or THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, whichever you prefer to recognize as
the true desig nation of such Military Social Construct then or now. The people became captured
by the misrepresentation of the status of the 14 th Amendment as £itizens. Our birth records
become certificates, and thereby the title to our bodies. They were registered at the Department
of Commercial within their Bureau of Census. This title to our bodies, all of our property and all
of our future labor, was pledged to the International Bankers as security for the alleged money
owed in bankruptcy by the original signatories to the social compact known as the Se veral St ates
of the Union, "The United St ates of America." This was done under the authority of commercial
law (Babylonian law) by and through the beneficia l use of Title and/or evidence of Title. The
People were not in bankruptcy. Only the Corporate UNITED STATES was in bankruptcy, which
had taken upon itself the debts of the prior social compact for certain power, pr ivileges and
immunities. But with the U.S. Corporation holding the title (by and through the transfer of
ownership via the definition of fungible goods) to your body and life, you are now used for
collateral to secure their national debt through birth certificates (given by parents ignorantly and
voluntarily through condition of Mind and misrepresentations of Registered Agents) to be
entered into the Commercial Registry and pledged to the wants and needs of the Milita ry Social
Construct's duty to service the debt owed by others at your expense. This act, in commerce, gave
title to your body by way of a "constructive" contract, but fraud vitiates all contracts. You may
still exercise your unalienable birthrights, an assumed among the powers of Earth, for your
separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and Nature's Creator entitle you.
Next, the government created an artificial 'person' with your given property name, a corporation,
a fictitious entity to take its place in a virtual reality of contract law and corporations. By and
through an adhesion contract via a newborn identification form with and attached ident-a-t ag
number for commercial registration pu rposes, the government then made you, the real man or
woman, responsible for that fictional entity, a fiduciary and surety for an artificial entity. Your
artificial entity secured the National debt by and through your future performance of labor in
exchange for the beneficial interest units (FRNs) which would arise from the beneficial use of
the notes is sued to you in exchange for your labor performed. This scheme allowed the Military
Social Construct to service the debt obligati ons of the Military regime and through it you became
a 14 th Amendment £itizen of the UNITED STATES with the bonded (by United St ates Bonds)
right to vote once registered . Then when you became of legal age of contractual consent you
perfected the bonds by binding yourself to that status by registering to vote and giving general
power of attorney to those elected to perform every act and deed in your stead as if physically
present yourself. In other words, they got you to think and act as though you really were that
fictional entity for all intents and purposes as the fiduciary surety. You agreed by your action or
failure to act. YOU adhered to a contract offer because you thought or acted as though you were
the receiver of the offer. In doing so, YOU were presumed to have ACCEPTED THE
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CO NTRACT by general acquiescence to all the terms and conditions of the status of surety for
the fiction (created by the military social construct) once you had perfected the bond by binding
yourself by becoming a registered voter.
All licenses and all exist ing contracts are made between the UNITED STATES or THE STATE
OF (whatever state of condition you live in) and your artificial entity. That fictitious entity binds
you to the UNITED STATES and its sub-corporations because they have, through adhesion
contracts as stated, made you, the real man or woman, fiduciary and responsible for that artificial
entity. Of course, you voluntarily sign, and even request, all those contracts, don't you? It
seems to be your name, although you probably never spell it all in capital letters as they do.
They wish for you to think nothing of the derivativ es, variations or aberrations, perhaps just
something they do to be clea r and error-free, respective to positive identification as most
wrongfully think. All of these contracts you sign carry with it your agreement to obey and
uphold all the military Executive Orders Laws, Rules and Regulations passed by the so-called
President (Commander-In-Chief), the Congress of the UNITED STATES COR PORATION and
THE STATE OF . They will be enforced against you until you decide to assume
among the powers of Earth, to which the Laws of Nature and Nature's Creator entitle you,
instead of the laws of Man to which you have no underlying nexus via social compact with such
agencies of government of whatever construct to protect your birthrights to Life, Liberty and the
Pursuit of Happiness.
From that day forward, We the People, once upon a time sovereigns who created government for
our convenience and welfare, could never own property in allodium because the new State of the
No Union, now had posses sion of it all. In 19 64, the St ate obtained title to all private property.
You can only "rent" homes that you believe you own by paying taxes. You only have a
certificate of title to the car you think you own, and you continue to drive it because of your
"yearly" fee of registration is assumed to be paid . The St ate owns the true title to our homes, our
cars, to everything we thought or think we own. You married the State through your voter' s
registration card, marriage license therefore allowing your children to become wards of the St ate
and by registering your children via the birth certificate, whereby the commer cial vehicle was
created for commerce, as property of the St ate. All of this was pledged, including all the fruits
of your future labor, to the bankers as security against the so-called national debt and was placed
in the posses sion of the Secretary of State of each state as an agent for the Trustee of the
Bankruptcy, the U.S. Se cretary of Treasury. Not knowing the rules of the game you went direc tly
to jail, you coul d not pass GO and you coul d not collect $2001
COWS IN THE PASTURE OR FREED OM :
THE HIDDEN CHOICE
The way out of this is dilemma can be very complex . In fact, its complexity was intentional.
Roosevelt had violated the law by placing all people into involuntary servitude without their true
consent. Congressman Louis T. McFadden brought formal charges against the Federal
Reserve and the Se cretary of the Treasury and was coming dangerously close to calling for
impeachment of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Two months AFTER the Executive Order, on June 5,
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1933, the Senate and House of Representatives, 73d Congres s, 1st Se ssion, at 4: 30 pm
approved House Joint Resolution (HJR) 192: Joint Resolution To Suspend The Gold Standard
And Abrogate The Gold Clause, Joint Resolution to assure uniform value to the coins and
currencies of the United States. This is the Act which formally declared the bankruptcy of the
UNITED STATES .
F.D.R., by Executive Order as the Commander-In-Chief of the military social construct, declared
all people outside the militarily federalized territories to be the enemy by illega lly altering the
Trading with the Enemy Act of 1861, revised 1918.
The creation of Federal Zone £itizenship was strengthened when you were told to apply for a
Social Sec urity number after 1935. The so-called benefits offered by this contract were hurriedly
and voluntarily entered into when the Social Security Act was signed into law because, once
again, the true facts regarding the outcome of accepting such benefits were withheld due to
misrepresentation and the lack of full disclosure. Further, contracts were to be entered into and
license to be applied for-all voluntary actions. We, unknowingly, were entering into lifelong
servitude to receive the benefits of the Lord of the Manor, the so-called Military Social Construct
Act, for and under the Order of the Money Kings and the Crown of England as the Exchequer of
the Vatican Treasury. We had desce nded into feudal vassalage not seen since before the signing
of the Magna Charta (1215 ) without even recognizing it.
The so-called President, Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, then called all the Governors into
Washington D. e. for a conference. This was the beginning of the St ates losing the remainder of
any semblance of their former Sovereignty. It was not until 1944 that the Corporate States lost
all of their power over the Corporate United States with the Buck Act. With this Act, the
states became, essentially, 14 th Amendment £itizens as well. This Buck Act completed the
destruction of the corporate states having any power to protect themselves against usurpation by
the Military Social Construct known as the United St ates Government. The corporate states now
fell under the jurisdiction of Washington, D.C., as mere supervise d units under the so-called
federal system.
Strangely enough, on October 28, 1977, H.J.R.-192 was quietly repealed by public law 95-
147. 91 Stat. 1227. "The jo int resolution entitled 'Jo int resolution to assure uniform value to
the coins and currencies of the United States' approved June 5, 1933 (31 U.S.C. 463), shall not
apply to obligations issued on or after the date of enactment of this section."
The reason for the repeal of HJR-192 is somewhat obscure. After 44 years of unchallenged
implementation, this public policy was clearly established by custom, usage and participation in
the credit system by the so-called American public. Those of us operating on the privilege of
limited liability, via the public credit, are still bound unless such liability is discharged back to
the original source of the debt generated by the issuance of money of account under the
copyrighted military script known as Federal Reserve Notes.
The adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code (U.e.e.) by all entities allowed them to use the
desig nated copyrighted name of each and every St ate in 19 64, along with a number of other like
laws and Acts, were incorporated within the military social construct of the sub-multi
jurisdictional franchised venues in the military social construct known as the United St ates. This
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made the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) the Supreme Law of the Land appertaining to 
Secured Transactions and even Documents of Title, though the U.C.C. speaks in hidden terms 
concerning Documents of Title. 
COURTS SHIFT FR OM COMMON LAW TO 
EQUTY AND ADMIRALTY COUR TS 
Under the social contract known as the Constitution, based on Common Law (common between 
those signatory, their posterity and their Agents of Trust, Profit and Honor), the Republican form 
of Government of the Continental United States provides for legal cases : at Law, in Equity , and 
in Admiralty. 
(1) Law is the collective organization of the individual right to lawful defense as it 
operates over the creators of such social compact. It is the will of the majority, which 
created such compact, the organization of the natural right of lawful defense. It is the 
substitution of a common force for individual forces in a reality were such individual 
power is limited by Unity, to do only what the individual forces have a natural and 
lawful right to do but in harmony with each member of the whole to secure the benefits 
of the one and at the same time for all signatory thereto: to protect themselves, their 
posterity, their liberties, and properties ; to maintain the right of each, and to cause 
justice to reign over all willing to declare to each such pledge as necessary to accept and 
carry out the obligations of such compact. Si nce people, singularly, cannot lawfully use 
force against any people s, liberty, or property of another people in most cases due to 
circumstances naturally lacking any contractual foundational societal nexus so-to-speak, 
the common force-for the same reason-cannot lawfully be used to destroy the people, 
liberty, or property of any people or groups of peoples. Law allows you to do anything 
you want to, as long as you don't infringe upon the life, liberty or property of anyone 
else. Law does not compel performance with a remedy for breach of the International 
Public Order, whether locally or otherwise. 
Today's so-called laws (ordinances, statutes, acts, regulations, orders, precepts, etc.) are often 
erroneously perceived as law, but just because something is called a "law" does not necessa rily 
make it law. [There is a difference between "l egal" and "l awful." Anything government does is 
assumed legal , but it may not be expressly lawful.] 
(2) Equity is the jurisdiction of compelled performance (for any contract you are a 
party to) and is based on what is fair in a particular situation. The term "e quity" 
denotes the spirit and habit of fairness, justness, and right dealing which would regulate 
the intercourse of men with men. Connected by agreement and obligations to perform 
accordingly, as governed amongst those who are signatory or otherwise by such general 
acquiescence among them until such time as circumstances may arise to separate the 
bands which either united them or otherwise which have lead them to accept such 
circumstances for whatever reason. You have no rights other than what is specified in 
your contract, which is governed by the foundational social compact. Equity has no 
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criminal aspects to it. 
(3) Admiralty is compelled performance plus a criminal penalty, a civil contract with a 
criminal penalty outside of any social compact guaranteeing any pr ivileges or 
immunities from such application of Admiralty jurisdiction. 
By 1938 the gradual procedural merger between law and equity actions (i.e. , the same so-called 
courts had jurisdiction over legal, equitable, and admiralty matters) was recognized and 
accepted. The military social construct was bankrupt. It now was owned by its creditors (the 
international bankers) who controlled everything-the Congress, the Executive, the courts, all 
the St ates and their legis latures and executives, all the land, and all people through 
misrepresentation and an absolute fraud perpetrated from condition of mind. This was brought 
about by those exercising an unjust persuasion over all Walks of Life not only locally but upon a 
planetary scale as well. Everything was mortgaged in support to the so-called national debt. 
They had gone from being sovereigns over government to subjects under government, through 
the use of negotiable instruments to discharge people 's debts with limited liability, instead of 
paying people 's debts at common law with gold or silver coin according to the original mandate 
of the now non-existent Constitution of the social compact formally known as "The united St ates 
of America." 
A change in their system of law from public law to private commercial law was recognized by 
the Supreme Court of the United St ates in the Erie Railroad vs. Thompkins case of 1938. In 
the same year, the procedures of Law were officially blended with the procedures of Equity. 
Prior to 19 38, all U.S. Supreme Court decisions were based upon public law-or that system of 
law that was allegedly controlled by the social compact's Constitutional limitation. Si nce 19 38, 
all U.S. Supreme Court decisi ons are based upon what is termed public policy. 
Public policy concerns commercial transactions made under the Negotiable Instrument's Law, 
which is a branch of the International Law Merchant. This has been codified into what is now 
known as the Uniform Commercial Code. This system of law was made uniform throughout the 
fifty franchise sub-states by the cunning of the Military Social Construct of the UNITED 
STATES in Congress Asse mbled. 
In offering grants of negotiable paper (Federal Reserve Notes), which the Military Congress gave 
to the fifty sub-states of the former Union for education, highways, health, and other purposes, 
Congress bound all the former States of the Union into a commercial agreement with the Federal 
Military United St ates (as distinguished from the Continental United States). The fifty St ates 
accepted the "benefits" offered by the Federal Military United St ates as the consideration of a 
commercial agreement between the Federal United States and each of the corporate States. The 
corporate St ates were then obligated to obey the Congress of the Federal United St ates. They 
became supervised units of the military federal system and had to assume their portion of the 
equitable debts of the Federal United States to the international banking houses, for the credit 
loaned. The credit which each sub-state received, in the form of federal block grants, was 
predicated upon equitable paper. 
This system of negotiable paper binds all corporate entities of government together in a vast 
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system of commercial agreements, has altered their court system from one under the Common
Law to a Legi slative Article I Court, or Tribunal, system of commercial law. Those people
brought before this court are held to the letter of every statute of government on the federal,
state, county, or municipal levels unless they have exercised the REMEDY provided for them
within that system of Commercial Law whereby, when forced to use a so-called "benefit "
offered, or available, to them from the so-called government, they may reserve their former right,
under the Common Law guarantee of same, to not be bound by any contract, or commercial
agreement that they did not enter knowingly, voluntarily, and intentionally. But once this has
been done according to International Public Order, such people are obliged to subject
themselves to their former state if that do not emerge into any other political status freely
determined by a people, according to the same International Public Order constituting modes
of implementing the right of self-determination by these peoples into such a social compact for
their safety, liberty, and the pursuit of their happiness.
In 1976, the Military So cial Construct's "United States in Congress Ass embled" took away
any semblance of law or justice left within their court system. All law today is now construed,
constructed and made up by the judge as it happens before your very eyes. Common law has
almost disappeared from the courts. They took away any control or authority anyone, whosoever,
might, or could, have had over the court system. This has been well hidden from all of Walks
of Life.
Many of the people entering into such courts often wonder why and how the courts can simply
override the laws that are paraded before them as extant and used by them in their paperwork to
seek remedy to state a just claim of action for governmental abuse. It's very simple now that we
know how they do it. They operate on the words 'c onstrue and construct ,' with unrestricted
liberty per Senate bill 94-201 and 94-381.
A simple word such as 'in' changed to 'a t' as in 'a t law ' or 'in law' has a totally separate
meaning. For example: If you are in the river, you are wet, you can swim, etc., but if you are at
the river, you might enjoy a refreshing picnic , play base ball or run races . Se e the difference a
simple word can make? The attorneys often change this word when they answer your motions
in addition to many others to direct the crossing over of their duty 'a t law' in attornment owed to
the Chamberlains of the Exchequer of the Treasury of the Vatican .
It will pay you in dividends to read the answers of attorneys to your so-called paperwork.
Compare what they say the case law says to the actual case law itself . You'l l discover that they
have actually changed the words therein. You might say this would appear to be unlawful. No,
not, according to the U.S. Code.
As you see, they can now construe and construct any law or statute to mean whatever they decide
it means for their benefit. You don't know any of this. You think they are railroading you in a
kangaroo court. No, they are 'le gal' in what they do. They usually follow the law to the letter;
Their law, private law, the law of contract, which you know nothing about. This law is called
contract law.
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A RE CENT EXAMPLE :
COUNTIN G VOT ES DECL ARD IRRELEVANT
BY THE SUPREME COURT
In 19 99, I watched in utter amazement as the Supreme Court of the United St ates overturned the
Florida State Supreme Court' s decision to proceed with a recount of the contested ballots and the
Eleventh District' s Court decision to uphold the decision of the Florida court. In Orwellian
doublespeak, Chief Justice Antonin Scalia wrote on Saturday, December 9, 19 99:
"The counting of the votes that are of questionable legality does, in my view, threaten
irreparable harm to Bush, and to the country, by casting a cloud upon which he claims
to be the legitimac y of his election. Count first, and rule upon legality afterwards, is not
a recipe for producing election results that have the public acceptance democratic
s tabili ty requires. "
It was a brazen and Orwellian declaration. What people who call themselves "American," who
believe in democracy, could claim that something was wrong with counting votes "first? " What
so-called American, who believes in democracy could declare one candidate the winner and
protect him from "irreparable harm" if a vote count showed him not to be the winner, after all?
Of course, it doesn't make any sense, unless you realize the foundation upon which Chief Justice
Antonin Sca lia based his transparently partisan remarks. He doesn't believe in democracy, he
doesn't even believe in republicanism. He is a militarist monarchist attorney and the Chief
Chamberlain of the Exchequer of the Treasury of the Vatican in the U. S. Now don't get me
wrong, because I believe that those who are not willing to exercise their Creator-Given
Unalienable Birthrights to emerge out of slavery into Sovereignty are worthy of neither safety
nor such liberty exercise d by those who have united to emerge into a social compact for the
exercise of such safety and liberty.
Chief Justice Antonin Scalia revealed his true motivations when he spoke on the subject of
capital punishment at the University of Chicago (February 2002) . During his remarks, he stated:
"The reaction of people of faith to this tendency of democracy to obscur e the divine authority
behi nd government should not be resigned to it, but the resolution to combat it as effectivel y as
possible ."
("God's Justice and Ours .. . http://www.firstthings.c omlftis sues/ft020S/articles/scalia. html)
Is it possi ble for Democracy to obscure Divine Authority behind government? Perhaps this helps
shed some light on why Chief Justice Antonin Sca lia and the four other right-wing "Justices"
could so easily subvert any election process and, through an act of divine intervention, usher the
son onto the throne lost some eight years earlier by his father, George I. We are assuming that
we are still independent sovereigns and freemen as declared by the Declaration of Independence
and that the so-called Constitution is still in effect, or that such a document has ever had anything
to do with all Walks of Life. Chief Justice Antonin Scalia has no such illusion. History supports
his position, sorry to say.
Chief Justice Antonin Scalia is an ideologue so accustomed to all Walks of Life and their
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willingness to continue to be subjects that he does not even consider the ideal of a government
of, by, and for the people. That ideal has remained as a useful fiction to be taught in Civics
classes and mouthed by the politicians to continue to delude the youth of the people even when
the people grow up and are repeatedly shown that the facts are absolutely opposite of what has
been taught. Chief Justice Antonin Scalia knows that we are mere chattel by presumption. Si nce
we have not even discovered that our status as freemen or So vereign has been lost, through more
than two hundred years of our assumed history, much less withdrawn our implied consent to be
subjects, we are presumed to be subjects before the so-called courts and in the minds of people
like Chief Justice Antonin Scalia. Due to the control of institutional centers of education, where
we became brained washed in our adolescent years to believe in a system which no longer exists ,
even if we never had any nexus with that former system which was being taught, that our rights
were secure by and through such former system of government.
Chief Justice Antonin Scalia speaks of civil disobedience with contempt and quotes the Bible,
"Y e must needs be sub je ct." We must, as mere servants of the ruling class, acquiesce to our
divinely guided leaders. Who are we, as mere subjects, to question those who make the laws and
interpret them? After all, he says that "G overnment carries the sword as 't he minister of
God,' to 'execute wrath ' upon the evildoer." No, he has not reverted to a justice of another
time-WE have, by our ignorance and silence, acquiesced to a lower status reminiscent of
another time.
There you have it ! In his eyes, we are subjects unworthy of honor, peace and justice. Somehow
Chief Justice Antonin Scalia's statements seem like a long way from the Declaration of
Independence in which so-called Americans stood before the world as Sovereigns invested with
certain unalienable rights, including the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. After
the American Revolution, the monarchies of Europe saw the Republican form of Democracy as
an unnatural, ungodly, ideologic al threat, just as radical and dangerous as Communism was
regarded by Western nations upon its inception. Just as the 1917 Communist Revolution in
Russia spawned other revolutions around the world, the American Revolution provided an
example and incentive for people all over the world to overthrow their European monarchies
whether wrong or right. What has happened? When did we give up our natural, Creator-Given
Unalienable Birthrights for just any system of government whether monarchial or otherwise?
Our forefathers fought and won that war didn't they? NOT SO!
VICE -ADMIRALTY COU RTS
In English Law, Courts established in the Kings/Queen's posses sions beyond the seas had
jurisdiction over maritime causes, including those relating to booty or prize.
The United St ates of America is lawfully the posses sion of the English Crown per original
commercial joint venture agreement between the colonies and the Crown, and the social compact
under the Constitution, which brought all the states (only) back under British ownership and rule.
The people, however, had sovereign standing in law, independent to any connection to the St ates
or the Crown under the Constitution. This fact necessi tated that the people be brought back, one
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at a time, under British Rule. The commercial process was the method of choice in order to
accomplish this task. First, via the 14 th Amendment and secondly, by and through the registration
of our birth registries and property, and thirdly, via the voter registration pr ocess whereby those
who regis tered to vote gave general power of attorney without restriction, reservation or
limitation to act in their stead once in office, and without any recourse. All such courts in
America are Vice-admiralty courts in the Crown's private commerce. Read the definition of
"C ourts of Exchequer" (for the Treasury of the Vatican) as defined in the 3rd, 4th, or 5th
Editions of Black 's Law Dictionary. Pay close attention to the term "fiction."
"In English law. A very ancient court of record, set up by William the Conqueror as a part of
the aula Regis, and afterwards one of the four superior courts at Westminster. It was, however,
inferior in rank to both the king' s bench and the common pleas . It was presided over by a chief
baron and four puisne barons. It was originally the king 's treasury, and was charged with
keeping the king's accounts and collecting the royal revenues. But pleas between subject and
subject were anciently heard there, until this was forbidden by the Articul a super Chartas,
(1 290,) after which its jurisdiction as a court only extended to revenue cases arising out of the
non-payment or withholding of debts to the crown. But the privilege of suing and being sued in
this court was extended to the king 's accountants, and later, by the use of a convenient fiction
to the effect that the plaintiff was the king's debtor or accountant, the court was thrown open to
all suitors in personal actions. The exchequer had formerly both an equity side and a common
law side ... "
'e mphasis added'
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THE "NEW DEAL " 
UNITED STATES BANK RUPTCY 
The Looting of a Nation-Ameri ca' s New Dea l 
The document on the facing page is a reconstruction of House Joint Resolution 192. It was 
obtained through the Congressional Research Se rvice by the local congressional representative. 
The Congressio nal Research Se rvice is a service of the Congressio nal Law Library and is closed 
to public access. 
Many who read H.J.R. 192 (on page 16 0) fail to comprehend its extraordinary significance, so a 
bit of introduction is in order. Its six paragraphs have done more to change the legal and financial 
landscape of America than perhaps any six paragraphs written prior to, or since, June 5th 1933. It 
represents no less than the wholesale confiscation of the wealth of the people-the biggest theft 
in history (see Executive Order June 5, 1933). All property and labor into perpetuity was 
pledged to the International Banking Cartel. Note that the word manipulators are in top form 
here-the word "bankruptcy" is never mentioned. The Military Congress spent all of 38 
minutes 'd ebat ing' this bill . Evidently it would have been far more painful for those who are 
called Americans to accept the second offer that was being extended by the bankers. 
Considering the ease of obtaining incontrovertible evidence about the bankruptcy, it is shocking 
to learn that the majority of Americans are completely unaware that the bankruptcy ever 
occurred, how they were drawn into it, or how it has become embedded in their lives. Mention 
this to your friends and they will probably look at you with surprise. Then, when you drop the 
real bomb on them, they'l l think you took a plunge off the deep end: 
"Federal Reserve Notes, mere promises to pay, are equivalent in value to Monopoly® 
money, " and you don 't have actual title to your homes or vehicles eithe,.. -y ou only get 
to use them if you pay your use fees in the form of license, registration, and property 
tax. " 
So complete in the comfort of their illusions are those who call themselves Americans that they 
give new meaning to the phrase, "There 's a sucker born every second ." If you create a system 
which is fraud from end to end, and is both self-reinforcing and transparent, people won't even 
realize it exists, or the reasons for its exist ence, or what they do to perpetuate its exist ence. This 
may be because of fear of what is not understood. The only thing one has to fear is fear itself . 
This fear arises when the very foundation of each and every action perpetrated is founded upon 
illusionary trickery that, when exposed, creates the need for even more deceit and fraud to 
maintain a semblance of order. This phenomenon is known as psychological dissonance
getting closer to the truth would require the reje ction of almost everything that one has been 
taught to believe is "real." Once you realize that the spectacles being played out daily in their 
courts, financial markets, institutions of higher learning, entertainment, and the world of politics 
are little more than clever charades for perpetuating false perceptions, the reason for the peoples 
collective "State -Of-Confusion" comes more sharply into view. 
Here is short list of popular beliefs that became fairytales after the Bankruptcy: 
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• All people in so-called America are £itizens of the United St ates
• Legal persons are flesh and blood men and woman
• We can pay our debts in full
• Taxes are compulsory
• Our elected officials are there to serve us
• We are a nation based on Law
• The President of the United St ates is the most powerful office in America
• The Internal Revenue Service is a creature of the federal government
• The Federal Reserve is a creature of the Federal Government
• Abuses of power are held in check by three independent branches of government
• An attorney's first allegiance is to the client
• An attorney needs a license to practice law
• The 14th Amendment to the Constitution was about freeing the slaves
• America is a Constitutional Republic
• Statutory Laws, police, judges, and the courts have jurisdiction over you
• All Judges and police are required to take oaths of office, swearing to uphold the
Constitution of the United States.
• Congress alone has been delegated the power to coin money and set its value
All of these myths will be addressed in different parts of this book. Let' s now examine the events
that led up to the emergency of 1933.
In 1929, the Milita ry So cial Construct known as the United St ates entered the Great Depression.
At that time, most of the Major Economic and Military Powers in the world were also in a
depression. You may recall that those who call themselves Americans were permitted to own
gold and that their currency was backed by gold and silver. People could deposit their gold in
Federal Reserve banks. Then the bank would give them a note that they could use to withdraw
their gold. Due to the panic in the economic markets after the crash of 192 9, people were trying
to withdraw the funds from the banks in the currency form of silver and gold.
The so-called President, Mr. Herbert Hoover asked the Federal Reserve Board of New York
for a recommendation on how to deal with the situation. One might wonder why their President,
Mr. Herbert Hoover, would ask the Federal Reserve Board for advice. But, a review of the
"Federal Reserve" article will show that the Federal Reserve System was in control of the
Military Social Construct known as the United St ates as its Fiscal Agent over the Monetary
Policies of the United St ates then. We are still under the same power. The Federal Reserve
Board adopted a resolution to respond to their President, Mr. Herbert Hoover 's, request.
"Whereas, in the opinion of the Board of Directors of the Federal Bank of New York,
the continued and increasing withdra wal of currenc y and gold from the banks of the
count ry has now created a national emergency ... " [Herbert Hoover private papers of
March 3, 1933]
The Federal Reserve board is stating that the run on banks is causing a "national emergency."
Si nce their currency was backed by gold, why would it cause a national emergency for people to
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hold the gold rather than the banks? To find the answer, let' s see what their President, Mr.
Herbert Hoover, had to say.
" ... that those speculator and insiders were right was plain enou gh later on. This first
contract of the 'moneycha ngers ' with the New Deal netted those who removed their
money from the country a profit of up to 60 percent when the dollar was debased. "
[Hoover Policy Paper, written by the Secretary of Interior and Secretary of
Agricultur e]
Their President, Mr. Herbert Hoover, is saying that those with inside knowledge had already
removed the money (gold) from the country before the people started demanding their money
from the banks. Si nce the banks didn't have the gold the people were demanding, the banks
needed protection. So, the Federal Reserve Board went on to propose their President, Mr.
Herbert Hoover, issue an Executive Order based upon the Trading with the Enemy Act of
1917 as follows:
"Whereas, it is provided in Section 5(b) of the Act of October 6, 191 7, as amend ed, that
'the Preside nt may investigate, regulate, or prohib it, under such rules and regulatio ns
as he may prescribe by means of licensur e or otherwi se, any transaction in foreign
exchange and the export, hoar ding, melting, or ear markings of gold or silver coin or
bullion or curren cy, ***"' . [Herbert Hoover private papers of March 3, 1933, emphasis
added]
Their President, Mr. Herbert Hoover, declined to issue the order, but then Mr. Franklin
Delano Roosevelt was inaugurated as their President, on March 4, 1933. In his inauguration
speech, he requested that Congress grant him emergency powers equal to those he might have in
times of war to allow him to deal with the crisis. On March 5, 1933, he is sued Proclamation
2038 requesting a Special Session of Congress beginning on March 9, 1933, to deal with the
banking emergency. Then, on March 16, 1933, the illegitimate President, Mr. Franklin Delano
Roosevelt, is sued Proclamation 2039 to indicate to the Congress what kind of emergency
powers he was asking for. This proclamation had exactly the same wording as that proposed by
the Federal Reserve Boar d. But the Proclamation had no authority until Congress met to give
him the required authority.
One might well ask how the Federal Reserve Board could have such influence over their
acting President. Some researchers speculate that the depression was engineered by the Federal
Reserve System and the International Ban kers that it represents [see the essay "Secrets of the
Federal Reserve" for information about the link between the Federal Reserve System and
International Bankers]. The bankers' motive was to further consolidate their power. They
already controlled the monetary policy of the UNITED STATES . It is also speculation that the
military social construct known as the U.S. government was told that it had no choice in
cooperating with the Federal Reserve Board, (international bankers) or the depression would
remain indefinitely. Under such political blackmail , their President, Congress, and Courts were
willing to acquiesce to the demands of the (Money Kings) bankers. Bear these speculations in
mind as you read who, quickly, gave the Federal Reserve Syst em what it wanted. These
speculations will be an area for further research.
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The very first Act passed by Congress when they met in Special Se ssion has the following
preamble.
"Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representative of the United States of
America in Congress assemb led, that the Congress hereby declares that a serious
emergency exists and that it is imperatively necessary to speedily put into ef fect
remedies of uniform national application. " [bold emphasis added]
On the first day of their special session, Congress approved Proclamation 2039. On the same
day, their President, Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, re-issued it as Proclamation 2040.
"Whereas, und er the Act of March 9, 1933, all Proclamations here tofore or hereafter
issued by the Presid ent pur suant to the authority enforced by section 5(b) of the Act of
October 6, 191 7, as amen ded, are approved and con firmed; " [President Roosevelt 's
Proclamation 2040].
On that same day, Congress passed the following statute:
"During time of war or during any other period of national emergency declared by the
President , the President may, through any agency that he may designate, or otherwise
investigate, regulate, or prohibit under such rules and regulations as he may prescribe
by means of licensure or otherwise, any transaction in foreign exchange, transactions
of credit between or payment s by banking institutions as defined by the Presid ent and
export, hoar ding, melting, or ear mar kings of gold or silver coin or bullion or
currenc y, by any person within the United States or anyplace subject to the jurisdiction
thereoJ. " [Title 1, Sec. 2, 48 Statute 1, March 9, 1933, emphasis added]
This is exactly the same language that was found in the 1917 Trading with the Enemy Act. The
exclusion of transactions within the UNITED STATES had been removed from the Statute.
This statute can now be found in the United States Code at 12 USC § 95b. This is the current
version of the statute. Notice that the wording is almost identical to that found in the 1933
statute (shown in above paragraph) .
"Sec. 95b. - Ratification of acts of Presid ent and Secretary of the Treasury und er
section 95a. The actions, regulations, rules, licenses, orders and proclamations
heretofore or hereafter taken, pr omulgated, made, or issued by the Preside nt of the
United States or the Secretary of the Treasury since March 4, 1933, pur suant to the
authority conferred by section 95a of this title, are approved and confirmed. " [12 USC
§9 5b]
This version says that the authority is granted in 12 USC § 95a. But if you look in the notes to
that statute you will see that the original source authority is located in "Oct. 6, 1917, ch. 106,
Sec. 5(b), 40 Stat. 415" and later in "Mar. 9, 1933, ch. 1, title I, Sec. 2, 48 Stat. I." So, the
alleged President still has the authority as it was originally granted in 1917 and later modified in
1933.
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The effect of this emergency power is that all who call themselves Americans are now part of
the Trading with the Enemy Act, as amended in 1933. The significance of this change will
soon become apparent.
Si nce the bankers didn't have gold to pay out, the alleged President, Mr. Franklin Delano
Roosevelt used Proclamation 2039 and 2040 along with the provisions of 12 USC § 95b to
create a banking holiday. This can be verified if we read the definition for "Banking Holiday
of 1933."
"Bank holiday of 1933. Presid ential Proclamations No. 2039, issued March 6, 1939,
and No. 2040, issued March 9, 1933, temporar ily suspended banking transactions by
member banks of the Federal Reserve System. Normal banking functions were
resumed on March 13, subject to certain restrict ions. The first proclamation, it was
held , had no authority in law until the passage on March 9, 1933, of a ratified act (12
V. S. C.A. § 95b). The pres ent law forbids membe r banks of the Federal Reserve System
to transact banking business, except under regulations of the Secretary of the
Treasury, during an emergency proclaimed by the President. 12 V. S. C.A. § 95. "
[Black 's Law Dictionary, 5th Edi tion, emphasis added]
The restrictions mentioned in the above definitions are that the bankers had to be licensees
before they could be reopened. A license is something that grants authority to do something
that would otherwise be illegal. Trading (or conducting busines s) with the enemy (so-called
Americans on assumed American soil) was made an illegal activity unless licensed. Their
President, Mr. Franklin Delano Rooseve lt's, papers revealed that the government will grant the
license.
"The Secretary of the Treasury will issue licenses to banks which are members of the
Federal Reserve System whether national bank or state, located in each of the 12
Federal Reserve Bank cities, to open Monday morning. " [President Roosevelt's papers]
Another provision passed on March 9, 1933 giving Federal Reserve Agents the authority to
act as Agents of the U.S. Department of Treasury. This seems strange since the Federal
Reserve System is a private business.
"When requ ired to do so by the Secretary of the Treasury, each Federal Reserve agent
shall act as agent of the Treasurer of the Vnited States or of the Comptroller of the
curr ency, or both, for the performances of any functions which the Treasurer or the
Comptroller may be called upon to perform in carrying out the provisions of this
par agraph. [48 Stat. 1, emphasis added]
We'v e already seen that insiders had removed most of the gold from the banks (warehouses)
before the people started demanding their money from the bankers. The bankers didn't have the
money the people were demanding, so the bankers sought protection. In order to do this, the
people had to be declared the enemy. The Trading with the Enemy Act, as revi sed in 1933,
accomplished this. Then Congress pas sed a statute that authorized stiff fines and/or prison
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sentences if people didn't tum in their gold. This would be considered High Treason, if it
wasn 't a hoot, that such power used was founded solely upon the Law of Necessity and not
a true representation of such authority by a fully aware and informed people.
"Whenev er, in the judgment of the Secretary of the Treasury, such action is necessary
to protect the cur rency system of the United States, the Secretary of the Treasury, in his
dis cretion, may regulate any or all individuals, partn erships, associations and
corporations to pay and deliver to the Treasurer of the United States any or all gold
coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates owne d by such indivi duals, partn erships,
associations, and corpor ations . ... Whoever shall not comply with the provisions of this
act shall be fined not more than $10, 000 or if a natural person, in addition to such fine
may be imprisoned for a year , not exceeding ten year s. " [Stat 48, Section 1, Title 1,
Subsection N, March 9, 1933, emphasis added]
So, not only were people not able to get their gold, but their gold was confiscated by the military
social construct of government. Si nce all money was gold and silver certificates and all of this
money had to be turned in, the people were left without any money of exchange in Law.
"During this banking holiday it was at first believed that some form of script or
emergency cur rency would be necessary for the conduct of ordinary business. We knew
that it would be essential when the banks reopene d to have an adequate supply of
currenc y to meet all possible demands of depositors. Consideration was given by
govern ment officials and vario us local agencies to the advisability of issuing clearing
house certificates or some similar form of local emergency cur rencies. On March 7,
1933, the Secretary of the Treasury issued a regulation authori zing clearing houses to
issue demand certificates against sound assets of the banking institutions. But this
authority was not to become effective unt il March 10th. In many cities, the printing of
these certificates was actually begun. But after the passage of the Emergency Banking
Act of March 9, 1933, (48 Stat. 1) it becam e evident that they would not be nee ded
because the act made possible the issue of the nece ssary amount of emergency
cur renc y in the form of Federal Reserve Bank Notes which could be based on any
sound assets owne d by the banks. " [Roosevelt 's papers, bold emphasis added]
So we see that their President, Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevel t's papers admit that the
Emergency Banking Act made it possi ble to iss ue emergency currency that was based upon
the Assets of the banks rather than upon gold or silver (remove the U.S. from the gold
standard) . The "emergency currency" was "Federal Reserve Bank Notes." Federal Reserve
Notes are still used today.
Next we will see what was to be used to back up the "Federal Reserve Bank Notes."
"Upon the deposit with the Treasurer of the United States, (a) of any dire ct obligations
of the United States, or (b) of any notes, drafts, bills of exchange or bankers
acceptance s acquired under the provisions of this Act, any Federal Reserve bank
making such deposit in the manne r prescribe by the Secretary of the Treasury shall be
entitled to receive from the Comptroller of the cur renc y circulating notes in blank, du ly
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registered and count ersigned. " [Emergency Banking Act of March 9, 1933, section 4, 
Public Law 89-719] 
Later in 1933, the House of Representatives passed a jo int resolution to "Suspend The Gold 
Standard and Abrogate The Gold Clause" which says in part: 
"That (a) every provision contained in or made with respect to any obligation which 
purpor ts to give the obligee a right to require payment in gold or parti cular kind of 
coin or curr ency, or in as amount of money of the United States measured thereby is 
declared to be against public policy; and no such provision shall be contained in or 
made with respect to any obligation hereafter incur red. " [House Joint Resolution 192, 
June 5, 1933, emphasis added] 
Si nce this measure was passed as a jo int resolution, it does not have the force of law. You will 
notice that the resolution uses the term "public policy." We frequently hear the term "public 
policy" used. But what does it mean? 
"policy. The general pri nciples by which a government is guided in its management of 
public affairs. " [Black 's Law Dictionary, 7th Edition] 
''public policy. Broadly, pr inciples and standards regarded by the legislatu re or by the 
cou rts as being of fundamental concern to the state and the whole of society. " [Black's 
Law Dictionary, 7th Edition] 
Public policy is not the same thing as public law! 
"public law. The body of law dealing with the relations between private individuals and 
the government , and with the structure and operation of the government itself; ... A 
statute affecting the general public ... " [Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edition] 
This is a rather startling admission on the part of Congress. They are saying that what they are 
doing by refusing to pay the federal debt in gold is not according to the law but rather a 
public policy. 
So, we see that the currency was no longer backed by gold (even if it is only a public policy) . 
The new currency was Federal Reserve Bank Notes. These notes were, and still are, backed by 
"direct obligations of the United States" which are Treasury notes. They are also backed by 
bank "notes, drafts, bills of exchange, and bank acceptances." This last group is notes (loans) 
that Federal Reserve member banks were holding on loans they had made to people and 
institutions. So the public or private debt instruments of the banks were considered Assets to 
be deposited in the Treasury in exchange for "circulating notes ." Excerpts can further prove 
this from the Congressional Record during the debate over the Emergency Banking Act of 
1933. 
[Mr. McPhadin] " ... The first section of the bill, as I grasped it, is practica lly the war 
powers that were given back in 191 7. 1 would like to ask the chairman of the commiUee 
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if this is a plan to change the hold ing of the security back of the Federal Reserve notes
to the Treasury of the United States rath er than the Federal Reserve agent. "
[Mr. Stiggle] "This provision is for the issuance of Federal Reserve bank notes; and
not for Federal Reserve notes; and the security back of it is the obligations, notes,
drafts, bills of exchange, bank acce ptances, outlined in the section to which the
gentleman has referred. "
[McPhadin] "Then the new circulation is to be Federal Reserve bank notes and not
Federal Reserve notes. Is that true?"
[Mr. Stiggle] "Insofar as the provisions of this section are concern ed, yes. "
"[Mr. Britain] "From my observations of the bill as it was read to the House, it would
appear that the amount of bank notes that might be issued by the Federal Reserve
System is not limited. That will depend entirely upon the amount of collateral that is
presented from time to time from exchange for bank notes. Is that not correct ?"
[McPhadin] "Yes, I think that is correct. "
It should be clear that the currency was no longer backed by gold but by a promise to pay on
various debt instruments (loans to private individuals or businesses and the government) .
So, there were no Hard Assets backing up the currency, only promises. In the case of
government loans, the collateral would be the ''full faith and credit of the United States." This
is very strong evidence that the federal government was bankrupt at that time. If it weren't , the
federal government would still be willing to pay its obligations in gold and the currency
would still be backed by gold.
Who did the federal government owe money too? The obvious answer is the Federal Reserve
Bankers, who were holding the "direct obligations of the United St ates." The Federal
Reserve is a private bank. It is not part of the government. The logical conclusion is that the
government is bankrupt and the Federal Reserve is the Creditor.
The transition from a gold backed currency to one that was not backed by any hard asset was
very swift. The Federal Reserve Board proposed it to their President, Mr. Herbert Hoover,
but it took until a more acceptable agent resided within their presidency of the military social
construct on March 3, 1933 before it was implemented into law on March 9, 1933. This is very
swift action indeed. How can we account for such a rapid change in circumstances? We have not
uncovered (at least thus far) direct evidence of undue influence by the Federal Reserve
(international bankers). However, their position as Creditor to the UNITED STATES does
provide a plausible explanation as to why things changed so rapidly.
The final topic to explore ... the impact of this on so-called American £itizens.
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Impact of Bankruptcy
So, let' s clarify the difference between real money of exchange (backed by a hard asse t) and a
paper money of account as a substitute. Federal Reserve Notes (FRNs) are nothing more than
promissory notes backed by UNITED STATES Treasury securities (T-Bills) - a promise to
pay the debt to the Federal Reserve Bank (FR B). The FRB allows the military federal
government constructs to create debt that causes inflation through devaluation of the so-called
currency. Inflation occurs whenever there is an increase of the supply of a so-called fiat money
supply in the economy without a corresponding increase in the money of exchange (gold and
silver or some other specie s) backing. Inflation is an invisible form of taxation that
irresponsible governments inflict on their subjects known as citize ns. The Federal Reserve
Bank has access to an unlimited supply of FRNs. The Federal Reserve Bank only pays for the
printing costs of new FRNs.
We also need to understand that there is a fundamental difference between "paying" and
"discharging" a debt. To pay a debt, you must pay with value or substance (i.e. gold, silver,
barter or a commodity). With FRNs, you can only discharge a debt. You cannot pay a debt with
a debt currency system. You cannot service a debt with a currency that has no backing in value
or substance. No contract in common law is valid unless it involves an exchange of "good and
valuable consideration."
What does the federal military government construct have to offer the Federal Reserve III
payment of its debts? The next quote answers this question.
[Patton] "The money will be worth 100 cents on the dollar because it is backed by the
credit of the Nation. It will represent a mortgage on all the homes and other property of all
the people in the Nation." [Congressional Record, March 9, 1933, emphasis added]
We now see that the federal government has offered all of the private property in the people to
its Creditor, the Federal Reserve. The government can also offer the labor of the people of the
nation [see the article on the "Federal Reserve" system to see how the IRS is used to collect
money for the Federal Reserv e] .
This quote is evidence that the military social government construct, "hypothecated" all of the
present and future properties, assets, and labor of their "subjects" to the Federal Reserve
System.
"Hypothecate. To pledge property as security or collateral for a debt. Gener ally, there
is no physical transfer of the pledged property to the lender; nor is the lender given title
to the property; though he has a right to sell the pledged property upon default. "
[Black 's Law Dictionary, 5th Editio n]
So, the military social government construct has pledged (mortgaged) our property as collateral
to their Creditor, the Federal Reserve. If you thought the only people who could mortgage
property were the owners, you were correct. The implication is that through some mechanism,
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(which will be the subject of future material on this subject), the military social government 
construct has taken over controlling interest in our property. If this is the case, it is a violation of 
the 5th Amendment to the social contract known as the U.S. Constitution. NOT! !! What social 
compact contract Constitution or otherwise are you party to, now or ever, which would guarantee 
any right to state a Claim of Action on any agency Liability to perform in some fiduciary manner 
in relationship thereto? So continue to accept the delusion while the military construct continues 
to rape and pillage based upon your full faith and credit to continue to believe the following to 
wit: 
" ••• nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation." 
You may wonder how you got roped into paying someone else' s debts . The answer can be found 
in the 14th Amendment. 
The validity of the public debt of the United States ... shall not be questioned." [l4 th 
Amendment, Se ction 4] 
After the passa ge of the 14 th Amendment, everyone born in the so-called UNITED STATES 
became a 14 th Amendment [federal] £itizen. As such, you are held liable for the "public debt of 
the United States." To provide further evidence of military government control of our property, 
consider the fact that we pay property taxes . Prior to 1913, when the Federal Reserve Act was 
pas sed, most so-called Americans owned property and had Allodial titles. There are !!Q property 
taxes in this situation. When we buy property now, we are not given an Allodial title. Instead we 
are given a title deed, which is not fee simple absolute. To better understand, let' s look at the 
definitions of these terms. 
"Allodial. Free; not holden on any lord or superior; owned without obligation of 
vassalage or fealty ••• " [Black's Law Dictionary, 5th Edition] 
"Fee simple. A fee simple absolute is an estate limited absolutely to a man and his heirs and 
assi gnees forever without limitation or condition. An absolute or fee simple estate is one in 
which the owner is entitled to the entire property, with unconditional power of dispos ition during 
his life, and descending to his heirs and legal representatives upon his death in testate." [Black 's 
Law Dictionary, 5th Edition] 
"Deed. A conveyance of realty; a writing signed by grantor, whereby title to realty is 
transferred from one to another." [Black 's Law Dictionary, 5th Edition] 
"Title deeds. Deeds, which constitute or are the evidence of title to lands." [Black 's Law 
Dictionary, 5th Edition, emphasis added] 
From these definition s, it should be obvious that we do not have fee simple, absolute title to our 
land. If we had an Allodial title (without obligation), no one would have the authority to tax the 
land. They would also not have a right to sell the property if the taxes weren't paid. But when 
the property was hypothecated, the military government took that authority. The title deed is 
evidence that a title does exist. But the question remains who holds title to the property? It 
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would seem that the military government has taken control of our property and then they lease it 
back to us for what is called property taxes. 
In return for turning over all the property in the so-called military social construct known as the 
U.S., the Federal Reserve Bank agreed to extend the federal military social construct all the 
Credit (money substitute) it needed. Like any other debtor, their federal military government 
construct had to assign collateral and security to their Creditors as a condition of the loan. Si nce 
their federal military government construct didn 't have any assets, they assigned the private 
property of their "economic slaves," the so-called UNITED STATES £itizens, as collateral 
against the un-payable federal military debt. They also pledged the unincorporated federal 
military territories, national parks and forests, as collateral against the federal military debt (for 
evidence of this see the United Nations plaques in most of major so-called national parks). 
You might say, "I don't feel like an economic slave." If not, then why are most who call 
themselves Americans mortgaged to the hilt and have little or no Assets after all debts and 
liabilities have been paid? Why does it feel like you are working harder and harder and getting 
less and less? Evidence of your economic slavery is the fact that you pay Social Security taxes 
and income taxes. 
Remember that we said the federal military government construct could also pledge the labor 
of the citizens. The federal military government construct gets the benefit of your labor in the 
form of so-called federal employment [income] taxes. What you may not know is that the federal 
military government construct does not have any Constitutional authority to tax your wages. So 
the income tax is voluntary. You volunteer to pay off the public debt when you apply for a 
social security nu mber and then give it to your employer when you file a W4 form. If you don't 
believe it, find a canceled check that you have written to the I.R.S. Turn it over and on the back 
you will see that the check was endorsed for deposit in a Federal Reserve account. So, your 
check to pay your "income tax" was deposited into the Federal Reserve, a private bank, who is 
the acting fiscal Agent of the Creditor for the Crown of England as the Exchequer of the 
Vatican to service the federal military government construct's !!!!-payable debt. 
In summary, the Federal Military Government Construct is bankrupt. The Federal Reserve 
Bankers are the Fiscal Agent for the Creditor to the Federal Military Government Construct. All 
of your property and labor have been pledged to lillY the debts of the Federal Military 
Government Construct. As a UNITED ST ATES £itizen, you are held liable for the so-called 
(military) public debt, and the service agent of the Fiscal Agent (Federal Reserve System) 
known as the Internal Revenue Se rvice (I.R.S.) is the collection agency for the Federal Reserve 
System. 
Now, I have attempted to keep this as simple as possible , so as to reach those still in the matrix 
so-to-speak. You can be set free from this system of control, but you must first want to be free. 
The only way that you have to emerge into any other political status freely determined by a 
people, is according to the International Public Order which constitutes modes of 
implementing the right of self-determination by that people recognized by the principals of 
International Law, otherwise known as the Law of Nations and/or the Laws between Nations, 
adopted to keep the peace within the framework of differences which may or may not exist 
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June 5, 19 33.
[H.J.R es. 19 2]
[Pub. Res., No .10 ]
Un iform val ue of
;oins and currencies.
Preamble.
Cla uses in
bl igations req uiring
'old, etc., payment
eclar ed contrary to
ublic policy.
No future oblig ation
) be so expres sed .
'ayments to be made
) legal tender.
Conflic ting
wvi sions repealed.
U.S.C p. 10 03
Other provi sions
ot in validated
Term "obligation"
efi ned .
:oin or currency"
National Econom ic
:mergenc y Act,
men ded
Ante, p. 52.
Coins and
urrencies
s legal tender.
Abrase gold coins
ccor ding to weight.
73r d CO NG RESS . SE SS I. CHS 46-48,
JUNE 3, 5, 1933
[C HAP TER 481
JOIN T RE SOLUT ION
To ass ure un iform val ue to the coins and cu rrencies of the Uni ted States .
Wher eas the hold ing of or dealing in gold affect the publi c interest, and are ther efo re subjec t to
proper regula tion and restriction; and
Wh ereas the exis ting emer gency has disclosed that provisions of obliga tions which pur port to give
the obli gee a right to requir e paym ent in gold or a particular kind of coin or cu rrency of the Uni ted
States, or in an amoun t in mo ney of the Un ited States measur ed ther eby, obstruct the powe r of the
Congr ess to regu late the value of mo ney of the Uni ted States, and are incons istent with the
declar ed pol icy of the Co ngress to mai ntain at all times the equal powe r of eve ry dollar , coined or
issued by the Uni ted States , in the ma rkets and in the paym ent of deb ts. Now, the re-fo re be it.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Represent atives of the United States of America in
Congress assembled, Tha t (a) eve ry provision cont aine d in or ma de with respect to any obligation
which pu rports to give the obl igee a right to req uir e paym ent in gold or a particu lar kind of coin or
cu rrency, or in an amoun t in money of the Un ited States measu red ther eby, is declar ed to be
agains t publi c pol icy; and no such provision shall be cont ained in or ma de with respect to any
oblig ation he reafter incurr ed. Every obli gation , her etofo re or he reafter incu rred, wheth er or not any
such provision is cont ained ther ein or made with respect ther eto , shall be di schar ged upon
payment, dollar for dollar, in any coin or cu rrency which at the time of paym ent is legal tender for
public and private deb ts . Any such provision cont aine d in any law authorizi ng obli gations to be
issued by or under authori ty of the Un ited States, is her eby repea led, but the repeal of any su ch
provision shall not invalida te any other provision or autho rity cont ai ned in such law.
(b) As used in this resol ution , the term "obli gation" means an obli gation (including eve ry
obl igation of and to the Un ited States , excep ting cu rrency) payable in money of the Uni ted States ;
and the term "co in or cu rrency" means coin or cu rrency of the Un ited Sta tes, including Feder al
Reserv e notes and Circula ti ng notes of Federal Rese rve bank s and national ban king assoc iations.
Sec. 2. The la st sentences of paragraph (1 ) of su bsecti on (b) of section 43 of the Act entitled
"A n Act to reliev e the existi ng national economi c emer gency by incr easing agr icu ltu ral pur chasing
power, to raise revenue for extrao rdinar y expe nses incu rred by reason of such emer genc y, to
provide emer genc y relie f with respec t to agricu ltural indeb tedness , to provide for the orderly
liqu idation of jOi nt-stock land banks , and for other pu rposes" , app roved Ma y 12 , 19 33, is amended
to read as follo ws:
"Al l coins and cu rrencies of the Un ited States (incl uding Federal Rese rve notes and circula ting
notes of Feder al Rese rve banks and na tional banking associa tions) he retofore or he reafter coined
or issued , shall be legal te nder for all debts , public and priv ate , publi c char ges, taxes, dutie s , and
dues, except tha t gold coins, whe n for single pie ce , shall be legal tender only at valua tion in
proportion to the ir actual weig ht"
Appr oved, Jun e 5, 13 33 4. 40 p.m.
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Eme rgenc y Powers Fraud
The Repub lican Party of Texas Execut ive Committee voted unanimousl y on 17 June 1995 to
recommend rescinding the Emergency Banking and Relief Act of March 9, 1933.
The Libe rtarian Party shoul d do the same.
Given the many yea rs their Republ ican presidents have had the oppor tunity to rescind their
emergency powers and didn 't, I have little or no faith that their Repub licans or Democrat s will
end their milit ary Emergency Powers and restore the Constitution to full force as it was
origina lly establi shed accor ding to the principals of Internatio nal Public Order. Our best hope
is for their military social construct to declare a restatement of their social compact within the
framework of International Public Order respective to the post erity to which such compact was
established. Also, for those of us who wish to emerge into a pos ition of political status according
to the principals of Internati onal Public Order and to do so in the interest of peace within the
International Public Order for our own safety, liber ty and pur suit of happi ness by declaring our
pledge to each other in social compact to establish our own credibility by which others may treat
wit h us.
For those of you unaware of the history of Emergency Powers, I include here fa monograph on
the subject].
In 1917 the "Trading With The Enemy Act" (50 USC Appe ndix) was passe d. It allowed the
so-called president to "p rohibit, restrict, license or regulate" any transactions by £itizens or
corporations of the enemy countries operating within the U.S. during WWI. Conveniently, it
was not revoked, even though the war and emergencies ended.
On 24 March 1918, the Act was amended and its scope greatly expanded by adding "ho arding,
melting" to the description of foreign exchange and by deleting the word 's uch ' from two
places in " ... and he may require any [such] person engaged in any [such] transactions ... "
In the early 19 20' s, the Federal Reserve's loose money policy encouraged a lot of people,
especially farmers, to over-extend themselve s. When the Federal Reserve contracted the money
supply during the late '20s, it initiated an economic collapse that was sustained and deepened by
the Smoot-Hawley tariff of 19 30, which raised rates as high as 49%, purportedly to act as a price
support for America's farmers. Their President' s, Mr. Herbert Hoover's, interventions [helped
to] create a world-wide recession.
On 6 March 1933 their President, Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, is sued Proclamation
2039: under the authority of the Trading with the Enemy Act --"[ T]he President. .. may
prohibit .. , by means of licenses, or otherwise .. , the export [or] hoarding of gold or silver
coin" and ceased redeeming the legal tender (Bills of Credit) for gold coin (lawful money).
On 9 March 1933, their President, Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, convened the 10th Federal
Congress in special session.
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This Military Congress declared a state of emergency (H.R. 1491, No. 1) and rubber-stamped
ex-post facto Proclamations, granting their President, Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the
same powers he would have in times of war. Their Congress passed the Emergency Banking
Act without reading or debating it (some say a newspaper was put into the hopper to
represent the bill, which was still being written), effectively suspending any remaining effect
of the so-called social compact of the U.S. Constitution and imposing Martial Law on each and
every people under the provisions of Article I, Section 9, Clause 2. Once an emergency is
declared, the common law and Constitutional guarantees are abolished, and all people fall under
the absolute will of the military social government construct, e.g., public (MILITARY) policy.
Before 1933, they had "S tatutes at Large ;" federal military legisla tion (public policy) was then
and is now continually referred to as "P ublic Law." Their President becomes Commander in
Chief, ipso facto: in effect, a non-Constitutional Dictator, acting under the Law of Necessity, the
Law of War.
The 10 th (Military) Congress pas sed without debate the Bank Conservation Act, amending
section 5, subsection b of the Trading with the Enemy Act to accommodate Proclamation
2039. The functional result of the changes:
"D uring time of war or during any other period of national emergency declared
by the President, the President may, through any agency that he may designate .. ,
investigate, regulate, or prohibit, under such rules and regulations as he may
prescribe, by means of licenses or otherwise, any transactions .. , defined by the
President. .. by any person within the United States or any place subj ect to the
jurisdiction thereof; and the President may require any person engaged in any
transaction referred to in this subdivision to furnish under oath, complete
information relative thereto, including the production of any books of account,
contracts, letters or other papers, in connection therewith in the custody or
control of such person, either before or after such transaction is completed ."
Immediately thereafter their President, Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, issued Proclamation
2040: under the authority of the amended Trading with the Enemy Act, "[ I]n view of such
continuing national emergency .• , all terms and provisions of said Proclamation of March 6,
1933 .•. are .. , in full force and effect until further proclamation by the President. " 48 St at.
1691. The "New Deal" (by these Poker Sharks) was not to be temporary. People and their
property became as chattels for the unlimited obligations of their military social construct
known as the United St ates.
The so-called President 's , Mr. Franklin Delano Rooseve lt's, interventions created massive
dependency on the federal military government construct and converted a deep recession into a
long-lasting world-wide depression still controlling many people and so-called first, second and
third world nations in bankruptcy , creating fertile ground for people like Hitler, the Democrat
Party, Republican Party, or any other Party deemed to continue this tradition of planetary
involuntary slavery by and through misrepresentations foisted upon the Sovereign People of
Earth utter subjugation for debts to which we the Sovereign People of Earth, have never been
given full disclosure of, with any clear understanding, consent or knowledge by their so-called
Public (Sc hooling) Centers of Educational Learning as to how such fraud operates over the
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Sovereign People of Earth and their Posterity into Perpetuity within the present day social
compacts or constructs, nor how such fraud is enforced by powers operating via International
Military Social Constructs (U.N. Security Council) to keep each and every living soul in
subjection. This is clearly a breach of International Public Order in terms of the Peace, Safety,
and Pursuit of Happiness declared by each and every International Intergovernmental
Organizations or International Non-Governmental Organizations exist ing upon Planet
Earth. The only way to keep or restore Peace on a Universal or Planetary Sc ale, for each and
every Sovereign People of Earth or otherwise, is to teach each and every Walk of Life how to
peaceably emerge into the International Public Order for their own safety, liberty, and
happiness according to their own belief structure, by establishing their own social compact by
which other such compacts or constructs may know how to treat with such compacts or
constructs in a peaceful manner denying none a voice and passing no law without unanimous
consent. In this way, each and every social compact shall maintain its reason of organic
principals intact and such resources as may be necessary to secure the peace throughout each and
every compact on a planetary scale or otherwise, and Peace shall be the fruit of such labor of
education to the benefit all Walks of Life equally -denying none and giving to all.
(Well, back to the grind.) The Act (now 50 U.S .C. 1622) is STILL in full force and effect. It is
referred to as the source of authority for much of the Public Law found in the United St ates
Code. Every president since Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, has declared or re-declared, a
national emergency to retain their Martial Law Powers. An amendment to the Emergency
Powers Act was passed in 1977 and enacted in 1979.
This amendment requires the declaration be done annually, but that didn't dissuade their so
called Presidents. Like clockwork, they each declare or extend another bogus national
emergency. The threats pose d to the so-called U. S. by Granada, Panama, and Haiti, international
terrorism, justified a few of the more recent, of a long line of, national emergency frauds. Here
is one declared in the nineties :
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release November 9, 1995
NOTICE
CONTINUA TION OF EMERGENCY REGARDING WEAPONS
OF MASS DESTRUCTION
On November 14, 1994, by Executive Order No. 12938, I declared a national emergency with respect to the
unusu al and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States posed by
the proliferation of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons (" weapons of mass destruction ") and the means of
delivering such weapons. Because the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the means of delivering
them continues to pose an unus ual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of
the United States, the national emergency declared on November 14, 1994, must continue in effect beyond
November 14, 1995. Therefore, in accordance With section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.c.
1622(d» , I am continuing the national emergency declared in Executive Order No. 12938.
This notice shall be publish ed in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.
WILLIAM JEFFERSON CLINTON
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SECR ETS OF THE FEDERAL RES ERVE 
Se ven men, representing an estimated one-fourth of the total wealth of the entire world, met in 
secrecy on Jekyll Island in Georgia. Through their deliberati ons, the Federal Reserve was 
conceived. Its purpose would be to protect its members from competition and ensure their 
monopoly of the money supply. Together, these money giants developed the strategies needed to 
convince both Congress and the public that this privatized cartel was actually an agency of the 
United St ates government, operating in its best interest. The men, themselves, already had vast 
power of their own. It's not surprising that their ploy for even more was successful. Note the 
players and their credentials: 
I. Nelson W. Aldrich, Republican "whip " in the Se nate, Chairman of the National 
Monetary Commission, business associa te of J.P. Morgan, father-in-law to John D. 
Rockefeller, Jr.; 
2. Abraham Piatt Andrew, Assist ant Secretary of the United States Treasury ; 
3. Frank A. Vanderlip, president of the National City Bank of New York, the most 
powerful of the banks at that time, representing William Rockefeller and the 
international invest ment banking house of Kuhn, Loeb & Company; 
4. Henry P. Davison, senior partner of the J.P Morgan Company ; 
5. Charles D. Norton, president of J. P. Morgan's First National Bank of New York; 
6. Benjamin St rong, head of J.P. Morgan's Bankers Trust Company 
7. Paul M. Warburg, a partner in Kuhn, Loeb & Company, a representative of the 
Rothschild banking dynasty in England and France, and brother to Max Warburg who 
was head of the Warburg banking consortium in Germany and the Netherlands. 
In the February 9, 1935, issue of the Saturday Evening Post, an article appeared written by 
Frank Vanderl ip. In it he said : 
"Despite my views about the value to society of greater publicity for the affairs of 
corporations, there was an occasion, near the close of 1910, when I was as secretive -
indeed, as furtive -as any conspirator. .. J do not feel it is any exaggeration to speak of 
our secret expedition to Jekyll Island as the occasion of the actual conception of what 
eventually became the Federal Reserve System .... We were told to leave our last names 
behind us. We were told, further, that we should avoid dining together on the night of our 
departure. We were instructed to come one at a time and as unobtrusively as possible to 
the railroad terminal on the New Jersey littoral of the Hudson, where Senator Aldrich 's 
private car would be in readiness, attached to the rear end of a train for the South .... 
Once aboard the private car we began to observe the taboo that had been fixed on last 
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names. We addressed one another as "B en," "Paul," "N elson ," "A be" -it is Abraham
Piatt Andrew. Davison and I adopted even deeper disguises, abandoning our first
names. On the theory that we were always right, he became Wilbur and I became
Orville, after those two aviation pioneers, the Wright brothers .... The servants and train
crew may have known the identities of one or two of us, but they did not know all, and it
was the names of all printed together that would have made our mysterious journey
significant in Washington, in Wall Street, even in London. Discovery, we knew,
simply must not happen, or else all our time and effort would be wasted.
If it were to be exposed publicly that our particular group had got together and written a
banking bill, that bill would have no chance whatever of passa ge by Congress.--
As with all cartels, it had to be created by legis lation and sustained by the power of
government under the deception of protecting the consumer."
As John Kenneth Galbraith explained it:
"It was his [S enator Aldrich 's] thought to outflank the opposition by having not one
central bank but many. And the word bank would itself be avoided. "--Galbraith says
" ... Warburg has, with some ju stice, been called the father of the syste m."
Professor Edwin Seligman, a member of the international banking family of J. & W. Se ligman,
and head of the Department of Economics at Columbia University, writes that
" ... in its fundamental features, the Federal Reserve Act is the work of Mr.
Warburg more than any other man in the country."
Another brother, Max Warburg, was the financial advise r of the Kaiser and became Director
of the Reichsbank in Germany. This was, of course, a central bank, and it was one of the
cartel models used in the construction of the Federal Reserve System. The Reichsbank,
incidentally, a few years later would create the massive hyperinflation that occurred in
Germany, wiping out the middle class and the entire German economy as well.
A. Barton Hepburn of Chase National Bank was even more candid. He said:
"T he measure recognizes and adopts the principles of a central bank. Indeed, if all
works out as the sponsors of the law hope, it will make all incorporated banks
together jo int owners of a central dominating power."
And that is about as good a definition of a cartel as one is likely to find.
Anthony Sutt on, former Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution for War, Revolution and
Peace, and also Professor of Economics at California State University, Los Angeles, provides a
somewhat deeper analysis. He writes:
"W arburg's revolutionary plan to get American Society to go to work for Wall
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Street was astonishingly simple. Even today, ••• academic theoreticians cover their 
blackboards with meaningless equations, and the general public struggles in 
bewildered confusion with inflation and the coming credit collapse, while the quite 
simple explanation of the problem goes unacknowledged and almost completely not 
understood. The Federal Reserve System is a legal private monopoly of the money 
supply operated for the benefit of the few under the guise of protecting and 
promoting the public interest. " 
The real significance of the journey to Jekyll Island and the creature that was hatched there was 
inadvertently summarized by the words of Paul Warburg's admiring biographer, Harold 
Kellock: 
"Paul M. Warburg is probably the mildest-mannered man that ever personally 
conducted a revolution. It was a bloodless revolution: he did not attempt to rouse the 
populace to arms . He stepped forth armed simply with an idea. And he conquered. 
That 's the amazing thing. A shy, sensitive man, he imposed his idea on a nation of a 
hundred million peopl e." 
The attendees to Jekyll Island, however, were comparatively speaking, mere choir boys to the 
grand family of International banking, Amchel Meyer Rothschild and his 5 sons. The 
Rothschild family built a banking empire throughout Europe by staging wars and 
manipulating economies. 
"The few who can und erstand the system (check money and credits) will either be so 
interested in its profits, or so dependent on its favors, that there will be no opposition 
from that class, while on the other hand , the great body of the people mentally 
incapable of comprehending the tremendous advantage that capital derives from the 
system, will bear its bur dens without complaint, and per haps without even suspecting 
that the system is inimical to their interests. " 
Rothschild Brothers of London 
In this essa y we will see how the Federal Reserve System was created, why the so-called 
governments would want a central bank, and the effects it has had on many so-called nations. We 
will begin our discus sion with an overview of money. We would define money as anything 
which is accepted as a medium of exchange or accounting. Money can be classi fied into the 
following four forms: commod ity money, receipt money, fiat money and fractional money. We 
will describe each of these in tum. 
Before money existed, people used barter to get what they wanted from others. Barter can be 
defined as a system in which one thing is exchanged for something else of like valu e. A barter 
exchange is not monetary in nature since each item has value rather than being recognized as a 
medium of exchange to be used later for something else. The items being bartered have intrinsic 
value. This concept of intrinsic value is a key to understanding the various forms of money. 
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COMMODITY MONEY
Commodity money is the oldest form and has its roots in the barter system. As each ancient
society evolved, there were always been a few items that were more commonly used in barter
than other commodities. This is because they had certain characteristics, which made them
attractive to almost everyone. Eventually, these items were traded in large measure because they
represented a storehouse of value, which could be exchanged at a later time for something else.
At this point, they ceased being barter and became money. They had become a medium of
exchange. Si nce the medium of exchange was a commodity with intrinsic value, it is called
commodity money. Common examples of commod ity money include ornaments, colored
seashells, unusual stones, cattle, sheep, corn, wheat or other foods.
Eventually, when man learned how to refine metals and craft them into tools, the metals
themselves became valuable. Initially these metals were traded as commodity money due to
their intrinsic value. But they had some additional characteristic that made them very desirable
as money : it was not perishable, it was portable, and it could be precisely measur ed. Money, in
its fundamental form and function, needs to be a storehouse and measure of value. In this way,
it is the measure by which all other things of value can be compared. The ability to precisely
assay metals in purity and weight makes them ideally suited for this function. Men on every
continent and throughout history have chosen metals for the ideal storehouse and measure of
value.
Gold is the one metal that has been selected by centuries of trial and error to represent this
storehouse and measure of value. Silver has run a close second to gold throughout history.
There seems to be enough gold in the world to keep its value high enough for useful coinage.
Gold is less abundant than silver but more abundant than platinum. It is a commodity in great
demand for purposes other than money. It is sought for both industry and ornamental
purposes, which assures its intrinsic value. The purity and weight of gold can be precisely
measured. So, gold meets each of the equipments for money.
Some might argue that gold is inappropriate as money because there is too little of it in the world
to sati sfy all the needs of modem commerce. We would suggest that this is not the case. It is
estimated that approximately 45% of all the gold mined since the discove ry of so-called
America is in various vaults of the many social constructs known as government[Money and
Man: A Survey of Monetary Experience, Elgin Groseclose, p. 259]. It would be reasonable to
estimate that 30 % can be found in je welry, ornaments and private hoards. So it would be hard
to argue that if 75% of the gold found since Mr. Christopher Columbus is available, that it is too
rare to serve as money. We would also suggest that the amount of gold in the world does not
affect its ability to serve as money, it only affects the quant ity used to measure any given
transactio n. Governments could easily mint gold coins in almost any size to create smaller
value.
Using gold (or any other metal) to serve as money virtually guarantees the stability of a
commodity money system. This is true because there is a fixed amount of it in existence. When
the quantity of so-called money expands without a corresponding increase in goods, the effect is
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a reduction in the purchasing power of each monetary unit. In other words, the quoted price
and the price as expressed in terms of monetary units of good increase. The real price, in terms
of its relationship to all other goods, remains the same. This is what we call inflation. The price
of goods does not go up but rather the value of the money goes down.
To illustrate this point, let' s look at some price and wage statistics. In 1913, the year the Federal
Reserve Act was passed, the average annual wage in so-called America was $633. The average
exchange value for gold that year was $20.67 per ounce. This meant the average worker earned
the equivalent of 30.6 ounces of gold per year. In 1990, the average annual wage was $20,468.
But the average exchange rate for gold had gone up to $386.90 per ounce. The average worker
therefore earned the equivalent of 50.9 ounces of gold per year. That is an increase in wages as
measured in gold of only 73 % while the increase in dollars was 3,233 %. The 73 % increase
represents less than 1 % per year over the period.
While this has happened, there has also been a steady increase in purchasing power (about 1 %
per year) that has resulted in gradual improvements due to technology. This improvement in
technology is the real reason for the improvement in the standard of living over the last 100
years.
RECEIPT MONEY
The development of receipt (paper) money came as a result of necessity. When a man
accumulated more coins than he required for daily purchases, he needed a safe place to store
(warehouse) them. Golds miths filled this need since they usually had vaults to store (warehouse)
the gold they used to create or repair je welry for their customers. When customers stored their
gold coins, they were given a receipt that entitled the owner to withdraw their gold at any time.
Eventually, it became common for owners to endorse his receipt to a third party who, upon
presenting the receipt, could withdraw the gold. These endorsed receipts where the foreru nn ers
to our modern checks. The final development stage occurred when several smaller receipts were
is sued rather than one large one with each imprinted pay to bearer upon demand. It became
increasingly common for these paper receipts to be used as money of account. So you see that
receipt as money of account was fully backed up by a commodity (gold coins) that had intrinsic
value in money of exchange .
FIAT MONEY
Fiat money is money which is declared legal tend but is not backed up by anything such as
gold or silver. Its two characteristics are that it is not backed up by anything of intrinsic value
and it is decreed legal tender. Legal tender means that the so-called government issues a law
requiring everyone to accept the cur renc y in commerce. Si nce the money really is worthless,
the only way the so-called government can get it accepted is by forcing the people to do so,
often under criminal penalties. Their own Federal Reserve Notes are fiat money. If you read
the article What Banks Don 't Want You To Know, you will see how we got to this condition in
so-called America.
Interestingly enough, the Massachusetts colony was only the second gover nment in the history
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of the world to issue fiat money (China being the first) . Shortly after the currency was released,
the state experienced 1000% inflation . Other colonies quickly followed the Massa chusetts
example with similar results. Connecticut had inflation of 800% and the Carolinas had 900%
inflation. At the beginning of the Revolutionary War the total (fiat) money supply was $12
million. In 5 years time, an additional $425 million had been printed. This means the money
supply had expanded by 3500% and the original Continental dollar was trading at less than a
pennies worth of its original value.
There is a typical pattern that emerges when fiat money is used. The government artificially
expands the money supply through the issuance of more fiat currency. This is followed with
legal tender laws to force the acceptance of the fiat money. Next, all the gold and silver
disappears into private hordes or it is paid to foreign traders who insist on real money of
exchange for their wares. Oft en, when the inflation is high, the government will have to iss ue
new bills valued at multiples of the old bills. This usually leads to discontent and civil
disobedience (through barte r). The last stage of each cycle is rampant inflation and economic
chaos.
Fiat money is used by so-called governments to obtain instant purchasing power for them
without increasing taxes . But it is not without cost. Some complain that we should not burden
anyone' s children with anyone's future public debt. It is true that all children will have the
burden of the interest payments on the debt. But there is also a very real initial cost that all pay.
The cost is paid by all of people in the present through a decline in our pur chasing power. It is
exactly the same as a tax, but one that is hidden from our general cognitive view si mply because
the purchasing power generally is not affected in any great dramatic decrease to raise any
perceptible cognitive awareness to the dilemma that we collectively face by the use of fiat
money .
FRACTIONAL MONEY
The fourth kind of so-called money, fractional money, also came as a result of people storing
their gold coins with goldsm iths. The goldsmiths observed that very few of their depositors ever
wanted to remove their gold coins at the same time. Withdrawals seldom exceeded 10% to 15%
of their stockpiles of precious metals. They hated (coveted-10th Commandment Viola tion) to
see all that gold just sitting there and not being used. So, they began to lend (steal) some of the
gold out by issuing more receipts. It seemed perfectly safe to lend between 80% or 85% out,
which meant they would still have reserves to pay any demand for withdrawal. In the beginning,
the gold's owner was not even aware that their gold had been loaned. As the owners became
aware of the practice, the goldsm iths began to offer to share the interest they earned on the
loans with the gold' s owner . But the entire practice didn' t make such sense . The gold was not
really available to be loaned. The gold was providing the value behind the receipts. One might
say that the receipt was a proxy for the gold. Si nce the gold owner and the one who borrowed
the gold both had receipts, they both had proxies for the same gold. If you give someone your
proxy vote at a stock holders meeting, you can't also show up and vote. The same principle
applies to the receipts (proxies) for the gold coins.
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So here is how fractional-reserves work. You deposi t your gold and get a receipt that you use as
money of account. The goldsmith (banker) iss ues loans in the amount of 85% of the amount
you deposit. The borrower is also given receipts for the amount he borrowed. That means there
are 85 % more receipts than there is gold to back it up. Thus, the goldsmith (banker acting as a
Bank) created 85 % more money of account and placed it into circulation through the
borrowers. They issued phony receipts and artificially expanded the so-called money supply.
So, at this point the certificates are no longer 100% backed by gold. So, they only represent a
fraction of their face value. Thus, the receipts become what are called fractional money (of
account) and the process that created them is called fractional-reserve banking. This same
process causes inflation of prices, or said another way, deflation of the value of that which is
assumed to be money of exchange, but in reality, only money of account created by a ledger
entry from which a receipt is given on a note for a future promise to pay in lawful money of
exchange or whatever is due according to the note.
One might say that the goldsmiths (bankers) created so-called money out of nothing by a ledger
entry. But this is not quite true. What they really did was created money of account out of debt
(note). That' s a neat trick that I bet you wish you could do. The old saying goes that money (of
exchange) doesn 't grow on trees. Well, the bankers have done one even better, money (of
account) grows out of debt. This is money (of account) that it cost the bankers absolutely
nothing to create and they earn all that interest (the financial portfolio [ledger] creating by
instruments of accounts receivable from notes [shetar] created by loaning a percentage of the
true value of species in exchange for accounting of a greater portion in return without any risk on
the principal, which eventually was replaced solely on such collateral to secure the note so that
the principal was removed as the true value of the exchange which in tum made the true
Creditor the borrower (since he/she is the only party to the agreement which secured the note
from making the so-called loan).
We can look at the fractional money and see that it is a transitional form that exists between
receipt money and fiat money. It has som e of the characteristics of both. As the fraction
becomes smaller, the less it resembles receipt money and the more closely it resembles fiat
money. When the fraction reaches zero, the transition is complete. There is no example in
history where men, once they had accepted the concept of fractional money, didn 't reduce the
fraction lower and lower until it eventually became zero. The transition from fractional money
to fiat money cannot occur without the participation of the so-called government through a
mechanism that is called a centr al bank. This happened in the military social construct known
as the UNITED ST ATES between 1913, when the Federal Reserve Act was passed, and 1933
when Military Congress adopted the Commander-In-Chiefs Executive Orders and went off the
gold standard.
This fractional-reserve banking system is in part how their Federal Reserve System operates.
The Federal Reserve Board of Governors creates money of account by loaning it to the so
called federal military government construct (fractional money) by purchasing government
military (bonds) securities (debt) . In so doing, the Federal Reserve Board of Governors
becomes the Creditor of the federal military government construct. This is important to
understand as you read the article What Banks Don 't Want You To Know. Commercial banks
also create money (of account) when they loan money (of account) to individuals and
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businesses . There is nothing standing behind the money (fiat money) but the debt instruments.
The Federal Reserve Notes say, "THIS NOTE IS LEGAL TENDER FOR ALL DEBT,
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. " Their politicians say the full '' faith and credit of the United
States" is behind the so-called money. But that is an outright empty statement and a
misrepresentation of the true facts backing the '' full faith and credit of the United States,"
unless they mean the blind acceptance by all Walks of Life to accept as Constitutors to pay the
debts of and belonging to another like a co-signer for a debt which was incurred with no right of
use established, concerning the goods or power conveyed by the agreement. And we know we
have no power to say No, because we are neither the creator, nor a member of, the posterity of
the former social compact, nor the present military social construct known as the United St ates.
The so-called military social government construct has no Assets to speak of except the labor of
people and the property of the people. So their military social government construct has pledged
our labor and our property to pay their debt through misrepresentation by and through their
Public Institutions of Learning.
The Federal Reserve Cartel is very candid in their publications that we have a fiat money
system. Their own publications tell the story!
Currency cannot be redeemed, or exchanged, for Treasury gold or any other Asset used as
banking. The question of just what Assets back Federal Reserve Notes has little but
bookkeeping (Ledger Entry) signifi cance. [I Bet You Thought, by Federal Reserve Bank of New
York, p. 11 , emphasis added]
Banks (bankers) are creating money (of account) based on a borrower 's promise to pay (the
IOU). Bankers then create more money of account by monetizing so-to-speak, the private debts
of business and individuals based on their future performance (labor) of servicing the so-called
loan (Note). [I Bet You Thought, by Federal Reserve Bank of New York, p. 19 , emphasis added]
In the so-called Military Social Construct known as the United St ates, neither paper currency
(money of account) nor the ledgering of paper deposits , have true value as commodities.
Intrinsically, a dollar bill is just a piece of paper. Deposits are merely book (Ledger) entries.
Coins do have some intrinsic value as metal, but generally far less than their face amount due to
diver' s weights and measures being used to adulterate the species for profit or hoarding.
What, then, makes these instruments, checks, paper money, and coins acceptable at face value in
payment of all debts and for other monetary uses . Mainly, it is the confidence of the people
(their full faith and Credit) that they will be able to exchange such money (of account) for
other financial Asset s and real goods and service whenever they choose to do so. This partly is a
matter of law; currency has been desig nated legal tender by the military social government
construct, that is, it must be accepted. [Modern Money Mechanics, Federal Reserve Bank of
Chicago, revised October 1982, p. 3.]
Modem monetary systems have a fiat base, literally money by decrees, with depository
institutions, acting as fiduciaries, creating obligation against themselv es, with the fiat base acting
in part as reserves . The decree appears on the currency notes : "This note is legal tender for all
debts , public and private ." While no individual could refuse to accept such money for debt
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repayment, exchange contract s could easily be composed to thwart its use in everyday
commerce. However, a forceful explanation as to why money (of account) is accepted is that the
federal government requ ires it as payment for tax liabilities. Anticipation of the need to clear
this debt creates a demand for the pure dollar. [Money, Credit and Velocity, Review, May,
1982, Vol. 64, No. 5, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, P.25.]
The last two sentences from the above quote alludes to the military social federal construct's
debt and the fact that all so-called U.S. £itizens have been obligated to pay that debt.
If one thinks about the debt based money system, you will come to realize that their total so
called money supply is backed by nothing but debt. This is hard enough to fathom, but it' s even
harder to grasp that if everyone paid off his or her debt, there would be no mone y left in
existence. Som ething else to consider is that the trillions of dollars in circulation appears to
represent a tremendous amount of assets, but someone owes every bit of this money in lawful
form of species currency.
If all the bank loans were paid , no one could have a bank deposit, and there would not be a
dollar of coin or cur renc y in circulatio n. This is a staggering thought. People are completely
dependent on the commercial (bankers) banks. Someone has to borrow every so-called dollar
(money of acc ount) people have in circulation, cash, or credit. If the bankers create ample
synthetic money, people are prosperous; if not, people starve. People are absolutely without a
permanent (species) money system. When one gets a complete grasp of the picture, the tragic
absurdity of the peoples ' hopeless situation is almost incredible, but there it is. [100% Money,
Irving Fisher, p. xxii. This quote appears in the forward to the book. The author is quoting
Robert Hemphill who was the Credit Manager of the Federal Reserve Bank in Atlanta.]
Given this system, it's not hard to imagine that the Federal Reserve Banks is not interested in
all these loans being paid off as the following quotes show.
A large and growing number of analysts, on the other hand, now regard the national debt as
something useful, if not an actual bles sing. [They believe] the national debt need not be reduced
at all. [The National Debt, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, pp.2, 11]
Debts , public and private, are here to stay. It plays an esse ntial role in economic processes . What
is required in not the abolition of debt, but it's prudent use and intelligent management. [Two
Faces of Debt, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, p. 33]
The reason the Federal Reserve Cartel is not interested in paying off the debt is because they
make huge profits from the interest payment. But let' s consider the morality of earning interest
on these loans. If you were to rent an asset from someone, you would see the logic of paying him
or her a rental fee. The rental fee reimburses them for the potential income they could have
made through other opportunities they missed while you were using the asset. Interest
payments on a loan are nothing more than fees for renting the money. But in the case of a debt
based money system, the money was created when the loan was approved and it was
credited to your account. In this situation, you are not using the lender' s asset. He created the
asset with the stroke of a pen or an §lliY on a computer or within a ledger accounting book
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�. Why should anyone collect a rental fee (interest) on that stroke or entry? While this 
system may be lega l (because the so-called military social government construct has granted 
them the sole authority to create so-called money on whim), it is certainly not moral. 
This leads to the next question, which is where does the so-called money come from to allegedly 
pay the interest on the debt that created the so-called money? One might think that the so-called 
money would have to be borrowed since it would appear that all so-called money is created by 
debt. But this position does not take into consideration the exchange of value (borrowed money) 
for labor. If you took out a loan of $10,000 with payments of $900 per month, about $80 of each 
payment is interest. You earn the so-called money to allegedly pay the interest with your labor. 
That' s why people say that about the only thing the military social government construct has to 
offer in exchange for the public debt is peoples' labor. They collect the benefit of peoples ' labor 
in the form of income taxes. 
Bank of England 
To adequately understand our Federal Reserve System, we must look at the Bank of England, 
which was founded in 1694. The bank was the brainchild of a Sc otsman named William 
Paterson. His idea was to charter an artificial person (a corporation) that would loan the Crown 
government money, but instead of being repaid at a fixed future date, it would receive perpetual 
(never ending, as in the loan is never paid off) interest. The plan for the Bank of England 
contained the following Z points. 
• The Crown government would grant a charter to form a bank 
• The bank would be given a monopoly to iss ue bank notes that would circulate as 
England 's paper currency 
• The bank would create so-called money of account out of nothing with only a fraction of 
its total currency backed by gold coins (fractional money) 
• The bank would then loan the so-called government all the money of account it needed 
• The money of account created for so-called government loans would be backed by 
bonded government IOUs (future promise to pay) 
Although the so-called money of account would be created out of nothing and would cost 
nothing to create, the so-called government would pay interest on the so-called money of 
account. Si mply put, payment was based solely on the full faith and credit of the people to accept 
the medium of exchange for services and goods, which in turn was based upon the ability of the 
so-called government to enforce the so-called beneficial use of such accounting, as well as their 
ability to enforce the control of the money supply by a Private Cartel, not subject to the control 
of the government, because the so-called government had given up its Creditor status in 
exchange for a debtor posi tion on the promise of unlimited discharge of its debt, if the new 
Cartel (Money Kings) were allowed to collect interest on the so-called money of account 
circulating backed by the people's labor collected through the beneficia l use of such accounting 
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on each and every people required to keep records as the account of the use thereof. This scheme 
effectively made each people the Crown's accountant and debtor at the same time . This same 
scheme is perpetuated by the so-called military social construct known as the United St ates upon 
all walks of life through the same fraudulent misrepresentations of the so-called government. 
Plus, the so-called government IOUs (Bonds) would also be considered as reserves for creating 
additional loans of money (of account) or marketable debt notes for private commerce. These 
loans also would earn interest. So, the bankers would earn double interest on the same 
scheme of creating fictional nothing based upon ledger entries backed by marketable debt and 
the willingness of the so-called government to back the scheme up with the force of law and the 
people 's lack of cognizance regarding the true outcome of such economic control over all walks 
of life. This ignorance is the result of the Science of Right Reasoning, exercised with the same 
governmental controls that exist over money, that are perpetuated in the centers of educ ation 
from womb to tomb, over all the people, to keep them from seeing the true picture or fully 
understanding the position in which the government had placed all people. We have 
become DEB TOR SL AVES on the Plantation Called Earth. The so-called government IOUs 
(BONDS) were called annuities. These annuities, along with the notes and bills of the bankers, 
were expressly exempted from all common-law restrictions upon the exchange of personal 
property. These annuities, notes and bills represented public debt. 
The initial holdings of the bankers consi sted of £1,200,000 in annuities. By 1714, the total debt 
held by the bankers had grown to £36 million. By 1719, the public debt had grown to £50 
million. That meant a perpetual tax burden of interest payments on the backs of the people. But 
it also meant that £50 million of absolutely liquid property had been created. Prior to these 
events , all property had been tangible real property that was not liquid. [Novus Ordo 
Se clorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution, Forrest McDonald, p.117 -118] 
The model of the Bank of England influenced the founders of the so-called social compact 
known as The United St ates of America. Mr. Alex ander Hamilton, in particular, believed that 
public debts should be funded in a manner simila r to the Bank of England. The system Mr. 
Alexander Hamilton envis ioned departed from the British system in only two significant ways. 
The first � was designed to overcome what many saw as a fatal flaw in the British system, 
namely the inherent tendency to expand the debt endlessly. The last several decades have 
proven that we have failed miserably in this respect. The second one was desig ned to use 
financial means for achieving political, economic and social ends. [McDonald, p.139] This 
second change seems to be one of the guiding principles behind what their so-called military 
social government construct does today. If you look at most of the so-called monetary policies of 
military United St ates, you can see this principle evident everywhere in its accounting of 
marketable debt IOUs (Bonds). 
Mr. Alexander Hamilton's plan called for the creation of a so-called national (central) bank. 
Most of the capital of this bank would be in the form of certificates of public debt (Bonds) 
(today we have many forms of public debt). He felt that it would be safe to base most of such 
capital on so-called government debt, since the bank was expected to be immensely profitable. 
Therefore, the so-called government paper money of account would be good as gold. He felt the 
national (central) bank was important for two reasons. First, it would be a ready source of short-
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term loans to the so-called government. This is the primary attraction for a national (central)
bank in the modem world. Second, real money (species currency) and liquid capital were in
short supply in the colonies and it would take too long to accumulate an adequate supply by
being frugal. The essences of this second benefit is that money of account is created in the
present, not based upon past saving s, but out of the expectation of future earnings to pay the
debt. Another part of Mr. Alexander Hamilton' s plan was that the national (central) bankers
would be privately owned. He saw this as a restraining measure, since the stockholders would
act cautiously in order to protect their own interests. [McDonald, p.140] The current Federal
Reserve Banks are privately owned. but it does not provide any such constraint. There is some
evidence to indicate that Mr. Alexander Hamilton's plan was back by James Rothschild [The
Secrets of the Federal Reserve, Eustace Mullins, p.5].
In 1791, Mr. Thomas Jefferson came out against Mr. Alexander Hamilton's plan for a central
bank. He objected on the following grounds: the subscribers would form a corporation whose
stock could be held by aliens ; that this stock would be transmitted to a certain line of succe ssor;
that it would be placed beyond forfeiture and escheat; that they would receive a monopoly on
banking, which was against the laws of monopoly; and that they would have the power to make
laws, paramount to the laws of the government. We shall see that Mr. Thomas Jefferson' s
fears were well founded because this is exactly what happened.
TAXES ARE OB SOL ETE
Most of the so-called money that the federal military government construct spends comes from
fiat money (of account) created by the Federal Reserve Bankers, in the form of receipts of
paper monetized (marketable) debt under the guise known as Federal Reserve Notes illicitly
referred to as dollars or dollar bill s. This being the case, one might well ask why people still have
taxes . That' s an excellent question. There are several reasons that come to mind. First, if the so
called government stopped taxing us, people would begin to wonder where the alleged money
came from, eventually realizing that it was just created from nothing. Then it would dawn on
them that inflation was really a form of taxation. Se cond, taxes are a tool used by the elitist
social planners to control many aspects of the peoples ' lives. This is evident by the complexity
introduced into the tax code as a means to carry out social engineering by the military social
government construct.
To confirm these assertions, we can tum to an article written by Mr. Beards ley Ruml , the
Chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The article appeared in the January
1946 issue of Am erican Affairs magazine. Mr. Beardsley Ruml suggest ed that taxes were
obsolete. At the beginning of the article, the magazine editor summarized his position.
His thesis is that, given control of a central banking system and an inconvertible currency [a
currency not backed by gold], a sovereign national government is finally free of money worries
and need no longer levy taxes for the purpose of providing itself with revenue. All taxation,
therefore, should be regarded from the point of view of social and economic consequences.
[Taxes for revenue Are Obsolete, by Beardsley Ruml, American Affairs, January, 1946, p.
35]
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Mr. Beardsley Ruml' s article suggests that there are only two reasons to have taxes. First, it 
combats a rise in the general level of prices . He suggests that if the money is left in the hands of 
the people, they will spend it and cause a rise in prices. Taxation removes the money from the 
hands of the people so that this does not occur. He says it this way: 
The dollars the government spends become purchasing power in the hands of the people who 
have received them. The dollars the government takes by taxes cannot be spent by the people, 
and therefore, these dollars can no longer be used to acquire the things which are available for 
sale. Taxation is, therefore, an instrument of the first importance in the administration of any 
fiscal and monetary policy. [Ibid., p. 36] 
The other purpose for taxation, according to Mr. Beardsley Ruml, is to redistribute wealth 
from one class of people to another. This may be done in the name of social justice or equality, 
but this puts the so-called government in the position of trying to control (theft by illicit force) 
the economy as master planners. 
The second principle purpose of so-called federal taxes is to attain more equality of wealth and 
of income than would result from economic forces working alone. The taxes which are effective 
for this purpose are the progressive individual income tax, the progressive estate tax, and the 
gift tax. What these taxes should be depends on public (law?) policy with respect to the 
redistribution of wealth and of income. These taxes should be defended and attacked in terms of 
their effect on the character of all Walks of Life, not as revenue measures. 
There is an additional reason for income taxes that was not mentioned by Mr. Beardsley Ruml. 
The income tax paid by any U.S. £itizens is depos ited directly into the Federal Reserve System. 
If you thought your alleged money was used to fund the operation of the so-called government, 
you were wrong. Most people feel an obligation to pay their fair share due to indoctrination via 
public educational centers. But the IRS is nothing more than the collection agency for the 
Federal Reserve System. Your taxes go directly to help pay the interest on the so-called 
national debt and directly enrich the shareholders of the Federal Reserve System. Your labor 
is converted into money for their benefit. Remember that interest is being charged on money 
that is being created out of thin air that cost them absolutely nothing to create. 
HOW IT WAS CREATED 
Now let' s tum our attention to how the Federal Reserve System came into being. In 1907, an 
event occurred which became known as the Money Panic of 1907. The panic was caused 
because there was not enough money in circulation for everyone to pay their bills and employers 
to pay wages. It resulted in large-scale lay-offs because there was not enough money to pay the 
employees . A study of the panics of 1873, 1893, and 1907 found that these panics were the result 
of the international bankers. The panic resulted in a public outcry for the military social 
government construct's monetary system to be stabilized . The so-called President, Mr. Theodore 
Roosevelt, signed a bill in 1908 that created the agency known as the National Monetary 
Commission. The so-called Se nator, Mr. Nelson Aldrich, was appointed to the head of the 
Commission that was charged with finding a solution to the problem [Mullins, p.1]. By 1910, 
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Mr. Nelson Aldrich had not released a report to the government. 
On November 22, 1910, a group of men met at the Hoboken, New Jersey train station. These 
men boarded a private car that was bound for Brunswick, Georgia. Their eventual destination 
was a private hunting lodge on Jekyll Island, off the coast of Georgia. Eight men were in this 
group. They included Senator, Mr. Nelson Aldrich and his private secretary, Shelton; Mr. 
Abraham Piatt Andrew; Frank Vanderlip, Henry P. Davison, Charles D. Norton, Benjamin 
Strong, and Paul M. Warburg [Mullins, p.1]. Abraham Andrew was the Assistant Secretary of 
the Treasury and Sp ecial Assistant to the National Monetary Commission. Frank Vanderlip 
was President of the National City Bank of New York, the most powerful banker at that time . 
Frank Vanderlip represented William Rockefeller and the International banking house of 
Kuhn, Loeb and Company. Henry P. Davi son was a Se nior Partner of J.P. Morgan 
Company . Charles D. Norton was the President of the First National Bank of New York that 
was owned by J.P. Morgan. Benjamin Strong was head of J.P. Morgan Bankers Trust 
Company. Paul Warburg was a Partner in Kuhn, Loeb and Company of New York and was 
representing the Rothschild banking dynasty. These men represented what was known as the 
Money (Kings) trust. The group also represented the two most powerful banking cartels in 
America: the Morgan Group and the Rockefeller Group and they also represented the two 
most powerful banking cartels in Europe: the Rothschild Group and the Warburg Group. 
When all of these are combined, they represented an estimated one-fourth of the world's wealth 
[The Creature from Jekyll Island, G. Edward Griffin, p. 6.] 
The Money (Kings) Group had journeyed over a thousand miles, cloaked in secrecy, to draft 
banking and currency legisla tion which the National Monetary Commission had been ordered 
to prepare in public. Why the secrecy? Because the public would have been outraged to think 
that this Money (Kings) Group was drafting the very legisla tion which was supposed to protect 
the public from privatized Money (Kings) Trusts. 
What were the main points of the plan that the Private Cartel Group, which represented one
fourth of the wealth of the world, created on Jekyll Island ? 
• The plan would create a central bank that would fulfill the typical functions of a central 
bank, among them creating fractional and fiat money 
• The Federal Reserve Bankers would consist of a system of 12 banks. The creation of 
12 regional banks would disguise the fact that the Federal Reserve System is a central 
bank 
• Private Individuals who would profit from the ownership of shares would own the 
central bank 
• The bankers would be allegedly controlled by Congress and would be answerable to the 
government, but the majority of the directors were to be chosen, directly or indirectly, by 
the bankers in the association of banks 
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• The President of the United States would appoint The Governors of the Federal
Reserve Board. But the Federal Advisory Council, meeting with the Governors,
would do the real work. The Directors of the twelve Federal Reserve Banks would
choose the Federal Advisory Council
• The Admini strators of all the Regional Banks would be appointed by the President using
his Executive Powers. This removed them from total Congressional control
• Though it would be concealed from the public, the New York bankers, the Money
(King) Trust, would dominate the Federal Reserve System
• The Admini strators of the Federal Reserve System would control the nation's money
and credit
At the time of the retreat, members of the media found out about the meeting. There were a few
stories run about the meeting, but it was largely covered up. When those who were involved
were asked about it, they would deny that it had taken place or they would say it was a duck
hunting trip. Much later, after the Federal Reserve Act was passed, some of the members were a
little more forth-coming with information, but for the most part they were still fairly quiet. The
reason for the cover-up was obvious. It was clearly understood that if the public found out who
drafted the legisla tion, such legisla tion would never become law.
After the plan was drafted on Jekyll Island, an all-out effort was put forth to get the proposed
legisla tion passed in so-called Mili tary Congress. A group of bankers contributed $5 million to
fund a favorable public relations campaign to sell so-called Americans on the plan. The so-called
President, Mr. Woodrow Wilson was also enlis ted to support the plan. Three of the top
universities, Princeton, Harvard, and the University of Chicago, came out in support of the
plan. Two of the leading campaigners for the plan were Professor from the University of
Chicago. This university had been endowed by John D. Rockefeller (one of the forces behind
the plan) with nearly $50 million. [Mullins, p.l0-ll].
When the plan had been introduced to the Military Congress, so-called Congressman, Charles
Lindbergh (father of the famous aviator), had this to say in testimony before the Committee on
Rules on December 15, 1911:
"Our financial system is a false one and a huge bur den on the people. I have alleged
that there is a Money Trust. The Aldrich plan is a scheme plainly in the interest of the
Trust. Why does the Money Tr ust press so hard for the Ald rich Plan now, before the
people know what the money trust has been doing ... ?" [Mullins, p.ll ]
That same year, the American Bankers Association (ABA) came out in favor of the so-called
Senator, Nelson Aldrich 's Plan. But what came out in congressio nal hearings was the fact that
the leaders of the ABA rammed it through the annual meeting and gave no opportunity for
opposition to be expressed. The so-called Congressm an, Carter Glass, was the Chairman of
the House Banking and Currency Committee. Congressman, Carter Glass, was a Party
member of the Democrat Party who was opposed to the so-called Se nator 's, Nelson Aldrich 's
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Plan. Senator, Nelson Aldrich, was a Republican of the Republican Party. The Committee
heard testimony about the so-called Senator Nelson Aldrich 's Plan. Andrew Frame, who was
present at the ABA meeting, had this to say in testimony before committee :
When that mon etary bill was given to the count ry, it was but a few day s previous to the
meeting of the American Banker Association in New Orleans in 191 1. There was not
one bank in a hund red who had read that bill. We had twelve addr esses in favor of it.
General Hamby of Au stin, Texas, wrote a letter to Preside nt Watts asking for a
hearing against the bill. He did not get a very courteous answ er. I refused to vote on
it, and a great many other ban kers did likewise. They throttled all argument . They
would not allow anyone on the program who was not in favor of the bill. " [Mullins,
p. 13]
Andrew Frame went on to testify that in the next annual meeting of the ABA, the Senator
Nelson Aldrich 's Plan was not endorsed again. He said that a lot of opposition had developed in
the ABA to the plan by this point and that the supporters of the plan never asked for another
endorsement.
Congressman, Carter Glass, summarized the reasons for opposmg the Senator Nelson
Aldrich 's, Plan.
• The plan lacked adequate government or public control of the banking mechanisms it
would set up
• The plan gave most of the voting control to the large banks in the system. These were the
banks that were controlled by the Money (Kings) Trust
• The plan had an extreme inherent danger of causing inflation of the currency
• The bond-funding portion of the plan gave the false impression that the system would
cost the government nothing
• The plan contained great danger of a banking monopoly
• The plan would, in fact, set up a central bank that would fulfill all the typical functions
of a central bank. It would control the so-called nation's money and credit. The private
stockholder would use the credit of the government for his or her own profits
With these points made clear, opposition to the plan developed and it was defeated. In fact, the
Aldrich Plan never came to a vote in Congress because Republicans lost control of the House in
1910 and subsequently lost the Se nate and the Presidency in 1912 .
The so-called Presidential campaign of 1912 was one of the most interesting politica l upsets in
so-called American history. The incumbent, William Taft, was popular and the Republican
Party was firmly in control of the so-called Senate, due to a period of general prosperity. The
Democratic Party challenger was Woodrow Wilson, so-called Governor of New Jersey, and
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had no alleged national recognition. Both parties included a monetary reform bill in their
platform. The Republicans had the Senator Nelson Aldrich 's Plan that had been denounced as a
Wall Street Plan. The Democrats had the Federal Reserve Act. Neither party told the public
that the plans were almost identical. William Taft seemed a shoe-in for re-election. But then
Theodore Roosevelt threw his hat in the ring under the Bull Moose Party. Theodore Roosevelt
was well financed and had enormous press coverage, more than the other two candidates
combined . As a former so-called Republican President, it was obvious that Theodore
Roosevelt would cut into votes that would have gone to William Taft. The bankers were
financing all three candidate s, so they would win no matter who was elected. Later
Congressional testimony showed that Kuhn, Loeb Company ; Felix Warburg (not a U.S.
resident but Paul Warburg's brother) supported William Taft; Paul Warburg and Jacob Sc hiff
supported Woodrow Wilson ; and Otto Kahn supported Theodore Roosevelt [Mullins, p.19].
It seems likely that the identification of the Senator Nelson Aldrich 's, Plan as a Wall St reet
Plan would make it difficult to pass in Democratically (Party) controlled Mili tary Congress,
whereas a successful Democrat candidate, supported by a Democrat Congress, would be able to
pass a central banking plan. Theodore Roosevelt was used to split the William Taft vote
because the bankers doubted William Taft could get the Se nator Nelson Aldrich 's Plan
passed. The final electoral vote in the 1912 race was Woodrow Wilson 409, Theodore
Roosevelt 16 7 and William Taft 15.
In 1912, after the Democrats had taken control, they held their own hearing on banking reform.
They were held under the House Banking and Currency Committee, which was now chaired
by Arsene Pujo of Louisiana. A Sp ecial Councilman, Samuel Untermyer, appointed by
Chairman, Arsene Pujo, conducted the hearings. The hearings drug on for five months and
produced over 6000 pages of testimony. Sa muel Untermyer refused to allow either so-called
Se nator LaFollette or Congressman Lindbergh to testify, even though it was the pressure that
they had exerted which caused the hearings to be held. Both men strongly opposed a central
bank. Samuel Untermyer was a specialist in banking issues, but he refused to ask any of the
bankers who testified any tough questions. He didn't ask about the system of interlocking
directorates through which the banking industry was already controlled. He didn 't ask about
international gold movements which were known to be a major factor in the money panics of
18 73, 18 93, and 19 07. He also didn't ask about relationships between so-called American
bankers and those who controlled the central banks of Europe. Samuel Untermyer did not
seem concerned that many major international banking houses had branches on Wall Street and
already controlled substantial portions of Wall Street activity, even though this fact was well
known on Wall Street. The sham hearing ended without a single, well-known opponent to a
central banking plan testifying.
The two most influential men involved in the pas sage of the Federal Reserve Act were Paul
Warburg and so-called Colonel, Edward Mandel House. Paul Warburg was the Chief
Architect of the plan that was developed at the Jekyll Island retreat. Here is a quote from Paul
Warburg when he testified before the House Banking and Currency Committee in 1913:
"1 am membe r of the banking house of Kuhn, Loeb Company. 1 came over to this
count ry in 1902, having been born and educated in the banking busin ess in Hambur g,
Germany, and studied banking in London and Paris, and have gone all over the world.
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In the Panic of 1907, the first suggestion I made was let us get a national clearing
house. The Aldrich Plan contains some things which are simply fundamental rules of
banking. Your aim in this plan [the Federal Reserve Act] must be the same
centralizing of reserves, mobilizing commercial credit, and getting an elastic note
issue. " [Mullins, p.21]
The so-called Colonel Edward Mandel House, was in agreement with Paul Warburg on plans
for a central bank, including provisions that would severely limit control by the government.
Here's a quote from him illustrating this point:
"I am also suggesting that the Central Board be increased from four members to five
and their terms lengthened from eight to ten years. This would give stability and would
take away the power of a Preside nt to change the personnel of the board during a
single term of office." [Roosevelt, Wilson and the Federal Reserve Law, Col. Elisha
Ely Garrison, p. 337, emphasis added]
The so-called Colonel Edward Mandel House 's phrase, "Take away the powe r of a
Preside nt," is significa nt. Later on, these so-called Presidents would find themselves helple ss to
change the direction of the military social government construct because they did not have the
power to change the composition of the Federal Reserve Board by attaining a majority of like
minded people during their term of office.
Colonel Garrisons ' book also revealed the role that Paul Warburg and the International
banking family of Rothschild played in the central banking plan.
Paul Warburg is the man who got the Federal Reserve Act together after so-called Se nator
Nelson Aldrich 's Plan aroused such nationwide resentment and opposition. The mastermind of
both plans was no other than Baron Alfred Rothschild of London.
To further understand Colonel Edward Mandel House' s view, one must look no further than a
book he authored in 1911, entitled, "Mr. Philip Dru, Administ rator." B.W. Huebsch of New
York published the book anonymously. It is suppose to be a fictional work, but is actually a
detailed plan of the future condition of the so-called military social government construct of the
United St ates. It predicted the passa ge of graduated income tax, excess profits tax,
unemployment insurance, social security and a flexible currency system. In short, it outlines
the plans that were followed by both the administrations of the so-called Presidents, Mr.
Woodrow Wilson and Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
In 1955, Westbook Pegler, a columnist for the Hearst Publications, wrote an article about
Colonel Edward Mandel House and his book.
One of the institutions outlined in the book entitled, "Mr. Philip Dru, Admin istrator, " is the
Federal Reserve System. The Schif fs, the Warburgs, the Kuhns, the Rockefellers and the
Morgans [International bankers all] put their faith in Colonel Edward Mandel House. The
St\\\��, Wl\r\',\\r�, R.oc����\\�r l\\\� M'\w�9.\\ \\\\tt�tt�\� �tt�tt 1fJC��'0\\�1l� �tt��tt�tt\\tttd \\\ the
mysterious conference at Jekyll Island. [comment added]
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The so-called Colonel Edward Mandel House, was a close friend and personal advisor to
acting President, Woodrow Wilson. He was able to get many of the socialist ideas outlined in
his book implemented into law. Among them were an old-age pension, laborer's insurance
compensation, cooperative markets, a federal reserve system, cooperative loans, and national
employment bureaus. The relationship between Colonel Edward Mandel House and the acting
President, Woodrow Wilson was chronicled in the book entitled "The Strangest Friend ship in
History, Woodro w Wilson and Col. House" by George Sylvester Viereck.
The author asked Colonel Edward Mandel House about the purpose of Wilson and House.
Colonel Edward Mandel House responded,
"To translate into legislation certain liberal and progr essive idea s."
From this quote, it should be evident that Paul Warburg, an Agent of the International bankers
as Kuhn, Loeb Company, is one of the most influential of this group. It is obvious from this
quote that there is little difference between the Se nator Nelson Aldrich 's Plan and the Federal
Reserve Act. It is also obvious that Paul Warburg is lobbying for a central bank that has the
power to issue currency, known as elastic notes. Paul Warburg did a lot of work behind the
scenes to get the plan pas sed.
We have already seen evidence that the International bankers will go to extraordinary
measures to get what they want. There is some evidence to indicate that the powerful
International bankers who gave us the Federal Reserve System will stop at nothing to have
the power of a central bank solely in their hands alone. Three acting American Presidents have
expresse d concern over central banks issuing currency. Each of these acting Presidents have
been assassinated. The so-called President Abraham Lincoln planned to issue non-interest
bearing notes he called Greenbacks. The so-called President, James A. Garfield made a
pronouncement on currency problems just before he was killed. And the acting President, John
Fitzgerald Kennedy planned to is sue Federal (United States) Notes without using the Federal
Reserve Notes or involving interest just before he was killed. It would be difficult to prove that
the International bankers were involved in these assassinations, but it is a very strange
coincidence that presents more than a shadow of reasonable doubt that the assassi nations could
not have been done by any other Group of People than the International Bankers. Who else
would have had the power and influence, both outside and inside of the military social
government construct, to successfully cover-up events as well as has been done?
On Se ptember 18, 1913 the Colonel Edward Mandel House 's version of the Federal Reserve
Act passed by a vote of 287 to 85. On December 19, 1913, the so-called Se nate version of the
bill passed by a vote of 54-34. But there were over 40 differences between the bills. The
opponents to the bill in both houses were lead to believe that there would be no further action
until after the Christmas break. So they did not organize. As the so-called Congressmen prepared
to leave Washington, supporters of the bill quickly took advantage of the situation. In a single
day, all of the disputes about the bill were ironed out in conference committee and the bill was
brought to a vote. The bill was passed on December 22, 1913 in the so-called House of
Representatives by 282-60 and the alleged Se nate by 43-23. Some of the bill 's most vocal
critics had already left Washington. It was a longstanding politica l courtesy that important
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legisla tion would not be acted upon during the week before Christmas . The so-called President,
Mr. Woodrow Wilson. signed the measure into law the very next day, December 23, 1913.
When the Federal Reserve Act was passed, the members of the Federal Reserve Board had
10-year terms. But the Banking Act of 1935 lengthened the term to 14 years. This meant that
the Directors of the so-called nation's finances, although not elected by the people, held office
longer than three acting presidential terms.
Colonel Edward Mandel House, remained active behind the scenes during both the so-called
Presidents , Woodrow Wilson 's and Franklin Delano Rooseve lt's. administrations. Shortly
before Colonel, Mr. Edward Mandel House. died in 1938, he confided in his biographer Mr.
Charles Seymour his continued role in the so-called President 's , Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's,
administration.
Colonel Edward Mandel House. stated:
"During the past fifteen years, I have been close to the center of things, although few
people suspect it. No important foreigner has come to the United States without talking
to me. I was close to the movement that nominated Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He
has given me a free hand in advising him. All the Ambassadors have reported to me
frequently."
The organizing actIVIty of the Federal Reserve System began in early 1914 with the
appointment of an Organization Committee by the so-called President, Woodrow Wilson. The
acting President appoints acting Secretary of the Treasury, William McAdoo (the President 's
son-in-law), acting Secretary of Agriculture, David F. Houston, and the acting Comptroller
of the Currency, John Williams. The Organization Committee selected the locations of the
decentralized reserve banks. The selection of New York was a foregone conclusion, since it
was the center of finance in the so-called United St ates. The City of Richmond, Virginia was
also selected, evidentl y as a payoff to so-called Congressman Carter Glass for his role in the
passa ge of the bill. The other selections included the City of Boston, the City of Philadelphia, the
City of Clevela nd, the City of Chicago, the City of St. Louis, the City of Atlanta, the City of
Dallas, the City of Minnea polis, the City of Kansas City and the City of San Francisco.
In 1937, Ferdinand Lundberg wrote America 's Sixty Families that revealed that New York
was really the seat of power.
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WHAT BANK S D ON'T WANT
YOU T O KNOW
The fate of companies, individua ls, and governments is entirely at the mercy of bankers. Their
power is unbridled, both in the creating and granting of loans, and also in their arbitrary recall,
with or without notice. The following quote taken from the Civil Se rvants ' Year Book, "T he
Organizer" of January, 1934 makes their intent all too clear:
"Capital must protect itself in every way, through combination and through
legislation. Debts must be collected and loans and mor tgages foreclosed as soon as
possible. When, through a process of law, the common people have lost their homes,
they will be more tractable and more easily governed by the strong arm of the law,
applied by the central power of wealth, und er control of leading financi ers. People
without home s will not quar rel with their leaders. This is well known amon g our
principal men now engaged in forming an imperialism of capital to govern the world.
By dividing the people we can get them to expand their energies in fighting over
questions of no importance to us except as teachers of the common her d. Thus by
discreet action we can secure for our selves what has been gener ally planne d and
successfully accomplished. "
THE BANKER 'S MANIFEST O
The Banker's Manifesto ties in with so-called United States Senate Document House Joint
Resolution (HJR) 192, 73rd Congress, 1st Session, chapter 48 (June 5th, 1933), to wit:
"The ultimate owne rship of all property is in the State; individual so-called
"own ership " is only by virtue of Government , i.e., law, amount ing to mere "user " and
use must be in acceptance with law and subor dinate to the necessities of the State. "
HOUS E JOINT RESOLU TION
Explaining what the bankers don't want you to know about the realities of modern day finance
may shatter most of the public's religiously held assumptions about money and banking. What
the general public "t hinks " it knows about money and banking is largely base d upon a
collection of canards gleaned from TV, radio, newspapers and their own personal experiences
with money and banking.
In the following pages you will find where high bank officials admitted that bankers do create
checkbook "d eposit credits " to the credit of their "clients" checking accounts, as their loans
and inve stment payment funds. You will also learn how an attorney has successfully voided a
bank foreclosure because the banker admitted to creating the checkbook "c redits " as the funds
it loaned to its client.
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In the landmark court decision which follows, a Minnesota Trial Court held the Federal
Reserve Act to be unconstitutional and void; the National Banking Act to be unconstitutional
and void ; and declared a mortgage acquired by the First National Bank of Montgomery,
Minnesota in the regular course of its business, along with the foreclosure and the Sheriffs Sa le
to be void. This decision, which is legally sound, has the effect of declaring all private
mortgages on real and personal property, and all U. S. and State bond s held by the Federal
Reserve, National and State Banks, to be null and void. This amounts to an emancipation of
this so-called Nation from personal, national and state debt purportedly owed to this banking
system. Every so-called American owes it to himself, his so-called country, and to the people of
the world, for that matter, to study this decision very carefully and to understand it, for upon it
hangs the question of freedom or slavery.
On May 8, 1964, Mr. Jerome Daly executed a Note and Mortgage to the First National Bank
of Montgomery, Minnesota, which is a member of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis .
Both Banks are privately owned and are a part of the Federal Reserve Banking System.
In the spring of 1967, Mr. Jerome Daly was in arrears $476.00 in the payments on this Note and
Mortgage. The Note was secured by a Mortgage on real property in Spring Lake Township in
Scott County, Minnesota. The Banker foreclosed by advertisement and bought the property at
a She riff's Sale held on June 26, 1967. Mr. Jerome Daly made no further payments after June
26, 1967 and did not redeem within the 12 month period of time allotted by law after the
Sheriff's Sale.
The Bank brought an action to recover the posses sion of the property to the Justice of the Peace
Court at Savage, Minnesota. The first 2 Justices were disqualified by Affidavit of Prejudice; the
first by Mr. Daly, the second by the bank, and a third judge refused to handle the case. It was
then sent, pursuant to law, to Martin V. Mahoney, Justice of the Peace, Credit River Township,
Scott County, Minnesota, who presided at a Jury trial on December 7, 19 68. The Jury found the
Note and Mortgage to be void for failure of a lawful consideration and refused to give any
validity to the Sheriffs Sa le. Verdict was for Mr. Daly with costs in the amount of $75 .00.
The acting President of the Bank, Mr. Lawrence V. Morgan, admitted that the Banker created
the money and credit upon its books by which it acquired or gave as consideration for the
Note: that this was standard banking practice, that the credit first came into exist ence when
they created it; that he knew of no United States Statutes which gave them the right to do thi s.
This is the universal practice of these banks.
Mr. Lawrence V. Morgan appeared at the trial on December 7, 1968 and was perceived to be
candid, open, direct, experienced and truthful. He testified to 20 years of experience with the
Bank of America in Los Angeles, the Marquette National Bank of Minneapolis and the
Plaintiff in this case. He seemed to be familiar with the operations of the Federal Reserve
System.
He freely admitted that his Bank created all of the Money or Credit upon its books with which
it acquired the Note and Mortgage of May 8, 1964. The credit first came into existence when
the Bank created it upon its books by ledger entry. Further, he freely admitted that no United
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States Law gave the bank the authority to do this. There was obviously no lawful consideration
for the Note. The Bank parted with absolutely nothing except a little ink.
NOTE : It has never been doubted that a Note given in a Consideration which is prohibited by
law is void. It has been determined, independent of Acts of Congress, that sailing under the
license of an enemy is illegal . The admission of Bills of Credit upon the books of these
private corporations, for the purposes of private gain is not warranted by the Const itution
of the United States and is unlawful.
No complaint was made by the banker that the bank did not receive a fair trial. From the
admissions made by Mr. Lawrence V. Morgan, the path of duty was clearly made and very
direct and clear for the jury. Their verdict could not reasonably have been otherwise. Justice was
rendered completely and without denial, promptly and without delay, freely and without
purchase, comfortable to the laws in this Court on December 7, 1968.
The following pages present the rulings for the original pleading, the appeal, and the testimony
given at Mr. Jerome Daly's disbarment proceedings brought by the Minnesota State Board of
Law. Justice Martin V. Mahoney, who heard the case, handed down the two opinions attached
and included herein. The appeals determinations are by far the most stunning. Its reasoning
is sound. It will withstand the test of time. This is the first time the question has been passe d
upon in the United St ates. I predict that this decision will go into the history books as one of the
great documents of so-called American history. It is a huge cornerstone wrenched from the
temple of Imperialism (Money Kings) and planted as one of the solid foundation stones of
Liberty.
FORWARD BY ASSO CIATE JUST ICE BILL DREXLER
The "C redit River Decision " handed down by a jury of 12 on a cold day in December, in the
Credit River Township Hall, was an experience that I'll never forget.
The Chief Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court had phoned me a week before the trial and
asked me if I would be an associa te justice in assist ing Justice Martin V. Mahoney since he had
never handled a jury trial before. I accepted, and it took me two hours to get my car running in
the 22 below zero weather.
I got to the court room about 30 minutes before trial, and helped get the wood stove going, since
the trial was being held in an unheated store room of a general store. This was the first time I met
Justice Martin V. Mahoney, and I was impressed with his no nonsense manner of handling
matters before him. My job was to help pick the jury, and to keep Mr. Jerome Daly and the
Attorney representing the Bank of Montgomery from engaging in a fist fight. The court room
was highly charged, and the Jury was all business.
The banker testified about the mortgage loan given to Mr. Jerome Daly, but then Mr. Jerome
Daly cross examined the banker about the creating of money "out of thin air."
Mr. Jerome Daly asked the Bank President, "If you were just opening up your bank and no
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one had yet made a deposit, and I came into your bank, and wanted to take out a loan of
$18,000.00, could you loan me that money?
When the Bank President said, "Y es" I thought the jury would faint.
Mr. Jerome Daly than said, "D oes this mean that you can create money out of thin air? "
And the Bank President said, "Y es, we can create money out of thin air."
Justice Martin V. Mahoney then said "I T SOUNDS LIKE FRAUD TO ME" and everybody
in the court room nodded their heads indicating that they agreed with Justice Martin V.
Mahoney.
I must admit that up until that point, I really didn't believe Mr. Jerome Daly's theory, and
thought he was making this up. After I heard the testimony of the banker, my mouth had
dropped open in shock, and I was in complete disbeli ef. There was no doubt in my mind that the
Jury would find for Mr. Jerome Daly.
Mr. Jerome Daly had taken on the bankers, the Federal Reserve Banking System, and the
money (Kings) lenders, and had won.
It is now twenty eight years since this "L andmark Decision ," and Justice Martin V.
Mahoney is quoted more often than any Supr eme Court just ice ever was. The money (Kings)
boys that run the "p rivate Federal Reserve Bank" soon got back at Justice Martin V.
Mahoney by poisoning him in what appeared to have been a fishing boat accident (but with his
body pumped full of poison) in June of 1969, less than §. months later.
Both Mr. Jerome Daly and Justice Martin V. Mahoney are truly the greatest men that I have
ever had the pleasure to meet. The Credit River Decision, as it is known, was and still is the
most important legal decision ever decided by a J!!!:y.
Bill Drexler.
Note: Bill Drexler was subsequently disbarred for his role in the Credit River case.
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IN DISTRICT COURT STATE OF MINNESOT A COU NTY OF SCOTT
FIRST JU DICIAL DISTRICT
First National Ba nk
of Montgomery, Minnesota,
Plaintiff,
vs.
Jerome Daly,
Defendant.
The above entitled action came on before the Court and a Jury of 12 on December 7, 19 68 at
10:0 0 A.M. Plaintiff appeared by its President Lawrence V. Morgan and was represented by its
Counsel Theodore R. MeUby. Defendant appeared on his own behalf.
A Jury of Talesmen were called, empanelled and sworn to try the is sues in this Case. Lawrence
V. Morgan was the only witness called for Plaintif f and Defendant testified as the only witness in
his own behalf.
Plaintif f brought this as a Common Law action for the recovery of the posses sion of Lot 19,
Fairview Beach, Sc ott County, Minn. Plaintiff claimed titled to the Real Property in question by
foreclosure of a Note and Mortgage Deed dated May 8, 19 64 which Plaintiff claimed was in
default at the time foreclosure proceedings were started.
Defendant appeared and answered that the Plaintif f created the money and credit upon its own
books by bookkeeping entry as the consideration for the Note and Mortgage of May 8, 19 64 and
alleged failure of consideration for the Mortgage Deed and alleged that the Sheriffs sale passe d
no title to Plaintif f.
The issues tried to the Jury were whether there was a lawful consideration and whether
Defendant had waived his rights to complain about the consideration having paid on the Note for
almost 3 years.
Mr. Morgan admitted that all of the money or credit which was used as a consideration was
created upon their books, that this was standard banking practice exercised by their bank in
combination with the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, another private Bank, further that he
knew of no United St ates Statute or Law that gave the Plaintif f the authority to do this. Plaintif f
further claimed that Defendant by using the ledger book created credit and by paying on the Note
and Mortgage waived any right to complain about the Consideration and that Defendant was
estopped from doing so.
At 12: 15 on December 7, 19 68 the Jury returned a unanimous verdict for the Defendant.
Now therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me pursuant to the Declaration of
Independence, the Northwest Ordinance of 19 78, the Constitution of the United States and the
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Constitution and laws of the State of Minnesota not inconsistent therewith:
IT IS HEREB Y ORDERED, ADJUDGED & DECR EED :
1. That Plaintif f is not entitled to recover the posses sion of Lot 19, Fairview Beach, Scott
County, Minnesota according to the Plat thereof on file in the Register of Deeds office.
2. That because of failure of a lawful consideration the Note and Mortgage dated May 8, 19 64
are null and void.
3. That the Sheriffs sale of the above described premises held on June 26, 19 67 is null and void,
of no effect.
4. That Plaintif f has no right, title or interest in said premises or lien thereon, as is above
described.
5. That any provision in the Minnesota Constitution and any Minnesota St atute limiting the
Jurisdiction of this Court is repugnant to the Constitution of the United States and to the Bill of
Rights of the Minnesota Constitution and is null and void and that this Court has Jurisdiction to
render complete Justice in this Cause.
6. That Defendant is awarded costs in the sum of $75.0 0 and execution is hereby is sued
therefore.
7. A 10 day stay is granted.
8. The following memorandum and any supplemental memorandum made and filed by this Court
in support of this Judgment is hereby made a part hereof by reference.
BY THE COU RT
Dated December 9, 19 68
MARTIN V. MAHONEY
JUST ICE OF THE PEACE
CREDIT RIVER TOWNSHIP
SC OTT COUNTY, MINNESO TA
MEMORANDUM
The iss ues in this case were simple. There was no material dispute on the facts for the Jury to
resolve.
Plaintif f admitted that it, in combination with the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, which
are for all practical purposes, because of their interlocking activity and practices, and both being
Banking Institutions Incorporated under the Laws of the United St ates, are in the Law to be
treated as one and the same Bank, did create the entire $1 4,0 00.0 0 in money or credit upon its
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own books by bookkeeping entry. That this was the Consideration used to support the Note dated
May 8, 19 64 and the Mortgage of the same date. The money and credit first came into existence
when they created it. Mr. Morgan admitted that no United St ates Law or Statute exist ed which
gave him the right to do this. A lawful consideration must exist and be tendered to support the
Note. Se e Anheuser-Busch Brewing Co. v. Emma Mason, 44 Minn. 318 , 46 N.W. 558. The Jury
found there was no lawful consideration and I agree. Only God can create something of value out
of nothing.
Even if Defendant could be charged with waiver or estopped as a matter of Law this is no
defense to the Plaintif f. The Law leaves wrongdoers where it finds them. Se e sections 50, 51 and
52 of Am. Jur 2d. "A ctions " on page 584 - - "n o action will lie to recover on a claim based
upon, or in any manner depending upon, a fraudulent, illegal, or immoral transaction or
contract to which Plaintiff was a party."
Plaintiffs act of creating credit is not authorized by the Constitution and Laws of the United
State s, is unconstitutional and void, and is not a lawful cons ideration in the eyes of the Law to
support anything or upon which any lawful rights can be built.
Nothing in the Constitution of the United St ates limits the Jurisdiction of this Court, which is one
of original Jurisdiction with right of trial by Jury guaranteed. This is a Common Law Action.
Minnesota cannot limit or impair the power of this Court to render Complete Justice between the
parties . Any provisions in the Constitution and laws of Minnesota which attempt to do so are
repugnant to the Constitution of the United States and are void. No question as to the Jurisdiction
of this Court was raised by either party at the trial. Both parties were given complete liberty to
submit any and all facts and law to the Jury, at least in so far as they saw fit.
No complaint was made by Plaintif f that plaintiff did not receive a fair trial. From the admissions
made by Mr. Morgan the path of duty was made direct and clear for the Jury. Their Verdict could
not reasonably have been otherwise. Justice was rendered completely and without denial ,
promptly and without delay, freely and without purchase, comfortable to the laws in this Court
on December 7, 19 68.
BY THE COURT
December 9, 19 68
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lsi MARTIN V. MAHO NEY
JUS TICE OF THE PEACE
CREDIT RNER TOWNSHIP
SC OTT CO UNTY, MINNESO TA
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MARTIN V. MAHONEY JUSTICE OF THE PEACE
CREDIT RIVER TOWNS HIP SC OTT COUNTY, MINNESOTA
On January 6, 19 69 this Court filed a Notice of Refusal to Allow Appeal with the Clerk at the
District Court, Hugo L. Hentges, for the County of Scott and the St ate of Minnesota, which is as
follows:
NOTICE OF REFUSAL TO ALLOW APPEAL
TO: Hugo L. Hentges, Clerk of Dist rict Court, Plaintiff, First National Bank of Montgomery and
Defendant Jerome Daly:
You will Please take Notice that the undersigned Justice of the Peace, Martin V. Mahoney,
hereby, pursuant to law, refuses to allow the Appeal in the above entitled action, and refuses to
make an entry of such allowance in the undersigned's Docket. The undersigned also refuses to
file in the office of the clerk of the District Court in and for Scott County, Minnesota, a transcript
of all the entries made in my Docket, together with all process and other papers relating to the
action and filed with me as Justice of the Peace. The undersigned concludes and determines that
M.S.A. 532.38 was not complied with within 10 days after entry of Judgment in my Justice of
the Peace Court Subdivi sion 4 thereof requires that $2.0 0 shall be paid within 10 days to the
Clerk of the District Court for the use of the Justice before whom the cause was tried. Two so
called "One Dollar" Federal Reserve Notes issued by the Federal Reserve Bank at San Francisco
L1 278283C and Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Serial No. l8 04 l C697A were deposited
with the Clerk of the District Court to be tendered to me.
These Federal Reserve Notes are not lawful money within the contemplation of the Constitution
of the United States and are null and void. Further, the Notes on their face are not redeemable in
Gold or Si lver Coin nor is there a fund set aside anywhere for the redemption of said Notes.
However, this is a determination of a question of Law and Fact by the undersigned pursuant to
the authority vested in me by the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the
State of Minnesota. Plaintiff is entitled to be accorded full due process of Law before the Court
in this present determination not to allow the Appeal .
If Plaintiff will file a brief on the Law and the Facts with this Court within 10 days, or if Plaintif f
will file an application for a full and complete hearing before this Court on the determination, a
prompt hearing will be set and if Plaintiff can satisfy this Court that said Notes are lawful money
is sued in pursuance of and under the authority of the Constitution of the United States of
America the undersigned will stand ready and willing to reverse himself in thi s determination.
TAKE NOTICE AND GOVER N YOURSELVES ACCOR DINGLY.
BY THE COURT
Dated January 6, 19 69
lsi Martin V. Mahoney
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MARTIN V. MAHONEY
JUS TICE OF THE PEACE
CREDIT RIVER TOWN SHIP
SC OTT CO UNTY, MINNESO TA
MEMO
I am bound by oath to support the Constitution of the United St ates and laws passed pursuant
thereto and the Constitution and Laws of Minnesota not in conflict therewith. This is an
important Case to both parties and involves iss ues, apparently, not previously decided before. It
is al so important to the public. The Clerk of the District Court is an officer of the Judicial Branch
of the St ate of Minnesota. His act is the Act of the State . U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section
10 provides "No State Shall make any Thing but Gold and Silver Coin a Tender in Payment of
Debts. " The tender of the two Federal Reserve Notes runs counter to the fundamental Law of the
land, the Constitution of the United States of America. It appears on the face of it that the Notes
are ineffectual for any purpose and that I am not justified in taking any steps toward the
allowance of an Appeal in this case.
It is, however, the Order of this Court that the parties are entitled to a full hearing before this
Court, and, if requested a full hearing will be granted.
Dated January 6, 19 69
BY THE COURT
/s/ Martin V. Mahoney
MARTIN V. MAHONEY
JUS TICE OF THE PEACE
CREDIT RIVER TOWN SHIP
SCO TT COU NTY, MINNESOTA
Minnesota Statutes Annotated 532.38 required that the Appellant, First National Bank of
Montgomery deposit with the Clerk of the District Court within ten (10 ) days, Two ($2.0 0)
Dollars (lawful money of the United St ates) for payment to the Justice of the Peace before whom
the cause was tried. This is one of the conditions for the allowance of an appeal .
Two One ($ 1 .0 0) Dollar Federal Reserve Notes were deposited with the Clerk of the District
Court. One was issued by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, bearing Serial No.
L12 782836 and the other on deposit was issued by the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
bearing Serial No. 18 04 1 0697A.
This Court determined that said Notes on their face were contrary to Article I, Section 10 of the
Constitution of the United States and also based upon the evidence deduced at the hearing on
December 7, 19 68, the Notes were without any lawf ul cons ideration and therefore were void ;
however, this Court indicated it would give the Plaintif f, First National Bank of Montgomery, a
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full and complete hearing with reference to this issue.
No hearing was requested by Plaintiff, First National Bank. This Court was ordered to show
cause before the District Court. The Order to Show Cause is as follows:
IN DISTRICT COU RT STATE OF MINNESOTA COU NTY OF SC OTT
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
First National Bank
of Montgomery, Minnesota,
Plaintiff,
vs.
Jerome Daly,
Defendant.
ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE
On reading the application for an Order attached hereto, and on Motion and Affidavit of
Theodore R. Melby, Attorney for Plaintif f, due showing having been made that an exigency
exists .
IT IS ORDERED, that Martin V. Mahoney, Justice of the Peace, Credit River Township,
County of Scott, State of Minnesota, appear in person before the above Court at 10:0 0 a. m.,
Friday, January 17, 19 69, at the Sp ecial Term of Court of Scott, State of Minnesota or as soon
thereafter as counsel can be heard to show cause why he should not file in the office of the Clerk
of District Court, First Judicial District, County of Sc ott, State of Minnesota, a transcript of all
the entries made in his docket, together with all process and other papers relating to the above
identified cause of action in his possess ion or the posses sion of any other Justice of the Peace of
the State of Minnesota.
LET THIS ORDER APPLICATION FOR ORDER, AFFIDAVIT, all heretofore attached, be
served on Martin V. Mahoney by leaving with him copies of the same and exhibiting this
original ORDER with the signature of the Judge of District Court hereto, affixed, service to be
made forthwith.
Dated at Shakopee, Minnesota this 8th day of January, 1969.
BY THE CO URT /s/ Harold E. Flynn Judge of District Court, Therefore, upon Motion of
Defendant Jerome Daly, this Court ordered a hearing before this Court on January 22, 19 69 at
7:0 0 p.m .. The First National Bank of Montgomery made no appearance although service of the
Motion and Order was served upon Ralph Hendrickson, its Cashier on January 20, 19 69. No
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continuance was requested by Plaintiff or its Attorney. The Defendant appeared by and on behalf
of himse lf. After waiting for one hour for the Bank or its representative to appear the Court
received the testimony of Defendant bearing upon the issue of the validity of the Federal Reserve
Notes. Now, Therefore based upon all the files, records and proceedings herein and the evidence
offered, this Court makes the following Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, Judgment and
Determination with reference to the allowance of an appeal.
FINDINGS OF FA CT, CONCLUSIONS OF LAW, JUDGMENT AND
DETERMINA TION.
1. That the Federal Reserve Ban king Corporation, is a United States Corporation with
twelve (12) banks throughout the United States, including New York, Minneapolis and Sa n
Francisco. That the First National Bank of Montgomery is also a United States Corporation
incorporated and exist ing under the laws of the United St ates and is a member of the Federal
Reserve System, and more specifically, of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
2. That because of the interlocking control activities, transactions and practices, the Federal
Reserve Banks and the National Banks are for all practical purposes, in the law, one and the
same bank.
3. As is evidenced from the book: "The Federal Reserve System; Its Purposes and
Functions, "; (ls t Ed.) pages 74 to 78 and 17 7 and 18 0, put out by the Board of Governors of the
Federal Reserve System, Washington, D.C., 19 63, and from other evidence adduced herein, the
said Federal Reserve Banks and National Banks create money and credit upon their books and
exercise the ultimate prerogative of expanding and reducing the supply of money or credit in the
United St ates. See especia lly page 75 of the Manual.
This creation of money or credit upon the Books of the Banks constitutes the creation of fiat
money by bookkeeping entry.
Ninety per cent or more of the credit never leaves the books of the Banks as the Banks produce
no specie as backing.
When the Federal Reserve Banks and National Banks acqUIre United States Bonds and
Se curities, St ate Bonds and Se curities, State Subdivi sion Bonds and Se curities, mortgages on
private Real property and mortgages on private personal property, the said banks create the
money and credit upon their books by bookkeeping entry. The first time that the money comes
into existence is when they create it on their bank books by bookkeeping entry. The banks create
it out of nothing. No substantial fund of gold or silver is back of it, or any fund at all.
The mechanics followed in the acquisition of United St ates Bonds are as follows: The Federal
Reserve Bank places its name on a United St ates Bond and goes to its banking books and credits
the United St ates Government for an equal amount of the face value of the bonds. The money or
credit first comes into exist ence when they create it on the books of the bank. National Banks do
the same except they must have One ($ 1 .0 0) Dollar in Credit on hand for every Four ($4.0 0)
Dollars they create.
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The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis obtains Federal Reserve Notes in denominations of
One ($ 1. 00) Dollar, Five, Ten, Twenty, Fifty, One Hundred, Five Hundred, One Thousand, Ten
Thousand, and One Hundred Thousand Dollars for the cost of the printing of each note, which is
less than one cent. The Federal Reserve Bank must deposit with the Treasurer of the United
States a like amount of Bonds for the Notes it receives. The Bonds are without lawful
consideration, as the Federal Reserve Bank created the money and credit upon their books by
which they acquired the Bond. With their bookkeeping created credit, National Banks obtain
these notes from the Federal Reserve banks.
The net effect of the entire transaction is that the Federal Reserve Bank and the National Banks
obtain Federal Reserve Notes comparable to the ones they placed on file with the Clerk of
Di:strict Court, and a spcciITlcn of which is abov e, for the cost of printing only . Title 31 U.S.C.,
Section 462 (392) attempts to make Federal Reserve Notes a legal tender for all debts, public
and private. See page 72. From 1913 down to date, the Federal Reserve Banks and the National
Banks are privately owned. As of March 18 , 19 68, all gold backing is removed from the said
Federal Reserve Notes. No gold or silver backs up these notes .
The Federal Reserve Notes in question in this case are unlawful and void upon the following
grounds.
1. Sa id Notes are fiat money, not redeemable in gold or silver coin upon their face, not backed
by gold or silve r, and the notes are in want of some real or substantial fund being provided for
their payment in redemption. There is no mode provided for enforcing the payment of the same.
There is no mode provided for the enforcement of the payment of the Notes in anything of value.
2. The Notes are obviously not gold or silver coin.
3. The sole consideration paid for the One Dollar Federal Reserve Notes is in the neighborhood
of nine-tenths of one cent, and therefore, there is no lawful consideration behind said Notes.
4. That said Federal Reserve Notes do not conform to Title 12, United States Code, Sections
411 and 418. Title 31 USC, Section 462 (392), insofar as it attempts to make Federal Reserve
Notes and circulating Notes of Federal Reserve Banks and National Banking Asso ciations a legal
tender for all debts , public and private, it is unconstitutional and void, being contrary to Article
I, Section 10, of the Const itution of the United St ates , which prohibits any Sta te from making
anything but gold and silve r coin a tender, or impairing the obligation of contracts.
Now, therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me pursuant to the Declaration of
Independence , the Northwest Ordinance of 17 87, the Constitution of the United States of
America and the Constitution of the State of Minnesota,
It is hereby DETER MINED, ORDERED AND ADJUD GED, that the Appeals Statutes of the
State of Minnesota for Civil Appeal s from the Court to the District Court is not complied with
within 10 days after entry of Judgment. Therefore the Appeal is not allowed by this Court and
my docket so shows.
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Dated February 5, 19 69
BY THE COURT
/s/ Martin V. Mahoney
MARTIN V. MAHONEY
JUS TICE OF THE PEACE
CREDIT RIVER TOWNSHIP
SCO TT COU NTY MINNES OTA
MEMORANDUM
The division and separation of the three great powers of government, the Executive, the
Legi slative and the Judicial and the principle that these powers should be forever kept separate
and distinct as of vital importance to the maintenance and establishment of a free government,
without which this Republic cannot possibly survive.
The particular wording of the Declaration of Independence which set up an obsolete cut off
with the British form of Government is contained in the first two paragraphs thereof.
Thereafter the Constitution was ordained and established as a law for the government by the
People of the United St ates.
All legisla tive powers granted are vested in the Congress of the United St ates consi sting of a
House of Representatives and a Se nate elected as representatives of all the people.
"Judicial Power" is defined in Black 's Law Dictionary as the authority vested by Courts and
Judges, as distinguished from the Executive and Legisla tive power.
"C ases and Controver sies" is defined in Blacks ' Law Dictionary - "This term as used in the
Constitution of the United States embraces claims or contentions of litigants brought before the
Court for adjudication by regular proceedings for the protection of wrongs; and whenever the
claim or contention of a party takes such a form that the Judicial Power is capable of acting
upon it, it has become a case or controversy. " Se e Interstate Commerce Commission vs.
Brimson , 15 4 U.S. 447 , 14 Sup. Crt. 11 25, 38 Law Ed. 10 47; Smith vs. Adams , 13 0 U. S. 16 79,
32 L.E d .. 895.
Under our form of government every American, individually or by representation, is the high and
supreme sovereign authority. The authority at each of the three departments of government is
defined and established.
It is entirely fitting and proper to observe that in all instances between the states and the United
St ates, and the people, there is no such thing as the idea of a compact between the people on one
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side and the government on the other. The compact is that of the people with each other to
produce and constitute a government.
To suppose that any government can be a party to a compact with the whole people, is supposing
it to have an existence before it can have a right to exist.
The only instance in which a compact can take place between the people and those who exercise
the government, is that the people shall pay them while they choose to employ them.
A Constitution is the property of the nation and more specifically of the individual, and not
those who exercise the government. All the Constitutions of America are declared to be
established in the authority of the people.
The authority of the Constitution is grounded upon the absolute, God-given free agency of each
individual , and this is the basis of all powers granted, reserved or withheld in the authorization of
every word, phrase, clause or paragraph of the Constitution. Any attempt by Congress, the
President or the Courts to limit, change or enlarge even the most claimed insi gnificant provisio n
is therefore ultra vires and void ab initio .
When considering the United St ates Constitution, one must absolutely and completely clear his
mind of all British, monarchical, papal, clergical, continental, financial, or other alien influences
or conceptions of government the rights of the individual and what is Constitutional.
Our Constitution stands absolute and alone.
It must be read in the light of all engagements entered into before its adoption including the
Declaration of Independence and the privilege s and immunities secured by Common Law
confirmed by Magna Charta and other English Charters, excepting there from all clerical, papal
and monarchical nonsense.
No one applying the Constitution to any situation has any business, right or duty to look in any
direction for sovereignty but toward the people. Any attempt or inclination to do so is a violation
of one's oath and continuing duty to uphold, maintain and support the Constitution of the United
States of America.
See Waring vs. Mayor of Sa vannah, 60 Georgia, Page 93, where it is quoted as follows:
"In this State as well as in all repub lics, it is not the Legislature, however transcendent its
powers, who are supreme - but the people - and to suppose that they may violat e the fundamental
law, is, as has been most eloquen tly expressed, to affirm that the deputy is greater than his
principal; that the servant is above hi s master, that the representatives of the people are superior
to the people themselves; that men acting by virtue of delegated power may do not only what
their powers do not authorize, but what they forbid. "
The law is made by the Legi slature, but applied by the Courts.
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Se e generally Mr. Justice Story's commentaries on the Constitution found in Story on the
Constitution, Vol. 1, Section 198 through 280 on the History of the Revolution and the
Confederation, origin of the Confederation, analysis of the Articles of the Confederation and the
Decline and Fall of the Confederation including the reasons for it, which in chief was a
debasement of our money and currency by the ban ks, similar to what is taking place in the
United St ates today.
For authority to support the proposition that an Act of Congress in violation of the Constitution
confers no rights or privileges see 16 Am. Jur. 2d "C onstitutional Law," ; Sections 177 thru
179
Article I, Section 10 of the United States Constitution provides that no State shall make any
Thing but gold and silve r coin a legal tender in payment of debts.
The act of the Clerk of the District Court is the act of the St ate. The Clerk of the District Court is
the agent of the Judicial Branch of the Government of the State of Minnesota. See Briscoe et al
vs. The Bank of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, 11 Peters Reports at Page 31 9, "A State
can act only through its agents; and it would be absur d to say that any act was not done by a
State which was done by its authori zed agents. "
For the Justice Fees the bank deposited with the Clerk of District Court the two Federal Reserve
Notes. The Clerk tendered the Notes to me. My sworn duty compelled me to refuse the tender.
This is contrary to the Constitution of the United St ates. The States have no power to make bank
notes a legal tender. Se e 35 Amer. Jur. on Money, Se ction 13. Only gold and silver coin is a
lawful tender.
Se e also 36 Am. Jur. on Money, Section 9. Bank Notes are a good tender on money unless
specifica lly obje cted to. Their consent and usage is based upon the convertibility of such notes to
coin at the pleasure of the holder upon presentation to the bank for redemption. When the
inability of a bank to redeem its notes is openly avowed they instantly lose their character as
money and their circulation as currency ceases.
There is also no lawful consideration for these notes to circulate as money. The banks actually
obtained these notes for the cost of the printing. There is no lawful consideration for said Notes.
A lawful consideration must exist for these Notes to circulate as money. The banks actually
obtained these notes for the cost of the printing. There is no lawful consideration for said Notes.
A lawful consideration must exist for a Note. Se e 17 Amer. Jur. 2d on Contracts, Sec tion 85
and also Sections 215, 216 and 217 of 11 Amer. Jur. 2nd on Bills and Notes . As a matter of
fact, the "Notes " are not Notes at all as they contain no promise to pay.
The activity of the Federal Reserve Banks of Minneapoli s, San Francisco and the First National
Bank of Montgomery is contrary to public policy and the Constitution of the United St ates and
constitutes an unlawful creation of money and credit is not warranted by the Constitution of the
United St ates.
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The Federal Reserve and National Banks exercise an exclusive monopoly and privilege of
creating credit and is suing their Notes at the expense of the public, which does not receive a fair
equivalent. This scheme is obliquely desi gned for the benefit of an idle monopoly to rob,
blackmail and oppress the producers of wealth.
The Federal Reserve Act and the National Bank Act is in its operation and effect contrary to
the whole letter and spirit of the Constitution of the United States, confers an unlawful and
unnecessary power on private parties; holds all of our fellow citizens in dependence; is
subversive to the rights and liberties of the people . It has defied the lawfully constituted
Government of the United St ates. The Federal Reserve and National Banking Acts and Sec.
462 (392) of Title 31, U.S.C. are not necessary and proper for carrying into execution the
legisla tive powers granted to Congress or any other powers vested in the Government of the
United States, but, on the contrary, are subversive to the rights of the People in their rights to
life, liberty and Property. The aforementioned acts of Congress are unconstitutional and
void and I so hold.
The meaning of the Constitutional provision "No State Shall make any Thing but Gold and
Silver Coin a tender in payment of debts " is direct, clear, unambiguous and without any
qualification. This Court is without authority to interpolate any exception. My duty is simply to
execute it, as written, and to pronounce the legal result. From an examination of the case of
Edwards v. Kearzev, 96 U.S. 595, the Federal Reserve Notes (fiat money), which are attempted
to be made a legal tender, are exactly what the authors of the Constitution of the United St ates
intended to prohibit. No State can make these Notes a legal tender. Congress is incompetent to
authorize a State to make the Notes a legal tender. For the effect of binding Constitutional
provisions see Cooke v. Iverson, 108 M. 388 and State v. Sutton, 63 M. 147. This fraudulent
Federal Reserve System and National Banking System has impaired the obligation of
Contract, promoted disrespect for the Constitution and Law and has shaken society to its
foundations.
The Court is at a loss, because of the non-appearance of Plaintiff to determine upon what legal
theory Plaintif f could possibly claim that the Notes in question are a legal tender. If they have
any validity it must come from the Constitution of the United States and laws passed pursuant
thereto. Inquiry was made of Mr. Daly as to what laws these Notes could be possibly based upon
to sustain their validity . To aid the Court he presented the following: Section 411, 412, 417, 418,
420 of USC Title 12 and Title 31, USC Sec. 462 (392).
On the one hand Section 411 holds and states that the Notes are to be used for the purpose of
making advances to Federal Reserve Banks through Federal Reserve Agents and for no other
purposes. Then Title 31, Section 462 (392) states: "All Federal Reserve Notes and circulating
Notes of Federal Reserve Banks and National Banking Asso ciations heretofore or hereafter
issued, shall be legal tender for all debts public and private. "
The Constitution states, "No State shall make any Thing but Gold and Silver Coin a legal
tender in payment of debts. " The above referred to enactments of Congress state that the Notes
are a legal tender. There is a direct conflict between the Constitution and the Acts of
Congress. If the Constitution is not controlling then Congress is above and has superior
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authority from the Constitution and the People who ordained and established it.
Title 31 USC, Se ction 462 (392) is in direct conflict with the Constitution insofar at least, that it
attempts to make Federal Reserve Notes a Legal Tender, the Constitution is the Supreme Law of
the Land. Sec. 462 (392) is not a law which is made in pursuance of the U.S. Constitution. It is
unconstitutional and void and I so hold. Therefore, the two Federal Reserve Notes are null and
void for any lawful purpose so far as this case is concerned and are not a valid deposit of $2. 00
with the Clerk of the District Court. I hold that the case has not been lawfully removed from the
Court and jurisdiction thereof is still vested in the Court.
However; there is a second ground of invalidity of these Federal Reserve Notes previously
discussed and that is the Notes are invalid because on no theory are they based upon a valid,
adequate or lawful consideration.
At the hearing scheduled for January 22, 19 69 at 7:0 0 p.m., Mr. Morgan, nor anyone else from or
representing the Bank, attended to aid the Court in making a correct determination.
Mr. Morgan appeared at the trial on December 7, 19 69 and appeared as a witness to be candid,
open, direct, experienced and truthful. He testified to 20 years of experience with the Bank of
America in Los Angeles, the Marquette National Bank of Minneapolis and the Plaintif f in this
case. He seemed to be familiar with the operations of the Federal Reserve System. He freely
admitted that his Bank created all of the money or credit upon its books with which it acquired
the Note and Mortgage of May 8, 19 64. The credit first came into existence when the Bank
created it upon its books. Further he freely admitted that no United St ates Law gave the bank the
authority to do this. There was obviously no lawful consideration for the Note. The Bank parted
with absolutely nothing except a little ink. In this case the evidence was on January 22, 19 69 that
the Federal Reserve Banks obtain the Notes for the cost of the printing only. This seems to be
confirmed by Title 12 USC, Se ction 420. The cost is about 91 1 0ths of a cent per Note, regardless
of the amount of the Note. The Federal Reserve Banks create all of the Money and Credit upon
their books by bookkeeping entry by which they acquire United St ates and State Se curities. The
collateral required to obtain the Notes is, by Section 412, US C, Title 12, a deposit of a like
amount of Bonds, Bonds which the Banks acquired by creating money and credit by
bookkeeping entry.
No rights can be acquired by fraud. The Federal Reserve Notes are acquired through the use of
unconstitutional statutes and fraud.
The Common Law requires a lawful consideration for any Contract or Note. These Notes are
void for failure of a lawful consideration at Common Law, entirely apart from any Constitutional
Considerations upon this ground the Notes are ineffectual for any purpose. This seems to be the
principal objection to paper fiat money and the cause of its depreciation and failure down
through the ages. If allowed to continue, Federal Reserve Notes will meet the same fate. From
the evidence introduced on January 22, 19 69, this Court finds that as of March 18, 1968 all
Gold and Silver backing is removed from Federal Reserve Notes.
The law leaves wrongdoers where it finds them. Se e 1 Amer. Jur. 2nd on Actions, Sections 50,
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51 and 52.
This Court further observes that the jurisdiction of the Court is conferred by Article 6, Sec. 1 of
the Minnesota Constitut ion. "Sec. 1. The judicial power of the state is hereby vested in a
Supreme Court, a District Court, a Probate Court and such other Courts, minor judicial officers
and commiss ioner s with jurisdiction inferior to the District Court as the legislative may
establish. " Pursuant thereto an Act of the legislature credited this Court.
Nothing on the Constitution or laws of the United St ates limits the jurisdiction of this Court. The
Constitution of Minnesota does not limit the jurisdiction of this Court. It therefore has complete
Jurisdiction to render justice in this cause in accordance with and agreeable to the Supreme Law
of the Land. See 16 Am. Jur. 2d on Constitutional Law Sections 210 thru 222.
"When a Court is created by Act of the Legislature the Judicial Power is conferred by the
Constitution and not by the Act creating the Court. If its Jurisdiction is to be limited it must be
limited by the Constitution. " See Minn, Const. "Bill of Rights. " In any event, the Bank has not
raised any question as to the jurisdiction of this Court.
Sla very and all its incidents including Peonage thralldom and debt created by fraud is universally
prohibited in the United St ates. This case represents but another refined form of Sla very by the
Bankers. Their posi tion is not supported by the Constitution of the United St ates. The People
have spoken their will in terms which cannot be misunderstood. It is indispensable to the
preservation of the Union and independence and liberties of the people that his Court adhere only
to the mandates of the Constitution and administer it as written. I therefore hold the Notes in
question void and not effectual for any purpose.
January 30, 19 69
/s/ Martin V. Mahoney
NOTE:
MARTIN V. MAHONEY
JUS TICE OF THE PEACE
CREDIT RIVER TOW NSHIP
SCO TT CO UNTY, MINNES OTA
The Defendant, (Attorney) Jerome Daley, shortly after the above Court declared the above
decision, again brought the issue of the Federal Reserve Notes before the Courts. On Appeal to a
Federal Court; the Federal Judicial Off icers publicly ridiculed Mr. Daley for challenging the
validity of the Notes of the Federal Reserve Bank and had Mr. Daley "disbarred" from practicing
law (United States v. Jerome Daly, 48 1 F.2d. 28). This "act" of our Federal Judicial Off icers to
"disbar" a fellow member of the "Bar" for questioning the validity of the monetary system of the
United St ates raises the question as to who the Federal Judicial Off icers are employed by. It is
obvious that they are employed by the International Banking Cartels ; NOT THE PEOPLE OF
THE UNITED ST ATES.
MINNESOTA ST ATE BO ARD OF LAW EXAMINERS
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What follows is the testimony of Roland D. Graham, Vice President and General Counsel of the
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis taken Wednesday February 11 , 19 70 in the disbarment
proceedings brought by the Minnesota St ate Board of Law Examiners against Jerome Daly to
have Mr. Daly disbarred from the practice of law. This testimony was taken under oath:
Wednesday, February 11 , 19 70
Approximately 2:3 0 p.m.
(Whereupon, the following proceedings were duly had:)
Mr. Rola nd D. Graham being first duly sworn, testified
as follows on behalf of the Petiti oner:
Testimony solicited by Mr. Davis, attorney for the petitioner:
Q. Will you state your full name please.
A. I am Roland D. Graham, G-r-a-h-a-m.
Q. Your address, Mr. Graham?
A. My address is 73 South Fifth Street, Minneapolis : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis .
Q. What is your profession?
A. I am an attorney.
Q. By whom are you employed?
A. I am Vice -President and General Counsel of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapoli s.
Q. Are you licensed to practice law in the state of Minnesota?
A. Yes sir.
Q. For how long a time have you been counsel for the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis?
A. I have been general counsel for the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapoli s since 19 66;
however, I was on the staff of the legal department of the bank since 19 59.
Q. In the course of your duties with the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, have you had
occasion to be involved in litiga tion with one Jerome Daly?
A. Yes.
Q. Have you received any inquiries from other agencies of government or other persons within
the banking group concerning these actions commenced by Mr. Daly?
A. Well, we received several inquiries with respect to the actions commenced against our bank
and especially by other Federal Reserve Banks and the Board of Governors; we kept them
constantly informed of the progress in these cases as it occurred. And there was an occasional
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inquiry made with reference to these cases from our office, yes.
Q. Do you have any compilation or list of inquiries that were made either to you or to the board,
the Federal Reserve Board?
A. I have a compilation of inquiries that were made and letters sent out by the Board of
Governors and the Treasury Department with reference to a case arising in Credit River,
Minnesota, involving the Constitutionality of the Federal Reserve System.
Q. Do you have that letter with you?
(WHEREUPON, Petitioner's Exhibits 66 and 67 were duly marked for purposes of
identification. )
Q. I show you Petitioners Exhibit Number 66, will you identify that for the Court?
A. This is a letter dated Se ptember 2, 19 69, addressed to me from Mr. Robert Sanders, Assi stant
General Counsel of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. And Mr. Sanders
sent me this list at my request, in which it contains a list of a number of responses made by
the Board of Governors and the Treasury Department, in connection with inquiries received
by them, certain congressi onal offices, relating to a case arising out of Credit River,
Minnesota, and arising as a result of a publication, primarily of a publication distributed,
reporting that case, entitled Myers ' Finance Review .
Q. And I show you Petitioner's Exhibit 67 and ask you to identify that.
A. This is a subsequent Xerox copy of some articles that were referred to in that letter, which
also were the basis of inquiries that we received.
CROSS-EXAMINATION
Mr. Jerome Daly's cross-examination consisted of two arguments. The first part of his argument
was to elicit confirmation from Mr. Ronald D. Graham, a qualified spokesman for the Federal
Reserve banks, that the Federal Reserve banks and the commercial banks do create Deposit
(checkbook) Money on their books as their lending and invest ing money media.
The second part of Mr. Daly's argument was the convertibility of the pocket paper currency into
gold and/or silver is a separate argument, and irrelevant to the mechanics of Deposit (checkbook)
Money creation.
Therefore, to make it easier for the reader to understand the mechanics of where and how bank
Deposit (checkbook) Money (generally referred to as "credit" is created --all questions and
answers referring to currency convertibility were edited (left) out.
Testimony solicited by Jerome Daly :
Q. You say you have been with the Federal Reserve Bank for how long?
A. For ten years, approximately ten years.
Q. And you are a Vice President of the bank?
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A. Yes sir.
Q. And you say that you have been in the practice of law in the state of Minnesota?
A. Yes sir.
Q. And also in the United States District Court?
A. Yes sir, for the state of Minnesota.
(WHEREUPON, Respondent's Exhibit J was duly marked for purposes of identificati on.)
Q. Sh owing you Respondent's Exhibit J, I will ask you if you can identify that.
A. Respondent's Exhibit J is a publication put out by the Board of Governors of the Federal
Reserve System explaining its purposes and functions.
Q. And what iss ue is that?
A. According to this, this is an issue that was published in 19 63.
Q. Are you familiar with that, Respondent's Exhibit J?
A. I am familiar with its publication; I could not cite it, all the language; but I am familiar with
its publication.
Q. Have you looked it over?
A. Yes.
Q. Generally, do you agree that the statements in there are true?
A. As to the functions and so forth, yes, sir.
Q. That is the official publication of the Board of Governors, is it not true?
A. Yes .
MR. DALY : I offer in evidence Exhibit J.
MR. DAVIS : No obje ction.
THE COURT: It will be received.
Q. Now, your Federal Reserve Banks, there are twelve of them in the United St ates, aren't there?
A. That is correct.
Q. And more or less the head bank is in New York, is it not?
A. There is a Federal Reserve Bank of New York that represents a second Federal Reserve
District; it is a separate incorporated bank, separate from the other eleven banks, yes.
Q. Now, by the way, these Federal Reserve Banks have employees , do they not?
A. Yes, they do.
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Q. And there are none of these employees on Civil Service?
A. No, sir.
Q. That is a true statement, is it not?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. You are not on Civil Se rvice, yourself?
A. No, sir.
Q. And the Federal Reserve banks pay taxes to the state for the real estate they are situated upon?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And the Federal Reserve banks are owned by the member banks, are they not?
A. I don't know what you mean by owned, Mr. Daly.
Q. I withdraw the question. The Federal Reserve corporation is a corporation organized and
existing by virtue of the laws of the United States, is that correct?
A. That is correct.
Q. And the member banks are required to subscribe to so much stock?
A. That is correct.
Q. But this is non-voting stock, isn't that correct?
A. They have a right to elect six of the directors of the Federal Res erve bank.
Q. I didn't mean that; it is a stock that doesn't actually carry any rise to ownership with it, isn' t
that correct?
A. The Federal Reserve stock, owned by member banks of the Federal Reserve System,
represent the capitalization they put into the system required by law and it gives them certain
limited rights as to the election of directors on the Board of the reserve banks. However, in
the event of dissolution of any Federal Reserve bank, they are only entitled to their reserves,
the amount of capitalization they have put into the reserve bank. And after the reserve banks
have paid all of the liabilities and expenses, all the residuals go into the United St ates
Government.
Q. And the member banks, like the First National here in Minneapolis; Northwestern National;
they have a right to use the services of the Federal Reserve bank?
A. Yes, we do provide services for them, yes.
Q. And the First National Bank of Montgomery is one of your member banks?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Now, calling your attention to page seventy-five in that book, will you read the last two
paragraphs out loud?
A. The last two paragraphs?
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Q. I think that is what I want. 
A. The commercial banks as a whole can create money only if additional reserves are made 
available to them. The Federal Reserve System is the only instrumentality endowed by law 
with discretionary power to create (or extinguish) the money that serves as bank reserves or as 
public's pocket cash. Thus, the ultimate capability of expending or reducing the economy's 
supply of money rests with the Federal Reserve. 
New Federal Reserve money, when it is not wanted by the public for hand-to-hand circulation, 
becomes the reserves of member banks. After it leaves the hands of the first bank acquiring it, as 
explained above, the new reserve money continues to expand into deposit money as it passes 
from bank to bank until deposi ts stand in some established multiple of the additional reserve 
funds that Federal Reserve action has supplied. 
Q. Now, the mechanics, can you explain the mechanics by which the Federal Reserve bank runs 
its open market committee. 
A. Runs its open market committee? 
Q. Yes. 
A. The open market committee is not a committee of the Federal Reserve Banks, Mr. Daly. It 
consists of seven members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and five 
of the seven --five of the twelve presidents of the Federal Reserve banks. 
Q. And the seven members of the Board of Governors? 
A. Yes, sir. 
Q. Will you explain to the Court what their function is? 
A. The function of the Federal Open Market Committee is to meet and make policy with 
reference to the purchase or sale of government securities by Federal Reserve Banks. 
Q. Now, can you elaborate on that. 
A. The purchase and sale of government securities by Federal Reserve Banks, under the direction 
of the Open Market Committee, is a device, one of the monetary tools used by the Federal 
Reserve System to expand on one of the Federal Reserve --
Q. Expand or reduce the reserves ? 
A. Yes. 
Q. Now does the Federal Reserve Bank expand its reserves ? 
A. The reserves of the commercial banks? 
Q. Or its own reserves? 
A. The action taken with reference to the Open Market Committee and expansion of the 
commercial bank reserves that are required to be held in the Federal Reserve banks in their 
own vault, by expanding reserves of the commercial banks. This then takes out of circulation 
or the ability of commercial banks to expand loans or invest ments. 
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Q. So that seven members of the Board of Governors and the twelve presidents of the Federal
Reserve banks have the control over the volume of credit that is made available to the public ?
A. The Open Market Committee, which consists of five of the twelve presidents of the Federal
Reserve banks and the seven members of the Board of Governors, directs policy with
reference to the sales or purchase of the government securities on the open market, which
expands or contracts the ability of commercial banks to make loans and invest ments.
Q. And this has a direct bearing upon the amount of money that is available to the public?
A. It would have a direct bearing on the amount of money and supply of credit availabl e.
Q. Now, the Federal Reserve Bank actually creates credit on its books, does it not?
A. The only way in which it creates credit is by its discount policy, in which it may credit, by
making a temporary loan and credit the reserve account of that individual bank.
Q. It can credit the account of the individual bank by making a loan to the bank?
A. Yes, sir, this is a loan that is repaid.
Q. And when the Federal Reserve bank makes the loan or that credit first comes into exist ence, is
when they manufacture it on the books?
A. It is a credit to their reserve?
Q. And it first comes into existence at that time?
A. These are temporary loans.
Q. And it doesn't make any difference if it is temporary or long term, the first time it comes into
exist ence is when it is credited on the books of the bank?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And as a practical matter, this credit never leaves the books of some bank; it is transferred by
check entry from one bank to another?
A. The effect of that particular transaction may or may not be transmitted through the banking
system, I don't know.
Q. What percentage of the volume of business was done by check in this country?
A. I don't know the figure, Mr. Daly, I don't know the breakdown upon demand deposits and
currency at the present time.
Q. Now, when a member bank makes a loan, what is the percentage of so-called reserves that
they are supposed to have on hand?
A. That is determined by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and it varies at
what the Board decide s.
Q. What is it at present?
A. It is kind of a multiple breakdown at present; my recollection is reserves are seventeen per
cent reserve requirement; a sixteen per cent for the country banks, which are required to have
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a lower reserve.
Q. In other words, when say like the First National Bank of Montgomery wants to make a loan of
one hundred dollars; if it has a reserve of seventeen dollars on deposit with our bank, it can
make a loan of a hundred dollars?
A. If the reserve bank decides to lend it, yes, this is discretionary.
Q. If the First National Bank decides to lend it?
A. Now, now, an application for a loan or discount from the Federal Reserve Bank may be made;
in discretion with the Federal Reserve Bank, if it feels it is an appropriate borrowing.
Q. Does the First National Bank of Montgomery, do they have to get the permission of the
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis before they can make a loan?
A. They make application for a loan and they can be turned down if the Federal Reserve Bank in
Minneapolis did not deem it a good loan.
Q. To an individu al?
A. They only make loans and discounts to banks.
Q. I am talking about the individua l citizen that walks into a bank and wants to borrow ten
thousand dollars from the bank out in the country.
A. All right.
Q. Does that bank out in the country also create money on its books?
A. That bank may make a loan to that indiv idual if it has the funds available to make that loan.
Q. Does that bank, the commercial banks can also create credit on their books ?
A. To the extent that the reserve or equity at the position permits them to make a loan in
accordance with their policy. They can do this by issuing a cashier's check, which is a liability
in the bank or do so by crediting the deposit account of that individual .
Q. To what extent can they do that?
A. I guess I don't follow your question.
Q. Is there a limit upon them? Is there a limit to the extent that they can do that?
A. The ultimate limit to which they would be restricted would be determined by the amount of
reserves they are required to hold back, dependent upon what the reserve requirements, as
established by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, are.
Q. So, there is a percentage of limi ts?
A. Yes .
Q. They also create credit on their books?
A. To the extent they can make loans or invest ments.
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Q. And this credit first comes into being when they create it?
A. When the credit is made to the account of the customers, they have thus created a loan to the
customer in the form of a deposit balance. Now, this may be drawn upon to pay off perhaps
creditors of the individual that is making the loan.
Q. But in any event, this is the first time that this credit comes into exist ence, they create it on
their books?
A. Yes.
Q. So, in effect, the books of the member banks amount to a bill of credit, do they not?
A. What is your definition of a bill of credit, Mr. Daly?
Q. There has been some argument about that, isn't that right?
A. Yes.
Q. But at any rate, the credit is manufactured on the books though?
A. There is a credit on the account of the customers, either that he is given in disbursed funds by
means of a cashier's check or some other.
Q. Now, have you had a chance to read over my publication, the Daly Eagle?
A. I don't remember if I have read it through or not, Mr. Daly.
Q. Have you attempted to read it?
A. I believe I did read it at one time; but I don't recall all the language in it.
Q. There is a picture of a note in here, on page twelve, a one dollar Federal Reserve note?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Is this a sample of what is in circulation?
A. As currency.
Q. Yes.
A. It appears as though it is a Federal Reserve note, yes, sir.
Q. Well, that is a reasonably accurate portrayal, is that right?
A. Yes.
Q. Your bank acquires United St ates obligations by creating credit on its books, do they not?
A. I guess you might say by creating credit as permitted under the policy of the Federal Reserve,
yes.
Q. But the physical notes themselve s, they are made up by the Bureau of Printing and
Engraving?
A. That is correct.
Q. And that is under the control of what, the Treasury Department?
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A. I believe it is the Treasury Department.
Q. The notes themselves, you get these notes in denominati ons from one dollar up to ten
thousand dollars, is that right?
A. I don't believe there is a ten thousand dollar bill in circulation; but we get them in the various
denominations now permitted by law.
Q. And your bank gets them for the cost of printing?
A. We get them, yes; these are the actual physical notes, yes, for the cost of printing; but they are
is sued as a liability to the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis or whatever Federal Reserve
Bank is involved.
Q. Well, now, I believe you indicated that you had some correspondence from the head office of
the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. With you, for purposes of following it to the Bar Associa tion, is that right?
A. This arose, because I had heard that there was some testimony being given before the Ethics
Committee with reference to the Credit River proceeding. I talked to Mr. Orren with the
Ethics Committee and indicated I had a number of telephone calls with respect to the Credit
River proceeding and I acknowledged they had received a number of inquiries down at the
Board, at the Treasury Department, arising out of the Myers' Finance Publication.
Q. This is Myers' Finance Review?
A. Yes .
Q. From Calgary, Alberta, Canada?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Did you ever see his review before this?
A. Before today? I had seen copies of a publication, I believe, that was dated May 27, 19 69.
Q. May 27, 19 69?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And this is the first publication in which he published it, is that right?
A. Published what, I am sorry.
Q. This story with reference to the Credit River verdict?
A. I don't know, Mr. Daly, Ij ust saw the May 27th iss ue.
(WHEREUPON, Respondent's Exhibit K was marked for purposes of Identification.)
Q. Do you recognize that as a copy that you saw?
A. Yes, sir.
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Q. And how soon after May 27th of 19 69 did you see that?
A. The only one I recollect was a publication that came out, I believ e, in June. I don't subscribe
to the publication.
Q. Well, it is fair to say that you gentlemen that are counsel for the Federal Reserve banks and
the general counsel for the Board of Governors, you are keeping very close tab on this
dispute?
A. Well, as a matter of information, yes, yes.
Q. And you have since 19 63?
A. I have transmitted all the information down to the Board of Governors, with reference to the
suits, yes.
Q. And by the way, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System are independent of
the control by Congress, are they not?
A. No sir, that is not true.
Q. Well, can you elaborate on why it is not true?
A. The Federal Reserve System was established by Congress under the Federal Reserve Act, by
legi slation enacted by Congress.
Q. But at the present time, Congress exercises no control over them?
A. Are you talking about control over the decisio ns, policy decisions made by the Federal
Reserve?
Q. Right.
A. There is specific law I am aware of that any Congressman can effectuate a policy decision
upon the Federal Reserve.
Q. That is what I am driving at.
A. Ye s.
Q. And the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System controls volume of credit that is
put into circulation?
A. The policy decisions of the Board of Governors, Mr. Daly, influence the supply of money and
credit in the country, yes; I think that is a fair statement.
Q. And that, under the present laws, is independent of any act of Congress ?
A. The policy decisio ns, I am aware of, are not subject to any Congressional mandate, that is
correct.
Q. And the determination of the interest rate is not subject to any Congressio nal mandate?
A. No sir, I think the determination of the interest rate is a result of the marketplace, are you
talking about?
Q. Actions of the Open Market Committee?
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A Actions of the Open Market Committee could have an influence on the level of interest rates.
Q. Isn't that set by basically, it is set or controlled, that is the prime rate is set and controlled by
the Board of Governors?
A The prime rate, no.
Q. Pardon me?
A No.
Q. What do they do with reference to the interest rate?
A The only interest rate, I think you are referring to, is a discount rate, established by the
Federal Reserve banks. The discount rate is established initially by the Board of Directors of
Federal Reserve banks, subje ct to review and determination by the Board of Governors. The
discount rate is the rate charged against member banks of the Federal Reserve System, who
make loans or discounts at Federal Reserve banks .
Q. Isn't it pure and simple, the rate of interest that the Federal Reserve bank charges the member
banks for the credit that they create on their books?
A Would you repeat that one?
Q. To use simple language : Isn't the rate of interest that the Federal Reserve bank charges the
member banks for credit they create on their books?
A This is for loans or advances given to member banks, yes.
Q. And these loans and advancements are created on the books of the Federal Reserve bank?
A The making of a loan or discount is effected of a credit to the reserve account of a member
bank.
Q. When they create the credit on their books, it comes into exist ence?
A. Yes .
Q. This discount rate is set by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System?
A The discount rate is initially set by the Boards of Directors of reserve banks, independentl y;
they are subje ct to review and determination of the Board of Governors in the Federal
Reserve System.
Q. So if all of the member banks get together and agree to set the discount rate, which is the
federal
reserve banks get together and set the discount rate, the Board of Governors doesn't have
anything to say about it?
A They have to approve a discount rate.
Q. And the people in charge of the Federal Reserve banks are not, none of them are government
employees as such?
A. Of the Federal Reserve banks?
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HIS TORY OF UNITED STATES CURREN CY
Early Ameri can colonists used English, Spanish, and French money while they were under Engl ish rule .
However, in 17 75, when the Revoluti onary War bec ame inevit able, the Continental Congress authorized
the issua nce of currency to finance the conflict. Paul Revere made the first plates for this "C ontinental
Cu rrency ." Those notes were redeemable in Spanish Milled Dollars . The depr ecia tion of this currency
gave rise to the phrase "n ot worth a Contine ntal ."
After the so-called U. S. Constitution was ratified, the alleged 'U nited St ates in Congress
Assemble d, ' passed the "Mint Act" of April 2, 1792, which established the coinage system of
the social compact known as the United St ates and the dollar, as their principal unit of species
currency. By this Act, we became the first country in the world to adopt the decimal system for
currency. The first U. S. coins were struck in 1793 at the Philadelphia Mint and presented to
Martha Washington.
The so-called Government did not issue paper money as we know it today until 1861. In the
interim years, however, the new social compact Government did issue "T reasury Notes "
intermittently during periods of financial stress, such as the War of 1812, the Mexican War of
1846, and the Panic of 1857.
During this same period (1793 -1861), approximately 1,600 private banks were permitted to
print and circulate their own paper currency under State Charters. Eventually, 7,000 varieties of
these "S tate Bank Notes " were put in circulation, each carrying a different desig n !
With the onset of the Civil War, the new Military Social Government Construct--desperate for
money to finance the war-passe d the Act of July 17, 1861, permitting the Treasury
Department to print and circulate paper money. The first paper money is sued by the Milit ary
Government was Demand Notes commonly referred to as "greenbacks ." In 1862, the so-called
Military Congress retired the Demand Notes and began iss uing United St ates Notes, also called
Legal Tender Notes.
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Under Military Congressional Acts of 1878 and 1886, five different iss ues of "S ilver
Certificates" were produced, ranging from 1 to 1,000 dollar notes . The Treasury exchanged
Silv er Certificates for silver dollars as they were known. The size and weight of the silver
coins (dollars) made them unpopular. The last series of Silver Certificates was issued in 1923.
However, the last series of modem Silver Certificates produced were the series 1957BI1935H
one dollar notes, series 1953C five dollar notes, and 1953B ten dollar notes.
During the period from 1863 to 1929, the Military So cial Government Construct again
permitted thousands of banks to iss ue their own notes under their National Banks Acts of 1863
and 1864. These were called "N ational Bank Note s," but unlike the earlier "St ate Bank
Note s," they were produced on paper authorized by the Military So cial Government
Construct known as the United St ates and carried the same basic design .
In 1913, Military Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act, establishing this so-called nation's
Federal Reserve System. This Act authorized the Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal
Reserve Bank Notes. In 1914, the Federal Reserve Banks began issuing Federal Reserve
Notes - the only currency still being manufactured today by the Military Construct's Bureau of
Engraving and Printing.
At the signing of Coinage Act on July 23, 1965,
Lyndon B. Johnson stated in his press Release that :
"When I have signed this bill before me, we will have made the first fundamental change in
our coinage in 173 Years. The Coinage Act of 1965 supersedes the Act of 1792. And that
Act had the title: An Act Establishing a Mint and Regulating the Coinage of the United
States ... "
"Now I will sign this bill to make the first change in our coinage system since the 18th
Century. To those members of Congress, who are here on this historic occasion, I want to
assure you that in making this change from the 18th Century we have no idea of returning to
g."
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MERCH ANTS OF FICTION
If the truth were obvious to the common people, or shall we say untrained eye, everyone would
understand it and agree. In fact, the more one focuses on the significant iss ues, the less obvious
the truth appears to be. What tools do you have at your disposa l for comprehending the larger
objective truths outside of your own immediate experience? Unless you are a dedicated student
of life, with lots of time on your hand to read, travel, and do research, by default and/or general
acquiescence, all you probably have time for are the "sound bites" of established and very
controlled (Money Kings) print and entertainment "news" sources. What is your level of
assurance that these popular indoctrination sources of information are trustworthy? Is it
possible that the larger truth is so far from obvious, that you wouldn't know it if it bit you ? I
suggest that this is much closer to reality than you might expect.
In the Movie "A Few Good Men," Keffe, the character played by Tom Cruise screams, "I want
the truth !" and Jesse p, the character played by Jack Nicholson fires back "You can't handle
the truth !" Nine out of ten people, when interviewed, will insist that they want the truth. They
really believe that they do. However, if you qualify this question when you ask it with "even if it
were painful," the number drops to 4 in 10. Run the experiment, you'l l see what I mean. This
tendency to reje ct new information when the chosen response is one of discomfort or pain is
described in Dissonance Theory-a scientific theory of attitude change which proposes that
awareness of inconsi stencies among individual s' beliefs , attitudes, and behaviors , produces an
aversive state of tension or discomfort.
Furthermore, dissonance increases with important decisions and dis similarity between
alternatives. Resist ance to change is described in terms of effort justification-a tendency to
believe, once a considerable amount of effort is exerted to achieve a goal, that the goal is
important and worthwhile. This principle is at the heart of hazing rituals by sports teams,
fraternities, and sororities .
When dissonance occurs the individual will attempt to reduce it through a number of coping
mechanisms. If the perceived level of pain overwhelms other coping skills, the individual will
chose denial . Others will attempt to reduce dissonance by justifying one's behavior when
external inducements are "insufficient" to fully justify it. This occurs when the individual has
high trust with self, i.e., behavior is congruent with principles, and has paid a high price in the
past to seek out and adapt their lives to their evolving understanding of the truth. A struggle will
play out within the individual in which they will do whatever is necessa ry to test the new
information, until a determination can be made as to its validity. The new information is not
constrained by what is already known.
Now, let' s put all of the above information on disso nance theory and people 's interest in truth
(uh, as long as it isn 't painful) together to see the tangled web that has been woven for people.
People will be guided by two sayings : "The proof is in the pudding," and "Follow the
money." To set this up it is important to understand that in order to operate effectively in the
current political and financial system, the purveyors of so-called "government" have set up a
trust. We use quotes around the word "government" because it is a fictional entity, i.e., there is
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no person or thing that can be ascribed to this linguistic expressi on-it is without referent.
"Government" is the BIG fiction. Before explaining how the so-called "government" is a trust,
we' ll first examine a trust that most of us are familiar with-a Deed of Trust. If you are asking
the question-"You mean my mortgage?" No-I mean your trust! !!
If you are an assumed "homeowner," go to your files now and get what you think is your
mortgage. We will introduce definitions at the point were they are used to facilitate your
understanding-all definitions are taken from Black's Law Dictionary 4th and 6th editions. So
what is a deed of trust? Before we answer that, let' s first see what a trust is. We will only go
into enough depth to give you a feel for what you have probably been overlooking.
A trust is a legal construct for holding property for some use as determined by the terms of the
trust. The formal application of trusts usually involves three parties, although technically only
one is required. The creator of the trust is called the TRUSTOR and/or GRANTOR or
SETTLOR (hereafter: trustor). The trustor is the original holder in due course of the property
and sets the contract for the benefit of a BENEFICIARY. The property and the terms of the
contract are usually managed by a third party, the TRUSTEE, also called fiduciary (one in a
posi tion of trust) .
Did you know that when you signed your Deed of Trust that you were giving benefit and
advantage to the banker? Who created the Deed of Trust? Answ er: The banker did, so why
wouldn't the banker draw up the contract to his own advantage if you didn't say anything
against it?
Deed of Trust. An instrument in use in many states, taking the place and serving the
uses of a common-law-mortgage, by which legal title to real property is placed in one or
more trustees, to secure the payment of a sum of money or the performance of other
conditions.
Now let' s begin the process of attaching parties to this definition, and defining some more terms,
so you can see where you stand. You may have assumed that you are the Trustor. While it is true
that your signature "payed" for the house (yes, you read it correctly), this was not the agreement
you signed last.
If you signed your Deed of Trust "Joint Tenancy," what did you do? Did you actually sign a
lease agreement with the landlord that call themselves bank?
Here is a quote from a Deed of Trust :
"WITN ESSETH: That Trustor hereby irrevocably grants, conveys, transfers and
assigns to the Trustee in Trust, with Power of Sale, the above described real property,
together with leases, iss ues, profits, or income there from: SUBJ ECT, however to the
right, power and authority hereinafter given to and conferred upon Beneficiary to collect
and apply such property income."
What did you do when you signed the Deed of Trust at the title company? You "assigned the
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lease" between you (one who furnishes consideration; think signature) and the Trustor (�
corporate fiction set up on registration of your birth certificate; an other fiction) to the
Beneficiary (the bank). What were you thinking?
As said earlier, the truth is far from obvious, and we can only give you the highlights in this
essay. There are many more pieces to this story. See "Un ited States Bankruptcy: What Banks
Don 't Want You to Know" , "Secrets of the Federal Reserve", "What is United States", "Are
You Sure You Want to Hire an Attorne y, " and "Before the Judge. "
How did the deed of trust become a lease anyway? While you were busy not paying attention
to all that legalese, a second document was slipped in front of you after you signed the note,
thus turning you from an "owner" in to a renter ("homeownership" is a very short lived
experience for most people).
Assignment of lease. Such occurs where lessee transfers entire unexpired remainder of
term created by leas e.
Title. The evidence of right which a person has to the posses sion of property.
The definition for Deed of Trust above, uses the term legal title. Exactly what does this mean?
The term legal is the tip off. Law is another fiction. Si nce the so-called U.S. Bankruptcy and
HJR 19 2 (Public Law 73), there is no way to extinguish a debt and consequently no way to
execute a law. We went from the gold standard to the promise to pay standard, and all demands
for payment constitute an issue of public currency. A promise to pay (sig nature or federal
reserve note) creates "money," and is what funds your mortgage, auto loan, credit card
purchases, and every other kind of 'l oan' you take out, including traffic tickets . The other tipoff
is the word evidence in the definition for title. Title in trust is a quasi-title, not title in fact. You
can have right to posses sion, but you can never own anything outright-all property and labor
being pledged in the so-called bankruptcy. It is for this reason that "legal title" can never be
defined in term of the Res, or real thing. It can only represent a fiction.
Instead of the land being the security, the bankers have replaced this with "legal title to real
property"-a "legal description"-a fiction. Can the "legal description" ever be the "land or
house property ?" Answer : No, not under the current system.
"Legal title" is based on "legal description." Black' s law doesn 't define this phrase, but a
summary of words (in physical terms) would be: A written enumeration of items composing as
estate created by law. But since law itself is a fiction, so must a "legal description," and in tum
"legal title."
In 1803, their President, Mr. Thomas .Jefferson, appointed Mr. Lewis and Mr. Clark to
explore and map out the newly acquire Louisiana Purchase from France --nearly one
third the total area purchased by the United St ates for their social compact known as The
United St ates of America.
From this expedit ion, the entire area purchased by The United States for The United
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States of America, and was mapped with metes and bounds. We measure today our 
boundaries for each piece of property with metes and bounds. Townships were formed 
across the nation for every six miles square, containing thirty-six square miles. These 
townships still exist today. 
Who is managing (Trustee) the trust? Surprise, a British Esquire Attorney . Attorneys are the 
only ones as the "collateral endorsers" who can own title companies. This is a very convenient 
arrangement, don't you think. Se e "Are you Sure You Want to Hire an Attorne y. " 
Most people suppose or assume that a contract has to be knowingly, intentionally, and voluntarily 
agreed to by the parties involved . This is usually the case even when there is no written, signed 
contract. For example, when eating at a restaurant-If you place an order for food, then proceed 
to consume the food upon receipt, the cu stom is, you're liable for the bill . However, there is a 
whole class of contracts of a far more sini ster nature; they are called, adh esion contracts . These 
are contracts made wholly for the benefit of a single party. They corne into existence whenever 
you exercise a benefit offered by the corporate state such as welfare (S ocial Security, Medicaid, 
food stamps, postal delivery, etc.), sign an application (uh, affidavit) for a passport, use so
called federal highways, sign your private property name to obtain a license (marriage, 
automobile, aviation, CPA, etc.), or register what you perceive as your private property (babies, 
automobiles, etc.). Unless you specify that you don't want to be liable for the unrevealed 
benefits of any agreement or commercial contract by signing above your name "Without 
Prejudice," you have become an accommodation party to the fiction. 
This system for inducing you to commerce has been so carefully designed, that without 
specialized knowledge, such as the information contained in this essa y, your chances of 
prevailing in an encounter with it are almost non-existent. It owes its suc cess to the interlocking 
connection of three fundamental ploys: 
1. Build a system based on appearances (fiction) . 
2. Create subtle ways of getting people to contract with the fiction in order to make them 
accommodation parties . 
3. Induce people to give this fiction substance by arguing and testifying in statutory courts. 
Corporate entities, Federal Reserve notes, property descriptions, and statutory laws are all 
fictions. There is nothing of substance to them. A corporate entity such as your Straw-man
debtor, is not the flesh and blood you. Federal Reserve notes do not corne into existence 
through their assig nment to something of value such as gold or silver, but by taking out a loan. 
A title deed identifies a horne in terms of an artificial system of meets and bounds called a 
property description-a description of property that is NOT ; if you read it, you won't find 
anything that describes any attribute of the real house. This also applies to your car title and any 
other title to property. The real sub stance of a thing is referred to as the RES. Legi slated 
statutory laws are not written pursuant to the contracts (Constitution and Bill of Rights) that 
would limit "governm ent 's" power over its creators, the Sovereign flesh and blood Men and 
Woman of their America. By creating a system that is fiction from end to end, they ensure that 
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the real game stays hidden and not one in a million will figure it out.
In closing, let' s revisit our earlier discussion of Dissonance Theory and examine the dissonance
levels attributable to the above shocking (from the perspective of the uninitiated) information.
You have believed all of your life that money is valuable and have therefore struggled for its
attainment in order to "purchase" the material necessities of life like a home. You have also
believed that you have been "paying" your debts . Now you are learning that you have been
deceived in these most basic and fundamental tenants and assumptions . I rather doubt a greater
dissimilarity of alternatives could exist-the information that you have been absorbing from the
culture, either by osmosis or governmental schooling, with what is presented here in this essa y is
extremely HIGH, meaning HIGH dissonance. In addition, the information presented here
invites you to make some major decisions in regards to the interpretation you give to your
perceptions. This also contributes to HIGH dissonance. And finally, the effort justification is
also very HIGH-the daily commute, the job, etc. According to our definition then, dissonance
should be OFF THE CHART S. For some of you, it probably is and you'r e in shock. However,
if after a week or so you still believe that you really own your house and are not simply a
caretaker for the International bankers, ask yourself what would happen if you were to stop
paying your use fees in the form of property taxes. Do you know what the bankers would do?
How do you explain that?
For the rest of you, I hope I have piqued your interest enough to read the other essa ys in order
that you may deepen your understanding of this amazing story. Only by doing so will you be
able to claim your remedy.
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ARE YOU SURE YOU WANT TO
HIRE AN ATTOR NEY ?
The complexity of a social order is proportional to the degree of specialization required of its
members to carry out its agreed functions-as complexity increases, members tend to know
more and more about less and less. In times past, physicians performed essentially the same
services. They could carry everything they used in the treatment of their patients between their
ears and in a little black bag. Today doctors specialize in one part of the body and require the
support services of large institutions and other specialists . In this context it is natural for one to
seek out the services of those who are learned in matters that they do not either have the time,
interest, or training to handle for themselves. However, would you go to an unlicensed physician
who had a hidden agenda, lacked training in medicine, who performed treatments for which the
results and costs were uncertain? As the uninitiated will discover, this is standard operating
procedure when hiring an attorney.
If there is a system for which there is a bigger gap between perception and the reality of its inner
workings, I know not what it is. This includes attorneys themselve s. By design, the true nature of
alleged courts, the law, and the relationship of the individual to the state has been hidden by the
architects of the system, lest its secrets be exposed. Popular perceptions are groomed by the
purveyors of controlled media, and education (including so-called law schools) mostly through
entertainment and inculcation of so-called national identity. Independent thinkers within the
ranks of attorneys may eventually realize the significa nt incongruities in plying their trade, but
not one in a million will figure it out. Only upon being invited into the inner sanctum of
judgeship and higher will the secrets begin to be revealed.
So, how is this accomplished? Si nce the so-called Military Social Government Construct's
Bankruptcy in 1933 (see Amer icas "New Deal ", the Looting of a Nation) attorneys and ju dges
have a near license to steal the wealth of the community backed by force of arm. They are
amply rewarded for activities that promise nothing. They function at the heart of a system that
has, as its ultimate goal, subju gation and conquest of the popUlation through commerce.
Although wars on the surface may appear to settle the differences between men and countries, it
has been the behind the scenes manipulations by the bankers and merchants that continue to
control. This was the case at the conclusion of their America' s war for Independence, as it is
now-not surprisingly mediated by attorneys (see A Brief History of United States). Attorneys
do this with their own private language in which they change the popular meanings of words and
imbed the rules of the game inside inscrutable code-you can't play the game unless you
understand the rules and that takes an attorney - -and even if you are one in a million, you are
not allowed to use their private code to prosecute them for their thievery because such Codes are
Copyrighted, There is no higher form of incestuous relations to prevent the people from the sheer
BA R to justice, established to prevent the Money Kings, by and through their Agents
(Attorneys), from fleecing the people.
So, what is an attorney anyway, and does this mean the same thing as lawyer? Although
modem usage tends to obscure the distinction between the meanings of these words, hist orically,
they are not the same. To understand this distinction it is necessary to trace the legal profession
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in their United St ates back to its roots in Britain. Even the word "b ar" is of British origin.
In England, only some lawyers are called Advocates. Others are called "s olicitors ," still others
"b arrister s," "c ounselors ," "mediators ," and "a ttorne ys ." These are not terms referring to
just any lawyer, they are specific titles used to desig nate the type of lawyer they are and how
they practice law.
Advocates and solicitors have a very simila r roll, but on the opposite side of any given dispute.
While a solicitor is one who presents a case on behalf of an accuser, otherwise known as the
plaintiff, an advocate provides argument for the defendant.
The barrister holds a specific position of trust beyond an area where even other lawyers are
barred from entry. "C rossing the bar " means far more than just walking over to a different
place in the room. It is the act of placing yourself under the jurisdictional authority of the court
whose bar you've crossed. The BAR stands for British Accredited Registry.
A mediat or's job is to facilitate an agreement between opposing sides. Counselors , on the other
hand, primarily do just what their title indicates, counseling. To obtain "a ssistance of Counse l,"
therefore is not the same as being represented by an attorney. So, what is an attorney?
Notice that the word for each title clearly identifies its unique characteristic :
• So licitor = one who solicits a cause of action
• Advocate = one who advocates for the accused
• Barrister = one who goes where others are barred from entry
• Mediator = one who mediates between two parties
• Counselor = one who provides counsel from a given perspective
• Attorney = one who attorns or engages in attornment
The term "a ttorn " is defined in Black's Law Dictionary:
"to turn over; to transfer to anoth er, money or goods; to assign to some partic ular use
or service. " "Attorn " has its origin from the days of the English Feudal System. Its
process employed the class title of nob ility known as Esquire, which means a greater
or elevated Squ ire. The Squ ire was an armor bearer for the Knight.
Among other duties, the ESquire performed the attornment ceremony necessa ry to preserve a
class structure of nobility. While performing his attorney functions, the ESquire used a system
of unequal protection under different sets of laws. Among these varying standards were the laws
of the King's Court, of the Court of Exchequer, of the Common Courts of Pleas, and for the
different levels of royalty, noblemen, freemen, peons, serfs and slaves .
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The purpose of the attorney was, as it is today, to see that upon the transfer of any property of 
value nothing would get into the hands of the common people . Their job, if faithfully carried out, 
would assure that the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. 
This transfer of wealth is enforced in several ways. Si nce all attorneys take the title ESquire, 
you end up in last place in the pecking order of allegia nce, which goes first to the crown, then 
the courts, before going to you. If you doubt this, just ask your attorney to sign an agreement 
that puts you first in line and see what happens. Un less they want to bring a quick end to their 
careers, don't expect to see a signature. Sec ond, since the bankruptcy and the partitioning of the 
law (Se e Essay on the Law), the law was replaced by public policy (private copyrighted 
International Law), you were replaced by a legal fiction (Se e, Adhesion Contracts), and two 
party contracts were replaced by construed constructive trusts (Se e Essay on Trusts). If you 
have not completed your VCC-1 Filing you are cons idered a ward of the court/state. 
The ramifications of all of this are as follows: Si nce the bankruptcy, all corporations are 
insolvent and there is no way to pay a debt. If there is no way to pay a debt, there is no way to 
execute a law (no payment is possible), and laws, including the facts upon which they are based, 
become irrelevant. Your duty under these circumstances is to be a good little trustee by honoring 
your implied promise to perform under all of your adhesion contracts. Courts are no longer about 
law, fact of law, or anything real for that matter. They cannot be because THERE IS NO WAY 
TO PAY! 
The careful observer of court room drama will notice that the judge will typically only 
look at one or two pages of any of the court briefs that pass before them, regardless of 
how long they are. Today 's cour ts are about one thing, and that is hono r-did you 
honor your contract to perform as a good trust ee? 
One more fact is worth noting before concluding. The much ballyhooed and prestigi ous License 
to practice law does not even exist (see The Mythological License to Practice Law). There is 
no department of State which iss ues said license, nor does the State Bar in their alleged state 
exist, other than as a corporation. You can prove this to yourself by going to the Commissioner 
of Corporations in their state. The so-called Bar is merely a private club that collects union dues 
from its members who posture as licensed professionals, which does not exist by and through 
any Executive Authority (Governor's Executive Powers) of the so-called State which iss ues 
all licenses to control supposedly every licensed professional. 
In summary, when you hire any attorney, you are underwriting the English Crown to assign 
one of their unlicensed agents, learned in procedure not law, to animate a legal fiction 
(Strawman) that was created on your behalf. There is misrepresentation by and through 
centers of education to accept such contrivances as legal. When you were born, they bring 
you into their slaughterhouse to argue your case "thus giving meaning to the legal fiction they 
have created there." Hence, subje ct matter jurisdiction gives rise to a cause of action, whether 
legally or not, while transferring as much of what you presume is your wealth as they can get 
away with. Then it is hoped that you will come back for more on appeal (a sucker is born 
every day, and they know this because they educate them to remain born suckers) . Is this 
what you thought you were bargaining for? 
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MYT HOLO GICAL LICENCE 
TO PRACT ICE LAW 
Every so-called State in the Union has laws on their books forbidding the unauthorized 
practice of their Law. This fact alone might lead one to conclude that being a licensed member of 
the legal professi onal is not only required, but that one not so duly appointed had better not even 
think about offering legal writings or advice without having a "license to practice law. " To test 
this assumption, we go to California, the so-called Union 's most populace so-called state, our 
test subject, to see how they do it, California style. 
To begin this journey of discovery you can go online to the Secretary of St ate for California's 
web site . All bona fide corporations, public and private, must be registered with the Secretary of 
State. Do a search for "C alifornia Bar Association" and notice several strange anomalies with 
the posted information. For one, while the incorporation date of record is listed as 1907, this date 
differs from the date on the seal of the letter head for the California Bar that lists an 
incorporation date of 1927. Now notice that the status of the California Bar is inactive. Also 
notice that there is no registered agent listed for service of process, nor is there a listing for the 
corporate address. Go to the Secretary of State web sites for the so-called states neighboring 
California and you will discover the same anomalies-listed but inactive, without contact 
information. 
Now call the California Corporate Commission to discover if they can explain the so-called 
anomalies and they will advise you that the State Bar of California was formed by statute 
(legislative act) , and therefore not formed in accordance with the California Corporation 
Code. 
Next, call the Executive Director at the headquarters for the California Bar Association in San 
Francisco and ask the following three questions: 
1. Why is the California Bar Association an inactive corporation? 
2. What type of organization (legal classification) is the California State Bar Association? 
3. Why does the incorporation date on the letter head seal differ from the date of 
incorporation listed with the California Corporation Commission? 
While the Executive Director will not be able to clear up the mystery to any of the questions 
listed above, you will be assured that the State Bar of California is a Constitutional agency with 
the judicia l branch of State government. It serves an administrative function for the California 
Supreme Court in matters relating to the regulation of the legal profession. 
However, the California State Const itution and the California Business & Professions Code, 
does not agree with this claim-these two authorities describe the St ate Bar of California as a 
public corporati on, not a 'C onstitutional agency." 
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To complicate matters further still, the California Secretary of State refuses to iss ue a 
"Cer tificate of Non filing," a five dollar ($5.0 0) fee, a standard form for any unregistered, non
filing public corporation. By claiming that the State Bar Corporation was created by legisla tive 
act, the Secretary of St ate can take the position that it lacks authority to iss ue the certificate, 
even though the State Bar Associ ation actively touts itself to be a public corporation. In so 
doing, the California Bar has effectively exempted itself from registration and shielded its 
books from public scrutiny. The following obscure cite from 7 Corpus Juris Secundum 9 
reveals the deceit being perpetrated here: 
"In view of the decision that the creation of public corporat ion by special acts is 
prohib ited by state Constitution, state bar act creating state bar corporat ion as pub lic 
corporat ion has no validity and designat ion of state bar as 'public cor poration ' has no 
legal efficacy." Bridgegroom v. State Bar, 550, P.2d 1089, 27 Ari zApp. 47. 
To further interpret what this means: the State Bar of California enjoys the best of both worlds ; 
an apparent agency of governm ent, enjoying the power and protection of the state, including 
exemption from taxation, while it is, in fact, a private institution without legal basis. 
Whereas, the notion of a "license to practice law" is scarcely mentioned in state and federal 
codes, the requirements relating to every other kind of license in existence is spelled out in mind
numbing detail (e.g. Vehicle Code, Internal Revenue Code, etc.). The sacred "license to 
practice law, " however, remains undefined ! Answers to que stions regarding where it comes 
from, how it is conferred, where one goes to see what it looks like, its tenure and its cost remain 
elusive like the wind. These, and other intensely pertinent questions, remain unanswered by the 
codes that imply its exist ence. 
So, pull up a chair and take a front row seat as we examine what the word manipulating 
Esq uires have done to convince us that such a thing 'r eally ' exists . As always the subterfuge is 
in their definition of the words and what is conveniently omitted. It is up to you to guess which 
words are 's uspect, ' which assumptions are implied to lead you off track, what remains 
unspecified, and where to go to find the appropriate 'definitions .' 
Code Series 6000 of the California Business & Professions Code (Cal. B&P) is known as the 
"The State Bar Act." Section 6002 is the solitary code section in all of California Code 
evidencing the supposed iss uance of a "license to practice law. " I will list out the relevant 
. sections in Cal. B& P relating to the issuance of licensing and also section 9 of their California 
State Constitution. Look these over to see if you can tell were the clues are and note what 
questions to ask. 
Cal. B&P Code Se ction 6001 
"The State Bar of California is a public corporatio n. " 
Cal. State Const., Sec. 9 
"The State Bar of California is a public corporati on. " 
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Cal. B&P Code Se ction 6002. Members
"The members of the State Bar are all persons admitted and licensed to practice law
in this state ... "
Cal. B&P Code Se ction 6125. Necessity of Active Membership in State Bar
"No person shall practice law in California unless the person is an active member
of the State Bar. "
Cal. B&P Code Se ction 6060
"To be certified to the Supreme Court for ad mission and a "license to practice law, "
a person who has not been admitted to practice law in a sister state ... "
Cal. B&P Code Se ction 6060.5
"Neither the boar d, nor any committee authorized by it, shall require that
applications for admission to practice law in California pass different final bar
examinations depend ing upon the manne r or school in which they acquire their
legal educati on. "
Cal. B&P Code Se ction 6064
"Upon certification by the examining committee that the applicant has fulfilled the
requirem ents for ad mission to practice law, the Supreme Court may admit such
applicant as an attorney at law in all the cour ts of this state and may direct an order
to be entered upon its recor ds to that effect A certificate of adm ission thereupon
shall be given to the applicant by the clerk of the cour t. "
Cal. B&P Code Section 6064.1.
"No person who advocates the overthrow of the Governm ent of the United States or
of this State by force, violence, or other unc onstitutional means, shall be certified to
the Supreme Court for admission and a license to practice law. "
Cal. B&P Code Se ction 6067.
"Every person on his admission shall take an oath to support the Constitution of
the United States and the Constitution of the State of Californ ia, and faithfully to
di schar ge the duties of an attorne y at law to the best of his knowl edge and ability. A
certificate of the oath shall be endorsed upon his license. "
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JURIS DI CTION
Se ctions 6002 and 6125, appears straight forward, until the jurisdictions are compared. The
jurisdiction "Californ ia, " means the de jure social compact known as the California Republic
as described in the 1849 California Constitution. The jurisdiction "in this State, " per
California Revenue and Taxation Code, means the de facto military social construct defined
as a federal territory via the Buck Act under military control of the United St ates located in the
District of Columbia (Se e What is United States ?).
PERSONS
Si nce the so-called bankruptcy in 1933, "in this state" signifies the military federal social
construct known as the "State of California," with its subject "citizens of the United States,"
artificial persons existing under statute in an artificial realm. In the de jure California, the word
person means the flesh and blood man or woman. Thus § 6002 says that only artificial persons
(legal fictions) may be admitted and licensed. Real persons need not apply!
Si nce the de ju re social compact known as California no longer truly exists due to the fact the
compact went out of legal existence in 1933 as a pledge to the military social government
construct bankruptcy, § 6125 is nonsensical; It makes about as much sense as stating "No person
shall drive an IS-wh eeler on interstate highways in California unless that person is a membe r
of the Teamsters Union. "
WHAT IS THE STATE BAR?
Another fatal flaw in both § 6002 and § 6125, according to Corpus Juris Secundum 9, list ed
above, and the Secretary of State, is that the State Bar itself has no legal existence. In
contradiction to Sec.9 of their California State Constitution and the California State Bar Act,
§ 6001 states that the State Bar is a public corporation. The State Bar is a public corporation
that is NOT, and the State Bar Act creating the St ate Bar has no legal efficiency.
BAR MEMBERSHIP
Cal. B&P Section 6002 informs us that "memb ers of the State Bar are admitted and licensed to
practice law. " Admitted into what? And who does the licens ing? Section 6002 is framed to
satisfy the reader's perfunctory inquisitiven ess, while remaining firmly ambiguous. Also, the
reader of section 6002 may get the impression that Bar members are the only ones that may be
"admitted and licensed to practice law in this state." However, because of the way Sec tion
6002 is worded, non-members of the St ate Bar are not excluded from being "admitted and
licensed to practice law in this State." In addition, Bar membership is a result of being
admitted and license d to practice law, whereupon the admitted party is then granted membership
in the St ate Bar by a bar card-not the other way around.
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"Generally, membership in a bar association is optional with the individual
attorney, but where a unified or integrated state bar organization is established,
membership and payment of dues may be required as conditions of practicing law
in the state ... " 7 Corpus Juris Secundum 8, In re Gibson, 4 P.2d 643.35 N.M. 550.
Though the controlled and licensed media and courts would have us believe otherwise, non
State Bar members are not excluded from being "licensed to practice law in this State."
Cal. B&P 6060, 6060.5 reveal that the "license to practice law" follows (is one in the same)
"admission to practice law," not membership in the bar-association. Section 6060 says that
one may be certified to the so-called Supreme Court (admittedllicensed to practice law) even if
they haven 't been "admitted to practice law" (no bar-card) in another state.
An article in the Los Angeles Times entitled "C linton Resigns from the High Court Bar"
underscores this point:
" ..• 'F ormer President Clinton hereby respectfully requests to resign from the bar
of this court, ' his lawyer, David E. Kendall, said in a two-page letter to the high
court 's clerk ... "
"C linton 's resignation from the Supreme Court bar will have little practical impact.
Clinton has not practiced before the Supreme Court and was not expected to argue
any cases in the future ... "
Clinton resigned only from the Supr eme Court bar, and from no other bar. Every other "license
to practice law" is still in force and is just like the one is sued in the so-called de facto State of
California. The only possible license to practice law, the certificate of admission, is the real
"license."
THE EXAMINING COMMITTEE
Cal. B&P Section 6064 provides additional evidence that bar membership doesn 't confer a
"license to practice law. " Other wise, Ca l. B&P 6002 would be sufficient in itself, with no further
requirement that an examining committee must certify that an applicant "has fulfilled the
requirements for admission to practice law" for being "licensed."
Regarding the true importance of the "examining committee," referenced above in Se ction
6064, the so-called chief justice of the Supreme Court can unilaterally overrule its decision and
admit any applicant they see fit, even one who has been reje cted as unfit or unqualified. As the
following case cites show, "Admission to practice law" is ultimately controlled by the chief
just ice of the Supreme Court of the jurisdicti on. In fact the chief ju stice is the Supreme
Court.
"Supreme Court has inherent power and authority to admit an applicant to
practice law in this State ... despite unfavorable report upon such applicant by
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Board of Governors of St ate Bar." Lacey, In re (1936) 11 CA2d 699, 81 P2D 935.
"The authority of the Committee of Bar Examiners is limited to investigating and
recommending for admission those applicants found to be of the prescribed
standards. Only the Supreme Court has plenary power to admit applicants who, in
the opinion of the court, meet the prescribed test, whether or not the Committee
agrees with the conclusions of the court." Green v. Zank (1984. 2d Dist) Cal App 3d
497, 204 Cal Rptr 770.
SIGNI FI CAN CE OF STATE BAR
The State Bar of California does not issue licenses--cannot iss ue licenses-bec ause it is a
freewheeling, private trade union posing as an agency of government. Quoting from a statement
is sued by Governor Pete Wilson 's office in a May, 30 1998 article from the Los Angeles
Times :
"Beleaguered State Bar Faces Uncertain Fate -Agencies : It will begin going out of
business as a result of Wilson veto unless Legislature acts quickly."
" ... Critics two years ago launched a referendum on whether to abolish the bar, but
with just over half the state 's lawyer 's voting, the bar survived. About 65 % of the
respondents opposed dismantling it."
"The bar has escaped other brushes with death. In 1985, the Legislature refused,
for several months, to allow the Bar association to collect dues because of its
abysmal record in disciplining lawyers."
If the exist ence of the bar association hinges on an internal vote of disgruntled bar-association
attorneys, complaining about paying dues and disciplining themselve s-and could have been
abolished in 18 85 and 19 96-how relevant could the State Bar of California actually be?
PROFE SSIO NAL STAND ARD S
Regarding the conduct and professional standards of Esquires , there is no state or federal
regulatory agency in their America governing such matters. Oceanside, California Republican
Assemblyman Bill Morrow, who sponsored a bill for overhauling and shrinking the Bar in
19 98, is quoted in the same LA Times article cited above:
"Morrow said that he is not worried that lawyer discipline will lapse. If no
legislative breakthrough is reached by summer, the legislature will simply transfer
lawyer discipline to the State Department of Consumer Affairs, the lawmaker said."
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THE NON-EXISTANT OATH OF OFFI CE
Cal. B&P 6067 implies that attorneys take oaths of office and that this is printed on "the
license." If you read Se ction 6067 caref ully, these attorneys are not a "member of the State
Bar," but "admitted persons." Se ction 6067 is desig ned to lull the reader into the false belief
that attorneys take Constitutional oaths of office. Si nce the license is effectively the bar
card-a credit card sized piece of plastic -note that the only text appearing on the bar card of
the State Bar of California concerns annual union dues. There is no oath :
"This certifies that the person whose name appears on this card has paid the annual
fee required by statute."
So, on further analysis, Code Se ction 6067 provides yet another meaningless entry desig ned to
mislead and distract one from getting closer to the truth.
SOU RCE OF THE "LICENSE" AND TITLE
Si nce the Code painstakingly avoids ever actually naming or identifying the imaginary "license
to practice law," we can safely say that its architects don't really want us to know the underlying
source from which attorneys derive their privilege to practice law. Looking deeper, we find
there is an underlying aspect of the certificate of admission revealed at 7 Corpus Juris
Secundum 4 (page 80l) .
"In this state, the right to practice law is conferred by letters-patent, issued under
the great seal of the state by its chief executive ... The right to practice law is a
property right existing virtue of .. .letters patent, from the state as the sovereign. 168
A. 229 ; 114 N.J. Eq. 68."
The word patent is defined as follows:
• "1. Manifest or apparent to everybody: requiring no search to discover; conspicuous;
evident ; plain; as, the fraud was patent. 2. Covered or protected by letters patent; secured
from interference by government protection . .. 3. Open for general inspection, as
letters patent . .. n . ... 4. Law. A grant of any privilege, franchi se, etc., made by
sovereign authority ." A Standard Dictionary of the English Language, Funk and
Wagnalls Company (1903).
• 1. A government protection to an inventor, securing to him for a specific time, the
exclusive right of manufacturing, exploiting, using, and selling and invention; the right
granted. 2. Hence, any official document securing right ." Funk & Wagnalls Standard
Dict iona ry, International Edition (1958).
Investiga ting the word letters patent, we find:
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• "History. A document granting some right or privilege, issued under government seal
but open to the public inspe ction." Blacks Law 1h Editio n.
• "An instrument proceeding from the government, and conveying a right, authority, or
grant to an individual . .. " Blacks Law pt Editio n.
• [From within the definition of letter:] "Letters patent, an open document under seal of the
government, granting some special right, authority, privilege, or property, or
conferring some tit le; ... A Standard Dictiona ry of the English Language, Funk and
Wagnalls Company (1903).
If the true relationship between Crown of EnglandlBritain and so-called Mili tary So cial Construct
known as the United St ates isn't coming into sharp focus for you, I don't know how to make it
any clearer. The source of the patent, as well as letters patent, from the beginning, has always
been the Sovereign, the Crown, the Originator of the device, because the Crown had a supreme
need for distinguishing its commercial interests in their America, while continuing to conduct
business in the name of its Straw-men (Attorneys) Esquires.
CONCLUS ION
In conclusion, no attorney can produce a valid state-issued "license to practice law," because no
such license exists . It is a right granted by letters patent "certificate of admissi on." Bar
associations function merely as labor unions, like the Teamsters. Just as a membership in the
Teamsters Union does not confer the privilege of driving, membership in the bar association
likewise doesn't confer the privilege of practicing law. Rather, membership in the bar
association is a result of being "admitted and licensed to practice law." The notion that a bar
association has any obligation to discipline its members is a fantasy, and whatever occurs is
gratuitous. State bar associations cannot be very different than their parent, the American Ba r
Association (a "voluntary membership association of attorneys" per their web site) .
The reason that Esquires can practice law without a state issued license is that courtrooms in
their America are no longer de jure Constitutional instrumentalities of a social compact
operating via International Public Order. They have been hijacked and turned into private,
monopolized, commercial marketplaces for the enrichment of the owners of code (see Essay
on the Law) via Private International Law.
Si nce there is no requirement that an attorney at law identif y himself as an Esguire, there must
be some other factor at play that induces such extraneous behavior:
"Admission to the practice of law is membership in an ancient and honorable
profession that has for its goal the furtherance of the administration of ju stice, and
the attorney is an instrument for the achievement of such noble purpose."
McFarland v. George, App., 319 S. W. 2d 662.
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SHORT ESSAY ON THE LAW
BABYLO N AND ROMAN EMPIRES
The ancient kings and rulers of the Middle East governed the populaces for thousands of years
through what they called "city-states," where each city and the surrounding area was a state in
and unto itself, independent of the other city-states. Many conflicts and battles between the city
states took place because of the continual disagreements with the boundary lines between them,
in order to keep the people and their land under their control for commerce and taxation. This is
where the term "citizen" came from. Roman rulers continued to use the term as they conquered
each territory by declaring, "You are citizens of Rome !" Si nce the people did not want to fight
the Romans, they acquiesced, and thus, they were verbally contracted under Roman rule.
Hierarchy of Law
The first order of law is Natural Law. These are the Supr eme Creator 's Pillars of Universal
Law and in Principle, which so necessa rily agrees with nature and St ate-Of-Man. Without
observing their inherent maxims, the peace and happine ss of any society as a social compact can
never be preserved. Knowledge of natural laws may be attained merely by the light of reason,
from the facts of their esse ntial agreeableness with the Constitution of moral entities in nature.
Natural Law exists regardless of whether it is enacted as po sitive law or regarded in any other
light whatsoever or cloaked in darkness by whomever or by whatever means.
When law bega n to emerge into any moral entity's conscience through thoughts, words and
deeds, the next order of law on this planet and/or universe was begun. The most fundamental
law of all moral law has to do with survival, which is a Universal Principal. It has to do with
moral interactions, of any kind, via relationships of buying, selling or trading or relating in any
way. It is based upon treating and/or dealing with others the way that you would like to be
treated and/or dealt with. This is known as the true Law of Commerce. The Law of Commerce
has been in operation since man interacted with each other starting many thousands of years ago
through the recorded antiquity of the SumerianlBabylonian era where commercial law was
codified and enforced. Ancient artifacts dating over 6,000 years old reveal that the system was so
complex it even included receipts, coined money, shopping lists, manifestos and a postal system
with the medium being baked clay.
As a derivative of Law of Commercial, being removed from natural law, and therefore inferior,
is Common Law (common [L co together + muni s service, gift, exchange] to exchange
together) . This emerged, basically, in England out of disputes over a portion of the Earth in
Allodium (S overeign ownership of land) and was allegedly based on "common" sense. So,
common law is the Law of the Earth governing the exchange of soil. Common law gave rise to
the jury system and many writs and processes which governments have absorbed, satirized, and
made into rules and regulation processes in such courts.
Common Law procedures were based on the opportunity "to face your accuser or the inju red
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party" in front of witnesses to sort out the problem directly. This process was never intended to 
include "lawyers, attorneys or ju dges construing their own law," as these "titles" are all 
based upon the allegiance of "representation" which can never "be the real thing." Because 
conflicts of interest generally begin over the setting of the court and the recognition of parties to 
the Cause of Action, there often arise many disputes over conflicts or undisclosed conflicts . It is 
no wonder there is confusion. As a rule of thumb, the process often mimics the games of the 
coliseum. 
After common law, came those governments which � around these customs and usages. 
Their laws and legis lative regulations, ad infinitum such as those, which gave rise to their 
various city-states, kingdoms, and so-called organic republics. The only "laws" that these social 
compacts can create are those that "allow commerce to flow more efficiently WITHIN their 
social compact". The only "law" the so-called agency central government, known as The 
United States of America, could create was to "allow commerce to flow more efficiently 
BE TWEEN the social compact parties known as States ." It was never intended to regulate 
the Sovereign People of Earth who created the social compact -the true Sovereigns exercising 
their Political Rights, which are superior to all civil rights of the common citizens. 
Below that, the "garbage froth," more or less, is politics and the private copyrighted 
company policy of foreign corporations, such as the military social construct known as the 
UNITED STATES, THE STATE OF ... , THE COU NTY OF ... , THE CITY OF ... , etc. The 
purpose of these "municipalities" [L munus service, gift, exchange + capere to take; to take 
service and exchange] is to "govern" fictitious entities such as JOHN DOE and K-MART -not 
to regulate people. Remember back when you thought that YOU were JOHN DOE because that 
is how it is written on the fictions drivers license in commerce? 
One of our problems here is that when we engage with agency government, municipalities and 
other such elements (in all our dealings in the law), we have been conditioned to interact on and 
in THEIR level (subject of the corporations as a sub-corporation enfranchised and registered) . 
We have never risen to the level where the base of law is. Here the reality, the power, the 
solidity and the pre-eminence exists -THE SO VEREIGN 'S LEVEL. 
But now, we can function in this powerful level. This is Checkmate . This is the end of the 
game. THIS IS THE REMEDY. 
Commercial Law 
This phrase desi gnates the whole body of substantive jurisprudence, i.e. the Uniform 
Commercial Code, the Truth in Lending Act, applicable to the rights, intercourse, of persons 
engaged in commerce, trade or mercantile pursuits. Black's Law Dictionary, 6th Edi tion . 
Commercial Law maintains the commercial harmony, integrity, and continuity of society. It also 
states : "t o maintain the peace and dignity of the Stat e." Over the millennia, these principles 
have been discove red through experience and distilled and codified into those ten fundamental 
Maximums listed above. There is no legal issue or dispute possible which is not a function of 
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one or more of these principles . The entirety of world commerce now functions in accordance
with the Uniform Commercial Code (U CC), the so-called military social construct known as
the UNITED STATES ' corporation's version of the Law of Commercial.
Uniform Commercial Code
The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, together with the
American Law Institute, drafted so-c alled Nation-wi de Uniform Laws. Each corporat e so
called state has now adopted these laws. These laws govern comme rcial transactions, including
sales and leasing goods, transfer of funds, commercial paper, bank deposit s and collect ions,
letters of credit, bulk transfers, warehouse receipts, bills of laden, invest ment secu rities, and
secur ed transactions. The U.CC has been adopted in whole or substantially by all states.
Black's Law Dictionary, �h Editio n. The U.CC is a code of laws govern ing various
commercial transactions -- sale of goods, banking transactions, secur ed transactions in personal
property, and other matte rs, that was designed to bring uniformity in these areas to the laws of
the various states, and that has been adopted, with some modifications, in all states, including
the District of Columbia and the Virgin Islands. Barr on 's Law Dictionary, 3rd Editio n. Unless
displaced by the part icular provisions of this code, the princi ples of law and equity, including the
law merchant and the law relative to capacity to contract, principle and agent, estopped, fraud,
misrepresentation, duress, coercion, mistake, bankruptcy, or other validating or invalidating
cause shall suppl ement its provisions. U. CC. I-I0 3.
To paraphrase the third definition above, the U.C.C. is the supreme law on the planet, and all
other forms of law are encompas sed by it and included in it (except you as a So vereign, of
course). Pennsylvania was the first state to adopt the UCC (July 19 54), and Louisiana the last
(January 1, 19 75).
The following is a quote from the BANK OFFICERS HANDB OOK OF COMMERCIAL
BANKING LAW WITHIN THE UNITED STAT ES, sixth edition, paragraph 22. 01(1) and
pertains to certain types of transactions:
There are twelve transactions to which the UCC does not apply. They are as follows :
1. Security interests governed by federal statutes ...
2. Landlord liens ...
3. Liens for services or material provided ...
4. Assignment for claims for wages ...
5. Transfers by government agencies ..•
6. Certain isolated sales of accounts or chattel paper ...
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7. Insurance Policies ... 
8. Judgments ... 
9. Rights of setoff ... (see setof f) 
10. Real Estate interests ... 
11. Tort Claims ... 
12 Bank accounts ... " 
UCC-I04 states : "C onstruction against implicit repeal. This code being a general act 
intended as a unified coverage of its subject matter, no part of it shall be deemed to be 
impliedly repealed by subsequent legislation in such construction be reasonably avoided." 
Nothing in the UCC has ever been repealed, nor can it ever be, no matter if any jurisdiction 
chooses to declare it so, because it is founded upon the Supreme Creat or's Pillars of Universal 
Law . In the event of conflict between a deleted section and a current section, the deleted section 
controls. If this is examined, one will see that it cannot be the other way. Potentially countless 
commercial transactions can be consummated based on the current UCC at any time. To 
"c ancel " any portion of the UCC at a later point is to throw into upheaval and chaos all 
commercial agreements that were based on the deleted portion. That act would carry 
unimaginably astronomical liability to the many actors who attempted to effect such change. 
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SOVEREI GNTY OF THE PEOPLE 
While the relationship between man and the social compact known by many names, to name but 
a few i.e., Alliance, Empire, Kingdom, Nation, Organization, Confederacy and State, has been a 
hotly debated topic throughout known history, little has changed over time in their relationship 
except for the means used to control the alien masses of such compacts. The man on the street 
still exclaims, "But what can I do?" The power brokers continue to manipulate the world stage 
from behind the scenes using every technology and dirty trick at their disposa l to maintain their 
tight-fisted control over the alien masses that appear, despite much complaining, unable or 
unwilling to assert their authority to emerge into any other political status freely determined by a 
people for their own safety, liberty and pursuit of happiness. Si nce the reasons for this so-called 
state of affairs are numerous and complex, we will focus on exploring those iss ues most central 
to the subject of the Sovereignty of all people in this short essay. 
The history of the word Sovereign may be traced from the past up to the present through its 
many forms: super (Latin: above) , superiinus (Old French from Vulga r Latin) and soverain 
(Middle Engli sh) . There is some speculation that one of the English Monarchs modified soverain 
so that it would include the word reign , resulting in its present form. Most people equate 
So vereignty with justice, freedom and liberty. By liberty we mean the assurance that every 
man shall be protected in doing what he believes to be his duty against the influences of 
authority and majorities, custom and opinion. By Justice we mean the machinery to protect one 
while exercising these principals. And by freedom we mean the exercise of liberty from such 
machinery of Justice to accomplish the outcome of all three conditions of Sovereignty within 
the frame of equality for all people. 
Ultimately the Sovereignty enjoyed by a peoples is determined by the price (sacrifice) that they 
are singularly, jointly and severally collectively willing to pay (pledge) to ensure their enjoyment 
of such and this itself is dependent on their education, identity, perception, responsibility, access 
to a free flow of unmanaged information, and the balance of power between the majority and the 
minority that seek to control them within the framework of the social compact which people 
construct for the enjoyment of Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness of the signatory 
members and their posterity of such compact. When the forces of control operate in secrecy, the 
effect on private liberty has always been catastrophic. Everything secret degenerate s, even the 
administration of justice; nothing is safe that does not show how it can bear discus sion and 
publicity, if such discussion and publicity is for the greater good of the whole appertaining to the 
signatories and posterity thereof. The fate of every social order based on the Sovereignty of 
People depends on the choices it makes between these opposite principles, absolute power on the 
one hand, and on the other, the restraints of morays and tradition within such compact that 
creates a society for the exercise of such Sovereignty of People. 
It is inarguable that men are the Creators of the constructs of social order, so it follows that 
Man is Sovereign over his Creat ions. It is also inarguable that the word substitutes for social 
orders like "the state," and so-called "government," are really just convenient abstractions 
that are entirely without referent-there is no person or thing that can be ascribed to these 
linguistic expressi ons-Man is the State, lest we forget this. And finally, all Soc ial Order has a 
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higher value than anarchy-it is paramount to peaceful and productive social relations. As long 
as Men have disput es, some forum, sanctioned by morays and tradition, will likely be formed to 
resolve them as the preferable alternative to war. 
Given the assumptions of the preceding paragraph: the Sovereignty of Man over government, 
the necessities of Social Order, and Resolution of Disputes, the Sovereignty of People. This 
then reduces to the problem of how to set up a So cial Order that will, over time, prevent this 
Hierarchy of Power from becoming inverted, where the arbitrary whims of the few subvert the 
freedoms of the many. The most certain test by which people judge whether a compact is really 
free is the amount of security enjoyed by all touching upon their contractual nexus appertaining 
to safety, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness within the social compact. The condition of 
whether or not minorities exist within the framework of a social compact reflects the nature of 
true equality of each People to one another. If the Sovereignty of each People is to be guarded 
by the principals of equality for all Sovereigns, then the concept of minorities and/or degradation 
of or by any of the social compact members toward one another would be a breach of the 
Sovereignty of any one People at the cost of the Sovereignty of all People. So, for true 
Sovereignty to exist for all People, the idea of a minority within any framework of a social 
compact where peaceful Sovereignty exist for all People would be non-existent. Where any 
disrespect could be or would be allowed in any Public display, Sovereignty is destroyed for that 
People and injury has occurred against the peace and dignity of all. This does not mean that if 
such a People cause any member of a social compact to react to the deeds of one or another 
which may appear to be categorized in some manner of expression which under simila r 
conditions would be considered a breach of peace, but goes on to say that such expression has 
been brought to the public's attention due to the actions of another, which may or may not 
disrespect one People or all People, depending upon the nature of the act or expression, and 
whether such could be considered to deliver a messa ge of respect or disrespect toward one or 
another. All actions of the Social Compact individually, jointly, and severally must be guided by 
the principals of the So cial Compact concerning dignity for the innocent when deciding whether 
or not a particular action shall be allowed or curtailed for the benefit of all by measuring the 
social redeeming qualities of any action within the framework of the social compact for the 
safety, liberty, and pursuit of happiness for all Sovereign People. 
At one point, in a private discussion with some liberal minded folks regarding Sovereignty, 
someone in attendance declared: "We are all Sovereign. People are free to discuss any topic 
People like, and People come and go as all People please." Does this sound like something 
that you or a friend might say? Let' s see how true this might be by exploring our alleged status 
as '' free Men and Women (Gentlemen and Ladies)" guaranteed by the Bill of Rights, 
Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States of America. 
Ob jectivity will require that we examine our assumptions and understand something about the 
nature of the techniques and politics of control. 
Let' s say that you were really an evil person and that you wanted to control a group of People, 
large or small, without having to constantly fight to maintain control. How might you approach 
this? Logic dictate s that you could accomplish such a goal by changing things incrementally in 
such as way that they were barely noticeable, all the while maintaining appearances to be the 
same, until one day everything was inverted and you had eaten out all substance. In this way, you 
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could carry out your plans for conquest without calling attention to yourself by building a prison
without bars - by controlling their minds. Your evil would be manageable as long as your
game plan stayed hidden, was tolerated by the majority, and the worst aspects of its abuses
remained hidden from plain view. You could accomplish this by hiding your identity behind
multiple levels of corporations and many levels of agents, some whispering in the ears of the
employees of your mother corporation such as Presidents, Supreme Court Justices,
Congressmen, and Senators. You might even make some of your corporations appear to be
attached to your mother Federal Corporation like the Federal Reserve, and the Internal
Revenue Service.
Case in point, a quiet, bloodless revolution was carried out on the soil of the so-called North
America in the early 1930's. So sophistica ted in its planning, and so flawless in its execution,
that over 70 years later, the majority of so-called Americans are still unaware that it even
occurred. It remains the standard for techniques in revolution (read "Peoples Pottage" by
Garrett Garet). In fact some still honor some of its perpetrators as so-called American heroes. It
was the largest theft in world history. All property, biological and physical, including our labor
was pledged to the "invading army."
The nature of the conspiracy to defraud all people may be gleaned from studying the following
comments quoted from a meeting between Mr. Woodrow Wilson and Colonel Edward
Mandell House, circa 1920. House, who some researchers speculate was the voice behind so
called President, Mr. Woodrow Wilson, was one of the major conspirators in the triumph of
establishing the Federal Reserve System. His book "Philip Dru Administrator," was
disguised as a novel to dupe the masses. It was the blueprint for the radical socialist revolution
that enslaved the military social construct known as the United States during Mr. Woodrow
Wilson 's and Mr. Franklin Delano Rooseve lt's so-called presidencies :
"V ery soon , every Am erican will be required to register their biological
property (human bod y) in a national system designed to keep track of the people
and that will operate under the ancient system of pledging. By such
methodology, we can compel people to submi t to our agenda which will affect
our security as a chargeback for our fiat paper currency (Federal Reserve
Notes). Every Am erican will be forced to register or suffer being able to earn a
living (the Beast number ). They will be our chattel, and we will hold security
interest over them forever, by operation of the law merchant (lex mercato ria)
under the schem e of secur ed transactions. Am ericans, by unknowi ngly or
unw ittingly delivering the bills of lading (birth certificate) to us will be
rendered bankrupt and insolvent (exchanging your energy for worthless debt
instrument s), forever to remain economi c slaves through taxation, secur ed by
their pledges (your social secur ity card). They will be stripped of their rights
and given a comm ercial value (the Straw- man) designed to make us a profit
and they will be none the wiser, for not one man in a million could ever figure
our plans and if by accident one or two shoul d figure it out, we have in our
arsenal plausi ble deniability. After all, this is the onl y logical way to fund the
governme nt, by floating liens and debt to the registrants in the form of benefits
and privileges. This will inevitably reap to us huge profits beyond our wildest
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expectations and leave every Am erican a contributor to this fraud which we
will call "Social Insu rance. " Without realizing it, ever y Am erican will insure us
for any loss we may incur and in this manne r every Am erican will
unknow ingly be our servant, howev er begrudgingly. The people will becom e
helpless and without any hope for their redemption and we will employ the
high office of the President of our dummy corporation to foment this plot
against Am erica."
The above comment was actually written by 'Q ui Tam,' as reality shock treatment... but it is
what they are doing TODA Y ! Now with regards to your rights (or are they privileg es?), ask
yourself, how is it that you came to believe that you were party to the contract to any social
compact to claim such rights under such contract? Were you introduced to stories about the so
called founding fathers and shown various depictions of them standing around at the signing of
those contracts? Were you told how they fought for freedom for you and all your posterity?
Well, suppose that someone were to write a social contract and call it a Constitution with a group
of my friends and send it to you with the claim that it is now the law of the land, that it makes
you free, and that you and your family must abide by it or face censure as traitors and enemies of
our created social compact of St ates or whatever we choose to call the various jurisdiction or
forums established to carry out the intent of the parties to the compact known as a Constitution.
What would your reaction to that scrap of paper be? Does it make sense that you would be bound
to that little agreement, even if you were not party to the private discussion that led to its
creation, or at the least, gave your consent and signature to it?
Is it possi ble that people outside such social compacts which created such Constitutions are free
in their safety, liberty, and pursuit of happine ss, even if so-called Constitutions do not exist?
Did you know that the so-called Constitution of the United St ates for The United States of
America was incorporated into the by-laws of the United St ates located in the District of
Columbia when it was incorporated in 18 71? Did you know that the 13th, 14 th, and 16th
Amendments, were fraudulently enacted and that this fraud renders the entire contract invalid on
its face, but is illici tly taught to be applicable to the Sovereign People, when, in fact, it operates
only and solely over all the employees of the corporation. Do you see now why the so-called
Presidents routinely legisla te outside the restrictions of their corporate Constitution? If any part
of a contract is found to be fraudulent, the entire document is dishonored.
Those who have more power are liable to sin more; no theorem in geometry is more certain than
this. [We have reached a state in which everything has been inverted. The majority suspect that
there is something terribly wrong with the concept or idea of the social compact of government
as we are taught exists in public schools, and the application of which we are taught bears out
different in everyday application as to the exercise of those teachings ; but on the whole they do
not really want to deal with the evil that lurks therein.] They are content to live their lives from
day to day buffered by the distractions that define their existence. This is the mentality of the
slave, not a Sov ereign People who are capable of correcting, abolishing or creating a solution to
their condition, not only for their benefit, but also for their posterity. The unwillingness to act is
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the mentality of People who do not care about the world their progeny will inherit. This is the
mentality of extreme selfishness and dedication to personal comfort above all else. This does not
go unnoticed by the controllers who view this as a sign of acceptance that they can ratchet the
vice a few more turns.
There is no Sovereignty where People have fallen prey to the Mind Control agendas of the
Men who Rule from the shadows. There is no Sovereignty for People who will not bargain for
their rights. There is no Sovereignty for People who lack the courage to face evil and stare it
down. To think that you have Sov ereignty while nurturing these things is to live a fantasy.
Before you can be free, it is imperative that you come to understand how you are currently being
controlled.
When King Louis the XIV of the social compact known as the Kingdom of France was asked
where he got the power to assert his authority he declared, "I am the State." King Louis the
XIV knew a secret that the majority of the Sovereign People who wish or think that they are free
haven't yet discovered-that Sovereignty must be asserted. There is no fence sitting when it
comes to Sovereignty. If you are not willing to self-govern in a form acceptable to the
International Public Order by creating a social compact for your safety, liberty, and pursuit of
happiness, and the benefit of your posterity, you surely will be claimed by those who will. You
only have the rights that you have bargained for contractually. If you were not a party to a social
compact contract by signature, you only have the privileges that those who did bargain are
willing to extend to you. There are no imaginary jurisdictions on this planet and you are not party
to any of the contracts that you learned about in their history lessons. If you are laboring under
the common misperception that you are party to a contract that you never signed or bargained
for, such as the so-called Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, or the Bill of Rights,
you have been deceived. But then, without this assumption, their control in the matrix over you
would begin to unravel. And if you believe that you are a "beneficiary," via the Trust your so
called 'F ore-fathers' created, then as such you are accepting the benefits of the Federal
Corporation and are subje ct to their rules, statutes ... it' s a no-win situation !
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ON THE SUBJE CT OF SOVEREIGN TY
Si nce 19 33, you and all other walks of life, including so-called Americans, have been pledged
for the debt of the social compact or constructs (known as the UNITED STATES) to which
People have been deluded into believing that they owe some allegiance to such, by and through
which debt is alleged to be owed to International Bankers, most of whom are foreign to our
condition or implied as so, by and through the education which we received within the constructs
of control. Your credit, labor, productivity and property have been used, and are now being
used, as collateral by the Incorporated UNITED STATES OF AMERICA without your
knowledge or consent. This is legal until you take back your implied consent by a special,
lawful process.
In fact, you are unknowingly volunteering to be chattel for a mortgage held by financiers from
the founding of this nation. Perhaps you infer that the name on the tax statement is yours and
so you respond as though it were. This is voluntary servitude. To make this servitude legal it
was necessary to "cut a hole in the fence." No matter that the escape route is hidden, obscured
by legal brambles that make escape difficult. That it is not used presumes consent. It is not
impossible, just seemingly difficult and even implausible.
Your St ate-Of-Fact as a subject is based upon a presumption that if you did not wish to be so
encumbered you would use whatever law to do something about it. As long as you do not use
the escape route provided by such law that may be available, it is presumed that you are content
to "remain in the pasture and be milked and used as chattel." This word has the same root as
the word, "cattle." Do you get the picture?
Can such a premise be true? It seems totally out of step with everything you and I have ever
known about our so-called world, our so-called nation, our so-called government and our so
called relationship to it ! Our parents never behaved as though they we were chattel. They
dutifully paid their so-called taxes, voted in so-called elections, and waved a so-called American
flag on the 4th of July. Our so-called teachers taught us about our history, our alleged so-called
Declaration of Independence and so-called Constitution, our so-called Revolutionary War,
how we fought the greatest army and navy the world had ever seen at the time. Nowhere in our
so-called history classes did we encounter any such premise of subjection to a so-called central
government that Rules our very lives in every manner. Our so-called civics teacher never told
us anything about this. Nothing in our so-called world even hinted that we were subjects to a
highly centralized government. Surely this could not be true of other peoples, and surely we
would not subject ourselves ! For most people this cannot be. The truth cannot be heard because
it is too discordant with peoples' entire experience.
And yet we can document that Mr. George Washington did not chop down a cherry tree, Mr.
Abraham Lincoln did not free the slaves (they became subjects of the Federal District, the
District of Columbia), the War with Mexico was begun by a General, Mr. Zachary Taylor's
provocations along the Nueces River, the battleship Maine blew up from the inside, Mr.
Woodrow Wilson knew that the ship known as the Lusitania was carrying United St ates
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munitions to the war in Europe and would be sunk, Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt had
maneuvered the Japanese by an on-going Oil Embargo around Japan a year earlier which lead
to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (and to guarantee success) and had cut fuel shipments
to the Pacific Fleet to ensure the presence of enough old ships to offer a tempting target, Mr.
Harry Truman knew that there were other good alternatives to an invasion of Japan and did
not need to drop the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Mr. Franklin Delano
Roosevelt knew about the NAZI concentration camps, Mr. Lyndon B. Johnson knew that
there was no attack on the ships, the Maddox and Turner Joy, in the Gulf of Tonkin when he
asked for a Congressional Resolution to attack North Vietnam, and the so-called Military
Social Government Construct known as the United States had been warned by numerous
documented sources that there would be an attack on the World Trade Center in New York and
the Military Compound known as the Pentagon. All of this is from documented, historical
sources. Yet we continue to believe the myths that are in their histories, their movies, their
mainstream media and their mass consciousnes s. Mr. John Fitzgerald Kennedy warned us
that:
"The great enemy of the Truth is very often not the lie -deliberate, contrived, and
dishonest -but the myth -persistent, persuasive and realistic."
You will probably find it hard to accept that you have been living in an illusion for your whole
life. Much of what you believe is an illusion and you will only find your freedom when you can
allow yourself to look behind the veils of illusion to see Reality. WHO you are is far greater
than "w hat" you perceive yourself to be. When you have the courage to stand face-to-face with
the illusion and call it what it is, you will have stepped through the most difficult task set before
you on your Earth Journey. There IS a way out! But the only way out is through-through
understanding how we came to this predicament and by following a precise formula to obtain
your Sovereignty from the illusion. We have been warned repeatedly throughout their history,
but we weren't listening very closely. Now, we might have one more chance to take back our
power and our Sovereignty from those who seek to control, through the creative rewriting of
history, all People (as subjects). We'r e in this predicament because we have failed to accept
liability of self-government in support of the International Public Order by emerging into a
political status that allows us to freely determine our own futures that are established not only for
ourselves but for our posterity.
All our life we'v e looked for the roots of war, injustice and oppression because, if we can find
the basis of the rampant injustice in the world, we could relieve enormous struggle and suffering.
We' ve wondered at how little the so-called Constitution seemed to affect the courts and how
often the truth was buried in silence. Mostly we saw greed and heartlessness in a power struggle
played out in politic s. But we didn't realize that the game had been played in secret throughout
their American history. And ultimately, it is a game of monetary policy and politics .... with a
spiritual component. Plus, the true hidden knowledge that the documentary evidence and
principal application as to how rights and privileges or immunities are establish ed or enforced,
are never revealed to the People by and through the systems of educational institutions, not for
their benefit, but for the sole and express benefit to keep control of all People through such
centers of education from Womb to Tomb .
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A Peak into the Mind of a Tory
In 19 99, the Supr eme Court of the United States overturned the Florida State Su preme
Court 's decision to proceed with a recount of the contested ballots and the Eleventh District
Court's decision to uphold the decision of the Florida court. In Orwellian doubles peak, the
Chief Justice, Mr. Antonin Scalia wrote on Saturday, December 9, 19 99:
"T he counting of the votes that are of questionable legality does, in my view, threaten
irreparable harm to [Bush] , and to the country, by casting a cloud upon which he claims
to be the legitimacy of his election. Count first, and rule upon legality afterwards, is not
a recipe for producing election results that have the public acceptance democratic
stability requires."
It was a brazen and Orwellian declaration. What so-called American who attempts to continue
to believe in a democracy could claim that something was wrong with counting votes "first? "
What so-called American who attempts to continue to believe in a democracy could declare one
candidate the winner and protect him from "i rreparable harm" if a vote count showed him not
to be the winner, after all? Of course, it doesn't make any sense, unless you realize the
foundation upon which Mr. Antonin Sc alia based his transparently partisan remarks. He
doesn't believe in democracy, he doesn't even believe in republicanism, he is a monarchist,
who is only enforcing, shall we say, Martial Law, where he decides the outcome of the assumed
political vote of the People via Orders of the Commander-In-Chief.
Mr. Antonin Sc alia revealed his true motivations when he spoke on the subject of capital
punishment at the University of Chicago (February 2002). During his remarks, he stated: "T he
reaction of people of faith to this tendency of democracy to obscure the divine authority
behind government should not be resigned to it, but the resolution to combat it as
effectively as possibl e."
Democracy obscuring divine authority behind government? Perhaps this helps shed some
light on why Mr. Antonin Sc alia and the four other right-wing "Justices," or so-called left
wing "Justices," watch it happen without raising a public outcry that could so easily subvert
what we have been taught as being our election process and, through an act of divine (Justice)
intervention, usher the Son onto the throne lost some eight years earlier by his father, George
I. We are assuming that we are still Independent Sovereigns and so-called freemen as declared
by their (our assumed) Declaration of Independence and that their Constitution is still in effect.
Mr. Antonin Sc alia has no such illusion. History supports his position, sorry to say.
Mr. Antonin Sc alia is an ideologue so accustomed to our acceptance and willingness to
continue to be subje cts of their beliefs, which were given to us to control us, that he does not
even consider the ideal of a government of, by, and for the people because he truly knows it
never exist ed for anyone other than those who were signatory to the creation of the social
compact for their benefit and that of their posterity and the present condition of the so-called
Military Social Government Construct known as the United States. But the ideal that such
creation of the social compact contractually applied to all walks of life has remained as useful
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fiction to be taught in Civics Classes and mouthed by the politicia ns. HE KNOWS that we have
been reduced by such educational tools of the controllers of public education to being mere
chattel by presumption and general acquiescence. Si nce we have not even discove red that our
status as Sovereigns has been lost through more than two hundred years of their hist ory, much
less withdrawn our implied consent to be subjects of their history, we are presumed to be
subjects before their so-called courts and in the minds of people like Mr. Antonin Sc alia.
Mr. Antonin Sc alia speaks of civil disobedience with contempt and quotes the Bible, "Y e must
needs be subje ct." We must, as mere servants of the ruling class, acquiesce to their divinely
guided leaders. For who are we, as mere subjects, to question those who make (or interpret) the
laws? After all, he says that "G overnment carries the sword as 'the minister of Go d,' to
'execute wrath ' upon the evildoer." No, he has not reverted to a justice of another time-WE
have by our ignorance and silence, acquiesced to a lower status remini scent of another time by
accepting their history as ours and allowing their tools of public education to continue to foist
upon us, and our posterity, delusionary concepts which reduces not only ourselves but our
children to utter slavery.
There you have it ! In his eyes, we are subjects unworthy of honor, peace and just ice .
Somehow Mr. Antonin Scal ia's statements seem like a long way from the Declaration of
Independence in which so-called Americans were taught that they stood before the world as
Sovereigns invest ed with certain Unalienable Birthrights, including the right to life, liberty and
the pursuit of happiness. After the so-called American Revolution, the Monarchies of Europe
saw Democracy as an unnatural, ungodly, ideological threat, every bit as radical and dangerous
as Communism was regarded by Western nations upon its inception. Just as the 191 7
Communist Revolution in Russia spawned other revolutions around the world, the so-called
American Revolution provided an example and incentive for people all over the world to
overthrow their European Monarchies or other such forms of government which were
oppressive. What has happened ? When did we give up our natural, Creator-Given rights ?
The Declaration of Independence recognized that all People are Sov ereign under Natural Law
of the Supreme Creat or's Pillars of Universal Law. Sovereign People of the various
E' St ates, created the social compact State governments for the protection of their rights and
that of their posterity. They delegated certain authority from their assumed powers of the Earth
to which the Laws of Nature and Nature's Creator entitle them by and through the contractual
state Constitutions in order that the three branches of their government could presumably carry
out the dictates outlined in their agency compact party State Constitutions to protect their rights
and that of their future posterity.
The agency St ates then created the social compact Union of States known as "The United
States of America."
The so-called Constitution of the United St ates for The United States of America created a new
structure of a compact party agency government that was established on a much more divided
plan of agency government than either the parliamentary system or the confederation of The
United St ates of America. It was a "C onstitutional republic, " simply put because the compact
party States had reserved to themselves the express right of appointing among their separate
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Certified Mail Rec eip t No. _________________ _
MEM ORANDU M OF LAW
WITH POINTS AND AUTHORITIES
ON 'S OVER EIGNTY ' OF THE people
In Relation to 'G over nment ' of the several
Com pact De-facto States and the Federal Gover nment.
To ____________________________ __
Addr ess ;
tIo wliom fJ!iese Prese nts Slia[{ COmej qreetingSj tIa� 9\ffJtice, TJlJlI.'I:
It is a well understood fact of American history that the most dynamic document that set the
course of America is the Declaration of Independence. It was/is the document that disclose d the
tyranny of Engli sh government, it expressed the 'e lements' of the 'R ights of Men' within any
society, and that "all Men are created equal . " The Declaration of Independence stipulated the
chain of Authority within 'g overnments,' and of the obvious fact that the people 'c reated'
government. That it was the 'p eople ' who instituted government and in so doing, the people
"secured these rights, " and that government (at every level) derives their ''just powers from the
consent of the govern ed. "
It also a well established fact that the people did not give up all of their 'p ower' to
government(s) . The Declaration of Independence created the sovereignty in the people, not in
government. Therefore the people are above the creature(s) they created (government) and that
those who work for/in government(s) are 'P ublic Servants' and have placed themselves in a
subservient posi tion, to serve the people within their function/office/position via their 'Oa th of
Off ice. '
.
In regards to the principles established in The Declaration of Independence and the
subsequent ' Constitutions ' written and created after it, and of the true sovereignty, a written
Constitution is not only the direct and basic expression of the sovereign will, it is also the
absolute rule of action and decision for all departments arid offices of government with respect to
all matters covered by it and preceding after it, and it must control as it is written until it is
changed by the authority which established it. (the people !) For reference see; State ex reI.
Crenshaw v. Joseph, 17 5 Ala. 579, 57 So. 942; Schmitt v. F.W. Cook Brewing Co., 18 7 MD.
623, 12 0 N.E. 19 , 3 A.L.R. 270; Collins v. Martin, 209 Pa. 388, 13 9 A 12 2, 55 A.L.R. 311;
Travelers' Insurance Co. v. Marshall, 12 4 Tex. 45, 76 S. W. 2d 10 07, 96 AIR. 802; State ex rd.
Lemon v. Langlie, 45 Wash. 2d 82, 273 P.2 d 464 ;
••• and TAKE NOTICE of the following cases and points :
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1. "For when the Revolution took place the people of each State became themselves sovereign" Martin 
et al v, The Le ssee of Waddell, (1 342) 41 U.S. (16 Pet) 367, 410 , 10 L.E d 997 , 101 3.) 
2. "The (state) Constitution is the supreme law, written by the supreme power of the state, the people 
themselve s." Re Gorham-Fayette Local School Dist., 20 Ohio Misc. 222, 49 Ohio Ops. 2d 143, 250 
N.E. 2d 104; State ex reI . Weinberger v. Miller, 87 Ohio St. 12, 99 NE. 1078. 
3. "The Constitution is the voice of the people speaking in their sovereign capacity, and it must be 
heed ed; when the Constitution speaks with refere nce to a particular matter, it must be given effect as 
the paramount law of the land." People v. Parks, 58 cal. 624. 
4. "So vereignty itself is, of cour se, not subje ct to law, for its is the author and source of law; but in our 
system, while sovereign powers are delegated to the agencies of government, sovereig nty itself 
remains with the people, by whom and for whom all government exists and acts. And the law is the 
definition and limitation of powe r." Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 11 8 US 356. 
5. "Under our system the people, who were there (in England) called subjects are here the Sovereign ... 
their rights, whether collective or individual, are not bound to give way to a sentiment of loyalty to 
the person of a monarch. The citizen here (in America) knows no pers on, however in years to those in 
power, or however powerful himself to whom he need yield the rights which the law secur es to 
him ... " United States vs. Lee, 106 U.S. 19 6 at 208. 
6. "Here (in America) sovereignty rests with the peop le. "Chisolm Ex'r . vs. Georgia 1 L.ed (2 Dall) 
415, 472. 
7. "It is true that at (Engli sh) common-law the duty of the Attorney General was to represent the King, 
he being the embodiment of the state. But under the democratic form of government now prevailing 
the people [are] King, so the Attorney Genera1's duties are to that Sovereign rather than to the 
machinery of governm en t. " Hancock vs Carry Alcorn Mining Co. Inc., Ky. ,503 S. W. 2 d 710, 
Kentucky Constitution sect ion 4, Commonwealth Ex ReI . Hancock vs Paxton Kentucky. ,5 16 S. W. 2 
d page 867(2) clause 3. 
8. "Local laws or ordinances enacted by a city must be consistent with the state Constitution." Be ll v. 
Vaughn, 15 5 Fla. 55 1, 21 So. 2d 31, Evans v. Berry, 262 N.Y. 61, 18 6 N.E. 203, 89 A.L.R. 387. 
9. "It is the duty of all officials, whether legislativ e, j udicial, executive , administrative, or 
ministerial, to so perform every official act as not to violate Constitutional provi sions." 
Montgomery v. State, 55 Fla. 97, 45 So. 879. 
10. "The provi sions of the Constitution must be given effect even if in doing so a statute is held to be 
inoperati ve ." State ex reI . West v. Butler, 70 Fla. 102, 69 So. 77 1. 
11. "The Constitution was made not to act upon the legi sla tive department alone , but upon every 
department of the government ." Way v. Hillier, 16 Ohio 105 . 
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12. "Courts should not tolerate or condone disregard of law and arbitrary us urpation of power on the part 
of any officer." [AND NEITHER SHOULD THE PEOPLE !] Ex parte Owen, 10 Okla Crim Rep 284, 
13 6, P 197, Ann Cas 1916 A 522. 
13. "The officers of the law, in the execution of process, are obliged to know the requirements of the law, 
and if they mistake them, whether through ignorance or design, and anyone is harmed by their error, 
THEY MUST RESPOND IN DAMAGES ." Rosters v. Marshall, (United States use of Rogers v. 
Conklin) I Wall , (US) 644, 17 L.E d 714 . (emp hasis added) 
14. "It is a general rule that an officer- execut ive, administrative, quasi-ju dicial, ministerial, or 
otherwi se -who acts outside the scope of his ju risd iction and without authorization of law may 
thereby render him amenable to personal liability ... " Cooper v. O' Connor, 69 App DC 
10 0, 99 F 2d 13 5, 11 8 ALR 14 40; Chamberlain v. Clayton, 56 Iowa 331, 9 NW 237, 41 Am 
Rep 101. 
15. "If a public officer authorizes the doing of an act not within the scope of his authority, he will be held 
liable ." Bailey v. New York, 3 Hill (NY) 531, 38 Am Dec 669, affirmed in 2 Denio 433. 
16 . "[ I] n our country the people are sovereign ..... and the _government cannot sever its relationship to the 
people .... ". Afroyim, 387 U.S. at 257, 87 S. Ct. at 16 62. 
17. "In common usa ge, the term "person" does not include the sovereign, and statutes employing it will 
ordinarily not be construed to do so." U.S. v. United Mine Worker s, 330 US 258 (19 47), 91 L.E d 88 4, 
67 S. Ct. 677. 
18 . "S ince in common usa ge, the term person does not include a Sovereign, statutes not implying the 
phr ases are ordinarily construed to exclude it." 1 U.S.C.S. 1, n 12, United States vs. Fox , 94 U.S. 31 5. 
19 . "Where rights secured by the Constitution are involved, there can be no rulemaking of legis lation 
which would abrogate the m." Miranda v. Arizona. 
20. " ... the Congress cannot revoke the Sovereign Power of the Peo ple." Perry v. United States, 294 US 
330, 353 (19 35). 
21. "There is no such thing as a power of inherent sovereignty in the government of the United State s. In 
this country sovereignty resides in the peop le, and Congre ss can exer cise no power which they have 
not, by their Constitution entrusted to it: All else is withhel d". Julliard vs. Greenman, 11 0 U.S. 42 1 
22. "All that government doe s and provide s legitimately is in pursuit of its duty to provide protection for 
private rights (Wvnhamm er v. Peopl e, 13 NY 378), which duty is a debt owed to its creator, WE 
THE PEOPLE and the private dise nfranchised individual ; which debt and duty is never exting uished 
nor discharged, and is perpetual. No matter what the govern �entJstate provides for us in manner of 
convenience and safety, the disenfra nchised individual owes nothing to the governm en t." 
Hale v. Henkel, 201 U.S. 43 at 74. 
, 
23. "Under our form of government, the Legi slature is not supreme. It is only one of the organs of that 
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absolute sovereignty which re sides in the whole body of the people ; like other bodies of the 
government, it can only exer cise such powers as has been delegated to it, and when it step s beyond 
that boundary, its acts ... are utterly void." Billings vs. Hall, 7 CA 1 (Court of Appeal s, U.S.). 
24. "We the people have dischar ged any debt which may be said to exist or be owed to the state 
or government. The governments are, however, indebted continually to the peo ple, becau se the people 
(the sovereigns) created the government corporat ion and because we suffer its continued exi stence . 
The continued debt owed to the people is discharged only as it continues not to violate our private 
rights, and when government falls in its duty to provide protection -discharge its debt to the peop le, it 
is an abandonment (an INJURY) of any and all power, authority or vestige of 's overeignty' which it 
possessed, and the laws remain the same, the sovereignty reverting to the people whence it Came." 
Down v. Bidwell , 18 2 U.S. 277 . 
25. "The individual may stand upon his Constitutional rights as a citizen. He is entitled to carry on his 
private business in his own way. His power to contract is unlimited. He owes no duty to the state or 
to his neighbors to divulge his business or to open his doors to investigation ... He owes no duty to 
the state since he receives nothing there from, beyond the protection of his life and property. His 
rights are such as existed by the law of the Land, long antecedent to the organization of the state, and 
can only be taken from him by due process of the law and in accordance with the Constitution. He 
owes nothing to the public as long as he does not tre spas s upon their rights." Supreme Court, Hale 
vs Henkle, 201 U.S. 43 at 74. 
26. "The peop le, or the Sovereign are not bound by general words in statute s, restrictive of 
prerogative right, title or intere st, unless expre ss ly named. Acts of limitation do not bind at the King 
nor the peop le. The people have been ceded all the rights of the king, the former Sovereign ... It is a 
maxim of the common law that when an act of parliament is made for the public good, the 
advancement of religion and Justice, and to prevent inju ry and wrong, the king shall be bound by 
such an act, though not named; but when a statute is General, and any prerogative rights, title or 
interest would be divested or taken from the king (or the people) in such case he shall not be bound." 
The People vs. Herkimer, 15 American Decisions 379, 4 Cowen (NY 345, 348 (1 825) . 
27. The Supreme Court in the case of Wills vs Michigan State Police, 105 L. Ed. 2d 45 (1 989) made it 
perfectly clear that the Sovereign cannot be named in any statute as merely a "person", or "any 
person ." [Affiant am a member of the "so vereignty" as defined in Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 11 8 U. S. 
356 and The Dred Scott case, 60 U.S. 393.] 
28. "Sov ereignty itself is, of cours e, not subje ct to law for it is the author and source of law." 
Yick Wo vs Hopkins and Woo Lee vs. Hopkins, 11 8 U.S . 356 
29. "The law subscribes to the king (in America, the people) the attribute of sovereignty ; he is sovereign 
and independent within his own Dominion; and owes no kind of subje ction to any other potentate 
upon earth. Henc e, it is, that no suit or action can be brought against the king, even in civil matter s, 
because no court can have ju risdiction over him; 
for all ju risdiction implies supremacy of power." Chisholm vs. Georgia, 2 Dall . 419,4 58. 
30. "People of a State are entitled to all rights which formerly belonged to the king by his 
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prerogat ive." Lansing vs Smith, 4 We nd. 9, 20 (1 829) .
31. "In Europe, the executive is synonymous with the Sovereign power of the state ... where it is too
commonly acquired by force or fraud, or both ... In Amer ica, however, the case is widely differe nt.
Our government is founded upon compact. Sovereignty was, and is, in the peop le." Glass vs The
Sloop Be tsy, 3 Da1l 6 (Dallas , U.S. Supreme Court Reporte r) .
32. "In the United States the people are sovereign and the government cannot sever its relationship to the
people by taking away their citizenship ." Afroyim vs Rusk, 387 U.S. 253 (1 967).
NOTE: The following definition of sovereignty is from Bouvie r' s 14 th edition Law Dictionary (quoting
from 4 Wheat, 402):
"It has been just ly thought a matter of importance to determine from what source the United States
derives its authority ... the question here propo sed is whether our bond of union is a compact entered into
by the state s, or whether the Constitution is an organic law est ablished by the Peop le. To this we answer:
We The People ... ordain and est ablish this Constitution" ... the government of the state had only
delegated power (from the People) and even if they had an inclination, they had no authority to transf er
the authority of the Sovereign Peo ple . The people in their capacity as Sovereigns made and adopted the
Constitution; and it binds the state governments without the state's consent. The United State s, as a
whole, therefore, emanates from the People and not from the state s, and the Constitution and laws of the
state s, whether made before or since the adoption of that Constitution of the United State s, are
subordinate to the United States Constitution and the laws made in pursuance of it.
The people are the Fountain of sovereignty. The whole was originally with them as their own. The state
governments are but trustees acting under a derived authority, and had no power to delegate what is not
delegated to the m. But the peop le, as the original Fountain, might take away what they have lent and in
trust to whom they please. They have the whole title, and as absolute proprietor s, have the right of using
or abusing. - jus utendi et abutendi. It is a maxim consecr ated in public law as well as common sense and
the neces sity of the case that a Sovereign is answerable for his acts only to his God and his own
conscience ... There is no authority above a Sovereign to which an appeal can be made ." 4 Wheat, 402
(Bouvie r' s 14 th Edition Law Dictionary : "Sov ereignt y").
33. '' The Congre ss cannot revoke the Sovereign power of the people to override their will as thus
declared ." Perry vs. United States, (193 5), 294 US 330, 353.
Note : The above points and authorities are not exhaustive and additions can be added at any time .
"A SO VEREIGN IS ANS WE RABLE ONL Y TO GOD AND CONSCI ENCE"
CAVEAT
That, ______________ , upon receipt of this Memorandum of Law on
Sovereignty of the people with Points and Authorities (via Certified Mai�
# ) - Notice and Demand, is made upon you to review and r:espond
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to the above memorandum and each 'p oint' and 'a uthorities' as enumerated above and 
documented upon the public record, by Certified, U.S. Mail to the 's overeign' as addressed 
below or to the Notary's address as indicated below, within 15 days upon receipt of this 
Memorandum, allowing up to three days grace for return mail delivery. 
Failure to do so, by as either a 'P ublic Servant' who by 'Oa th of Off ice' or duty as an 
'O fficer,' 'a gent' , or 'e mployee' of a government created corporation, municipality, etc., and/or 
by and through your 'Posi tion,' 'o ffice' , or "superior knowledge of the law," will place you in 
default, and the presumption will be taken upon the private and public record that you and your 
office fully agrees to the 'p oints and authorities' contained within this Memorandum and that the 
'p oints and authorities' are true, correct and certain. (F.R.C.P. 8d) ... and that one of the 'We the 
people' as named below and his/her seal/signa ture is sovereign within the collective capacity of 
said WE THE PEOPLE and possesses true sovereign power. 
Notice to Pri ncip al is Notice to agent and Notice to agent is Notice to Pri ncip al. 
Dated this __ day of ______ • 200 __ 
Resp ectfully: 
Mail Respons e to Notary at : 
................................. , Secure Party, Sui Juris, 
one of the sovereign people, a private man on the land, 
non-combatant, an American by birth, a child of the 
Living God, Grantor, Secured Party/Creditor and 
Principal of which 'Rights' existed long antecedent to 
the organization of the State and Trustee. 
"F or all Com muni q ues Els ewhere' 
NOTE : You are part of the sovereign authority, in a collective capacity. You can become 'He ad
of-State' in your individual capacity and step into the position of one of the sovereigns and your 
role of responsibility as intended from time past. As stated in Scripture, we are the kings and 
priests of Israel (man ruling with God) . It is your history and destiny to assume that power of 
sovereignty. For more information, send a request for the INTERNATIONAL SO VEREIGNS 
AS SO CIATION's Information packet. .. see page 246 ! 
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What is a St ra w-m an ?
The Straw-man, as defined in Black's Law Dictionary, 6th Edition, is: "A "front"; a third party
who is put up in name only to take part in a transaction. Nominal party to a transaction; one who
acts as an agent for another for the purpose of taking title to real property and executing
whatever documents and instruments the principal may direct respecting the property. Person
who purchases property for another to conceal identity of real purchaser, or to accomplish some
purpose otherwise not allowed." [Emphasis added]
There's no telling when the deception really started, aside from 19 33, but one of the first major
events was the incorporation of the United St ates in 18 71, with the final act occurring in 18 78. It
appears from the Statutes at Large that this was only the incorporation of the District of
Columbia, but in the final act the phrase "District of Columbia or United St ates " is used making
the phrases interchangeable and allowing the United States to operate as a corporation.
The so-called government is not the government created by the Constitution, it is a Corporation
operating in COMMERCE for a PROFIT . Every transaction is now considered by the United
St ates, INC. to be a commercial transaction by fictional entities (fictions at law) operated by
their agents, employees and all representatives and officers of their corporation.
What is a Fiction at Law ?
A fiction at law, or a legal fiction, is an artificially created entity that is only contemplated in
law. In other words, it is not real except in the eyes of the law written by men. Legal fictions are
the opposite of natural entities, such as people . A created legal fiction is endowed by the law to
have some privileges that resemble the rights that people have, such as the right to hold property
and to sue and be sued. The most common legal fictions are corporations and trusts. These have
been around for quite some time with their main purpose being to limit the liability of the people
holding the corporation or trust, allowing them to NOT be personally responsible for their
actions. As to corporations, they can do one thing that you cannot, they can live forever! Legal
Fictions are not compatible with the Common Law, which is the law our land was founded upon.
In common law, everyone is responsible for his own actions and is held accountable and
responsible for any wrongdoing (harming another in any way)
What does this have to do with me?
In 19 33, the governors of all the states met to discuss the "emergency" declared by FDR and to
support the new process that was being established. The "government" was in bankruptcy and
had to be funded in its state of bankruptcy. The governors made a "pledge" to the United St ates,
INC. to fund it. The pledge was that the assets and the energy of the people (YOU) would back
the "government" and secure the debt. But there was one little problem, natural living people
cannot mix with legal fictions (corporations) so it was necessary to create a "bridge" between the
fictions and the people to bring the people under control and make them subservient to the
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"government" corporation via their pledge . When the governors made the pledge, they agreed to
register the birth certificates of the people with the U. S. Department of Commerce. The birth
certificate is the security instrument (collateral) used to back up the pledge . The legal fiction was
created by using the name on the birth certificate and writing it in all capital letters, the
desig nation for a legal fiction. Then, because of the "pledge" YOU were determined to be the
surety for the legal fiction . Surety means: The one who is responsible to pay. So, when the
government or any corporation uses any process whatsoever, they are using it against the legal
fiction, which they want YOU to think IS YOU. But when your name is written in all capital
letters, IT IS NOT YOUR NAME! It is the desig nation of a legal fiction that is an entirely
separate entity. A living flesh and blood man cannot be a legal fiction, and a legal fiction cannot
be a living flesh and blood man. One is real or natural, the other is created by "law" and is a
'fi ction !' Whenever a government agency (such as a court) determines liability, it is a liability
directed to or laid upon the legal fiction or the 'St raw-man' since everything is done in
commerce with fictions/corporate entities. You are presumed, as evidenced by the pledge of your
governor, to be the surety for the Straw-man and you must pay the fine, fee, tax, debt or other
liability. REMEMBER: Every transaction is presumed by the "government" to be a transaction
in commerce by a legal fiction.
What 's the Answer?
The only way out of this is to overcome the presumption that you are the surety for the Straw
man (legal fiction). That' s why the "Redemption Process" is the ONLY way to defeat this
presumption by using the Uniform Commercial Code, via Public Notice, which is the CODE that
the fictional commercial world operates under.
The first step is to "Capture the Straw-man" is to establish a security agreement between you and
the Straw-man and then file a UCC-! financing statement to secure a claim via a 's uperior
security interest' against the all capitalized legal fictiOn/Straw-man, the property and the
collateral. Sa id security interest or 'regist ration' of title/control is placed upon the Birth
Certificate, Social Se curity Account, Drivers License, etc., by and through 'a cceptance for
value. ' Included in the process is the creation of a power of attorney, copyright notice, and hold
harmless indemnity agreement.
The UCC-! financing statement (security interest . .. and a lien) and the filing of the existence of
these documents will REDEEM you and your Debtor/Straw-man from the commercial system
and establish documented evidence to overcome the presumption that you are the surety for the
Straw-man. When all has been 'a ccepted for value,' including the birth certificate, YOU become
the Holder in Due Course of all the documents, collateral and the property and are now in
commercial control of the property, the collateral and the Debtor.
There is a 'Cha rge Back Process' that goes back to the United States Treasury to charge-up what
is called your "ucc CO NTRACT TRUST ACC OUNT," identified by your/the Debtor/Straw
man's "Social Se curity Number" (See the two invest igative articles on the Treasury & IRS via
the Redemption Companion -Books & materials List in the Appendix) . The Charge Back
charges up the account for future discharge of debt.
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Addressing the Straw-man Matter
Who and What is the Straw-man - JOHN DOE or John Doe?
At 15 U.S.c. § 11 27, the definitions include "commercial name," "trade name," "juristic name,"
etc. In this section, you find that a government officer or employee functions in a commercial
capacity. After considerable research, I am convinced that the Straw-man, i.e., JOHN DOE, is
employed in order to create the presumption that whoever is named is a government officer
employee. - Dan Meador
NOTE : Now go to the IRC section 633 1, "Levy may be made upon the accrued salary or wages
of any officer, employee, or elected official, of the United State s, the District of Columbia, or
any agency or instrumentality of the United States or the District of Columbia." Question, is the
Straw-man the mere 'a rtificiaV commerciaVentity/employee/instrument' by which the 'pa rent
corporation' (US Federal Gov't .) directs and extracts all fines, fees, and taxes from? The Straw
man being the transmitting utility within the commercial scheme/venue/world is that entity! Then
would it not be too far-fetched to understand that since the 'g overnment' cannot produce the
federal law or statute that specifically proves that a flesh and blood man or woman is subject and
liable to the tax that they are not! ("They" not being federal employees!) And being that the tax
is only applied to your Straw-man, and you now being in control of the Straw-man, and in the
's ecured party/creditor' status that you now have the standing to 'd ischarge' the tax, due to the
fact that all 'your' property is now exempt from (the tax) levy ! Does this not make more sense
now that you understand who and what the Straw-man is?
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Debtor - the Unincor por ated Corporation : 
Definition re : "Ens legis :" 
A creature of the law; an artificial being, as contrasted with a natural person. Applied to 
corporations, considered as deriving their existence entirely from the law. Black' s Law 4th 
Edition, page 624: 
Definition re : "Tr ansmit ting Utility" 
(80) "Transmitting utility" means a person primarily engaged in the business of: 
(A) operating a railroad, subway, street railway, or trolley bus; 
(B) transmitting electric or electronic communications; 
(C) transmitting goods by pipeline or sewer; or 
(D) transmitting or producing and transmitting electricity, stearn, gas, or water. 
Note : person means a corporate entity, a fiction ! Something other than the human being ! 
Si nce you will become the Se cured Party Creditor and sovereign, you can define the term as 
well. As applied to your Debtor/Straw-man, being 't ransmitting utility' in commerce, your 
Debtor/Straw-man is actually a 'commercial transmitting utili ty!' It, your 'D ebtor' is the utility 
that all commercial transactions (charges) pass through and it is your duty and responsibility to 
accept for value and discharge all charges, claims, fines, debts, taxes, etc. ! 
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WHY THE vee FILI NG? 
Around the time of the war between the United St ates and the southern states of the American 
union, the United St ates was busy putting together their plan that would increase the jurisdiction 
of the United St ates. This plan was necessa ry because the United States was in debt, had few 
subjects and only the land ceded to it from the states, i.e. , the 'D istrict of Columbia' which was 
only ten miles square (+/-) and such other as ne cessa ry was only for forts, magazine s, arsenals, 
etc. 
Between the 18 60' s and the early 19 00's, banking and taxing mechanisms were changing 
through legis lation. Cunning people closely associa ted with the powers in England had great 
influence on the legisla tion being passed in the United States. Of course such legislation did not 
apply to the states or to the people in the states, but making the distinction was not deemed to be 
a necessary duty of the legisla tors. It was the responsibility of the people to understand their 
relationship to the United St ates and to the laws that were being passed by the legisla ture. This 
distinction between the United St ates and the states was taught in the homes and the schools and 
churches. The early admiralty courts did not interpret legisla tion as broadly at that time because 
the people knew when the courts were overstepping their jurisdiction. The people were in control 
because they knew who they were and where they were standing in relation to the United St ates 
Corporation. 
In 1913, the United States added numerous private laws to its books that facilitated the increase 
of subjects (the newly so-called freed slaves from the Civil War) as property of the United 
St ates. The 14 th Amendment provided for a new class of citizens -United States citizens that 
had not formerly been recognized. Until the 14 th Amendment in 18 68, there were no persons 
born or naturalized in the United St ates. They had all been born or naturalized in one of the 
several states. United St ates citizensh ip was a result of state citizen ship. After the Civil War, a 
new class was recognized, and was the beginning of the democracy first positioned in the District 
of Columbia. The American people in the republic to be found in the several States, could choose 
to benefit as one of these new United States citizens BY CHOICE . The new class of citizens was 
given the privilege to vote in the democracy in 18 70 by the 15 th Amendment. These new citizen 
subjects were required to apply for marriage, register to vote, register births, deaths, etc. All it 
required was an appli cation . Benefits came with this new citizenship, but with the benefits , came 
duties and responsibilities and liabilit ies that were totally regulated by the legislature for the 
District of Columbia. Edward Mandell House is attributed with giving a very detailed outline of 
the plans to be implemented to enslave the American people . 
(1) The 13 th Amendment in 18 65 opened the way for the people to volunteer into slavery to 
accept the benefits offered by the United St ates. Whether House actually spoke the words or not 
is really irrelevant because the scenario detailed in the statement attributed to him has clearly 
been implemented. Central banking for the United St ates was legi slated with the Federal Reserve 
Act in 1913. The ability to decrease the currency in circulation through taxation was legis lated 
with the 16 th Amendment in 1913. Support for the presumption that the American people had 
volunteered to participate in the United States democracy was legi slated with the 17 th 
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Amendment in 1913 . The path was provided for the control of the courts by the British Crown,
with the creation of the American Bar As sociation in 1913.
In 19 17, the United St ates legi slature passe d the Trading with the Enemy Act and the Emergency
War Powers Act, opening the doors for the United St ates to suspend limitati ons otherwise
mandated in the Constitution. Even in times of peace, every contrived and created social,
political, or financial emergency was sufficient authority for the officers of the United St ates to
overstep its peace time powers and implement volumes of "law" that would increase the cof fers
of the United St ates. There is always a declared emergency in the United St ates and its St ates
(administrative units), but it only applies to their subjects.
In the 19 20's , the States accelerated the push for mothers to register their babies as first required
upon the new federal property -the so-called freed Black slaves. Life was good and people were
not paying attention to what was happening in government. The stock market crashed, and those
who were not on the inside were not warned to take their money out before they lost everything.
In the 19 30' s, federal legisl ation provided for registration of babies through applications for birth
certificates, so government workers could get maternity leave with pay. The St ates pushed for
registration (surrender of ownership) of cars through applications for certificates of title, and for
registration of land through registration of deeds of trust, which turned the land over to the St ate.
Constructive trusts were secretly created as each of the people blindly walked into the United
St ates democracy, thereby agreeing to be sureties for the debts of the United St ates. The great
depression supplied the diversion to keep the people 's attention off what government was doing.
The Social Se curity program was implemented, along with numerous other United St ates
programs that invited the American people to volunteer to be the sureties behind the United
St ates' new registered property and adhesion contracts through the new United St ates subjects.
The plan was well on its path by 1933. Massive registration (surrender) of property through
United St ates agencies, including the 'St ate' subdivisi ons, was assuring that the United St ates
and its officers would get rich beyond their wildest expectations. All of this was done without
full disclo sure of the material facts that accompanied each application for registration. Is that
fraud? The fraud was a sufficient reason to charge all the United St ates officers with treason,
UNLESS a remedy could be supplied for the people to recoup their property and collect for the
damages they suffered as a result of the fraud.
If a remedy was available, and the people chose not to or failed to use the remedy, no charge of
fraud could be sustained even in a common law court. The United States only needed to
provide the remedy. It was not required to explain it or even tell the people where the
remedy could be found. The attorneys did not even have to be taught about the remedy. That
gave them plausible deniability when the people struggled to understand the new laws. The
legi slators did not have to have the intricate details of the law explained to them regarding the
bills they were passing. That gave them plausible deniability. If the people failed to use their
remedy, the United St ates came out the winner every time. If the people did discover their
remedy, the United St ates had to honor it and release the registered property back to the
people, but only if the people knew they had a remedy, and only if they requested it in the
proper manner. It was a great plan.
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With plausible deniability, even when the people knew they had a remedy and pursued it, the
attorneys, judges, and legisla tors could act like they did not understand the people 's claims.
Requiring the public schools to teach civic s, government, and history classes out of approved
politically correct text books also as sured the people would not find the remedy for a very long
time. Passing new St ate and Federal laws that appeared to subject the people to rules and
regulations, added another level of protection against the people finding their remedy. The public
'so cialist media' was molded to report politically correct, though substantially incorrect news
day after day, until few people would even think there could be a remedy available to them. The
people could be separated from their money and their time to pursue the remedy long enough for
the solutions to be lost in the millions of pages of the books in huge law libraries across the
country. So many people knew there was something wrong with all the conflicts in the laws with
the "facts" taught in the government schools. How can the American people be free and subject
to a de-facto government's whims at the same time? Who would ever have thought the people
would be resourceful enough to actually find the remedy? BUT they did !
(2) In 19 33 the United St ates put its insurance policy into place with House Joint Res olution 19 2
and recorded it in the Congressional Record. It was not required to be promulgated in the Federal
Register. An Executive Order issued on April 5, 19 33 paved the way for the withdrawal of gold
in the United States. Representative Louis T. McFadden brought formal charges on May 23,
19 33 against the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Bank system, the Comptroller of the
Currency, and the Se cretary of the United States Treasury (Congressi onal Record May 23, 19 33
page 4055-4058). HJR 19 2 passed on June 3, 1933. Mr. McFadden claimed on June 10 , 19 33:
"Mr. Chairman, we have in this country one of the most corrupt institutions the world has ever
known. I refer to the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Banks ... " HJR 19 2 is the
insurance policy that protects the legisla tors from conviction for fraud and treason against the
American people. It also protects the American people from damages caused by the actions of
the United States. For speaking like he did, Mr. McFadden was pois oned by the powers that be
by agents of that federal corporation.
HJR 19 2 provided that the one with the gold paid the bill s. It removed the requirement that the
United States subjects and employees had to pay their debts with gold. It actually prohibited the
inclusion of a clause in all subsequent contracts that would require payment in gold. It al so
cancelled the clause in every contract written prior to June 5, 19 33, that required an obligation to
be paid in gold -retroactively. It provided that the United St ates subjects and employees could
use any type of coin and currency to discharge a public debt as long as it was in use in the
normal course of business in the United States. For a time, United St ates Notes were the currency
used to discharge debts, but later the Federal Reserve and the United St ates provided a new
medium of exchange through paper notes, and debt instruments that could be passed on to a
debtor' s creditors to discharge the debtor' s debts . That same currency, Federal Reserve Notes, is
used to discharge public debts. Take Note: the Federal Reserve Notes have no value, as stated by
the Federal Reserve !
In the 19 50' s, the Uniform Commercial Code was presented to their St ates as a means of
unifying the generally accepted procedures for handling the new legal system of dealing with
commercial transactions and fictions as though they were real. Security instruments (commercial
paper) replaced substance as collateral for debts. Se curity instruments could be supported by
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presumptive contracts. Debt instruments with collateral, and accommodating parties, could be
used instead of money. Money (of exchange) and the need for money was disappearing, and
NEW money was being created i.e., 'Mo ney of Account' (created by Bil l of Exchange) and a
uniform system of laws had to be put in place to allow the commercial venue and the courts to
uphold the security instruments that depended on commercial fictions as a basis for compelling
payment or performance (see 'T ender of Payment in your State statute !) .. All this was
accomplished by the mid 19 60's. And by 19 64, most all the States had adopteu the Uniform
Commercial Code.
The commercial code is merely a codification of accepted and required procedures all people
engaged in commercial activities must follow. The basic principles of commerce had been settled
thousands of years ago, but were refined and became more sophisticated over the years . In the
19 00's , the age-old principles of commerce shifted from substance to form. Presumption became
a big part of the law. Without giving a degree of force to presumption, the new direction in
enforcing commercial claims could not be supported in their courts. If the claimants were
required to produce their claims every time they tried to collect money or time from the people,
they would seldom be successf ul. The principles expresse d in the code combined the means of
dealing with substantive commercial activities with the means of dealing with presumptive
commercial activiti es. These principles work as well for the people as they do for the deceivers .
The rules do not respect persons.
Those who enticed the people to regist er (surrender) their property (land, cars, guns, children,
etc.) to the sub-divisions (State s) under dictate by the United States, gained control of the
substance through the 'regist rations' and the St ates were able to extract more 'use' taxes, from
the people to use the property of the St ate ! The St ates and the United St ates became the Holder
of the titles to all the property, even children and many other things.
The definition of "property" is the interest one has in a thing. The thing is the principal . The
property is the interest in the thing. Profits (interest) made from the property of another belong to
the owner of the thing. Profits were made by the deceivers by pledging the registered property in
commercial markets, but the profits do not belong to the deceivers . The profits belong to the
owners of the 't hings. ' That is always the people. The corporation only shows ownership of
paper -titles to things. The substance cannot appear in the fiction. [Watch the movie Last Action
Hero and watch the confusion created when they try to mix substance and fiction.] Sometimes
the fiction is made to look very much like substance, but fiction can never become substance. It
is an impossi bility !
The profits from all the registered things had to be put into a 'c onstructive ' trust for the benefit of
the owners. If the profits were put into the general fund of the United States and not into separate
trusts for the owners, the scheme would represent fraud. The profits for each owner could not be
co-mingled. If the owner failed to use his available remedy (fictional credits held in a
constructive trust account, fund, or financial ledge r) to benefit from the profits, it would not be
the fault of the deceive rs. If the owner failed to learn the law that would open the door to his
remedy, it would not be the fault of the deceivers . The owner is responsible for learning the law,
so he understands that the profits from his things are available for him to discharge debts or
charges brought against his public person (Debtor-Straw-man) by the United State s.
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If the United St ates has the "gold," the United States pays the bills (from the trust account, fund, 
or financial ledger) . The definition of "fund" is money set aside to pay a debt. The fund is there 
to discharge the public debts attributed to the United States subjects, but ultimately back to the 
accommodating parties -the American people . The national debt is what is owed is to the 
owners of the registered things -the American people, as well as to other creditors ! 
If the United St ates owes a debt to the owner of the thing, and the owner is presumed (by 
accommodation) to owe a public debt to the United States, the logical thing is to ask the United 
St ates to discharge that public debt from the trust fund. The way for the United St ates to get 
around having to pay the public debts for the people is to claim the owner cannot be an owner if 
he agreed to be the accommodating party for a debtor-person. If the people are truly the 
principle, then they know how to handle their financial and political affairs, ULNES S they have 
never been taught. If the owner admits by his actions out of ignorance, that he is an 
accommodating party, he has taken on the debtor' s liabilities without getting consideration in 
exchange. Here lies the fiction again. The owner of the thing does not have to knowingly agree 
to be the accommodating party for the debtor person; he just has to act like he agreed. That is 
easy if he has a choice of going to jail or signing for the debtor-person. The presumption that he 
is the accommodating party is strong enough for the courts to hold the owner of the thing liable 
for a tax on the thing he actually owns or owes. 
Debtors may have the 'use' of certain things, but the things belong to the creditors. The creditor 
is the master. The debtor is the servant. The Uniform Commercial Code is very specific about the 
duties and responsibilities a debtor has . If the owner of the thing is pre sumed to be a debtor 
because of his previous admissions and adhesion contracts, he is going to have a difficult time 
convincing the United St ates that it has a duty to discharge public debts for him. In addition, the 
courts are staffed with loyal judges who will look for every mistake the people may make when 
trying to use their remedy. 
Now the quasi-owner (user) of the property (thing), after learning the law and discovering who 
he is in relation to the United St ates Corporation, can file a UCC Financing Statement based 
upon a Security Agreement, regist ering his security interest in the artificial entity 
DEBTORf PERS ON, being the ENS LEGIS which the United St ates created after your Mom 
signed the 'Root of TitlelNewborn Identification' and then was compelled to apply for a birth 
certificate. That was the act of registering her biologica l property, her baby (substance), with the 
St ate of . The United St ates holds the paper title (form), not the substance (baby). Until 
your Financing Statement is filed, the United States is the holder of the title to the artificial 
entity. Its name is spelled in all capital letter - JOHN HENRY DOE. When John Henry Doe files 
the Financing Statement supported by a Se curity Agreement signed by the artificial entity 
(JOHN) and the owner (John), he becomes the holder in due course of the title to JOHN. The 
UCC and the State commercial law are very specific about the effect of a registered security 
interest. It has priority over most other interest claimed (only claimed) in the same thing. The 
evidence that is missing in the court is the registered claim over the person (JOHN). 
The owner also must notify the Se cretary of the Treasury that he is going to handle his own 
affairs in the future. That is done when you do the CHARGE BACK PROCES S by filing a Bill 
of Exchange with the Se cretary through which he 'c harges up the UCC Contract Trust Account, ' 
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in respect to the 'v alue' expressed on the Birth Certificate and the 'D irective' cover letter. The 
social security number, belonging to your Debtor, is the Trust Account Number for a 
chargeback, for all the presumed charges brought against your Debtor for proper discharge. 
Think of the whole transaction in relation to a dead battery. The battery represents your public 
person (JOHN), which is a dead entity that can function within the public maize of fiction, 
transmitting benefits from the public to you in the private IF it is charged up. You cannot go into 
the public because you are not a fiction. JOHN has no power until it is charged with some 
energy. That energy comes from an IRS default notice, court judgment, credit card bill, utility 
bill , traffic ticket, or some other instrument that has a $ amount and JOH N'S name on it as the 
presumed debtor. The bill is the energy. It charges the dead JOHN. You can now discharge 
JOHN and put JOH N'S accrual account with the charging party back to a zero balance. You, as 
the secured party creditor, having charged up the UCC Contract Trust Account, now for the 
'p resentment' received in behalf of a debt owed by JOHN, can discharge the fine, fee, tax or debt 
with a negotiable instrument for the same $ amount that the charging instrument (presentment) 
stipulates. The charging party that receives your noncash item can process it back through the 
United St ates Treasury through their financial institution. Note: if dis charging IRS Tax liability, 
the package/instrument goes directly to the Secretary of Treasury -U.S. 
When you, as the owner of a thing, registered it with the United St ates or one of its subdivisions, 
you let the United States hold the legal title to your thing based on misrepresentation and failure 
to disclose material facts to you at the time of registration. You probably retained posses sion of 
the thing, but the United States/S tates invested the title and made a profit. If you did not 
specifically authorize the United States/State and its agents to invest the legal title, the profits 
made from that title belong to you, because as the owner, you remain the equitable title holder. 
Legally, all the profits from the investment of the titles to all your registered things must go into 
a fund for your benefit. If they did not put the profits in a trust fund of some sort, it would be 
fraud. 
Just acquiring the tit les through what is promoted as mandatory registration, is fraud. If the 
scenario attributed to Mandell House is now in full application in the United States, which it is, 
the officers of the United States could be charged and convicted with treason IF they had not 
provided a remedy, which they did. --House Joint Resolution 19 2 on June 5, 1933. This is their 
insurance policy to assure they are not convicted of treason. That does not mean they cannot be 
charged with treason, but the courts will dismiss based on failure to state a claim upon which 
relief can be granted. Because you have a remedy outside the court, you cannot sustain a charge 
of treason. But Tort, now that' s another matter! 
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UCC-l - IT 'S BETT ER TO HAVE DONE IT
AND NOT NEEDED IT THEN TO HAVE NOT
FILED IT AND NEED IT !
Today the majority of Americans pay taxes because when they get a job their employer
requests that they fill out either: Internal Revenue Service Form W-2, Form W-4, or Form
10 99, which, as a direct result, withholds taxes from their paychecks for their labor. The
majority doesn't have a clue as to why they are paying these taxes in the first place, other
than being conditioned to pay their so-called 'Fair Share! '
It has been affirmed that labor is a fundamental, unalienable, protected right and this
fundamental right is not supposed to be taxed. No profit of gain is to be realized via your
labor!
It is presumed that everyone is expected to know the law. It has been long held that,
ignorance of the Law is not an excuse or a defense. There is a well-established maxim
that states, "He who fails to assert his rights - HAS NONE!" which unequivocally
establishes that, just as a closed mouth never gets fed, "a matter must be expressed to be
resolved."
The Bible, Book of Luke, 11th Chapter 52nd verse states: "Woe unto you, lawyers! for ye
have taken away the key of knowledge: ye entered not in yourselves, and them that were
entering ye hindered. "
When it comes to dealing with lawyers, government, and the Internal Revenue Service
(which is not an agency of the United States Government, but a private foreign-owned
corporation) withholding and keeping knowledge from the people is nothing new. It is a
common business tactic that has been going on from the beginning of its inception. It
will, most likely continue as long as we rely upon lawyers and government to do that
which we ourselves should be doing.
The Bible unquestionably verifies this with the following: Book of Isaiah, 5th Chapter
13th verse tells us: "Therefore my peo�le are gone into captivity, because they have no
knowledge;" and the Book of Hosea, 4 Chapter 6th verse: "My people are destroyed for
a lack of knowledge. "
In order to find the answer as to why your labor is being taxed when the Constitution says
it is not supposed to be, it is necessary to understand how government exists and
operates.
To accomplish this requires a quick review back in history to the time of the War
Between the States. The People of this Nation lost their true Republican form of
government. On March 27, 1861 seven southern States walked out of Congress leaving
the entire legislative Branch of Government without quorum. The Congress of the
Constitution was dissolved for inability to disband or re-convene. The Republican form
of Government, which the People were guaranteed - ceased to exist. Out of necessity to
operate the Government, President Lincoln issued Executive Order No. 2. in April 1861,
reconvening the Congress at gunpoint in Executive, emergency, martial-law-rule
jurisdiction. Since that time there has been no "'d e jure" (sanctioned by law) Congress.
Everything functions under "color of law" (the appearance or semb lance, wi thout
substance, of legal right.) Through Executive Orders under authority of the War Powers,
(i.e. emergency, i.e. law of necessity) the "law of necessity" means no law whatsoever, as
per such maxims of law as:
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"Necessity knows no law" (the law of forbidding killing is voided when done in self
defense) .
"In time of war, laws are silent. " Cicero.
To establish the underlying debt of the Government to the Bankers, to create corporate
entities that are legally subject to the jurisdiction in which they exist, and to create the
jurisdiction itself correctly, the so-called (fraudulent and un-ratified) Fourteenth
Amendment was proclaimed and passed in 18 68. This was a cestui que trust (operation in
law) incorporated in a military, private, International, commercial, de facto jurisdiction
created by, and belonging to, the Money Power, existing within the emergency of the
War Powers, the only operational jurisdiction since the diss olution of Congress in 18 61.
Through the 14 th Amendment, an artificial person-corporate entity-franchise entitled
"citizen of the United States" was born into private, corporate limited liability. Se ction 4
of the 14 th Amendment states: "The validity of the Public Debt of the United St ates (to
the Bankers) ... shall not be questioned."
Within the above-referenced private jurisdiction of the International Bankers, the private
and foreign owned "Congress" formed a corporation, commercial agency, and
Government for the "District of Columbia" on February 21, 18 71, Chapter 62, 16 St at.
419 . This corporation was reorganized June 11 , 18 78, Chapter 18 0, 20 St at. 10 2, and re
named "United States Government." This corporation privately trade marked the names:
"United St ates," "U.S.," "US," "U.S .A. ," "USA" and "America. "
When the United St ates declared itself a municipal corporation, it also created what is
known as a cestui que trust to function under by implementing the Federal Constitution of
18 71, and incorporating the previous United States Constitutions of 17 87 and 17 91 as
amended, as by-laws. Naturally, as the grantor of the trust, this empowered the United
States Government to change the terms of the trust at will. As evidenced under the
Federal Constitution of 18 71, the 14 th Amendment, the People of the United State s,
without their consent, were declared "Citize ns" and granted "Civil Rights ." These so
called civil rights are nothing more than mere privileges . Privileges which government
licenses, regulates, and can re-interpret to suit its purposes at any time for any reas on.
The Federal Corporate Government also conveniently somehow forgot to disclose to the
People that the term "Citizen ," with which they have made every living and breathing
inhabitant a "subje ct," was defined in law as a "Ves sel " engaged in commerce.
In 1912 , when the bank-owned bonds that were keeping the US Government afloat
became due, the Bankers refused to re-finance the debt. As a result, the colorable,
martial-law ruled Congress was compelled to pass the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 . This
Act surrendered Constitutional authority to create, control, and manage the entire money
supply of the United St ates to a handful of private, mostly-foreign bankers. This placed
exclusive creation and control of the money within the private, commercial, foreign, and
military jurisdiction of 18 61, into corporate limited liability.
America converted from United St ates Notes to Federal Reserve Notes, beginning with
the passage of The Federal Reserve Act of 1913. Federal Reserve Banks were
incorporated in 19 14 , and, in 1916 , began to circulate their private, corporate Federal
Reserve Notes as "money" alongside the nations "de jure" currency, the United States
Notes. Whereas United St ates Notes were actually warehouse receipts for deposits of
gold and silver in a warehouse (bank), thus representing wealth (substance, portable land;
the money of sovereigns), the new flat money (Federal Reserve Notes) amounted to "bills
for that which was yet to be paid, " i.e. for what was owed! For the new "benefit" of being
able to carry around U.S. Government debt instruments (Federal Reserve Notes) in our
wallets instead of Gold Certificates or Si lver Certificates, we agreed to redeem the newly
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issued Federal Reserve Notes in gold and also to pay interest for their use in gold ONLY!
Essentially, the Fed is sued paper with pretty green ink on it and we agreed to give them
gold in exchange for the "privilege " of using it. Such was the bargain.
Through paying interest to the Federal Reserve Corporation in gold, the US Treasury
became progressi vely depleted of its gold. America's gold certificates, coin, and bullion
were continually shipped off to the coffers of various European Banks and Power Elite .
In 1933, when the Treasury was drained and the debt was larger than ever (a
financial condition known as "Insolvency"), President Roosevelt proclaimed the
bankruptcy of the United St ates . Every 14 th Amendment "citizen of the United States "
was pledged as an asset to finance the Chapter 11 re-organization expenses and pay
interest in perpetuity to the CREDITORS (Federal Reserve Bankers) and the "national
debt" ("which shall not be questioned").
On March 9, 19 33, Congress pas sed the Amendatory Act (also known as the Emergency
Banking Relief Act) to the Trading with the Enemy Act (originally passed on October 6,
1917 ) at a time when the United States was not in a shooting war with any foreign foe
that included the People of the United States as the enemy.
At the conference of Governors held on March 6, 19 33, the Governors of the 48 St ates of
the Union accommodated the Federal Bankruptcy of the United States Corporation by
pledging the faith and credit of their State to the aid of the National Government. .. which
attached to YOU !
Senate Document 43 of the 73rd Congress, 1 st Ses sion (19 33) did declare that ownership
of ALL PROPERTY is in the STATE and individual so-called ownership is only by
virtue of government, i.e. law amounting to "mere-user" only; and individual use of all
property is subordinate to the necessi ties of the United St ates Government.
Under House Joint Resolution 19 2 of June 5, 19 33, Senate Report No. 93549, and
Executive Orders 6072, 60 12 and 6246, the Congress and President Roosevelt officially
declared bankruptcy of the United States Government.
Regardless of the cause or reason, what many American's either do not understand and/or
have failed to seri ously grasp, is that by the use of Federal Reserve Notes; (which is not
Constitutional Money defined under Article I Se ction 10 of the United St ates
Constitution) , the People of the United States, since 19 33, have not had any
Constitutionally lawful way to pay their debts. They, therefore, have not had any way to
buy or own property. The People, for the benefits granted to them by a bankrupt
corporate Government, discharge their debts with limited liability using Federal Reserve
Notes. They have surrendered, by way of an unconscionable contract, any semblance of
'Rights ' as exchanges for mere privileg es !
A review of countless United St ates Supreme Court decisions since the 19 38, landmark
case, Erie Railroad v. Tompkins, (304 U.S. 64-92) clearly establishes that only the State
has Constitutional Rights, not the People. The People have been pledged to the
bankruptcy of 1933. The federal law administered in and by the United States is the
private commercial "law" of the CREDITOR S. That, due to the bankruptcy, every
"citizen of the United St ates " is pledged as an asset to support the bankruptcy, must work
to pay the insurance premiums on the underwriting necessary to keep the bankrupt
government in operation under Chapter II Bankruptcy (Reorganization) . That upon the
declared Bankruptcy, Americans could operate and function only through their corporate
colored, State created, ALL-CAPITAL-LETTERS -NAME, -that has no access to
sovereignty, substance, rights, and standing in law. The Supreme Court also held the
"general (Universal) common law" no longer is accessi ble and in operation in the federal
courts based on the 19 33 bankruptcy, which placed everything into the realm of private,
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colorable law merchant of the Federal Reserve CREDITORS . To take this to a different
level , and not only explain why you pay taxes, but also why you do not own the house
you live in, the car you drive, or own anything else you think you've bought and paid for
etc., you will need to understand that their St ate Government and its CREDITORS own
it all. If you think you own your home just because you believe you paid for it using
those Federal Reserve Notes, just like everything else you possess by permission of
Government, simply stop paying your taxes, (user-fees and licenses) and see just how
long Government and the CREDITORS allow you to keep it before they come to take it
away from you.
How can all this really be? Why haven't you been told all of this before now? Ignorance
of the law is no excuse. Every man is deemed (required) to know the law. Government
expects you to know the law, and holds you fully accountable for doing so. Ignoring
these facts will not protect you. The majority of American's have been given a Public
government Education to teach them only what the Public, i.e. government
(CREDITORS ) wants them to know. It is and always has been each individual 's personal
responsibility, duty and obligation to learn and know the law.
What this breaks down to is this: Back in 19 33, when their United St ates went into
bankruptcy because it could no lon ger pay its debts, it pledged the American People,
themselves, without their consent as the asset to keep the government afloat and
operating. Because government no longer had any way to pay its debts with substance,
and was bankrupt, it lost its sovereignty and standing in law. Outside and separate from
Constitutional Government, to continue to function and operate, it created an artificia l
world consisting of artificia l entities . This was accomplished by taking everyone's proper
birth given name and creating what is called a "fiction in law," by way of an acronym, i.e.
a name written in ALL-CAPITAL -LETTERS to interact with. A name written in ALL
CAPITAL-LETTERS is not a sentient, flesh and blood man. It is a corporation, fiction
or deceased person. Government, as well as all corporations, including the Internal
Revenue Se rvice, cannot interact with you or interact with you via your proper name
given you at birth, only through your ALL-CAPITAL-LETTERS -NAME!
Another little tidbit of knowledge which has been conveniently kept from the People is
this: When the Se veral united States signed the treaty with Great Britain ending the
Revolutionary War, it was a concession that ALL CO MMERCE would be regulated and
contracted through British Attorney's known as Esquires only.
This condition and concession still exists today. No attorney or lawyer in the United
St ates of America has ever been "licensed" to practice law (they've exempted themselve s)
as they are a legal fiction "person" and only an "A DMITTED MEMBER" to practice in
the private franchise club called the BAR (which is itself an acronym for the British or
Barrister Aristocratic Accreditation Regency), and as such are un-registered foreign
agents, and so they are traitors. Esquires (Unconstitutional Title of honor and nobility =
Esquires), foreign non-citizens (alien s) are specifica lly prohibited from ever holding any
elected Public Office of trust whatsoever ! Article I, Se ction 9, clause 8, states: "No Title
of Nobility shall be granted by the United St ates: And no Person holding any Office of
Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept any
present, Emolument, Off ice, or Title, of any kind whatsoever, from any King, Prince, or
foreign St ate."
As a direct result, attorneys and lawyers cannot and do not represent you in your 'P rivate
Capacity. ' Attorneys and lawyers represent corporations, artificial persons, and fictions in
law -ONLY!
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What the majority in this country fail to recognize is this: because of the bankruptcy and
having been pledged as an asset to the National Government's debt, this makes all
citizens DEBTORS under Chapter 11 . DEBTORS in bankruptcy have lost their solvency,
have NO RIGHTS, no STANDING IN LAW, and are at the mercy of the
CREDITORS ... via their attorneys.
All courts today sit and operate as Non-Constitutional, Non-Article Three Legi slative
Tribunals administering the bankruptcy via their "statutes," ("codes .") All Courts are Title
11 Bankruptcy Courts where these statutes are, in reality, "commercial obligations" being
applied for the "benefit" or "privilege " of discharging debts with limited liability of the
Federal Reserve-monopoly, colorable-money Federal Reserve Notes (debt Instruments) .
This means every time you end up before a court -not only do you NOT have any
standing in law to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, YOU HAVE NO
CONSTI TUTIO NAL RIGHT S! Why? Because you are a DEBTOR under the
bankruptcy and, in addition to having contracted away your rights in exchange for
benefits and privileges, you do not have one single shred of evidence to establi sh
otherwise.
In bankruptcy, ONLY CREDITORS have rights ! In a nutshell, as a DEBTOR, you
have no rights. Rights are reduced to mere privileges which are licensed, regulated, and
can be altered, amended and changed to meet whatever the particular or special needs of
their government may be for whatever whim. If taking away your home, your car, taxing
your labor, or locking you up for violating any of the Si xty MILLION plus legis latively
created DEBTOR codes and statutes they have on the books today happens to meet the
needs of their government -it really doesn't take a rocket scientist to realize who the
loser will be !
IS THERE REALLY A REAL REMEDY?
Is there really a real remedy to what has been done? Quite simply, Yes ! There is one way
and one way only you can protect yourself, your family, and property from this public
obligation. The only unbreakable contract in existence in the world today is a UCC-I
Financing Statement. [Se e Se ction 5 and the Appendix -Copy of UCC-I Financing
Statement .]
Only through filing a UCC-I Financing Statement and Accepting For Va lue your Birth
Certificate and executing a lien upon the governmentally created ALL-CAPITAL
LETTERS-NAME by you in your proper Birth-given-Name as the Se cured Party, and
listing anything and everything your debtor owns, will own, or possibly ever could own
or control, as collateral in the Se curity Agreement, can you effectively and permanently
remove yourself from the status of a DEBTOR to that of a CREDITOR, and actually
'co ntrol' property, have access to enforceable Constitutional Rights. By filing a UCC-l
Financing Statement, you become an actual CREDITOR with standing in law and acquire
the ability to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, and discharge any and all
taxes .
By filing the UCC-I Financing Statement you cannot, as a CREDITOR, acquire and
access actual Original Jurisdiction Constitutional rights, as the Constitutional only
operates upon the agent of government by and through their Oath of Off ice ... to support
and defend such, and not violate the same, as may be applied to any man, in that any
violation of such is a breach of contract as applied to the agent ! The Constitution does not
grant rights to the flesh and blood man (sovereig n). The Constitution is a
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compact/contract that the private sentient man IS NOT A PARTY TO as you have no
contract with the St ate of federal government and you are not a signatory to their 's ocial
compacts !'
Without a UCC-I Financing Statement, everything you have has been and is pledged and
owned by the State . You merely are the user of the property and must use that property in
strict compliance with all the rules, 'use fees' (taxes) and regulations established by the
State. If acquiring actual control over property and collateral, releasing your Debtor from
government controls, and the ability to earn a living without taxation interests you, you
have nothing to lose and everything to gain by executing that document without delay!
To try and break this down even further: Few people truly understand the words "slave
and slavery." The biggest benefit in filing a UCC-I Financing Statement is that you will
no longer be a slave. The fact is, most dictionaries fail to provide an accurate definition of
the words "slave and slavery." Even Webster's 18 28 edition of the Engli sh language
dictionary fails in its attempt to define the true meaning of the word "slavery": "Slave : a
person who is wholly subject to the will of another," Sla very is not a matter of being
totally 10 0% subject to the will of another. Any person who is to any degree involuntarily
subject to the will of another, is still a slave. There are no degrees of slavery. The second
part of the 2nd definition of slave provided by Webster's 18 28 Edition is: "One who
surrenders himself to any power whatsoever," which is closer to the real point.
The Uniform Commercial Code [UCC] governs ALL commercial transactions in the
United St ates . Any "person" including government corporations, agencies, etc., involved
in the "sales of goods, commercial paper, bank deposits and collections, letters of credit,
bulk transfer, warehouse receipts, bills of lading, inve stment securities, and 's ecured
transactions' is governed by the UCc . The A form of Uniform Commercial Code is
adopted by all States.
To comply with the Uniform Commercial Code in your state, a UCC-I Financing
Statement must be filed with the Se cretary of State, by anyone who makes a claim
against any other "person" in the area of commerce. All government agencies , (city,
county, state and federal), operate in commerce and all of them, including the Internal
Revenue Service, are private corporations (persons). All Courts operate in commerce. All
Banks operate in commerce. All "Corporations" operate in commerce and all of these
"entitie s" exist financially because WE are their collateral. They borrow on our "credit. "
At one time, our currency was backed by or given subs tance by gold or silver. It has been
thought by many, since their United St ates took the substance of gold and silver away,
that Federal Reserve Notes were simply worthless paper, backed by nothing at all. That is
not correct ! Today, real people, you, me, your children, etc. back Federal Reserve Notes,
much the same way that gold and silver did in the past. In other words, the living,
breathing people guarantee or provide the substance for ALL money that is created. The
Federal Reserve Bank clearly states : "Federal Reserve Notes are backed by the Full faith
and credit of the American People ." Blind Faith sets forth that YOU trust THEM. Who?
None other than the Federal Reserve! Credit means something is due you! The Federal
Reserve uses our credit to create ALL mone y. All of the money created belongs to the
American People and the deceit of the Public and private corporations is so complete that
they create it, charge it to us as a debt, and then tack interest to it on top of that!
How did the American People become collateral for the debt instruments known as
Federal Reserve Notes? It was given to the Federal Reserve by a corporation called the
United St ates, the very same corporation that created the Federal Reserve. As was
discus sed previously, in 19 33 when President Roosevelt declared a national emergency
because the United St ates could no longer pay its debts. At least that was the spin given
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to the American People. All of the subsidiary States agreed to support the declared
bankruptcy by "pledgin g" the energy of their "citizens ." Their assets consisted only of
State Citizens. The States in tum used the Birth Certificates to pledge the State Citizen as
collateral to keep Government afloat. That is how the American People became collateral
for the Federal Reserve Notes and so-called debts . The American People became
warehouse receipts, like a warehouse full of any type of valuable goods. All of this,
however, was a major fraud.
Neither the Internal Revenue Se rvice nor any other entity of Government files a UCC-I
Financing Statement into the Commercial Regis try with the Se cretary of State . If they
did, they would instantly become subject to all the regulations of the Uniform
Commercial Code. The Internal Revenue Service has done very nicely by bluffing and
intimidation, as all others mentioned, by operating under "Public Policy" where there is
in reality "No Law" at all !
The State Citizen is drawn "into commerce" when their Birth Certificate is registered and
sent to the Commerce Department in Washington, D.C. This is where the American
People became warehouse receipts upon which all of the money printed and circulated is
created and guaranteed. In short, the American People became the collateral for all debts.
They "The People " allegedly are "Government" property!
Government is a "fiction" and an artificial person and deals with us as a fiction or
artificial persons only as stated before. To take this still to another level, let's use an
example to explain and use the name of John Henry Smith. When John Henry Smith was
born, his parents gave him the Christian name of John Henry and he shared the 'f amily'
name of Smith with all the other members of his family. He was born a living, breathing
's entient' being. When his Birth Certificate was sent to the Department of Commerce, it
was registered and the Government, because it was bankrupt, turned his "real name" into
a fiction. His new fictional name became JOHN H. SMITH or John H. Smith. His ALL
CAPITAL-LETTERS NAME was registered as a corporation at the Puerto Rico
Department of State Corporations (Departamento de Estado -Divisi on de Corporaciones)
P.O. BO X 3271, SA N JUAN, PUERTO RICO, 00904-3271, making itfhim liable for
taxes . He is now a fiction or artificial person; a non-living, non-breathing "person." It is a
"Straw-man" (Lat. stramineus homo) or "fiction" upon which government brings all its
so-called charges against and NEVER does so against the real person. Just like "yours,"
his driver's license now reads JOHN H. SMITH or John H. Smith. When he signs a 10 40
Tax Form, he dutifully fills out the form as John H. Smith and then signs his name "under
penalty of perjury," thereby admitting he will be responsible for all the taxes of JOHN H.
SMITH, a fiction in law, corporation. Look at your driver' s license and see who it is
issued to. How can government use a form of our name and tum it into a fiction
(corporation) without our permission? They can't, we sign our name to all of their forms,
which is purely voluntary "permission-in-ignorance." In short, we do it to ourselves !
However, for those who wish to control and own this fiction and prohibit government
corporations, including the Internal Revenue Se rvice, from making so-called charges
against it, the remedy is available to you. You do this by executing a UCC-1 Financing
Statement! John Henry Smith would simply do what Government and the Internal
Revenue Se rvice does not do: File your UCC-1 Financing Statement into the Commercial
Registry with the Se cretary of State and claim EVERYTHING related to JOHN H.
SMITH or any derivative name, corporate fiction; i.e. : the Birth Certificate and Social
Security Account/Card Number. The living, breathing, real man/woman then controls the
fictitious entity, including all contracts related to the Birth Certificate and Social Sec urity
Account Number (UCC Contract Trust Account Number). Thusly, the real John Henry
Smith secures all rights, interest and title in the fictitious entity: JO HN H. SMITH. Now,
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government and the Internal Revenue Service has to deal with John Henry Sm ith as the
Creditor.
Most every living, breathing sentient being has a Social Se curity Card. The SS# number
is the account number to the UCC CONTRACT TRUST ACCOUNT, maintained
through the U.S. Se cretary of Treasury to the Internal Revenue Se rvice. The Internal
Revenue Se rvice calls the Social Se curity Number your Taxpayer Identification Number
(TIN). Never do they mention our Employer Identification Number (EIN). What? "You
are not an employer, so you do not have an EIN?" Some believe we are all employers and
every one of us has an EIN. More recently, the number has been identified and 'c larified'
as an 'E XEMPTION' number, indicating that the secured party/holder is exempt from the
liability. If you apply for a new Social Se curity Card (not a new number), on the backside
of the card, the number written In Red is what some believe is the BO ND number to bond
the account as established by the government upon your application (SS 5 Form). It is
also believed that government workers are our employees that every government
employee works for us ! How absurd! Si nce you are not a signatory to the U.S. or any
State Constitution, and since you are not a party to the St ates ' 'so cial compact,' then
YOU have nothing to do with the government corporation and the government
corporation has nothing to do with you!
That is why, when you read the Tax Code to find the def inition of "employee," under
Title 26 United St ates Code, at Se ction 340 1 (c), the term "employee" specifically
includes officers and employees, whether elected or appointed, of the United St ates, a
State (Federal State), Territory, or any other political subdivision thereof, or the District
of Columbia, or any agency or instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing, AND
NOBODY ELSE!
Write to the Bureau of Vital St atistics in the Capital of the State where you were born and
request a copy of your Birth Certificate. REQUEST THE LONG FORM (Certified
Copy). Never mind that you have a copy right now. More likely than not it came from the
County in which you were born. The number assigned to your Birth Certificate by the
Vital Stati stics Office is of primary importance when executing your UCC-I Financing
Statement. The usual and current Birth Certificate is in color, on 81 12Xl l 'B ank Stock
Paper. '
What can filing a UCC-I Financing Statement do for you besides everything described
thus far? Let's throw a few more examples onto the table to explain . As previously stated,
the only real thing in the United States is the American People. Corporations are fictions -
DEAD ENTITIES ! Let's use a fiction called GENERAL MOTORS for our explanation.
Si nce the inception of GENERAL MOTORS , which was originally created by another
corporate fiction we call government, they have borrowed into exist ence countless
billions of Federal Reserve Notes. Today, GENERAL MOTORS proudly calls
themselves one of the largest corpo rations (a fiction) in the world ! It is taught that
stockholders of GENERAL MOTORS "own" GENERAL MOTORS . The real truth is the
American People own everything produced by GENERAL MO TORS -free and clear.
Isn't it interesting this fiction charges the American People for what already belongs to us
-and then to add more insult to injury -they tack on a little interest to boot !
When Internal Revenue sends a letter or Notice to the fiction JOH N H. SMITH and says
"Our records indicate you owe $15 ,000 .0 0," John Henry Smith, who has filed a UCC-I
Financing Statement now has multiple options as to how he chooses to deal with this
matter. John Henry Smith knows full well he must respond to the presentment he's just
received from Internal Revenue in a timely manner. Depending on the Notice or
Presentment he's received, he has either ten (10 ) days or thirty (30) days to respond. If he
does not know what his time frame is to respond in is, to play it safe, it would be best for
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him to respond before the ten (10 ) days expires. John Henry Smith knows that if he
doesn't respond, after the allotted time, the Internal Revenue will enter a Default
Judgment against him. Because he failed to object to the bill or ask any questions about
it, having defaulted, the amount can lawfully be collected from him. John Henry Smith
also knows that he is not to protest or argue the amount of deficiency in any tax case. If
you are not required to file, you should not care whether they say you owe fifteen
thousand dollars or one hundred and fifty million dollars. If you are not required to file,
the amount doesn't matter. You never argue the amount because that is a fact iss ue. The
reason for this is, usually when you receive a Notice of Deficiency, it is for some
unworldly amount. The Internal Revenue Service wants you to run in and argue about the
amount. The minute you say "I don't owe that much," you have just agreed that you owed
something and conceded jurisdiction. One of the proper methods is to, as soon as
possible, send a CONDITIONAL ACCEPTANCE FOR VALUE FOR PROOF OF
CLAIM (CAF V) -to seek an agreement with the IRS, in relation to certain points and
facts, that all you can do is discha rge the tax liability of your Debtor/Straw-man with Bill
of Excha nge. Some believe that John Henry Smith can exercise option No. 2 and can
"Accept the $1 5,000 .0 0 for Valu e" and 'return it for value' and the so-called debt is
extinguished. While it sounds logical, we have seen no evidence that this process is
honored ! It may be possible because every "real" American has a corresponding
offsetting "credit" for all debt claimed against his Debtor/Straw-man. However, keep in
mind, when you do your CHARGE BACK, you charge up your UCC Contract Trust
Account so that you can use that credit to discharge fines, fees, taxes or debt.
Real folks all across America are filing UCC-I Financing Statements and understanding
the commercial scheme of debt and fraud of this beast system, called by many as
"government," and their created fictions. It has been established, "Lawyers and Attorneys
have written well over Si xty Million Codes and Statutes to confound and confuse the
American People and enslave them." None of these Codes or St atutes apply to any living,
breathing sover eign man or woman, who claim their heritage through what their
Creator/God has preserved.
After filing your UCC-I Financing Statement, it becomes evidence of a "Security
Interest" in the Debtor/fiction (aka Straw-man) whom the Internal Revenue Service uses
to force, intimidate, threaten and compel the real flesh and blood man/woman to pay what
are called taxes . Under the Uniform Commercial Code, a Financing St atement is used
under Article IX to reflect a Public Record that there is a Se curity Interest or claim to the
property/goods in question to secure a debt or interest. The Financing Statement is filed
by the Security Holder (real man/woman) with the Se cretary of St ate, or simila r public
body, and as a result becomes Public Record and becomes evidence of title . As a party in
control of the Debtor/fiction or (St raw-man), you become the Se cured Party with ALL
RIGHTS, INTEREST, AND TITLE in the Debtor/fiction's Birth Certificate, Social
Security Account, Driver's License, Automobile, Certificates of Title, Credit Cards,
Loans, Property, Taxes, etc., etc. !
So what did it cost the moneychangers to enslave the American People? Nothing ! The
same is true for freedom; "For thus saith the Lord, Ye have sold yourselves for naught
(nothing), and ye shall be redeemed without money. " Isaiah 52nd Chapter, 4th verse 1.
BAIT and SWIT CH vs. CONTR ACT ACC EPTAN CE
Every contract consists of both an offer and acceptance. In every contract there is an
Offeror and Acceptor. The offeror being the tale, and the acceptor the head. Under
contract law, title to whatever is offered transfers instantaneously upon acceptance, not
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upon payment like many seem to think. Payment, a consideration, is merely incidental .
Attorneys and Lawyers who write every contract used by corporations, including
Government Corporations, know that the acceptor of the contract is in charge or what is
known as the Holder in Due Course. Holder in Due Course is defined as: "Title Holder of
the contract. " Thus, whenever you see any advertisement in the paper by, as an example,
a New Car Dealer offering you a new car at a certain price and you'r e attracted by what is
offered, you are responding to an offer. You run right down to the car dealer and without
knowing it become the victim of the oldest game of bait and switch in existence ! Here is
how the real shakedown works:
After you settle on the car with all its options and the price with the dealership, you then
sign your name to a contract, which in doing so, makes you the Offeror and the
dealership the acceptor of that offer. It works the same identical way in every retail sale
in the country, including Real Estate. You lose, because the seller is the Holder of the
contract and is in charge (and normally, the contract is to their benefit ... not yours! No
'quid pro Quo,' and certainly no mention or understanding as to no lawful money -only
commercial paper !). That is the reason why you only get a carbon or photocopy of the
contract. They keep the original contract and original signatures and obediently enter the
property into commerce as the lawyers intended. It is a diabolical scheme ! Whenever a
Government Corporation sends you a letter, indictment, or anything else charging that
you violated some statute or code, or that you owe some sort of tax or fine, think of that
as an offer by the Government. For example: let's say you receive a bill for property
taxes. This is an offer by the tax office just like the new car dealer. There are several
options that you have when you get the bill . The number one option which most people
take is to write out a check for the amount due. A check, of course, is a debt instrument.
Thus you are making a counter-offer to the tax collector, whom they of course will
accept, but the debt HAS NOT been extinguished. It is simply added to the PUBLIC
DEBT. Once again, you have become the victim of a bait and switch!
Let' s use the same example as we've previously discus sed and this time, let' s use a
different tactic. Remember that the acceptor is in charge. This time, let' s simply Accept
the "tax bill " for Value, with the right to discharge after the IRS has establish ed the
agreement with you (as your only remedy is commercial discharge of the tax liability) .
When you examine your property tax bill , you find out it is made out to a name
(purportedly yours) in all capital letters . Which, as you've already discovered, is not you!
It is a fiction created by the government. If you've done your homework, you've obtained
a certified copy of your Birth Certificate from the Bureau of Vital St atistics in the State
where you were born and have filed your UCC-I Financing Statement. Now you control
all rights, title and interest in that all capital letter name character, including ALL
contracts, mortgages and pledg es. You're now in charge of anything dealing with your
Debtor/fiction.
It works the same way with Internal Revenue Se rvice. They send the fiction a "tax bill "
for $20,000.00. You, as the Se cured Party Creditor of the Debtor/fiction, you accept their
presentment for Value, place a value of $20,0 00.00, for example, on it and notify
whoever sent you the presentment that you can request a copy of their fiduciary tax return
(see Append ix). You can request this because all of the money created uses your
creditllabor as collateral. The amount you use is "dollar for dollar."
ACCEPTANCE FO R VALUE?
Once the "real, live, flesh and blood man/woman has filed a UCC-I Financing Statement
supported with Se curity Agreement in place, taking "all rights, title and interest" in the
ALL-CAPITAL-LETTERED FICTION, ARTIFICIAL PERSON (that very so-called
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name may be spelled with a first name, middle initial and last name) or "Straw
man/woman" when a "person" (agency or other public or private corporation) submits a
letter, bill or form (presentment) suggesting that you (when it' s really the fiction) is being
charged with a debt, taxes or whatever, a personalized letter is sent to the person who
signed the letter or form or to a person responsible for the letter or form or 'Bi ll' being
sent to the fiction.
That letter explains that you (the real deal) "Accept the Charge for Value ." This basically
tells them you hold title to the FICTION and anything connected to the FICTION. It
gives them NOTICE that they have committed a "Trespass against your property ... Your
Rights !" It sets in stone that you are "the Holder-in-Due-Course." This is a
banking/securities term and requires a quick refresher definition:
"In every contract there must be an offer, acceptance and a consideration. Corporations
specialize in bait-and-switch tactics to protect themselves in every contractual
arrangement. Such as, when you see a home you like, the real estate agency may have
"offered" the home for sale through various advertisements. This is an offer. You look at
the home, like it, and the price is right. You tell the real estate agent "Yes, I'll take it !" At
that point you have become the acceptor of the contract and, of course, the home and
price is the consideration. From a legal standpoint, this contract is completed. The offer,
acceptance and consideration are completed right then. The acceptor is the one "in
charge." That, at the moment, could be you. Then comes the old switch-a-roo! Now is
when the bait-and-switch goes down. The real estate agent (unwittingly, as though
ignorance of the law is any excuse or defense) then requires you to fill out a FORM in
which you make an Offer and They [the Se ller] become the Acceptor ! The bait and
switch is complete. It's that simple. You have now "voluntarily" become a DEBTOR -
"forever," even if you paid cash for the place or later pay off the mortgage. Why? Why
can't you pay it off? YOU CANNOT EXTINGUISH DEBTS WITH A DEBT
INSTRUMENT (I.e. FEDERAL RESERVE NOTES )! [Debt + Debt = Debt; Credit
Debt = '0' and the debt is discharged ... as a promise to pay!]. "
You have voluntarily made someone else the Holder in Due Course of the property. They
accepted the instrument (contract) FOR VALUE . They now own the property. "All parts
of the contract, including the deed are now "recorded in the property records. Look at
your deed. It will have the, "FICTION'S" written in all capital letters. All we really do is
add to the so-called National Debt whenever you pay those taxes and make that counter
offer. The debt, however, does not change and remains the same whenever you purchase
anything in this manner. As an example, when you receive a Notice of Property-taxes on
your home, the taxing authority is really making you an "offer. " When you pay the taxes
you are making a counter-offer, because your payment will not extinguish the debt or
cancel it out. They will accept your counter-offer, but the debt will still be there.
By the way, the Notice of Property Tax due will be made out to your
FICTIONIDEBTOR ! Keep these things in mind when you purchase a home, land, auto,
open a bank account, apply for a license, etc. You must make the contract! Make the
seller the Off eror and yourself (the real flesh and blood man with your name spelled
correctly) the acceptor of the offer. This puts you officially in charge ! You will be the
Holder in Due Course. YOU keep the original contract and give the Offeror a copy. Do
not record the contract unless you want to give up the 'A llodial ' title to the property.
Recordings are not required as you are the sovereign and the original contract is all you
need to prove and establish ownership. You will want to do a UCC-3 Amendment filing
and add the newly acquired property to your commercial affairs.
Now with this explanation covered, let's move to the person/agency that wrote the
letter or sent the bill (presentment) charging that your Debtor owes something.
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Understand that as to a 'Bi ll, ' it is a part of 't otal amount due ' and therefore there
may be a larger dollar amount at issue here to deal with. And, as applied to some
matter dealing with a 'c ontract, ' i.e., Credit Card, not only is there that 'la rger'
amount -total due, there is also the issue as to the 'a greement/contract' as to:
1. Was there a meeting of the minds as to the contract?
2. Was there fraud on the contract?
3. Was it an unconscionable contract?
To address the above issues, as to a contract, you can utilize the CONDITIONAL
ACCE PTANCE FOR V ALUE FOR PROOF OF CLAIM to allow the other side to
provide 'P roof of Claim' that there was a meeting of the minds, that there was no fraud
on (in) the contract and/or that it was not an unconscionable contract. At which time, per
your agreement, you will continue to pay on or pay the contracted debt. The 'proofs of
claim' are presented and clos ing caveat paragraphs stipulate that the other side agrees to
accept, by and through their silence and 'g eneral acquiescence. See Se ction 6 - CAFV for
details !
After filing the UCC-I Financing Statement, sometime later, you may request and pay
(discharge) via money order for a Certified copy of your UCC-I. Though it's not
absolutely necessa ry, the computer printed 'A cknowledgement' copy of your UCC-I is
's elf-evident' (it speaks for itself!) or the 'Hard-copy' from a mail-in filing or 'Hard
copy' 'pa sted-up' from your computer filing. (see Se ction 5). You are now the Holder in
Due Course of the property known as the Debtor/Straw-man, the property, collateral and
any contract(s), implied or otherwise, associa ted with your Debtor. You now have
effectively filed a superior security interest in the same.
In respect to the 'p resentment/offer,' you can draft a letter stating: "I am the Holder in
Due Course" (as referenced on page 23, 2 nd paragraph above) . Then, because you have
become the ACCE PTOR of the presentment/offer, guess who is in charge? You are in
charge and the Offeror has been noticed of your status. Keep in mind, as the secured
party creditor, it is your duty and responsibility to accept for value and discharge the
debt/liability of your Debtor, via the presentments that come in.
In the commercial venue, all transactions take place with your Debtor and you'r e the
creditor. .. so accept and discharge!
Se e Se ction 6 -THE DISCHARGE OF DEBT as applied TODA Y for your edification so
you may understand the reality before you run out there and start discharging !
TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE BENEFITS OF UCC-l FINAN CING
ST ATEMENT AND OF HAVING THE SECU RITY AND PROTECT ION OF A
SECU RITY AGREEMENT IN PLACE TO PROTECT YOU, YOUR FAMILY,
POSSESSIONS, PROPERTY AND WAGES.
The comprehensive Se curity Agreement as found in this book is NON
DISCHARGEAB LE by ANY Title II Bankruptcy Court, and is fully 10 0% transferable
to any Heir or Assign. This Sec urity Agreement carries a fully functional Fidelity Bond
and Indemnity Clause. The collateral covered is extensive !
Learn to use and file UCC-I Form, UCC-3's , Acceptance for Value (CAFV) Process,
Copy Certification by Document Custodian and the 'e xclusive ' Tort process.
Keep an exact RECOR D of 'co lor copies ' of your documents, proofs of service, Post
Off ice Green Cards, Mail Receipts, Firm Mailing Book page in a binder with all
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COMMENTAR Y ON THE SE CURITY
AG REEMEN T, i.e. , REDEMPTI ON
One cannot function within commerce as the creditor, without first securing the trade-name
(S traw-man) via security agreement and common law copyright placed on the UCC-1. THIS IS
VITAL ! (see Se ction 5)
1. A properly filled out, signed and Notarized security agreement with its "identifier" and item
number is placed on the UCC-1. (Se e Se ction 5 and the CD) Be sure to read it over a few
times. (S ame thing applies to the other documents also found in Se ction 5.)
2. Do not file (send) bills of lading, certificate of title, etc. DO NOT GIVE UP 'ho lder in due
course' status in relation to these various documents and instruments ! The exception here is
the Birth Certificate, which after being stamped and filled in, make a color copy and send the
'o riginal certified-copy' as part of the Charge-Back Process to the Se cretary of the Treasury.
3. Keep in your posses sion all documents, receipts , instruments, etc. that are accepted for value,
as holder in due course ... against the Straw-man!
4. 'T hey' (government, etc.) did not steal your rights ... because you'r e not a party to the
Constitution. "They' stole your 'T ITLES !' because rights are inci dent to the titles we hold.
(see Droit Droit -in Black' s Law) If you have no title, you have no rights !
NOTE: Prior to February 21, 18 71, there was a National Government ! Si nce then, no one
lives there! Sa me with all fifty states, even with a handwritten Original Organic Constitution
of the fifty states -you could say or prove that you live in a Republic ! But that Constitution
never applied to you as well. Si nce 18 89 (and thereabouts), for most western states, those
Constitutions have been re-written. They'r e not organic/original -their 'f ederal !' It's of the
federal commercial sub-division, aka municipal corporation -in the federal zone known as
Washington, D.C .. .. of which you are not a party to!
[It's a Military District Corporate Commercial Venue !]
5. If one does not take the security interest and 'ca pture' all property to the private side -away
from the public juris -you won't have standing (in court) when you do an acceptance !
6. SC ENARIO -You walk into court -the Judge says, "Are you the defendant ?" You answer,
"Yea !" Judge then says, "OK-Si t Down. Shut-up. Don't bring up any of this Constitution
crap-if you talk I'm gonna have you (your debtor/slave) gagged, 'C AUS E I' VE GOT TITLE
OVER YO U! !!"
7. Title is either real or imaginary. When a baby is born, by definition it is considered "goods."
When the birth certificate or live birth report is made, it' s the Title ! Certificate of live birth is
the evidence of Title. It's not a bill of lading, it's an indenture! The live birth report is the title
(Birth Certificate) and that' s what's registered in the Department of Commerce -D.C. and the
'C orporation' created (the ens legis) is what is registered under the IRS Trust #62 in Puerto
Rico ! That' s why your Debtor is the corporate entity (Ens legi s) because of the registration of
that 'c orporate-fiction. ' You'r e deemed the beneficiary -you owe them the tax for the
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maritime venture for profit and corporate gain on the 'corporat e activity ' of your Debtor! So
now when you receive the IRS form 10 40 in the mail, you'l l know why!
NOTE : APPLY REASON, LOGI C AND COMMON SE NSE! Se e TRESP ASS (Black' s
Law, etc.) Trespass always deals with titles ! ONLY the Supreme Courts of the fifty states have
the judicial power to make determinations over true titles ! See COMMON LAW PLEADING by
West Group) The lower agencies and administrative courts are ADMINISTRATING YO UR
PLEDGE AND THE BANKRUPTCY!!!
8. SO NOW- with a proper security agreement and a UCC-l, with all listed property and if, for
instance, you' re pulled over on a traffic stop and you say to the officer, "Who are you talking
to? When you address the defendant, are you talking to the debtor or the creditor? You see,
I'm the signatory here, a secured party Icreditor-holder in due course with standing to defend
MY TITLE to the goods !" Therein, the agent and the black robed administrator does not
have SU BJECT MATTER JURISDICTION over the case ! They have NO pledge to
administer!
9. It's a two-edged SWORD ! Either "they" have the Title or "you'v e" got it ! There's only one
way to get it, and that' s to give value for its first (via security agreement) . Only by giving
value for it can you acquire rights to it ! And to have perfect and complete Title, you have to
have the right to possess it ! You can only establi sh the right to possess it if you give value for
it. Value can be 'a ffection, ' it is enough to create 'c onsideration' for contract/agreement.
Same applies to 'd uty' and 'sa crifice !'
10. There are FOUR ELEMENTS of Title; 1) Posses sion, 2) use, 3) Time, and 4)
Interest . .. after your security agreement is in place.
Can you not 'a rgue,' 's how,' and 'p rove' possession, use and time as applied to any such
property in discussi on here, i.e., your fishing pole, dog, wash machine, car, house, land, debtor,
etc ... whatever. .. and of these you only have possession ... being 9110ths of the law. Where' s
the other 't enth' percent? Who's got it? In what form? By what agreement and who controls that
'i nterest' ? And without it, YOU do not have TITLE!
So here 's the Million Dollar Question ; How are YOU going to now establish that so you
have the interest in that particular piece of property ... whereby if you do, along with posses sion,
use and time and with the interest now established you would have all four elements of Title to
have TITLE?
Well, for that answer, you have to see the Wizard, the wonderful, wonderful Wizard of Oz
and due to his very busy schedule and certainly upon payment of the One Million Dollars in
money of account, the Wizard would most likely step around from behind the curtain, shake your
hand and congradulate you on your journey so far and he'd remind you of your possess ion, use
and time and then he'd lean over and wisper into your ear and say; "to establ ish the interest in
your property, you have to file a UCC- J or a UCC-3 lien on the proper ty-first in line and first in
time! And then you 'd have superior secur ity interest and Title! "
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Basic Steps for Redemption:
1. Create your Sec urity Agreement -place it on the UCC-l with its 'Item #' and be sure to place
the item number at the lower left hand comer of your security agreement (lower right hand
comer in the footer portion of the page.) (Your Se curity Agreement should be signed, dated
and notarized before your UCC-l is filed !)
2. File UCC-l in relation to Debtor, Birth Certificate, SS# Account, Driver' s License, Marriage
License, any other license, permits, etc. See UCC-l text. UCC-l is filed with Se cretary of
St ate.
3. Prepare and do up your: Power of Attorney, Common Law Copy Right Notice and the Hold
Harmless Agreement. Be sure to assig n 'id entifier' numbers to each document, Sign and
Notarize each where needed, and be sure documents and their 'id entifiers ' are on the UCC-I.
4. Place 'v alue' of B. c. on UCC-l and/or UCC-3 (corrective) Amendment at $ 10 0,000,000 .00.
(One Hundred Million !) St amp Birth Certificate with 'A cceptance for Value and Honor'
stamp and fill in the appropriate fields and sign in Blue Ink.
5. Prepare the CHARGE BACK PRO CES S, i.e. ,:
Cover Letter
Bill of Exchange (this one -ONLY for this process!)
Birth Certificate
True and Correct copy of UCC-l (and UCC-3 if necessary)
10 40-ES
... Ship to Se cretary of Treasury-U.S., Mr. Timothy Geithner, via FedX, UPS or DHL
Note; Occ asionally, the Secretary is replaced or resigns ... so it becomes necessa ry to verify
the 'c urrent' name of the Secretary of the Treasury ... just in case. Use the internet or pick up the
phone via 'i nformation operator,' get the number and call the S. O.T. office and get the name of
the Se cretary ... if necessary!
6. Make 'co lor' copies (of signature pages and those that have color!) and 'bla ck-n-white'
copies of the rest of your original documents before shipping/mailing. It is also suggested
that you make a 'se cond' set of original documents, signed in blue ink, so that as needed, you
can make regular copies and place them under CO PY CERTIFICATION! Keep all
'o riginals' in a safe place.
READY? ... NOW PR OCEED TO SEC TIO N 5
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SECU RED PARTY CREDIT OR
In Se ction 4 of this Redemption Manual 4th Edition we covered the information relative to the
Straw-man. And now, we' ll go into the information and steps necessa ry for you to become the
Se cured Party Creditor (SP C). Once complete, you will have established the foundation of
's tanding and capacity' to manage the commercial affairs of your debtor, and the 's tanding and
capacity' to address and discharge* all corporate and public monetary claims made against the
Straw-man (your 'a rtifical corporate debtor-person-entity') . *not all of the ways to discharge are
covered in this manual, only one, for low level matters.
While SP C status rebuts the presumption that you are property of the state, you must still bargain
for your rights as the private Man/soverei gn. Only citizens (slaves) of the state have privileges.
For sovereigns, rights without contract are a fantasy. If you do not see your image in the
depiction of the founding fathers at the signing of the Declaration of Independence and the
Constitution of the United States, you are not party to the contract. This last statement may be a
shocking revelation to many of you, but it is nonetheless true. If you did not gather in private
discussion with your fellow man for the purpose of determining how you wish to govern and be
treated by other sovereigns -if you have not framed a declaration of your rights for which you
pledge your life, your wealth, and your sacred honor, as did the signatories to the U.S.
Constitution, then you have but one unilateral right -to institute a claim. However this right is
negated under the Declaration of International Rights and Duties of the Individual, which reads
as follows:
"VII. Every individual is entit led to be protected and assisted by the state to which he
belongs, in the mann er and form established by treaties and by internat ional law. No
individual who, accor ding to the law of the state against which he institutes a claim, as
a citizen of that state, shall be entitled to such protecti on ". The United Nations
Conference on International Organization page 10 5, Department of St ate publication
2490, Conference Se ries 83, 19 46.
The following information and instructions will guide you through the complete process of
becoming a 'S ecured Party Creditor'. It is highly recommended that you read through the
instructions until you are comfortable with the overall process before proceeding with document
preparation. Every effort has been made to provide clear and complete instructions for all phases
of the process. Be forewarned that accuracy is esse ntial to the process and there is considerable
detail involved . Plan on setting aside one full day or more to complete this process in its entirety.
We recommend that you work in an environment that is free of distractions. If, after reviewing
the instructions, you would prefer to have the process completed for you, we have set up a
service to accommodate your needs. Just give us a call or drop us a line. (Se e our address and
phone number on page 3 and 65 1).
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REQUIRED RESOU RCES 
The following resources are required to complete the processes outlined in this section of the 
manual. If you do not have your own computer, you may rent one at any Kinko's Copy Center. 
To locate a Kinko's nearest you, go to the website www.k inkos. com and enter your zip code in 
the locator tool. Microsoft Windows equipped computers and internet connections are also 
available at most libraries. 
1. A blue-ink pen for the signatures on all original documents 
2. A recent version of the Microsoft Windows operating system; 2000 (NT 5) or Windows 
XP (Home or Professi onal version) or similar. 
3. Microsoft Word 2000 or later 
4. Adobe Acrobat (on Bonus CD) 
5. Internet connection 
6. Preferably a Laser Printer 
7. Air bill from a private courier such as DHL, FedEx, etc., to be used in the Charge Back 
process. 
8. Accepted for Value Stamp . This stamp will be used to on the Bill of Exchange for the 
Birth Certificate in the Charge Back process, to be explained later. You may have one 
made at a stamp maker or order one from the American' s Bulletin for $38 .0 0, shipping 
included. 
AC CEPTED FOR VALUE & HONOR -EXEMPT FROM LEVY 
For my Remedy, Release the Proceeds, Products, 
Accounts, and fixtures in the Orders (s) to Me 
Immediately in the accordance with the Public Policy, 
HJR-19 2, UCC 10 -104 and UCC 1-104 
Exemption ID # _________ _ 
UCC Contract Acct. # ___________ _ 
Value: $ ___________ Date : ___ _ 
Is/ _________________ _ 
Se e 'Bo ok List' at end of book or current copy of The American 's Bulletin or request 
'T AB 's Book Catalog for 'A ccepted for Value St amp' and cost ! Or go to 
americansbulletin .com '" to see the Ink St amps in our 'B ookstore'. 
9. Notary Public. Notaries are available at most real estate offices, banks, public 
accountants, and attorney offices. 
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Note 1: While we don't advise it, under extreme circumstances, e.g., incarceration or no
access to computer, you can complete this process manually by mail. We have included
a complete set of documents in which lines have been inserted in place of all required
information fields . The process can also be completed with a typewriter. You can use
the manual forms, or type all the documents from scratch, at your option. However, it is
best to have an outside party or family member with power of attorney and a computer
to do the process for you. They can do a much better, and more professi onal appearing
job, on the documents ... on computer! DOING THE PROCESS ON COM PUTER
AND THE ELECTR ONIC FILING BY COMPUTER IS THE WAY TO GO!
Note 2: If your copy of the Redemption Manual 4th Edition was mailed to a penal
institution the Bonus CD is considered contraband, and the CD was mailed to your
friend/outside family member.
Note 3: If you have a non-windows computer, you will have to translate the instructions
to make appropriate allowances for your platform and software. We have provided plain
text (AS CII) versions of all the documents on the Bonus CD to save you the effort of
retyping the text. These files can be opened in any text editor and reformatted.
TERM INOLOGY
BLUE -INK-SIGNATURE. Your signature written in blue ink. Documents with a single blue
ink-signature are original s to be kept in pristine condition by the document custodian . Or iginals
are only used to make true and correct copies or copies for certification by notary.
CHATTEL PAPER. "Chattel Paper" means a writing or writings which evidence both a
monetary obligation and a security interest in a lease of specified goods, but a charter or other
contract involving the use or hire of a ves sel is not chattel paper. When a transaction is evidenced
by both a security agreement or a lease and by an instrument or series of instruments, the group
of writings taken together constitutes chattel paper. VCC 9-1 05(b)
COL LAT ERAL. "Collateral" means the property subje ct to a security interest, and includes
accounts and chattel paper which have been sold. VCC 9-10 5(c)
COPY CERTIFI CATION. A procedure for authenticating a copy of an original document
mailed to a recipient. The original is copied in color then notarized and recorded on a special
notary form: "Copy Certification by Document Custodian." The competed, notarized form is
your record, should it be necessary to defend the authenticity of the copy. The tracking number
used to ship the documents is usually referenced on the notary form along with the list of
documents.
DOCUMENT CUSTO DIAN. A keeper of records. If you have a trusted friend who can assist
you in times of emergency, sign a Power of Attorney to them and let them keep your originals
and/or master copies. Other wise you are the Custodian.
DOCU MENT TRACK ING NUMBER. Identifier such as a Certified or Regis tered Mail
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Number used by the US Postal Service, or the tracking number used by a courier service such as
Airborne Express, FedEx, etc., and is usually placed in the header section on every page of a
document set . The document tracking number will be used in the record book of a notary to
identify documents which are copy certified.
INDICIA. Signs, indications. Circumstances which point to the exist ence of a given fact as
probable, but not certain. For example, "indicia of partnershi p" are any circumstances which
would induce the belief that a given person was in reality, though not ostensibly, a member of a
given firm.
L. Marks; signs; appearance; color. In civil law, circumstantial evidence-facts which give rise
to inferences. In common law, indications of character: as indicia of authority, of fraud, of title.
Anderson 's Dictiona ry of Law 19 96
INFORMATIONAL FILING. An informational filing is a separate UCC-l filing mailed first
class into another state, based upon the original (primary) filing, i.e., uses the same filing
number. It may be necessary to file up to two informational filings depending on where you are
domiciled or the state that you use for your mailing address. Informational filings must be
accepted per U. S. Constitution, Article 4, section 1. The only difference between an
informational filing and your primary filing is the information that you place in box 4 of the
UCC-l. For the information filing, the text in box 4 should reads as follows:
"This is an Informational filing, original UCC-l filed in Washington state, UCC-l
Financing Number UCCl-l_FILING_ NO, dated MONTH_NAME , DAY_NO,
YEAR_NO."
Use the following table to determine the number of informational filings you will need to
complete:
1
California 2
PLEA SE NOTE; Some St ates still refuse to file the informational filing, sent in by mail of
course, and if that' s the case you experience, don' t' stress out. Try to get your funds back and go
on with what you have to do.
STR AW-MAN. The corporate fiction, ENS LEGIS , or juridical person established by
registration of your birth certificate. The Straw-man/debtor is your nexus to the Matrix. Through
it, you have and control the 'vesse l', to go into the Matrix to handle the commercial affairs of
your debtor.
TRUE AND COR RECT COPY. A black and white copy of an original document on which a
second signature line is drawn in below the original signature and signed in blue ink.
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UNIQUE IDENTIFIER. An arbitrary string of characters that encodes information about a 
document with requirement that it must, with reasonable certainty, uniquely identify a given 
document from all other documents in the universe of documents. A Unique identifier shall be 
placed on every page of a document where the instructions call them out. A page number is also 
recommended for each page to identify it should it become separated from its page set. 
CONVENT IONS 
RECORDS : It is strongly recommended that you only use your original documents to make two 
color master copies and retire the original to your files immediately for safe keeping. If you are 
not equipped with a small fire proof safe, and can obtain one, this is also highly recommended. 
Take the two master copies per original document to a notary for certification. Keep one master 
copy for duplication, and warehouse the other master copy in another physical location with a 
trusted document custodian or safe location. 
SI GNATURE COLOR CODES: 
SHIPP ING : When you manage your commercial affairs as a secured party creditor you are 
operating in the capacity of a private banker. It is therefore advantageous to use a United St ates 
Post Office REGISTERED MAIL or a private courier service such as FedEx, UPS , DHL, etc., 
especially with instruments that have a high dollar value, for example, the Charge BacklBill of 
Exchange protion of the pro cess, as used in said charge back process ; a 10 0 Million dollar 
commercial instrument. There are several important advantages : 
1. Si nce a private courier is not 'd irectly' an agency of the government, you cannot be 
charged with sending "funny" documents in the US Mail -(Mail Fraud; Title 18 , § 13 34) . 
2. Most of the private carriers offer over-night service. Keep in mind, Regis tered mail sent 
long distances via the US Postal Se rvice may take several days to arrive. For all other 
matters, Certified Mail with 'G reen Card' is OK, but green cards have been returned back 
late, unsigned, etc. ! We STRONGLY recommend that you use one of the private couriers 
for the Charge Back process or Regist ered mail. 
DOCU MENT IDENTIFI CATION : The following primary documents will require a unique 
identifier to be placed in the footer section of every page. The cover letter, bill of exchange, Birth 
Certificate Accepted for value and 10 40ES do not require a unique identifier. 
Secu rit y Ag reement SA- Ol 1717 06 17 76BFF 
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Power of Atto rney POA-O l1 717 061 776BFF
Bi ll of Exc hange BOE-Ol1717 06177 6BFF
Co mm on Law Copyr i ght CLC- Ol1717 0617 76BFF
Hold Har mle ss Ag ree ment HHA - Ol17 17 06 1 776BFF
The following components were used to build the unique identifiers used in the sample
documents:
1. Document Title Abbreviat ions:
2. Date of Birth: 01171706
3. Last 4 digits of Social Se curity Number: 1776
4. Initials: BFF
5. Or you can use the current Date, i.e., 061509-1IPOAIBFF. The '-1' is a document
's equence ' number if have more than one document you will be creating and filing
or sending out. In this matter, you'l l be creating the above 5 documents, and so use
1,2,3,4,5 per each document. The first being the SA, the 2nd being the POA, etc., in
what order you choose, SA being the First and the rest in whatever sequence you
create them and their 'I tem #'.
We recommend that you create all five unique identifiers called out in the table above prior to
beginning document preparation. That way you will have them available to 'd rop' in to the
documents as the need arises . This will also help you to stay focused on details important to
completing your paperwork accurately. If you are not familiar with how to create custom footer
information the following brief tutorial is offered as a guide.
1. Open Microsoft Word, if you have access to the required computer resources, so you can
follow along with the instructions.
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2. From the View menu select the submenu Header and Footer. The header and footer 
areas of the page will then display in dashed outline and a popup menu will display to 
assist you in composing the 'b oiler plate ' text for the page . 
3. Position your mouse over the icons to display the help text. There are icons for placing 
page numbers in a variety of formats, as well as date and time information. You can use 
the formatting toolbar at the top of the page to position any selected text. 
4. If the toolbars that you are wanting are not displayed, right click in the toolbar area for a 
pop-up list of available tool bars. 
5. When you are done composing your headers/footers, click the close button on the pop-up 
menu to resume normal program mode. 
6. Once you have placed text in the header/footer area of the page, you can activate the 
header/footer mode again to re-edit by simply double clicking on any text that appears in 
that area of the page . 
Note : Header and footer information only needs to be entered for a single page . The 
software will automatically update all the other pages based on your initial entry. 
DEB TOR ADDRES S: We recommend that you secure a Post Office Box for the use of your 
Debtor as it pertains to your UCC-I filing. This breaks the association that is presumed 
between the domicile of the living, breathing man with that of the fiction (St raw-man). 
SEC URED PARTY NAME : If you really want to create a distinction between Debtor and 
Se cured Party, and have ever wanted to change your name, there has never been a better 
opportunity than when filing your UCC-I. In the matrix, the masters want the juridical person 
(the slave) to petition (ask permission) the court if they want a name change. 
ADDR ESS AND SIGN ATURE BLOCK: We recommend that you pay special attention to 
the following forms for indicating your address. These important mechanisms, while subtle, 
carry important meanings with regard to establi shing and noticing those whom you deal with as 
to what jurisdiction you are moving in. It is insurance that you may wish you had, should one 
of your agents injure you. 
1. Sa mple letter head to your agents: 
From: FOR ALL CO MMUNIQUES ELSEWHERE : 
"Without Prejudice" 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin©, Authorized Representative 
d/b/a BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN©, DEBTOR 
ONE-SEVE N-SEVE N-SIX Redemption Road 
City of Baltimore, Maryland, united St ates of America 
DMM Reg. Sec, 12 2.32; Public Law 91 -375, Sec. 403 
REDEM PTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDI TION 
If you'r e going to use a zip 
code ... place it in brackets : 
r 12 345 1 
290

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To: Office of the Attorney General, St ate of lllin ois 
d/b/a Lizzy Madiam, Attorney General of lllino is 
7777 Argus Blv d., Suite 999, Rock Island, IL 61 10 7 
(309) 777-7777 
You know that the agent has recognized that you are not moving in their jurisdiction 
when they send you a return response with the address formatted like the following: 
Notice what they have written for a zip code. 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
P.O. BO X ONE-SEVE N-SEVE N-SIX 
CITY OF BA LTIMORE, MD 00000 
The phrase "Without Prejudice" should be used whenever you use your name and 
address. The convention "FOR ALL COMMU NIQUES ELSEWHERE" is like 
declaring your public bulletin board. In essence, you are saying, "If you want to 
notice me, this is where you 'post' your notice." The use of the Zip Code is 
voluntary per Domestic Mail Services Regulations, Se ction 12 2.32. You should also 
know that the Postal service cannot discriminate against the non-use of the ZIP 
Code. Postal Reorganization Act, Se ction 403 , (Public Law 91-375). The federal 
government utilizes the ZIP code to prove that you reside in a "federal district of the 
District of Columbia. " This is why the IRS and other government agen cies (state 
and federal) require a ZIP Code when they assert jurisdiction by sending you 
a letter. They claim that this speeds the mail, but this is a sly and subtle TRICK. It is 
also PRIMA FACIE evidence that you are a subject of Congress and a "citizen of 
the District of Columbia" who is "resident" in one of the several States. 
2. Sa mple signature block: (is placed on the right hand side of the page -off center!) 
Sample : 
Si ncerely, 
Without Prejudice/All rights reserved 
/S/ ________________________________ __ 
.. your name here .. , Se cured Party Creditor, Authorized 
Representative, Attorney-In-Fact on behalf of BENJAMIN 
FREEDOM FRANK LIN©, Ens legis 
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PROCESS OVERVIEW
1. Collect all evidence (indicia) of adhesion (contracts, licenses, permits, etc.). These will be
listed in box 4 of your VCC Financing Statement, a.k. a., VCC-I.
• Birth Certificate Regist ration Number
• Library Card Number
• Social Se curity Number
• Vehicle License Numbers (drivers, boating, and or pilots license)
• Fish and Game Licenses
• Marriage license Number
• Pas sport Number
• Profession al License Numbers, e.g., Accountant, Contractors, Doctor,
Engineering, Minist erial, etc.
• Any other licenses or permits
Note : Even if you'v e been living in a cave for most of your life and you have just
'po pped' out and discovered redemption, you can still become a secured party. Box 4 on
your VCC-I would then reference only the four primary documents. Your biologica l
property (the only property that you would have in this case) is secured in the Security
Agreement. The purpose for filing in this case would be to pre-empt the potential
liability for becoming ensnared in the matrix. You are a "deer in the headlights" and will
most likely be eventually captured. Since you would not have a birth certificate, the
Charge Back process could not be completed.
Note : If you have been separated from your 'i ndicia of adhesion' contracts (licenses,
permits , etc.) by loss (theft or fire), they can be placed on a VCC-3 at a later time,
including any other contract numbers from licenses or permits, etc., by com pleting a
VCC Financing Statement Amendment, a.k. a. , VCC -3. See details at the end of this
section of the manual.
2. Documents Referenced in the VCC Financing Statement (VCC-I):
• Se curity Agreement
• Power of Attorney
• Common Law Copyright
• Hold Harmless & Indemnity Agreement
3. VCC Financing Statement (VCC-I)
4. Documents used in the Chargeback Process:
• Cover Letter to Sec. of the Treasury; Timothy Geithner (2006 forward?)
• Bill of Exchange (letter format) for Birth Certificate
• Birth Certificate Accepted for Value
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• True and correct copy of UCC Financing St atement (UCC-l)
• 10 40 ES
Submitting of documents to the Se cretary of the Treasury of the United St ates.
5. UCC Financing Statement Addendum (UCC-3)
You will notice that there are sample forms filled out in the name of "Benjamin Freedom
Franklin." Read and review the forms. Following the form is a generic copy of the form. It is not
suggested that one copy any of the forms out of the book and 'f ill-in' the blanks with pen, as it
reduces the professional appearance of the forms. The 'Bla nk' forms are on the 'CD ' to pull up
on your computer to input your information to prepare the form for your process/filing on
computer, or having the forms copied whereby you can use a typewriter if that is all you have !
See the data sheet for the particular placement of the required information on each document.
The security agreement, in principle, should be done first, signed and notarized, as it is the first
agreement between your debtor and you.
AS TO FOO TERS :
The footer in all of your documents should look like the following: (sample :)
1 of 7 - Affidavit in Support of Discharge Item # l0 2509-l/ASDIBFF
Note ; the item number can be the date you created the document, for simplicity. The -1 is the
document in sequence if any, i.e., 1, 2,3, 4,5 as created where there may be multiple documents
per any particular matter.
The only EXCEP TION is the style of the footer of the Se curity Agreement ! Sample indication
within that section and the footer appears on CD file obviously! You can change it any way if
you wish !
AS TO NOTARIZI NG :
NOTE : In respect to the following documents that require notarizing, understand that you have
to go to a 'S tate Commissi oned Off icerlNotary' of the State for Notarizing, who is ONLY to
acknowledge (validate your signature!). it is not their function to analyze or give legal opinion as
to your documents or whatever you are notarizing.
As per your signature block of where you sign before a Notary, it is best to only sign where the
SPC is to sign and then have the Notary notarize thereon ... then later, print your Debtor' s name
in the space above where you signed !
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SECURITY AGREEMENT
Note : The instructions in this section assume that you have the required resources.
However, if you are completing the process manually or with a typewriter, you can still
follow along. Whenever forms are called out, you may substitute a copy of the
appropriate form from the 'CD ' in Se ction 10 , or type one from scratch at your option.
SE CURITY AGREEM ENT : The Security Agreement is the first document that must be filled
out and notarized before proceeding with the rest of the process because it is the authority or
basis for becoming a Sec ured Party Creditor. It is the agreement that transfers a security interest
in personal property between the public side debtor (Straw-man) and the private-side creditor
(secured party). The security interest is normally perfected either by the creditor taking
possession of the collateral or by filing financing statements in the proper public records. Once
security agreement is perfected (filed first in time-first in line), you as creditor has first priority
right of posses sion, and lien. (The UCC-l or 3 establishes 's uperior security interest and lien '
bad replacement title in the property as supported by your security agreement. Si nce all property
has been pledged to the state and owned by the International Bankers, it now has been
'redeemed ' after the filings (UCC-l & 3's ).
1. Place the bonus CD in your drive and open the file : "Security Agreement ." You can use
the sample to guide you in preparing your Se curity Agreement. For those of you who do
not have the Bonus CD, the samples follow these instructions.
2. Now open the file "Security Agreement", and Double-click on the footer section. Replace
the single instance of UNIQUE_ID with the document ID that you have chosen for your
Se curity tr ement, and the two instances of SP _NAME. After replacing each identifier,
click the ,;It button on toolbar to deselect the bold text and change the font color back to
black with the 6. drop-down tool on the toolbar. When you are done, close the pop-up
toolbar and go to the top of the document.
3. Scan the pages called out in the table below and replace each identifier listed in the table
with your personal information. All identifiers are color coded in bold text for easy
identification. After replacing each identifier, click the button toolbar to deselect the bold
text, and change the font color back to black with the drop-down tool on the toolbar.
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10 DT STATE 
11 DT ZIP 
12 SSN 
13 SP NAM E 
14 SP ADDRESS 
15 SP CITY 
16 SP_STATE 
17 SP _ZI P 
18 SP COUNT RY 
2 1 DT NAM E 
2 SP NAM E 
3 DT NAM E 
3 1 UN IQU E ID (B OE) 
9 1 COU NTY NAM E 
2 STATE NAM E 
4. Print the name of your Debtor in all capital letters, and sign the name in upper and lower 
case, using the format of your secured party name. Both signatures must be in blue-ink. 
s. Notarize your original and then make 4 or 5 color copies (Place the original and two color 
copies in a safe place) ... But take one of those, make 4 or 5 black-n-white copies, of 
which on these, in the margin area below the 'bla ck signature, ' draw a line and sign on 
the line in Blue Ink! These are 'True & Correct' copies ... to be used as exhibits and/or 
mailed out as needed. 
6. Note ; Per the new SCHEDULE A, in filling that portion out, after reading it, use common sense 
in filling in the blanks ! 
Sample Security Agreement follows : 
Note ; the follow Security Agreement has been upgraded and expanded ! 
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SECU RI TY AGR EEMENT 
NON-NEGOTIABLE 
This Secu rity Agreement is made and entered into this 10th day of October 2009 [1] by and between 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN [2] , DEBTOR, herein after "DEBTOR," SOCIAL SECURITY 
ACCOUNT NUMBER 101 -88-1 776 , and Benjamin Freedom Franklin [3] , Secured Party, hereinafter 
"Sec ured Party ." If any part or portion of this Secu rity Agreement is found to be invalid or unenf orceab le, 
such part or portion shall not void any other part or portion as reasonably segregable from said parte s) or 
portiones). The Parties , herein after "Partie s," are identified as follo ws: 
DEB TOR [4] 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN [A N ARTIFICIAL CORPORATE ENTITY / PERSON ] 
P .O . BO X 17 76 
BA LTIMORE, MD 212 01 
UCC CONTRACT TRUST ACCOUNT/Social Se curity Acc ount Number -101-88-17 76 [5] 
Secured Party [6] 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin [ a "Personam Sojum and one of the people of the Posterity" ] 
c/o 17 76 Redemption Road 
Baltimore, Maryland state [2 12 01] 
united States of America 
NOW, THEREFORE, the Parties agree as follo ws: 
AGREEMENT 
In consideration for the Secured Party providing certain accommodations to DEBTOR, inter alia, to 
the Secured Party : 
Debtor, who deems himse lflherself insolvent, hereby under neces sity, grants the above Secured party a 
security interest in the collateral described herein, on any Schedule A's, and as may appear on all UCC 
filings referred to as 'collateral ,' to secure all debtor' s property as well as all so-called income from 
whatever source derived, direct, indirect, absolute or contingent, due or to become due, hereinafter 
arising, held in any account with its due intere st, parole or expre ssed public indebtedne ss and liabilities 
held by Debtor or presented to Debtor, to Secured party in consideration for Sec ured Party providing 
certain things and accommodations for Debtor, including but not limited to: 
1. Constituting the sourc e, origin, substance, and being, i.e. basis of "pre-existing claim," from which 
the exi stence of DEBTOR was derived and on the basis of which DEBTOR is able to function as a 
transmitting utility to conduct Commercial Activity as a conduit for the transmis sion of goods and 
serv ices to the Secured Party, and to interact, contract, and exchange goods, serv ices, obligations, and 
liabilities with other DEBTORS, corporat ions, and artificial persons in Commer ce; 
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2. Signing by accommodation for DEBTOR in all cases whatsoever wherein any signature of DEBTOR 
is required; 
3. Issu ing a binding commitment to extend credit or for the extension of immediately available credit, 
whether or not drawn upon and whether or not a charge back is provided for in the 
event of difficulties in collect ion; 
4. Providing the security for payment of all sums due or owing, or to become due or owing, by 
DEBTOR; and 
5. Constituting the source of the assets, via the sentient existence, exer cise of facultie s, and labor of the 
Sec ured Party, that provide the valuable consideration sufficient to support any contract which 
DEBTOR may execute or to which DEBTOR may be regarded as bound by any person whatsoever, 
DEBTOR hereby confirms that this Secu rity Agreement is a duly executed, signed, and sealed private 
contract entered into knowingly, intentionally, and voluntarily by DEBTOR and Secured Party, 
wherein and whereby DEBTOR: 
a. Voluntarily enters DEBTOR in the Commercial Registry; 
b. Transfers and assigns to the Se cured Party a security interest in the Collateral described herein 
bel ow; and 
c. Agrees to be, act, and function in law and commerce, as the unincorporated, proprietary 
trademark of the Secu red Party for exclu sive and discretionary use by the Se cured Party in any 
manner that the Secured Party, by Sovereign and Unalienable Right, elects . 
PUB LIC LAWFUL NOTICE 
Filing of this Security Agreement by the Parties constitutes open, lawful, public notice that: 
1. The law, venue, and ju risdiction of this Security Agreement is the ratified, finalized, signed, and 
sea led private contract fre ely entered into by and between DEBTOR and the Secu red Party as 
re gistered herewith. 
2. This Secu rity Agreement is contractually complete herein and herewith and cannot be abrogated, 
altered, or amended, in whole or part, without the expre ss, written consen t of both DEBTOR and 
the Secured Party. 
3. The Secured Party signing, signs by accommodation for the DEBTOR, when ne cessa ry, in every 
manner where the debtor' s signature is required. The Secured Party reserve s the right to make 
sufficient claims to secure such indebtedne ss until satisfied in whole. 
4. The Secured Party as Creditor, with standing and capacity, agrees to issue or extend credit, on 
behalf of the DEBTOR, whether or not such credit is drawn upon or not reimbursed in the event of 
difficulties in collection thereof. 
5. DEBTOR is the commercial transmitting utility, and unincorporated, proprieta ry trademark of the 
Secu red Party with DEBTOR name being common law copyrighted and all property of DEBTOR is 
the secured property of the Sec ured Party. 
6. Any unauthorized use of DEBTOR or DEBTORS name in any manner that might influence , affect, 
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pertain to, or be presumed to pertain to the Secured Party in any manner is expre ssly prohibited 
without the written consent of the Secured Party. 
7. DEBTOR declares it is an 'E ns leg is' legal entity recognized as such and has rights and privileges 
recognized under the laws the UNITED STATES, Inc ., and has been the case since its creation in 
BIRTH YEAR [15]. 
8. All legal means to protect the security interest being established by this Agreement will be used by 
the Secured Party whenever ne cessar y and all support needed by the Secured Party to protect 
his/her security interest in the coll ateral herein identified or otherwise added will be provided by the 
Secured Party including but not limited by commerci al/tort lien proce ss, by agreement of the 
DEBTOR. 
Execution of this security agreement incorporates a promise that the DEBTOR will direct the 
execution of such commercial forms, including but not limited to financing statements such as may be 
nece ssary to assu re that the Se cured Party 's interest is perfected and protected. The security interest 
established by this agreement will continue until the Secured Party is relieved of all liability associated 
herein to the DEBTOR, and until all owing and due consideration to the Sec ured Party has been 
delivered, regard less of whether the collateral identified in this agreement is in the posses sion of the 
DEBTOR or the Secured Party. 
DEBTOR warrants that Se cured Party' s claim against the collateral is enforceable according to the 
terms and conditions expre ss ed herein and according to all applicable laws promulgated for the purpose 
of protecting the interest of a creditor against a debtor. 
DEBTOR also warrants that it holds good and marketable title to the collateral, free and clear of all 
actual and lawful liens and encumbrances except for the interest established therein, and except for 
substantial interest as may have been privately established by agreement of the parties with attention to 
the elements nece ssar y to est ablish a valid contract under international contract law. 
Public encumbrances presented to or belonging to the DEBTOR against the collateral shall remain 
secondary to this agreement, unless registered prior to the regist ration of Secured Party 's interest in the 
same collateral, as is well -established in international commercial law. 
GENERAL PROVISIONS 
Possession of Collateral 
Collateral or evidence of coll ateral may remain in the posses sion of the debtor, to be kept at the 
addre ss given in this agreement by the debtor or such other place(s) approved by Secu red Party, and 
notice of changes in location must be made to the Secured Party within ten (10) days of such relocation. 
Debtor agrees not to other wise remove the collateral except as is expected in the ordinary course of 
business, including sale of inventory, exchange , and other acceptable re asons for removal. When in doubt 
as to the legal ramifications for relocation, debtor agrees to acquire prior written authorization from the 
Secured Party. Debtor may possess all tangible personal property included in collateral, and have 
beneficial use of all other collateral, and may use it in any lawful manner not inconsistent with this 
agreement, except that debtor' s right to posses sion and beneficial use may also apply to collateral that is 
in the possess ion of the Secured Party if such possessio n is required by law to perfect Secu red Party 's 
interest in such collateral. If Sec ured Party, at any time, has posses sion of any part of the collateral, 
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whether before or after an event of default, Secured Party shall be deemed to have exercised reasonable 
care in the custody and preservation of the collateral, if Secured Party takes such action for that purpose 
as deemed appropriate by the Secured Party under the circumstances. 
Proceeds and Products from Collateral 
Unless waived by secured party, all proceeds and products from the disposi tion of the collateral, for 
whatever reason, shall be held in trust for Secured Party and shall not be commingled with any other 
accounts or funds without the consent of the Secured Party. Notice of such proceeds shall be delivered to 
Secured Party immediately upon receipt. Except for inventory sold or accounts collected in the ordinary 
course of debtor's public busin ess, debtor agrees not to sell, offer to sell, or otherwise transfer or dispose 
of the collateral; nor to pledge, mortgage, encumber, or otherwi se permit the collateral to be subject to a 
lien, security interest, encumbrance, or charge, other than the security interested established by thi s 
agreement, without the prior written consent of the Secured Party. 
Maintenance of Collateral 
Debtor agrees to maintain all tangible collateral in good condition and repair, and not to commit or 
permit damage to or destruction of the collateral or any part of the collateral. Secured Party and hi s 
designated representatives and agents shall have the right at all reasonable times to examine, inspect, and 
audit the collateral wherever located. Debtor shall immediately notify secured party of all cases involving 
the return, rejection, repossession, loss, or damage of or to the collateral; of all requests for credit or 
adjustment of collateral, or dispute arising with respect to the collateral; and generally of all happenings 
and events affecting the collateral or the value or the amount of the collateral. 
Compliance with Law 
Debtor shall comply promptly with all laws, ordinances, and regulations of all governmental 
authorities applicable to the production, di sposition , or use of the collateral. Debtor may contest in good 
faith any such law, ordinance, or regulation without compliance during a proceeding, including 
appropriate appeals, so long as Secured Party's interest in the collateral, in Secured Party's opinion, is not 
jeopardized. Secured Party may, at his option, intervene in any situation that appears to place the 
collateral in jeopardy. 
Public Disputes 
Debtor agrees to pay all applicable taxes, assessments, and liens upon the collateral when due ; 
provided that such taxes, assessments, and liens are proved to be superior to the lawful claim established 
by this agreement and subsequently perfected by the Secured Party by appropriate registration. In the 
event that debtor elects to dispute such taxes, assessments, and liens, Secured Party's interest mu st be 
protected at all tim es, at the sole opinion of the Secured Party, who may, at his option, intervene in any 
situation that appears to jeopardize secured party's interest in the collateral. Debtor may elect to continue 
pursuit of dispute of such taxes, assessments, and liens, only upon production of a surety bond by public 
claimant(s), in favor of the secured party, suffici ent to protect secured party from loss, including all costs 
and fees associated with such dispute. Should public judgment against the debtor result from such 
di spute, debtor agrees to satisfy such judgment from its accounts established and managed by the 
UNITED STATES or its subdivi sions, agents, officers, or affiliat es, so as not to adversely affect the 
Secured Party's interest in the Collateral. 
Indemnification 
Debtor hereby indemnifies Secured Party from all harm as expressed in the attached indemnity bond, 
incorporated herein as if fully set forth within thi s security agreement. 
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SUBOR DINATION OF DEBTOR'S DEBTS 
TO SEC URED PARTY 
Providing Secured Party, subsequent to the execution of thi s agreement, perfects his security interest 
in the collateral by appropriate registration, debtor agrees that its indebtedne ss to the Secured Party, 
whether now exist ing or hereafter created, shall have priority over unregistered claims that third parties 
may raise against debtor or the collateral, whether or not debtor becomes insolvent. Debtor hereby 
expressly subordinates any claim that the debtor may have against Secured Party, upon any account 
whatsoever, to the claim that Secured Party has or will have against the debtor. 
If Secured Party so requests, all notes or credit agreements now or hereafter established, evidencing 
debts or obligation of debtor to third parties, shall be marked with a legend that the same are subject to 
this agreement and shall be delivered to Secured Party. Debtor agrees, and secured party hereby is 
authorized, in the name of the debtor, to execute and file such financing statements and other commercial 
statements, as Secured Party deems necessary or appropriate to perfect, preserve, and enforce hislher 
rights under this agreement. 
FIDELITY BOND 
Know all men by these presents, that DEBTOR, BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN [9] , establishes 
this bond in favor of the Secured Party, Benjamin-f reedom: Franklin [10], in the sum of present Collateral 
Values up to the penal sum of One Hundred Million United States Dollars (100,000,000.00) , for the 
payment of which bond, well and truly made, DEBTOR binds DEBTOR and DEBTOR 'S heirs, 
executors , administrators, and third-party assigns, jointly and severally, by these presents. 
The condition of the above bond is: the Secured Party covenants to do certain things on behalf of 
DEBTOR, as set forth above in Agreement, and DEBTOR, with regard to conveying goods and services 
in Commercial Activity to the Secured Party, covenants to serve as a 'commercial' transmitting utility 
therefore and, as assurance of fidelity, grants to the Secured Party a Security Interest in the herein below 
described Collateral. 
This bond shall be in force and effect as of the date hereon and until the DEBTOR; BENJAMIN 
FREEDOM FRANKLIN [11], is released from liability by the written order of the UNITED STATES 
GOVERNMENT and provided that said Debtor's Surety; Benjamin-freedom: Franklin [10] may cancel 
this bond and be relieved of further liability hereunder by delivering thirty (30) day written notice to 
DEBTOR . No such cancellation shall affect any liability incurred or accrued hereunder prior to the 
termination of said thirty (30) day period. In such event of notice of cancellation, DEBTOR agrees to 
reissue the bond before the end of said thirty (30) day period for an amount equal to or greater than the 
above-stated value of this Security Agreement, unless the Parties agree otherwise. 
INDEMNITY CLAUSE 
DEBTOR, without the benefit of di scussion or divi sion, does hereby agree, covenant, and undertake 
to indemnify, defend, and hold the Secured Party harmless from and against any and all claims , losses, 
liabilit ies, costs, interests, and expenses, hereinafter referred to as "Claims" or "Cla im," which Claims 
include , without restriction, all legal costs, interests, penalties, and fines suffered or incurred by the 
Secured Party, in accordance with the Secured Party's personal guarantee with respect to any loan or 
indebtedne ss of DEBTOR, including any amount DEBTOR might be deemed to owe to any creditor for 
any reason whatsoever. 
The Secured Party shall promptly advise DEBTOR of any Claim and provide DEBTOR with full 
details of said Claim, inter alia, copy of any document, correspondence, suit, or action received by or 
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served upon the Secured Party. The Secured Party shall fully cooperate with DEBTOR in any discussion,
negotiation, or other proceeding relating to any Claim.
OBLIGATIONS SECUR ED
The security interest granted herein secures any and all indebtedne ss and liability whatsoever of
DEBTOR to the Secured Party, whether direct or indirect, absolute or contingent, due or to become due ,
now exi sting or hereafter arising, and however evidenced.
COLLATER AL
The collateral to which this Security Agreement pertains to, inter alia, all herein below
described personal and real property of DEBTOR, now owned or hereafter, acquired by DE BTOR, in
which the Secured Party holds all interest. DEBTOR retains possession and use, and rights of possession
and use, of all collateral, and all proceeds, products , accounts, and fixture s, and the Orders there from, are
released to DEBTOR.
Before any of the below-itemized property can be disbursed, exchanged, sold, tendered,
forfeited, gifted, transferred, surrendered, conveyed, destroyed, disposed of, or otherwise removed from
DEBTOR 'S possession, settlement via Notice of Lien herein must be satisfied in full and
acknowledgment of same completed to satisfaction of Secure Party.
1. All proceeds, products , accounts, and fixtures from crops, mine head, wellhead, with transmitting
utilitie s, etc. ;
2. All rents, wages, and income ;
3. All land, mineral, water, and air rights ;
4. All cottages, cabins , houses, and buildi ngs;
5. All bank accounts , bank "sa fety" deposit boxes and the contents therein, credit card accounts, mutual
fund accounts, certificates of deposit accounts, checking accounts, savings accounts, retirement plan
accounts , stocks, bonds, securitie s, and benefits from trusts;
6. All inventory in any source;
7. All machinery, either farm or industrial;
8. All boats, yachts, and water craft, and all equipment, accoutrements, baggage, and cargo affixed or
pertaining thereto or stowed therein, inter alia: all motors, engines, ancillary equipment, accessories,
parts, tools, instrument s, electronic equipment, navigation aids , service equipment, lubricants, and
fuels and fuel addit ives;
9. All aircraft, gliders, balloons, and all equipment, accoutrements, baggage, and cargo affixed or
pertaining thereto or stowed therein, inter alia: all motors, engines, ancillary equipment, accessories,
parts, tools, inst rument s, electronic equipment, navigation aids , service equipment, lubricant s, and
fuels and fuel additi ves;
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10. All motor homes, trailers, mobile homes, recreational vehicles, hou se, cargo, and travel trailers, and 
all equipment, accoutrements, baggage, and cargo affixed or pertaining thereto or stowed therein, 
inter alia: all ancillary equipment, accessories, parts, service equipment, lubricants, and fuels and fuel 
additive s; 
11. All livestock and animals, and all things required for the care, feeding, use, and husbandry thereof; 
12. All vehicle s, auto s, trucks, four-wheel vehicles, trailers, wagons, motorcycles, bicycles, tricycles, 
wheeled conveyances; 
13. All computers, computer-related equipment and accessories, electronically stored files or data, 
telephones, electronic equipment, office equipment and machine s; 
14. All visua l reproduction systems, aural reproduction Systems, motion picture s, films , video tapes, 
audio tapes, sound tracks, compact discs, phonograph records, film, video and aural production 
equipment, cameras, projectors, and musical instruments; 
15. All manuscripts, booklets, pamphlets, treatises, treatments, monographs, stories, written material, 
libraries, plays, screenplays, lyrics, songs, music; 
16. All books and records of DEBTOR; 
17. All Trademarks, Registered Marks, copyrights, patents, proprietary data and technology, invent ions, 
royalties, good will ; 
18. All scholastic degrees, diplomas, honors, awards, meritorious citatio ns; 
19. All records, diaries, journals, photographs, negatives, transparencies, images, video footage, film 
footage, drawings, sound records, audio tapes, video tapes, computer production or storage of all 
kinds whatsoever, of DEBTOR; 
20. All fingerprints, footprints, palm prints, thumbpri nts, RNA material s, DNA materi als, blood and 
blood fractions, biopsies, surgically removed ti ssue, bodily parts, organ s, hair, teeth, nails, semen, 
urine, other bodily fluids or matter, voice-print, retinal image , and the descriptions thereof, and all 
other corporal identification factors, and said factors physical counterparts, in any form, and all 
records, record numbers, and information pertaining thereto; 
21. All biometrics data, records, informati on, and processes not elsewhere described, the use thereof; and 
the use of the information contained therein or pertaining thereto; 
22. All Rights to obtain, use, request, or refuse or authorize the administration of, any food, beverage, 
nourishment, or water, or any substance to be infused or injected into, or affecting the body by any 
means whatsoever; 
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23. All Rights to request, refuse, or authorize the administration of; any drug, manipulation, material, 
process, procedure, ray, or wave which alters, or might alter the present or future state of the body, 
mind, spirit, or will by any means, method, or process whatsoever; 
24. All keys, locks, lock combinati ons, encryption codes or keys, safes, secured places, and security 
device s, security programs, and any software, machinery, or devices related thereto; 
25 . All Rights to access and use utilities upon payment of the same unit costs as the comparable units of 
usage offered to most-favored customers, inter alia, cable, electricity, garbage, gas, internet, satellite, 
sewage, telephone, water, www (computer services), and all other methods of communication, energy 
transmi ssion, and food or water distribut ion ; 
26. All Rights to barter, buy, contract, sell, or trade ideas , products, services, or work; 
27. All Rights to create, invent, adopt, utilize, or promulgate any system or means of currency, money, 
medium of exchange, coinage, barter, economic exchange, bookkeeping, record-keeping, and the like ; 
28. All Rights to use any free, rented, leased, fixed, or mobile domicile, as though same were a 
permanent domicile , free from requirement to apply for or obtain any government license or 
permission and free from entry, intrusion, or surveillance, by any means, regardless of duration of 
lease period, so long as any required lease is currently paid or a subsequent three-day grace period has 
not expired; 
29. All Rights to manage, maneuver, direct, guide, or travel in any form of automobile or motorized 
conveyance whatsoever without any requirement to apply for or obtain any government license, 
permit, certificate, or permissi on of any kind whatsoever; 
30. All Rights to marry and procreate children, and to rear, educate, train, guide, and spiritually enlighten 
any such children, without any requirement to apply for or obtain any government license, permit, 
certificate, or permission of any kind whatsoever; 
31. All Rights to buy, sell, trade, grow, raise, gather, hunt, trap, angle, and store food, fiber, and raw 
materials for shelter, clothing, and survival ; 
32. All Rights to exercise freedom of religion, worship, use of sacraments, spiritual practice, and 
expression without any abridgment of free speech, or the right to publish, or the right to peaceably 
assemble, or the right to petition Government for redress of grievances, or petition any military force 
of the United States for physical protection from threats to the safety and integrity of person or 
property from either "publ ic" or "private" sources; 
33. All Rights to Keep and Bear Arms for self-defense of self; family, and parties entreating physical 
protection of person or property; 
34. All Rights to create, preserve, and maintain inviolable, spiritual sanctuary and receive into same any 
and all parties requesting safety and shelter; 
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35. All Rights to create documents of travel of every kind whatsoever, inter alia, those signifying
diplomatic status and immunity as a free, independent, and Sovereign State-in-fact;
36. All claims of ownership or certificates of title to the corporeal and incorporeal hereditam ents,
hereditary succession, and all innate aspects of being, i.e. mind, body, soul, free will, faculties, and
self, including but not limited to DNA, Blood and Retina Scans, etc;
37. All Rights to privacy and security in person and property, inter alia, all Rights to safety and security
of all household or sanctuary dwellers or guests, and -all papers and effects belonging to DEBTOR or
any household or sanctuary dwellers or guests, against governmental, quasi-governmental, defacto
governmental, or private intru sion, detainer, entry, seizure, search, surveillance, trespas s, assault,
summons, or warrant, except with proof of superior claim duly filed in the Commercial Registry by
any such intruding party in the private capacity of such intruding party, notwithstanding whatever
purported authority, warrant, order, law, or color of law may be promulgated as the authority for any
such intrusion, detainer, entry, seizure , search, surveillance, trespass, assault, summon s, or warrant;
38. All names used and all Corporations Sole executed and filed, or to be executed and filed, under said
names;
39. All intellectual property, inter alia, all speaking and writing;
40. All signatures and seals;
41. All present and future retirement incom es, and rights to such incomes, issuing from any of
DEBTORS accounts;
42. All present and future medical and healthcare rights, and rights owned through survivorship, from
any of DEBTORS accounts;
43. All applications, filings, correspondence, information, identifying marks, image licenses or travel
documents, material s, permits , registrations, and records and records numbers held by any entity, for
any purpose, however acquired, as well as the analyses and uses thereof, and any use of any
information and images contained therein, regardless of creator, method, location, process, or storage
form, inter alia, all processed algorithms analyzing, classifying, comparing, compressing, displaying,
identifying, processing, storing, or transmitting said applications, filin gs, correspondence,
informati on, identifying marks, image licenses or travel document s, material s, permits , registrations ,
and records and records numbers, and the like ;
44. All library cards;
45. All credit, charge, and debit cards, and mortgages, notes, applications , card numbers, and associated
records and information;
46. All credit of DEBTOR ;
47. All traffic citations/tick ets;
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48. All parking citations/tickets;
49. All court cases and judgments, past, present, and future, in any court whatsoever, and all bonds,
orders, warrants, and other matters attached thereto or derived there from;
50. All precious metals, bullion , coins, jewelry, precious jewels, semi-precious stones, mounts, and any
storage boxes within which said items are stored;
51 . All tax correspondence, filings, notices, coding, record numbers, and any information contained
therein, wherever and however located, and no matter by whom said information was obtained,
compiled, codified, recorded, stored, analyzed, processed, communicated, or utilized ;
52. All bank accounts, bonds, certificates of deposit, drafts, futures, insurance policies, investment
securities , Individual Retirement Accounts , money market accounts, mutual funds, notes, options ,
puts, calls, pension plans, savings accounts, stocks, warrants, 40 1-Ks, and the like ;
53. All accounts, deposits, escrow accounts, lotterie s, overpayments, prepayments, prizes, rebates,
refunds, returns, Treasury Direct Accounts , claimed and unclaimed funds, and all records and records
numbers, correspondence, and information pertaining thereto or derived there from;
54. All cash, coins , money, Federal Reserve Notes, and Silver Certificate s;
55. All drugs, herbs, medicine, medical supplies, cultivated plants, growing plants, inventory, ancillary
equipment, supplies, propagating plants, and seeds, and all related storage facilities and supplies;
56. All products of and for agriculture, and all equipment, inventorie s, supplies, contracts, accoutrements
involved in the planting, tilling, harvesting, processing, preservation, and storage of all products of
agriculture ;
57. All farm, lawn, and irrigation equipment, accessories, attachments, hand-tool s, implements, service
equipment, parts, and supplies, and storage sheds and contents;
58 . All fuel, fuel tanks, containers, and involved or related delivery systems ;
59. All metal-working, woodworking, and other such machinery, and all ancillary equipment, accessories,
consum ables, power tool s, hand tool s, inventorie s, storage cabinet s, toolboxes, work benches, shops,
and facilit ies;
60. All camping, fishing, hunting, and sporting equipment, and all special clothing, materials, supplies,
and baggage related thereto;
61. All rifles and guns and related accessories, and ammunition and the integral components thereof;
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62. All radios, televi sions, communication equipment, receivers, transceivers, transmitters , antennas, and
towers, and all ancillary equipment, supplies, computers, software programs, wiring, and related
accoutrements and devices;
63. All power-generating machines or device s, and all storage, conditioning, control, distribution, wiring,
and ancillary equipment pertaining or attached thereto;
64. All computers and computer Systems and the information contained therein, as well as all ancillary
equipment, printers, and data compression or encryption devices and processes;
65. All office and engineering equipment, furniture, ancillary equipment, drawings tools, electronic and
paper files, and items related thereto;
66. All water wells and well-drilling equipment, and all ancillary equipment, chemical s, tools, and
supplies ;
67. All shipping, storing, and cargo containers, and all chassis, truck trailers, vans, and the contents
thereof; whether on-site, in transit, or in storage anywhere;
68. All building materials and prefabricated buildi ngs, and all components or materials pertaining thereto,
before or during manufacture, transportation, storage, building, erection, or vacancy while awaiting
occupancy thereof;
69. All communications and data, and the methods, devices, and forms of information storage and
retrieval , and the products of any such stored information;
70. All books, drawings, magazines, manuals, and reference materials regardless of physical form;
71. All artwork, paintings, etchings, photographic art, lithographs, and serigraphs, and all frames and
mounts pertaining or affixed thereto;
72. All food, and all devices , tools, equipment, vehicle s, machin es, and related accoutrements involved in
food preservation, preparation, growth, transport, and storage;
73. All construction machinery and all ancillary equipment, supplies, materials, fuels, fuel addit ives,
supplies, material s, and service equipment pertaining thereto;
74. All medical, dental, optical, prescription, and insurance records, records numbers, and information
contained in any such records or pertaining thereto;
75. The Will of the DEBTOR;
76. All inheritances gotten or to be gotten;
77. All wedding bands and rings, watche s, wardrobe, and toiletries;
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78. All household goods and appliances, linen, furniture, kitchen utensil s, cutlery, tableware, cooking
utensil s, pottery, antiques;
79. All busin esses, corporations, companies, trusts, partnerships, limited partnerships, organizations ,
proprietorships, and the like , now owned or hereafter acquired, and all books and records thereof and
there from, all income there from, and all accessories, accounts, equipment, information, inventory,
money, spare parts, and computer software pertaining thereto;
80. All packages, parcels, envelopes, or labels of any kind whatsoever which are addressed to, or
intended to be addressed to, DEBTOR, whether received or not received by DEBTOR;
81 . All telephone numbers ;
82. Any property not specifically listed, named, or specified by make, model, serial number, etc. , is
expressly herewith included as collateral of DEBTOR as applies to any and all 'property' as described
in detail in additional VCC- l' s or VCC -3' s under necessity in the exercise of the right of Redemption
in behalf of the Debtor.
NOTE; Secured Party reserves the right to add or amend thi s private security agreement by addition of
Schedule A's as needed or necessary on behalf of the Debtor.
ADVISORY
All instruments and documents referenced/itemized above are accepted for value, with all related
endorsements, front and back, in accordance with VCC § 3-419 and House Joint Resolution 192 of June
5, 1933. This Security Agreement is accepted for value, property of the Secured Party, and not
dischargeable in bankruptcy court as the Secured Party's property is exempt from third-party levy. This
Security Agreement supersedes all previous contracts or security agreements between DEBTOR and the
Secured Party.
DEBTOR agrees to notify all of DEBTOR'S former creditors, would-be creditors, and any would-be
purchasers of any herein-described Collateral, of this Security Agreement, and all such personages are
expressly so-noticed herewith.
This Security Agreement devolves on the Secured Party's heirs and assigns, who are equally as
authori zed, upon taking title to thi s Security Agreement, as the Secured Party to hold and enforce said
Security Agreement via non-negotiable contract, devi se, or any lawful commercial remedy.
The Secured Party will sign by accommodation on behalf of the Debtor when necessary wherever the
signature of the Debtor will be required. Secured Party signs for the Debtor as 'agent' and/or 'Authorized
Representative' of the Debtor. The Secured Party reserves the right to make sufficient claims to secure
such indebted ness until sati sfied in whole.
The Secured Party may/shall issue a binding commitment to extend credit in any capacity or
matter, whether or not reimbursed in the event of dishonor or difficulties in collection; and the Secure
Party in providing the security for payment (discharge) of all sums due or owing, or to become due or
owing by the Debtor per any and all due commercial public or corporate presentments via contract or
otherwise upon the debtor.
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DEFAULT 
The following shall constitute the event(s) of default hereunder: 
1. Failure by DEBTOR to pay any debt secured hereby when due; 
2. Failure by DEBTOR to perform any obligations secured hereby when required to be performed; 
3. Any breach of any warranty by DEBTOR contained in this Security Agreement; or 
4. Any loss, damage, expense, or injury accruing to Secured Party by virtue of the commercial 
transmitti ng-utility function of DEBTOR. 
5. Evidence that a statement, warranty, or representation made or implied in this agreement by 
DEBTOR, is false or misleading in any material respect, either now or at the time made or 
furnished. 
6. Disso lution of termination of DEBTOR'S existence as a legal entity, the insolvency of DEBTOR, 
the appointment of a receiver for all or any portion of DEBTOR'S property, an assignment for the 
benefit of public creditors, or the commencement of proceedings under bankruptcy or insolvency 
laws by or against DEBTOR. 
7. Commencement of foreclosure, whether by action of a tribunal, self-help, repossession, or other 
method, by a creditor of DEBTOR against the collateral. 
8. Garnishment of DEBTOR 'S deposit accounts or employment funds. 
Cure of Default 
If a fault or dishonor under this agreement is curable through an account held by debtor but managed 
by the UNITED STATES or one of its subdivi sions, agents, officers, or affiliate s, such fault or dishonor 
may be cured by the debtor with authorization by Secured Party; and upon advice by the fiducia ry that the 
fault or dishonor has been cured, and no event of default will have occurred. A di shonor under thi s 
agreement, initiated by third party intervention, will not cause a default if such intervention is challenged 
by debtor by its good faith effort to confirm or disprove the validity or reasonableness of a public claim 
which is the basis of the public creditor's proceeding; but debtor must, in that event, deposit such surety 
with secured party as is necessary to indemnif y the secured party from loss. 
Acceleration 
In the event of default, Secured Party may declare the entire indebtedne ss immediately due and 
payable without notic e. 
Liquidation of Collateral 
In the event of default, Secured Party shall have full power to privately or publicly sell, lease, transfer, 
or otherwise deal with the collateral or proceeds or products there-from, in his own name or in the name 
of the debtor. All expenses related to the liquidation of collateral shall become a part of the debtor's 
indebtedne ss. Secured Party may, at his discretion, transfer part or all of the collateral to his/her own 
name or to the name of nominee. 
Rights and Remedies 
The Secured Party shall have all the rights and remedies of a Secured Creditor under the provisions of 
the Uniform Commercial Code as it has been adopted in the state where part or all of the collateral is 
located or presumed to be located, including but not limited to, the right to proceed with self-help with or 
without a public court or tribunal. Rights and remedies available to secured party may be exercised 
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singularly or jointly and in all venues and jurisdictions concurrently at the sole discretion of the Secured 
Party. 
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 
Amendments 
This agreement, together with all related documents, constitutes the entire understanding and 
agreement of the parties as to the matters set forth in this agreement. No alteration of or amendment to 
this agreement shall be effective unless expressed in writing and signed by both parties. 
Applicable Law 
The governing law of thi s Agreement is the agreement of the Parties, supported by the Uniform 
Commercial Code as adopted by the legislature of all States and the ST ATE OF YOUR STATE, 
international contract law, the unwritten Law Merchant as practiced before the Uniform Commercial 
Code was promulgated and applicable maxims of law. 
Expenses 
Debtor agrees to pay upon demand, from such accounts as debtor may have, all Secured Party's costs 
and expenses, including reasonable attorney's fees and other expenses incurred by the Secured Party to 
defend or enforce the provisions of thi s agreement. 
Indebtedness 
The word "i ndebtedness" means the indebtedne ss evidenced by this agreement as a claim against the 
debtor and all its present and future possessions identified in thi s agreement as collateral; and all public 
obligations , debts, and liabilities ascribed to debtor through its contracts and agreements, whether 
expressed or implied, known or unknown, or actual or constructive, that are with the UNITED STATES 
or its subdivi sions, agents, officers, affiliate s, or other public entities; and all claims made by Secured 
Party against debtor, whether exi sting now or in the future, whether they are voluntary or involuntary , due 
or not due , direct or indirect, absolute or contingent, liquidated or unliquidated, regardless of whether 
debtor is or may be liable individually or jointly, or is obligated as, or beneficiary of, a surety or 
accommodation party. 
Related Documents 
The phrase "related document s" means all promissory notes, credit agreements, loan agreements, 
guaranties, security agreements, mortgages, deeds of trust, applications, accounts, licenses, policie s, 
permits , identification cards, account cards, receipts, forms, and all other documents and instruments that 
debtor or its previous surety has or will execute in connection with the debtor's total indebtedne ss. 
Notices 
Except for revocation notices by debtor, all notices required to be given by either party under this 
agreement, shall be in writing and shall be effective when actually delivered or when deposited with the 
United States Post Office or a nationally recognized courier service, first class postage prepaid, addressed 
to the party to whom the notice is to be given at the address shown on thi s agreement or to such other 
address as either party may designate to the other in writing. 
Severability 
If one or more provisions of this agreement shall be held to be invalid or unenforceable for any reason, 
the remaining provi sions shall continue to be valid and enforceable. If a qualified court finds that one or 
more provisions of this agreement is invalid or unenforceable, but that by limiting such provision(s) it 
would become valid or enforceable, such provisi on(s) shall be deemed to be written, construed, and 
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enforced as so limited. In the event t hat such a finding and limitation causes damage or hardship to either
party, the agreement shall be amended in a lawful manner to make all parties whole.
Waiver of Contractual Right
The failure of either party to enforce one or more provisions of this agreement shall not be construed
as a waiver or limitation of that party's right to subsequently enforce and compel strict compliance with
every provision of this agreement. Secured party shall not be deemed to have waived rights under this
agreement unless such waiver is given in writing and signed by secured party. No delay or omiss ion on
the part of Secured Party in exercising a right shall operate as a waiver of such right or any other right. A
waiver by Secured Party of a provision of thi s agreement shall not prejudice or constitute a waiver of
secured party's right otherwise to demand strict compliance with that provision or any other provision of
thi s agreement. No prior waiver by Secured Party, nor any course of dealing between secured party and
debtor, shall constitute a waiver of Secured Party's rights or of debtor's obligations under thi s agreement
as to future transactions. Whenever the consent of Secured Party is required under this agreement, the
granting of such consent by secured party in one instance shall not constitute consent over the whole.
Ambiguities and Interpretation
Each party acknowledges receipt of this agreement and has had the opportunity to have counsel review
it. Any rule of construction claiming ambiguities is to be resolved against the drafting party and shall not
apply in the interpretation of this agreement or its amendments. All statements in this instrument are
important to the parties. Misunderstandings have been resolved prior to execution.
Authority to Represent
A signer of thi s agreement on behalf of a legal entity certifies that he has the authority to sign thi s
agreement and that thi s transaction has been duly authorized by such entity.
Gender
All references within this agreement to a specific gender, include the other.
The Secured Party reserves the right to satisfy any judgment, lien, levy, debt, or obligation, whether
unsecured, secured, or purported to be secured, against DEBTOR by executing a Bill of Exchange against
the Fidelity Bond registered herewith.
The Secured Party reserves the right to define all terms and words as he/she deems necessary.
II
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SCHEDULE A
This Schedule A dated __ Dated __ attached to and incorporated in the attached security
agreement dated the same date, as though fully set forth therein. The following partial itemization of
property constitutes a portion of the collateral referenced in said security agreement, and is not intended
to represent the actual and full extent of said collateral. This Schedule A supplements previous security
agreements describing collateral, that may have been entered by the same parties.
A. Income from every source
B. Proceeds of Secured Party's labor from every source
C. Application for STATE OF __ YOUR STATE __ CERTIFICATION OF BIRTH # __ Birth
Certificate File Number __ , and all other Certificates of Birth, Certificates of Living Birth, Notifications
of Registration of Birth, or Certificates of Registration of Birth, or otherwise entitled documents of birth
whether county, state, federal, or other either ascribed to or derived from the name of the debtor identified
above, or based upon the above described birth document.
D. Application for Social Security # __ SS# with Dashes. __ _
E. __ YOUR STATE __ Driver License # __ driver license number __
F. UCC File Number __ UCC File # __ and all addendums
G. All property listed on the Legal Notice and Demand that is filed in __ YOUR COUNTY, YOUR
STATE __ register of deeds office, including but not limited to the following: all DNA, fingerprints, all
biological identification, all blood, all bodily fluids , all bodilly excretions, all organs, all body parts, all
bodily ti ssues, all thoughts, all intellectual property, are the sole property of Benjamin-Freedom: Franklin,
the Secured Party Creditor. These items of property cannot be taken, used, duplicated, confiscated,
confined, restrained, abused, damaged, influenced , or removed from the Secured Party Benjamin
Freedom: Franklin, without his voluntary, written permission. Any violation of thi s agreement will
constitute a penalty of one hundred millio n 99.999% one ounce silver coins, per occurrence, per officer or
agent involved. This is a contract in admiralty and you may rebut this contract within 21 days. Rebuttal
mu st be per the conditions found in the "Legal Notice and Demand" that is on file, along with thi s
document, in the register of deeds office in __ YOUR COUNTY , YOUR STATE __ .
All Property Belonging to the Debtor belongs to the Creditor, including equity and improvements. See
Florida UCC-I, and Legal Notice and Demand for complete property list.
INDEMNITY BOND
Know all men by these presents, that BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN, the Debtor, hereby
establishes this Indemnity Bond in favor of Benjamin-Freedom: Franklin, the Secured Party, in the sum of
present and future collateral values up to the sum of One Hundred Million United States dollars
($ 100,000,000.00) , in silver dollars, fiat money, or money of account/credit, at par value, for the payment
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of which bond the debtor hereby firmly binds its successors, heirs, executors, administrators, DBA's, 
AKA's, and third-party assigns, jointly and severally. 
The debtor hereby indemnifi es the Secured Party against losses incurred as a result of all claims of 
debts or losses made by any and all persons against the commercial transactions and investments of the 
debtor. The condition of thi s bond is that Secured Party covenants to do certain things on behalf of the 
debtor, as set forth in thi s security agreement of the same date and executing parties; and debtor covenants 
to serve as a transmitting utility to assure beneficial interest in all accounts established and managed by 
the UNITED STATES AND its agent(s)/agencies, corporations or otherwise ; and all goods and services 
in commerce are available to or conveyed from debtor to Secured Party, whichever is appropriate. 
To avert losses of vested rights in the present or future collateral that is the subject of the attached 
security agreement, debtor agrees to make available to the secured party, such accounts established by 
intent of the parties, by operation of law, and/or as constructive trusts, to hold proceeds arising from 
assets belonging to the debtor, and administered by the UNITED STATES or its subdivi sions, agents, or 
affiliates. Pursuant to exi sting laws of the UNITED STATES and the agreement of the parties of the 
attached security agreement, the Secured Party is authorized to assign such funds from said accounts as 
are necessary to settle all past, present, and future public debts and obligations incurred by the debtor on 
behalf of the Secured Party. 
The debtor, without the benefit of discussion or division, does hereby agree, covenant, and undertake 
to indemnify, defend, and hold the Secured Party harmless from and against any and all claims , losses, 
liabilit ies, costs, interests, and expenses including, without restriction, legal costs, interests, penalties, and 
fines previously suffered or incurred, or to be suffered or incurred by the Secured Party, in accordance 
with the Secured Party's personal guarantee with respect to loans or indebtedne ss belonging to the debtor, 
including any amount the debtor might be deemed to owe to a public creditor for any reason whatsoever. 
The Secured Party shall promptly advi se the debtor of all public claims brought by third parties against 
the present or future property of the debtor, all of which is covered by the attached security agreement up 
to the indemnification amount declared herein, and to provide the debtor with full details of said claim( s), 
including copies of all document s, correspondence, suits, or actions received by or served upon the debtor 
through the Secured Party. Secured Party shall fully cooperate with discussion, negotiation, or other 
proceedings relating to such claims. 
This bond shall be in force and effect as of the date it is signed and accepted by the parties, and 
provided that secured party may cancel thi s bond and be relieved of further duty hereunder by delivering 
a thirty (30) day written notice of cancellation to the debtor. No such cancellation shall affect the liability 
incurred by or accrued to Secured Party prior to the conclusion of said thirty (30) day period. In such 
event of notice of cancellation, and in the event the UNITED STATES reinstitutes its constructive claim 
against the collateral, the debtor agrees to reissue the bond before the end of the thirty (30) day period for 
an amount equal to or greater than the above value of the attached security agreement, unless the parties 
agree otherwise. 
NOTICE OF LIEN 
This agreement constitutes an International Commercial Lien on all property (in each of their 
individual capacity/form/item) of the Debtor (indemnitor) on behalf of, and for the benefit of, the Secured 
Party Creditor (indemnitee) in the amount of $100,000,000.00 (ONE HUNDRED MILLION), in silver 
dollars, fiat money, or money of account/credit, at par value. This lien will expire at the moment that the 
indemnitee expires or when thi s lien is satisfied by any Third Party Interloper who seeks to take/seize any 
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Data Sheet For: 
Security Agreement 
The bracketed numbers [ ] that appear on the Sample Secu rity Agreement indicates the 
information to be inputted on your Secu rity Agreement with the example to the right. Remove all 
'number brackets ' on your finished document. 
Item : 
[1] Date S.A. is created and signed 
[2] Debtor/Straw-man Name 
[3] Secured Party Creditor 
[4] Debt or's Name & Address 
Data : (Example) 
October 10, 2009 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
P.O. Box 17 76 
Baltimore, MD 21201 
[5] VCC Contract Trust AccountlS S# 101 -8 8-17 76 
[6] Secured Party Name & Address Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
do 1776 Redemption Road 
Baltimore, Maryland state 212 01 
united States of America 
[7] Your Birth Year Example; 1997 
[8] Secured Party Name Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
[9] Debtor/Straw-man Name BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
[10 ] Secured Party Creditor Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
[11] Debtor /Straw -man Name BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
[1 2] The name of the State your are in! Example; Washington 
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SECURITY AGREEMENT 
NON-NEGOTIABLE 
This Security Agreement is made and entered into thi s __ th day of 200_ [1] by 
and between [2] , DEBTOR, hereinafter "DEB TOR," SOCIAL 
SECURITY ACCOUNT NUMBER __ -_- __ , and [3] , Secured 
Party, hereinafter "S ecured Party." If any part or portion of this Security Agreement is found to be invalid 
or unenforceable, such part or portion shall not void any other part or portion as reasonably segregable 
from said partes) or portiones). The Parties, hereinafter "Part ies," are identified as follows: 
DEB TOR: [4] 
[ AN ARTIFICIAL CORPORATE ENTITY / PERSON] 
P.O. BOX _ _ _ _ 
UCC CONTRACT TRUST ACCOU NT/Social Security Account Number - 10 1- 88- 1776 [5] 
Secured Party : [6] 
_____________ [ a "Personam Sojurn and one of the people of the Posterity" ] 
c/o ___________ _ 
_______ state [ _ __ _ 
united States of America 
NOW, THEREFORE, the Parties agree as follows: 
AGREEMENT 
In consideration for the Secured Party providing certain accommodations to DEBTOR, inter alia, to 
the Secured Party: 
Debtor, who deems himself lherself insolvent, hereby under necessity, grants the above Secured party 
a security interest in the collateral described herein, on any Schedule A's, and as may appear on all UCC 
filings referred to as 'collateral,' to secure all debtor's property as well as all so-called income from 
whatever source derived, direct, indirect, absolute or contingent, due or to become due , hereinafter 
arising, held in any account with its due interest, parole or expressed public indebtedne ss and liabilities 
held by Debtor or presented to Debtor, to Secured party in consideration for Secured Party providing 
certain things and accommodations for Debtor, including but not limited to: 
1. Constituting the source, origin, substance, and being, i.e. basis of "pre-existing claim," from which 
the exi stence of DEBTOR was derived and on the basis of which DEBTOR is able to function as a 
transmitting utility to conduct Commercial Activity as a conduit for the transmission of goods and 
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services to the Secured Party, and to interact, contract, and exchange goods, services, obligation s, and 
liabilities with other DEBTORS , corporations, and artificial persons in Commerce; 
2. Signing by accommodation for DEBTOR in all cases whatsoever wherein any signature of DEBTOR 
is required; 
3. Issuing a binding commitment to extend credit or for the extension of immediately available credit, 
whether or not drawn upon and whether or not a chargeback is provided for in the 
event of difficulties in collection; 
4. Providing the security for payment of all sums due or owing, or to become due or owing, by 
DEBTOR; and 
5. Constituting the source of the assets, via the sentient existen ce, exercise of facultie s, and labor of the 
Secured Party, that provide the valuable consideration sufficient to support any contract which 
DEBTOR may execute or to which DEBTOR may be regarded as bound by any person whatsoever, 
DEBTOR hereby confirms that thi s Security Agreement is a duly executed, signed, and sealed private 
contract entered into knowingly, intentionally, and voluntarily by DEBTOR and Secured Party, 
wherein and whereby DEBTOR : 
a. Voluntarily enters DEBTOR in the Commercial Registry; 
b. Transfers and assigns to the Secured Party a security interest in the Collateral described herein 
below ; and 
c. Agrees to be, act, and function in law and commerce, as the unincorporated, proprietary 
trademark of the Secured Party for exclusive and discretiona ry use by the Secured Party in any 
manner that the Secured Party, by Sovereign and Unalienable Right, elects. 
PUB LIC LAWFUL NOTICE 
Filing of thi s Security Agreement by the Parties constitutes open, lawful, public notice that: 
1. The law, venue, and jurisdiction of this Security Agreement is the ratified, finalized, signed, and 
sealed private contract freely entered into by and between DEBTOR and the Secured Party as 
registered herewith. 
2. This Security Agreement is contractually complete herein and herewith and cannot be abrogated, 
altered, or amended, in whole or part, without the express, written consent of both DEBTOR and the 
Secured Party. 
3. The Secured Party signing, signs by accommodation for the DEBTOR, when necessary, in every 
manner where the debtor's signature is required. The Secured Party reserves the right to make 
sufficient claims to secure such indebtedness until sati sfied in whole. 
4. The Secured Party as Creditor, with standing and capacity, agrees to issue or extend credit, on behalf 
of the DEBTOR, whether or not such credit is drawn upon or not reimbursed in the event of 
difficult ies in collection thereof. 
5. DEBTOR is the commercial transmitting utility, and unincorporated, proprietary trademark of the 
Secured Party with DEBTOR name being common law copyrighted and all property of DEBTOR is 
the secured property of the Secured Party. 
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6. Any unauthorized use of DEBTOR or DEBTORS name in any manner that might influence, affect, 
pertain to, or be presumed to pertain to the Secured Party in any manner is expressly prohibited 
without the written consent of the Secured Party. 
7. DEBTOR declares it is an 'Ens legis' legal entity recognized as such and has rights and privileges 
recognized under the laws the UNITED STATES, Inc., and has been the case since its creation in 
BIRTH YEAR [7]. 
All legal means to protect the security interest being established by thi s Agreement will be used by 
the Secured Party whenever necessary and all support needed by the Secured Party to protect hislher 
security interest in the collateral herein identified or otherwise added will be provided by the Secured 
Party including but not limited by commerci al/tort lien process, by agreement of the DEBTOR. 
Execution of this security agreement incorporates a promise that the DEBTOR will direct the 
execution of such commercial forms, including but not limited to financing statements such as may be 
necessary to assure that the Secured Party's interest is perfected and protected. The security interest 
established by this agreement will continue until the Secured Party is relieved of all liability associated 
herein to the DEBTOR, and until all owing and due consideration to the Secured Party has been 
delivered, regardless of whether the collateral identified in this agreement is in the possession of the 
DEBTOR or the Secured Party. 
DEBTOR warrants that Secured Party's claim against the collateral is enforceable according to the 
terms and conditions expressed herein and according to all applicable laws promulgated for the purpose 
of protecting the interest of a creditor against a debtor. 
DEBTOR also warrants that it holds good and marketable title to the collateral, free and clear of all 
actual and lawful liens and encumbrances except for the interest established therein, and except for 
substantial interest as may have been privately established by agreement of the parties with attention to 
the elements necessary to establish a valid contract under international contract law. 
Public encumbrances presented to or belonging to the DEBTOR against the collateral shall remain 
secondary to thi s agreement, unless registered prior to the registration of Secured Party's interest in the 
same collateral, as is well-established in international commercial law. 
GENERAL PROVISIONS 
Possession of Collateral 
Collateral or evidence of collateral may remain in the possession of the debtor, to be kept at the 
address given in this agreement by the debtor or such other place(s) approved by Secured Party, and 
notice of changes in location must be made to the Secured Party within ten (10 ) days of such relocation. 
Debtor agrees not to otherwi se remove the collateral except as is expected in the ordinary course of 
busin ess, including sale of inventory, exchange, and other acceptable reasons for removal. When in doubt 
as to the legal ramifications for relocation, debtor agrees to acquire prior written authorization from the 
Secured Party. Debtor may possess all tangible personal property included in collateral, and have 
beneficial use of all other collateral, and may use it in any lawful manner not inconsi stent with this 
agreement, except that debtor's right to possession and beneficial use may also apply to collateral that is 
in the possession of the Secured Party if such possession is required by law to perfect Secured Party's 
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interest in such collateral. If Secured Party, at any time, has possession of any part of the collateral, 
whether before or after an event of default, Secured Party shall be deemed to have exercised reasonable 
care in the custody and preservation of the collateral, if Secured Party takes such action for that purpose 
as deemed appropriate by the Secured Party under the circumstances. 
Proceeds and Products from Collateral . 
Unless waived by secured party, all proceeds and products from the disposi tion of the collateral, for 
whatever reason, shall be held in trust for Secured Party and shall not be commingled with any other 
accounts or funds without the consent of the Secured Party. Notice of such proceeds shall be delivered to 
Secured Party immediately upon receipt. Except for inventory sold or accounts collected in the ordinary 
course of debtor's public busin ess, debtor agrees not to sell, offer to sell, or otherwise transfer or dispose 
of the collateral; nor to pledge, mortgage, encumber, or otherwise permit the collateral to be subject to a 
lien, security interest, encumbrance, or charge, other than the security interested established by thi s 
agreement, without the prior written consent of the Secured Party. 
Maintenance of Collateral 
Debtor agrees to maintain all tangible collateral in good condition and repair, and not to commit or 
permit damage to or destruction of the collateral or any part of the collateral. Secured Party and hi s 
designated representatives and agents shall have the right at all reasonable times to examine, inspect, and 
audit the collateral wherever located. Debtor shall immediately notify secured party of all cases involving 
the return, rejection, repossession, loss, or damage of or to the collateral; of all requests for credit or 
adjustment of collateral, or dispute arising with respect to the collateral; and generally of all happenings 
and events affecting the collateral or the value or the amount of the collateral. 
Compliance with Law 
Debtor shall comply promptly with all laws, ordinances, and regulations of all governmental 
authorities applicable to the production, dispo sition , or use of the collateral. Debtor may contest in good 
faith any such law, ordinance, or regulation without compliance during a proceeding, including 
appropriate appeals, so long as Secured Party's interest in the collateral, in Secured Party's opinion, is not 
jeopardized. Secured Party may, at his option, intervene in any situation that appears to place the 
collateral in jeopardy. 
Public Disputes 
Debtor agrees to pay all applicable taxes, assessments, and liens upon the collateral when due ; 
provided that such taxes, assessments, and liens are proved to be superior to the lawful claim es tablished 
by thi s agreement and subsequently perfected by the Secured Party by appropriate registration. In the 
event that debtor elects to dispute such taxes, assessments, and liens, Secured Party's interest mu st be 
protected at all tim es, at the sole opinion of the Secured Party, who may, at his option, intervene in any 
situation that appears to jeopardize secured party's interest in the collateral. Debtor may elect to continue 
pursuit of dispute of such taxes, assessments, and liens, only upon production of a surety bond by public 
claimant(s), in favor of the secured party, sufficient to protect secured party from loss, including all costs 
and fees associated with such dispute. Should public judgment against the debtor result from such 
dispute , debtor agrees to satisfy such judgment from its accounts established and managed by the 
UNITED STATES or its subdivi sions, agents, officers, or af filiat es, so as not to adversely affect the 
Secured Party's interest in the Collateral. 
Indemnification 
Debtor hereby indemnifies Secured Party from all harm as expressed in the attached indemnity bond, 
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incorporated herein as if fully set forth within thi s security agreement. 
SUB ORDINATION OF DEBTOR'S DEBTS 
TO SEC URED PARTY 
Providing Secured Party, subsequent to the execution of this agreement, perfects his security interest 
in the collateral by appropriate registration, debtor agrees that its indebtedness to the Secured Party, 
whether now exist ing or hereafter created, shall have priority over unregistered claims that third parties 
may raise against debtor or the collateral, whether or not debtor becomes insolvent. Debtor hereby 
expressly subordinates any claim that the debtor may have against Secured Party, upon any account 
whatsoever, to the claim that Secured Party has or will have against the debtor. 
If Secured Party so requests, all notes or credit agreements now or hereafter established, evidencing 
debts or obligation of debtor to third parties, shall be marked with a legend that the same are subject to 
this agreement and shall be delivered to Secured Party. Debtor agrees, and secured party hereby is 
authorized, in the name of the debtor, to execute and file such financing statements and other commercial 
statements, as Secured Party deems necessary or appropriate to perfect, preserve, and enforce his/her 
rights under this agreement. 
FIDELITY BOND 
Know all men by these presents, that DEBTOR, [8] , 
establishes thi s bond in favor of the Secured Party, [9] , in the sum of 
present Collateral Values up to the penal sum of One Hundred Million United States Dollars 
($ 100,000,000.00), for the payment of which bond, well and truly made, DEBTOR binds DEBTOR and 
DEBTOR'S heirs, executors, administ rators, and third-party assigns, jointly and severally, by these 
presents. 
The condition of the above bond is: the Secured Party covenants to do certain things on behalf of 
DEBTOR, as set forth above in Agreement, and DEBTOR, with regard to conveying goods and services 
in Commercial Activity to the Secured Party, covenants to serve as a 'commercial' transmitting utility 
therefore and, as assurance of fidelity, grants to the Secured Party a Security Interest in the herein below 
described Collateral. 
Thi s bond shall be in force and effect as of the date hereon and until the DEBTOR; 
_____________ [10], is released from liability by the written order of the UNITED 
STATES GOVERNMENT and provided that said Debtor's Surety; [11] 
may cancel this bond and be relieved of further liability hereunder by delivering thirty (30) day written 
notice to DEBTOR. No such cancellation shall affect any liability incurred or accrued hereunder prior to 
the termination of said thirty (30) day period. In such event of notice of cancellation, DEBTOR agrees to 
reissue the bond before the end of said thirty (30) day period for an amount equal to or greater than the 
above-stated value of this Security Agreement, unless the Parties agree otherwise. 
INDEMNITY CLAUSE 
DEBTOR, without the benefit of di scussion or divi sion, does hereby agree, covenant, and undertake 
to indemnify, defend, and hold the Secured Party harmless from and against any and all claims , losses, 
liabilit ies, costs, interests, and expenses, hereinafter referred to as "Claims" or "Cla im," which Claims 
include, without restriction, all legal costs, interests, penalties, and fines suffered or incurred by the 
Secured Party, in accordance with the Secured Party's personal guarantee with respect to any loan or 
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indebtedne ss of DEBTOR, including any amount DEBTOR might be deemed to owe to any creditor for
any reason whatsoever.
The Secured Party shall promptly advi se DEBTOR of any Claim and provide DEB TOR with full
details of said Claim, inter alia, copy of any document, correspondence, suit, or action received by or
served upon the Secured Party. The Secured Party shall fully cooperate with DEBTOR in any discussion,
negotiation, or other proceeding relating to any Claim.
OBLIGATIONS SECU RED
The security interest granted herein secures any and all indebtedne ss and liability whatsoever of
DEBTOR to the Secured Party, whether direct or indirect, absolute or contingent, due or to become due ,
now exist ing or hereafter arising, and however evidenced.
COLLA TERAL
The collateral to which thi s Security Agreement pertains to, inter alia, all herein below
described personal and real property of DEBTOR, now owned or hereafter, acquired by DEBTOR, in
which the Secured Party holds all interest. DEBTOR retains possession and use, and rights of possession
and use, of all collateral, and all proceeds, products, accounts, and fixture s, and the Orders there from, are
released to DEBTOR.
Before any of the below-itemized property can be disbursed, exchanged, sold, tendered,
forfeited, gifted, transferred, surrendered, conveyed, destroyed, disposed of, or otherwise removed from
DEBTOR'S possession, settlement via Notice of Lien herein must be satisfied in full and
acknowledgment of same completed to satisfaction of Secure Party.
1. All proceeds, products , accounts , and fixtures from crops, mine head, wellhead, with transmitting
utilitie s, etc. ;
2. All rents, wages, and income ;
3. All land, mineral, water, and air rights;
4. All cottages, cabins , houses, and buildings ;
5. All bank accounts, bank "s afety" deposit boxes and the contents therein, credit card accounts, mutual
fund accounts, certificates of deposit accounts, checking accounts, savings accounts, retirement plan
accounts , stocks , bonds, securitie s, and benefits from trusts;
6. All inventory in any source;
7. All machinery, either farm or industrial;
8. All boats, yachts, and water craft, and all equipment, accoutrements, baggage, and cargo affixed or
pertaining thereto or stowed therein, inter alia: all motors, engines, ancillary equipment, accessories,
parts, tools, instrument s, electronic equipment, navigation aids , service equipment, lubricant s, and
fuels and fuel addit ives;
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9. All aircraft, gliders, balloons, and all equipment, accoutrements, baggage, and cargo affixed or 
pertaining thereto or stowed therein, inter alia: all motors, engines, ancillary equipment, accessories, 
parts, tools, instruments, electronic equipment, navigation aids, service equipment, lubricants, and 
fuels and fuel additives; 
10. All motor homes, trailers, mobile homes, recreational vehicles, hou se, cargo, and travel trailers, and 
all equipment, accoutrements, baggage, and cargo affixed or pertaining thereto or stowed therein, 
inter alia: all ancillary equipment, accessories, parts, service equipment, lubricants, and fuels and fuel 
addit ives; 
11. All livest ock and animals, and all things required for the care, feeding, use, and husbandry thereof; 
12. All vehicle s, auto s, trucks, four-wheel vehicles, trailers, wagons, motorcycles, bicycles, tricycles, 
wheeled conveyances; 
13. All computers, computer-related equipment and accessories, electronically stored files or data, 
telephones, electronic equipment, office equipment and machine s; 
14. All visua l reproduction systems, aural reproduction Systems, motion picture s, films, video tapes, 
audio tapes, sound tracks, compact discs, phonograph records, film, video and aural production 
equipment, cameras, projectors, and musical instrumen ts; 
15. All manuscripts, booklets, pamphlets, treati ses, treatments, monographs, stories, written material, 
libraries, plays, screenplays, lyrics, songs, music; 
16. All books and records of DEBTOR; 
17. All Trademarks, Registered Marks, copyrights, patents, proprietary data and technology, inventions, 
royalties, good will ; 
18. All scholastic degrees, diplomas, honors, awards, meritorious citat ions ; 
19. All records, diarie s, journals, photographs, negatives, transparencies, images, video footage, film 
footage, drawings, sound records, audio tapes, video tapes, computer production or storage of all 
kinds whatsoever, of DEBTOR; 
20. All fingerprints , footprints, palm prints, thumbprints, RNA material s, DNA materi als, blood and 
blood fractions, biopsies, surgically removed ti ssue, bodily parts, organs, hair, teeth, nails, semen, 
urine, other bodily fluids or matter, voice-print, retinal image , and the descriptions thereof, and all 
other corporal identification factors, and said factors physical counterparts, in any form, and all 
records, record numbers, and information pertaining thereto; 
21. All biometrics data, records, information, and processes not elsewhere described, the use thereof; and 
the use of the information contained therein or pertaining thereto; 
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22. All Rights to obtain, use, request, or refuse or authorize the administration of, any food, beverage, 
nourishment, or water, or any substance to be infused or injected into, or affecting the body by any 
means whatsoever; 
23. All Rights to request, refuse, or authorize the administration of; any drug, manipulation, material, 
process, procedure, ray, or wave which alters, or might alter the present or future state of the body, 
mind, spirit, or will by any means, method, or process whatsoever; 
24. All keys, locks, lock combinati ons, encryption codes or key s, safes, secured places, and security 
devices, security programs, and any software, machinery, or devices related thereto; 
25. All Rights to access and use utilities upon payment of the same unit costs as the comparable units of 
usage offered to most-f avored customers, inter alia, cable, electricity, garbage, gas, internet, satellite, 
sewage, telephone, water, www (computer services), and all other methods of communication, energy 
transmi ssion, and food or water dist ribution ; 
26. All Rights to barter, buy, contract, sell, or trade ideas , products, services, or work; 
27. All Rights to create, invent, adopt, uti lize, or promulgate any system or means of currency, money, 
medium of exchange, coinage, barter, economic exchange, bookkeeping, record-keeping, and the like ; 
28. All Rights to use any free, rented, leased, fixed, or mobile domicile, as though same were a 
permanent domicile, free from requirement to apply for or obtain any government license or 
permission and free from entry, intrusion, or surveillance, by any means, regardless of duration of 
lease period, so long as any required lease is currently paid or a subsequent three-day grace period has 
not expired; 
29. All Rights to manage, maneuver, direct, guide, or travel in any form of automobile or motorized 
conveyance whatsoever without any requirement to apply for or obtain any government license, 
permit, certificate, or permission of any kind whatsoever; 
30. All Rights to marry and procreate children, and to rear, educate , train, guide, and spiritually enlighten 
any such children, without any requirement to apply for or obtain any government license, permit, 
certificate, or permission of any kind whatsoever; 
31. All Rights to buy, sell, trade, grow, raise, gather, hunt, trap, angle, and store food, fiber, and raw 
materials for shelter, clothing, and survival ; 
32. All Rights to exercise freedom of religion, worship, use of sacraments, spiritual practice, and 
expression without any abridgment of free speech, or the right to publi sh, or the right to peaceably 
assemble, or the right to petition Government for redress of grievances, or petition any military force 
of the United States for physical protection from threats to the safety and integrity of person or 
property from either "public" or "private" sources; 
33. All Rights to Keep and Bear Arms for self-defense of self; family, and parties entreating physical 
protection of person or property; 
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34. All Rights to create, preserve, and maintain inviolable, spiritual sanctuary and receive into same any 
and all parties requesting safety and shelter; 
35. All Rights to create documents of travel of every kind whatsoever, inter alia, those signifying 
diplomatic status and immunity as a free, independent, and Sovereign State-in-fact; 
36. All claims of ownership or certificates of title to the corporeal and incorporeal hereditam ents, 
hereditary succession, and all innate aspects of being, i.e. mind, body, soul, free will, faculties, and 
self, including but not limited to DNA, Blood and Retina Scans, etc; 
37. All Rights to privacy and security in person and property, inter alia, all Rights to safety and security 
of all household or sanctuary dwellers or guests, and -all papers and effects belonging to DEBTOR or 
any hou sehold or sanctuary dwellers or guests, against governmental, quasi-governmental, defacto 
governmental, or private intrusion, detainer, entry, seizure, search, surveillance, trespass, assault, 
summon s, or warrant, except with proof of superior claim duly filed in the Commercial Registry by 
any such intruding party in the private capacity of such intruding party, notwithstanding whatever 
purported authority, warrant, order, law, or color of law may be promulgated as the authority for any 
such intrusion, detainer, entry, seizure, search, surveillance, trespass, assault, summon s, or warrant; 
38. All names used and all Corporations Sole executed and filed, or to be executed and filed, under said 
names; 
39. All intellectual property, inter alia, all speaking and writing; 
40. All signatures and seals; 
41. All present and future retirement incomes, and rights to such incomes, issuing from any of 
DEBTORS accounts ; 
42. All present and future medical and healthcare rights, and rights owned through survivorship, from 
any of DEBTORS accounts; 
43. All applicati ons, filin gs, correspondence, information, identifying marks, image licenses or travel 
documents, material s, permits , registrations, and records and records numbers held by any entity, for 
any purpose, however acquired, as well as the analyses and uses thereof, and any use of any 
information and images contained therein, regardless of creator, method, location, process, or storage 
form, inter alia, all processed algorithms analyzing, classifying, comparing, compressing, displaying, 
identifying, processing, storing, or transmitting said applications, filin gs, correspondence, 
information, identifying marks, image licenses or travel docume nts, materials, permits, registrations, 
and records and records numbers, and the like ; 
44. All library cards; 
45. All credit, charge, and debit cards, and mortgages, notes, applications, card numbers, and associated 
records and information ; 
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46. All credit of DEBTOR; 
47. All traffic citations/tick ets; 
48. All parking citations/t ickets ; 
49. All court cases and judgments, past, present, and future, in any court whatsoever, and all bonds, 
orders, warrants, and other matters attached thereto or derived there from; 
50. All precious metals, bullion, coins , jewelry, precious jewels, semi-precious stones, mounts, and any 
storage boxes within which said items are stored; 
51. All tax correspondence, filin gs, notices, coding, record numbers, and any information contained 
therein, wherever and however located, and no matter by whom said information was obtained, 
compiled, codified, recorded, stored, analyzed, processed, communicated, or utili zed; 
52. All bank accounts, bonds, certificates of deposit, drafts, futures, insurance policies, investment 
securities, Individual Retirement Accounts, money market accounts, mutual funds, notes, options , 
puts, calls, pension plans, savings accounts, stocks, warrants, 40l- Ks, and the like ; 
53. All accounts, deposits , escrow accounts, lotteries, overpayments, prepayments, prizes, rebates, 
refunds, returns, Treasury Direct Accounts, claimed and unclaimed funds, and all records and records 
numbers, correspondence, and information pertaining thereto or derived there from; 
54. All cash, coins , money, Federal Reserve Notes, and Silver Certificate s; 
55. All drugs, herbs, medicine, medical supplies, cultivated plants, growing plants, inventory, ancillary 
equipment, supplies, propagating plants, and seeds, and all related storage facilities and supplies ; 
56. All products of and for agriculture, and all equipment, inventories, supplies, contracts, accoutrements 
involved in the planting, tilling, harvesting, processing, preservation, and storage of all products of 
agriculture ; 
57. All farm, lawn, and irrigation equipment, accessories, attachments, hand-tool s, implemen ts, service 
equipment, parts, and supplies, and storage sheds and contents; 
58. All fuel, fuel tanks, containers, and involved or related delivery systems ; 
59. All metal-working, woodworking, and other such machinery, and all ancillary equipment, accessories, 
consumables, power tools, hand tools, inventories, storage cabinets, toolboxes, work benches, shops, 
and facilitie s; 
60. All camping, fishing, hunting, and sporting equipment, and all special clothing, materi als, supplies, 
and baggage related thereto; 
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61. All rifles and guns and related accessories, and ammunition and the integral components thereof;
62. All radios, televi sions, communication equipment, receivers, transceivers, transmitters, antennas, and
towers, and all ancillary equipment, supplies, computers, software programs, wiring, and related
accoutrements and devices;
63. All power-generating machines or device s, and all storage, conditioning, control, distribution, wiring,
and ancillary equipment pertaining or attached thereto;
64. All computers and computer Systems and the information contained therein, as well as all ancillary
equipment, printers, and data compression or encryption devices and processes;
65. All office and engineering equipment, furniture, ancillary equipment, drawings tools, electronic and
paper files, and items related thereto;
66. All water wells and well-drilling equipment, and all ancillary equipment, chemicals, tools, and
supplies ;
67. All shipping, storing, and cargo containers, and all chassis, truck trailers, vans, and the contents
thereof; whether on-site , in transit, or in storage anywhere;
68. All building materials and prefabricated buildi ngs, and all components or materials pertaining thereto,
before or during manufacture, transportation, storage, building, erection, or vacancy while awaiting
occupancy thereof;
69. All communications and data, and the meth ods, devices, and forms of information storage and
retrieval, and the products of any such stored informati on;
70. All books, drawings, magazine s, manual s, and reference materials regardless of physical form;
71. All artwork, paintings, etchings, photographic art, lithographs, and serigraphs, and all frames and
mounts pertaining or affixed thereto ;
72. All food, and all devices, tools, equipment, vehicle s, machine s, and related accoutrements involved in
food preservation, preparation, growth, transport, and storage;
73. All construction machinery and all ancillary equipment, supplies, material s, fuels, fuel additi ves,
supplies, materials, and service equipment pertaining thereto;
74. All medical, dental, optical, prescription, and insurance records, records numbers, and information
contained in any such records or pertaining thereto;
75. The Will of the DEBTOR;
76. All inheritances gotten or to be gotten;
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77. All wedding bands and rings, watches, wardrobe, and toiletries;
78. All household goods and appliances, linen, furniture, kitchen utensils, cutlery, tableware, cooking
utensil s, pottery, antique s;
79. All bu sinesses, corporations, companies, trusts, partnerships, limited partnerships, organizati ons,
proprietorships, and the like, now owned or hereafter acquired, and all books and records thereof and
there from, all income there from, and all accessories, accounts, equipment, information, inventory,
money, spare parts, and computer software pertaining thereto;
80. All packages, parcels, envelopes, or labels of any kind whatsoever which are addressed to, or
intended to be addressed to, DEBTOR, whether received or not received by DEBTOR;
81. All telephone numbers;
82. Any property not specifically listed, named, or specified by make, model, serial number, etc., is
expressly herewith included as collateral of DEBTOR as applies to any and all 'property' as described
in detail in additional UCC- l' s or UCC-3 ' s under necessity in the exercise of the right of Redemption
in behalf of the Debtor.
NOTE; Secured Party reserves the right to add or amend this private security agreement by addition of
Schedule A's as needed or necessary on behalf of the Debtor.
ADVISORY
All instruments and documents referenced/itemized above are accepted for value, with all related
endorsement s, front and back, in accordance with UCC § 3-419 and House Joint Resolution 192 of June
5, 1933. Thi s Security Agreement is accepted for val ue, property of the Secured Party, and not
dischargeable in bankruptcy court as the Secured Party's property is exempt from third-party levy. This
Security Agreement supersedes all previous contracts or security agreements between DEBTOR and the
Secured Party.
DEBTOR agrees to notify all of DEBTOR 'S former creditors, would-be creditors, and any would-be
purchasers of any herein-described Collateral, of thi s Security Agreement, and all such personages are
expressly so-noticed herewith.
This Security Agreement devolves on the Secured Party's heirs and assigns, who are equally as
authori zed, upon taking title to thi s Security Agreement, as the Secured Party to hold and enforce said
Security Agreement via non-negotiable contract, devi se, or any lawful commercial remedy.
The Secured Party will sign by accommodation on behalf of the Debtor when necessary wherever the
signature of the Debtor will be required. Secured Party signs for the Debtor as 'agent' and/or 'Authorized
Representative' of the Debtor. The Secured Party reserves the right to make sufficient claims to secure
such indebtedne ss until satisfied in whole.
The Secured Party may/shall is sue a binding commitment to extend credit in any capacity or
matter, whether or not reimbursed in the event of dishonor or difficulties in collection ; and the Secure
Party in providing the security for payment (discharge) of all sums due or owing, or to become due or
owing by the Debtor per any and all due commercial public or corporate presentments via contract or
otherwise upon the debtor.
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DEFAULT 
The following shall constitute the event(s) of default hereunder: 
9. Failure by DEBTOR to pay any debt secured hereby when due ; 
10. Failure by DEBTOR to perform any obligations secured hereby when required to be performed; 
11. Any breach of any warranty by DEBTOR contained in thi s Security Agreement; or 
12. Any loss, damage, expense, or injury accruing to Secured Party by virtue of the commercial 
transmitting-utility function of DEBTOR. 
13. Evidence that a statement, warranty, or representation made or implied in thi s agreement by 
DEBTOR, is false or misleading in any material respect, either now or at the time made or 
furni shed. 
14. Disso lution of termination of DEBTOR 'S existence as a legal entity, the insolvency of DEBTOR, 
the appointment of a receiver for all or any portion of DEBTOR'S property, an assignment for the 
benefit of public creditors, or the commencement of proceedings under bankruptcy or insolvency 
laws by or against DEBTOR. 
15. Commencement of foreclosure, whether by action of a tribunal, self-help, repossession, or other 
method, by a creditor of DEBTOR against the collateral. 
16. Garnishment of DEBTOR'S deposit accounts or employment funds. 
Cure of Default 
If a fault or dishonor under this agreement is curable through an account held by debtor but managed 
by the UNITED STATES or one of its subdivi sions, agents, officers, or affiliate s, such fault or dishonor 
may be cured by the debtor with authorization by Secured Party; and upon advice by the fiduciary that the 
fault or dishonor has been cured, and no event of default will have occurred. A dishonor under thi s 
agreement, initiated by third party intervention, will not cause a default if such intervention is challenged 
by debtor by its good faith effort to confirm or disprove the validity or reasonableness of a public claim 
which is the basis of the public creditor's proceeding; but debtor mu st, in that event, deposit such surety 
with secured party as is necessary to indemnif y the secured party from loss. 
Acceleration 
In the event of default, Secured Party may declare the entire indebtedness immediately due and 
payable without notice. 
Liquidation of Collateral 
In the event of default, Secured Party shall have full power to privately or publicly sell, lease, transfer, 
or otherwise deal with the collateral or proceeds or products there-from, in his own name or in the name 
of the debtor. All expenses related to the liquidation of collateral shall become a part of the debtor's 
indebtedne ss. Secured Party may, at his discretion, transfer part or all of the collateral to his/her own 
name or to the name of nominee. 
Rights and Remedies 
The Secured Party shall have all the rights and remedies of a Secured Creditor under the provisions of 
the Uniform Commercial Code as it has been adopted in the state where part or all of the collateral is 
located or presumed to be located, including but not limited to, the right to proceed with self-help with or 
without a public court or tribunal. Rights and remedies available to secured party may be exercised 
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singularly or jointly and in all venues and jurisdictions concurrently at the sole discretion of the Secured 
Party. 
MISCELL ANEOUS PROVISIONS 
Amendments 
Thi s agreement, together with all related documents, constitutes the entire understanding and 
agreement of the parties as to the matters set forth in this agreement. No alteration of or amendment to 
this agreement shall be effective unless expressed in writing and signed by both parties. 
Applicable Law 
The governing law of thi s Agreement is the agreement of the Partie s, supported by the Uniform 
Commercial Code as adopted by the legislature of all States and the STATE OF YOUR STATE [12 ], 
international contract law, the unwritten Law Merchant as practiced before the Uniform Commercial 
Code was promulgated and applicable maxims of law. 
Expenses 
Debtor agrees to pay upon demand, from such accounts as debtor may have, all Secured Party's costs 
and expenses, including reasonable attorney's fees and other expenses incurred by the Secured Party to 
defend or enforce the provis ions of thi s agreement. 
Indebtedness 
The word "i ndebtedness" means the indebtedne ss evidenced by this agreement as a claim against the 
debtor and all its present and future possessions identified in this agreement as collateral; and all public 
obligations, debts, and liabilities ascribed to debtor through its contracts and agreements, whether 
expressed or implied, known or unknown, or actual or constructive, that are with the UNITED STATES 
or its subdivi sions, agents, officers, affiliate s, or other public entit ies; and all claims made by Secured 
Party against debtor, whether exist ing now or in the future, whether they are voluntary or involuntary, due 
or not due, direct or indirect, absolute or contingent, liquidated or unliquidated, regardless of whether 
debtor is or may be liable individually or jointly, or is obligated as, or beneficiary of, a surety or 
accommodation party. 
Related Documents 
The phrase "related documents" means all promissory notes, credit agreement s, loan agreements, 
guaranties, security agreements, mortgages, deeds of trust, applications, account s, license s, policies, 
permits, identification cards, account cards, receipts, forms, and all other documents and instruments that 
debtor or its previous surety has or will execute in connection with the debtor's total indebted ness. 
Notices 
Except for revocation notice s by debtor, all notices required to be given by either party under this 
agreement, shall be in writing and shall be effective when actually delivered or when deposited with the 
United States Post Office or a nationally recognized courier service, first class postage prepaid, addressed 
to the party to whom the notice is to be given at the address shown on thi s agreement or to such other 
address as either party may designate to the other in writing. 
Severability 
If one or more provisions of thi s agreement shall be held to be invalid or unenforceable for any reason, 
the remaining provisions shall continue to be valid and enforceable. If a qualified court finds that one or 
more provisions of this agreement is invalid or unenforceable, but that by limiting such provision(s) it 
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would become valid or enforceable, such provision(s) shall be deemed to be written, construed, and
enforced as so limited. In the event that such a finding and limitation causes damage or hardship to either
party, the agreement shall be amended in a lawful manner to make all parties whole.
Waiver of Contractual Right
The failure of either party to enforce one or more provisions of this agreement shall not be construed
as a waiver or limitation of that party's right to subsequently enforce and compel strict compliance with
every provision of thi s agreement. Secured party shall not be deemed to have waived rights under this
agreement unless such waiver is given in writin g and signed by secured party. No delay or omis sion on
the part of Secured Party in exercising a right shall operate as a waiver of such right or any other right. A
waiver by Secured Party of a provision of thi s agreement shall not prejudice or constitute a waiver of
secured party's right otherwise to demand strict compliance with that provision or any other provision of
thi s agreement. No prior waiver by Secured Party, nor any course of dealing between secured party and
debtor, shall constitute a waiver of Secured Party's rights or of debtor's obligations under thi s agreement
as to future transactions. Whenever the consent of Secured Party is required under this agreement, the
granting of such consent by secured party in one instance shall not constitute consent over the whole.
Ambiguities and Interpretation
Each party acknowledges receipt of this agreement and has had the opportunity to have counsel review
it. Any rule of construction claiming ambiguities is to be resolved against the drafting party and shall not
apply in the interpretation of this agreement or its amendments. All statements in this instrument are
important to the parties. Misunderstandings have been resolved prior to execution.
Authority to Represent
A signer of thi s agreement on behalf of a legal entity certifies that he has the authority to sign thi s
agreement and that thi s transaction has been duly authorized by such entity.
Gender
All references within this agreement to a specific gender, include the other.
The Secured Party reserves the right to satisfy any judgment, lien, levy, debt, or obligation, whether
unsecured, secured, or purported to be secured, against DEBTOR by executing a Bill of Exchange against
the Fidelity Bond registered herewith.
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
SIGNATURES
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SCHED ULE A
This Schedule A dated __ Dated __ attached to and incorporated in the attached security
agreement dated the same date, as though fully set forth therein. The following partial itemization of
property constitutes a portion of the collateral referenced in said security agreement, and is not intended
to represent the actual and full extent of said collateral. This Schedule A supplements previous security
agreements describing collateral, that may have been entered by the same parties.
A. Income from every source
B. Proceeds of Secured Party's labor from every source
C. Application for STATE OF _YOUR STATE_ CERTIFICATION OF BIRTH # _ Birth
Certificate File Number_ , and all other Certificates of Birth, Certificates of Living Birth,
Notifications of Registration of Birth, or Certificates of Regi stration of Birth, or otherwise entitled
documents of birth whether county, state, federal, or other either ascribed to or derived from the name of
the debtor identified above, or based upon the above described birth document.
D. Application for Social Security # __ SS# with Dashes. __ _
E. __ YOUR STATE __ Driver License # __ driver license number_
F. UCC File Number __ UCC File #_ and all addendums
G. All property listed on the Legal Notice and Demand that is filed in _ YOUR COUNTY, YOUR
STATE _ register of deeds office, including but not limited to the following : all DNA, fingerprints, all
biological identification, all blood, all bodily fluids , all bodilly excretions, all organs, all body parts, all
bodily tissues, all thoughts, all intellectual property, are the sole property of Benjamin-Freedom: Franklin,
the Secured Party Creditor. These items of property cannot be taken, used, duplicated, confiscated,
confined, restrained, abused, damaged, influenced, or removed from the Secured Party Benjamin
Freedom: Franklin, without his voluntary, written permission. Any violation of this agreement will
constitute a penalty of one hundred million 99.999% one ounce silver coins, per occurrence, per officer or
agent involved. This is a contract in admiralty and you may rebut this contract within 21 days. Rebuttal
must be per the conditions found in the "Legal Notice and Demand" that is on file, along with thi s
document, in the register of deeds office in __ YOUR COUNTY, YOUR STATE __ .
All Property Belonging to the Debtor belongs to the Creditor, including equity and improvements. See
Florida UCC- 1, and Legal Notice and Demand for complete property list.
INDEMNITY BOND
Know all men by these presents, that DEBTOR NAME , the Debtor, hereby
establishes this Indemnity Bond in favor of , the Secured Party,
in the sum of present and future collateral values up to the sum of One Hundred Million United States
dollars ($ 100,000,000.00), in silver dollars, fiat money, or money of account/credit, at par value, for the
payment of which bond the debtor hereby firmly binds its successors, heirs, executors, administrators,
DBA' s, AKA's, and third-party assigns, jointly and severally.
The debtor hereby indemnifies the Secured Party against losses incurred as a result of all claims of
RE DEM PTION MA NUAL - FO UR POIN T FIVE EDI TION 335

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debts or losses made by any and all persons against the commercial transactions and investments of the 
debtor. The condition of thi s bond is that Secured Party covenants to do certain things on behalf of the 
debtor, as set forth in thi s security agreement of the same date and executing parties; and debtor covenants 
to serve as a transmitting utility to assure beneficial interest in all accounts established and managed by 
the UNITED STATES AND its agent(s)/agencies, corporations or otherwise ; and all goods and services 
in commerce are available to or conveyed from debtor to Secured Party, whichever is appropriate. 
To avert losses of vested rights in the present or future collateral that is the subject of the attached 
security agreement, debtor agrees to make available to the secured party, such accounts established by 
intent of the parties, by operation of law , and/or as constructive trusts, to hold proceeds arising from 
assets belonging to the debtor, and administered by the UNITED STATES or its subdivi sions, agents, or 
affiliates. Pursuant to exi sting laws of the UNITED STATES and the agreement of the parties of the 
attached security agreement, the Secured Party is authorized to assign such funds from said accounts as 
are necessary to settle all past, present, and future public debts and obligations incurred by the debtor on 
behalf of the Secured Party. 
The debtor, without the benefit of discussion or division, does hereby agree, covenant, and undertake 
to indemnify, defend, and hold the Secured Party harmless from and against any and all claims, losses, 
liabilit ies, costs, interests, and expenses including, without restriction, legal costs, interests, penalties, and 
fines previously suffered or incurred, or to be suffered or incurred by the Secured Party, in accordance 
with the Secured Party's personal guarantee with respect to loans or indebtedne ss belonging to the debtor, 
including any amount the debtor might be deemed to owe to a public creditor for any reason whatsoever. 
The Secured Party shall promptly advise the debtor of all public claims brought by third parties against 
the present or future property of the debtor, all of which is covered by the attached security agreement up 
to the indemnification amount declared herein, and to provide the debtor with full details of said claim( s), 
including copies of all document s, correspondence, suits , or actions received by or served upon the debtor 
through the Secured Party. Secured Party shall fully cooperate with di scussion, negotiation, or other 
proceedings relating to such claims. 
Thi s bond shall be in force and effect as of the date it is signed and accepted by the parties, and 
provided that secured party may cancel thi s bond and be relieved of further duty hereunder by delivering 
a thirty (30) day written notice of cancellation to the debtor. No such cancellation shall affect the liability 
incurred by or accrued to Secured Party prior to the conclusion of said thirty (30) day period. In such 
event of notice of cancellation, and in the event the UNITED STATES reinstitutes its constructive claim 
against the collateral, the debtor agrees to reissue the bond before the end of the thirty (30) day period for 
an amount equal to or greater than the above value of the attached security agreement, unless the parties 
agree otherwi se. 
NOTICE OF LIEN 
Thi s agreement constitutes an International Commercial Lien on all property (in each of their 
individual capacity/form/item) of the Debtor (indemnitor) on behalf of, and for the benefit of, the Secured 
Party Creditor (indemnitee) in the amount of $1 00,000, 000.00 (ONE HUNDRED MILLION), in silver 
dollars, fiat money, or money of account/credit, at par value. This lien will expire at the moment that the 
indemnitee expires or when this lien is satisfied by any Third Party Interloper who seeks to take/seize any 
of said property. 
__ DEBTOR NAME ___ , Indemnitor _____ ____ ____ , Indemnitee 
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PO WER OF ATT O RNEY 
Th is docu ment is a lim ited power of attorn ey . It is sig ne d by the DEB TO R gi vi ng 
the SECURED PARTY (flesh and blo od you) the power to act in co nduc ti ng the 
DEB TO R' S busine ss, includ ing si gning paper s, check s, title do cu men ts, con tracts , 
handling ba nk accou nts and an y oth er co mmer ci al ac tivit y . Wi th the co mple ti on of 
this document you beco me the agent or "Atto rney In Fact" for the DEB TO R, si gning 
docu men ts as "B en ja min Freedom Frank lin, Atto rney In Fac t for BE NJAM IN 
FREEDOM FRAN KL IN ." 
1. Plac e the bo nus CD in yo ur dr ive and open the fi le : "P owe r of Atto rney". Yo u 
ca n use the sa mple to gui de you in prepa ri ng your Powe r of Atto rney . Fo r 
th ose of you who do not hav e the Bo nus CD, the sa mples foll ow these 
ins tructi ons. 
2. Now open the fi le "P ower of Atto rney", and Do ub le-click on the foote r 
sectio n. Re plac e the si ngle ins ta nc e of UNI QUE _I D with the do cu men t id that 
you hav e chosen for your Power of Atto rney, and the sing le ins ta nce of 
SP _NAM E. After re placi ng each ide ntif ier , cl ick the but ton toolbar to desel ect 
the bold text, and change the font co lor back to black with the dr op-down 
tool on the too lbar. When you ar e done, cl ose the pop- up toolbar and go to 
the to p of the docu ment. 
3. Sca n the pages ca ll ed out in the ta ble below and re plac e each ide ntif ier li sted 
in the ta ble with your per so nal in format ion . Al l ide ntif ier s ar e co lor cOde1j 
.
. 
bold text for eas y ident if ic ati on . After re placi ng each iden tif ier , click the & .• 
but to n on too l bar to desel ect the bold text, and ch ange the font co lor back to 
black with the 4 dr op-do wn tool on the toolb ar . 
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POWER OF ATTOR NEY 
LIMITED 
Know All Men by The se Pres ents : That I, BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN [1] , the Debtor, 
corporate entity, and 'e ns leg is,' the unders igned, hereby make, const itute and appoints Benjamin 
Freedom Franklin [2] , herein, the flesh and blood man, a living soul, the Secu red Party/Creditor 
as my true and lawf ully Attorney-in-fact for me and in my corporate capacity (LLC), place and 
stead and for my personal and commercial use and benefit: 
1. To ask, demand, requ est, file, sue, recover, register, collect and receive each and every sum 
of money, credit, account legac y, bequest, interest, dividend, annuity and demand (which now is 
or hereafter shall become due , owing or payable or discha rgeable) belonging to or accepted or 
cla imed by me, or presented to the DEBTOR ; BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN [3] , (a 
corporate entity) and to use and take any lawful and/or commercial means necessa ry for the 
recovery thereof by lega l or commercial process or other wise, and to execute and deliver or 
receive a sa ti sf action or release therefore, together with the right and power to sett le, 
compromise, compound and or discha rge any cla im or initiate any administ rative cl aim for 
damages or make any nece ssa ry demand s; 
2. To exercise any or all of the following powers as to all kinds of persona l property, private 
property and any property, goods , wares and merchandi se, choo ses in action and other property 
in posses sion or where a security interest is es tablish ed and to or in other actio ns ; 
3. To secure by private regist ration the interest, or the security interest in any or all property 
where neces sa ry, to accept for value and to discha rge any and all debts for fine, fee, or tax where 
necessa ry, to cause the commercial adjust ment of any such account held open against the 
DEBTOR-B ENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN [4] ; to use where necessa ry any Sight 
DraftslMoney Orders, Bills of Excha nge to finalize any of the above in my behalf; 
4. To open any Checking accounts whereupon being 'c lose d,' to dis charge any fines, fees, taxes 
and debts via adju st ment and set-of f. 
5. To create, amend, supplement and or terminate any tru st or the RES created by the 
government (Dist rict of Columbia) and ratified or exercised in any manner by any other State ; 
6. To request, retrieve, file, submit, or otherwise, any papers in my behalf for any matter 
whether commercial, quasi- ju dicia l, administrative, or otherwise and to sig n my lega l corporate 
name as my act and deed, to execute and deliver same for any redress or remedy, cla im, suit or 
other wise. 
GIVING AND GRANTING, unto me sa id Attorney-in-fact fu ll power and authority to do and 
perform all and every act and thing whatsoever requisite, neces sa ry or appropriate to be done in 
and about all matters as fu lly to all intents and pur poses as I might or could do if I was personally 
prese nt, and hereby ratifying all that my Attorney-in-f act shall lawf ully do or cause to be done by 
virtue of the se prese nts . The powers and authority hereby conferred upon my sa id Attorney-in-
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fact shall be applicable to all real and private property, personal property or interest therein now 
owned or hereinafter acquired by me as the 'E NS LEGIS/LLC and wherever situate , and as 
evidenced by a filed secur ity interest. 
My said Atto rney-in-f act: Benjamin Freedom Franklin [5] is empowered hereby to determine in 
his sole discretion the time, pur pose for and manner in which any power herein conferred upon 
him shall be exercised, and the condition s, provisi ons and covena nts of any instrument (s) or 
documen t(s) which may be execut ed by him pursuant hereto ; and in the acquisition or 
dist ribution of real, pers onal or private property, my sa id Attorney-in-f act shall have exclu sive 
power to fix the terms or amounts thereof for cash, fu nds, credit and/or affecting all property, 
including rights, title s, interest to sa me and if on/for credit - with or without security . 
When the context so requir es, the masc uline gender includes the feminine and/or neuter, and the 
singular numbers includes the plural . 
WITNESS my hand this ___ day of ________ , 2009, A.D. [6] 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
_____________ [1] 
Secured Party 
IS/ _______________ [7] 
County of Maryland [8] ) 
Maryland state [9] 
) Scilicet 
) 
_____ ________ ____ [2] 
ACKNOWLEDG EMENT 
SUBC RIBED TO AND SW ORN before me this __ day of , A.D. 
2009, a Notary, that , personally appeared and known to me to be the 
man whose name subs cribed to the within inst rument and acknowledged to be the sa me. 
_________________ Seal; 
Notary Public 
My Commi ss ion Expires _______ _ 
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Data Sheet For : 
Power of Attorney 
The bracketed numbers [ ] that appear on the Sample Power of Attorney indicates the 
information to be inputted on your Power of Attorney with the example to the right. Remove all 
'number brackets ' on your finished document. 
Item: 
[1] Debtor/Straw-man Name 
[2] Secured Party Name 
[3] Debtor/Straw-man Name 
[4] Debtor/Straw-man Name 
[5] Secured Party Name 
[6] Date Power of Attorney is 
created, signed and Notarized 
[7] Debtor/Straw-man Name 
[8] Secured Party Name 
Signed in Blue Ink 
[9] Secured Party Name 
.•. typed. 
[10 ] Name of County 
[11] Name of State 
[1 2] Date of P.O.A. Notarized 
Data : (Example) 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
10th day of October, 2009 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
Corruption ... example> Jackson 
Confusion ... example> Maryland 
October 10, 2009 
[1 3] Signature of Secured Party after Notarizing 
[14 ] Power of Attorney identifier # 301 17 1706 17 7601 -BBF 
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POWER OF ATTOR NEY 
LIMITED 
Know All Men by The se Presents : That I, [1] , the Debtor, 
corporate entity, and 'ens legis ,' the unders igned, hereby make, const itute and appoints _ _ _ 
___ [2] , herein, the flesh and blood man, a living soul, the Secured Party/Creditor 
as my true and lawfully Attorney-in-f act for me and in my corporate capacity (LLC), place and 
stead and for my personal and commercial use and benefit: 
1. To ask, demand, request, file, sue, recover, regist er, collect and receive each and every sum 
of money, credit, account lega cy, beque st, interest, dividend, annuity and demand (which now is 
or hereafter sha ll become due, owing or payable or discha rgeable) belonging to or accepted or 
cla imed by me, or presented to the DEBTOR ; [3] , (a corporate 
entity) and to use and take any lawf ul and/or commercial means neces sa ry for the recovery 
thereof by legal or commercial process or other wise, and to execute and deliver or receive a 
sa ti sf action or release therefore, together with the right and power to settle, compromise, 
compound and or discha rge any claim or initiate any administ rative cla im for damages or make 
any necessa ry demands ; 
2. To exercise any or all of the following powers as to all kinds of personal property, private 
property and any property, goods, wares and merchandi se, chooses in action and other property 
in posses sion or where a security interest is est abli shed and to or in other actions ; 
3. To secure by private registration the interest, or the security interest in any or all property 
where necessa ry, to accept for value and to discha rge any and all debts for fine, fee, or tax where 
necessa ry, to cause the commercial adju stment of any such account held open against the 
DEBTOR- [4] ; to use where neces sa ry any Sight Drafts/Money 
Orders, Bills of Exchange to finalize any of the above in my behalf; 
4. To open any Checking accounts whereupon being 'closed, ' to discha rge any fines, fees, taxes 
and debts via adju st ment and set-of f. 
5. To create, amend, supplement and or terminate any trust or the RES created by the 
government (Dist rict of Colum bia) and ratified or exercised in any manner by any other St ate ; 
6. To request, retrieve, file, submit, or otherwise, any papers in my behalf for any matter 
whether commercial, quasi- ju dicial, administ rative, or otherwise and to sign my legal corporate 
name as my act and deed, to execute and deliver sa me for any redress or remedy, cla im, suit or 
other wise. 
GIVING AND GRANTING, unto me sa id Attorney-in-fact full power and authority to do and 
perform all and every act and thing wha tsoeve r requisite, necessa ry or appropriate to be done in 
and about all matters as fu lly to all intents and pur poses as I might or could do if I was personally 
present, and hereby ratifying all that my Attorney-in-f act sha ll lawf ully do or cause to be done by 
virtue of the se prese nts . The powers and authority hereby conferred upon my sa id Attorney-in-
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fact shall be applicable to all real and private property, persona l property or interest therein now 
owned or hereinafter acquired by me as the 'ENS LEGIS/LLC and wherever situate, and as 
evidenced by a filed sec urity interest. 
My sa id Attorney-in-f act: [5] is empowered hereby to determine in 
his sole discr etion the time , pur pose for and manner in which any power herein conferred upon 
him shall be exercised, and the condit ions, provisions and covenants of any inst rument(s) or 
document( s) which may be executed by him pursuant hereto ; and in the acqui sition or 
distribution of real , pers onal or private property, my sa id Attorney-in-fact shall have exclusive 
power to fix the terms or amounts thereof for cash, fu nds, credit and/or affecting all property, 
including rights, title s, interest to same and if on/for credit - with or without security . 
When the context so requires, the masculine gender includes the feminine and/or neuter, and the 
singula r numbers includes the plural . 
WITNE SS my hand thi s ___ day of ________ , 2009, A.D. [6] 
DEBTOR' NAME HERE 
______________ [1] 
Secu red Party: 
IS/ _____________ [7] 
___ ______ ___ [2] 
ACKNOWLEDG EMENT 
County of ___ [8] ) 
) Scilice t 
_____ state [9] ) 
SUBCRIBED TO AND SWORN before me th is __ day of , A.D. 
2009, a Notary, that , personally appeared and known to me to be the 
man whose name subs cribed to the within inst rument and acknowledged to be the sa me. 
_________________ Seal ; 
Notary Public 
My Comm is sion expires _______ _ 
Note ; The 'footer' would be; 1 (page #) Power of Attorney Item # 0615 07-2IPOAIBFF 
Otherwise ; see the form in the 'C D.' 
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COMMON LAW COPYRIGHT
The name of the child, created by your parents, was taken by the agents of a corporate
governmental entity at birth and const rued to ALL CAPS to esta blish a ju ridical person-ENS
LEGIS -S traw-man-Debtor for tax and commercial purpo ses. Your name in ALL CAPS is
being used to create a benefit for another through endorsements on commercial inst ruments
generated from the regist ration of the newborns given name by collu si on with another form of
identification, regist ered by the taking Person of the STATE. The pur pose of executing a
common law copyright is to retroactively secure 'c opyright' on the name of your debtor as well
as your name, so that the 'name ' cannot be used in commerce to make profit (so-ca lled money)
without your permission. The copyright notice clears the presumed interest in title that the
STATE as sumes from sim ple possessi on from evidence of title they hold in their records, so that
you may share in thi s benefit of Use. You can use this to your advantage against third parties
making cla ims aga inst your Debtor, usua lly the units of loca l, state, and federal government, or
to prevent a corporation from making money on the name of the debtor, e. g., credit reporting
agencies, unl ess they have contracted with you for 'pe rmissio n.' You mu st provide them with a
'l icense' so that they can correct the record. Licen se is created by you giving permis sion, should
you so desire .
1. Place the bonus CD in your drive and open the file : "SPC Documentsl UCC- l
Referenced/Security Agreement/sample Copyright. " You can use the sample to guide you
in preparing your Common Law Copyright. For tho se of you who do not have the Bonus
CD, the sa mples follow the se instruc tions .
2. Now open the file "SPC DocumentslUC C- l Referenced/Security Agreement/generic
Copyright," and Doubl e-click on the footer sect ion. Replace the single inst ance of
UNIQUE_ID with the document id that you have chose n for your Common Law
Copyright. When you are done, close the pop-up toolbar and go to the top of the
document.
3. Scan the pages called out in the table below and replace each identifier li sted in the table
with your personal information. All identifiers are c� coded in bold text for easy
identif ication . After replacing each identifier, click the Lru button on toolbar to deselect
the bold tex t, and change the font color back to bla ck with the � drop-down tool on the
toolbar.
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8 UNI QU E 10 (HH A)
9 DAY NO
10 MONTH NO
11 YEAR SP ELLED
12 DT_NAM E
13 SP NAM E
14 DT NAM E
15 SP NAM E
16 SP NAM E
2 1 DT NAM E
2 SP NAM E -
3 DD MO NTH YEAR (Sig ned)
3 1 MON TH AN D DAY
2 YEAR NO
3 DT NAM E
There are two important points of clarification in regard to the Common Law Copyright that are
new to thi s edition of the Redemption Manual . It is not nece ssa ry to publish the text of the
copyright in a newspa per or post it in your loca l courthouse-it will only be necessa ry to give
notice as the need arises. The following case cite from, Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank &
Trust , has been brought forward and is the basis of thi s change in procedure. We provide the
following abstract for your reference:
"The adequacy of not ice depends on the peculi arities of the parti cular case. To quot e
Justice Jackson writing for the Court in Mullane, "But when not ice in a person 's due
process which is a mere gest ure is not due process. " 339 US, at p. 315
It is from this pint , th at I examine the claimant 's position. In doing so, I do not give any
weight to the fact of the publi cations in the Law Bulletin. As not ed by Justice Jackson,
" ... it is too much in our day to suppose that ... (anyone) does or could examine all that
is pub lished to see if something may be tucked away in it th at affects hi s property
interests. " Mullane, supra p. 320.
To begin th is analysis, Mr. Cleves had notice of the seizur e on April 22, 1992. Th is
notice was actual . From that day forward he was awar e the government had by "force
of arms " taken from hi m what some might say was a subs tantial sum of money. Clearly,
from the point he had notice his interest in these funds was in jeopardy.
Mr. Cleves has cit ed no case, nor can this Court find any de cis ion which requir es the
government to serve hi m wit h actual not ice of the foifeit ure proceeding. Indeed, that is
not the standar d. Th is Court must det ermine whet her based on the tot ality of the
circumstances, the met hod used was reasonabl y calculated to appraise Mr. Cleves of
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Common Law Copyr ight Notice 
Common Law Copyright Notice : All rights reserved re; common-law copyright of trade
name/trademark, BENJAMIN FREED OM FRANKLIN© [1] as well as any and all derivatives 
and variations in the spelling of sa id trade-names /trademarks - Copyright 1974 [2] _(lS th Birth
Day-Year- remove this line in final doc !), by Benjamin Freedom Franklin [3] . Said trade
names/trademarks, ©, may neither be used, nor reproduced, neither in whole nor in part, nor in 
any manner whats oever, without the prior, express, written conse nt and acknowledgment of 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin[4] as signif ied by the blue-in k signa ture of Benjamin Freedom 
Franklin [2] , hereinafter 'S ecured Party.' With the intent of being contractually bound, any 
Jur ist ic Person, as well as the agent of sa id Juristic Person, conse nts and agrees by th is Copyright 
Notice that neither said Jur istic Person, nor the agent of sa id Juri stic Person, shall display, nor 
other wise use in any manner, the trade-n ame/trademark, nor common-law copyright des cribed 
herein, nor any derivative of, nor any variation in the spelling of, sa id name without prior, 
express, written consent and acknowledgment of Secured Party, as signified by Secured Party's 
signature in blue ink. Secu red Party neither grants, nor implies, nor otherwise gives consent for 
any unauthorized use of BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN©, [5] and all such unauthorized 
use is strictly prohibited. Secured Party, under neces sity, is an accommodation party, and surety 
for the purported debtor, i.e. "B ENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN©, [6]" nor for any 
derivative of, nor for any variation in the spelling of, said name, nor for any other ju ristic person, 
and is so-in demnified and held harmless by Debtor, i.e. "B ENJAMIN FREEDOM 
FRANKLIN ©, [7]" in Hold-ha rmless and Indemnity Agreement No. 00000000000000 dated the 
30th Day of the 6th Month in the Year of Our Lord Two- Thousand and Nine [9] against any 
and all cla ims, legal actions, orders, warrants , ju dgments, demand s, liabilit ies, losses, 
deposit ions, summo nses, la wsu its , costs, fines, liens, levie s, penalt ies, damage s, interests, and 
expen ses whatsoever, both abso lute and contingent, as are due and as might become du e, now 
exist ing and as might hereafter arise, and as might be suf fered by, impose d on, and incurred by 
Debtor for any and every reason, pur pose, and cause whatsoever. Self -executing Contract / 
Security Agreement in Event of Unauthorized Use: By thi s Copyright Notice, both the Juri st ic 
Person and the agent of sa id Jur ist ic Person, hereinafter jointly and several ly "Use r," conse nt and 
agree that any use of "B ENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN©, [9]" , other than authorized use as 
set forth above; const itutes unauthorized use of Secu red Par ty 's copyrighted property and 
contractually binds User. Thi s Notice by Declaration becomes a Security Agreement wherein 
Use r is a debtor and 'Upper and Lower Case Name Here' is Secured Party, and signifies that 
User: (1) grants Secured Party a security interest in all of Use r' s property and interest in property 
in the sum certain amount of $500,000.00 per each trade-n ame/trademark used, per each 
occurrence of use (violation/infringement), plu s triple damages, plus costs for each such use, as 
well as for each and every use of any and all derivatives of, and variations in the spelling of, 
"B ENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN ©, [10],, ; (2) authenticates thi s Security Agreement 
wherein Use r is debtor and Benjamin Freedom Franklin[ll] is Secured Party, and wherein Use r 
pledges all of Use r's property, i.e. all consumer goods, farm produc ts, inventory, equipment, 
money, invest ment property, commercial tort cla ims, letters of credit, letter-of-credit right s, 
chattel paper, inst rument s, deposit accoun ts, accoun ts , docume nts , and general intangib les, and 
all Use r' s interest in all such foregoing property, now owned and here after acquired, now 
existing and hereafter arising, and wherever loca ted, as coll ateral for securing Use rs contractual 
RE DEM PTION MA NUAL - FOUR POIN T FIVE EDI TION 346

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obligation in favor of Secured Party for Use r' s unauthorized use of Secured Party' s copyrighted 
property; (3) conse nts and agrees with Secured Party's filing of a UCC Financing St atement 
wherein Use r is debtor and Benjamin Freedom Frankli n[12] is Secured Party; (4) conse nts and 
agrees that said UCC Financing Statement descr ibed above in paragraph "(3)" is a continuing 
financing statement, and further consents and agrees with Secu red Party' s filing of any 
continuation statement necessa ry for maintaining Secured Party's perfected security interest in 
all of User' s property and interest in property pledged as colla teral in Secu rity Agreement 
described above in paragraph "(2)," until User' s contractual obligation theretofore incurred has 
been fu lly sat isfied; (5) author izes Secured Party's filing of any UCC Financing St atement, as 
described above in paragraph "(3)," as well as in paragraph "(4) ," and the filing of any Secu rity 
Agreement, as des cribed above in paragraph "(2)," in the UCC filing office ; (6) conse nts and 
agrees that any and all such filings des cribed in paragraph "( 4)" and "(5)" above are not, and 
may not be considered, bogus, and that Use r will not cla im that any such filing is bogus; (7) 
waives all defenses ; and (8) appoints Secured Party as Authorized Representative for Use r, 
effective upon Use r' s default re Use r' s contractual obligations in favor of Secu red Party as set 
forth below under "Payment Terms" and "Default Terms, ' with fu ll authorization and power 
granted Secured Party for engaging in any and all actions on behalf of User including, but not 
limited by, authentication of a record on behalf of Use r, as Secu red Party, in Secu red Party's sole 
dis cretion, deems appropriate, and User fu rther conse nts and agrees that thi s appointment of 
Secu red Party as Authorized Representative for User, effective upon Use r' s default, is 
irrevocable and coupled with a security interest. Use r further cons ents and agrees with all of the 
following additional terms of Self-executing Contract/Secu rity Agreement in Event of 
Unauthorized Use. 
Default Terms : In event of non- payment in fu ll of all unauthor ized-u se fees by Use r within 
ten (10) days of date Invoice is se nt, Use r shall be deemed in default and (a) all of Use r' s 
property and interest in property pledged as colla teral by Use r, as se t forth in above in paragraph 
"(2)," immediately becomes property of Secured Party; (b) Secured Party is appointed Use r' s 
Authorized Representative as set forth above in paragraph "( 1)"; and (2). Us er conse nts and 
agrees that Secured Party may take posses sion of, as well as otherwise dispose of in any manner 
that Secu red Party, in Secured Party' s sole discr etion, deems appropriate , including, but not 
limited by, sale at auct ion, at any time following Use r's default, and without fu rther notic e, any 
and all of Use r' s former property and interest in property formerly pledged as colla teral by Use r, 
now property of Secured Party, in respect of this "S elf-executing Contract/Security Agreement in 
Event of Unauthorized Use," that Secu red Party, again in Secured Party's sole discret ion, deems 
appropriate. 
Terms for Curing Default: Upon event of defau lt, as set forth above under "Default 
Terms," irrespective of any and all of Use rs former property and interest in property in the 
posses sion of, as well as disposed of by, Secured Party, as authorized above under " Default 
Terms," Use r may cure Use r's default re only the remainder of Use r' s former property and 
interest in property formerly pledged as colla teral that is neither in the posses sion of, nor 
other wise disposed of by, Secured Party within twenty (20) days of date of Use r' s default only 
by payment in fu ll . 
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Payment Terms : In accordance with fees for unauthorized use of "BENJAMIN FREEDOM 
FRANKLIN ©, [1 3]" as set forth above, Use r hereby conse nts and agrees that User sha ll pay 
Secured Party all unauthor ized-use fees in fu ll within ten (10) days of date Secured Party's 
invoice, hereinafter "Invoice ," itemizing said fees, as sent and received by tort feasor. 
Terms of Strict Foreclosure : Use r' s non-p ayment in full of all unauthor ized-u se fees 
itemi zed in Invoice within sa id twenty- (20) day period for cur ing default as set forth above 
under "Terms for Curing Default" authorizes Secured Party's immediate non- ju dicial strict 
foreclo sure on any and all remaining property and interest in property formerly pledged as 
colla teral by Use r, now property of Sec ured Party, which is not in the posses sion of, nor 
other wise dispose d of by, Secur ed Party upon expiration of sa id twenty (20) day strict
foreclosu re period. Ownership sub ject to common-la w copyright and UCC Financing Statement 
and Sec urity Agreement filed with the UCC filing office. 
Record Owner: Benjamin Freedom Franklin [14] , Autograph Common Law Copyright 1974. 
[1 5] 
Record owner: Secu red Party / creditor name autographed common- la w copyright : 
Copyrighted Date _________ , 2009 [16 ] 
Without Preju diceIWithout Recourse 
______________ [17] 
....................................... - Secu red Party, [18] 
Authorized Representative, Attorney-In-Fact on behalf of 
DEBTOR NAME HERE©, Ens legis 
County of _____ ) 
) Scilicet 
________ state ) 
ACKNOWLED GEMENT 
SUBCRIBED TO AND SWORN before me this __ day of , A.D. 
2009, a Notary, that , personally appeared and known to me to be the 
man whose name subs cribed to the within instrument and acknowledged to be the sa me. 
_________________ Seal ; 
Notary Public 
My Comm is sion expires _______ _ 
RED EMP TION MA NUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDI TION 348

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Note ; 'footer' would be; l(page#) Common Law Copyright 
Or see from on the 'C D.' 
Data Sheet For : 
Item #061507-3/CLCIBFF 
Common Law Copyright Notice 
The bracketed numbers [ ] that appear on the Sample Common Law Copyright Notice indicates 
the information to be inputted on your Common Law Copyright Notice with the example to the 
right. Remove all 'number brackets ' on your finished document. 
Item: Data : (Example) 
[1] Debtor /Straw -man Name BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
[2] Year Date of your Birthday 
[3] Secured Party Name 
[4] Secured Party Name 
[5] Debtor/Straw-man Name 
[6] Debtor/Straw-man Name 
[7] Debtor/Straw-man Name 
19 74 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
[8] Hold-harmless Agreement # and date it was signed 
[9] Debtor/Straw-man Name 
[1 0] Debtor/Straw-man Name 
[11] Secured Party Name 
[12 ] Secured Party Name 
[13] Debtor /Straw-man Name 
[1 4] Secured Party Name 
[15] Year Date of your Birthday 
[16 ] Date Copyright is signed 
[1 7] Name of Secured Party 
[18 ] Name of Secured Party typed ! 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
19 74 
October 10, 2009 
signed in Blue Ink 
[19 ] Common Law Copyright identifier sample #0217 05-CLC -BBF 
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Common Law Copyright Notice 
Common Law Copyright Notice : All rights reserved re; common-law copyright of trade
name/trademark, © [1] as well as any and all derivatives and variations in 
the spelling of sa id trade-names/ trademarks - Copyright 1974 _(18 th Birth -Day-Year-r emove 
thi s line in final doc !), by [2] . Said trade-n ames/ trademarks, ©, 
may neither be used, nor reproduced, neither in whole nor in part, nor in any manner wha ts oever, 
without the prior, express, written conse nt and acknowledgment of [2] 
as sign ified by the blue-ink signa ture of [2] , hereinafter 'S ecured 
Party.' With the intent of being contractually bound, any Juri stic Person, as well as the agent of 
sa id Juri stic Person, consents and agrees by th is Copyright Notice that neither sa id Juristic 
Person, nor the agent of sa id Juristic Person, shall display, nor otherwise use in any manner, the 
trade-n ame/trademark, nor common-law copyright described herein, nor any derivative of, nor 
any variation in the spelling of, sa id name without prior, express, written consent and 
acknowledgment of Secured Party, as si gnified by Secured Party's signature in blue ink. Secured 
Party neither grants, nor implies, nor otherwise gives conse nt for any unauthorized use of 
___________ ©, [1] and all such unauthorized use is strictly prohibited. Secured 
Party, under neces sity, is an accommo dation party, and a surety for the purported debtor, i.e. 
" ©, [1] " nor for any derivative of, nor for any variation in the 
spelling of, sa id name, nor for any other ju ristic person, and is so-i ndemnified and held harml ess 
by Debtor, i.e. " ©, [1] " in Hold -har ml ess and Indemnity 
Agreement No. 00000000000000 dated the 30th Day of the 6th Month in the Year of Our 
Lord Two-Thousand and Nine against any and all cla ims, legal actions, orders, warrants, 
ju dgments , demands , lia bilit ies, losses, deposit ions , summo nses, lawsui ts, costs, fines, lie ns, 
levies, penalt ies , damages, interests, and expenses whatsoever, both abso lute and contingent, as 
are due and as might become due, now existing and as might hereafter arise, and as might be 
suf fered by, impose d on, and incurred by Debtor for any and every reason, pur pose, and cause 
whatsoever. Self -e xecuting Contract / Security Agreement in Event of Unauthorized Use: By this 
Copyright Notice, both the Juristic Person and the agent of sa id Juristic Person, hereinafter 
jointly and severally "User," conse nt and agree that any use of " ©, 
[1] " , other than author ized use as se t forth above; constitutes unauthorized use of Secured Party 's 
copyrighted property and contractually binds User. This Notice by Decla ration becomes a 
Security Agreement wherein User is a debtor and 'Upper and Lower Case Name Here' is 
Secured Party, and si gnifies that Use r: (1) grants Secu red Party a sec urity interest in all of Use r' s 
property and interest in property in the sum certain amount of $500,000.00 per each trade
name/trademark used, per each occu rrence of use (viola tion/infringement) , plus triple damages, 
plus costs for each such use, as well as for each and every use of any and all derivatives of, and 
variations in the spelling of, " ©, [1] ,,; (2) authenticates this 
Security Agreement wherein Use r is debtor and [2] is Secured 
Party, and wherein Use r pledges all of User' s property, i.e. all consum er goods, farm products , 
inventory, equipment, money, invest ment property, commercial tort cla ims, letters of credit, 
letter-of-credit right s, chattel paper, inst rument s, deposit accounts , accoun ts, docum ents , and 
general intangib les, and all Use r' s interest in all such foregoing property, now owned and 
hereafter acquired, now exist ing and hereafter arising, and wherever loca ted, as colla teral for 
se curing Users contractual obliga tion in favor of Secured Party for User' s unauthorized use of 
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Secured Party's copyrighted property; (3) cons ents and agrees with Secured Party's filing of a 
UCC Financing Statement wherein Use r is debtor and [2] is 
Secured Party; (4) consents and agrees that said UCC Financing St atement described above in 
paragraph "(3)" is a continuing financing statement, and further consents and agrees with 
Secured Party's filing of any continuation statement necessa ry for maintaining Secu red Party's 
perfected security interest in all of User' s property and interest in property pledged as colla teral 
in Security Agreement descr ibed above in paragraph "(2)," until Use r' s cont ractual obligation 
theretofore incurred has been fu lly sa tisfied ; (5) author izes Secured Party's filing of any UCC 
Financing Statement, as described above in paragraph "(3)," as well as in paragraph "(4) ," and 
the filing of any Security Agreement, as described above in paragraph "(2)," in the UCC filing 
office ; (6) cons ents and agrees that any and all such filings described in paragraph "(4)" and 
"(5)" above are not, and may not be cons idered, bogus, and that User will not cla im that any such 
filing is bogus; (7) waives all defenses ; and (8) appoints Sec ured Party as Authorized 
Representative for User, effective upon Use r' s default re Use r' s contractual obligat ions in favor 
of Secured Party as set forth below under "Payment Terms" and "Default Terms ,' with fu ll 
authorization and power granted Secured Party for engaging in any and all acti ons on behalf of 
Use r includin g, but not limited by, authentication of a record on behalf of Use r, as Secu red Party, 
in Secured Party 's sole discr etion, deems appropriate, and Use r further conse nts and agrees that 
th is appointment of Secured Party as Authorized Representative for Us er, effective upon Use r' s 
default, is irrevocable and coupled with a security interest. Us er fu rther consents and agrees with 
all of the following additional terms of Self-executing Contract/Security Agreement in Event of 
Unauthorized Use: 
Default Terms : In event of non-payment in fu ll of all unauthor ized-use fees by Use r 
within ten (10) days of date Invoice is sent, Use r shall be deemed in default and (a) all of User' s 
property and interest in property pledged as colla teral by Us er, as set forth in above in paragraph 
"(2)," immediately becomes property of Secu red Party; (b) Secured Party is appointed Use r' s 
Authorized Representative as set forth above in paragraph "( 1)"; and (2). Us er conse nts and 
agrees that Secured Party may take posses sion of, as well as other wise dispose of in any manner 
that Secured Party, in Secured Party' s sole dis cretion, deems appropriate, including, but not 
limited by, sale at auct ion, at any time following Use r's default, and without fu rther notice, any 
and all of Use r' s former property and interest in property formerly pled ged as coll ateral by Use r, 
now property of Secu red Party, in respect of this "S elf-executing Contract/Security Agreement in 
Event of Unauthorized Use," that Secu red Party, again in Secured Party's sole dis cretion, deems 
appropriate . 
Payment Terms : In accordance with fees for unauthorized use of 
" ©, [1]" as set forth above, Use r hereby conse nts and agrees that 
Use r shall pay Secu red Party all unauthor ized- use fees in fu ll within ten (10) days of date 
Secured Party's invoic e, hereinafter "Invo ice," itemizing sa id fees, is sent to tort feasor. 
Terms for Curing Default: Upon event of default, as set forth above under " Default 
Terms," irrespective of any and all of Use rs former property and interest in property in the 
posses sion of, as well as disposed of by, Secured Party, as authorized above under "Default 
Terms," Use r may cure Use r' s default re only the remainder of Use r's former property and 
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interest in property formerly pledged as colla teral that is neither in the posses sion of, nor 
other wise disposed of by, Secured Party within twenty (20) days of date of Use r' s default only 
by payment in fu ll. 
Terms of Strict Foreclosure : Use r' s non-p ayment in fu ll of all unauthor ized-use fees 
itemi zed in Invoice within sa id twenty- (20) day period for curing default as set forth above 
under "Terms for Curing Default" authorizes Secured Party's immediate non- ju dicial strict 
foreclo sure on any and all remaining property and interest in property formerly pledged as 
coll ateral by User, now property of Secured Party, which is not in the posses sion of, nor 
other wise dispose d of by, Sec ured Party upon expiration of sa id twenty (20) day strict
foreclo sure period. Ownership sub ject to common-la w copyright and UCC Financing Statement 
and Secu rity Agreement filed with the UCC filing office. 
Record Owner: 
1974. 
[2] , Autograph Common Law Copyright 
Record owner: Secured Party / creditor name autographed common- la w copyright : 
Copyrighted Date _________ , 2009 
County of ) 
) Scilicet 
_______ state ) 
Without Preju dicelWithout Recourse 
_____________ [2] 
000000000000000 0000000000 00000 0 -Secu red Party, Auth or ized 
Repr esen tative , Attorn ey-In-Fact on behal f of the 
DEB TOR NAM E HERE ©, Ens legis 
ACKNOWLED GEMENT 
SUBCR IBED TO AND SW ORN before me this __ day of , A.D. 
2009, a Notary, that , persona lly appeared and known to me to be the 
man whose name subs cribed to the within inst rument and acknowledged to be the same. 
_____________________________ Seru; 
Notary Public 
My Comm issi on expires _______ _ 
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HOLD HARM LESS AND INDEMNITY 
AGR EEMENT 
This agreement secu res you from all liabilities of the Debtor. This is your Teflon coated shield of 
protection against any party that may attempt to use you as surety for the Straw-man . 
1. Place the bonu s CD in your drive and open the file : "SPC Docu ment slUC C- l 
Referenced/Security Agreement/sample Indemnity ." You can use the sa mple to guide 
you in preparing your Hold Harmless and Indemnity Agreement. For tho se of you who 
do not have the Bonus CD, the sa mples follow these inst ruct ions. 
2. Now open the file "SP C DocumentslUC C- l Referenced/Security Agreement/generic hold 
harmless agreement", and Double-click on the footer section . Replace the single instance 
of UNIQUE_ID with the document id that you have chosen for your Security Agreement, 
and the two instances of SP _NAME. When you are done, close the pop-up toolbar and go 
to the top of the docum ent. 
3. Sca n the pages called out in the table below and replace each identifier list ed in the table 
with your personal information. All identifiers are c� coded in bold text for easy 
identif ication. After replacing each identifier, click the � button on toolbar to deselect 
the bold text, and change the font color back to bla ck with the '" drop-down tool on the 
toolbar. 
RE DEM PTION MA NUAL - FO UR POI NT FIVE EDI TION 353

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Debtor: [3] 
HOLD HARMLES S AND 
INDEMNITY AGREEMENT 
Number 1093 78 196405 [2] 
Non-Negotiable - Private Between the Parties 
PARTIES : 
Creditor: [4] 
FRANKLIN BENJAMIN FREED OM© trade-name 
P.O. Box 1776 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin© 
c/o 1776 Redemption Road 
Baltimore, Maryland [2 1201 ] BALTIMORE, MD 212 01 
... and any and all derivatives and variations in the spelling of sa id name. 
Debtor's Social Security Account Number: 101- 88- 1776[ 5] 
This Hold-ha rmle ss and Indemnity Agreement is mutually agreed upon and entered into in this 
Tenth Day of the Tenth Month in the Year of Our Lord Two Thou sa nd and Four[6] between the 
ju ristic pers on: "FRANKLIN BENJAMIN FREEDO M©[7] ," and any and all derivatives and 
variations in spelling of sa id name hereinafter jointly and severally "Debtor ," except, " Benjamin 
Freedom Franklin ©[8] ," the living, breathing, flesh-a nd-blood man, known by the dist inctive 
appellation Benjamin Freedom Franklin© [9] , herein after "Creditor ." 
For valua ble cons ideration Debtor hereby expressly agrees and covenants, without benefit of 
discussion, and without division, that Debtor holds harml ess and undertakes the indemnification 
of Creditor from and against any and all cla ims, legal actio ns, orders, warrants, ju dgments, 
demands , liabilit ies, losses, depos ition s, sum monses, lawsui ts, costs, fines, lie ns, levie s, 
penalt ies, damage s, interests, and expenses wha ts oever both absol ute and contingent, as are due 
and as might become due, now exist ing and as might hereafter arise, and as might be 
suf fered/incurred by, as well as impose d on, Debtor for any reason, purpo se, and cause 
whatsoever. Debtor does hereby and herewith expres sly covena nt and agree that Creditor sha ll 
not under any circumsta nce, nor in any manner whatsoeve r, be consid ered an accommodation 
party, nor a surety, for Debtor. 
Defined; Glossary of Terms 
As used in this Hold-harm less and Indemnity Agreement, the following words and terms express 
the meanings set forth as follows, non obstante : 
Appellat ion. In th is Hold-ha rmless and Indemnity Agreement the term "appellation" means: A 
general term that introduces and specifies a particular term which may be use d in addres sing, 
greeting, calling out for, and making appeals of a particular livin g, breathing, flesh and-blood 
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man. 
Conduit. In th is Hold-ha rmless and Indemnity Agreement the term "c onduit" signifies a means 
of transmitting and dist ributing energy and the effects/produce of labor, such as goods and 
services, via the name, "FRANKLIN BENJAMIN FREEDO M©[10]," al so known by any and 
all derivatives and variations in the spelling of sa id name of Debtor except all derivatives and 
variations in the spelling of the name of "B enjamin Freedom Franklin©[l l], " Creditor. 
Credit or. In thi s Hold- harmless and Indemnity Agreement the term "Creditor" means 
"Benjamin Freedom Franklin© [1 2]" and all derivatives and variations in the spelling of the name 
of "B enjamin Freedom Franklin©[ 13]" . 
Debtor. In th is Hold-harm less and Indemnity Agreement the term "Debtor" means "FRANKLIN 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM© [14]," al so known by any and all derivatives and variations in the 
spelling of sa id name exce pting "B enjamin Freedom Franklin© [I S]" and all derivatives and 
variations in the spelling of the name of "B enjamin Freedom Franklin©[1 6]" . 
Derivative. In thi s Hold- harmless and Indemnity Agreement the word "derivative" means 
coming from another; taken from so mething preceding ; sec ondary; that which has not the origin 
in itself, but obtains existence from something foregoing and of a more primal and fu ndamental 
nature; anything derived from another. 
Ens legis. In thi s Hold-ha rmless and Indemnity Agreement the term "ens legis" means a creature 
of the law ; an artificial being, such as a corporation, consid ered as deriving its existence entirely 
from the law, as contrasted with a natural person. 
Hold-harmless and Indemnity Agreement. In this Hold-ha rmless and Indemnity Agreement 
the term "Hold-ha rmless and Indemnity Agreement" means this Hold-harm less and Indemnity 
Agreement No. 109378 196405[17] as thi s Hold- harml ess and Indemnity Agreement may be 
amended and modified in accordance with the agreement of the parties signing hereunder, 
together with all atta chmen ts, exhibit s, docume nts , endorsement s, and sc hedules re this Hold
harmless and Indemnity Agreement attached "FRANKLIN BENJAMIN FREEDOM©[18 ] ." In 
this Hold-ha rmless and Indemnity Agreement the "FRANKLIN BENJAMIN FREED OM© 
[19 ]" means "FRANKLIN BENJAMIN FREED OM©" [20] and any and all derivatives and 
variations in the spelling of sa id name except, "Benjamin Freedom Franklinr©[21 ]" and all 
derivatives and variations in the spelling of the name "B enjamin Freedom Franklin©[22] ." 
Common Law Copyright © 2009 by "B enjamin Freedom Franklin© [23] ." All Rights Rese rved. 
In th is Hold -harml ess and Indemnity Agreement the term "Benjamin Freedom Franklin© [24]" 
means the sentient, living, flesh-a nd-blood man identified by the distinctive appellation 
Benja min Freedom Franklin ©f25J and all derivatives and variations in the spelling of the na me 
"Benjamin Freedom Franklin© [26] ." All rights are reserved re use of "B enjamin Freedom 
Franklin© [27] ." Autograph Common Law Copyright 2009. 
Juristic person. In this Hold-ha rmless and Indemnity Agreement the term "j uri stic person" 
means an abstract, lega l entity ens leg is, such as a corporation, created by const ruct of law and 
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cons idered as posses sing certain legal rights and duties of a human being; an imaginary entity, 
such as Debtor, i.e. FRANKLIN BE NJAMIN FREEDOM© [28] which , on the basis of legal 
reasonin g, is legally treated as a huma n being for the pur pose of conducting commercial activity 
for the benefit of a biologic al , living being, such as Creditor. 
"From the earliest time s the law has enforced rights and exacted lia bilities by utili zing a 
corporate concept - by recognizing, that is, ju ristic persons other than human beings. The 
theories by which this mode of lega l operation has developed, has been just ified, qualified, and 
defined are the sub ject matter of a very siza ble library, The hist oric roots of a particular socie ty, 
economic pres sur es, phil oso phic notion s, all have had their share in the la w's response to the 
ways of men in carrying on their affairs through what is now the familiar device of the 
corporation ---- Attribution of lega l rights and duties to a ju ristic person other than man is 
neces sa rily a metaphorical process. And the none the worse for it. No doubt, "Metaphors in law 
are to be narrowly watched . "Ca rdozo, J., in Berkey v. Third Avenue R. Co., 244 N.Y. 84, 94, 
"But all inst ruments of thought should be narrowly watched lest they be abused and fail in their 
service to reaso n." See U.S. v. SCOPHONY CORP. OF AMERICA, 333 U.S. 795 ; 68 S. Ct. 855; 
1948 U.S." 
"Observati on: A pers on has a property right in the use of his or her name which a person may 
transf er or assign ." Gracey v. Maddin, 769 S.W. 2nd 497 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989). 
Living, breathing, flesh-and-blood man. In this Private Agreement the term "living, breathing, 
flesh-a nd-blood man" means the Creditor "Be nja min Freedom Franklin©[2 9]" , a sentient, living 
being, as dist ingui shed from an artificial lega l const ruct, ens leg is, i.e. a ju ristic person created by 
const ruct of law . 
Non obstante. In this Private Agreement the term "non obstante" means : Words anciently used 
in public and private inst rument with the intent of precluding, in advance, any interpretation 
other than certain declared objects, pur poses . 
"There, every man is independent of all la ws, except th ose prescribed by nature. He is not 
bound by any inst itutions formed by his fellowmen without his consent." CRUDEN v. NEALE, 
2 N.C. 338 (1 796) 2 S.E .. 70. (Cited for reference only) 
Sentient, living, being. In this Private Agreement the term "se ntient, living being" means the 
Creditor, i.e "B enjamin Freedom Franklin© [30]" , a living, breathing, flesh-a nd-blood man, as 
dist inguish ed from an abstract lega l const ruct such as an artificial entity, ju ristic corporation, 
partnership, as socia tion , and the like . 
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Transmitting Utility. In this Hold-harm less and Indemnity Agreement the term "transmitting 
utility" means a 'c ommercial transmitting utility ,' i.e., a conduit for all commercial presentments 
and matters pas sed to or presented to the Debtor, i.e. FRANKLIN BENJAMIN FREED OM© 
[31]. 
UCC. In thi s Hold-harm les s and Indemnity Agreement the term "UCC" means Uniform 
Commercial Code. 
Thi s Hold- harmless and Indemnity Agreement No. 109378 196405[32] is dated : the Tenth Day of 
the Tenth Month in the Year of Our Lord Two Th ousa nd and Nine [33]. 
Debtor: FRANKLIN BENJAMIN FREED OM© [34] . 
Debto r' s Signature 
Creditor accepts Debtor's signa ture in accord with UCC §§ 1- 201(39), 3- 401 (b). 
County of ___ [37] 
_____ state [38] 
Creditor: Benjamin Freedom Franklin© [35] 
Creditor's Signature - Autograph Common 
Copyright(c) 1776 By Benjamin Freedom 
Franklin© [36] . All Rights Reserved. 
ACKNOWLED GEMENT 
) 
) Sci licet 
) 
SUBCR IBED TO AND SWORN before me th is __ day of , A.D. 
2009, a Notary, that , personally appeared and known to me to be the 
man whose name subs cribed to the within inst rument and acknowledged to be the same. 
________________ Seal; 
Notary Public 
My Commi ss ion Expires _______ _ 
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Data Sheet For : 
Hold- Harmless Agreement 
The bracketed numbers [ ] that appear on the Sample Hold-Ha rmless Agreement indica tes the 
information to be inputted on your Hold-H armless Agreement with the example to the right. 
Remove all 'number brackets' on your finish ed document. 
Item: Data : (Example) 
[1] Footer - Hold-Harmless identifier sample> #1093 781 964051HHIA 
number you create 
[2] Hold- Harmless identifier #10 93 781 964051HHIA 
[3] Debt or's Name & Address BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
P.O. Box 1776 
Baltimore, MD 21 201 
[4] Secured Party Name & Address Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
c/o 1776 Redemption Road 
Baltimore, Maryland state 21201 
United States of America 
[5] UCC Contract Trust AccounUSS# 101- 88- 1776 
[6] Date Hold-Harmless Agreement is Tenth Day of Tenth Month in the 
Year created and signed of Our Lord Two Thousand and Four 
[7] Debtor/Straw-man Name 
[8] Secured Party Name 
[9] Secured Party Name 
[1 0] Debtor/Straw-man Name 
[11] Secured Party Creditor 
[1 2] Secured Party Name 
[13] Secured Party Name 
[14 ] Debtor/Straw-man Name 
[15] Secured Party Name 
[1 6] Secured Party Name 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
[17] Hold -Harmless Agreement identifier #10 9387 196405 
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[1 8] Debtor/Straw-man Name 
[1 9] Debtor /Straw-man Name 
[20] Debtor/Straw-man Name 
[2 1] Secured Party Name 
[22] Secured Party Name 
[23] Secured Party Name 
[24] Secured Party Name 
[25] Secured Party Name 
[26] Secured Party Name 
[27] Secured Party Name 
[28] Debtor/Straw-man Name 
[29] Secured Party Creditor 
[30] Secured Party Creditor 
[3 1] Debtor/Straw-man Name 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
[32] Hold- Harmless Agreement identifier sample; #02 1705-H HI-BFF 
[33] Date Hold- Harmless Agreement Sample ; Tenth Day of the Tenth Month in the 
is created and signed. Year of Our Lord Two Thousand and Four 
[34] Debtor /Straw-man Name 
[35] Secured Party Creditor 
[36] Secured Party Credit or 
[37] Name of County 
[38] Name of State 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
... example> Jackson 
... example> Oregon 
[39] Date of H.H.I. is Notarized The current date/day you Notarize the document 
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Debtor: [3] 
HOLD HARMLESS AND 
INDEMNITY AGREEMENT 
Number _____ [2] 
Non-Neg otiable - Private Between the Parties 
PARTIES: 
Creditor: [4] 
____ ____ ____ © trade-name --- --- --_ © 
----- , ---
c/o 
--- --- , --
... and any and all derivatives and variations in the spelling of sa id name . 
Debtor's Social Security Account Number: 101- 88- 1776[ 5] 
This Hold-harm less and Indemnity Agreement is mutually agreed upon and entered into in 
th is __ Day of the __ Month in the Year of Our Lord Tow th ousa nd and Four[ 6] between 
the ju ristic person: " © [7] ," and any and all derivatives and 
variations in spelling of sa id name hereinafter jointly and severally "Debto r," except, " __ _ 
___ © [8] ," the living, breathing, flesh-a nd-blood man, known by the dist inctive 
appellation © [9] , herein after "Creditor ." 
For valuabl e cons ideration Debtor hereby expressly agrees and covenants, without benefit of 
discussion, and without division, that Debtor holds harmless and undertakes the indemnification 
of Creditor from and against any and all cla ims, legal actions, orders, warrants, ju dgments , 
demands , liabilit ies, losses, deposit ions, summ onses , lawsui ts, costs, fines, lie ns, levies, 
penalt ies, damages, interests, and expenses wha ts oever both absolute and contingent, as are due 
and as might become due, now exist ing and as might hereafter arise, and as might be 
suf fered/incurred by, as well as imposed on, Debtor for any reason, pur pose, and cause 
whatsoever. Debtor does hereby and herewith expres sly covenant and agree that Creditor sha ll 
not under any circums tanc e, nor in any manner whatsoever, be consid ered an accommodation 
party, nor a sure ty, for Debtor. 
Defined: Glossary of Terms. 
As use d in th is Hold-ha rmless and Indemnity Agreement, the following words and terms express 
the meanings set forth as follow s, non obstante : 
Appellation . In this Hold-ha rmless and Indemnity Agreement the term "appellation" means: A 
general term that introduces and specifies a particular term which may be use d in addressing, 
greeting, calling out for, and making appeals of a particular living, breathing, flesh and-blood 
man. 
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Conduit. In th is Hold-ha rmless and Indemnity Agreement the term "con duit" signifies a means
of transmitting and dist ributing energy and the effects/produce of labor, such as goods and
servic es, via the name, " © [10]," al so known by any and all
derivatives and variations in the spelling of sa id name of Debtor except all derivatives and
variations in the spelling of the name of " © [11]," Creditor.
Credit or. In th is Hold-ha rmless and Indemnity Agreement the term "Creditor" means " __ _
___ ___ © [1 2]" and all derivatives and variations in the spe lling of the name of
" ___ ____ ___ © [13]" .
Debtor. In this Hold-harm less and Indemnity Agreement the term "Debtor" means " ___ _
____ ____ © [14]," al so known by any and all derivatives and variations in the spelling
of sa id name excepting " © [1 5]" and all derivatives and variations in
the spelling of the name of " © [16]" .
Derivative. In th is Hold- harmless and Indemnity Agreement the word "derivative" means
coming from another; taken from so mething preceding; sec ondary; that which has not the origin
in itself, but obtains existence from so mething foregoing and of a more primal and fu ndamental
nature; anything derived from another.
Ens legis. In th is Hold-ha rmless and Indemnity Agreement the term "ens legis" means a creature
of the law ; an artificial being, such as a corporation, consid ered as deriving its exist ence entirely
from the law, as contrasted with a natural person .
Hold-harmless and Indemnity Agreement. In this Hold-ha rmless and Indemnity Agreement
the term "Hold-ha rmless and Indemnity Agreement" means this Hold-ha rmless and Indemnity
Agreement No. [17 ] as this Hold-harm less and Indemnity Agreement may
be amended and modified in accordance with the agreement of the parties signing hereunder,
together with all attachment s, exhibit s, documen ts, endorsement s, and sc hed ules re this Hold-
harmless and Indemnity Agreement attached " © [18 ] ." In thi s
Hold-harm less and Indemnity Agreement the " © [1 9]" means
" [20]©" and any and all derivatives and variations in the spelling
of sa id name except, " r© [21] " and all derivatives and variations in
the spelling of the name " © [22] ." Common Law Copyright © 2009
by " © [23] ." All Rights Reserved.
In th is Hold-har ml ess and Indemnity Agreement the term " © [24]"
means the sentient, living, flesh-a nd-blood man identified by the dist inctive appellation _ _ _
___ _ _ _ © [25] and all derivatives and variations in the spelling of the name " __ _
___ ___ © [26] ." All rights are reserved re use of " © [27] ."
Autograph Common Law Copyright 2009.
Juristic person. In th is Hold-ha rmless and Indemnity Agreement the term "j uri stic person"
means an abstract, legal entity ens leg is, such as a corporation, created by const ruct of law and
cons idered as possessi ng certain lega l rights and duties of a human being ; an imaginary entity,
such as Debtor, i.e. © [28] which, on the basis of lega l reasoning,
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is legally treated as a human being for the pur pose of conducting commercial activity for the 
benefit of a biologic al, living being, such as Creditor. 
"From the earliest times the law has enforced rights and exacted lia bilities by utilizing a 
corporate concept - by recognizing, that is, ju ristic persons other than human beings. The 
theories by which this mode of lega l operation has devel oped, has been ju stified, qualified, and 
defined are the sub ject matter of a very siza ble library, The historic roots of a particular society, 
economic pres sur es, ph ilos ophic notion s, all have had their share in the la w's response to the 
ways of men in carrying on their affairs through what is now the familiar device of the 
corporation ------ Attribution of lega l rights and duties to a ju ristic person other than man is 
necessa rily a metaphorical process. And the none the worse for it. No doubt, "Metaphors in law 
are to be narrowly watche d. "Car dozo, J., in Berkey v. Third Avenue R. Co., 244 N.Y. 84, 94, 
"But all inst ruments of thought should be narrowly watched lest they be abu sed and fail in their 
service to reason." See U.S. v. SCOPHONY CORP. OF AMERICA, 333 U.S. 795 ; 68 S. Ct. 855; 
1948 U.S." 
"Observation : A person has a property right in the use of his or her name which a person may 
transfer or assig n." Gracey v. Maddin, 769 S.W. 2nd 497 (Tenn . Ct. App . 1989). 
Living, breathing, flesh -and-blood man. In this Private Agreement the term "living, breathing, 
flesh-a nd-blood man" means the Creditor " © [29]" , a sentient, living 
being, as distinguished from an artificial lega l const ruct, ens legis, i.e. a ju ristic person created by 
const ruct of la w. 
Non obstante. In this Private Agreement the term "non obstante" means : Words anciently used 
in public and private inst rument with the intent of precluding, in advance, any interpretation 
other than certain declared objects, pur poses . 
"There, every man is independent of all la ws, except tho se prescribed by nature. He is not 
bound by any inst itut ions formed by his fellowmen without his conse nt." CRUDEN v. NEALE, 
2 N.C. 338 (17 96) 2 S.E .. 70. 
Sentient, living, being. In this Private Agreement the term "se ntient, living being" means the 
Creditor, i.e " © [30]" , a living, breathing, flesh-a nd-blood man, as 
dist ingui sh ed from an abstract lega l const ruct such as an artificial entity, ju ristic corporation, 
partnership , associa tion, and the like . 
Transmitting Utility. In thi s Hold- harmless and Indemnity Agreement the term "transmitting 
RE DEMP TION MA NUAL - FO UR POINT FIVE EDI TION 363

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utility" means a 'c ommercial transmitting utilit y, ' i.e., a conduit for all commercial presentments 
and matters passed to or presented to the Debtor, i.e. © [31 ]. 
VCc. In thi s Hold-ha rmle ss and Indemnity Agreement the term "UCC" means Uniform 
Commercial Code. 
Thi s Hold-ha rmless and Indemnity Agreement No. [32] is dated: the __ 
Day of the Month in the Year of Our Lord Two Thou sa nd and Nine [33] . 
Debtor: __________ © [34] . 
Debtor' s Signature 
Creditor accepts Debto r' s si gnature in accord with UCC §§ 1- 201(39), 3- 401 (b). 
Creditor: ____________ ©[ 35] 
County of ____ _ ) 
Creditor' s Signature - Autograph Common Copyright(c) 1776 
by © [36] . All Rights Reserved. 
ACKNOWLED GEMENT 
) Scilicet 
________ state ) 
SUBCR IBED TO AND SWORN before me thi s __ day of , A.D. 
2009, a Notary, that , personally appeared and known to me to be the 
man whose name subs cribed to the within instrument and acknowledged to be the sa me. 
_________________ Seal ; 
Notary Public 
My Commission Expires _______ _ 
Note ; The 'footer' would be: 
1 (page #) Hold Harmless & Indemnity Agreement 
... or see 'C D.' 
RED EMP TION MANUAL - FOUR POIN T FIVE EDIT ION 
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VCC-! FINAN CING STATE MENT
The pur pose of the UCC- I FINANCING STATEMENT is to create a public and private notice
of a superior (first in line, first in time) security interest, claim, or lien on colla teral . Although
strictly speaking, colla teral is evidence (indicia) of property, not property itself, the word
property may be used synonym ously with colla teral . In addition, the value of the property may
be a benefit only (you control the account) as in the case of a driver' s lice nse. The Secured Party
may be you or another person that you have entered into a contract with . Evidence of contract for
the pur pose of capturing your Debtor is your SECURITY AGREEMENT. We will cover three
sc enarios for usi ng the UCC- I Financing St atement: You and your Debtor, Cross filing between
husba nd and wife on the othe r' s Debtor, and filing on a third party to insure payment on an
agreement. To become a Sec ured Party, It will be necessa ry for you to complete a primary UCC-
1 FINANCING STATEMENT and if circums tance warrants , one or more informational filin gs.
An 'Informational Filing' differs from a primary filing with respect to field (4) of the form. In a
primary filing you enter your coll ateral (property) list. In an informational filing, the words/text
is "T his is an informational 'in lieu of" filing, original UCC- I Financing St atement filed in
Wa shington St ate, UCC- I# (number) , dated; ....... ..... . " (Se e sample UCC- I Informational
filing on page 36 2)
WHERE TO FILE: If you have a credit card and internet access, we strongly suggest that you
complete your initial (primary) filing electronically with the state of Wa shington
(http ://www.dol.wa.g ov/business) (1 -2-08). There are several advantages to doing so:
- As of this printing, Washington is the easiest state to file into and takes about 30 minut es.
- They will accept filings from anywhere.
- You get your filing number (required in the CHARGEB ACK process) at the close of your
internet filing/transa ction . If you file by mail, you may wait up to two weeks or more.
Note : Under article 4, section 1 of the u.S. Const itution "all state s must give due
recognition of all other stat es; acts, filing , documents ," etc .
Note : If you don't have access to the internet from home, there are a variety of
alternatives for example, internet cafes, Kinko's , or your loca l library.
If you file in a state other than the state of your BIRTH: It is MANDATORY that you al so
complete an informational filing with your birth state . Make sure to indicate that th is is an
informational filing by including the words "informational filing" / "in lieu of' filing, on the
form. Be sure to include a money order to cover the filing fee.
If you are DOMICILED in a state other than your BIRTH state or your PRIMARY filing state ,
you mu st al so complete an INFORMATIONAL FILING in the state where you live.
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ELEC TRONIC FILING: Here is an overview of the steps to take when doing your electronic
filing on the internet (see detailed instructions below in the MANUAL FILING sectio n). Note
that some states do not offer electronic filing.
1. Open up web page to the Secretary of St ate - UCC se ction, select 'E lect ronic Filin g, select
FINANCING STATEMENT
2. Fill in all necessa ry fields -see detailed inst ructions be low. Make sure you have completed the
UCC- l REFERENCED DOCUMENTS sections before you begin.
3. Note : to save time , pre-type your 'C olla teral Text Paragraph ' before beginning the 'e lectronic
filing seque nce. Save 'Co lla teral Text' and place on lower tool bar.
4. When you get to the colla teral box, just do a 'co py and past e!'
Note : in the Washin gton St ate electronic filing proces s, when the 'form' is filled in
and you press 's ubmi t, ' it us ually puts up an information window stating that it
doesn 't recognize the 'foreign symbo ls' ; ( @ $ & ( ) ! # - Periods, comma s, etc.).
In this case, you will have to go back and 'D ELETE then RE-T YPE ALL
SYMBOLS !' Then hit 's u bmit. '
5. PRINT YOUR ON- LINE RECEIPT ("Acknowledgement Copy of Initial Financing
St atement") at the conclusion of your transact ion.
4. Save an electronic (soft) copy of your RECEIPT and a blank copy of a UCC
FINANCING STATEMENT to a floppy disk or your hard drive in case you want to
use them in the DOC UMENTING YOUR FILING section below.
MANUAL FILING: If you choose to fill-out your UCC- l Financing St atement manually
inst ead of on-line, a hard copy can be made from the sa mple form in this book, or printed from
the companion 'CD' includ ed with the book. You may al so print one from the web, by going to
your 'Se cretary of St ate ' UCC web page or requ est one by phone from the UCC division in the
state that you will be filing in. Be sure to requ est the amount of the filing fee and type of
payment they will accept so that you can include this with your filing.
To complete your UCC- l FINANCING STATEMENT, please fill in the following 20 fields with
your personal information. The call outs are the actual line desig nations in the form:
SE E (G) COPY OF UCC- l PASTE-UP FORM IN DOCS SE CTI ON
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Note : The unused fields (27) are not explained below, as th is would complica te the 
instruct ions. While it is possi ble for husband and wife to 'c ross file' on each othe r' s Debtor, 
which would use section 2 of the form, we do not show th is case. If husband and wife would 
want to cr oss file, it is suggested to do separate UCC- I complete process on each othe r' s 
Debtor. 
B: SEND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TO: (Name and Address), use this format: 
Benjamin-Freedom: Franklin 
c/o 1776 Redemption Road 
Baltimore, Maryland state [ 21201 ] 
la : ORGANIZATI ON 'S (Debto r's) NAME, use th is format: 
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN 
lc: MAILING ADDRES S, CITY, STATE, POST AL CODE, COUNTRY 
1776 REDEMPTION ROAD 
BALTIMORE, MD 21201 
USA 
Ie: TYPE OF ORAGANIZATION, use this format: 
ENS LEGIS 1 TRUST 
If: JURIS DICTION OF ORGANIZATION 
PRIVATE 
Note : you are taking commercial control of the Debtor. As the Authorized 
Representative of the Debtor, being the so vereign (in a colle ctive capacit y), 
Secured PartylCreditor, you have 'ALL Power' within your 'Private ' venue . The 
STATE and its employees are 'd ebtors ' and bankrupt ! 
19: ORGANIZATIONAL ID #, if any (number at top of your Birth Certificate) 
1944-05 11 8/0974563 
Note : The number above was taken from the top of a 'Certificate of Live Birth ' 
and is only us ed here as an example . 
3b: INDIVIDUAL 'S LAST NAME, FIRST NAME, MIDDL E NAME, use this 
format: 
Franklin : 
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Benjamin
Freedom-
3c: MAILING ADDRES S (S ecured party) , CITY, STATE, POST AL CODE, COUNTRY,
use this format:
c/o 1776 Redemption Road
Baltimore, Maryland state
[ 21201 ] uSA
Note : SPC address should be a physica l loca tion, in care of (c/o). To es tabl ish a
separation between SPC and Debtor, it is preferable that you secure a Post Office
Box to use for the Debto r' s address. Write the text in all capital lette rs .
4: This FINANCING STATEMENT covers the following colla teral :
[ Your list goes here ... ]
Place a fu ll and complete statement of THE COLLATERAL that is to be covered in
the UCC- I Financing Statement (see example belo w). If thi s is an informational
filing, use the following line in place of your original coll ateral list:
"Thi s is an informational "in lieu of' filing, original UCC- l Financing Statement
filed in Washing ton St ate, UCC- l# (number), date d; filing dat e."
SAMPLE COLLA TERAL TEXT:
Thi s is the entry of coll ateral on behalf of the CreditorlPrincipal ; Benjamin Freedom
Franklin and of the Debtor; BEN JAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN in the Commercial
Chamber under neces sity and the following property is hereby registered in the same :
All Certificates of Birth Docu ment #007-0101 1 as herein liened and claimed at a sum
certain $1 00,000,000.00, Maryland Driver License #MD08974-A , UCC Contract Trust
Account Number 101 -88-1776; Exemption Identification Number 1018817 76 ,
AutoTRIS & CUSIP Number; 1018 81776; Security Agreement Item No. 052507- lISA ,
Power of Attorney Item No. 052507-2 IPOA, Hold Harmless Indemnity Agreement Item
No. 052507-3 /HHIA; Copyright Notice Item No. 052507-4 /CLC. Said registration is to
secure the right s, tit le(s) and interest in and of the Root of Title and Birth Certificate #
007-10101 as received by the Maryland DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND
WELFARE (Division of Vital St atistic s), DNA, Bl ood, Retina Sc ans, fingerprints (of
record owner) and all Debenture s, Indenture s, Accoun ts, and all the Pledges repres ented
by sa me included but not limited to the pignus, hypotheca, hereditments, res, the energy
and all products derived there-from, nunc pro tunc , but not limited to all capitalized
names: BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN F. FRANKLIN, B. F.
FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN , or Benjamin F. Franklin or any derivatives
thereof as use d in comm erce, and all contrac ts , agreements, and signa tures and/or
endorsement s, facsimi les , printed, typed or photocopied of owner' s name predicated on
the 'St raw-ma n, ' Ens legi s/Tru st described as the debtor and all property is accepted for
value and is Exempt from levy. Record owner is not the guarantor or surety to any other
RE DEM PTION MA NUA L - FO UR POIN T FIVE EDI TION 368

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account by explicit reservation. Adjust ment of this filing is from Public Policy HJR- 192 
and UCC 1-10 4 and 10-10 4. All proceeds, produ cts, accounts , baggage and fixtures and 
the Orders there from are to be released to the Secured Party as the authori zed 
representative of the debtor. Debtor is a commercial transmitting utility and is a trust. 
Note ; the above text for your UCC- l has been improved and is the sa me as it appears on 
in the 'CD' ... but ju st be cognizant of the 'Item' numbers as compared to the Data 
Fields herein. Just uti lize the format of the 'Item ' numbers . 
8: OPTIONAL FILER REFERENCE DATA, use this format: 
Secured Party - Benjamin-Freed om: Franklin 
Note : pl ace the text above slig htly to the right of the word 'D ATA' - Secured 
Party. For MANUAL FILINGS ONLY: SIGN the name of the Sec ured Party 
in 'Bl ue ink' , at the far right of field 8. 
No te; Yo u may check the Box that indic ates that your Deb to r is a 
tran sm itti ng uti l ity ... but as indi cated in the box 4 text, yo ur De bto r is a 
'Comm er cia l' tran sm itti ng uti l ity (no t a te lephone, ele ctri ca l or gas pip elin e !) 
Yo u may al so check the box that your deb tor is TRUS T ! (th iS ca n be done on 
the el ectr onic fi ling process as we ll as on a har d co py fi ling - UCC- l Ad dend um 
page ! 
No te; Any up dat e to the la ngua ge in the fi rst lin e of the UCC- l text langua ge 
is no t reflec ted in the UC C- l sa mp le foll owing or in the Co ll ater a l sa mple box 
on page 376 ! 
SEE TH E FOLLOWI NG SAM PLE FORMS AS AN EXAMPLE FILLED OUT: 
1) UCC- 1 OR IG ININ AL FILING 
2) UC C-1 IN FORMA TIONAL FILING 
3) UC C-3 FIL ING ON PR OPER TY - I.E. , PR IVATE AUT O (P ick -up) 
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UCC FINANCING STATEME NT
FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS (fro," and bact) CAREFutl Y
A. NAME &. PHONE OF CONTACT AT FILER loptiona�
6. SEND ACKNOWLEDGMENT TO, (Name and Add",..)
L
Benjamin Franklin Freeman
17 76 American Way
Corporate City, Any State
99999
2006-234-4567 File Number;
File Date 1 Time; 6/25/2006 - 12:45 PM
File Location ; Washing ton State-DOL
THE ABOVE SPACE IS FOR FILING OFFICE USE ONLY
DEBTOR'S EXACTFUU LEGAL NAME rt � ,.."", -lilse on Oi'1'e (1 �b ) d tabbreviateorcomblne11ames name aor, • cno
1a. ORGANlZAnON"SNAME
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN FREEMAN
OR , b. INOIVlOUAL'SLAST NAME
1c. MAIlINGAOOR ESS
1 d. SEE IfSTRUCTIQNS
N/A
POBOX 17 76
I ,ADD'lINfO RE 110 . lYPE OF ORGANIZATION
��l1ON lENS LEGJSITRUST I
nR5f N.AME
CI1Y
CORPORATE crrv
1f JUR!$OIC'nONOFORGANIZATION
PRIVATE I
MIDDlE NAME
STATE il'O$TALCODE
AS 99999
�g ORGANlZA1l0NAL 101#, if any
2 ADDITiONAl DEBTOR'S EXACT FULL LEGAL NAt.£ insert only OM debtor name (2a or 2b) do oot abbf'e¥\8te or comblf\e aames
2a ORGANlZAllON'S NAME
OR 2b INDIVIDUAl'S LAST NAME
.20. MAUNG ADDRESS
2d. SEE INSTBUCItoNS
J:OO'LINFORE 12�
TYPEOF ORGANlZAnON
ORGANIZATION
DEBTOR .!
FIRST NAME
CITY
2f JURISDIC TONOF ORGANIZA1l0N
I
3 SECURED PARTYS NAME (orNAMEofTOTAlASSlGNEEof ASSI GNORSIP) InsertonIY2ll§5eCl.lred partyname (Sa or3b)
3a. ORGANIZATON'S NAME
OR 3b. INDIVIDUAL'S LAST NAME FIRST NAME Freeman Benjamin
3c. MAILING ADDRESS CITY
17 76 American Way . Corporate City
_ 4. nus FINANCING STA.����T covers thefolloW1f\g oollll.1Je.ral.
MIDOlE NAME
STATE
IPOSTAlCODE
2g ORGANIZATIONAL 10 Ii, if &flV
I
Franklin IMIDDlE
NAME .
ISTATE IPOSTAL CODE
Any State 99999
SUFFtX
COUNTRY
USA
nNONE
SUFFIX
COUNTRY
nNOtJE
SUFFIX
COUNlRV
uSA
This is the entry of the col lateral record owner; Benjamin Freedom Franklin and of the Debtor; BENJA.; 'vIIN FREEDOM -FRANKLIN in the
Commercial Chamber under neces sity and the follo wing property is hereby registered in the same: All Certificates of Bi rth Do cum en t #007-
0101 1 are herein l iened and claimed at a sum certain $1 00,000,0 00 ,00, Maryland Driver Liccnsc,#MD 08974-A, UCC Contract Trust Account
Number 101- 88- 1 776; Exemption Identification Number 10 1 88 1 77 6, AutoTRIS & CUSIP Number; 10 1881 776; Security A greeme nt No. SA-
01 1717 06 1 776BFF, Power of Attorney No. POA-0 I1717 06- 1 776BFF, Hold Harmless Indemnifi cation Agreement No, HHIA- 12 345 6789-
BFF; Copyright Notice No, CLC-01 1717 061 776BFF, Said registration is to secure the rights, ti!le(s) and interest in and of the Root of Title
and Birth Certificate # 007 -10101 as received by the Maryland DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND WELFARE (D ivis ion of Vital
Stat;stics). DNA.; Retna Scans and all Debentures, Indentures, Accounts, and all the Pledges represented by same included but not l im ite d to
lhe pignus, hypothec", hereditments. res, the energy and all products der ived there-Irom, nunc pro tunc, but not lim ited to al l capitallzed
names: BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN F, FRANKLIN. B,F, FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, or any derivative s
thereof, and all contra cts, agreements, and signa tures and/or endorsements, facsimiles, primed. typed or photocopied of owner's name
predicated on the 'S traw-man,' LLC (ENS LEGIS) described as the debtor and all property is accepted for value and is Exempt from levy,
Record owner is not the guarantor or surety to any other acco unt by explicit reservati on, Ad j ustment of this tiling is from Publ ic Policy HJR-
19 2 an d UCC \-10 4 and 10 -10 4, All proceeds, products, accounts, baggage and fixtures and the Orders there from are to be released to the
Secured Party as the authorized representative of the debtor. Debtor is a commercial transmitting util ity and is a trllst,
Debtor 2
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UCC FIN ANCING STATEMEN T 
FOllOW INSTRUCTIONS (from and backl CAREFULLY 
A_ NAME & PHONE OF CONTACT AT ALER (optionaq 
B_ SEND ACKNOWLEDGMENT TO_ (Name and Add ..... ) 
L 
Benjamin Franklin Freeman 
17 76 American Way 
Corporate City, Any State 
99999 
N - - -o te; This a sample ---
I nformatio nal F T copy of What an ' ve e 1 
mailing t o 'Ve e lolDfgfi' lo oks like . .. ready fo -
p Ice' with r 
ayment . . . Sent certified! money order 
THE ABOVE SPACE IS FOR FILING OFFICE USE ONLY 
DEBTOR'S EXACT FUll LEGALNAtIoE Insertonly� debtorname(1 a or1 b) do notabbre-.me orcomblnename5 
'a. ORGANrZATIOf-tSNAME 
--
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN FREEMAN 
OR 1b INDMOUAL'SLASTNAME FIRST NAME 
1 c. MA.LINa AOORESS 
1d. SfEJN$TRUCTJONS 
N/A 
CITY 
POB OX 17 76 CORPORATE CITY 
I 
:D'l INFO RE I; e 1YPE OF ORGANIZATION 1 f.,lURISDlCllON OeORGANllATION g::�lION 
lEN S LEGIS/TRUST I PRIVATE I 
MIDDLE NAME 
STATE 
I 
POSTAL CODl' 
AS 99999 
1" . ORGANtzATlOOAl IDf#. if any 
2 ADOmoNAl. DEB TOR'S EXACT FULL lEGAl NAhE 1Il5ert. only .QM.debtor name (2a or 2'0) do nata� or combmf! names 
28. ORGANIZATION'S NAME 
OR 2b. INDiVIDUAl'S LAST NAME ARSTNAME MIDDL t:: NAMt:: 
2c. MAILING ADDRESS CITY STATE 
I 
POSTAL CODE 
2d SEE INSTRUCTfONS 
I tD'lINfO 
RE 12• TYPE OF ORGANlZAlION 21. JURISDICTION OF ORGANIZATION 2g. ORCANlZA11ONAL ID ft., n' any 
g:;�AT10N I 
I I 
3 SECURED PARTY'S NAME (or NAME ofTOTAL ASSGNEEofASSIGNOR SIP) Insertol1ly onesecured party name (3a of3b) 
3a QRGANIZATl()N'S NAME 
OR 3b IND!V10UAL'S LAST NAME FJRSTNAME 
IMIDDLE 
NAME 
Freeman Benjamin Franklin 
3c MAILING ADDRESS CITY 
Corporate City 
(STATE (POSTAL CODE 
17 76 American Way Any State 9999 9 
4. This FINANCING STATEMENT covers tf1efolbwmg 0011*181. 
SUFFIX 
COUI\lTRY 
USA 
o NONE 
SUFFlX 
COUNTRY 
o NONE 
SUFFIX 
COUNTRY 
uSA 
Original UCC-l Financing Statement filed in Washington State - UCC- l Number 2006- 123- 4567, 
Dated June 25, 2006, Time filed; 12: 45 PM 
Secured Party -
FIL ING OFFICE COPY - UCC FINANCING STA TEMENT (FORM UCCI) (REV 
RE DEMP TION MANUAL - FOUR POIN T FIVE EDI TION 371

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B. SEND ACKNOWLEDGMENT TO: (Na .... and Address) .
File Number; 2006-234-9999-3
Benjamin Franklin Freeman
17 76 American Way
Corporate City, Any State
File Datetrim e; 4/15/2006 2:39 PM
File location; Washing ton Sta te-DOL
99999
L
THE ABOVE SPACE IS FOR FILING OFFICE USE ONLY
1a. INITl Al FINANCING STATEMENT fiL E #
2006-234- 4567
11b. This FINANCING STATEMENT AMENDMENT is
I n :�eLfi�e:T�;�e�����CDrded)
in the
2. I I TERMINATION: Effectiveness Clf the Financlng Statement ldentir8d above is terminated with respect 10 secllrity lnleresl(a) alth a Sacured Party authorizing this Termination Statement
4. ASSIGNMENT (full or par1iaf): Gi\le name of 888/slnee in item 7. or 7b and address of assignee "In "Item 7c; and also giVe name of .aslgnor in item 9.
5. AMEND MENT (PARTY INFO RMATION): Thts Amendment affects Secured Party of record. Check only .2nl D1 111 esl two boxes.
AlSo Check Ilnl of Ihe roDcwtng three boxes m:uf proVide appropriale info nTlliitlon In Items e andlor 1.
CHANGE name ancL'or address: Gtve CUTrenl record name !{l ltem 68 or 6b; also gi .... e new
name if name cha e in item 78 or 7b and/or new address if addl'll ss chan e in item 7c.
DELETE nama: GMt record name
to be deleted In lNm ea or 6b.
ADD name: Complete Item 7a or 7b, and also
item 7 also com late ilems 7d�7 if a lica ble .
6. CURRENT RECORD INFORMATION:
Sa. ORGANI AnON'S NAME
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN FREEMAN
OR ab. INDIVID UAL'S LAST NAME
7 CHANGEO (NEW} OR ADDEO INFORMATION'
7e. ORGANIZATION'S NAME
OR 7b. l"';OIVIO UAl'S LAST NAME
7e. MAtL ING ADDRESS
7d. TAX 'O#; SSN OR eN
IfDDUNFO
RE 17 •• TYPE OF ORGANIZATION
g���ZA llON
I
Corporation
8. AMEN DMENT (COLLATERAL CHANGE). "" ... onl, _ bo,.
FIRST NAME
fJRST NAME
CITY
7f. JURI OlCTJONO FOR GAN lZATION
Describe collaleral Odeleled Of � added, or give en" feDr esfa'ad collatera l description, or describe collaterel Dassigned_
MIDDLE NAME SUFFIX
MIDDLE NAME SUFFIX
STATE rOSTAl CODE COUNTRy
7g. ORGAN IZATIONAL ID #. ifiilnY
nNONE
The following Property is acce pted for valu e, exem pt from levy, and herewith registered in the Commerc ial Chamber
and Iiened at a sum certain $19,000.00 and is the private property (conveyance) of the Secur ed Party as authorized
representative of the Debtor and said property is not used in c o mmerc e upon the highways and is exempt from the
State MYD/code registration statutes; property described as; 2005 TOYO TA, Pic k-up, Model - Tacoma, Yin #
Rt2 dn58G0 14 5948 Co lor; Red I White and Bl ue, Bearing Licens e Plate Numb er 01 2345. Before any of the above
property can be disbursed, exchanged, sold, forfeited, gifted, transferred, surrendered, conveyed, destroyed, disposed
of, or otherwise removed from DEBTO R' S possession, Secu red Party must be satisfied in fu ll Di shonor via
Settlement Agreement via Certified Bank Check or B ill of Exc hange and acknowl edgment of same by DMV !DOT.
9, NAME OF SE CURED PARTY OF RECORD AUTHOR IZING THIS AMENDMENT (name of B$signor, If \tiEs is an AssIgnment). If Ihls Is an Amendment authorized by B Debtor which
adds collateral or adds the autl'lortzlng OBtltor, 01' II this Is a Te fTTltnailon lulhorized by a Debto" check here and ellter name (If DEBTOR authorjzlng this Amendmant
91. ORGANIZATION'S NAME
OR 9b. INOtvlOUAl'S LAST NAME
Freeman
1 0.0PTIONAL FIL ER REFERENCE DATA . ___ . . ..
Secured Party -
Sig ned in Blue Ink�
RE DEM PTION MA NUA L - FOUR POIN T FIVE EDI TION 372

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VCC FINANCING STATE MENT (VC C-I)
'E lectronic Filing '
To become a Secu red Party Creditor, you mu st complete a primary VCC- l Financing Statement, and
one or more secondary 'Informational Filing s' (see notes belo w). If you have a credit or debit card and
internet access, we str ongly suggest that you complete your initial (primary) filing electronically with
the state of Washington at http ://www.d ol.wa. gov/unfduccf orms.htm. There are several advantages
to doing so: 1) as of this printing, Wa shington is the easiest state to file into and takes about 30
minut es. 2) they will accept filings from anywhere. 3) Some state s, such as Oregon, are refusing VCC-
1 filin gs. 4) you get your filing number (required in the CHARGEB ACK process) at the close of your
transa ction . If you file by mail , you may wait up to two weeks or more. The cost for ELECTRONIC
Filing is $1 0.00 and can ONLY be paid for by credit card.
Notes :
1. Vnder Article 4, se ction 1 of the uS Const itution "a ll states mu st give due recognition of all
other stat es; acts, filing, documents ," etc .
2. If you file in a state other than the state of your BIRTH: It is MANDATORY that you al so
complete an informational 'In lieu of' filing with your birth state by mail ONLY (s ee the
sa mple form) . Make sure to indicate that this is an informational filing by including the words
"i nformational filing! 'in lieu of' filing ", on the form. Be sure to incl ude a money order to cover
the filing fee. (Se e sa mple herein).
3. If you are domiciled in a state other than your BIRTH state or your PRIMARY filing sta te, you
must al so com plete an INFORMATIONAL FILING in the state where you live.
ELEC TRONIC FILING:
Note : If you do not have internet access, please proceed to the se ction PREPARING YOUR
NATIONAL FORM.
1. To sa ve time, before going online, have your credit card in hand, and prepare your 'Colla teral
Text Paragraph' in preparation for electronically copying and pasting into the Coll ateral sect ion
of the online form. Place the bonus CD in your drive and open the file: "SP C Documentsl UCC
l/ box 4 sample text" . Now sa ve the file under a different name and replace all text in bold with
your personal information. Thi s file is read-only so you will not be able to over write the
original information. Once you complete your subs titut ions, don't forget to save your
completed work. You will need this information later in preparing your 'E lectronic Filin g' and
for your National VCC- l 'Hard Copy' Form. Note ; the text below is up-da ted from the VCC- l
sa mples herein l THIS IS THE TEXT YOU USE ... t
This is the entry of coll ateral on behalf of the Creditor/Principal ; Benjamin Freedom
Franklin and of the Debtor; BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN in the Commercial
Chamber under necessi ty and the following property is hereby regis tered in the sa me : All
Certificates of Birth Document #007-01 011 are herein liened and claimed at a sum certain
$1 00,000,000.00, Maryland Driver Licen se #MD08974-A , VCC Contract Trust Account
RED EMP TION MA NUA L - FO UR POINT FIVE EDITION 373

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Number 101 -8 8- 1776; Exempt ion Identification Number 1018817 76 , AutoTRIS & CUSIP
Number; 1018 817 76; Sec urity Agreement No. SA-01 1717 061776BFF , Power of Attorney No.
POA- 01 17 170 6-17 76BFF, Hold Harmless Indemnification Agreement No. HHIA-
12 3456789- BFF ; Copyright Notice No. CLC- 01 17 17061 776 BFF . Said regist ration is to
secure the right s, tit le(s) and interest in and of the Root of Title and Birth Certificate # 007-
10101 as received by the Maryland DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND WELFARE
(Division of Vital St atist ics), DNA, Bl ood, Retina Scans (of record owner) fingerprints, and all
Debenture s, Indenture s, Accoun ts, and all the Pledges represented by sa me incl uded but not
limited to the pignu s, hypotheca, heredit ments, res, the energy and all products derived there
from, nunc pro tunc , but not limited to all capitalized nam es: BEN JAMIN FREEDOM
FRANKLIN, BEN JAMIN F. FRANKLIN, B. F. FRANKLIN, BEN JAMIN FRANKLIN ,
Benjamin Franklin or any derivatives thereof, and all contrac ts, agreements , and signatures
and/or endorseme nts, facsim ile s, printed, typed or photocopied of owner' s name predicated on
the 'St raw-ma n, ' LLC (ENS LEGIS ) described as the debtor and all property is accepted for
value and is Exempt from levy. Record owner is not the guarantor or surety to any other
account by explicit reservati on. Adju st ment of this filing is from Public Policy HJR- 192 and
UCC 1-10 4
and 10-10 4. All proceeds, products , accounts , baggage and fixtures and the Orders there from
are to be released to the Secured Party as the authorized representative of the debtor. Debtor is
a commercial transmitting utility and is a trust.
2. To begin the filing process, type or copy the following URL into the loca tion bar of your web
browser: (for Washi ngton St ate) (http ://www.dol.wa. gov/business) or the appropriate URL of
the St ate you are going to file into !
3. Click on the button "Credit Card Login."
4. Click on the Menu Item "File a Financing Stateme nt."
5. Use the following screen captures from the UCC Washington web page to guide you in
filing out the field data. Obse rve all blank fields . Click the submit button when you are
through.
Note : The reason for leaving the Phone Number, email address, and Social Security Number blank
is as follow s: Sh ould an agent wish to contact you, they mu st do so in writing. *This is a self
documenting proces s, required in the event of any attempt to defraud you in the fu ture. Your Social
Security Number is private property - you are not required to give it to anyone per federal law .
Note : Due to const raints in the design of the online interface, the format of some information will
be different than on the sample UCC- l FINANCING STATEMENT provided on the Bonus CD.
Some field values mu st be select ed from a list box.
RE DE MP TION MANUA L - FO UR POINT FIVE EDITI ON 374

PDF page 376

Contact Name 
I Benjamin-Freedom: Franklin 
Company Name 
Email Address 
Mailing Address 
I clo 17 76 Redemp tion Road 
City 
I Baltimore 
FILER 
Phone Number 
N/A 
State 
I Mar,!,I�r:-.d . 
.. iI 
Country Postal Code 
I 21 201 I United StCl�El� . .. 
DEBTORS 
Ini ti al Fin anc in State men t Deb to r 
r.. Individual r: Organization 
last Name : 
1 FRANKLIN 
Mailing Address 
1 P. O. BOX 1234 
City 
1 BALTIMORE 
Optional : SSN 
1 
r Same Address '.1 
First Name Middle 
Name 
1 BENJAMIN 1 FREEDOM 1 
Postal State Code 
[r-M-ar-yl-an-d ---..... . ..... 121201 
Suffix 
I it 
Country 
[united . StCltEl� . .... .. .. .. . 
SECUR ED PAR TIES 
Ini ti al Financ in State men t Sec ured Par t 
�. Individual r Organization 
last Name : 
I franklin 
Mailing Address 
First Name 
I Benjamin 
Middle 
Name 
I Freedom 
I c/o 17 76 Redemption Road 
City 
I Baltimore 
Optional : SSN 
I 
Postal 
State Code 
I""IM-a -ry-:-Ian-d -:-- -- �!I �� I 21 201 
Suffix 
L .iI 
Country 
[united States 
CORRECTION NOTE : In the 'Debtors ' section above, the Debtor is an 'O RGANIZATION ' '" 
SO CLICK THE ORGANIZATION BUTTON ! 
RE DEM PTION MANUA L - FO UR POINT FIVE EDITION 375

PDF page 377

PLUS, in the 'Secured Party' section, the first letter of the last name should be capita lized ... but
some people use the above format/sty le of their name ; Benjamin, Freedom : of the family of
Franklin, but primarily on letter type communiq ues . This is your calI on how you want use your
name . You are the sovereign !
COLLATERAL
This FINANCING STATEMENT covers the following collateral:
This is the entry of the collateral record owner; Benjamin-Freedom : franklin and of the Debtor;
BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN in the Commercial Chamber under necessity and the following
property is hereby registered in the same : All Certifi cates of Birth Document #007-0 101 1 herein
liened and claimed at a sum certain $1 00, 000, 000 . 00, Maryland Driver License #MD08974-A,
SSN/UCC Contract Trust Account-prepaid account Number 101- 88- 1 776; Exemption Identification
Number 1018 817 76, Security Agreement No . SA- 01 1717 06 1 776BFF, Power of Attorney No. POA-
01 1717 06- 1 776BFF, Copyright Notice No . CLC-0 11 717 061 776BFF . Said registrat ion is to secure
the rights, title(s) and interest in the Birth Certificate #007 -10101 as received by the Maryland
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND WELFARE (Division of Vital Statistics) and all Debentures,
Indentures, Accounts, and all the Pledges represented by same included but not limited to the
pignus, hypotheca, hereditments, res, the energy and all products derived therefrom, nunc pro
tunc, but not limited to all capitalized nam es: BENJAMIN FREEDOM FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN F.
FRANKLIN, B.F. FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, or any derivatives thereof, and all contracts,
agreements, and signatures and/or endorsements, faCSimiles, printed, typed or photocopied of
owner's name predicated on the 'Straw-man: LLC (�NS L�GIS) describ�� Cls t�e debtor arid all .. .. jj
Note : There is a bug in the program that manages the Washington State electronic filing for the
coll ateral se ction . When the 'form' is filled in and you press 's ubm it,' it usua lly puts up an
information window stating that it doesn't recognize the 'foreign sy mbol s.' ( @ $ & ( ) ! # -
Periods, comm as, etc.). In this case, you will have to go back and 'DELETE then RE-TYPE ALL
SYMBOLS ! Once th is is done, try submitting a se cond time .
RE DEMP TION MA NUA L - FO UR POINT FIVE EDI TION 376

PDF page 378

AL TERtIA TIVE DESIGttATlotl (if applicable): 
r. None 
(' LESSEEilESSOR 
(' CONSIGNE EfCONSIGNOR 
(' BAILEEIBAILOR 
(' SELLERIBUYER 
(' AG .LlEN 
(' NON-UCC FILING 
MISCE LLA NEOUS 
Request SEARCH REPORT(S) on Oebtor(s) [ADDlTlotIAL FEE $1 8.80 per debtor name] 
r. None 
(' All Debtors 
(' Debtor 1 
(' Debtor 2 
OPTlOtlAL FILER REFEREtlCE OAT A: 
�--------------------------------------------------�-
Secured Party , Authorized Representati ve, Attorney-In-F act-Ben jamin-Freeman: franklin . 
MISCELLAtIEOUS: 
Note : Just a reminder not to omit the selection of "Debtor is a TRANSMITTING UTILITY ." 
But remember; the text in your original UCC- l states that your 'De btor' is a ;commercial 
transmit ting ut ility '; ALL COMMERCE PASSES THROUGH YOUR COMMERCIAL 
UTILITY ... YOUR DEBTOR! If this box does not get checked, you 'l l ju st have to re-file 
before the "La pse date" on your acknowledgement/f iling . If you do select th is option, a Lapse 
date will not appear on your acknowledgement/f iling. 
RED EMP TION MANUA L · FO UR POINT FIVE EDITION 377

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CORRECTION NOTE: Below, in your filing, do check the 'butt on' that the Debtor is a
Trust !
AD DITIONAL DETAILS
r This FINANCING STATEMENT is to be filed [for record ] (or recorded) in the REAL ESTATE RECORDS .
Check if applicable:
(". Debtor is a Trust or
(" Trustee acting with respect to property held or
(" Decedent's Estate
r. None .
Select if applicable:
r. Debtor is a TRANSMITTING UTILITY
(" Filed in connection with a Manufa ctured-Home Transaction - effective 30 years
r Filed in connection with a Public-Finance Transaction - effe ctive 30 years
C None
6. Be sure to PRINT 3 copies of YOUR ON-LINE RECEIPT (" Acknowledgement of Initial
Financing Statement ") at the conclusion of your transa ction . You will transfer the information
from your receipt to a UCC FINANCING STATEMENT (National Form) , a.k.a., UCC- I.
PREPARING YOUR NATIONAL FORM :
Note : The inst ruct ions in this sect ion as sume that you have the required resour ces . However,
if you are completing the pr ocess manually or with a typewriter, make a copy of the UCC I
Form in the Appendix of th is manual . If you did not compete the online filing in the
proceeding section, use this section to prepare your UCC- I for filing by mail inst ead. Be sure
to send them a second copy and a money order for the filing fee. Affix a note or prepare a
cover letter, at your option, asking them to stamp the second copy with your filing number and
return it to you . A true and correct copy of th is will serve in the sa me capacity as the
document being prepared by electronic filers in th is sect ion.
As suming that you have completed your filing online as suggested and have printed out your
RECEIPT : "A cknowledgement Copy of Initial Financing Statemen t, " you must now transf er the
information to a standard UCC- I form. Although your acknowledgment receipt contains all of the
appropriate information from your filing, we are accu stom to usi ng hard-copy UCC- I forms
completed. You can use the 'acknowledgement copy' for your commercial transa ction s, but again, the
UCC- I NATIONAL form is the standard.
RE DEM PTION MA NUA L - FO UR POIN T FIVE EDI TION 378

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Once you create the hard- copy UCC- 1 by retyping on a UCC- 1 Form or doing actual "cut 'n past e" 
from identical information printed off your computer, you will sign it in blue ink and make a true and 
correct copy to submit in the Charge Back process to be described later. 
The UCC forms on the Bonus CD require Adobe Acrobat. If you don't have it inst alled, there is a copy 
of the software on the CD. If you are online you can al so retrieve the forms at the following websit e: 
http ://www.stat e.va. uslscddivisionl clklfee_u cc.htm 
1. Place the bonus CD in your drive and open the file: "SP C DocumentslUCC FORMSIU CC- 1." 
If you do not have access to a computer, you can use the sa mple text at the beginning of this 
section . 
2. Using the table below or the sa mple UCC- 1 National Form as a guide, enter your information 
in sections B, 1, and 3. Entries in the table delimited by double quotation marks should be 
entered as shown. Instructions are shown in parenth es is. 
lc. MAI LING ADRESS 3 
CIn 4 
STATE 
3c. MAILI NG ADDRE SS 
CIn 
STATE 
COU NTRY 
3. Box 4: Open the file you sa ved earlier with the text you prepared for your online UCC- 1 Filing. 
You may need to reduce the font size in Microsoft Word to make it fit. Note : There is no way 
to change the font size in Acrobat Reader. 
If you only have access to a typewriter, or a computer without the required softwa re, 
RED EMP TION MANUA L - FO UR POINT FIVE EDITION 379

PDF page 381

reconstruct the text from se ction 4 of your filing. Fire up your word processo r and reformat
your data to fit in a space that is 2" high x 7W' wide . St art with a 10 point font. If you need to
squeeze the text down more to fit, reduce text to 9.5, 9 or 8 point, if necessa ry, to make it fit for
the 'paste-up !' If you still have more text than will fit on the form in box 4, insert it at the end of
the text that will fit the words : "s ee attachment ", and continue your coll ateral statement on a
separate sheet of paper. Keep in mind it is better to keep all of your information on a single
sheet.
4. Leave line 5, and 6 blank .
5. Line 8: OPTIONAL FILER REFERENCE DATE - Insert your secured party name
(SP _NAME) under the word 'Optiona l'. To the right of this text is where you will sign in Bl ue
ink.
6. If you completed your primary filing on line, transfer the following information from your
acknowledgement receipt to the box at the top of the form above the text "THE ABOVE
SPACE IS FOR FILING OFFICE USE ONLY ." Th is is the only area of the form that you
cannot type in, so you will have to create the text and paste into the form.
• Filing Number
• Date and Time of Su bmission
• Expiration (Lapse) Date
Note : An expiration date will only appear on your acknowledgement receipt if you didn't make
the se lection "Debtor is a TRANSMI TTING UTILITY."
7. Sign your completed UCC- I FINANCING STATEMENT in blue-ink, make several copies in
'Bla ck-n- whit e. ' These 'co pies' are the ones you use to mail out when needed ... as 'True and
Correct Copies' ... by signing below the 'black' sig nature a se cond signa ture in 'fresh ' Bl ue
Ink ! (draw a line in margin area if you wish !) Place your original UCC- I in your safe place or
file . You will use a 'c opy' of your UCC- I in the Charge Back process.
Note : If you file your VCC-l via the ma il, it being a 'h ard-copy,' be sure to read the
'instruct ions ' on the back of the VCC-l or that comes with the hard-copy format from Secretary
of State Office, etc.
RE DEM PTION MANUA L - FO UR POINT FIVE EDITI ON 380

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'C HARGE BACK' DO CUMEN TS 
COVER LETTER: Prepare your cover letter to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United St ates. 
1. Before beginning th is section, verify and document the name of the current Treasury Secretary 
at http ://www.treas.g ov/organization/ officials.html. You will need it for the cover letter. 
Currently, it is John Snow 
2. Place the bonus CD in your drive and open the file: "SP C Documents/Charge Back/sample 
cover letter" . You can use the sa mple to guide you in preparing your Cover Letter . 
3. Now open the file "SPC Docu ments/Charge Back/generic cover letter", and Double-click on 
the header se ction . Record the tracking number on your shipping air bill . When you are done, 
close the pop-up toolbar and go to the top of the document . 
4. Double click on the header and record the tracking number on your DHL, FedEx or Regis tered 
Mail Number. (Se e #7 on page 39 1). 
5. Scan the cover letter and make appropriate replacements for all identifiers called out in the 
table bel ow. All identif ie�e color coded in bold text for easy identification . After replacing 
each identifier, click the L!J button on toolbar to deselect the bold text, and change the font 
color back to black with the A. drop-down tool on the toolbar . 
. �� �l�;;�.;;;;Y;li;�;;t ';�·;l�: #iL; �I .\···i.";�; .• "mjt�;K ;llMtitti.��i��j};�i.·; ;· ;;;;z£·�;." .��l{�·.C:���;' 
Cover Lette r to Trea s. Sec. 1 1 SOT NAM E 
2 MONTH NAM E 
3 DAY NO 
4 YEAR NO 
5 SALUT ATI ON 
6 SOT LNAM E 
7 EX EMP T ID 
8 DT NAM E 
9 SP NAM E 
10 SP ADDRESS 
11 SP CITY 
12 SP STATE 
1 3 SP ZI P 
14 SP COUN TRY 
15 EX EMP T ID 
6. Sign the cover letter in the format of your secured party name (SP _NAME) usi ng a blue ink 
pen and make a color copy for your records . 
RE DEM PTION MANUA L - FO UR POINT FIVE EDITION 381

PDF page 383

BIRTH CERTIFICATE ACCEPTANCE :
When you were born, the ho spital sent the original copy of your "Record of Live Birth" to the State
Bureau of Vital St atist ics, sometimes called the Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services
(HRS ). The Bureau of Vital Stati stic s then is sues a Certificate of Live Birth, a.k.a, Birth Certificate,
and registers it with the U.S . Census Bu reau, a sub- agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Note : The word registered here has the sa me meaning as it is used in commercial or lega l
based equity law ; once registered, something is surrendered ! The Debtor has become surety,
or guarantor, of the debt that has been attributed to you , a condition and obligation that is
automatically and unwittingly assu med unle ss you rebut the presumption by Public Notice via
the redemption process in light of the U.S . Bankruptcy as being administered.
Note : The case of the name on the birth certificate does not always appear in ALL CAPS .
Once the state has regist ered your Birth Certificate with the U.S. Department of Commerce, the
Department notifies the Treasury Department, which takes out a loa n from the Federal Reserve. The
Treasury uses the loa n to purchase a bond from the Department of Commerce, which invests the
proceeds in the stock or bond market. Have you ever received a benefit for th is invest ment that was
made on your behalf? Now is your opportunity to cla im one by filing your UCC- l FINANCING
STATEMENT . The copy of your Certificate of Live birth is your nexus to your Debtor. By taking
control of your Debtor, the Birth Certificate, and other collateral, you have taken control . You have
filed and placed that 's uperior security interest' on the Debtor, the colla teral and all the property.
In this step you will prepare your Certificate of Live Birth a.k.a., Birth Certificate, for use in the
Charge Back process. It will back the Bill of Exchange in letter format. Since it was the registration of
your Birth Certificate that est ablished your status as debtor and property to the International Bankers,
you will now reverse the process by your registration via your UCC- l and the Charge Back process,
and you will "charge up" your UCC Contract Tru st Account.
You mu st use an original certified copy of the Birth Certificate with the official stamp (usua lly a raised
seal) from the agency authorized to is sue birth certificates in the state and county where you were born.
Thi s is usua lly the 'V ital St atistics Office' within the State you were born and in some cases it could be
a county office. The most current Birth Certificates is sued today are on colored 8Y2 x 11 Bank St ock
Paper.
The birth certificate already has a unique number asso ciated with it, so it will not be nece ssa ry for you
to create one.
There are us ua lly two sets of numbers on most birth certificates. One is the registration number, and
the other records the issue of the document itse lf. The registration number usua lly occu rs first and is
the larger of the two numbers , e.g., BC -#45 -10 8806
1. St amp the Birth Certificate with your ACCEPTED FOR VALUE St amp. BE SURE to place
the AFV stamp in an area that has open space so that you will be able to READ the information
that is filled in after it is stam ped. Pos ition the imprint at a 45 degree angle with respect to the
bottom edge of the certificate .
RED EMP TION MANUA L - FO UR POINT FIVE EDI TION 382

PDF page 384

2. In the stamp 'text lin es' where appropriate, fill in:
•• Bel(kJ
",'
" ,�,�, �it i �:��"kti(ms �".'
"
Exe mp tion ID # EXEMPT ID
UC C Contract Acct . # SSN
Va lue $10 0,0 00,000 .00
j .• c. �.'
Date Th e shipping da te for yo ur pack age
/s/ Your sig nature: SP NAME
3. If you have an amendment to your BC/CLB or a page two, be sure to stamp it with the
ACCEPTED FOR VALUE stamp and fill out the sa me way except, lea ve the Value field
bla nk: VALUE: $ __ blank __ .
4. Make 'Color Copy' for your records . You will send the original Birth Certificate with your
Charge Back papers to the Treasury.
BILL OF EXCH ANGE RE: CHARGE BACK with BIRTH Certificate :
The Bill of Exchange is your directive to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United St ates to 'charge
up' your UCC Contract Trust Account . Credit from acceptance of Birth Certificate (by the SPC) for
the value expressed on it (su ggested now at $1 00,000,000.00). This is very simila r to the way a debit
card works - unlike a credit card - you must first make a deposit (charge up) the card before you can
use it. See the sample in the book as well in the CD.
1. Place the bonus CD in your drive and open the file: "SP C Docu ments/Charge Back/sample Bill
of Exchan ge." You can use the sample to guide you in preparing your Bill of Excha nge.
2. Now open the file "SPC Docum ents/Charge Back/generic cover letter", and Double-click on
the header se ction . Record the tracking number on your shipping air bill . When you are done,
close the pop-up toolbar and go to the top of the document.
3. Double click on the header and record the tracking number on your air bill .
4. Scan the Bill of Exchange and make appropriate replacements for all identifiers called out in
the table bel ow. All identifiers a1fi:;:1olor coded in bold text for easy identif ication. After
replacing each identifier, click the � button on toolbar to deselect the bold text, and change
the font color back to black with the A. drop-down tool on the toolbar.
Cover Lette r to Trea s. Sec. 1 1
2
3
4
5
6
RED EMP TION MANUA L - FO UR POINT FIVE EDITION
SOT_NAM E
MON TH_ NAM E
DAY_NO
YEAR _N O
SALUT ATI ON
SOT_LNAM E
383

PDF page 385

7 SALUT ATI ON
8 SOT LNAM E
9 SP NAM E
10 SP ADD RESS
11 SP CITY
12 SP_STATE
13 SP ZIP
14 SP COUNT RY
15 EX EMP T ID
5. Sign the cover letter in the format of your secured party name (SP _NAME) us ing a blue ink
pen and make a color copy for your records .
NEW - BIRTH CERTIFICATE BOND: fill the blanks in the appropriate manner. Pick up
Registered Mail Numbers (10) at your loca l Post Office.
10 40 ES: Complete a 1040 ES for the current quarter of the calendar year of your mailin g, i.e., 1st,
2nd, 3rd, or 4th QUARTER as per the dates shown on the 1040 ES form.
1. Fill in the Debtor' s name, address, city, state, and zip code in ALL CAPS , with amount
field left bla nk. The 1040 ES does not have a signa ture field.
2. Make a bla ck and white copy for your records
VCC FINANCING STATEM ENT : Make a true and correct copy of the National Form you prepared
earlier to document your online UCC- l filing.
CHARGE BACK SUBMISSION
1. Make two 'o riginal ' se ts , one to ship/mail off to the Sec. of the Treasury and one to use to
make copies. They 're all signed in Bl ue ink before copies are made ! Take one se t of the five
Charge Back Docume nts to a notary for copy certification . The form "Copy Certification by
Document Cu stodian" will be required for this proces s. If your notary doe sn' t have the form, an
exhibit is available on the Bonus CD and in the appendix of th is book. Fill in all information
fields and list the five docu ments relating to the Charge Back that will be submitted to the
Secretary of the Treasury of the United St ates. The 'C opy Certificati on' is placed on top of the
copies and you can have 1 or 2 sets to be kept by the document cust odian (you) to verify the
authenticity of the documen ts. The se copies will be placed in your file, with one set stored
els ewhere in a "s afe" place.
Note : In the space on the 'C opy Certificat ion' for list ing your docum ents, identif y each
docum ent with its unique identifier or tracking number, and in regards to the Birth Certificate
- list its Number, identif y the T &C copy of your UCC- l by its filing number, and list your
1040 ES, and just reference the DHL, FedEx, UPS and/or Regist ered Mail tracking number in
the spa ce provided on the form, as ... 's hipped by'
RE DEM PTION MANUA L - FOU R POIN T FIVE EDI TION 384

PDF page 387

Posted: DHL Air bill Tracking Number 9856 81515 381 [1] 
"NON-NEGOT IABLE " 
Cha rge Back 
Timothy Geithner, dba Secretary of the Treasury [2] 
Department of Treasury 
150 0 Pennsylva nia Ave, NW 
Wa shingt on, DC 20220 
October 17, 2009 [3] 
Dear Mr. Geithner, Secretary- in-cha rge: 
I have accepted for value all related endorsements in accordance with U.e.e. 3- 419 and HJR- 192. 
Please Charge my UCC Contract Trust Account via Exemption Number 101881776 [4] for the 
regist ration fees and comma nd the memory of account 101-88- 1776 to charge the same, to the debtors 
Order, or your Order. 
The total amount for th is NON-N EGOTI ABLE ACCEPTANCE FOR VALUE in the enclosed 
filing is $1 00,000,000.00. [5] 
Thank you for your time in this matter. If you have any questions or need my assist ance please feel 
free to contact me. Until th en, I am 
Sincerely, 
Enclosur es : 
Bill of Exchange 
Birth Certificate Bond 
Birth Certificate 
UCC- l 
1040 ES 
Without Preju dice 
_____________ [6] 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin [7] 
c/o 1776 Redemption Road 
Baltimore, Maryland state 21201 
EIN No. 123456789 
united St ates of America 
Pre-paid -Pref erred St ock 
Priority - Exempt from Levy 
RE DEM PTION MANUA L - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITI ON 386

PDF page 388

Data Sheet For : 
Charge Back Cover Letter 
The bracketed numbers [ ] that appear on the Sample Charge Back Cover Letter indicates the 
information to be inputted on your Charge Back Cover Letter with the example to the right. Remove 
all 'number brackets' on your finished document. 
Item : Data : (Example) 
[1] Tracking number how sent 9856815 15381 
... should ONLY be se nt by private carrier fUPS-F EDX-DHL, .. or USPS REGIS TERD MAIL ! 
[2] Address of Secretary of Treasury 
[3] Date letter prepared and sent 
[4] You Exemption ID Number 
(It 's the debtor 's SS# without hyphens) 
[5] Dollar amount of Charge Back 
[6] Secured Party Name 
Signed in Blue Ink 
[7] Secured Party Name 
and address with EIN # 
leave as is on sample document 
October 17, 2009 
1018817 76 
$1 00,000,000.00 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
do 1776 Redemption Road 
Baltimore, Maryland state 21 201 
united States of America 
[8] Exemption ID Number ......................... ... EIN 101881 776 
[9] Footer - Charge Back Cover Letter 
Pre-paid - Preferred Stock 
Priority - Exempt from Levy 
[10] Item Number Sample ; 02170 5-CBI -BFF 
You create per each document . .. use your initials on the end if you want. 
NOTE : When Char ge Back Cover Letter and Bill of Exchange is completed with Birth 
Certificate stamped with information field filled in and signed, true and correct copy of UCC-l 
(filed) and 1040 ES filled out .... Make additional color copy of your originals, make 1 copy and 
place under copy certification. Mail or ship signed original to Secretary of the Treasury. 
Track tracking number via internet or wait for green card to return. 
Place 'receipt', green card or UPS or DHL shipping air bill with your color copy, keep in a safe 
place. 
RE DEMP TION MANUA L - FO UR POINT FIVE EDITION 387

PDF page 389

Post ed: DHL Air bill Tracking Number # _________ _ 
"NON-NEGOT IABLE " 
Charge Back 
Timothy Geithner, Secretary of the Treasury 
Department of Treasury 
1500 Pennsylvania Ave, NW 
Wash ington , DC 20220 
______ , 2009 
Dear Mr. Geithner, Secretary-in-cha rge: 
I have accepted for value all related endorsements in accordance with U.CC 3- 419 and H1R- 192. 
Please Charge my UCC Contract Trust Account via Employer Identification Number 
________ for the registration fees and command the memory of account _-_- __ to 
charge the sa me, to the debtors Order, or your Order. 
The total amount for th is NON-NEGOTIABLE ACCEPTANCE FOR VALUE in the enclosed 
filing is $1 00,000,000.00. 
Thank you for your time in this matter. If you have any questions or need my assist ance please feel 
free to contact me. Until th en, I am 
Sincerely, 
Enclosur es: 
Bill of Excha nge 
Birth Certificate Bond 
Birth Certificate 
UCC- 1 
1040 ES 
Without Preju dice 
___ ___ , state _ _ _ 
united St ates of America 
EIN ______ _ 
Pre-paid -Preferred St ock 
Priority - Exempt from Levy 
RED EMP TION MANUA L - FO UR POI NT FIVE EDI TION 388

PDF page 390

Post ed: FedEx Waybill Tracking Number; 61 11 67623 3 [1] 
Timothy Geithner, Secretary of the Treasury [2] 
Department of the Treasury 
1500 Pennsylvania Ave. NW 
Washingt on, DC 20220 
"N ON- NEGOTIABLE BI LL OF EXCH ANG E" 
Trade Acceptance 
IN AC CORD WITH HJR- 192 
October 17, 2009 [3] 
RE: "CHARG EBACK " of PERS ONAL UCC CONT RACT TRUST AC COUNT 
Dear Mr. Geithner, Secretary-in-c harge : 
Enclosed are documents (copies) from my examination of my Commercial Agreements , which are 
list ed on the enclosed (acc ounting ), with Receipts and other evidence that I have accepted for value (all 
related endorsements front and back to include th ose in accord with UCC-3- 4 19). The total amount of 
NON-NEG OTIAB LE CHARGEB ACK enclosed is $1 00,000,000.00. 
Please "charge-back" to my UCC CONTRACT TRUST ACCOUNT at $100,000,000.00 and charge 
my account for the fees necessa ry for securing and registration for the priority exchange for the tax 
exemption to discha rge the public liability of my personal possessions, and command memory of 
account # 101- 88- 1776, [4] to charge the same to the debtor's order or your order. 
Via thi s mailing per the Post ed FedEx Tracking Account Number 61 11 67623 3, [5] th ese asset fu nds 
(money of account) , are part of my tax estimate, and is directed for use (priority) for the Republic 
(Article IV, Section 4 of the united St ates Constitution) in accord with public policy HJR-192, to 
discha rge the Debto r' s portion of the public debt. 
Mr. Geithner, as Secretary-in-charge and/or your Deputy-in- charge, are to take my bankers 
acceptance (BA), th is Article Seven receipt, in exchange for the tax exemption priority. Thi s NON
NEGOTI ABLE BILL OF EXCHANGEffrade Acceptance is in accord with HJR- 192, backed by the 
enclosed Bond for desposit and is presented for the receiver to the Federal Window, for settlement 
(EFT), within the three (3) day Trut h-in-L ending time for settlement of retail agreements . 
With th is POS TED transaction the "CHARGEB ACK" documented by the enclosed forms are for 
use by the Repu blic , and is complete . 
If you need more information or assist ance with charging my UCC Contract Trust Account, you 
may write me. 
Sincerely, 
See attached documents . 
Benjamin Freedom Franklin [6] 
c/o 1776 Redemption Road 
Baltimore, Maryland state 21201 
EIN No. 1018817 76 
Pre-Paid- Preferred St ock 
Priority -Exempt from Levy 
RE DEM PTION MANUA L - FOU R POINT FIVE EDITION 389

PDF page 391

Data Sheet For : 
Bill of Exchange on Birth Certificate 
The bracketed numbers [ ] that appear on the Sample Bill of Exchange indicates the information to be 
inputted on your Bill of Excha nge with the example to the right . Remove all 'num ber brackets' on your 
finished document . 
Item : Data : (Example) 
[1] Tracking number how sent 61116 76233 
... sent with the Charge Back - UPS , FedEx, DHL, etc . 
[2] Address of Secretary of Treasury leave as is on sample document 
[3] Date letter prepared and sent Sample; October 17, 2005 
[4] You Debtors SS # Sample; 101-88-17 76 
[5] Dollar amount of Char ge Back $100,000,000.00 
[6] Secured Party Name Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
Signed in Blue Ink 
[7] Secured Party Name Benjamin Freedom Franklin 
and address with EIN # c/o 1776 Redemption Road 
Baltimore, Maryland state 21201 
united States of America 
[8] Exemption ID Number ......................... ••• EIN 101881 776 
[9] Footer - Charge Back Cover Letter 
Pre-paid - Preferred St ock 
Priority - Exempt from Levy 
[10] Item Number Sample; 02170 5-CBI -BFF 
You create per each document ... use your initial s if you want. 
NOTE : When Ch arge Back Cover Letter and Bill of Exchange is completed with Birth 
Certificate stamped with information field filled in and signed, true and correct copy of UCC-l 
(filed) and 1040 ES filled out .••• Make additional color copy of your originals, make 1 copy and 
place under copy certification. Mail or ship signed original to Secretary of the Treasury. 
Track tracking number via internet or wait for green card to return. 
Place 'receipt', green card or UPS or DHL shipping air bill with your color copy, keep in a safe 
place. 
RE DEMP TION MANUAL - FO UR POINT FIVE EDI TION 390

PDF page 392

Post ed: FedEx Waybill Tracking Account Number; ________ __ _ 
Timothy Geithner, Secretary of the Treasury 
Department of the Treasury 
1500 Pennsylva nia Ave . NW 
Washingt on, DC 20220 
October 17, 2009 
"NON-NEGO TIABLE BILL OF EXCH ANGE" 
Trade Acceptance 
IN ACCO RD WITH HJR-192 
RE: "CHARG EBA CK" of PERS ONAL UCC CONTRACT TRUST ACCO UNT 
Dear Mr. Geithner, Secretary-in-cha rge: 
Enclosed are documents (copie s) from my examination of my Commercial Agreements, which are 
list ed on the enclosed (account ing), with Receipts and other evidence that I have accepted for value (all 
related endorsements front and back to include th ose in accord with UCC-3-4 19). The total amount of 
NON- NEGOTIABLE CHARGEB ACK enclosed is $1 00,000,000.00. 
Please "charge-back" to my UCC CONTRACT TRUST ACCOUNT at $100,000,000.00 and charge 
my account for the fees necessa ry for securing and regist ration for the priority exchange for the tax 
exemption to discha rge the public liability of my personal posses sio ns, and command memory of 
account # _-_- __ , to charge the same to the debtor's order or your order. 
Via this mailing per the Posted FedEx Tracking account number , th ese as se t fu nds 
(money of account) , are part of my tax estimate, and is directed for use (priority) for the Republic 
(Article IV, Section 4 of the united St ates Const itution) in accord with public policy HJR-192, to 
discha rge the Debtor' s portion of the public debt. 
Mr. Geithner, as Secretary-in-cha rge and/or your Deputy-in-cha rge, are to take my bankers 
acceptance (BA), this Article Seven receipt, in exchange for the tax exemption priority. Thi s NON
NEGOTIABLE BILL OF EXCHANGE/ Trade Acceptance is in accord with HJR- 192, backed by the 
enclosed Bond for desposit and is to be presented to the receiver to the Federal Window, for settlement 
(EFT), within the three (3) day Truth -in-L ending time for settlement of retail agreements. 
With th is POS TED transaction the "CHARGEB ACK" documented by the enclosed forms are for 
use by the Republi c, and is complete . 
If you need more information or assist ance with charging my UCC Contract Trust Account, 
you may write me. 
Sincerely, 
See attached documents . 
c/o ___________ _ 
___ ___ , state 
EIN No. ___ _ 
Pre-Paid -Preferred St ock 
Priority -Exempt from Levy 
RE DEM PTION MA NUA L - FO UR POINT FIVE EDITION 391

PDF page 393

BIR TH CER TI FIC AT E BO ND 
Fo ll owi ng is an up d ated item to ac comp an y the Cha rge back 
Pr oc ess ; [t he] Bi rth Cer tif ic ate Bo nd . 
Th e Bo nd with in stru cti ons is als o fo un d on the Bo nus CD, fo r 
pr i nti ng on Bo nd Ce rtif i cat e Pa per. 
Th e Bo nd text sa mp le herei n do es no t app ea r with the 
Ce rtif ic at e Bo rder. 
Each por ti o n/sec ti on of the Bo nd, on the CD, is typed in side a 'Text 
Box ' fro m a 9 poi nt up to a 10 poi nt 
Type-i n the pr oper in fo rmati on that yo u ar e no w accu sto m to . 
1) Go to your loca l Office Su pply St ore (Office Depot / Staple s, etc .) and purch ase a package of 
'C ertificate Borders' [one package comes in various colo rs of both paper and borders ... for 
about $8.00] 
2) Make a few black- n-whit e copies of the Border page you are going to use and place in your 
printer. Next print the finished BC Bond on a copy ... for plac ement of the tex t, to be centered 
inside the Border. Make necessa ry adju st ments - up or down of the entire text box. Be sure 
your text box is made 'i nvisible '. 
3) Be sure to all names and addres ses typed in at the bott om. Now you are ready for the si gning 
part. Al so, the 'o vals' are for thumb print seals ... in Red (use Red St amp Pad!) 
4) Have all signa tures si gned in Bl ue Ink! (after you have si gned first !) Check over your document 
to ensure it is near perfect ! 
5) Once centered and proper, print the text of the BC Bond onto the 'Colo red Certificate Border 
Paper' ! 
6) Make color copies (3) for your records. Original is mailed/shipped with your Charge Back Docs 
to the Secretary of the Treasury. 
7) Due to the inclusion of the BC Bond, you may ship the Charge Back Process via Regis tered 
Mail. IF YOU DO, BE SURE TO MAKE THAT CHANGE IN THE BO DY OF THE COVER 
LETTER AND BILL OF EXCHANGE PER THE REFERENCE TO A 'F EDX NUMBER' TO 
THE/ A 'REGIS TERED MAIL NUMBER' . 
RED EMP TION MANUA L - FO UR POINT FIVE EDI TION 392

PDF page 394

BIRTH CE RTIFICATE BOND 
Benja min- Fr eedom: Fr an klin 
clo 17 76 Redempti on Road 
Baltimor e, Mar yland state [ 
Non domestic without the U. S. 
Issue da te: Januar y 30, 2008 
Bond Number: (Reg mail # wlo le tter s) 
Timo thy Geithner - Sec reta ry of the Treas ur y 
Uni ted States Departmen t of the Trea sur y 
15 00 Penn sylvan ia Ave., NW 
Register ed Mai l Numb er: AB 000 000 000 000 U S 
Washi ngton, D.C. 20220 
PR IVAT E REGIS TE RE D BO ND FOR SE T OFF - NON-N EGO TIABLE 
Value of Bond is $1 00,00 0,000.00 (One Hundr ed Milli on) U. S. Doll ars I Mon ey of Acc ount 
Re: CER TI FI CATE OF LIVE BIR TH # 007-101 01 ACCEP TED FOR VALUE and EX EMP T FROM LE VY 
DEPOSITED TO U. S. TREA SUR Y AND CHARGED TO BE NJAM IN FRE EDOM FRA NKLIN - UCC 
CONT RACT TRUS T AC COUN T NUM BER 10 1 -88-1776 
Attention: Timo thy Geith ner - Responden t: 
En cl osed , the Un der sig ned Pr in cipal , Ben jamin- Freedo n: Frankl in her ewith accepts for va lue the enclosed bond, 
Certific ate of Live Birth Num ber 007- 1 01 01 , and all endor seme nts front and ba ck, being the only legiti mate acceptor 
of said bond being the only part y to ha ve put any val ue in to said bond, being the contr i buting beneficiar y of the 
same. This is in acco rdance with Un iform Commer cial Code and House Joint Resolution 19 2 of 5 Ju ne, 19 33, and 
UCC 1- 10 4 and Public Law 73-10 . 
BOND ORDER 
Please deposit this bond the abo ve UCC Contr act Trust Ac count beari ng the USP O Regis ter ed Mail Nu mber ABC 
000 000 000 000 US for futur e iden tification pu rpo ses, and to be used as a set off acco unt against any commer cial , 
corpor ate or Public bills, tax es, or money claims, and the lik e, on behalf of BEN JAM IN FREED OM FRAN KLI N, 
#1 01 -88- 17 76 and the same on behalf of Ben jami n-F ree dom: Fran kl in, #1 01 8 81 7 76 , Se cur ed Part y Cr editor (see 
enclo sed UCC-1 financing State ment) , said presentme nt/claims to ha ve been "accepted for va lu e" and endor sed by 
Ben jamin- Freedo m: Frankl in. 
Please adj ust any commer ci al , corpo rate or Public bills, taxes , or money claims, and the lik e, on behalf of 
BEN JA MIN FREED OM FRANK LI N, #1 01 -88- 17 76 to zero, char ge, settle and clo se any such acco un t(s) and ret ur n 
the in ter est to the princ ipal ; Ben jamin- Free dom: Fran klin at the belo w post lo ca tion . Timo thy Geith ner , the 
Sec retary of the Tr eas ur y shall have Th irt y (30) da ys from the date of receip t of this Bond, as witnessed by the da te 
of recei pt affixed to the USP O Regis tered Mail Rec eip t, to dishonor this Bond by returning this Bond to the Princip al , 
with an exp lana tion of all defi ciencies, at the stipula ted add ress below by non-do mestic ma il. Fai lur e to retur n the 
Bond as stated shall constitutes Acceptance and Honoring of this Bond, the associa ted pr esentment( s) , clai m( s) , 
transa ctions or otherwise in acco rdance with the Law , by Timo thy Gei thner, the Secr etar y of the Trea sur y and the 
Un ited States Department of the Treas ur y to all Terms and Conditions her ei n. 
This Bond shall be ledger ed as an asset as best su its the needs of the Un ited States Department of the Trea sur y 
This Bond exp ir es at the moment Upper -Lower Name expir es. Void wher e pr ohibi ted by law. 
Surety #1-
Exemption ID# 
c/o 
Non-domestic without the U.S. 
Ben jami n- Freedom : Fran kl in -Pr inci pal 
Exemption ID# 1 0l8 817 76 
c/o 17 76 Redemption Road 
Ba lti more, Maryland [ 212 0 I 
Non-domestic without the U.S. 
Page 1 of 1 
RE DEM PTION MANUA L - FO UR POINT FIVE EDITION 
Surety #2-
Exemption ID# 
c/o 
Non-domestic without the U.S. 
393

PDF page 395

VCC FINANCI NG STATEMENT
AMENDMENT (VC C- 3)
(Note : The UCC-3 is not used in the Charge back Process !)
Once you become a Secured Party Creditor, you can use the UCC Financing St atement Amendment,
a.k.a., UCC-3 to make amendments to your UCC- I filing. Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code
governs the ru les and requirements relating to the UCC-3 . It is highly recommended that you become
acquainted with Article 9 so that you have the important information necessa ry to manage your private
affairs . Both a short and long version of Article 9 have been included for your edification on the Bonu s
CD.
We will not cover the UCC-3 in as much detail as the UCC- I or explain how to do the online filing .
However, we do provide a sa mple UCC-3 in the Appendix to demons trate how one would amend the
UCC- I to add a vehicle . A UCC-3 form in Adobe PDF format is available on the Bonus CD. Thi s file
may be filled out once you load it in Adobe Acrobat Reader. If you find it so metimes difficult to use
the 'acrobat' format, you may just want to do a 'Hard- copy' cut-n-p aste method !
The UCC-3 is used to AMEND (add & register) coll ateral that you want to show a clea r and superior
security interest (title) in such property. While the list of coll ateral included in the SECURITY
AGREEMENT is comprehensive, it only represents an agreement between you and the debtor. The
UCC filing becomes evidence of 'Title .' Remember that ownership (was) with the state :
"The ultimate owner shi p of all property is in the State; individual so-called "owner shi p " is
only by virtue of Government , i. e., law, amounting to mere user; and use must be in
acco rdance with law and subordinate to the necess ities of the State. "
Senate Document #43; senate Res oluti on No. 62 (Pg. 9 Para 2) April 17, 1933
Example items includ e cars , boats , plane s, motorcycles, torts cla ims, court cases (docket and type of
case), horses, contracts, dogs, real estate notes, will s, divorce proceedings, utility and bank accounts ...
ju st to name a few !
The most common application of the UCC-3 after completing your UCC-I filing is to :
I. Add 'p ermits, lice nses, etc., that you may have omitted on your original filing, or after the filing .
For exampl e, say that you obtained a U.S. Passpo rt or got married since your filing, or si mply
forgot to include one of your licenses or permits.
2. Regist er any vehicles (Cars, Boats , Airplanes, Motorcycles, etc.) that you have qu asi-t itle to .
Unless you regis ter them, the state has primary title/ownership.
3. Regist ration of all accoun ts : electrical, gas , garbage, bank ... on one UCC-3
In regard to veh icl es, we recommend that you file a separate UCC-3 Amendment for each car, boat,
motorcycle, plane, etc , that way you are not advertising all of your vehic les on a single amendment.
RE DEMP TION MANUA L - FO UR POINT FIVE EDI TION 394

PDF page 396

We recommend that you keep a copy of a UCC-3 in each vehicle to notice peace officers and other
agents of the bankruptcy that you have a superior security interest and lien that is above the state , and
could as sist in preventing your vehicle from being impounded or confisca ted. Sh ould your vehicle be
seized and/or impounded , your remedy is Tort! You can become very wealthy should they make the
mi,stake of attempting to seize your as sets once you have secured your property with the UCC- 3.
In regard to real estate , the general practice is to file in the county where the property is loca ted .
Complete a UCC-3 filing online into the state where you filed your primary UCC- I. However, there
must be a filing at the county level . You can leverage th is filing should the county resist your attempt
to file with th em. Contact the local county office to determine which UCC form they would prefer,
either the UCC- 1 or UCC-3. You must al so ask them where you should file. Since th is process is not
unif orm from county to county , you will have to research the steps you mu st take on a case by case
bas is. In some ju risdictions you'l l file with the county recorder, in others the required procedure may
be to file with the clerk of the court.
uc c- 1 (box 4 text) for PRO PE RTY/LA ND 'S AMPLE' :
The follo wing propert y is accepted for val ue, exem pt from Levy, and her ewith regi ste red in the Com mer cial
Chamber and liened at a sum certain at $700 ,0 00.00 and is the private prope rty of the Debtor of which the
Secu red Part y holds all in terest as the Author ized Repr ese ntati ve and Attorney-In -Fact , of the Deb tor, and the
propert y is described as ; [ add ress her e; 12 34 In terna tional Avenue, American Ci ty, State [ 12 3456 ], legal
desc ripti on her e; as recorded in the Offi cial Record Book 16 99 at page 0244, as amende d, Public Reco rds
of Social ist Count y, Pen nsylv ania, toge ther with an und ivid ed 1/ 12 in terest in and to the recreation areas
cove red by warr anty Deed in O.R. Book 18 99, page 666, Public Records of Soci alis t Cou nty,
Pen ns ylv ania, which runs with the title to parcel 10# 50 43 44 15 21 000 0040. [or whatever your legal
desc ripti on is. If your land desc ription is leng thy . you may have con tinue it to an attachmen Vcont inua tion for
filing at the local cou nty office !] inc luding the com mon law descri ption of said property, any hom estead , al lodial
land title [ land patent -described her e ... ], charter, etc . Befor e the above propert y can be seized , sold, for fei ted ,
trans fe rred, su rrender ed , convey ed, disp osed of or oth erwise remo ved from Deb tors possess ion, Secu red party
mu st be satisfied in full via this lien sum cert ain at $700 ,000.00. Recor d owner is not the guar antor or su rety to
any other acco un t by expl icit reserva tion . Said filing Com mon Law and agri cultur al lien and such estab li she s a
su perior secu rity inter est and lien on the property, as a matte r of right un der necess ity and said lien is valid for
99 years.
Note ; above text would appear on hardcopy UCC- I (cut and pasted) at 71,4" margins , line spacing .9 at
a 9 to 9.5 point size to the space in box 4! If you need to do a continuation , at end of your paragraph,
inse rt; "Se e continuation via attachment #1 23456 attached hereto ."
Note; in the main paragraph above, delete the underlined text in your finished property paraphraph !!
UCC- 3 ACCE PTANCE LANGUAGE (SAMPLE) FOR
REDEMP TION MANUAL - FO UR POINT FIVE EDI TION 395

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VE HICLE I REGISTRATION 
The fo ll owi ng Pr oper ty is ac ce pte d for va lue, exem pt fro m le vy, and her ewith 
re g is tere d in the Co mmer cia l Cham ber an d li ened at a sum ce rta in 
$ and is the pr ivat e pr op er ty (co nveya nce) of the Secu red 
Pa rty as au thor iz ed re pr ese nt ati ve of the De bto r and sa id pr oper ty is no t used in 
co mmer ce up on the highw ays an d is exe m pt fro m the State MVD /cod e 
re gi str ati on statut es; 19 98 TOYOTA, Pick -up, Model - Ta co ma, Vi n # 
RT2DN 58 G01 45 9480 Co lor , Bea ri ng Li ce ns e Pl ate Numb er 
Note : the 's um certain' is your 'va lue ' of vehicle being registed. amended to your fili ngs. The sa me 
format can be used for Bo at, Airplane, Motor cycle, etc . 
... and can be used for the other item s, how ever, for other inst rume nts , Torts , court cases, your Dog, 
Horse, etc., you would remove the word '( conveyance) ' and 'and sa id property is not used in 
commerce upon the hihways and is exempt from the State MVD/code registration statute s' ... 
... and of cours e, any 'accounts ' would not be 'l iened at a sum certain $ ____ '! 
... use common sense ! 
Filing of the UCC-3 can be done to the UCC office by mail or electronic filing into your primary place 
of filing, i.e., Washington St ate @: www. dol .wa.gov/dollbpdluccf ront. htm 
REDE M PTION MA NUA L - FOU R POINT FIVE EDI TION 396

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E 1040 -ES
12007 �:��he; t 3 If Department of the Treasury
Intemaf Revenue Service OMB No. 15 45-0074
File only if you are making a payment of estimated tax by check or money order. Mail this
Calendar year-Due Sept. 17, 2007
voucher with your check or money order payable to the ·United States Treasury." Write your Amount of estimated tax you are paying
social security number and '2007 Form 10 40-ES· on your check or money order. Do not send by check or
I
Dollars
Icemsl cash. Enclose, but do not staple or atta0h, your payment with this voucher. money order.
Your first name and initial
I
Your last name
I
Your social security number
!.
If jOint payment, complete for spouse
b' Spouse's first name and initial
I
Spouse's last name
I
Spouse's social security number
IS
'E Address (number, street, and apt. no.) ·c
II.
City, state, and ZIP code. �f a foreign address, enter city, province or state, postal code, and country.)
For PrIvacy Act and Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see Instructions on page 5,
Tear off here
_________________ _________ . ___________________________ - ___ -._0 ______ -------------------------_._-----------._ •• _0 ••••• ____________ ________ ._.
�
1040 -ES
12007 �:�d!!t �t 2
Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service OMB No. 15 45-0074
File only if you are making a payment of estimated tax by check or money order. Mail this
Calendar year-Oue June. 15, 2007
voucher with your check or money order payable to the "United States Treasury.· Write your Amount of estimated tax you are paying
social security number and '2007 Form 10 40-ES' on your check or money order. Do not send by check or
I
Dollars
I Cems I
cash. Enclose, but do not staple or attach, your payment with this voucher. money order.
Your first name and initial r Your last name
T
Your social security number
8.
If joint payment, complete for spouse
b' Spouse's first name and initial
I
Spouse's last name
I
Spouse's social security number
IS
'E Address (number, street, and apt. no.) ·c
II.
City, state, and ZIP code. �f a foreign address, enter city, province or state, postal code, and country.)
For PrIvacy Act and Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see instructions on page 5,
Tear off here
----------------------------- -------------._------------------------ ------------_ .. _-----_ ...... _---_._--------_ .. _--------_ .. _._--_ .. -._._ ..
�
1040 -E S 1
Department of the Tree su>}'
2007 Payment 1
Internal Revenue Service Voucher
File only if you are making a payment of estimated tax by check or money order. Mall tms
voucher with your check or money order payable to the "United States Treasury," Write your
social security number and '2007 Form 10 40-ES' on your check or money order. Do not send
cash. Enclose, but do not staple or attach, your payment with this voucher.
Your first name and initial
I
Your last name
1
If joint payment, compiete for spouse
Spouse's first name and initial
I
Spouse's last name
IS
'E Address (number, street, and apt. no.)
;t
OMB No. 1545-0074
Calendar year-Due April. 16, 2007
Amount of estimated tax you are paying
by check or
I
money order.
,
Dollars
I Cents I
1
Your social security number
I
Spouse's social security number
City, state, and ZIP code. (If a foreign address, enter city, province or state, postal code, and country.)
REDEM PTION MANUA L - FO UR POINT FIVE EDI TION 398

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� 1040-ES 
I 
OopaI1mentol!heT-..y 
2007 
Payment 4 
Internal Aovenuo ServIce Voucher 
Fife only if you are making a payment of estimated tax by check or I11OI1fY order. Mail this 
voucher with your check or I11OI1fY order payable to the "UnIted States TreeNy.· Write your 
social security number and '2007 Form l040-ES · on your check or I11OI1fY order. Do not send 
cash. Enclose, but do not staple or attach, your payment with this voucher. 
Your first name and initial 
I 
Your last name 
J 
If joint payment, complete for spouse 
Spouse's first name and Initial 
I 
Spouse's last name 
� 
I 
Address (number, street, and apt. no.) 
OMS No. 1545-00 74 
calendar year-Due Jan. 15, 2001 
Amount of estimated tax you are paying 
by check or 
I 
Dollars 
I�I 
money order. 
I 
Your social security number 
I 
Spouse's social security number 
City, state, and ZIP code. (If a foreign address, enter city, province or state. postal code, and country.) 
If you need to obtain cu rre nt 10 40ES's by goog lei ng IR S FO RMS 
and pr in ting wha t yo u need or fr om your local IR S Office . Pr in t 
these on high qu alit y paper. Fi ll in the in fo rma ti on all in CAPS ! They 
do not req uir e a signa tur e. Be sur e to use th em in the appr opr iate 
'quart er ' of the year tha t you are doing a tran saction ; #1 fo r the fi rst 
Quar ter, #2 fo r the Sec ond, #3 fo r the Th ir d, etc. ! 
REDEMP TION MANUA L - FO UR POIN T FIVE EDI TION 399

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Regional Fillings for UCC: 
Region 1 
Washington State, Oregon, Nevada, California, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, 
Alaska, Hawaii, Arizona 
State to filing electronically: 
Washington State ... Internet Address: https://wws2.wa.gov/dol/ucc/ 
Region 2 
Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska. 
State to File electronically: 
Idaho State ..... Internet Address: 
http://www.idsos.state.id.us/online/ucc/uccSession.jsp 
Region 3 
Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana 
State to File Electronically: Texas .... Internet Address: 
http://www.sos.state.tx.us/corp/sosda/index.shtml 
Alternate State to File Electronically: Kansas .... Internet Address: 
https://www.accesskansas.org/apps/uccfiling 
Region 4 
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio 
State to Electronically File: Wisconsin .... Internet Address: 
http://www.wdfi.org/ucc/instantucc/ 
Region 5 
Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, 
Mississippi, Georgia, Florida 
State to Electronically File: Kentucky ... Internet Address: 
http://ucc.sos.state.ky.us/ucc9/fileonlinehome.asp 
Region 6 
Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, West Virginia, 
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland. New Jersey, Rhode Island. 
State to File Electronically 
Massachusetts ....... Internet Address: 
http://corp.sec.state.ma.us/portal/UCC/UCCMain.htm 
REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 400

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NOW WHAT DO IDO?
Now ... you've completed all the forms/documents , etc., your Security Agreement is done and
the all the documents were placed on the UCC- I and the UCC- I filed and your Charge Back
process was shipped off to Mr. John W. Snow (Secretary of the Treasur y). Fine, you'r e now a
secured party creditor. The private banker ! You'r e on the path and the commercial world is
now before you. And, in some cases, you'r e just going to have to step out there in faith! We 'r e
not saying it' s going to be easy. There will be challenges as usual. And your 'education' must
continue in respect to the commercial scheme. Some people in the past have done some dumb
and stupid thin gs, have screwed up and have gotten into trouble and some have gone to jail for a
few hours or maybe a few days. But we now have all the past exper iences to learn from and
know not to do those thin gs that might get us in trouble. You will come to understand that this
is just business. You have to accept for value, you can only discharge, and if the other side
is going to misapply their statute, you're going have to exercise your exclusive remedy and
file a Tort! It's just business !
And yes, you can retreat and go back into the program (plantation), as in the MATRIX, but
understand this: if you do, you'll be that debtor/slave on the Plantation. You'll own/control
nothing, own no property, your life blood/energy will be harvested and you will subject your
children to same grueling servitude and their private code/statutes wherein your children will
never be free!
Since you are now the Secured party Creditor and a 'private banker, ' you have much to read,
learn, study and apply ! It' s a lot of re sponsi bility and not everyone will become or should
become a 'secured party creditor!'
As you start on this path, keep a couple things in mind at all times; 1) EVERYTHING
OPERA TES ON A CASE BY CASE BASIS and 2) THERE ARE NO GUARANTEES !
Scary ... not really. Ther e's no guarantee when you hire an attorney and go into court that you
will prevail, is there? Or, on the operating table, when the doctor says, "We 're going in to
explore and find the problem and cut it out - wish me luck!" Or, when you hear that knock at
the door and it' s some gove rnment agent and he says, "Hello, I'm from the government. I'm
here to help you!" There are no guarantees ..• other than 1) your debtor will be taxed until you
die and 2) you can't take anything with you when you (cross over) leave this planet. That, you
can take to the bank !
You have now been exposed to the commercial scheme as it has been operated again st you. You
may now re alize that there are no Const itution(s) that they do not operate upon you, that so
called governments are mere de-facto corporations, their so-called oaths of office are
meaningless or frivolous formalities to deceive you that politicians lie, that the so-called
American way of life today is a society built upon the creation of DEBT. From the debt
established from hospital giving birth, to the new home, the new car, putting your son in college,
the credit cards, to everything in between . So-called government is not here to 'serve the
people,' but to control them and har vest their energy (taxes), convert them into 'customers,'
take their 'exemptions ' and produce the credit (money) for the survival of the corporati on(s).
REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 404

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Sounds really more like MATRIX now, doesn't it?
It 's now been 7 years since Redemption came on the scene. There was great success in the
beginning as people began to understand the so-called government scheme and Redemption
and apply the new found technology and terminology to the economic servitude imposed upon
them. Certainly, Redemption found itself within the so-called 'Freedom Movement' as those in
the movement were already fed up and exposed to the ant ics, corruption and mindset of
government and the 'police state!'
In the past, it was the norm to protest, to fight the so-called agents, to go into their courts and
defend your non-exi sting rights. It was taught to sever all ties with so-called agencies of
government (driver licenses, social security, etc.), become free an d, as applied to IRS and
taxes, quit filing, study the IRS Code book to argue that the code and its various statutes did
not apply to you. But all that was 'protesting' and as many have come to understand, " ••• you're
going to war .•• not going to peace!"
And, as we now look back ••• we'r e in agreement. We can see that protesting and arguing did
not get us anywhere but into more trouble or deeper into the quagmire of more FIGHTING,
STR ESS, WASTED TIME, FINES and what is called GOING TO WAR ... and the resulting
injuries and wounds are quite severe !
But along came Redemption and the commercial-economic-scheme 'lights' came on and now
we can see and understand the whole enchilada! The bankruptcy, National Emergency, IUR-
192, the creation of the corporate debtors (Straw-men), the pledging of our property to the
corporate State, the creation of the COR PORATIONS (the machines as in MATRIX 3)
including your debtorlStraw-manlEns legis/corporate fiction, and all the credit generated
from your actions in commerce or in their courts whereby the judges create 'money
judgments' to create millions and billions in so-called dollars to feed the so-called military
corporate commercial government system, the monster that was given life in long before
1933!
As the 'authorized representative and attorney-in-fact' of the Debtor, it is your function,
duty, and obligation to handle (discharge) the so-called commercial affairs of the debtor,
including but not limited to fines, fees, taxes, judgments and such other debts which may or
may not arise from time to time. But today, that's not an easy thing to do. It does take some time,
and a computer. The pr ocess can be a little exten sive. A record (copies) has to be maintained,
certified mailings done . There may be continued communications within a matter and there could
very well be a DISHONOR (non-acce ptance) of your inst rument ! The 'other side' may file a
court action to compel 'payment !' Remember, there is no guarantee. As you will come to learn
herein, there is NO PROTECTION EITHER ! If you want that, then continue on and keep an
open mind as you learn more about the Sovereignty and the International Sovereigns
Association .
Everything insid e your front door of your home ••• is private. You can do anything you want
(well, you understand - within reason i.e., can't disturb the neighbors, bury bodies in the
basement, etc.) However, when you step outside your front door, you step out into the world of
REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 405

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commerce. In that world of commerce, your STR AW-MAN, (Debtor) goes before you and all
commerce is done in its name ... in behalf of your Debtor!
Due to the so-called military social construct known as the United States, with everything in
bankruptcy, everything is bonded, insured and licensed. Since 'corporations ' are 'fictions,'
though they can sue and be sued, they exist under 'privilege' and therefore under the Martial
LawlPolice StatelBankruptcy. "They" are licensed to perform in commerce, for regulation of
these entities for the purpose for taxation and raising of revenue/profit. If there were no U.S.
Bankruptcy and the 'their' so-called government operated under a strict social compact of a
'Constitutional' form of government, the agencies established for the ben efit of the signatories
or their posterity thereto, under 'due course in law,' and as 'their' so-called 'rights' were
guaranteed via the social compact contract known as the Constitutions as such operates upon
their 'agents' of agency government via their officer's 'Oa th of Offic e,' MOST ALL
LI CENSES WOULD NOT APPLY TO THE PRIV ATE MAN! License is defined as to do that
which otherwise is illegal! When did the Supreme Creator direct that His Children live under
license? Did their so-called 'fore-fathers ' establish within their 'Declaration of
Independence ' that their right to LIFE, LIB ERTY AND PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS was
subject to license? When was it ever illegal to marry, to go (travel by any mode of
conveyance) to work, or to pursue happiness (would not a Certificate of Competence be
better than a license)? Point is, all commerce in done in the 'corporate activity/name/entity'
and once you understand that, the re st of the commercial puzzle will begin to fall into place.
Obviously, in the past, you entered into contracts with compan ies, corporat ions, and various
government agen cies, etc., via in the name of your alleged Debtor controlled by the
corporation's const ructs. Now you're the secured party. You now re ceived a 'Bill,' of
accounting in the mail (a 'Presentment ') and it' s a request/demand to pay a sum certain
money of account. For ease of understanding, let' s use the presumption of an assumed
asses sment alleged in an IRSlTax issue as an example.
But first, within this book and other information available elsewhere (in books, internet, etc.),
you must understand the so-called money issue. If you do not understand what the terms used in
respect to money means or any issue related thereto, then One cannot accept the facts in relation
thereto ! Don't go any farther. Either understand the money issue, because it is key to everything,
or other wise, Redemption is not for you! Return to the Plantation and perform under
commercial servitude!
Per their original social compact party contract (U.S. Constitution), "No state shall make
anything but Gold or Silver coin a tender in payment of debt." And per 'Bouvier's
Dictionary of Law ' (1839); 'T itle' as defined in #5, states; "THE LA WFUL COIN OF THE
UNITED STATES WILL PASS THE PROPERTY ALONG WITH THE POSSESSI ON." The
'property' and the 'possession ' are called the DROIT -DROIT and/or DUPLICA TUM JUS,
and is defined as the double right! You have to understand that back then, gold and silver was
the money of exchange as the accepted medium and was the substance of money or what was to
back the money of account in the form of any 'Notes' or such 'I OU ' came into existence by and
through custom and usages of commercial affairs. As to that point of contractual (U.S.
Constitution) obligation, as from the standpoint that every 'public servant/officer' takes an
REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 406

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'Oa th of Office ' to support and defend the said social compact contract known as the 
Constitution(s), they contracted to uphold any specific point in refere nce to uses as to 'pay' any 
lawful and/or legal debts (at law !) arising within or in relationship to such ne xus with such 
juri sdictions established by such social compact contract known as the United States 
Constitutions appertaining to the Several Compact Party States thereof. Since the 
bankruptcy, the gold was ordered to be removed as a basis of value/substance backing the 
money of account and later the silver was removed as well. Therefore, there is nothing of value 
backing the so-called money of account except your 'full faith and credit' in their fraud today, 
which is no more than 'Bankruptcy Script of a Private Corporation' (Federal Reserve Bank 
System) having no value of substance, as stated by the Federal Reserve System. Therein, when 
you maybe bought your home or your car, the 'property' (RES) and the 'possession ' (title) did 
not pass to you! You do not possess the double right, the Droit-Droit and/or Duplicatum Jus. 
So the question is ... ''What do you have access to, in the form of money of exchange to pay your 
debts in law today that has value?" And most importantly, if some so-called government 
agency/entity sends your debtor a 'presentment' for payment, is the payment sought in 
compliance with Article I, Section X of their contract known as the U.S. Constitution ••• per 
their Oath of Office? 
If all value has been removed then what is left to pay your debts? All that remains is 'paper !' 
However, with 'paper' one cannot 'P!!Y,' the debt ... you can only 'discharge' the liability of the 
assumed debt until sometime in future when the bankruptcy is terminated and 'substance' is 
restored as backing what is called 'money' in paper form, saving the hassle of carrying heavy 
gold and silver in your pockets, as that would be a bit impractical with some 200 million people 
allegedly in their u.S. today! So obviously, in the past, paper money was created for 
con venience. 
HOWEVER, in 1965, then so-called President, Mr. Lyndon B. Johnson signed a public law 
(more aptly put 'public policy' due to the current military social construct caused by the 
Civil War) altering the COI NAGE ACT OF 1792 and said, as he was signing it, "We have no 
idea of ever returning to it." This is all that One needs to see that the social compact under the 
so-called Const itution is dead and the new military social const ruct operating under the copyright 
trademark of the "United States" for "The United States of America" as it applied to the 
contractual Article 1, Section 10 , Clause 1, refere ncing the obligations arising in relationship to 
payment in gold and silver as lawful Tender in payment of debt within the Compact Party States 
of the Union, styled "The United States of America." 
And pursuant to the NEGOT IAB LE INS TRUMENTS LAW, commercial paper, as designed, 
IS THE CURRENCY ! 
And the wealth (credit) of the Sovereign (Secured Party Creditor) is in his signa ture, we now 
have the best of the situation today ••• so long as YOU understand it and apply it properly ••• and 
that is: 
Since the implementation of the U.S. Bankruptcy, through the Negotiable Instruments Law, 
and as all transactions are regulated through the Uniform Commercial Code, the Secured 
REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 407

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Party Creditor can only DIS CHARGE fine s, fees, taxes, judgments, and such other debts 
pursuant to the remedy provided by Military Social Const ruct' s Congr ess, via HJR- 192 as there 
is no ac cess to, nor lawful money of account, to pay debts at law pursuant to the contract (U.S. 
Constitution) as it operates upon the State government s. Therein, the remedy the Secured Party 
has on behalf of his Debtor, in commerce, is the DISCH ARGE OF DEB T, with the commercial 
paper/credit created under his power to do so as the SovereignIPrivate Banker, under the 
same law of necessity, for which the same law of necessity is derived as to the same authority 
from which the military social const ruct operates to assist their so-called government to adjust 
the accounts, in light of the declared bankruptcy, for the benefit of the Military Social 
Construct for which it stand s. 
SO NOW YOU KNOW THE MI SSION, SHOULD YOU AGREE TO AC CEPT IT. BUT 
UNDERSTAND THAT THERE IS MUCH RESPONSIBILITY THAT CO MES WITH 
THE ST ATUS - SEC URED PARTY CREDIT ORIPRIVATE BANKER! 
With the above being covered, it is now necessary to get into the CO NDITIONAL 
ACCEPTANCE FOR VALUE •••• To GET THE AGREEM ENT ! 
REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 408

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Conditional Acceptance for Valoe
for Proof of Claim (CAFV)
Within the Redemption Process is the concept/process known as CAFV. Within CAFV, as a
Private-to-Private-Process, the premi se is ALWAYS AGREE WITH THY ADVERSARY .
Since everything operates under contract or agreement, understand that pursuant to a contractual
nexus between you and the social compact party States known as the State of "Whatever" of the
United States and/or The United States of America, you have no rights as clearly stated within
their so-called judicial case law per Padelford, Fay & Co. vs. The Mayor and Alderman of the
City of Savannah, 14 Ga. 438, 520 (18 54), a 'private' person (man) IS NOT A PARTY TO
THE U.S. CONSTI TUTION, which is the compact/contract for the public servant, bound by
their Oath of Office.
So, if you are not a party to the social compact contract known as the Con stitution, how do YOU
become liable to some so-called federal agency (or State) and their rules and regulations? If not
due to the fact one may be a federal employee, then maybe you cons ented ! The same applies to
the State ! If their forefathers created their agency government (in valid contractual concept &
principle) would you think they were so ignorant that they would place themselves within the
contract designed only for their 'servants?'
However, take notice that YOU have no 'contract' with any social compact or const ruct
other wise called 'government' to bargain for your rights, let alone to secure your rights in the
second place. Is that why you are raped, pillaged and plundered by their so-called government
and their corporations that they create?
Therefore , since you are not a party to their social contract, then it doesn 't take a rocket scienti st
to understand that it makes sense to get an agreement from any particular agency, party,
attorney general, government, IRS, agent, etc., to DIS CHARGE THE DEB T.
Since the corporate fiction cannot tax you, the 'charge/BilllPresentment' comes via an agent
repr esenting the 'fiction,' and sent to your debtor ... but wher e's the agreement?
Whether it' s a traffic ticket or the IRS ... it makes sense to go back to the agent and/or agency
and get the agreement . .. that all you can do is discharge the fine, fee, tax, judgment or debt!
Based upon the basic format of a CAFV (there being a few different formats out there !), the
concept of the first paragraph is ... AGREE WITH THY ADVERSARY ! As part of that
concept, while you want to agree with your adversary, you also want and NEED to agree to
'perform' to some prior offer, whether a traffic ticket (to pay the $$), a complaint, a Bill to pay
money, etc., but 'pr esent' to 'them' your 'counter-offer' in the nature of your CAFV. As it is
said: "You want to give honor, not go into dis-honor!"
Per 'their ' offer, while you have accepted and though you agreed to perform, now that you
counter-offered, you cannot 'perform' to 'their' offer, until 'they' now perform to your
counter-of fer. And should 'they' fail or ref use to perform to your counter-offer, you cannot
REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 409

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perform to 'their' offer ! You went to 'them' in honor, said, "Yes, I accept, I agree, but
conditioned and 'predicated ' upon you producing or providing 'Proof of Claim'
(facts/discovery, etc.) !"
Well , if your opponent fails, or refuses to do so, he fails to "state a claim upon which relief can
be granted." It's called a 12 B (6) in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ! Also, 'estoppels'
kicks in. Meanin g, your opponent, by his silenc e, is stopped from going forward. His silence is
taken as an agreement, acceptance and even to admittance to participating in fraud. The maxim
is: "For a matter to be resolved - it must be expressed !" Well, what did you just do with your
CAFV? Did you not 'express' the matter to seek something : re solution, agreement or even your
agreement to walk away; there being proofs of claim provided that your opponent was right?
Therefore, after the CAFV is sent, your opponent is given a minimum of 10 days to bring forth
the requested 'Proofs of Claim,' with a re sponse both to you and to your Notary and/or Mall
Escrow Agent. See the two examples that follow, especially the closing 'caveat' paragraph s.
Should your opponent fail (or refuse) to provide 'Proofs of Claim,' he/she "stipulates to the
facts as they operate in your favor." Your opponent can 'agree' to whatever you want himlher
to agree to (within re ason) . Again, see the examples. Read them over 3 or 4 times ! Understand
the 'concept' and 'intent' and apply it to each and every one you do !
After your opponent fails to re spond, you then send a 'Notice of Opportunity to Cure' their
fault of non-r espons e. Sh ould they fail or refuse, you then send the 'Affidavit of Notice of
Default' and you have your Notary or a 'Third Party' sign the Affidavit of Certificate of
Non-Response, either in their Official Capacity, if the re sponse was to be directed to the
Notary, or the Certificate of Non-Response signed and notarized by the 'Third Party.' You
send a copy of those two documents to your opponent while you maintain the origina ls, being
holder in due cours e.
Portions of the following information is taken from the 'CAFV -CD', as advertised in the
newspaper; The American 's Bulletin, P.O. Box 3096, Central Point, Oregon 97502 (Ph.
#54 1-779-7709), that contains 14 Plus CAFV's for IRS. Traffic. AutolHome Mortgage.
Money Debt Collection. Attorney General. Property Tax. StatelFederal Criminal Case and
!!!!!n: (for $75.0 0 - shipping included), to apply to the 'exhaustion of your private
administrative process ' on those particular situations and on 'any' situation. If necessary,
the CAFV and concluding documents can be filed into a court matter as evidence under
'copy certification' by a Notary of no controversy, no crime, misapplication of statute, etc.
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READ ME FIRST:
NOTE: All the following infonnation is not to be construed as legal advice but as educational
infonnation only and the publisher or other wise will not be held liable and is hereby held
hannle ss by any user of the infonnation offered strictly for educational purposes as to any use or
misuse of the following infonna tion .
Conditional Acceptance for Value (CAFV) is the tool to use to EXHAUST YOUR PRIVATE
ADMINISTRA TIVE REMEDY to detennine if there is a CO NTROVERSY with your
opponen t/agent/off icer, or to allow the other-side to establish an agreement with you as to
discharge of debt or anything you want.
You are not expected to run into court just because you think you have a problem and want to
sue somebody! You want all your 'ducks' in a row . If, in your use of CAFV, you then detennine
that you have controversy due to the fact that your opponent provided the proof and the
discovery that establishes a controversy, then and only then is the court the place to go to settle
the contr overs y. Of course, under Biblical law, you are to go to your brother first. Well , the
CAFV can be const rued to be that proce ss.
But what if your opponent goes silent and or refuses to "bring forth Proof of Claim"
(exculpatory discovery) ? He is now in dishonor and by his silence and/or 'general
acquiescence' has stipulated to the facts as expressed in your CAFV and has 'agre ed' to the
injury, misapplication of statute, etc. and now you have to ask yourself, "Is your opponent in the
best position?" NO ! He' s in full Acceptance and even in verifiable Fonnal Acceptanc e!
Therefore, you now have three witne sses against him, along with the fact that he has 'stipulated'
to the facts in the CAFV as they operate in your favor, if your adversary chooses to trespas s! If
your fonner adversa ry chooses to trespass upon the contractual agreement, you now have
witn esses in evidence for tort damages and, once perfected, may become marketable debt for full
settlement and accord for settlement of the accounts when you accept unlimited liability via
International Public Order to become signa tory to a social compact for your own safety, liberty,
and pursuit of happine ss and that of your posterity, which they acquire by birth.
Nonna lly, you allow the other side 10 to 30 days to respond with 'Proof of Claim,' allowing 3
days (nonnally) for return mail. After non-re sponse then you mail out the Notice and
Oppo rtunity to Cure, allow three days, with three days for return mail. If no 'Cure' of their
fault occurs through the provision of a 'Proof of Claim,' then you proceed with an Affidavit of
Notice of Default and Acceptance and the Affidavit of Certificate of Non-Response (signed
and notarized by your 'Notary' or 'Third Part y'). Note: The Notary cannot notarize hislher own
signature, so the Notary has to have another Notary notarize the document ! Later, depending
upon whether there arises any related court matter, you must have all documents presented under
Copy Certification by Document Custodian (YOU are the Document Custodian) which you
want or need to have notarized by a Notary. If any presentment involves a bill of exchange you
will have to have an additional Notarial Protest done by a Notary, which, in some cases, may
have to be done from out of State. Check with a Notary in your area as to hislher willingne ss to
provide this service for you.
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Depending upon your 'caveat' (closing paragraphs as to what your opponent now has 'agreed '
to, you may file a Tort Claim, and/or discharge a matter with a bill of exchang e, etc. !
As a few have said and as many are coming to understand, cases are won before you ever walk
into a courtroom ! However, in many cases court is not involved . Where it is, with CAFV,
completed correctly ... you've already won !
Keep the CON CEPT and INTENT alive in your CAFV.
1. ALWAYS accept for value THEIR OFFER - that is, Agree with thy adversary .
2. Agree with their offer to perform, whether it be a fine or jail time, etc., predicated
upon proof of claim.
3. Note: You will 'perform' to their offer just as soon as they 'perform' to your
'conditioned offer!'
4. You can't perform to their offer until they perform to your offer!
5. Their failure or refusal will be evidenced in your Affidavit of Notice of Acceptance
and the Notary's and/or Mail Escr ow Agent's 'CERTIFI CATE OF NON ·
RESPONSE. Especially where any court action may or will be forth coming !)
6. If ne cessary, as you may go into court either with an Special Visitation and/or
Appearance Brief, watch what you say verbally because you'r e in their court now
and everything IS NOW 180 degrees out from what one would normally say. .. so
don't step into their traps by testifying. That means don't make statements , always
ask questions, don't make statement s.
The Special Visitation Br ief and/or Appearance Brief, done in court brief format, would contain
a primary paragraph, similar to the following :
COMES NOW the Third Party Intervener on behalf of the DefendantlDebtor to
notice the above styled Court that the Third Party Intervener has accepted for value the
Prosecutors offer and had agreed to perform to go to jail - pay the fine - etc. ... but that
was predicated upon Proof of Claim.
The Prosecutor has failed to bring forth proof of claim, has failed to state a claim
upon which relief can be granted and has stipulated to the facts as they operate in favor of
the Defendant.
The Acceptance and Formal Acceptance of the Prosecutor (and whoever else) and
all the facts touching upon these matters are before the court.
I do not know what to do ... what 's my remedy?
Note: the above paragraph may change somewhat on a case by case basis!
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At that point. the judge is placed in a ministerial capacity, not a judicial capacity to settle a 
controversy BECAUSE there is no longer a controversy because all the alleged parties to the 
claim are in full agreement that each side has stipulated to the acceptance and formal acceptanc e 
... AND IT'S BOTH YOU AND THE PROSE CUTOR! So based upon your presentments 
under seal (Notary Seal) there is no controversy for a judicial determination to be granted only 
an admini strative dismissal for failure to prosecute and/or bring forth 'Proof of Claim,' to state a 
'Claim of Action' for which relief can be granted. 
To the best of your ability - DO NOT TES TIFY, ANSWER QUES TIONS , ADMIT, 
CO NFESS OR CONSENT TO GO TO JAI L, PAY THE FINE OR ANYTHING, after 
acceptanc e has been formalized ! 
First CAFV example: (for a Traffic Matter !) 
Certified Return Mail Number _ _____________ _ 
Name and Address 
ANY AGENCY OF STATE OR DEPT. 
November 8, 2009 
RE : CO NDITIONAL ACCEPTANCE - REQUE ST FOR PRO OF OF CLAIM 
Reference Citation(Account) No. 00000000000 & Case No. 000000 
Dear Mr. 'Officer' and/or 'Prosecutor': 
In regards to the above 'Citation/Ca se,' I want to resolve this matter to the best of my ability 
as soon as possible, I find it prudently neces sary to exhaust by due diligence my administrative 
remedy as it relates to your pre sent ment/of fer which has left me 
somewhat conf used. I realize that my past experience is urging me to argue every point, but now 
realize that I want to conditionally accept for value your offer/charges predicated upon 'proof of 
claim,' and I promise to pay the fine and even go to jail on behalf of the alleged debtor that you 
have brought the charges again st, but I can only do so conditioned upon such verifiable 'proof of 
claim,' given under penalty of perjury, and as such, the ne cessary Proof(s) of Claim are 
exculpatory and sought on behalf of the alleged plaintif f and enumerated below so that the 
alleged debtor may justly ascertain liability in the interest of plaintif f, the court, and public 
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inter ests, to perform accordingly touching upon the performance of the law relative to due 
proc ess of law to which the debtor is presumed entitled, regarding a fair and impartial hearing 
within the due course of the law as it appertains to this proceeding or any other related matter 
hereto, according to the following to wit: 
1. PRO OF OF CLAIM on how the Oregon Const itution operates upon me, a private man . 
2. PROOF OF CLAIM on how the State statutes by and through the Oregon Le gislature and 
the DMV operate upon me, the private man . 
3. PRO OF OF CLAIM that name appearing on the charging instrument, in capital letters ; 
........................... ......... .. , is not a corporate fiction, but is the name of the Private Man 
in his private capacity. 
4. PRO OF OF CLAIM that the Oregon Revised Statutes (ORS) describe any other class of 
license other than for commerce or for commercial trade, occupation or profession. 
5. PRO OF OF CLAIM that in my private capacity, that I'm subject to Class A, B, and 
Commercial driver license. (see ORS 80 7.03 1) 
6. PROOF OF CLAIM that the State of Or egon via the DMV sells any other 'driver' license. 
7. PROOF OF CLAIM that the Motor Vehicle code does not operate upon all 'dr ivers ' of 
'all' vehicles owned or operated by 'the United States, ' 'this state,' 'or any county,' 'city,' 
'district ,' 'or any other political subdivision of this state' ... and thus operates upon this 
private man . (see ORS 80 1.0 20) 
8. PRO OF OF CLAIM that my 'private vehicle is not a 'recre ational ' vehicle that is operated 
solely for personal (private) use. (see ORS 80 1.208) 
9. PROOF OF CLAIM that my 'private vehicle is used for the transportation of pers ons for 
compens ation or profit, or designed or used primarily for the transportation of property (for 
hire). (see ORS 80 1.210 ) 
10 . PROOF OF CLAIM that the private man was a licensee at the time of the 'stop' to subject 
himself to the motor vehicle code by agreement and as a signatory. (see Vehicle Traffic 
Law, 1974 Rev Ed., page 238, 239) 
11. PRO OF OF CLAIM that the pro secutor is enforcing the license issue solely due to the 
private man 'acting for compensa tion ' upon the highways . See Schmog v. Keiser, 189 Cal 
596. 
12. PRO OF OF CLAIM that, "In view of this rule a statutory provision that the 
supervision officials "may" exempt such persons when the transportation is not on a 
commercial basis means that they "must" exempt them, generally applies in this matter 
(State v. Johnson, 243 P. 10 73 ; 60 C.J.S. section 94 pg 581) 
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13. PRO OF OF CLAIM that the private man does not have the right in light of ORS 80 1.30 5.
14. PRO OF OF CLAIM that the Prosecutor and the officers of the court are bound to support
Amendment in Article I, § X, (No State shall ... make any Thing but gold and silver coin a
Tender in Payment of Debts).
15. PRO OF OF CLAIM that the officers and employees of [ example-the Department of
Revenue are bound to support Article XI, § I (of the Oregon Const itution) " ... nor shall any
bank ... putting into circulation any bill, check, certificate, or other paper (NOTE(S», or the
paper of any bank company ('federal reser ve ')
NOTE(S) .. . to circulate as money ." [Note: for other state application; add to the last sentence in
#14> and as it operates in this State under the para materia rule.] [Remove this line if you'r e in
Oregon l]
16. PRO OF OF CLAI M that, in relation to any monetary penalty, the "giving a (federal
Reserv e) note does constitute payment." See Echart v Commissioners c.c.A., 42 Fd2d
158.
17. PRO OF OF CLAIM that, in relation to any monetary penalty the use of a (federal
re serve) 'Note' is not only a promise to pay. See Fidelity savings v Grimes, 131 P2d 894.
18. PRO OF OF CLAI M that Lega l Tender (federal reserve) Notes are good and lawful money
of the United States, in relation to any monetary penalty. See Rains v State, 226 S.W. 189.
19. PRO OF OF CLAIM that (federal reserve) 'Notes do operate as payment in the absence of
an agreement that they shall constitute payment .' See Blachshear Mfg. Co. v Harr ell, 12
S.E. 2d 766.
20. PRO OF OF CLAIM that the secured party has access to 'lawful money of account' to
'pay' debts at law without becoming a tort feasor.
21. PRO OF OF CLAIM that the 'ent ity' bringing forth this claim can testify on the witne ss
stand of the same and bring all relevant evidenc e.
22. PRO OF OF CLAI M that the pro secutor, as an agent of the State, has established a
'liability bond' either personally or by and through any Risk Management Policy in this
action to indemnif y the private man in the event of any damnif ication, and I req uest the
Policy Number and the addre ss of the Ins urer/B onding company.
Please understand that I want to re solve this matter as soon as possible, I realize that I may
have made a few mistakes in the past, but seeing now the need to exhaust my administrative
remedy/pr ocess, I now request the above 'proofs of claim' that you are relying upon to support
your 'Claim of Action' in this matter.
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Per your due diligence or acceptance to bring forth 'proof of claim,' you will be found in 
formal acceptance and will have admitted a damage and injury to this private man and will have 
stipulated to the facts that the private man herein is not subject to the Oregon Vehicle Code and 
that he has a right to travel in his private automobile/conveyance in non-com mercial use of same 
and as to any monetary and/or pecuniary fine, that the unders igned can only discharge the 
monetary accounting pena lty in behalf of the pers on /debtor named on the charging inst rument. 
You are requested to send Proofs of Claim to the undersigned and a copy to the Third Party 
or Notary as addre ssed below. 
The undersigned herein re spectfully requires the Prosecutor to reply within 10 days from 
receipt of this presentment plus three (10 ) days return service to re spond . General acquiescence 
as a non-r esponse shall be taken as an acceptance to provide 'proof of claim' and forthwith shall 
cons titute agreement by the Pro secutor that the undersigned/Secured Party can exer cise the 
remedy provided by Cong ress via HJR- 192, to discharge debt(s) 'dollar for dollar ' with a draft, 
time draft, Bill of Exchange, or Accepted for Value and Returned for Discharge as ne cessary and 
that the undersigned 's exclusive rem edy, if nec essary, is Tort, to be governed by the terms of the 
Notice of Claim presented by Claimant appertaining to the matters relative hereto, or other wise. 
Sincerely 
Third Party or Notary Address: 
Without Prejudice 
Name ............... '" - Secured Party Creditor, 
Authorized Representati ve-Attorney-In-Fact in 
behalf of NAME OF DEBTOR IN CAPS .. ©, Ens 
legis 
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Second CAFV example: (where a prev ious contract was entered into and signed by you!)
Certified Return Mail Number _ _____ _ ____ _
Your addre ss here
COLLECTION SERVICE, INC or CREDIT CARD CO.
99999 LAKE ROAD, STE 2000
MILWAULKIE, OR 97777
February 3, 2009 ,
RE : CON DITIONAL ACCEPTANCE FOR VALUE FOR PRO OF OF CLAIM UPON
COMPANY OR CREDIT CARD -NAME IT HERE- COMPANY 'S (CCC) CO NTRACT,
FOR DETERMIN ATION OF 'MEETING OF THE MIN DS,' 'FRAUD ON THE
CONTR ACT,' AND OR AN 'UNCO NS CIONABE CONTR ACT ' AND/OR AGREEMENT
FOR COM MERCI AL DIS CHARGE, Account No. XXXXXXXXX
Dear Mr. ________ _
I am in receipt of and con ditionally accept for value (honor) your letter entitled "Demand For
Payment Of Debt" , or , Reference No. 8888888 'I F ANY ', dated
_________ , 2007 . A copy of your letter/ document is enc losed.
It has come to my attention that as applied to the above matter, that there may not have been a
true qualified 'meeting of the minds,' that there may be fraud or misrepresentation on the
contract and/or the contract itself may be an unconsc ionable contract, or other contr oversies that
may exist within this cont ract/tr an saction .
As I want to re solve this matter as soon as possible, I am initiating this private-administrative
remedy to determine such matters and I agree to continue making payments predicated upon
your 'proof of claim.'
The ne cessary 'Proofs of Claim' are set out below, to wit:
1. PRO OF OF CLAIM that CCC gave FULL DISCLOSU RE to all matters dealing with said
contract as to the US Bankruptcy, form of payment, what was loaned, etc.
2. PRO OF OF CLAIM that the agent (Mr. **** - Attorney - or ???? ) in sen ding the
undersigned the DEMAND FOR PAYMENT OF DEBT letter via the US Mail, does not
const itute a mailing a fraudulent claim, and/or committing mail fraud (Title 13, Sec 1331 USC) .
3. PRO OF OF CLAIM that CCC as an 'artificial entity/creature,' created under the laws of
the State of and doing business in the State of , by and
through its Officers , Board of Directors and employee s, and agents are not bound to support
Article I, § X, as a 'S tate created entity,' in that "No State shall ... make any Thing but gold
and silver coin as Legal Tender in Payment of Debts," and that any such thing as gold and
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silver coin exists as legal tender in payment of debts.
4. PROOF OF CLAIM that of the value (substance) demanded in the DEMAND FOR
PA YMENT OF DEBT is in the nature of Valuable Cons ideration called 'money' and is in
compliance with Title 31 UNTED STATES CODE § 37 1 and 12 UNITED STATES CODE §
152.
5. PRO OF OF CLAIM that CCC inquired or knew that the undersigned had, or has access to
'lawful money of account' to 'pay' the contract debt(s) at law without becoming a tort feasor.
6. PROOF OF CLAIM that the unders igned hadlhas access to 'money' that const itutes
'LAWFUL (Sufficient) CO NSIDER ATIO N.'
7. PRO OF OF CLAIM that the use of a (federal reserve) 'Note,' or instruments certifying
conveyance of Federal Reserve Notes, is not only a promi se to pay. See Fidelity savings v
Grimes, 131 P2d 894.
8. PRO OF OF CLAIM that Legal Tender (federal res erve) Notes, or inst ruments certifying
conveyance of Federal Reserve Notes, are good and lawful money of the United States. See
Rains v State, 226 S.W. 189.
9. PRO OF OF CLAIM that Federal Reserve Notes, or instruments certifying convey ance of
Federal Reserve Notes, are not valueless. See IRS Codes Section 1.1001-1 (4657) C.C. H. (Note:
Federal re serve Bank says "Federal Reserve Notes .. ... have no value.")
10 . PROOF OF CLAIM that (federal Reserv e) Notes, or instruments indicating a conveyance
of Federal Reserve Notes, do operate as payment in the absence of an agreement that they shall
const itute payment .' See Blachshea r Mfg. Co. v Harrell, 12 S.E. 2d 766.
11. PRO OF OF CLAIM that the undersigned had a 'meeting of the min d(s)' with CCC
pursuant to the contract/agreement in respect to full disclosure and that said contract contained or
contains no elements of fraud by CCC.
12. PRO OF OF CLAIM that CCC did not, in respect to their contract/agreement was not made
beyond the scope of its corporate powers and the contract is not unlawful and void. (see for
reference McCormick v Market Natl. Bank, 165 Us 538)
13. PRO OF OF CLAI M that the Negotiable Instruments Law was not designed to cover
commercial paper, [which] IS the currency. La. Stat. Ann . -R.S., 71 et seq. LSA-C .C, Art. 2139
(see attached Affidavit of Walker Todd)
14. PRO OF OF CLAIM that CCC did not loan their 'cred it' and that the
undersigned IS ONLY OBLIGATED to pay back in something other than 'like kin d,' i.e., debt
inst ruments .
15. PRO OF OF CLAIM that the U.S. Bankruptcy did not impair the obligations and
cons iderations of contracts through the "Joi nt Resolution To Suspend The Gold Standard and
Abrogate the Gold Clause,"- June 5, 1933 as it may operate within the State of
........... .lSTATE OF ............... .. .
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16. PRO OF OF CLAIM that the State of ......... .... ./S TATE OF ..................... .. did not 
adopt in some capacity the Uniform Commercial Code and that all tra nsa ctions included but not 
limited to courts are governed under the UCC and/or the Negotiable Instrument Law as designed, 
to cover commercial paper, [which] IS currency. La. Stat. Ann . - R.S., 71 et seq. LSA -C.C, Art. 
2139. 
17. PRO OF OF CLAIM that under the Negotiable Instrument Law , 'commercial Paper, ' but 
not limited to Bills of Exchange are not 'money' (currency) in re spect to the National Emerg ency 
and the Unif orm Commercial Code and are not to be accepted to discharge debt. 
18. PRO OF OF CLAIM that the undersigned cannot accept for value any public or private 
presentment/invoicelB ill, etc., for fine, fee, tax, debt or judgment and discharge the same with a 
Bill of exchange or other commercial paper as ne cessa ry to carry on commer ce. 
19. PRO OF OF CLAIM that CCC by and through its employees, knew or did not kn ow, that 
this tran saction was beyond the scope of its Charter and that CCC and did not intend to bind the 
undersigned to an unconscio nable contract. 
20. PROOF OF CLAIM that CCC by and through its employees and agents , did not commit 
fraud on the contract in respect to the account/contract referenced above in any capacity. 
21. PRO OF OF CLAIM that your DEMAND FOR PAYMENT OF DEBT letter does not 
therefore const itute an attempt by CCC at unjust enrichment. 
22. PRO OF OF CLAIM that the commercial inst rument or Bill of Exchange tendered was not 
refused and returned within three days pursuant to Nygaard v Continental Resources, Inc ., 598 
N.W. 2d 851 (1991) , 39 U.C.C. 2d 851. ... "The court held the under 2-511(2), tender of payment 
is sufficient when it is made by means current in the ordinary course of business, unless the seller 
demands payment in legal tender. Here, Nygaard spoke to Continental several times after receipt 
of the sight draft and never requested payment in legal tender. Payment to extend the lease was 
due by January 4th, 1988 and the rejection of the sight draft did not occur until January 8, 1998. 
Nygaard rejection was thus untimely and tender of sight draft was sufficient to extend the lease ." 
23. PRO OF OF CLAIM that undersigned, as the authorized representative of the Debtor does 
not have the standing or capacity to accept for value the offer/contract/pre sentment and discharge 
the same via Bill of Exchange or other appropriate commercial paper for discharge via the 
remedy provided by Cong r ess - HJR- 192 of June 5, 1933. 
General acquiescenc e, or non-r esponse by CCS to provide the above 'Proofs of Claim' will 
const itute your agreement and formal acceptanc e. You will have by your non-r esponse to state a 
claim upon which relief can be granted otherwise shall operate as general acquiescence relative 
to this presentment. You will have admitted there is no valid Claim of Action arising via contract 
and/or compelling the undersigned into an unconscio nable contract and that there was no 
meeting of the minds in re spect to the alleged contract. 
You will have formally accepted each and every fact herein as they operate in favor of the 
undersigned, due to your silence and estoppels is in effect. 
You admit to your non-r esponse to bring forth 'Proof of Claim' in support of a 'clean hands 
doctrine,' 'full disclosure,' 'good faith dealing,' and as to the FAIR DEBT COLLE CTIONS 
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PRACTICES ACT, as it may apply to your presentment In regards to this alleged 
tran saction/contract! as referenced above. 
Therein, presumption will be taken in regards to your refusal, failure, default, and dishonor, 
admission, and confession of injury and damage and failure to state a claim, that you, CCS, this 
'Conditional Acceptance' becomes the security agreement under commercial law, or in the 
alternati ve, you agree and stipulate that the undersigned can only discharge the demand payment 
letterlbill/pre sentment, etc., with a Bill of Exchange, or other commercial paper, or the 
presentment 'Accepted for Value and Returned for Discharge ' and that you or CCC will accept 
said 'inst rument' as tendered or 'acceptanc e' to discharge the debt under neces sity. 
Or if the previous 'instrument' (Bill of Exchange) was tendered and not accepted, you 
agree that the matter/account/debt is discharged as an operation of law in tender of 
payment and/or bankruptcy. (remove this bolded sentence if it does not apply to your matter !) 
Due to the time sensi tive nature of this private matter, under ne cessity, you are to re spond 
with 'Proof of Claim ' within 10 days, plus three (3) days grace granted by return service by 
certified-priority-return -mail to the undersigned 's addre ss and a copy to the Third Party or 
Notary as addre ssed below. 
Should you fail or refuse by non-r esponse to provide 'Proof of Claim' within the time 
specified in this private matter, general acquiescence and acceptance will be taken on your part 
as formally exer cised (performed) pursuant to your silen ce. 
This agreement shall have the effect of an ins trument under seal. 
Sincer ely, 
Without Prejudice 
Name .................. - Secured Party Creditor, Authorized 
Representat ive, Attorn ey-I n- Fact, in behalf of 
NAME OF DEBTOR IN CAPS©, Ens legis 
Third Party or Notary Addr ess: 
[Note: Normal format of paragraph 'tabs' are set at .2] 
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Third CAFV example: (Called the 'Universal CAFV' sent to Attorney General) - make
obvious adjustments to the CAFV as needed !
Certified Mail Receipt Number _____________ _
***************************
P.O. Bo x 2222
Big City, Oregon
9750 0
****************************
ATTORNEY GENERAL
ADDRESS/STATE HOUSE
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
9******
March 25, 2009
RE : CO NDITIONAL ACCEPTANCE (CAFV) - REQUE ST FOR PRO OF OF CLAI M
AS TO THE ST AUS OF MONE TARY CO NDITIONS WITHIN THE STATE OF
________ TO PAY DEBTS AT LAW, JURISDICTION
AND OTHER MATTERS, CO NSTITUTING AGREEMENT
Dear ............................ ........ .. :
I'm in receipt of money claims, a court judgment, or whatever, emanating out of the State of
______ , or one of its agenc ies. [This first sentence must be adjusted to fit your
particular situation - otherwise remove and start this paragraph with the next sentence !] I seek
Proof of Claim in the nature of exhausting my private administrative remedy from your Office as
to the monetary status and condition (s) within the State of California/STATE OF CALIFORNIA
and as to the U.S. Bankruptcy, juri sdiction, property and status of the undersigned and Oaths of
Office as it may operate upon so-called judges within 'this' State and other matters . As I want
re solve this matter as soon as possible as to understanding the above (and/or pay/di scharge this
judgment) , it is of ne ces sity that I can only do so conditioned upon you or your Department
providing Proof of Claim.
As nece ssary, the Proof(s) of Claim are enumerated below :
1. PROOF OF CL AIM that the State of ........... ./ STATE OF ............ does not operate
under the U.S. Ba nkr uptcy conf irmed on June 5, 1933 (see Senate Report No. 93-549,
codified at 12 U.S.c. A. 95 a) also known as the National Emer genc y.
(See: Executive Proclamation No. 3972).
2. PROOF OF CLAIM that the U.S. Bankruptcy did not impair the obligations and
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cons iderati ons of contracts through the "Joint Resolution To Suspend The Gold
Standard And Abrogate the Gold Clause,"- June 5, 1933 as it may operate within the State of
........... ./ STATE OF ............. .. . ..
3. PROOF OF CLAIM that the State of ............ .. /STATE OF .................. was not one of
the several States of the Union that pledged the faith and credit (of the people) thereof to the
aid of the National Government in respect to the National Emergency in and around 1934.
4. PROOF OF CLAIM that the U.S. Bankruptcy/National Emergency has been terminated and
does not operate within 'The' or 'This' State/STATE and lawful 'Const itutional' money has
been reinstated and is in circulation to allow the people to 'pay their debts at law.'
5. PROOF OF CLAIM that within the State of ............... /STATE OF ... ......... , all State
Banks are not under the direction and control of the corporate "Gove rnor" of the International
Monetary Fund (See: Public Law 94-564) .
6. PROOF OF CLAIM that the State of ............ ./STATE OF ............... by becoming a
corporator (see: 22 U.S .C.A. 286e) did not lay down its sovereignty and take on [the
character] that of a private citizen and that it can exer cise no power which is not derived from
the corporate charter. (See: The Bank of the United States vs. Planters Bank of Georgi a, 6 L.
Ed. (9 Wheat) 244))
7. PROOF OF CLAIM that the people have not succeeded to the rights of the Kin g, the former
sovereign of this State, and are not, therefore, bound by general words in a statute without
being expressly nam ed. (See: THE PEOPLE v. HERKEIMER, Gentleman, one, &c-4 Cowen
345; 1825 N.Y. LEXIS 80)
8. PROOF OF CLAIM that there are clauses in the state/STATE or Federal Const itution(s) that
subject a citizen to statutory juri sdiction.
9. PROOF OF CLAIM that the word "person ' when used in legal term inology is not per ceived
as a general word which normally includes in its scope a variety of entities other than human
bein gs.
10 . PROOF OF CLAIM that "the ultimate ownership of all property is not in the State; being
that individual so-called ownership is only by virtue of Government, i.e., law amounting to
mere user; and use must be in accordance with law and subordinate to the nece ssity of the
State." (See: Hearing Before A Subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations ,
February 17, 1950, pg. 494, Exhibit H-4, Cons titution For The United Nations Industrial
Development Organizat ion, Treaty Document 97- 19 and the Communist Manif esto)
11. PROOF OF CLAIM that the unders igned, as a private party, is a party to the State
Con stitution by oath, pledge, and contract or as a signatory.
12. PROOF OF CLAIM of 'any' contract (implied or otherwi se) that binds the under signed to
the jurisdiction of 'This State' wherein the undersigned is a signa tory.
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13. PROOF OF CLAIM that 'FULL DISCLOSURE' of all material facts relevant to the entire
contract (State Const itution) as to nexus and application upon the undersigned along with
disclosure of the contract defining the construction, purpose, etc., as well as documentation
where the agent (s) are defined and empowered to act within the Const itution/contract upon
the undersigned .
14. PROOF OF CLAIM that the State of _ ____ ---'/S TATEOF ______ _
Cons titution/Contract/Charter (by and through your Office or any pro secutor) authorized the
representing or prosecuting of any claims against the under signed .
15. PROOF OF CLAIM of the cont rary that "All that governments does and provides
legitimately is in pursuit of its duty to provide protection for private right s, which duty is a
debt owed to its creator, WE THE PEOPLE, (Wynhammer v. People, NY 378) ... and the
private disenf ranchised individual; which debt and duty is never extinguished nor
discharged, and is perpetual. No matter what the government/state provides for us in manner
of convenience and safety, the disenfra nchi sed individual owes nothing to the government ."
See: Hale v. Henkel , 20 1 U.S. 43)
17. PROOF OF CL AIM that ALL offic ers and employees of the State of
........ .... . ./STATE OF ............... .... including Judges are under a Const itutional Oath
of Office to support and defend both U.S. and State Const itutions.
17. PROOF OF CLAIM that the officers and employees of the State of
............... ./ STATE OF ............. ... including Judges are not bound to support
Amendment in Article I, § X, (No State shall ... make any Thing but gold and silver coin a
Tender in Payment of Debts).
18. PROOF OF CL AIM that the officers and employees of the State of
...... ...... . ./STATE OF .................. including Judges are not bound to support Article
XI, § I (of the Oregon Con stitution) " ... nor shall any bank ... putting into circulation any
bill, check, certificate, or other paper (NOTE(S)), or the paper of any bank company
(,federal reser ve' NOTE(S), ... to circulate as money" as it operates upon the State of
...... .......... ./STATE OF ................... ... under the 'para materia' rule.
19. PROOF OF CLAIM that within the State of ............... ./STATE OF ............ .... the
"giving of a note does cons titute payment ." (See: Echart v Commissioners
C.C.A., 42 Fd2d 158).
20. ROOF OF CLAIM that within the State of ............... ./STATE OF ............... the use
of a (federal re serv e) 'Note' is not only a promise to pay. (See: Fidelity Savings
v Grimes, 131 P2d 894).
21. PROOF OF CL AIM that within the State of .............. ./ STATE OF .................... ..
Legal Tender (federal reser ve) Notes are good and lawful money of the United
States. (See: Rains v State, 226 S.W. 189).
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22. PROOF OF CLAIM that within the State of ............ ./STATE OF .................. .. 
Federal Reserve Notes are not valueless. (See: IRS Codes Section 1.10 01-1 
(4657) C.C.H.) 
23. PROOF OF CLAIM that within the State of ............... ./STATE OF .................... . 
(federal reserve) 'Notes do operate as payment in the absence of an agreement that they 
shall const itute paymen t. ' (See: Blachshear Mfg. Co. v Harr ell, 12 S.E. 2d 766). 
24. PROOF OF CLAIM that the unders igned secured party has access to 'lawful money of 
account' to 'pay' debts at law without becoming a tort feasor. 
25. PROOF OF CLAIM that a judgment for money must specify,' the amount in words or 
figures with some mark or character to indicate what they repre sent . .. figures in the absence 
of dollar marks are void. (See: re Boyd (D.C.Or.) F.Cas. 1746. Hunter Glover Co v Harvey 
Steel 3 F2d 634) 
26. PROOF OF CLAIM that the State of ......... .... ./STATE OF ................... ... . did not 
adopt in some capacity the Unif orm Commercial Code and that all tran sactions included but 
not limited to courts are governed under the UCC and/or the Negotiable Instrument Law as 
designed, to cover commercial paper, [which] IS currency. La. Stat. Ann . - R.S., 71 et 
seq. LSA-C .C, Art. 2139. 
27. PROOF OF CLAIM that within the State of ............... ./STATE OF ............ .... court 
judgments cannot be discharged in light of the facts (in support of the above Proofs of 
Claim) that no lawful money (backed by gold or silver) exists within the State of 
........................ as all actions and judgments are laid again st 'corporate fictions .' 
28. PROOF OF CLAIM that under the Negotiable Instrument Law , 'commercial Paper, ' but not 
limited to Bills of Exchange are not 'mon ey' (currency) in re spect to the National 
Emerge ncy and the Uniform Commercial Code and are not to be accepted to discharge debt. 
29. PROOF OF CLAIM that any fine, fee, tax, debt, judgment or claim coming from outside or 
inside 'the ' state/STATE, public or private, cannot be discharged in the same manner, via 
commercial paper, i.e., Bill of Exchange. 
30. PROOF OF CLAIM that the unders igned cannot accept for value any public or private 
presentment/invoice for fine, fee, tax, debt or judgment and discharge the same with a Bill of 
exchange or other commercial paper as ne cessa ry to carry on commer ce. 
31. PROOF OF CLAIM that there exists within the State/STATE a State Executive Agenc y that 
regulates the general Public. 
32. PROOF OF CLAIM that the State/STATE Le gislature has the 'Const itutional Legi slative 
Authority' to legislate over and upon the private rights of the sovereign people of the State of 
_________ . (for refere nce see : Hale v. Hinkle, 20 1 u.s. 43 @ pg. 74 (1905 ) 
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33. PROOF OF CLAIM that the unders igned is a 'refugee' under international law and is
captured property of the State.
34. PROOF OF CLAIM that the unders igned is 'liable' quasi-ex contractu for an y benefits
forced and compelled upon himlher.
Please understand that while I want to re solve this matter, I can do so only upon your
'official' response by providing Proof of Claim in the nature of what con stitutes payment at law
within the State of ............ ./STATE OF ............ ............ .
Therefore, not being noticed of an agreement between the State of ........ .... .... and the
unders igned Secured Party as to what const itutes lawful payment, presumption is that my remedy
in any commercial matter including Demand Letters, Invo ices, Presentm en ts, Judgments or any
other 'quasi-money demands for paymen t,' and court judgments may only be Accepted for Value
and discharged by commercial paper, i.e., Bill of Exchange, or an 'Acceptance for Value and
Returned for discharge ,' etc., to allow the setoff/adjustment and exchange of the credit (the
discharge) to allow the account to be adjusted (to '0') by and through the exer cise of the remedy
provided by cong ress via HJR- 192, to discharge debts 'dollar for dollar. '
As such, THE ATTORNEY GENERAL fo r the State of .............. .. /STATE OF .............. ..... ,
having superior knowledge of the law and access to the 'proof, ' can provide such proof to the
points raised herein above to inf orm the undersigned Secured Party on how 'slhe ' can lawf ully
'pay debt( s) at law ' including judgments with real money and not be tricked into becoming a tort
fe asor. (See: Article I, § X - U.S. Constitut ion).
Other wise, the undersigned must ask, "What is my rem edy?"
The unders igned respectfully req uests that you, ************* as Attorney General for the
State of ............... . ./STATE OF ..................... to reply within 10 days in providing Proof
of Claim both to the undersigned and to the Notary' s addre ss below.
A non-r esponse and or failure to provide Proof of Claim will const itute agreement by you as
the chief legal counsel for the State of ............... ./STATE OF ..................... that the
unders igned Secured Party can exer cise the remedy provided by cong ress via HJR- 192, that is, to
discharge all de bt(s) and judgments 'dollar for dollar' with a draft, time draft, or Bill of
Exchange, under neces sity due to ...... State ...... .. 's participation in the U.S. Bankr uptcy aka; the
National Emergency as refer enced above.
Sincerely
Third Party or Notary Addr ess :
Without Prejudice
************ - Secured Party Creditor,
Authorized Representati ve, Attorney-In-Fact
in behalf of the DEBTOR NAME©, Ens legis
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NOTE : Keep in mind that the 'first' paragraph of any CAFV is not cast in concrete . 
However ... maintain the 'concept and the intent' of the first paragraph. Acceptanc e, agreement to 
perform and request for Proof of Claim. 
Following are the concluding documents, #1 Notice of Default and Opportunity to Cure, #2 
Affidavit of notice of Default and #3 Certificate of Non-response that is processed after 
your CAFV have been sent off: 
#1 
Certified Mail No. ________ _ Date; ________ _ 
To: 
Notice of Fault and Oppor tunity to Cure 
And Contest Accept ance 
De� __________________________ ___ 
On , the undersigned Secured Party caused to be sent to you a 
CONDITIONAL ACCEPTANCE FOR PROOF OF CLAIM (CAFV), sent you on 
_____ ,2 009 
You failed to perform after re ceiving these presentments from John Henry Doe, and you 
failed to perform by providing the requested and neces sary PROOFS OF CLAIM after re ceiving 
the said CAFV from the undersigned. 
As the Respondent, you �e now in fault and you �e in agreement and have stipulated to 
the terms of the undersi gned 's dated presentment through your dishonor. You have the right to 
cure this fault and perform according to said terms within the ten (10 ) days from the postm�k of 
this Notice. 
Should you fail to cure your fault, I will establish an affidavit of Default, agreement and 
failure to con test acceptance and obtain a AFFIDAVIT OF CERTIFICATE OF NON
RESPONSE pursuant to and relative to VCC, State Statute and other wise. 
Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter. 
Sincer ely, 
Without Prejudice 
.............................. Secured Party Creditor, 
Authorized repre sentat ive, Attorne y-In-F act in 
Behalf of DEBTORS NAME IN CAPS©, 
Ens legis 
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#2 
Certified Mail Number _ ___________ _ 
Secured Party 
STATE OF CALIFORNIA 
FRANCHISE TAX BOARD 
Gerald H. Goldberg 
P.O. Box 942840 
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA 
94240- 0040 
Respondent 
June __ , 2009 
RE: Account #52930 000000000000 
Agreement Number 7003 1010 0000 0000 0000 
AFFIDAVIT OF NOTICE OF DEFAULT 
State of California ) 
) ss 
Eldorado County ) 
NOTICE TO AGENT IS NOTICE TO PRINCIPAL 
NOTICE TO PRINCIPAL IS NOTICE TO AGENT 
"Indeed, no more than (affidavits) is necessary to make the prima facie case." 
United States v. Ki s, 658 F.2nd, 526, 536 (ih Cir. 1981); Cert Denied, 50 U.S. L.W. 
2169; S. Ct. March 22, 1982 
I, , herein 'Affiant," a living breathing man, being first duly sworn, 
depose, say and declare by my signa ture that the following facts are true, correct and complete to 
the best of my knowledge and belief. 
1. THAT, Affiant is competent to state the matters included in hislher declaration, has 
kn owledge of the facts, and declared that to the best of hislher knowledge, the statements made 
in his affidavit are true, correct, and not meant to mislead; 
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2. THAT, Affiant is the secured party, superior claimant, holder in due course, and principal 
creditor having a registered priority lien hold interest to all property held in the name of the 
Debtor; , evidenced by UCC-I Fina ncing Statement #2000-000-0000 
filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Washington. 
3. THAT, Respondent, Gerald H. Goldberg, is herein addre ssed in his private capacity and in his 
public capacity as Director of the STATE OF CALIFORNIA FRANCHIS E TAX BOARD 
participating in a commercial enterpri se with his co-business partners (or employee s), including 
but not limited to the State of California, a corporation and hereinafter collectively referred to as 
"Respondent" ; 
4. THAT, the governing law of this private contract is the agreement of the parties supported by 
the Law Merchant and applicable maxims of law established by silence, acquiescence and tacit 
agreement; 
5. THAT, Affiant at no time has willingl y, kn owingly, intentionally, or voluntarily agreed to 
subordinate their position as creditor, through signa ture, or wor ds, actions, or inaction 's; 
6. THAT, Affiant at no time has requested or accepted extraordinary benefits or privileges from 
the Respondent, the United States, or any subdivision thereof; 
7. THAT, Affiant is not a party to any valid contract or compact with Respondent that requires 
Affiant to perform in any manner, including but not limited to the payment of money to 
Respondent, nor has Respondent disclosed under good faith any contract, agreement or other wise 
to show that the Affiant is required to perform in such manner. 
8. THAT, on or about February 25, 20 09, Affiant sent a CONDITIONAL ACCEPTANCE FOR 
VALUE FOR PROOF OF CLAIM (document for discovery) to the Respondent re questing proof 
of claim as to the authority, juri sdiction and in what manner Affiant is to pay debts at law and/or 
discharge of debt(s) with request for the Respondent to produce and provide Proofs of Claim, 
and other var ious proofs of claim to support Respondents presentmen t(s) and/or a valid lawful 
contract/c laim. 
9. THAT, Respondent had 10 days to respond with proof of claim, point for point, howeve r 
elected to remain silent or other wise refused to provide said proof of claim(s) and therefore has 
failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted and has agreed and stipulated to the facts 
and agreed that the undersigned Secured Party can only discharge said debt via the remedy 
provided by Cong ress via HJR- 192 with Bill of Exchange or other appropriate commercial 
paper. 
10 . THAT, Respondent is given an additional 3 days to conte st Respondent 's Acceptance as to 
the stipulated agreement based upon silence, acquiescence and therein tacit agreement, that all 
the Affiant can do is discharge any State of California Tax liability via Bill of Exchange, Bond, 
'Acceptance for Value and Returned for Discharge, or other appropriate commercial paper. 
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#3
AFFI DA VIT OF CERTI FICATE
OF NON - RESPONSE
_____ STATE )
) Scilicet
County of _____ )
Re: Non-R esponse to Private Conditional Acceptance for Value for Proof of Claim in the Nature of
Request for Discovery to Exhaust Private Administrative Remedy
"Indeed, no more than (affidavits) is necessa ry to make the prima
facie case ." United States v. Kis, 65 8 F.2 nd, 526, 5 36 (7th Cir. 19 81) ;
Cert Denied, 50 U.S. L.W. 216 9; S. Ct. March 22, 19 82
That I, , a living breathing man (or woman), being first duly sworn, depose
and say and declare by my signature that the following facts are true to the best of my knowledge and
belief.
I, , the undersigned, a Third Party, not a party to the matter, certify
that a Private Conditional Acceptance for Value for Proof of Claim in the Nature of Request for
Discov ery was sent by the undersigned to via Certified Mail
with Return Receipt Number and which was mailed by the
undersigned party on _ _______ _
I certify that I have reviewed the original documents of the above party and the mail receipt s, green
card(s) for the mailing and the above party 's Affidavit of Notice of Default per the above document.
Per the above document as mailed, request was made to the Respondent to send a RESPONSE being
the requested Proof(s) of Claim to the above party. As the Notice of Fault and Opportunity to Cure was
presented, Respondent failed to cure the fault. Affidavit in Su pport of the Default was executed in the
matter.
Therein, no such RESPONSE was sent and/or received at the undersign ed' s address/office for
conclusion the above party' s private administrative process.
Said RESPONSE was requested within a specific time period (10 DAYS) with an additional 3 days for
return mail.
THEREFORE; I, certify that the Respondent
______________ , refused or failed to RESPOND to the above party' s Private
Conditional Acceptance for Value for Proof of Claim in the Nature of Request for Proof of Claim
(Dis covery), and failed to cure and/or contest acceptance within the time stipulated and under nece ss ity ,
the respondent is in full agreement.
Dated this ___ day of ________ , 2009
Without Preju dice
................................. , Affiant
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ACKNO WLEDGEMENT
SVBCRIBED TO AND SWORN before me this __ day of , A.D. 2009 , a
Notary, that , pers onally appeared and known to me to be the man whose
name subscribed to the within inst rument and acknowledged to be the same.
_________________ Seal :
Notary Public
My commission expire s _______ _
Note; If you designa te a copy of your CAFV is to go to a Notary, a Notary cannot notarize their
own document. So per the document (Affidavit of Certificate of Non-Response) remove the
word 'Affidavit' so that it only becomes a 'Certificate ' for the Notary to sign !
Now, in matters dealing 'agents' of so-called government who may have caused an injury, a
commercial damage, etc., it is strongly suggested (since we cannot use the 'advice' word !) NOT
TO FILE A LI EN! Though they are proper, howeve r, due to the fact that some people have
been charged with 'simulation of legal process, ' a strange charge in itself, since the military
social government const ruct is a fiction, simulating the very same process or others similar when
they or 'it' files a lien against your debtor ! And some people have even been charged with
'Paper Terrorism, ' via the guise of criminal syndicalism. Seems, strange again to be charged
when One is only proceeding with a 'Redress of Grievance' for wr ongs committed .
Therefore, this is just one more fact in point to prove that the current system, the so-called courts
are not there for you, to give you a remed y. If you go into their court with the truth, facts and
law, you should win hands down every time . Wher e' s the evidence of such wins by any people?
Wher e' s the evidence that so-called judge re cognizes your sovereignty, rights, title(s), and
interest in the any matter. Why do I ask? Why doesn 't he uphold it and honor his Oath to their
people who they say, are said to be free and living in the land of the free and home of the brave?
Is it probable that 'they' have breached their oath/contract? That going bankrupt, the agenda of
so-called government is to administer the bankruptcy and all the pledged property and treat you
only as debtors/slaves on the Plantation because you and your fa thers have slept on your rights
and lost the knowledge of who you are and what your power is, as sovereign people and you
have no contract with the so-called new military social construct known as the government of the
United States!
Aside from that, inst ead of filing a lien, utilize TORT CLAIM. In that you file a Tort Claim,
it' s a claim process, normally filed into a 'Risk Management Of fice' or 'Administrative
Services ' at any level of government venue/jurisdiction, i.e., municipal, county, state, or federal
level . Check your State statutes on its 'T ort Claim Process. ' The federal venue uses a
ST ANDARD FORM 95. All Tort Claims are to be supported by Affidavit In Suppor t of
Notice of Claim and an Affidavit of Negative Averment and any exhibits you deem necessa ry
and attach a true and correct copy of your original VCC- I.
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STEPSIPROCEDUR E FOR DEALING 
WITH A PRESENTMENT 
(On e Manner of Disc harging Debts) 
Undertaking the steps for dealing with a commercial presentment/of fer, i.e. "presentment ," with 
or without an 'Voucher/Coupon' at the bottom ... is predicated on the following events having 
occurred prior to commencing the steps outlined herewith. These prior events are : 
A. You have "captured your Straw-man" by filing a UCC- l Financ ing Statement with the 
real , flesh and blood man, indicated by name in upper-and lower -case letters , as the Secured 
Party and your "ENS LEGIS/nom de guerre" or corporate franchise, indicated by all capital 
letters , filed as the DEBTOR. 
B. You have likewise signed and notarized a Security Agreement and placed it in the 
Commercial Registry, either Q!! the original VCC-l or a subsequent VCC- 3 Amendment 
and the Hold Harmless Agreement, in which the DEBTOR has indemnified the Secured 
Party by pledging all of DEBTOR 'S property as collateral against any kind of loss or harm 
that should accrue to the Secured Party as the result of any transmitting utility activities of 
DEBTOR. Such loss or harm would occur, for ins tanc e, if the DEB TOR , and thereby the 
Secured Party on whose behalf DEBTOR functions in commerce as a transmitting utility 
and for which Secured Party signs as the accommodating party, is fined, charged, or 
imprisoned by some commercial presentment having been issued against the DEB TOR 
which the system deems to have been dishonored. (See also the Hold Harmless 
Agreement!) 
UCC 9- 10 5(1) states: "' Security agreement' means an agreement which creates or provides 
for a security interest." 
Black's 6th states: "An agreement granting a creditor a security interest in personal property, 
which security interest is normally perfected either by the creditor taking posses sion of the 
collateral or by filing financing statements in the proper public recor ds." 
The Security Agreement you file in the UCC- l is a binding, sealed contract between 
DEBTOR and Secured Party which includes, inter alia, an itemization of the 
property/collateral the DEB TOR has pledged to the Secured Party. All the property 
belongs to the DEBTOR but the Secured Party holds all interest in it. Since the DEB TOR 
has pledged all of DEB TOR'S property/collateral to the Secured Party, and a binding 
contract is filed regi stering and recording that agreement and the Indemnity Bond as agreed 
by the DEB TOR to indemnif y the Secured Party against loss, no third party is able to state a 
claim upon which relief can be granted against the DEBTOR or any of the property pledged 
by DEB TOR to Secured Party. All commercial affairs are the province of and interacti ons 
of commercial entities with the DEBTOR, as per the text in on e's UCC- l statin g: "All 
proceeds, prod ucts, accounts, and fixtures, and the Orders there-from, are released to the 
DEBTOR." 
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C. You have received an actual presentme nt/offer (with a 'dollar' and/or money of account to a
sum certain amount allegedly due), not merely a notic e, and have time to deal with it within
10 to 20 days of your receipt thereof. A 'present ment' is a demand for payment . In some
cases a prev iously completed Conditional Acceptance for Value (CAFV) to get the
agreement from the Offeror establishes agreement to proce ed. Other wise, as Creditor ..
proceed with the pro cess !
D. In some cases, it could be a 'directive' to engage in some specific performance desired by
the party issuing the presentment, hereinafter the "Offeror." Your acceptance of the specific
perform ance occurs when you go silent and/or fail to deal with the presentment properly -
you'd be in dishonor and the Off eror does a Banker 's Acceptance of your dishonor of the
presentment. If you simply pay, he wins automatically; if you fight or do nothing, you
traverse or dishonor and are locked into the commercial jurisdiction in which they always
win unless you have "C aptured your Straw-man" and properly deal with their presentme nts .
E. All arre sts and incarcerations today consist of seizing the collateral/surety (the real you) to
pay the debt against the DEBTOR based upon their having done a Banker's Acceptance of
your commercial dishonor and executed a Bill of Exchange with themselves as Creditor and
your Straw-man as DEBTOR.
Since any bill, presentme nt/offer, you re ceive, ESPECIALLY THO SE HAVING A
VOUCHER/C OUPON AT THE BOTTOM of the Presentment, from the government system
or company/corporation is a commercial instrument, whether it is a traffic citation, tax bill, or
summons to court, the procedure for dealing with it is the same, within the first three days of
re ceiving it. The steps herewith apply in most situations, but sometimes on a case by case
basis.
F. For a document that is not a presentment, such as a not ice, re ceipt, letter, etc., you can accept
it for value, register (place within your commercial file) on UCC-3 and thereby be the
holder in due course thereof and of all matters con nected therewith and derived there-f rom.
For thi s, use 'I nk Stamp ' Number 9 in the catalog or see on our Web page [
amer icansbulletin. com] or write it on a copy of the notice, re ceipt, letter, make an additional
copy or two of it and mail a copy back to the Off eror. NOTE: Birth Certificates (Charge
Back Proc ess), and other Presentments for $$ - utilize the larger Ink-stamp Number 1.
G. Include a cover letter to the Offeror which might say something like: (in proper form !)
Dear Sir:
Please find enclosed your presentme nt/offer. Please take note that you offer has been accepted for value, as
I'm the holder in due course of the presentment/offer.
As the Creditor who has performed a Banker' s Acceptance on your presentment /offer, it is being returned as a
Money Order for offset and/or discharge of the debt. Please adju st the account(s) within 3 days - 72 hours .
Please send confirmation of such adjustment and thanking you in advance for your time in this matter, I
remain:
Sincerely
Your Name Here - Secured Party Creditor
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If you re ceive some communique from the Off eror that he/they did not adjust the account, you 
can then cons ider discharging the matter, but see DIS CHARGE OF DEB T below! !! 
All of your mailings should be sent with proof of service (or affidavit of ser vice) mailed by a 
third party (Mail Escrow Agent) by Certified or Registered Mail. Each of the steps should be 
done within time frames as her ein-below indicate d. 
Make 2 or 3 copies of your completed document package . It' s a good idea to make a second 
'original' maintained by you as well, certainly this 'presentment ' is a good clean copy. In the 
event you need to make copies, you have an 'original ' to do so. 
Stamp the Presentment (see the inst ruction sheet below). Sign your name in blue ink and date it 
below the stamp text. Send back to the Offeror( s) (the personl Co./C orporation who sent you the 
presentment) . Send by Certified Mail (with 3rd party proof of service is optiona l). Idea lly one 
should use an Affidavit of Serv ice that is signed and notarially acknowledged by a non-pa rty to 
the matter/action and mailed by himlher with your entire package. Each recipient rec eives an 
original Affidavit of Serv ice with the package . 
H. Ten (10 ) to twenty (20) days after or more time given as you deem nece ssary, if you have not 
re ceived notice from the Offeror that he has ad justed your account, you can send a complint 
letter to the Secretary of the Treasury, with exhibits, and req uest he intervein and contact the 
creditor. You can consi der a private commercial TORT action or law suit. 
See ACCEPTED FOR VALUE - RETURNED FOR DISCHARGE - PRESENTMENT WITH 
VOUCHER/C OUPON ... CONVERTED TO MONEY ORDER BELOW : 
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ACCEPTED FOR VALUE - RETURNED FOR DISCH ARGE
[No te : The follo wi ng is for enter t ainmen t pu rposes only!]
Exam ple:
Generally, a 'present ment' may look lik e the belo w exam ple. It ma y be a billing statement, a bill,
but making a demand for paym ent. We call it a 'Pr esentm ent' . They are also presenting you
with the voucher, which you conve rt to a 'mo ney order' to ret urn the 'credit' to them to adjust the
account. You r signatur e is the val ue/cred it.
In an open area, Stamp
this RED Ink Stamp on
the upper por ti on of
your 'Pr esentme nt' , fill
it out and sign it.
Ink Stamps are
al ways at a 45°
Do not sepa rate the
pr esentment via the
'tear -line' from the
Vou cher!
Pr in t 'P rivate ' at the
upper left hand corner
of the Voucher!
Some wher e on the lowe r
por ti on, pr in t or type
On the back of the
voucher , at the top,
simil ar to a check, pr int
the word 'In dor sement'
then dr aw a line for the
PRES EN TM ENT
Demand for Paym ent
Dear Cus t omer: 1
You owe us r
b the 30th of the
Accept for va�ue and
y
Retu rned for Dls char g
�oney Order Date __ _
you ha ve
ty ou!
Th is item is no longer av aila ble
Please check the current
catalog for products
Priv ate Voucher /Coupon
--------------------------- ------------------------ may li st
----------------------------------------------------$ amount
Exemp t from Levy
Ind or se ment:
'in dor se r' -YO) lU� -�t�o
--+------lr sign. =
Foll ow the rest of the
process in RDM4, page 431
and mail Certified or
Registered ! Remember -
Always sign in blue ink. The
Affidavit in RDM4 is optional!
This 'I ndor sement'
and signa tu re is an
'Allonge' Back of Prese ntment!
REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION
Always try to stamp
your docu ments in an
open area on the page
at a 45 de gree an gle.
Stamp the Pr esentment
with the 'Accepted for
Value -Retu rned fo r
Dischar ge' stamp OR
write the text in blue ink.
Tilt the stamp text at a 45°
angle, in an open sp ace
on the form . Fill in the
requir ed in form ati on and
sign it!
You will include a 'True &
correct' copy of your UCC-
1 and then follow the rest
of the ins tructi ons in
RDM4!
Dr aw a line for your
signa tu re. About %"
above your signa tu re , write
or type: 'Without
Recou rse' Below the line,
type or write 'Autho rized
Rp-nrp-,;p-ntAtivp-'
The word ; Wi thout
Rec our se
Can be pri nted, typd
or use Ink Stsmp!
SEE NE XYT PAG E
FOR AVAI LAB IL ITY
OF INK STAM PS!
435

PDF page 441

INK STAMPS THAT ARE AVAILAB LE FOR THIS PROCESS: 
ACC EP TED FOR VA LU E 
RETU RN ED FOR DISC HAR GE 
Per UCC- l Encl osed 
At $ _________ Date ; _ __ _ 
/5/ ______________ ___ 
Ce rtified Mail # ______ ___ __ _ 
Mo ney Or der Date _ ____ _ 
RED INK 
Stam p # 21 
BLUE INK 
St amp # 12 
$45 .00 
Shipping included! 
Pay -- - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ 
Thi s item is no longer avai la ble 
Please check the current Pay to the United States Treasu ry � 
catalog for products 
Char ge the same to _______ _ 
- I 
Addr ess _ ____ _ 
Memo Account ___ _ 
Authoriz ed Rep. by __ 
Wi thout Rec our se 
Autho rized Repr esent ative 
Money Order SIG NATURE STAMP l' 
McCutcheons Ink. 
Publisher and Distributor 
P.O. Box 3968 
Central Point, OR. 97502 
BLU E INK 
St amp # 22 
$35.00 
Shipping 
in cluded! 
The INK STAMPS above can be ordered from The American 's Bulletin via Postal Money Order 
or online at www. amer icansbulletin.com ... See page at end the manuall 
REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 436

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STEPS FOR 
'AC CEP TED FOR VALUE AND RETURNED FOR DIS CHARGE : 
Un der sta nd the con cepts .......... . 
Yo ur AFV-RFD Pa ckage should include: 
1) Yo ur CO VER LET TER 
2) PRE SEN TM EN T writte n up on or STAM PED, as sho wn abo ve ! 
No te ; AFVRD Stamp is available from TAB - see Book s & Mate rials Lis t at end of 
the Manual . 
No te ; Presentment may include a vo ucher.c oupon ... but ma y be a traffic citatio n, 
demand for paym ent le tte r, contr act, etc . 
3) Attach a True and Co rrec t Copy (with Two Signa tu res - on a copy of yo ur 
Or iginal UCC -1, in the mar gin area, sign ag ain in Blur In k!) 
4) Affida vit of in Su ppor t of AF VRD (of Dis char ge of De bt) ... OP TION AL! 
5) Copy of 'Affi davit of Walker f. Todd' 
6) Be sur e to write on the top of the Pr esentm ent a 'Certi fied Mail Numb er' and 
mail out the Package accor di ngly! 
Note ; No guar antee is made or impl ied as to any suc cess with any dis char ge of debt by 
any process obt ained, uti li zed or oth erwise from this sou rce and user assumes all 
respon sibil ity and li ab il ity and waives same as to sou rce of this in formati on. 
REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 437

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DISCHARGE OF DEBT?
- Reality Check -
In the last seven (7) years of Redemption, we have been exposed to several different ways to
discharge debt. Some didn't work to good, some people did not know what they were doin g,
made certain changes on instruments and some processes were altered and therefore some
problems were created and the 'system ' eventually came to reject some of the discharge
proc ess/in struments . 'S ight Drafts' were the first to go into the shredder. Checks on a Closed
Account, were the next to go. While there have been successes, from the various instruments
from the beginn ing, the Bill of Exchange has been the most successfuL .. to a point.
In re viewing several processes from around the country, it appears that styles and forms vary
greatly. What was more apparent were the incon sistencies and non-p rofessional appearance of
the letters, documents and inst rument s. However, while that in and of itself would not
nece ssarily be cause for problems, the 'first impression' principle is to disregard them and of
course. .. some of the letters, documents and instruments look 'extremel y' unprofessional
irre spective of substance over fo rm!
What we have learned over time is: Redemption is real, it is very serious! When one becomes a
Secured Party Creditor, one becomes a 'private banker !' Your 'Full Faith and Credit' is on
the line ! But people were not trained as bankers . We all went to government school, read
government newspa pers , grew up watching their government TV, and sat on pews in their
government SOl-C3 churches. We didn 't go to 'C OMMERCE AND BANKING SCHOOL !'
So for all of us, we dived into Redemption for various re asons. Some saw a quick buck! Some
saw the next major puzzle piece to addre ss their servitude and saw the re medy. But now we have
come to the understanding that Redemption is just the second to the last step in the quest for
freedom ... in operating within the commercial venue/scheme and credit transact ions.
Again, in the last seven years , though we have seen many successes and such advancement
towards new kn owledge of the commercial scheme, a greater sense of control over the economic
conditi ons perpetuated by de-facto corporate government, we now see a few more people getting
into trouble. Not so much that the current process is incorrect, but from the position that their
compan ies, corporations and government corporations (primarily State created entit ies) refuse to
accept the instruments and adjust the accounts, therein causing DIS HONOR, breach of
agreement (your CAFV) and commercial fraud!
While we agree that there should be the agreement in place to discharge the fine, fee, tax or debt,
we see that most all of those who have discharged the same, have not set in place the agreement
to discharge (via CAFV). There exists only the other side's agreement/contract whereby you
agreed to bind your Debtor wherein the contract most likely did not specify the form of
payment ! And if it did, i.e., in US Dollar $$, there is no con stitutional money of exchange that
circulates in any State of the Union ! And due to the social Military const ruct's U.S. Bankr uptcy,
since they took the Gold away, there exists in all contracts ... fraud, unconscionability and
therefore no honest 'meeting of the mind' as to the monetary condition (no lawful money of
exchange) (see Affidavit of Walker Todd) in their commercial venue. Yet the contract you are
compelled to sign with their compan ies, corporations and government corporations has some
infer ence to paymen t. .. perceived to be in 'federal reserve notes' - , of which the Federal
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Reserve Bank states; "In the United States neither paper currency nor deposits have value as
commodities. Intr insically, a dollar bill is just a piece of paper, deposits merely book entr ies."
(Modem Money Mechan ics - page 3). Federal Reserve Notes, having no value, are merely
bankruptcy script being merely 'paper promises to pay' or the other word is; a Bill of
Exchange ! Therefore, you have a problem ... one ; you cannot 'pay at law' to lawfully obtain title
in what think you purchased ! And two; those demanding payment cannot demand payment in
specific coin or currenc y.
If the government (municipality, county or state) is demanding payment, they are governed by
their 'Oath of Office' to uphold and support the U.S. Const itution at Article I, Section X, in that;
"No State shall ... make any Thing but gold or silver Coin a Tender in payment for Debts."
So do you see the problem?
It is our position that we do not want to see people get into trouble in these ways before they/you
lay the neces sary foundation and understanding. We understand that we must ALL maintain a
form of 'stewardship ' to our fellow man , and as such, a hard decision was made not to present
the process of commercial discharge of debt in this book via the Bill of Exchange proc ess.
As we do not want to see 'n ewbies' get into trouble, we also do not want to assume the liability
in any manner if someone gets into trouble, prosecuted and imprisoned and then the fingers are
pointed back to us, because someone did lay the foundation and prepare the mselves . As a
Secured Party Creditor, it is your responsibility to take full responsibility for your action s,
standing and capacity ! You cannot pass the re sponsibility on to somebody else !
If we were to give some sort of honor to any 'discharge process,' we 'd have shown every form
and type of tran saction and have addressed their relevant aspects and trying to answer every
con ceivable question, et c., which would add an additional 100 pages to this book which would
have delayed this book for another 6 months to do that. A time frame we could not afford! The
intent of this book is 'Entry Leve l,' that is to lay the foundation and provide the steps and
proce ss to become the Secured Party Creditor with the additional understanding that there is
NO LAWFUL MONEY and you have not PAID for anything since 1933 !
HOWEVER, that being said, the other (actor you must understand, even as a Secured Party
Creditor, you may have standing to discharge the fine, fee, tax or debt in behalf of the Debtor,
but aside from that, you have no contract with the company, corporation, etc. to discharge the
debt in behalf of your Debtor. You have no contract with their Federal Government ! You are not
a signatory to their compact/Constitution and the same is applied to their State ! Therein, you
have no agreement to discharge the liability or the tre spass per the tran saction. Not being a party
to their compacts nor a signatory, pursuant to international law, YOU ARE DEEMED AN
ALI EN! So where do you get the authority to discharge without assuming any liability in any
dealings with any of their 'foreign' company/corporations and/or their government agency?
Therein, understand, you have no rights within their juri sdictional social compact or const r ucts,
as you are certainly not a U.S. Citizen ... and not a signatory to 'their ' Const itution are you?
Their 'Bill of Rights ' do not operate upon you just as well as their Const itutions do not operate
upon you! Per international law, the only right you have is to file a (Tort) claim! Le t' s not get
ahead of things here, though!
In order to put you in the best position either to discharge the debts, first, place yourself in the
best position as 'Secured Party Creditor; having standing and capacity with the knowledge
REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 439

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obtained !
It didn 't matter what discharge process you might have used in the past or today. You are still in
that status as a foreigner to governm ent. Wher e's your right to go to their government or to
their creations as the grantors thereof, and discharge anything without the proper standing or
agreement to discharge any debt with th ose 'foreign' entitie s? (See Conditional Acceptance
elsewhere in this book)
But as a Secured Party Creditor with the 'discharge agreement' in place, the discharge can go
forward still knowing that there is no money of exchange, then if there is a 'dishonor, the
Secured Party Creditor may have to exer cise their 'exclusive' remedy of Tort for various
violations and dishonor by the 'foreign company, corporation, government agency/agent, etc. in
the interest of your commercial Justice !
These are NEW concepts for people to understand and accept within Redemption as to your
freedom and that of your posterity and understanding that there is no lawful money in circulation
Once you become Secured Party Creditor, you must continue your education as the Secured
Party Creditor lPrivate Banker, understand and use the 'Conditional Acceptance for
HonorNa lue' process and obtain the best information on commercial discharge as you can.
WITH THAT BEING SAID ; aside from the Bill of Exchange process, we do pre sent a simpler
method to discharge via 'Acceptance for Value and Returned for Discharged '.
Read the following and understand it, though it is not complicated, and use as nece ssary. But
first read this manual, several times, and read other books as mentioned at the end of this book.
It 's called 'continued education ' and it is absolutely imperative that you continue to read,
research and study ... start asking questions, write letters, etc.
NOTICE AS TO DISCHARGE OF DEBT VIA 'AFV-RFD'
EVO LUT ION OF DISCHA RG E PR OCESS:
TO WHOM THIS MA Y CONCERN:
It has come to our attenti on, in light of living within the current bankruptcy in trying to fathom,
understand and work within the concept of HJR- 192 to effect the discharge of debt so that One
does not have to 'go to war' , so to speak, with government in general and 'their' corporati ons,
but to 'go to peace' via 'acceptance for value' and 'discharg e,' in light of the fact that 'n o lawful
const itutional money of exchang e' exists within the States per circulation to 'pay debts at law '
due to the U.S. Bankr uptcy. (See Walker F. Todd Affidavit)
It may seem the de-facto agents of the bankrupt military-c orporate government are doing
whatever nece ssary to deny the secured party creditors the remedy provided by Congr ess, for
such discharge of debt, but it is of ne ces sity for 'evolution' of the 'discharge of debt' to proceed
forward, in spite of the ongoing and con tinuous 'fraud' perpetuated by every government
REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 440

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employee, officer and elected official within every level of government today.
Understand that there are several methods for the discharge of debt for the Secured party
Creditor to utilize. It is not his function of this Manual to go into detail of each of these
proce sses. The 'AFV-RFD'/ MONEY ORDER PROCESS is sufficient for you at this time, as it
is most important for you to lay the foundation first.
As such, today, as a last resort, it may be nec essary to 'go to war' via law suit (via the
technology of Citizens of the American Const itution) for fraud and treason (violation of Oath of
Office to 'their' const itution) by the agents own stipulation, agreement and conf ession of the
violation of Article One Section Ten of the U.S. Const itution as it operates within the States.
The Tort Claim process is still the primary tool for redre ss as the 'exclusive' remedy preceding
any 'civil action ' by the agents , again, via their own stipulation, agreement and conf ession of the
same, however, here, the 'Claim' is filed into the Risk Management/insurance side of the
government corporat ion. You just have to know that it is not an easy thing to do in monet izing
the lien. There are two other ways to utilize the cred it; 1) by assignment and 2) by International
Bill of Exchange.
Irre spective of this 'Notice,' Walker F. Todd, ex-legal counsel of one of the Federal Reserve
Banks states in his affidavit the following:
"From my study of historical and economic writings on the subject, I concl ude that a common
misconception about the nature of money unfortunately has been perpetuated in the U.S.
monetary and banking systems, especially since the 1930s. In classica l economic theory, once
economic exchange has moved beyond the barter stage, there are two types of money : money of
exchange and money of account. .. For nearly 30 0 years in both Europe and the United States,
confusion about the distinctiv en ess of these two concepts has led to pers istent attempts to treat
money of account as the equivalent of money of exchange. In reality, especially in a fractional
reserve banking system, a comparatively small amount of money of exchange (e.g., gold, silver,
and official currency not es) may support a vastly larger quantity of business tran sactions
denominated in money of account. The sum of these transa ctions is the sum of credit exten sions
in the economy . With the exception of customary stores of value like gold and silver, the
$monetary base of the economy largely consists of credit inst ruments. Against this
background, I conclude that the Note, despite some language about "lawful money"
explained below. clearly contemplates both disbursement of funds and eventual repayment
or settlement in money of account (that is. money of exchange would be welcome but is not
required to repay or settle the Note) . ... Legal tender, a related concept but one that is
economically inferior to lawful money because it allows payment in instruments that cannot be
redeemed for gold or silver on demand, has been the form of money of exchange commonly used
in the United St ates since 1933, ... . Legal tender under the Unif orm Commercial Code (U.c .c .) ,
Section 1-20 1 (24) (Official Commen t), is a concept that sometimes surfaces in cases of this
nature. .. The referenced Official Comment notes that the definition of money is not limited to
legal tender under the U.C.C . ... The narrow view that money is limited to legal tender is
rejected ." Thus, I concl ude that the U.c.c. tends to validate the classical theoretical view of
money ." (emphasis added !)
And in citing the Henwood case; " ... Negotiable Inst ruments via Guaranty Trust of New York
vs. Henwood, et al 59 S CT 847 (1933), 307 U.S. 847 (1939), FN3 NOS 384, 485 holds that 31
U.S.c. 511 8 was enacted to remedy the specific evil of tying debt to any particular currency or
requiring payment in a greater number of dollars than promi sed. Since October 27, 1977, there
can be no requirement of repayment in legal tender either. since legal tender was not
REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 441

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loaned and repayment need only be made in equivalent kind: A negotiable instrument
representing credit, i.e. ; an International Bill of Exchange ... "
Or as other wise stated; NO ONE TODAY CAN MAKE DEMAND IN PAYMENT IN ANY
SPECI FIC CO IN OR CURREN CY! Seems obvious that since 1933, State governments and
their agents/em ployees and officers have and continue to violate Article I §X of the U.S.
Const itution and which is their ' Achilles heel.'
But that being said, the information on Bills of Exchange via a detailed 20 page Memorandum of
the use of Bills of Exchange is primarily supported by facts found in the Public Record as well as
the comment (facts) of Walker F. Todd. This Memorandum is available from The Americ an 's
Bulletin . See their book list, catalog or web page.
One thing recognized within the 'Redemption Movement ' is that most 'Secured Partie s' (SPC)
have to fully understand the monetary conditions that exist within the Unites States and many of
the SPC's do not therein fully understand the money issue!
Since knowledge is power, it is only obvious as well as nec essary not only to understa nd, but
seek from your 'de-facto agents ' their stipulations as to those particular points and ans wers to the
questions not only upon the money issue, but of their oath of office, of any const itutional
impermi ssible application of statute and the like, since we are above government and have been
'estopped' by their act(s) to again 'pay our debts at law!'
God speed ...
No tes :
SEE 'SAM PLE DR AFT COVER LET TER' BEL OW :
REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 442

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#1 - SAM PLE DR AFT COVER LET TER 
Certified �rul# ________ ______ ________ ______ _ 
John Barry of the family of Doe 
In behalf of JOHN B DOE©, Ens legis 
1234 American Street 
Any City, Any State 
Zip code 
Co., Corporation, Debt collector, �ortgage Co., 
�unicipal, County or State office/agency/agent, etc . 
666 Fraud Ave., Suite 999 
Any City, State of Collusion 
Zip code 
Date __ ________________ __ 
RE : ACCEPTANCE FOR VALUE AND RETURNED FOR DIS CHARGE OF 
PRESENTMENT # IN BEHALF OF DEB TOR -NAME IN CAPS_ 
-ACCO UNT NUMBER 
Dear (or Sirs): 
Please find enclosed your Presentment or offer as identified and dated 12-20-2 0 10 , Accepted 
for Value and Returned for Dischar ge. 
The unders igned is the Secured Party Creditor, authorized repre sentative and attorney-in-fact 
for the above 'corporate entity/ pers on ' as identified above and in your account and Presentment. 
I, as the Secured Party have been estopped in accessing 'const itutional money of exchange ' to 
pay 'fines ,' 'fees,' 'taxes,' 'debts,' 'judgments' or other wise 'at law' in behalf of DEBTORS 
NA�E IN CAPS©, the an Ens legis ! 
Please recall that I have concluded the exhaustion of my Private Administrative Proc ess via 
Conditional Acceptance for Value (CAFV) whereupon you have stipulated, agreed, not only to 
those referenced Proof of Clr um 'facts' but that you agreed via tacit procuration (your silence) 
that the above refer enced debtlliability can only be discharged and with my exemption. (delete 
this paragraph if you have not utilized the CAFV process !) 
PLEASE TAKE NOTICE OF THE FOLLOWI NG: 
1) That, Legal tender under the Unif orm Commercial Code (U.c .c .), Section 1-20 1 (24) 
(Official Comment) ; "The refere nced Official Comment notes that the definition of money is not 
limited to legal tender under the V.C.C. The test adopted is that of sanction of government, 
REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 443

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whether by authorization before issue or adoption afterward, which rec ognizes the circulating
medium as a part of the official currency of that government . The narrow view that money is
limited to legal tender is re jected."
2) That, the Federal Reserve Bank in its booklet; MODERN MONEY MECHANICS page 3,
states; "In the United States neither paper currency nor deposits have as commodities.
Intr insica lly, a dollar bill is just a piece of paper, deposits merely book entr ies."
3) That "giving a (Federal Reserve) note does not constitute payment ." See Echart v
Commissioners C.C.A., 42 Fd2d 158.
4) That the use of a (federal re serv e) 'Note' is only a promi se to pay. See Fidelity Saving s v
Grimes, 131 P2d 894.
5) That Legal Tender (Federal Reser ve) Notes are not good and lawful money of the United
States. See Rains v State, 226 S.W. 189.
6) That (federal re ser ve) 'Notes do not operate as payment in the absence of an agreement that
they shall const itute paymen t. ' See Blachshear Mfg. Co. v Harr ell, 2 S.E. 2d 766.
7) Also, Federal Reserve Notes are valueless. (See IRS Codes Section1. 10 0l-1 (4657)
C.C.H.).
8) In light of the holding of Fidelity Bank Guarantee vs. Henwood, 30 7 U.S. 847 (1939), take
notice of. .. "As of October 27, 1977, legal tender for discharge of debt is no longer required.
That is because legal tender is not in circulation at par with promi ses to pay credit. There can be
no requirement of repayment in legal tender either, since legal tender was not loaned [nor in
circulation] and repayment [or payment] need only be made in equivalent kind; A negotiable
instrument. "
9) vee 3-603; "If tender of payment of an obligation to pay an inst rument is made to a
person entitled to enforce the instrument and the tender is refused, there is discharge, to the
extent of the amount of the tender ... " and :
10) ORS 81. 010 "Effect of unaccepted offer in writing to pay or deliver. An offer in writing
to pay a particular sum of money or to deliver a written inst rument or specific personal property
is, if not accepted, equivalent to the actual production and tender of the money, inst rument or
proper ty." (The latter here operates via the rule of Para Materia in all other states.)
WHEREFORE ; the Undersigned Secured Party Creditor can only discharge any such
debt/liability due to the fact that the State of was re sponsi ble in the
removal of constitutional money that was to circulate within the State of ______ _
whereby the undersigned could 'pay debts at law' and the Unders igned herein has been estopped
in law from paying debts 'at law' .
I would also presume, since the State of is a 'federal unit,' that it would
be a violation of commercial 'due proc ess ' or 'fra ud' to bar the Unders igned from accessing the
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remedy provided by Cong ress (HJR- 192) to discharge debts (liabilities) 'dollar for dollar' . (See 
Dyett v Turner, Warden, Utah State, 439 P 2nd 266 @ 267). 
THEREFO RE , in light of the above, under nece ssity, having no other means to pay debts at 
law, and in re spect to any supposed 'debtlliability' being accepted for value, but being estopped 
and denied access to lawful cons titutional money of exchange, the unders igned can only exer cise 
the remedy under nec essity to discharge the 'debtlliability' in behalf of DEBTOR NAME IN 
CAPS©, via your DULY SIGNED PRESENTMENT Accepted for Value and Returned for 
Discharge bearing my exemption, therein, please accept this negotiable ins trument and credit the 
above account, in honor, within 3 days upon acceptanc e. 
Any dishonor will be const rued as a commercial injury, violation of agreement, fraud, fraud 
by scienter, violation of commercial law and other wise, of which I will have no alternative to 
initiate my exclusive remedy via Tort Claim, or other wise. 
I con sider that you will do the honorable thing in this matter and close the account and I thank 
you for your time in this matter. 
Sincerely 
........ ...................... ... . , Secured Party Creditor, 
Authorized Representati ve, Attorney-I n- Fact on behalf 
of DEBTORS NAME HERE© , Ens legis. 
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AFFIDAVIT 
IN SUPPO RT OF COMMERC IAL DIS CHARGE 
State of ______ ) 
) Sci lic et 
Cou nty of ______ ) 
"Ind eed , no more than (affida vits) is necessary to make the 
prima fac ie case." Un ited States v. Kis, 658 F.2nd, 526, 536 
(]'h Cir . 1981); Cert Denied , 50 U. S. L.W . 2169; S. Ct. March 
22,1982. 
That I, [Secured Party Creditor] , a sentient, living man (or woman), being first duly sworn - does 
depose, say, and declare by my signa ture that the following facts are true and correct to the best 
of my kn owledge and belief. 
1.) THAT, the Affiant is the Secured Party and authorized to speak for, re spond, and handle the 
commercial affairs on behalf of the purported Debtor; [ALL CAPS STRA WMAN©], Ens legis, a 
corporate fiction/entity and trust ent ity; in re spect to the documents intended to discharge any 
purported debt/liability. 
2.) THAT, Affiant sent to [NAME OF AGENCY, CORPORATION, ETC PRESENTING 
CLAI M] , a private communique being a 'Conditional Acceptance for Value' (CAFV) [Certified 
Mail No. ***** **** ** **] seeking 'Proof of Cla im' upon the agreement of the Affiant to 
perform should [NAME OF AGENCY, CORPORATION, ETC PRESENTING CLAIM] not 
provide and produce 'Proof of Claim(s)'. Said CAFV was re ceived, signed for, and accepted on 
January 20, 2007 . 
3.) THAT, Affiant sent [NAME OF AGENCY, CORPORATION, ETC PRESENTING CL AIM] 
a 'Notice of Fault/Opportunity to Cure' via [Certified Mail No. **** **** **** ], giving 
[NAME OF AGENCY, CORPORATION, ETC PRESENTING CLAIM] seven days (plus 3 
days mailing time) to correct their fault of non-re sponse and to contest acceptance The afores aid 
document was re ceived, signed for, and accepted on February 13, 2007 . [NAME OF AGENCY, 
CORPORATION, and ETC. PRESENTING CLAIM] have failed to neither cure their fault nor 
contest acceptanc e. 
4.) THAT, upon [NAME OF AGENCY, CORPORATION, ETC PRESENTING CLAIM] 's 
dishonor and failure to cure, Affiant established for the record and has further tendered herein 
Affiant' s 'Affidavit re Notice of Default and failure to Contest Acceptanc e' in this ins tant matter. 
[NAME OF AGENCY, CORPORATION, ETC PRESENTING CLAIM] have stipulated to an 
agreement with Affiant by tacit procuration (silence) that the Affiant can only discharge the 
purported debt/liability by Acceptance for Value and Return for Discharge via the exemption of 
the Affiant upon the Presentment so tendered by [NAME OF AGENCY, CORPORATION, ETC 
PRESENTING CLAIM] in light of the U.S. Bankruptcy in behalf of the Ens legis, corporate 
entitylDebtor, [ALL CAPS STRAWMAN©]. 
5.) THAT the U.S. Bankruptcy is verified in Senate Report No. 93-549 93rd Congr ess, 1st 
Session (1973), "S ummary of Emerg ency Power Statutes," Executive orders 60 73, 610 2, 61 11 
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and by Executive Order 6260 on March 9, 1933, under the "Trading With The Enemy Act 
(Sixty-Fifth Congr ess, Session I, Chapters 10 5, 10 6, October 6, 1917), and as further codified at 
12 U.S .C.A. 95(a) and (b) as amended, operates upon [NAME OF AGENCY, CORPORATION, 
ETC PRESENTING CLAIM] by notice, agreement, and stipulation of [NAME OF AGENCY, 
CORPORATION, ETC PRESENTING CLAIM] . 
. 
6.) THAT, any transaction to discharge debt liability is in accordance and compliance with UCC 
3-10 4; Title IV, Sec 40 1 (FRA) ; USC Title 12; USC Title 28, §§ 1631, 30 02 ; and the Foreign 
Sovereign Immunity Act under necessity, in light of the fact that the several States are in 
violation of Article I, Section X of the U.S. Const itution. 
7.) THAT, the Affiant as the Undersigned Secured Party is "Holder in Due Course" of the 
Preferred Stock of the federal Corporation (United States - February 21, 1871; 16 Stat. I. 419): 
and holds a prior, superior, security interest and claim on the DEBTOR and Debtor' s property. 
8.) THAT, any documents transmitted in behalf of the Debtor to discharge debt liability in behalf 
of the Debtor is in full accord with HJR- 192 (June 5, 1933), Public Law 73- 10 , UCC 3-419, 1-
104 and 10 -10 4. 
9.) THAT, the Affiant is "Holder in Due Course" of the deficient account by his Acceptance and 
retains first priority; and by said Acceptance of any "Cla im(s)" has eliminated any contr overs y in 
the matters by exhaustion of the Affiant' s private administrative proces s/remedy under ne cess ity 
supported by scr ipture and 'Self Help ' via UCC 1-20 1 (34) per Official Comments - "Remedy" 
and Affiant is not protesting in behalf of the Debtor. 
10 .) THAT, the undersigned Affiant has been estopped from and has no access of 'lawful 
cons titutional money of exchange ' (See U.S. Const itution - Art. I § X) to 'PAY DEBTS AT 
LAW' , and pursuant to HJR- 192, can only discharge fine s, fees, debts, and judgments 'dollar for 
dollar' via commercial paper or upon hislher exemption. 
11.) THAT, Legal tender under the Uniform Commercial Code (U.c.c.), Section 1-20 1 (24) 
(Official Commen t) ; "The referenced Official Comment notes that the definition of money is not 
limited to legal tender under the U. C. C. The test adopted is that of sanction of government, 
whether by authorization bef ore issue or adoption aft erward, which recognizes the circulating 
medium as a part of the official currency of that government. The narrow view that money is 
limited to legal tender is rejected. " 
12.) THAT, the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago in its booklet; MODERN MONEY 
MECHANICS page 3, states; "In the United States neither paper currency [e.g., Federal Reserve 
Notes] nor deposits have value as commodities. Intrinsically, a dollar bill is just a piece of 
� deposits merely book entries ." The acceptance of said "currency" is merely a 
"confidence" game predicated upon the people 's faith or "confidence" that these 
currencies/inst ruments can be exchanged/accepted for goods and ser vices . 
13.) THAT "giving a (federal re serv e) note does not constitute payment ." See Echart v 
Commissioners c.c.A., 42 Fd2d 158. 
14.) THAT the use of a (federal res erve) 'Note' is only a promise to pay. See Fidelity Savings v 
Grime s, 131 P2d 894. 
15.) THAT Legal Tender (Federal Reserv e) Notes are not good and lawful money of the United 
States. See Rains v State, 226 S.W. 189. 
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16.) THAT (federal reserve) 'Notes do not operate as payment in the absence of an agreement 
that they shall const itute payment .' See Blachshear Mfg. Co. v Harrel l, 2 S.E. 2d 766. 
17.) THAT Federal Reserve Notes are valueless. (See IRS Codes Section 1.10 0 1-1 (4657) 
C.C.H.). 
18.) THAT, in light of the holding of Fidelity Bank Guarantee vs. Henwood, 307 U.S. 847 
(1939), take notice of ... "As of October 27, 1977, legal tender fo r discharge of debt is no longer 
required. That is because legal tender is not in circulation at par with promises to pay credit. 
There can be no requirement of repayment in legal tender either, since legal tender was not 
loaned [nor in circulation] and repayment [or payment] need only be made in equivalent kind; A 
negotia ble instrument. " 
19.) THAT, the various and numerous refer ences to Case Law , Le gislative History, State and 
Federal Statutes/Codes, Federal Reserve Bank Publications , supreme Court decisions, the 
Uniform Commercial Code, U.S. const itution, State const itutions , and general re cognized 
maxims of Law as cited herein and throughout, establish the following : 
(a) That, the U.S. federal government did totally and completely debase the organ ic, lawful, 
const itutional coin of the several states of the Union and of the United States. 
(b) That, the federal government and the several United States have, and conti nue, to breach 
the express mandates of Article I, §§ 8 & 10 of the federal Const itution regarding the minting 
and circulation of lawful coin. 
(c) That, the lawful coin (i.e., organic medium of exchange) and former ability to PAY debts 
- has been replaced with fiat, paper currency, with a limited capacity to only DISCHARGE 
debts. 
(d) That, the Congr ess of the United States did legislate and provide the American people a 
remedy/means to discharge all debts "dollar for dollar" via HJR 192 - due to the declared 
Bankruptcy of the corporate United States via the abolishment of const itutional coin and 
curren cy. 
(e) That, the corporate United States, the several States of the Union, intergovernmental 
organizat ions, and other nations of the world, recog n izes this current, circulating medium of 
exchange as commercial paper/ instrument s, negotiable or non-negotiabl e, the same being 
accepted as legal tender or money, etc., as set forth in the Unif orm Commercial Code. 
(f) That, the Affiants acceptance of any mone tary/debt presentment and/or demand for 
payment as presented by any person, natural or corporate, can be returned for discharg e, the 
same con stituting the negotiable instrument so bearing the exemption of the Affiant upon any 
said monetary/debt presentment and/or demand for payment as a non- cash accrual item is but 
another form of legal tender, money, curren cy emanating from the Creditor. 
20.) THAT, pursuant to 'State and Federal' TENDER OF PAYMENT statutes; "Whatever is 
tendered as payment, whether property, money or an instrument, if not accepted , the debt is 
discharged . " 
21.) THAT, the Affiant is exer cising the remedy provided by Congr ess via HJR- 192 and 
pr oceeding upon agreement and stipulation of [NAME OF AGENCY, CORPORATION, ETC 
PRESENTING CLAI M] ; and upon tender of the 'inst rument ', [NAME OF AGENCY, 
CORPORATION, ETC PRESENTING CLAIM] are to perform according GAPP accounting 
principles and ledger in the credit or therein [NAME OF AGENCY, CORPORATION, ETC 
PRESENTING CL AIM] will have breached the agreement and commit various violations of 
commercial and State Law . 
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I DID IT IY WAY
'The Discharge of Six Matters '
By William Maltsberger
Well , I' ve been around the block a time or two, and now I'm retired and in my 80 's. A few
years back, I subscribed to 'The American 's Bulletin ', then later, when Redemption came
forward, I became a 'Secured Party Creditor' at the end of 2003 .
I have to say that I have learned a lot from that 'n ewspaper' and since becoming a secured
party, I decided to take care of some commercial matters , you kn ow; debts!
I had a debt matter with a local bank for about $2,000 .0 0, a TV Serv ice Company for about
$135.00, a Cell Phone Company for about $930.0 0, a Computer Finance Company for about $
1,600.00, an Insurance Company for about $580.0 0 and a Credit Card Debt for about $4,0 00 .00.
All of these matters were of 2 years ago. What I had done, was to take their 'pres entment ',
their 'bill or 'demand for payment' and I wrote acr oss them; "Acc epted for Value and Returned
for Discharge per UCC- 1 en closed" and signed each presentment, under my name is 'Secured
Party ', and I mailed them back to them 'fellas' by certified mail.
I only heard back from one of them, the bank. They had sent the matter to a Debt Collector,
one from California and one from New York. I then took their 'Demand Letters ' and done the
same thing and have never had heard from those either !
Now I know there 's no guarantee, and I don't know what would happen if you did the same
thing, I'm just saying that it worked for me and that discharging some $9,0 00 .0 0 in debt 'cause
of what I have learned in the Redemption process has been well worth it.
•••
Though the 'pr ocess' in above article was som ewhat sim pler, it has worked fo r the author over nine
times! Un der sta nd wha t you are doing. Use the best informa tio n, the best process and step out in faith
and rememb er. .. as the Cr ed ito r, yo u'r e the Pr ivate Banker! So beco me the Cred ito r!
WHAT YOU CAN DO NOW IS CONT INUE TO THE NEXT ARTICLE ...
... BECA USE KNOWLEDGE IS POWER!
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So what ...... !
Several refer enc es have been made in this book as well as to new information to understand the
historical facts, regarding YOUR standing and capacity in relation to their governmental system
and the commercial venue as Secured party Creditor.
But in relation to Redemption, you have covered the movie revi ews, the historical background
concepts first brought forward by Roger Elvick (Section 1), informa tional articles on the
'reality' of what their military social government construct has done, so that now you can't say
you'r e in the dark ! (Section 2). You covered Section 3 on Sovereignty, so now you know
'you're the boss!' You now understand the Straw-man and the importance of the UCC-l
Financing Statement, and you've read and reviewed the forms ne cessa ry to become the
Secured Party Creditor (Section 5), and then, to Section 6 - NOW WHAT DO I DO after
becoming Secured Party Creditor!
In the previous 'article,' we dealt with the 'Da mage Control' issue as it relates to the
commercial discharge by Bill of Exchange of fine, fee, tax, or so-called debts as it relates to
your Standing and Capacity in relation to their corporate government and commercial law.
But first, we have to go 'back to the future', so to speak. The path has already been blazed by
those behind us, who desired freedom, even commercial freedom. Our history is full of those
who sacrificed all to work towards those ends . But the path was blazed by those who stepped
forward out on faith. They put their credibility on the line, as we know so clearly well . They put
their 'John Henry' on that parchment. They understood the risks, they certainly identified the
objective (to come out from an oppressive government), they made plans and preparati ons ...
then with one step, then another . .. on to what they created, the rest is history.
We could certainly point to John Adams, Patrick Henry and many others since then, in all that
was done in the so-called fight for freedom, or so we 'r e told.
It 's been called the 'American Experiment,' and many today would agree that the
'experiment' has failed ! The information presented in this book certainly supports that statement
and it is possible that your own personal experience confirms that as well . Many people in the
last 25 years or more have 'experienced ' their military social government !
Do you have more freedom today that those of those that came before you? Can you honest ly say
that you own your property, your home, your car? Can you disprove that all your property was
not 'pledged' to their State? And due to their bankruptcy and the economic situation in their
so-called country, just about every man/woman and family is in a position of assumed debt and
every State in the military social const ruct known as the U.S .lUnited States of America, Inc . is in
debt as Const itutors (California - some 40 Billion in debt alone !). The military social construct
so-called Federal government is in debt, some 6 Trillion and that the so-called 'taxpayer ' pays
(is taxed) for everything ... to the extent that on the average, you pay about 75 % to 80 % in
TAXES ! (that' s everything you 'pay' out to their government at every level for anythi ng !) And
yet you own nothing as a debtor/sla ve on their Plantation as you do not possess the Title(s) .
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We are educated to believe that we live in a 'free country, ' but rather we exist in a debtor' s
society and for that matter, most all countries around the world are in debt under the pre sent
misrepresentations by the Money Kings as well. We, you, them, hell, we all ser vice the debt.
And don't forget about the $90 Billion debt their U.S. Corporate Officer- President Bush created
due to the Iraq war that their U.S. Citizens will be required to 'pay their fail share ' of to the
(last farthing) pen ny !
Keep in mind that their 'St ate' treats you as their debtor slave on their Plantation. Their State
does not re cognize your 'So vereign' status/capacity, does not re spect you in the same manner.
By the actions of their agent/em ployees , their police, their courts and their so-called public
serva nts , you are only seen as a revenue base to support their various de-facto corporations
through taxes, taxes and more taxes ! (Remember the Matrix?)
Evidently, you have no standing or recognition as a 'Debtor on the Plantat ion' . Keep in mind that
you are not a signatory to their so-called federal or state Con stitution(s) and therefore you are
not a party to their social compact serv icing their debt. Simply stated, you have no agreement
or contract by which you can offer proof or proffer that you have ever bargained for your
rights or that of your posterity, or that in any manner any of your so-called rights are protected
by their form of so-called government, their code s, statutes or laws at any level ! So the 'other
side' cannot prove that you are contractually bound to their 'De-facto Military const ruct. ' You
are not a signatory to, nor a PARTY to their social compact and/or contract!
A 13 Question FOIA (Freedom of Information Act Request), as adverti sed in The American 's
Bulletin, was used in a State level traffic matter. Each question refer enced a particular point as to
req uesting an answe r in re spect thereto. When their Washing ton State Department of Licensing
(their agenc y) answered the State level FOI A (Request for Public Records), they an swered June
1, 1995 and in their second paragraph stated thusly:
"The Department has no document s on file which would demonstrate that you are a party
to any social compact or contract which can be demonstrated to operate to confer any
contractual, controlling, insurable, lawful, legal, pecuniary, regulatory, or any other interest
in your being and/or property to the benefit of the county or state, etc. "
Also, per Padelford, Fay & Co. vs The Mayor and Aldermen of the City of Savannah, 48 Ga
438 (1854) wherein the court stated:
"But, indeed, no private person has a right to complain, by suit in court, on the ground of a
breach of the Constitution. The Constitution, it is true, is a compact, (contract), but he is not a
party to it!" (emphasis added)
So how much evidence do you need to see that you are not a party to their 'social compact'
(their Const itutions) and aside from the fact that you are not a signatory to it/them (your
signature not appearing on their Const itutions) and the factual inference is that you have
nothing to do with their government corporations or their debt and they have nothing to do
with you ! Their only attempt is by threat, duress, and coercion, to convince you otherwi se, and
that from this vantage point they are able to shift the re sponsibility of their debt they created
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onto your Debtor, YOU and that of your posterity through their public educational inst itutions 
by way of outright misrepresentation in re spect to the program they created . 
. . . and "the ideas that the State originated to serve any kind of fiscal purpose is completely 
unh istorical. It originated in conque st and confiscation - that is to say, in crime. It originated 
for the purpose of maintaining the division of society into an owning and exploiting class and 
a property-less class - that is, for a criminal purpose! No State known to history originated in 
any other mann er, or for any other purpose!" Albert Jay Nock (State of the Union) 
And let us not forget: 
" ... we are of the opinion that there is a clear distinction in this particular between an 
individual [man} and a corporation [fi ction}, and that the latter has no right to ref use to submit 
its books and papers fo r an examination at the suit of the State. The individual [man} may stand 
upon his Constitut ional rights as a citizen [subject}. He is entitled to carry on his private 
business in his own way. His power to contract is unlimited: He owes no duty to the State or to 
his neighbors to divulge his business. or to open his doors to an investigation. so far as it may 
incriminate him. He owes no such duty to the State. since he receives nothing there from. 
beyond the protection of his lif e and property. His rights are such as existed by the law of the 
land long antecedent to the organization ofthe State . .. " Hale vs. Henk el, 20 1 U.S. 43 at page 74 
( 1906) (emphasis added) 
Keep in mind as to the above case, it was decided before the bankruptcy ... and don't forget the 
'no contract' issue when their court re flects upon their Constitutional Citizen . You kn ow, the 
One who either signed the social compact or is a direct posterity to any One who signed the 
social compact, making their posterity by birthright a member of the social compact, or by Ones 
ignorance ... volunteered ! 
Their State agents seizes 'State owned ' cars, bank accounts, children, etc. Their State agents 
take the position of Master/overlord and punishes severel y. Rights and 'due process of law ' is 
basically no n-exist ent . But to their extent now, their police shoot first and ask questions later. 
Their courts, as an collection agent for their State, collects (extracts) millions of so-called 
dollars from their debtor/slaves as these people go in and come out of their courts ... raped, 
pillaged and plundered, but in many cases people believing they had their day in their court and 
experienced some sort of just-us! 
Within and without the Freedom Movement, people seem to get arre sted, charged, pro secuted, 
fined, jailed and put into prison. The question to ask is why? Don 't we live in a Free Country? 
Maybe the simple an swer is Libel ! Their State and Federal government have copyrighted 
everything in their private corporate ven ue. Since you have no agreement with them to trespass 
on their copyrights, when you use their corporate name on court documents, briefs, liens, etc., 
they charge people with 'simulation of legal process,' 'paper terrorism, ' 'criminal 
syndicalism ' or they can charge you with failure to file, bank fraud, jay-walkin g, whatever they 
want to ! But whatever the charge is, it still arises in libel. 
"Prosecutor may kn owingly file charges against innocent persons for a crime that never 
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occurred. " Tenth Circuit Federal Court of Appeal in Norton v. Liddel l, 620 F2d. 1375 .
And since you are not a party to their 'social compact' and a signatory to their Con stitution
and with no agreement per a 'Parlance ' as to their copyr ights, you'r e just standing out there all
alone just waiting to get whacked !
It 's been 228 years since fifty-six (56) men walked into a room in Philadelphia to sign a
declaration to agree to create something to establish a private government, policies and
agreement different from Great Briton's, called a social compact via the contract known the as
the 'Constitution.' They supposedly created a Republic. But as history shows us, Republics only
last about 200 years . The historical facts of this so-called Republic ... from its political
maneuverings and corruptions to this day have reformed a Republic into a Military Social
Const ruct De-facto bankrupt corporation acting as a Dictator over all people ... they now call it a
DEMOCRAC Y! They called in all gold and silver as 'the ' substance that backed the nation 's
money and have left you with nothing but the worthless 'bank script' paper of a private bank
corporation, having no value.
You can 'exercise' your 'political will,' your right to make that choice to 'come out' of the de
facto mess by becoming the Secured Party Creditor /sove rei gn.
As a debtor/slave on the Plantation, you own no property and have no rights ! As a new Secured
Party Creditor, and all that you have learned from this book (Redemption Manual 4th Edition)
and other sources in the nature of your continued education, you will place a 'cloud' (a lien) on
all the property of the debtor, first in time, first in line over and above anybody else including the
State ... per the 'date' of your filing !
Their Declaration of Independence as well as international protocol re cognizes your right to
exer cise your 'political will' to come out of her ! Every State has said the same thing. As their
so-called Pre sident, Mr. Harry S. Truman stated:
"We believe that all people who are prepared for self-government should be permitted to
choose their own form of government by their own freely expressed choice, without
inter ference from any foreign source ... " (that foreign source is the State or federal
government !)
As 'Morpheus ' said in the Matrix One movie, "You must free your mind !" Do you see the
importance and the need TO GO BACK TO THE SO URCE ... to your status, your
Sovereignty ! (as Head-Of-State / State-In-Fact)
For almost fifty years , the 'Patriot' (Freedom) Movement has studied, researched, eat-meet
and-retreated and fought their system for their so-called right s, dealt with the blood-sucking
measures that their other side uses against us/them, to compel us to their rules, codes, and
private law ... and yet there are some who never gave up their faith for their love of their fellow
man and hope to see now what is present, what is here today for each man or woman who wants
freedom
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CONSIDER: When in the course of human even ts, it becomes NECESSAR Y for one people to
dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the
powers of the earth, the separate and EQUAL STATION to which the Laws of Nature and of
Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should
declare the causes which impel them to the separation •
... THAT AMONG THESE [RIGHTS] ARE LIFE, LIB ERTY AND THE PURSUIT OF
HAPPINESS .
•.• THAT whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends , IT IS THE
RIGHT OF THE PEOPLE to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government laying its
foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most
likely to affect their safety and Happine ss .• • or to 'come out of her', by becoming the SPC !
Men or Women have learned long ago that it is impossible to live unto himselflherself (no
man/woman is an island !). You cannot stand out here alone and naked as to your right s, titles,
and interests and beliefs ... since the same IS NOT protected by so-called government today, by
CONTRACT WITH SO- CALLED GOVER NMENT AT ANY LEVEL TO PROTECT
SUCH SO- CALLED CONSTI TUTIONAL RIGHTS .•. and are you not tired of being raped,
pillaged and plundered, and your property taken, etc., etc. !
So now you do have a choice ! Do you not understand what the Scriptures say about 'come out
of her!' Do you not understand you have the power and right to do so and become a Secured
Party Creditor and solidify your true sovereignty via the International Sovereigns Association .
Write The American 's Bulletin for more informa tion.
No tes :
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AG ENT S 
CON STITUTOR 'S AGENTS 
Occasionall y, while fini shing up your proces ses, one may encounter var ious acronyms like the 
(SS) Secret Service . To a "£ itizen" or a "debtor," this may sound frightenin g. But as for a 
Secured Party Creditor, you will look forward to getting your commercial matter re solved by the 
protocols established within the framework of International Public Order conc erning their 
"agents ." 
Secret Service. The investigative responsibilities are to detect and arrest persons committing 
any offense against the laws of the United States relating to coins obligations and securities or 
the United States and of foreign governments; and to detect and arrest persons violating 
certain laws relating to the FDIC, Federal land banks, electronic fund transfer frauds. credit 
and debit card frauds, false identification documents. 
Did you know that the duty of the Secret Serv ice is to "detect and arrest persons" that violate 
the laws pertaining to "securities of foreign governments?" You should know by now that you 
are a government "foreign" to the military social const ruct kn own as the UNITED STATES 
government and all municipalities, and that the extended Credit they enjoy is backed by YOUR 
securities (based upon your future labor). So, if one of your debtors dishon ors your 
presentment on a private account where they were supposed to do an "electronic funds 
transfer," would this con stitute a "fraud" on their part? Does this mean that they could be 
arrested for this? Yes it does ! To aid the Secret Service so that they can inve stigate the facts and 
do their duty, according to International Public Order, they must be provided with 
"information." The Secret Service can take action regarding any document which purports to 
establish trespass over or within the social compact governed by treaty between the applicable 
jurisdictions to which you are signa tory and within the scope of their applicable jurisdictional 
protocols established by these treaties whether named in particular or not by any treat ies, as long 
as the Executive authority has agreed to delegate such authority to whomever by the proto cols of 
such treat ies. 
Information. An accusation in the nature of an indictment, fr om which it diff ers only in being 
presented by a competent public officer on his oath of office, instead of a grand jury on their 
oath. 
Notary Public. A public officer whose fu nction it is to administer oaths; to attest and certify, by 
his hand and off icial seal, certain classes of documents, in order to give them credit and 
authenticity in fo reign jurisdictions; to perf orm certain official acts, chiefly in commercial 
matters, such as the protesting of notes and bills, the noting of fo reign drafts, and marine 
protests in cases of loss or damage. 
If the debtor has dishon ored your acceptance after you have returned it to them and they "argue" 
the charge still exists, then THEY can now be CHARGED with an inform ation or an indictment. 
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To complete this proc ess one must be able to locate a notary public knowledgeable on this
subject and willing to do a notarial protest. When the notarial protest process is completed it is as
effective as a criminal indictment from a grand jury or a pro secutor. Or, if you like, just complete
an acceptance on their behalf to obtain their formal agreement to proffer a secured tran saction for
proof of claim to state a claim of action for which relief can be granted. On the civil side, this is
as effective as an estoppels of Judgment in a State's Superior Court! You should then send an
"affidavit of information" along with the completed administrative proce ss of formal
acceptance to the Secret Serv ice as well as the U.S. Attorney, U.S. Attorney General, U.S.
Secretary of Treasury, U.S. Secr etary of State, Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Director of
I.R.S., and their state 's related officers .
There is another part of the definition of the Secret Service that is important here :
Secret Service. The protective responsibilities include protection of .. a visiting head of a fo reign
state or foreign government ... unless such protection is declined.
Visiting. In International Law, the right of visit or visitation is the right of a cruiser or war
ship to stop a vessel sailing under another flag on the high seas, and send an officer to such
vessel to ascertain whether or not her nationality is what it purports to be.
Visitor. Any people appointed to visit, inspect, inquire into, and correct irregularities of
corporations.
Is there any reason why we would "decline" the offer of someone to protect us and our
securities? All the Secret Serv ice is there for is to "ascertain" whether your foreign nationality
is what you purport it to be. If you are not sure you are a foreign nation - THEN YOU AREN 'T
ONE ! How then, can one BE a foreign nat ion? You must con stantly think, act and speak like a
foreign Head-Of -State.
Usually, the Secret Service will contact you to do an interview with them. When they offer, you
should NOT decline but should take a witness and a tape recorder to record and verify each and
every statement given, based upon the presumption that they are only trying to gather
information to help you in handling the corporation that allegedly dishono red your conditional
acceptanc e. You will be acting as a visitor to ''inspect, inquire into and correct irregularities
of corporations." To be prepared for this meeting, separately package copies of all the
administrative process and perfected claims that you have done on each alleged dishonor. Then
attach the "affidavit of information" as the cover letter. Now you have everything they need to
continue in the ''investigation'' of the corporation that dishonored you through "electronic
transfer fund fraud." Because - that is their job! Now you are acting like a creditor, a principal,
a Head-Of-State of a foreign government. A DIP LO MAT !
Be very happy to give them a copy of any recording and thank them for looking into this matter
for you. Ask for their business card so that you can give them any further information regarding
this matter. It would also be impressive to have a card to give to them from th e social compact tD
which you are signatory to - this would be very professional and re spectful. Encourage them to
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keep you or your officers updated on the progre ss of the invest igation. Next, let them know that 
"time is of the essence" in completing the liquidation of the corporation 's equity and if it was 
absolutely ne cessa ry, you could allow them more time to handle the matter according to the 
protocols established by treaty to which you are a signatory member Head-Of-State. 
If they ask you where the money comes from to pay for the items, you should correct them and 
say, 'There is no money because the UNITED STATES and all municipalities are in 
bankruptcy and the only currency that exists is the people's credit!' You could also tell 
them, 'The US Trust Fund is where all of the people's property has been collateralized to 
create the credit of the nation!' If they appear conf used, show them a copy of the 73rd Congr ess 
- H.R. 1491, March 9, 1933 where it says; 
CONGRESSIONAL RE CORD - HOUSE 
"If the Republican Party had re leased itself from the clutches of Wall Street and expanded the 
currency immediately after the Stock-market crash in 1929 or within a year after the cr ash, our 
people would have been saved from this awful money pan ic. Our President will doubtless ask 
amendments to this new law when conditions are more normal and when it is better unders tood. 
Under the new law the money is issued to the banks in return for Government obligations, bill of 
exchange, drafts, and not es, trade acceptanc es, and banke r' s acceptan ces . The money will be 
worth 100 cents on the dollar, because it is backed by the credit of the Nation. It will 
represent a mortgage on all the homes and other property of all the people in the Nat ion." 
(emphasis added) [Mortgage equals a Lien !] 
IN THEIR OWN WRITING THEY AGREE WE ARE THE CREDIT ORS ! 
They would be so impressed and shocked that they had actually witne ssed a creditor who kn ows 
his business, that they, in tum, would probably conduct themselves more re spectful and business 
like ... towards you. 
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Introduction
While true sovereignty begins between your ears , the transition from the conditioned debtor
slave on the plantation to understanding your sovereignty and your standing does not occur
overnight, and its achievement will require diligenc e, organization, planning and taking
responsibility.
Your ability to prevail in any venue involving employees and agencies of the state and federal
government, though never guaranteed, especially with police, attorneys , judges, and other
revenue agents such as the IRS, will depend on your ability to re cognize and neutralize any
misplaced feelings of trust, feelings of guilt, subservience to authority, hostile or paranoid
behavior, and threat of harm. You will be dealing with seasoned professiona ls, experts in lying,
cheating, stealing, and intimidation. They appear to be power hungry sociopaths who are used to
getting their way and running roughshod over the 'sheeple .' They are the 'officers ' of the
corporation compelling you to their 'private-c orporat e-sta tutes' unlawfully, to compel your
obedience, extract revenue from you or imprison you within their 'facilities' for their commercial
gain . They will assume that you are clueless to their game, easily conned/conf used, and a push
over.
Sovereignty is evidenced when you cease to be a victim of unrevealed, unconscio nable contracts
and servitude by signing contract and treaty via international pr otocols for said reco gnition of
right to emerge and of establishing your sovereignty as re cognized both by national and
international venues . And by not cons enti ng ! Not cons enting means not taking part in the dialog,
not approving of that which is proposed, opting out from the very beginni ng, before anything can
be const rued as having contractually begun with the de-facto States, etc. The Supreme court has
consi stently ruled that there is no requirement that anyone conse nt with anything, that no one can
be compelled to enter into a contract unwillingly with another -including municipal
corporati on s, State corporations and United States In c. ! The agents of government must involve
you their commercial scheme and get you to consent !
Be prepared because YOU WILL BE TESTED ! The agents have many ways to contract with
your Debtor. While this is a very big net, if you have achieved the elevated status of secured
party creditor, you have in place the nec essary instruments for leveling the playing field.
However, you can only leverage the power of these documents by knowing the who, what,
where, and when of being a sovere ign. It only takes a momentary loss of confidence or missing
a subtle cue to contract and offering an acceptance before re alizing it, to lose control of a
situation. Your body language is how you communicate 90+% of your message, and it rarely
lies. If you are not certain that you are a soverei gn, it is unlikely that you will convince others
that you are.
The greatest liability will be your past conditi oning. However, it can be effectively offset by
diligently practi cing your new re sponse under pr essure . The important concepts to 'embed' into
your mentaVnervous system are as follows:
A citizen is a SUBJECT of the state. In an article entitled "Redemption Traffic Win ... " Summer
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Dawn was conf used about her identity when she states: "I told the Officer that I was a secured
party and a sovereign Citizen of the United States of America." While she prevailed in her traffic
matter as a secured party creditor, she puts herself at ri sk when claiming to be 'a citizen' .
Infere nce to this means you are saying 'I'm a subject of the federal corporation and subject to
your rule!' The statement above may be overlooked by a patrolman, but how about a judge?
Statutory Law only applies to the FICTIONSIDEBTORS. You (flesh & blood) have no more
obligation to follow the statutes (being not named in them) and edicts of municipalities, counties,
States and UNITED STATES by and through their employees , agen ts, Legi slators , etc ., than you
do MCDONALDS CORPORATION. This applies to all employees of the United States and
their sub-unit States and Counties.
The U.S. Courts are NOT Constitutional and there is NO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDY for
you there. This is why you can never prevail by taking your Const itutional arguments into the
courts. They are military courts of Admiralty based on the private, copyrighted, international law
of equity. The judges and attorneys are administrators of the U.S. bankr uptcy. It ONLY becomes
judicial when you ACCEPT an offer (and sign) that they make to you. All of your training in
United States History has seduced you into the false belief that courts are adjudicating the
Common Law based on the Bill of Rights and the Const itution. There is no greater fiction in the
collective mind set of the American people than this, today ! The courts were partitioned from
Common Law Remedy in 1938 in the landmark Supreme Court decision, Erie Railroad v.
Thompson. A judge will not accept any precedent prior to this; you cannot reference the common
law. This simple fact should GIVE YOU A CLUE !
Since 19933, there is NO WAY to PAY a debt. The word 'pay' is an euphemism for
DISCH ARGE. You can only discharge since the Bankruptcy. Most everyone has heard of or
played the game Monopoly ©. The longe st running game, lasting 70 days, ended the same way
that every other game ended ; the 'Bank ' ends up with having all the mon ey, and everyone else
broke. You can see the same proc ess, monopo lization of all real estate and wealth, going on in
the world around us. Although most of you would never con sider using Monopoly © 'mon ey' to
'pay' your bills, there is absolutely no dif ference in their intr insic worth when compared to
Federal Reserve Notes. The only difference, besides the way they look, is that you have given
value to Federal Reserve Notes based on your own experience of how others respond to them.
While this is not a trivial distinct ion, they have no more intr insic value than Monopoly © mon ey.
If you can remember this, you will be way ahead. This will help you to understand why there is
no real Law , since that would imply the ability to pay a debt. (see Article I, section X of the U.S.
Const itution and Article 11, Section 1 of the Oregon Con stitution - for referenc e!) Most
importantly, it may help prevent you from getting whisked off to jail when you are questioned by
a judge regarding that Bill of Exchange you are using, when s/he asks you, "does this Bill of
Exchange 'pay' your debt(s)", and before re alizing it, you end up accepting the offer by
announcing 'YES' it does.
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WHEN DEALING WITH THE CO URTS 
The United States is the most litigious society in the wor ld. Anyone can sue you at any time for 
anythi ng. When you consid er that there are over 60 million laws on the books and that America 
has the highest per capita rate of incarceration of any country in the wor ld, re ason would 
therefore suggest that the American legal and criminal justice system has a target painted on your 
back. While it is not this purpose of this book to induce fear or paranoia, it is suggested that it 
would be prudent to understand and accept the fact that if you live in America there are predators 
in your midst, sanctioned by the public corporations via their private law, having as their primary 
objective an interest in doing business with you, i.e., fines, fees, citations, taxes, etc. 
This system for inducing you to fine, fee, jail, or commerce has been so carefully designed, that 
without specialized knowledg e, such as the information contained in this book, your chanc es of 
prevailing in an encounter with it are almost non-exi stent . It owes its success to the interlocking 
connection of three fundamental ploys: 
1) Build a system based on appearanc es. (fiction) 
2) Create subtle ways of getting people to contract with the fiction in order to make 
them accommodation parties to it. 
3) Induce people to give this fiction life/ substance by arguing and testifying. 
4) Get the people to CONSENT to the liability and punishment as surety for the 
fiction . 
Corporate entit ies, Federal Reserv e notes, property descriptions, and legislated (statutory laws) 
are legal fictions. There is nothing of substance to them. A corporate entity such as your Straw
man-debtor, is not the flesh and blood you. Federal Reserve notes do not come into existence 
through their assignment to something of value such as gold or silver, but by taking out a loan. A 
title deed ident ifies a home in terms of an artificial system of meets and bounds called a property 
descr iption-a description of property that is NOT; if you read it, you won't find anything that 
describes any attribute of the real house. This also applies to your car title and any other title to 
property. The real substance of a thing is referred to as the RES. Legi slated (statutory) laws are 
not written pursuant to the contracts (Const itution and Bill of Rights) that would limit 
government 's power over the sovereign flesh and blood men and woman . By creating a system 
that is fiction from end to end, they insure that the real game stays hidden and not one in a 
million will figure it out. 
Most people suppose or assume that a contract has to be knowin gly, intentionally, and 
voluntarily agreed to by the parties involved. This is usually the case even when there is no 
written and signed contract. For example, when eating at a restaurant, if you place an order for 
food, then pro ceed to con sume your order when it is delivered, the custom is you've contracted 
by implication (implied contract) and you'll pay the bill. However, there is a whole class of 
contracts of a far more sinist er nature; they are called, adhesion contract s. Contracts made wholly 
for the benefit of a single party. They come into existence wheneve r you exer cise a benefit 
offered by the corporate state such as welfare, Social Security, Medicaid, food stamps, postal 
delivery, sign an application for a passport, use federal highways , sign your name to obtain a 
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Going Into Court
In a perfect (real) world, or in a perfectly real and just political/legal/economic system, there
would not be many occa sions where the common man would be required to appear in an
administrative or a judicial forum and certainly not without an injured party willing to swear to
firsthand knowledge of the facts. Unfortunatel y, in a world of fiction s, as it is at the pre sent time,
many are being forced, under duress and threat of arre st, to appear before any number of quasi
judicial fiction forums for any number of crimes, violations , infracti ons , etc. of a fictional ,
commercial nature.
So, the task at hand in such a situation is to understand what is going on and to protect yourself
as best as you are able. Critical to achieving the best re sults is to be perfectly clear what your
goal is, and to keep our eyes on the goal amidst the physical, emotional, and intellectual turmoil
that such a situation brings forth. We must understand that we can only control what is within
our power to control, and that we personally cannot control the thoughts, wor ds, or actions of
another. What we can do is control our own attitudes, thoughts and actions, and the making of
the record. Our posture, or the way we present ourselves is vital. Are we able to remain as men
and woman of righteousness in a world of unrighteo usness? Simple, but not that easy. As to the
making of the record, keep in mind that in the vast majority of occasions the record made at the
lowest level is the only record subject to review at any higher level . In other wor ds, our ability to
make the record to re flect the information that is vital to our well-being, at the initial hear ings , is
directly proportionate to the remedy that will be available to us, in any forum, for any violations
of any rights and the misapplication of la ws, statutes, rules, regulations, etc. The goal is to
remain in honor and to make the record . The way to make the record is to stay "on point" , to not
be led into the myriad other matters that may ari se in the heat of the moment . Knowledge is
potential power, knowledge is made into effective power in individual circumstanc es by
effective application of that kno wledge . And now, on to the specific kn owledge relevant to
survival and success in the commercial fiction venues for settlement of disputes (the courts).
Again, it must be emphasized that this is not presented as legal advice specific to any particular
individual or proceedin g, but is offered as general information for educational purposes. It is up
to each man or woman to determine the benefit to themselves in any specific application of any
information presented in any specific manner. With freedom comes re sponsibility. You are
re sponsi ble for your own choices and action s.
GOING INTO COURT :
The judge either calls out your name, or asks you to reveal who you are. The judge is referri ng to
the all-caps 'person' (legal fiction) but you are unaware of this, even though this perso n' s name
is on every piece of identification that you have ever re ceived, every bill that has come to your
home, and every legal inst rument that was created on your behalf, so you admit to being that
'person ' and step into the juri sdiction of the court. So you may want to ask the man behind the
bench ; Sir, may I have your Name? ... thank you Mr. Smith (or whatever !) then state into the
record as you either cr oss the bar or upon the judge calling out your Debtors name ; "I am
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____ , the secured party creditor /third party intervener in re spect to this matter over title to
the proper ty."
The judge then reads the 'commer cial' charges and asks you to make a plea ... in behalf of the
debtor/defendant - the fictionlEns legis. NOTE: If you plead guilty, you wave your rights and
accept the full liability and may have to sign (cons ent) a conf ession. Having been trained all your
life to acquiesce to authority figures, your willingn ess to sign and accept your fine/ punishment
without ever asking if your signature is mandatory or volunt ary. If this is a criminal matter the
judge is very interested that you are well represented by a class of commercial contractors called
Attorneys . The judge may say, "If you can't afford one, one will be appointed to represent you
for 'free "'. Don't believe that one - you will be presented with a contract to sign to agree to pay
for the attorney ! The attorney is an 'officer' of the court. However, you have been seduced into
thinking that the attorne y' s first loyalty is to you, but as an officer of the court, their first and sole
allegiance is to the court - not you! The attorney can promise you noth ing, and that is exactly
what he will help you get. Of course, if you hire or accept an attorney, you become a 'ward of
the state' , an incompetent, a lunatic of unsound min d. '
NOTE: if compelled, to plea "not guilty", you still imply you're guilty but will allow the judge
or 'show ' jury to decide the matter, but you have then already agreed to accept the liability and
the decision of the court and now ... the stage is now set.
If You go away with an attorney and he 's to prepare your 'argument' and 'defens e,' beware that
he will not prepare an appropriate affidavit of the facts, or know an appropriate defense for why
you are not liable for the charges again st your Debtor.
On the day of your next court appeara nce, the attorney will help you argue your case. The judge
may ask you questions through the attorney, and you may be called to testify. With the attorney
there, you are not allowed to speak for yourself. By testifying and arguing you will be giving
substance to the controversy and to all the fictions in the courtroom. In this way you will be
admitting your guilt. This will be a slam dunk for the attorney and a slam dunk for the court
system.
If an attorney is forced upon you, you might ask the attorney, "Ca n you represent me in my
private capacity?" The answe r will most likely be "No I cannot !" Which is admission that the
attorney is ONLY THERE TO REPRESENT THE COMMERCIAL FICTIO N - YOUR
DEBTOR ! The so-called defense is for appearance onl y, before being found guilty, imposing a
fine or handing you over to one of the biggest growth industries in America, the police
state/pri son system ... irre spective of not being subject to the statute!
Prior to going into court, One should do the CAFV first (see Section 5, The Private
Admini strative Pro cess), then at the arraignment or hearing, there are questions and statements of
fact that are important to make "on the record" in the hearin g.
If you have completed the CAFV for the particular matter, as the judge calls the debtor' s name,
you state or read into the record the 'appearance brief' statement (see Section 6 - Conditional
Acceptance - Read Me First !) ... similar to; "Well your it honor, I accepted for value the
pro secutor' s claim and agreed to pay the fine (go to jail, etc.) predicated upon proof of claim. He
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has failed to provide proof of cla im, he has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted and he has stipulated to the facts as they operate in my favor and all the evidence is
before the court. I don't know what to do ... what' s my remedy?"
As indicated in Section 6, as to the CAFV, there is now an 'agreement' on the table and that' s all
the judge can see ! He now has been placed into a ministerial capacity ... not in a judicial
capacity !
However, in the event the judge moves forward, utilize the following original 'Three Magic
Questions (as they have been called !) ... plus there 's an additional one !
Often they will attempt to evade their re sponsi bility of an swering these legitimate questions. In
such a situation one could repeat the question and/or ask if they are refusing to an swer the
question. (Remember, you are making the recor d.) Also, some choose to preface their questions
before the court with the phrase "Without dishonor" , followed by the question. The intention is
to establish that there is no intention to be presumed to be acting dishonorably or in a
contemptuous manner.
1) Question to the magistrate or judge, "May I have your name please?"
2) Question to the judge; "Do you have a claim against me?"
3) Question to the judge, "Do you know of anyone who has a claim against me?"
Repeat the same to the pro secutor! The prosecutor really is the only one who could have a
claim against you ... if you were subject to the statute!
4) Question to the open court (or one could face the gallery, and ask; "D oes anyone present here
today have a claim again st me?"
5) Statement to the judge, "As it appears that there is no legitimate claim presented, there is no
public business before the court. I request that the order of the court be re leased to me at this
time so that I may be free to go"
And an additional verbal question might be "Will the court compel the pro secutor to produce the
evidence of my liability to the statute?"
Understand that there are any number of ways that any particular magistrate, judge (no, they are
not the same), or pro secutor may respond to these questions. Remember, your question and the
CAFV is your private pro cess to obtain DISCOV ERY ! That does not mean that the questions are
not valid, or that whatever they might say in re sponse may only be to distract or evade . The
reality in the system as it is that the agents are saying and doing all sorts of things that are
beyond their lawful authority (ultra vires), if there is misapplication of the statute.
It is vital that however the actors re spond to you, be it silen ce, angry outbursts, or threats of
being found in contempt, that one remains calm and on point. Do not be dragged down to their
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level of intera ction. An example of how one could re spond to such outbursts and threats is,
"Excuse me, it is not my intention to be contemptuous (or dishono rable). I am only trying to
protect my intere sts here . It is important that I determine if there is a claim against me and who is
re sponsible for bringing the claim. Do you have a claim against me?" If there is not a· direct
re spon se to the question, then in effect, by their 'general acquiescen ce' they are all in agreeme nt !
Some have, in response to a direct threat from the court (i.e. ; "If you say that again . I am going to
find you in contempt and remand you to custody" ) have asked questions such as, "What will the
nature of the contempt be?" (civil, criminal, or the inherent power of the court to enforce its
internal policy and procedure) or "Is it the purpose of this court to abuse me?" or "Are you
refusing to permit me to know if there is a legitimate claim before this court?" or "Are you
refusing to inform me of the nature of the claim in this matter?" At every opportunity, attempt to
have the order of the court released to you.
The above steps are new to most people reading this book. Read, study, memorize the question s,
statements , etc. Prepare as best you can. DO THE BEST YOU CAN! Learn from the past, learn
from your mistakes. Proceed down the path you have chosen. If the court, judge, pro secutor, etc.,
misapplies the law, statute, code, etc., your only remedy is Tort . .. and if you do not exer cise that
'exclusive' remedy, you allow 'them ' to continue to misapply their private statutes to injure and
harm many others out there !
Many actors in the system seem to be drunk with power and have more guts than brain s. Many
are willing to "cut off their nose to spite their face" rather than be faced with having to
acknowledge any limit to their authority. Whatever they might say or do under the
circumstanc es, it is clearly established that if they exceed the bounds of their authority
(misapplication of the statute) their orders, judgments , pronouncements, etc. are void, and it is
possible that they may be called into account for such actions. UNDERSTAND 'They' will do
whatever they want to do ... you the sovere ign, must do what you have to do ! The sovereign must
exer cise hislher 'exclusive' remedy ... TORT ... for that misapplication of the statute.
ALSO, keep in mind in any matter, where you may have been arrested to any quasi
criminal court matter, from traffic tickets to serious criminal matters, the jail and the court will
attempt to lure you into a contract. In the majority of cases, anything you sign on the public side
will be a contract. Signatures will generally be requested on your booking form, for picture and
fingerprint, and at the time your personal property is checked into the jail. When you are
solicited for the purpose of making a statement or providing your signature, state clearly that you
do not conse nt to it. If you are pressured, ask the question, "Is signing this mandatory or
voluntary ." If they insist that it is mandatory, ask them to "s how you the law". If they don't show
it, tell them that "you will wait for them to bring it to you. Failing this, if threatened with
physical harm, announce to them that you are signing under duress. Before you sign your name,
write above the line where your signature goes "Without Prejudice" . This will reserve your
rights. If the form is refused and they give you a new one, sign it the same way. When signatures
are requested ask the question "is my signature mandatory or voluntary ."
THEY MUST GET YOUR CONSENT. .. to proceed in their juri sdiction , to being pr osecuted
and they need your CONSENT ... to pay a fine or go to jail!
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Man y ar e 'cond itio ned ' to belie ve that if they go to the 'Cour ts, ' that the y'l l get a 
fa ir tria l. That the y wi ll hav e jus tice and bet te r yet, that the y wi ll ge t a re me dy. 
While 1% migh t 'w i n,' we th ink it wis e to dis cl ose the foll ow ing ... ta ke he ed : 
Gener al Immuni ty Pe rt ai nin g to 
Pr os ecut or s, Ju dge s an d 
Go ver n men t Ag en ts 
1. Prosecutor may violate civil rights in initiating pro secution and pre senting 
case ... - United States Supreme Court in Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 
409 (19 76) 
2. Immunity extends to all activities closely associated with litigation or 
potential litigation ... - Second Circuit Federal Court of Appeal in Davis v. 
Grusemeyer, 996 F.2d 617 (19 93) 
3. Prosecutor may know ingly use false testimony and suppress evidence ... 
-United States Supreme Court in Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409 
(19 76) 
4. Prosecutor may file charge s without any investi gation ... - Eighth Circuit 
Federal Court of Appeal in Myers v. Morris, 810 F.2d 1337 (1986) 
5. Prosecutor may file charges outside of his jurisdiction ... - Eighth Circuit 
Federal Court of appeal in Myers v. Morris, 840 F.2d 1337 (19 86) 
6. Prosecutor may know ingly offer perjured testimony ... - Ninth Circuit 
Federal Court of Appeal in Jones v. Shankland, 800 F.2d 310 (19 87) 
7. Prosecutor can suppress exculpatory (to clear from fault or guilt) 
evidence ... - Fifth Circuit Federal Court of Appeal in Henzel v. Gertstein, 
608 F.2d 654 (1 979) 
8. Prosecutors are immune from lawsuit for conspi ring with judges to 
determine outcome of judicial proc eedin gs ... -Ninth Circuit Federal Court 
of Appeal in Ashelman v. Pope, 793 E.2d 1072 (19 86) 
9. Pro secutor may kn owingly file charges against innocent persons for a 
crime that never occurred ... -Tenth Circuit Federal Court of Appeal in 
Norton v. Liddell , 620 F.2d 1375 (1980) 
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This is what the United State calls "Equal Justice under the Law" ... and certainly, every man is
equal before the law ! And since you have no agreement/contract with the Feds, the State, etc., to
bargain for your rights or to protect what you believe is your right s, and you have no agreement
with the court, how do you per ceive or believe that you will obtain justice or a remedy in their
courts? Maybe you'd better get your head out of the sand and face reality ! THERE IS NO
JUSTICE IN THEIR COURTS
This above research is provided for those in the Movement who believe that any Attorney can be
trusted when faced from the opposition of Pr osecution when their first duty is to the Court [Vol .
7, Sub-Heading Attorney-Cl ient Section 2-4] , then the Public Corporation known as the United
States [28 U.S.c. A. 30 02( 15)(A)] per definition of Dolus bonus, dolus malus, wherein the
attorneys and the Court may commit legal fraud to control those of unsound mind as Wards of
the Court at page 483; Black' s Law 6th Ed.
But you are not a class one ostrich, having your head stuck in the sand, you are on the path ! You
have been paying attenti on. You are beginning to unravel the mysteries of the matrix, moving
forward to achieve the status of Secured Party Creditor. You are no longer destined to suffer the
fate of the ostrich with the courts and the system. You understand the true nature of the
commercial scheme and the 'contrac ts' with government and the 'adhesion ' contracts that do not
exist to bind you to the 'social compact ,' and you'll begin to learn to ask all the right questions,
questions that they can never an swer without revealing their hand, questions that will, by their
silence or refusal, will be seen and taken as their 'general acquiescen ce' to allow you to remain
on top, as the soverei gn, secured party creditor.
"Al l that go vernmen t does and pr ovides le gi ti ma te ly is in pur sui t of
its du ty to pr ovide pr otec tion for pr ivate rig hts (W ynhamm er v.
Peo pl e, 13 NY 378), ... which du ty is a deb t owed to its cr eator , WE
TH E PEOPLE an d the pr iv ate un -en fra nchis ed indi vid ual; wh ich deb t
an d du ty is ne ve r exti ngu ishe d nor di sc har ged, and is perpe tua l. No
mat te r what the go vernment/s tate pr ovides for us in ma nner of
conv en ience and saf ety, the un- enf ra nch is ed indi vid ual owes
noth in g to the gov ernmen t. " Hale v. Hi nk el, 20 1 U. S. 43 @ pg 74
(1 905)
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BEFOR E THE JUDGE
Assuming that you have read the three essays Merchants of Fiction, Are You Sure You Want to
Hire an Attorney, and Mythological License to Practice Law, you now understand that the
system of courts in the United States is a very sophisticated racketeering organizat ion . In fact
you could call it RICO on steroids-t hey' re waving their hand to make it look like one thing is
going on, when an entirely different thing is happening. But now that the cat is out of the bag,
and you understand what the game is, you now have a basis for setting some strategy on how to
best deal with the unforeseen circumstance of going before the judge. But before you do, let' s
deepen your understanding of the nature of the courts. If you anticipate that you may find
yourself brought before the judge by an officer of the corporation, you may want to prepare by
reading this section several times.
"The discretion of a judge is the law of tyrants; it is always unknown. It is diff erent in diff erent
men. It is casual and depends upon our Constitution, temper, and passion. In the best, it is oft en
times caprice; in the wors, t it is every vice, fo lly and passion to which human nature is liable. "
[Lord Chief Justice Camden Courts and Policy: Checking the Balance (1995) Wellington,
Br ookes, p 188]
THA T'S NOT ME !
The primary presumption when brought before the judge is that you (flesh and blood) are liable
to the statutes, when in fact the charging inst ruments bear the ALL CAPS name of your Straw
manlD ebtor. .. the Defendant. The Straw-man is the fiction as only fictions are summoned into
any court, civil, or criminal. A living soul is never the Defendant or Plaintif f in any case. Your
primary defen se therefore will be to find out if the Judge, Prosecutor, or anyone in the courtroom
for that matter, has a claim against you, the flesh & blood man . (covered above) Now they get
real ner vous when you ask this question , because it comes very close to exposing the fraud and
deceit that they'r e involved in. "Do you have a claim against ME" , will be your primary line of
questioning .
In all criminal matters and all matters criminal, the court wants to control you (flesh & Blood)
through the Attorney, however in order to do this, you MUST cooperate . In fact they are
counting on your cooperati on . But don't make the mistake that many are making in the
sovereignty movement by thinking that the solution is to repre sent yourself, as in Pro Se. By
repre senting yourself, you are attaching yourself to the 'FICTI ON'-the Ens Legi s-S traw
man-Debtor-Def endant, thus giving them juri sdiction and giving life to the controversy by
your manner of participation in a way like no other.
If you want to give the court juri sdiction over YOU, the flesh & Blood man, repre sent yourself!
Other wise, let them know under no uncertain terms that they are welcome to assign an attorney
to the Def endant, in fact you INSIST, that they do so, as you "don 't think that you have the
standing (incapable as a matter of law) to represent the 'person ' (fiction) named in the charging
instrument" . Also let them know that "you will not be taking responsibility or cooperating in
ANY WAY! I'm only here fo r settlement and adjustment of the account" When you do this, the
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Attorney they assign will get very ner vous, because the court is now without personam
jurisdiction, and if you'r e not the fa ll guy, guess who is? This is kn own as the rule of 93.
So you can go into court and say, "/ don 't think / have a license to represent a corporate fi ction
in your court. / believe you need to appoint licensed council to represent the def endant/debtor,
but that is not me. " In a military democracy foreign court (all courts in the UNITED
STATES)- you either have to be an officer of the court or a lunatic: someone of unsound mind,
a ward of the state. By telling them to appoint an attorney to represent their Defendant in their
foreign court, it prevents you from walking into their juri sdiction !
HONORIDISHONOR
One might logically conc lude that the courts are about the law and the facts. Whereas this would
normally be the case if not for the US Bankr uptcy, there is no current way to exting uish a debt
no way to pay. The bankruptcy inverted the logic of the phrase "to pay", and everything affected
by "paymen t", and this includes the law. The bankruptcy took us from the gold standard, to the
promise to pay standard. Externally, the corporati ons look like they have all of the wealth , don 't
they? Once again your senses are deceiving you from the facts. The game is kept going in this
way, as what's really going on is far from obvious.
The current system in America consists of two groups: Debtors and Creditors . All Corporations
like the federal United States and its sub-corporati ons : States, Counties, and Cities are ins olvent .
All of your property and labor were pledged to the inso lvent corporation-debtors, making you the
Debtor. The owne rs are the International Banking Cartel, i. e., Federal Reserve Bank, IMF, House
of Rothschild, etc.
So everything is based on TRUSTS now, not true contra cts, since there is no longer any lawful
cons ideration. This is evidenced by the fact that the titles for your automobile and home are only
evidence of ownership (certificates), not real owne rship . The new car dealersh ips, banks , and
mortgage companies don't tell you this, but that is precisely what is going on. This is also why
we have courts in equity since the bankruptcy and not courts at law. Pursuant to Fehl v Jackson
County, "County courts are no long er Const itutional courts."
So what is a contract without consid erati on? What is a contract based only on a promi se?
Answer: A quasi-contract/im plied trust. The plaintif f appears in court (whether they know it or
not) as the implied beneficiary of the implied trust (contrac t) . The judge will const rue the implied
trust relationship found in the alleged contract into a const ructive trust (court order) which
specifies the rights of the plaintif flbeneficiary and the duties of the other party to the implied
trust-the defendant/tru stee. Because this process is trust-based, there is no requirement for full
disclosure. Beneficia ries can be denominated as plaintif fs; trustees can be denominated as
defendants or re sponden ts. Pleadings can even be denominated as petition s. The court being duty
bound to act in the best interest of the beneficia ries, will almost always favor the plaintif f.
So if the courts are not about the law or facts, what is it about? Answ er: Have you been a good
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trustee today? In other wor ds, it's about honor. Are you honoring the military occupation that' s
been in force since 1933, and are you performing according to all of those implied contracts and
the statutes that you have been exer cising the benefits of? See "On the Subject oj Sovereignty for
details.
The da nce of the courts is like a ball game, or a game of 'hot potato' . Who ever goes into
dishonor first, looses the game, and there are penalties for hanging on to the 'hot potato'. It
usually starts with the initiation of a suit or claim recorded by the clerk of the court. The clerk of
the court passes the 'potato' to the Defendant via service of claim, e. g. summons. Si nce you are
surety for the Defendant/Debtor, it' s essential for the courts, in order to play out its game to
acquire juri sdiction or nexus to the flesh and blood living pers on. They do this by inducing you
to plead, argue, testify, and/or sign ... on the bottom line !
I hope you'r e not in shock (this is a lot of informati on) , or that your eyes are beginning to glaze
over. So now the potato is in your han ds, and you have two choices, HONOR or DISHONOR. If
you don't re spond in the stipulated period of time, or go silent, that is a dishonor. If you charge
into court like a thunderbolt-a rguing, testifying and demanding your non-exist ent
Const itutional rights, you are in dishonor (you also give them jurisdiction).
"But, indeed, no private person has a right to complain, by suit in court, on the ground
of a breach of the Constitution. The Constitution, it is true, is a compact [contract], but
he is not a party to it. The States are a party to it .• • " Padelford, Fay & Co. v. The
Mayor and Alderman of the City of Savanna h, 14 Ga. 438 (1854)
So what can you do? CAFV, Ask questions (Demure), accept for value, file an affidavit(s) and
file your Tort claim ! (liens are a no-no !). All you really need to do is become smart enough to
rebut the presumptions, but let the other side establish an 'agreement' with you!
If you can't separate yourself from any implied fiduciary obligation to the plaint iff (beneficiary) ,
your toast. While it is not the purpose of this essay to teach you how to fully do this, it will give
you a seri ous head start. The first major step toward separating yourself is to become a Secured
party. On the value of the UCC- l filing : If you don't file, there is no public notice in place of the
superior security interest over the property to displace the courts presumption that you do not
control your property/debtor and affairs . Silent judicial notice of the lack of is fact will be noted
and the court will assume control by your default.
Note: Many people in the freedom movement are under the impression that the agents of the
UNITED STATES, STATES, COUNTIES and CITIES are doing it all wrong. However
consid er that THEY are doing it RIGHT ! As there are only CREDITORS and DEBTO RS,
and you are perc eived to be the Debtor ! This includes those who claim to understand
Redemption, when in fact they are practicing Common Law execution, which is not
Redemption. They have failed to realize that there is no REMEDY under the Common Law
anymore because there is NO MONEY. They 'r e doing certificates of prote st (dishon or) ,
inst ead of acceptance for value (honor) .
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COURTRO OM STRATE GIE S 
Now that we have laid the groundwork and (we hope) you understand the rules of the 
engagement, let' s set some 'other' specific strategies for use in the courtroom. It's best to keep 
dialog in any courtroom encounter to a minim um. Clear, conci se, statements and closed ended 
questions that can be an swered with a yes or no are best. 
However, the following six questions are good to control most courtroom encounte rs . They are 
simple and will generally solicit a predictable and reliable respon se. Remember, to ask questions 
is to 'demur' , to an swer questions is to 'travers e' (testify!) and you are not there to testify! It is 
recommended that you memorize and roll play the statements and questions with a partner until 
you feel that you can remember and deliver them under pressure while you'r e managing your 
adrenalin pumping. The more disagreeable your training partner is, the more your re sponses will 
be tested. It is far better to draw a blank expression in a training session, than when you'r e' 
facing a court judge-you will lose control of the dialog if you are unable to martial a capable 
respon se. Questions are : 
1. Do you have a claim against me? (as covered above!) 
2. Are you asking me to testify? 
3. I'm here to exchange the exemption and a guilty plea to the facts, for the bond. 
4. I am not here to dispute the facts 
5. What is my liability or nexus to the statutes? 
6. I accept your offer for value on proof of claim that the state Const itution operates upon 
me, by and through the state legislature, by and through the state statutes. 
7. I stipulate to all the facts and accept and return the same for full settlement and closure in 
the transa ction . 
8. I take exception to all matters rai sed in these proceeding . 
9. I don 't understand, I'm not signing anything, and I do n't con sent to being inc arcerated 
(usually stated at sentenci ng !) 
Also, understand the following conce pts: 
• If you argue, the judge gets discretion over all your pre sumptions, because no one can 
prove anyt hing. Besides, that's how they keep their jobs, and charge their clients higher 
court-appearance fees. If judges were to let it be known that they choose who wins based 
on dishono rs, the game would be over, and none of them would have any work. 
• Case sites are arguments (dishonors) and are nothing but opinions and presumptions, 
which are clearly public illusion. This is why judges never read more than one or two 
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pages of each side' s briefs, no matter how long they are, or how much evidence you 
attach. 
• When you file evidence of your completed 'Conditional Acceptanc e' (in regards to the 
'officer' or the 'Pro secutor' ) that plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon which relief 
could be granted, there is now an 'agreement on the table and tha t' s all the judge can see 
and now he's placed in a minis terial capacity, not a judicial capacity due to evidence of 
no controvers y! 
OTHER APPLI CATIONS 
THREE STR IK ES: Realize that debts are PAID in the public during the bankruptcy of the U.S. 
You can tender an offer to discharge all old case 'bonds', bails, or other obligations with an 
exchange of your exemption (valuable cons idera tion), un-do the lasting liability of those old 
cases, and stop them from coming against you in the present case, then offer to discharge the 
present case with asset inst rument and not a liability inst rument s. The court may rule your 
criminal charges ADJOURNED! 
CO MPETENCY : Defense counsel raises a question about defenda nt's competen cy. 
Interpretati on : Since you were so stupid as to let this guy get these papers into the record, I'm 
shifting the liability to you, (the judge) so you better hope this bozo falls into dishonor (agues or 
goes silent) in this civil charge, which will allow us to reinstate the criminal charge . 
The competency claim was conditionally accepted upon proof of claim that (1) the defense 
attorney has submitted probable cause for the claim that the mental competency of the man was 
in question (by putting in an af fidavit listing the specific behaviors demonst rating said 
incompeten ce) ; (2) that any test administered by the psychologist would be a more valid 
predictor of competency than the 5 affidavits from people who have kn own you for 20-yea rs 
(can ink-blot test do this???); and (3) the public hasn't attempted to shift liability for this guy's 
loss of freedom onto the psychologists ! 
VIOLATION OF PRO BATION : Man threatened with 3 years for probation violation. The 
Public Defender was honored (got the potato passed to him) when the creditor (respondent) 
asked him to re lease the bond in exchange for his exemption, and get the living soul rele ased. 
The Public Defender visited the jail on numerous occasions but ign ored the respondent 
(dishonor) . Upon protest (for the dishonor) , the court noticed the position the Public Defender 
was in. Then one day, "a ll of a sudden ", the District Attorney re sponsible for setting all the 
parties in the court, tells the Public Defender that the District Attorney thinks he remembers 
something unusual about the case, and sends an invest igator to the old court (hundreds of miles 
away) to see if the tran script shows that respondent was never told to perform the 'duty' he was 
charged with 'violating '! 
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Scenario 1: (SPC = Secured Party Creditor) 
Judge: What is your name ? 
SPC: No, it is not. 
Judge: What do you mean ? 
SPC: I mean "What" is not my name. 
Judge: I am asking for your name . 
SPC: Well, I have lots of nam es. Which one are you talking about? 
Judge: I'm talking about your real name . What is it? 
SPC: My parents call me "son," my friends call me "Lefty" , and my dog calls me "Woof!" 
These names are very real to me and I usually respond to each . What name are you 
interested in? 
Judge: I'm not interested in playing word games with you-and you will show re spect for this 
court! Are you JOHN HENRY DOE? 
SPC: The name you just mentioned is common -law-c opyrighted property and I am the 
owner of that particular property. In fact, I have given public not ice of my ownership 
of that property by publishing in the newspa per. If you want to use that piece of 
property again, you are hereby noticed that there is a fee for its use, set forth in the 
Copyright Notice, and it' s a fairly steep fee. But I will waive the charge you just 
incurred if you elect not to use it again . What would you like to do? 
Judge: I don't know what you think you'r e doin g, Mister, but you'r e about to get into deep 
trouble. 
SPC: Mister is not a name of mine . 
Judge: Look, whatever-your-na me-is, I am commanding you to identify yourself or be held in 
contempt of court! Bailiff! 
SPC: I assure you, that I mean no disrespect to this court. I am only interested in protecting 
my property rights . Are you commanding me to surrender my private property for 
your use without compen sating me? 
Judge: I most certainly am not; I am merely asking for your name . 
SPC: Well, my name is my property and I do not give away any of my names for the use 
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of others without being compens ated in accordance with 
the use-fees as published in my Copyright Notice. As far as I can tell, the only reason 
you want the name, is to establish a contract for the purpose of making mone y. Is 
that correct? 
Judge: That is not corr ect ! I need to know who you are so we can proceed with the business of 
this court. 
SPC: You bring up a very good point: If you do not know who I am, then why do you want to 
do business with me? 
Judge: You are tempting the limits of my patienc e, sir. GIVE ME YOUR NAME! 
SPC: You want to know what to call me? 
Judge: That would do fine. 
SPC: You can call me "S ecured Party Creditor ." 
Judge: This is not going to go on much longer, my friend ! Very well, Mr. 
Secured Party, where do you live? 
SPC: I live within the confines of my skin . 
Judge: (Dropping his head into his han ds, slapping his forehead with both 
palms, then looking up.) WHAT IS YOUR ADDRESS? 
SPC: I don't have an addr ess. See for yourself (slowly does a 3600 spin, arms held away from 
his body). 
Judge: Where do you sleep at night? 
SPC: In a bed usually, sometimes, in a sleeping bag. 
Judge: I mean, which building do you sleep in at night? 
SPC: Like I said, I don't sleep in a building, I sleep in a bed. 
Judge: Sir, secured party, whoeve r you are ... you can have a seat over there 
and we will take this up after lunch! 
Notes: 1) Nothing ever got started after lunch. The sovereign was truthful and respect ful the 
whole time-and never gave away his private property for the use of the court (who would 
open an account and lodge pecuniary charges in it) The sovereign kept his cool because he 
knew that the onl y thing the judge wanted him to do was voluntarily surrender his private 
property for the use of the court-without compensa tion . Once you understand that this is all 
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that is going on in a courtroom (and elsew her e), then you will be able to think on your feet
and make the right moves.
2) It is not ne cessarily recommended that you use this approach unless you are well rehearsed
and confident beyond intimidation. You always run the risk of embarr assing the judge and
garnering his anger and retaliation. So you must read the situation, and use an approach
befitting your kn owledge and personality. This example to show you how creative and
successful one can be without giving up anything.
Her e's a slightly different approach based on the judge calling out a case from the ro ster. John
Henry Doe, is in court today in respon se to a summons. The charge is driving with expired plates
and no proof of auto ins urance.
Judge: JOHN HENRY DOE v. STATE OF OREGON
SPC: (Approaching the bench but not speaking)
Judge: What is your name ?
SPC: Who wants to know?
Judge: My name is right here, (The judge pointing to his name placard)
SPC: Can you please state for the record, your Honor, your full and complete na me?
Judge: Lawrence Jeffers on Shyster
SPC: Thank you, your honor. Do you have a claim against me?
Judge: No!
SPC: (Looking toward the Pro secutor), Do you have a claim against me?
Pr osecutor: The state of Oregon has a claim against you.
SPC: Then would you please put the State of Oregon on the witne ss stand and swear it in?
Pro secutor: The State of Ore gon does not have a claim against you.
SPC: (Looking around the courtroom, now up at the ceiling) Does anyone here have a claim
against me?
SPC: I ask that the order of the court be rel eased to me.
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Advanced Concepts 
and Techniques 
The next scenario details the 'Roger Elvick' criminal trial involving writing checks on a closed 
account (no longer suggested) in the recent past. The advanced concept here deals with the 
'Appearance Bond ." It has been effective, but to a point. It has been observed that your request 
for an 'Appearance Bond' be done during a 'fre sh arr est' and the req uest made with your 'one 
free phone call' , first asking for the phone number of the judge, to request 'the Appearance Bond 
without fees and costs.' If you seek the appearance Bond say after arrai gnment, most likely the 
request will be den ied. Since the Bond is nec essary for the commercial discharge of the 
'charges,' and it being denied , injury has been done in the matter and this point would be 
covered in your Tort ! 
Is it public or private ? 
In the matr ix, on the public side of the equation you have the courts. Courts deal with fiction ; 
fictional plaintiffs, fictional defendan ts, fictional laws (only applies to the Straw-man, not you), 
and fictional property (paper titles). You (flesh and blood) on the other hand, are on the private 
side. YOU are the source of ALL VALUE through your ACCEPTANCE; pleas, signature, etc. 
Courts and their repre sentat ives are ins olvent ; they have no way of giving substance to 
ANYTHING, unless they can get YOU (flesh and blood) to give it value (cons iderati on) . 
Consider ation 
There are only two ways in which you can give consid eration in a commercial transa ction, sweat 
equity and by using your exemption. Debtor-slaves on the plantation offer consid eration in the 
form of Federal Reserv e Notes. Although Federal Reserve Notes are not backed by anything of 
value, they are a store of energy that repre sents their work. You earn these by doing time in the 
corporate work yard (please fill out your W -4 and 10 99). Secured Party Creditors on the other 
hand can use their exemption (signature) in light of the US Bankruptcy. The SPC has unlimited 
credit ! Why, because "the wealth of the sovereign is in his cred it." Via his exemption 
(signature) ! Due to HJR 192-Public Law 73 via the bankruptcy that pledged all of your labor 
and property to satisfy the debt of the municipal corporate United States. Since you were dragged 
into the bankruptcy by fraud and all means to 'pay' were removed from circulation (abrogation 
of the gold clause), the only thing that has value is the commercial credit created by the 
CREDITOR . .. YOU ! 
Honor-Di shonor and the Draft 
All transa ctions are COMMERCIAL, even criminal char ges. The power of the court is to referee 
a dispute between the parties of a commercial tran saction . There can be no judgment against you 
when both parties are in agreement, and consid eration has passed between them to settle the 
contract. Like an umpire in a foot ball game, the judge is supposed to 'blow the whistle' for 
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fouls, dirty play, or holding onto the ball for too long. The draft (example-brief filed) and the re
draft (response brief) are the models for the commercial 'ball game', being play-out back and
forth ! While this is the normal way it' s done in their court, your goal is to stay in honor while
avoiding the dishonor, this being done via CAFV and 'agreeing with thy adversary '. Whenever
you argue, testify, or fa il to act (silence or perform) you are in dishonor.
Courts of Equity or Common Law ?
The American legal system is based on equity not the common law . Bankruptcy means there is
no way to pay a debt and without the ability to pay, there is no remedy under the common law.
Since the courts are in bankr uptcy, they do not have the standing or capacity to execute a
sentenc e, or charge you in common law . That' s why the pro secutor and the judge will get YOU
to 'admit, confess, consent or agree' to the charge, fine or incarceration!
Look at it this way, if the public charge s you, why does the judge want you to post bond?
Because now that you've plead and granted the court subject matter juri sdiction, they want you
to assume the liability. Why should they disclose that they must post the Bond and bring it
forward upon your req uest if they do not want to assume the liability?
If you are practicing common law execution (Const itutional arguments, law and procedure) you
are not practicing Redemption, but arguing - giving life to a controversy and stepping into the
juri sdiction to accept full liability for punishment !
Don't look for your fourth amendment right in the courts, you have no rights ! The only right you
have is the right to file a 'Tort Claim. ' Many individuals that think they are doing redemption
when they go in and argue the law, INSTEAD of Agree with thy adversary - accept for value
and discharge .
Continuing :
Pr osecutor: You signed two checks written on a closed account
Elvic : That is true.
Pr osecutor: What do you want?
Elvic : I have accepted the criminal charge s, I have returned them, I offered my
exemption in exchange for the discharge of the bond and I requested the re lease of
that property to me.
Pro secutor: What you want is civil and we have a criminal matter in front of us and we have
to dispose of the criminal matter first.
Would you be willing to plead guilty to the charge s?
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Elvic : I have no problem with pleading guilty, the facts as stated in the charges are true. 
Judge: If this is the agreement of the parties, we are going to have to do this in open 
court. We can't do it under television. You've got to be in open court in front of 
me ... And you'll have to be here in THREE days. If there is nothing more ,I' ll see 
you here on Monday. 
Judge: (Monday morn ing) If the parties are all here and we all agree on what we 'r e going 
to do? 
Pro secutor: Mr. Elvic here has written, has signed thousands of these checks on closed 
account. 
Judge: 
Elvie : 
Judge: 
Judge: 
Elvie: 
Judge; 
Mr. Elvie, you're willing to plead guilty, is that true? 
Yes, your honor. 
Okay, with the finding of guilty then at this time if there are no objections 
here I'l l discharge the bond. 
Well, that's good. We won't need those bonds anymore. 
Excuse me, your Honor, the terms and conditions were those bonds was 
supposed to be released to me. 
Oh, Qk, is there anything else in this matter? (and upon hearing nothing said) 
You are free to leave. 
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STRATEGIES OF LAST RESOR T
Should your knowledge and skill as a Secured Party fail to keep you out of the courts, the
following strategies may be of assistance if you end up there. Two different approaches are
offered depending on your status prior to making an appeara nce.
STRATEGY ONE
The first strategy assumes that you have mastered the information in Section 4: Becoming a
Secured Party Creditor and Section 5: The Private Administrative Process . It also requires
that you are a Secured Party Creditor and that you have exhausted your admini strative process. If
you have not accomplished this, you can skip this part and go directly to scena rio two.
STRATEGY TWO
Strategy two only assumes that you have been arre sted and are now in jail aWaItmg your
arrai gnment. The jail and the court will attempt to lure you into a contract. In the majority of
cases, anything you sign on the public side will be a contract. Signatures will generally be
req uested on your booking form, for picture and fingerprint, and at the time your perso nal
property is checked into the jail. When you are solicited for the purpose of making a statement or
pr oviding your signa ture, state clearly that you do not conse nt to it. If you are pressured, ask the
question "Is this mandatory or voluntary ." If they insist that it is mandatory, ask them to "show
you the law". If they don't show it, tell them that "you will wait for them to bring it to you.
Failing this, if threatened, announce to them that you are signing under duress. Before you sign
your name, write above the line where your signa ture goes "Without Prejudice" . This will
reserve your rights. If the form is refused and they give you a new one, sign it the same way.
When signatures are requested, ask the question "is my signa ture mandatory or voluntary ?"
ADDITIONAL GLOS SARY
APEARANCE BOND. Type of bail bond required to ensure presence of defendant in a criminal
case. As a Secured Party Creditor you can req uest an appearance bond without fees and charges
from the judge or pro secutor. This is the most valuable use of your one free call and is the
recommended first order business on being booked into jail. You can ask for the bond at your
arrai gnment.
ASSESS. To ascertain; fix the value of. To fix the amount of the damages or the value of the
thing to be ascertained. To impose a pecuniary payment upon pers ons or property. To ascertain,
adjust, and settle that re spective shares to be contributed by several persons toward an object
beneficial to them all, in proportion to the benefit rec eived. To tax.
In connection with taxation of property, means to make a valuation and appraisal of property,
usually in connection with listing of property liable to taxation, and implies the exer cise of
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discretion on the part of officials charged with duty of assessing. Including the listing of
inventory of property involved, determination of extent of physical property, and placing of a
value thereon. To adjust or fix the proportion of a tax which each pers on, of several liable to it,
has to pay; to apportion a tax among several ; to distribute taxation in a proportion founded on the
proportion of burden and ben efit. To calculate the rate and amount of taxes. To levy a charge on
the owner of property for improvements thereto, such as for sewers or sidewalks. "Assess " is
sometimes used as synonymous with "lev y" . See also ASSESSMENT.
ASSESSM ENT. In a general sense, the process of ascertaining and adjusting the shares
re spectively to be contributed by several pers ons toward a common beneficia l object according
to the benefit received. A valuation or a determination as to value of property. It is often used in
con nection with assessing property taxes or levying of property taxes. Also the amount assessed.
See also Assess; Equalization.
BAIL, n. Monetary amount for or condition of pretrial rel ease from custody, normally set by a
judge at the initial appearanc e. The purpose of bail is to ensure the return of the accused at
subsequent proceeding s. If the accused is unable to make bail, or other wise unable to be released
on his or her own rec ogniza nce, he or she is detained in custody. The Eighth Amendment (U.S.
Cons t.) provides that excessive bail shall not be required.
The surety or sureties who procure the re lease of a person under arrest, by becoming responsible
for his appearance at the time and place designated. Those per sons who become sureties for the
appearance of the defendant in court.
CHECK. A draft drawn upon a bank and payable on demand, signed by the maker or drawer,
containing an unconditional promise to pay a sum certain in money to the order of the payee.
The Federal Reserve Board defines a check as "a draft or order upon a bank or banking house
purporting to be drawn upon a deposit of funds for the payment at all events of a certain sum of
money to as certain person therein named or to him or his order or to bearer and payable
in stantly on demand." It must contain the phrase "pay to the order of."
CLAIM. To demand as on e's own or as on e' s right ; to assert ; to urge; to insist. A cause of
action. Means by or through which claimant obtains posses sion or enjoyment of privilege or
thing. Demand for money or property as of right, e.g. insurance claim.
With re spect to claims to a negotiable inst rument of which a holder in due course takes free, the
term "cla im" means any interest or remedy recognized in law or equity that creates in the
claimant a right to the interest or its proceeds .
Right to payment, whether or not such right is reduced to judgment, liquidated, un-liquidated,
fixed, con tingent, matured, un-matured, disputed, undisputed, legal, equitable, secured, or
unsecured; or right to an equitable remedy for breach of performance if such breach gives ri se to
a right to payment, whether or not such right to an equitable remedy is reduced to judgment,
fixed, contingent, matured, un-matured, disputed, undisputed, secured, or unsecured. Bankr uptcy
Code, &sect; 10 1.
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CONCLUSION OF LAW. Statement of court as to law applicable on basis of facts found by
jury , Finding by court as determined through application of rules of law. The final judgment or
decree required on basis of facts found or verd ict.
Prop ositions of law which judge arri ves at after, and as a re sult of, finding certain facts in case
tried without jury or an advisory jury and as to these he must state them separately in writ ing .
See also judgment.
DEBTOR IN POSSESSI ON. In bankr uptcy, refers to debtor in a Bankr uptcy Code Chapter 11
or Chapter 11 case either the debtor will remain in control of its busin ess or as sets or a trustee
will be appointed to take control of the business or assets.
EQUITY. Justice admini stered according to fairness as contrasted with the strictly formulated
rules of common law. It is based on a system of rules and princ iples which originated in England
as an alternative to the harsh rules of common law and which were based on what was fair in a
particular situation . One sought relief under this system in courts of equity rather than in courts
of law. The term "equity" denotes the spirit and habit of fairnes s, justice, and right dealing which
would regulate the intercourse of men with men .
Equity is a body of jurisprudence, or field of jurisdiction, differing in its origin, theory and
methods from the common law; though procedurally, in the federal courts and most state courts,
equitable and legal rights and remedies are administered in the same court. See Equity, courts of.
A system of jurisprudence collateral to, and in some re spects independent of, "la w" ; the object of
which is to render the administration of justice more complete, by affording relief where the
courts of law are incompetent to give it, or to give it with effect, or by exer cising certain
branches of juri sdiction independently of them.
A stockholders ' proportionate share (ownership interest) in the corporation 's capital stock and
surplus. The extent of an ownership interest in a venture. In this context, equity does not refer to
a legal concept, but to the financial definition that an owne r' s equity in a busines s is equal to the
business's assets minus its liabilities.
Value of property or an enterpri se over and above the indebted ness again st it (e.g. market value
of house minus mortg age). See Real estate, below.
EQUITY, courts of. Courts which administer justice according to the system of equity, and
according to a peculiar course of procedure or pract ice. Frequently termed "courts of chancery ."
With the procedural merger of law and equity in the federal and most state courts, equity courts
have been abolished.
FIND ING. The result of the deliberations of a jury or a court. A decision upon a question of fact
reached as the result of a judicial examination or investiga tion by a court , jury, referee, coroner,
etc. A recital of the facts as found. The word commonly applies to the re sult reached by a judge
or jury. See also Decision ; judgment ; Verdi ct.
Finding of Fact. Determination from the evidence of a case, either by court or an administrative
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agenc y, concerning facts averred by one party and denied by another. A detennination of a fact 
by the court, averred by one party and denied by the other, and founded on evidence in case. A 
conclusion by way of reasonable inference from the evidenc e. Also the an swer of the jury to a 
specific interrogatory propounded to them as to the existence or non-exi stence of a fact in issue. 
Conclusion drawn by trial court from facts without exer cise of legal judgment. Compare 
Conclusion of law. 
FINDING OF FACTS, See FINDING. 
JURISPRUD ENCE. The philosophy of law, or the science which treats of the princ iples of 
positive law and legal relat ions . 
In the proper sense of the word, "j urisprudence" is the science of law, nam ely, that science which 
has for its function to ascertain the principles on which legal rules are based, so as not only to 
classify those rules in their proper order, and show the relation in which they stand to one 
another, but also to settle the manner in which new or doubtful cases should be brought under the 
appropriate rules, Jurisprudence is more a fonnal than a material scienc e. It has no direct concern 
with questions of moral or political policy, for they fall under the province or ethics and 
legislation ; but, when a new or doubtful case ari ses to which two different rules seem, when 
taken literally, to be equally applicable, it may be, and often is, the function of jurisprudence to 
cons ider the ultimate effect which would be produced if each rule were applied to an indefinite 
number of similar cases, and to choose that rule which, when so applied, will produce the 
greatest advantage to the community. 
LEVY, v. to assess; raise; execute; exact; tax; collect ; gather; take up; seize. Thus, to levy 
(assess, exact, raise, or collect) a tax; to levy (raise or set up) a nuisan ce; to levy (ackno wledge) a 
fine; to levy (inaugurate) war; to levy an execution, i.e., to levy or collect a sum of money on an 
execution . 
LEVY, n. A seizure. The obtaining of money by le gal proce ss through seizure and sale of 
property; the rai sing of the money for which an execution has been issued. 
The proc ess by which a sheriff or other state official empowered by writ or other judicial 
directive actually seizes, or other wise brings within her control, a judgment debtor' s property 
which is taken to secure or satisfy the judgment . 
In reference to taxation, the word may mean the legislative function and declaration of the 
subject and rate or amount of taxation, or the rate of taxation payer than the physical act of 
applying the rate to the property, or the fonnal order, by proper authority declaring property 
subject to taxation at fixed rate at its assessed valuation, or the minis terial function of asses sing, 
listing and extending taxes, or the doing of whatever is ne cessary in order to authorize the 
collector to collect the tax. When used in connection with authority to tax, denotes exer cise of 
legislative function, imposed and fixing amount, purpose and subject of the exaction . The 
qualified electors "levy" a tax when they vote to impose it. 
Equitable levy. The lien in equity created by the filing of a creditor 's bill to subject real property 
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of the debtor, and of a 'lis pende ns ', is sometimes so called. The right to an equitable lien is
sometimes called an "equitable levy."
LEVY COURT. A court formerly existing in the District of Columbia. It was a body charged
with the administ ration of the minis terial and financial duties of Washing ton county. It was
charged with the duty of laying out and repairing roads, building bridges, providing poorhouses,
laying and collecting the taxes ne cessa ry to enable it to discharge these and other duties, and to
pay the other expenses of the county. It has capacity to make contracts in refere nce to any of
these matters, and to rai se money to meet such contra cts. It has perpetual success ion, and its
functions were those which, in the several states, are performed by "coun ty commissioners ."
Overseers of the poor," "c ounty supervisors ," and similar bodies with other designat ions .
MEMORANDUM. To be remembered ; be it remembered. A formal word with which the body
of a record in the Court of King 's Bench anciently commenced.
An informal record, note or inst rument embodying something that the parties desire to fix in
memory by the aid of written eviden ce, or that is to serve as the basis of a future formal contract
or deed. A brief written statement outlining the terms of an agreement or tran saction. Informal
interoffice communication.
Under portion of statute of frauds providing that a contract not to be performed within a year is
invalid unl ess the contract, or some memorandum of the contract, is in writing and subscribed by
the party to be charged or his agent, the word "memorandum" implies something less than a
compete contract, and the "memorandum" funct ions only as evidence of the contract and need
not contain every term, so that a letter may be sufficient "memorandum" to take a case out of the
statue of frauds.
This word is used in the statue of frauds as the designation of the written agreement, or not
evidence thereof, which must exist in order to the bind the parties in the cases provided, The
memorandum must be such as to disclose the part ies, the nature and substance of the contract,
the consid eration and promise, and be signed by the party to be bound or his authorized agent.
See UCC & sect; 2-20 1. See also contract.
ORDER. A mandate; prece pt; command or direction authoritatively given ; rule or regulation.
Direction of a court or judge made or entered in writing, and not included in a judgment, which
determines some point or directs some step in the proceed in gs. An application for an order is a
motion.
In commercial law, a designation of the person to whom a bill of exchange or negotiable
promissory note is to be paid. An "order" is a direction to pay and must be more than an
authorization or req uest. It must identify the person to pay with re asonable certainty. It may be
addre ssed to one or more such persons jointly or in the alternative but not in succession. U.C.C
& sect; 3- 10 2(1 )(b). With re spect to documents of title, is a direction to deliver goods to a
specified person or to his or her order.
REORGANIZA TION. Act or proc ess of organizing again or an ew.
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The Official State Office 
Known as "person" 
This is the sing le most important lesson that you MUST learn. If you spend an hour to learn this 
material you will be rewarded for the re st of your life. 
If you should discuss Hale v. Henkel with a run-of-the-mill attorney, he or she will tell you that 
the case is 'old' and that it has been 'overturned .' If you ask that attorney for a citation of the 
case that overturned Hale v. Henk el, there will not be a meaningful re sponse or a case produced. 
Hale v. Henkel was researched and what was found was this: "We know that Hale v. Henkel 
was decided in 1905 in the U.S. Supreme Court." 
Since it was the Supreme Court who made the ruling, the case is binding on all courts of the 
land, until another Supreme Court case decision says it isn't. Has another Supreme Court case 
overturned Hale v. Henk el? The answer is NO! As a matter of fact, since 1905 , the Supreme 
Court has cited Hale v. Henkel a total of 144 times. 
A fact more astounding is that since 1905 , Hale v. Henkel has been cited by all of the federal and 
state appellate court systems a total of over 1600 times. None of the various issues of this case 
has ever been overturned. 
So, if the State through the office of judge continues to threaten to imprison or does imprison 
you, he/they are trying to or has forced you into the 'State created Office of 'per son' while not 
being a party to their 'social compact. ' As long as you con tinue to claim your Rightful Office of 
'soverei gn, the State lacks all juri sdiction over you. The State needs someone filling the office of 
'pers on ' in order to continue pro secuting a case in their private courts. [ Note: most all court 
cases are void !] 
The threat of jail or a hefty fine or a few weeks in ja il puts inten se pressure upon most 'perso ns '. 
Jail means the loss of work, respect, humiliation in the community, separation from home and 
loved on es, piling up of debts, possible fines, etc. Judges will aid in applying this pressure when 
they attempt to arrai gn you. 
When brought into a crowded courtroom in chain s, the issue of counsel will quickly come up and 
you can tell the judge that "Are you addressing the debtor or the secured party, because I' m the 
'secured party - third party intervener ' in this matter over title to the property and that the name 
on the charging instrument is not m., I' m here fo r settlement and adjustment of the account! " 
Most things about your life are private and not the State's business to evaluate. If presented with 
papers to sign, do not sign them ! At any time papers are presented to you to sign, ask the 
question "Is my signa ture on this document mandatory or voluntary ?" "If it is mandatory, please 
provide the law that says that I must sign !" "If it' s voluntary, then I do not wish to voluntary 
sign !" The import of this is that no one can force you to sign a contract or agreement ... 
including the State via their agent s/officers/employ ees. 
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In re spect to privac y; every man or woman has the right to be let alone and be free from 
government intrusion into their private life. Anything in the public, i.e. , public record is just 
that. .. its public and all have a right to see it. [See federal Const itution : Ninth Amendment] 
If the judge is stupid enough to actually follow through with his threats and send you to jail, both 
the prosecutor and the judge will have misapplied the statute. You will be re leased and then you 
will have to move forward with a Tort for their misapplication of their statute(s) because you are 
not a party to their 'social compact (Const itution) and not a signatory to their Const itution! 
The Supreme Court in the case of Wills vs. Michigan State Police, 10 5 L. Ed. 2d 45 (1989) made 
it perfectly clear that the Sovereign cannot be named in any statute as merely a "person" or "any 
person ." The private man or woman is a member of said "sove reignty, itself remains with the 
People, by whom and for whom all government exists and acts." 
Now that you know the hidden evil in the word 'perso n, ' try to stop using that word in everyday 
con versat ion. Simply use the correct term; man, woman or private man, private woman, etc . 
Train yourself, your family and your friends to not use the derogatory word 'per son' 
The word "pe r son " in legal termi nology is per ceived as a general word which normally includes 
in its scope a variety of entities other than human beings . See e.g. 1 U.S.C. sec 1. Church of 
Scientology v. U.S. Dept. of Justice (1979) 612 F.2d 417, 425. 
One of the very first of your state statutes will have a section listed entitled "D efiniti on s." 
Carefully study this section of the statutes and you will find a portion that reads similar to this 
excer pt: 
In const ruing these statutes and each and every word, phrase, or part hereof, where the context 
will permi t: 
(1) The singular includes the plural and vice vers a. 
(2) Gender- specific language includes the other gender and neuter. 
(3) The word "per son" incl udes individuals, children, firms, associations, joint adventure s, 
partners hips, estates, trusts, business trusts, syndicat es, fiduciaries, corporati ons , and all other 
groups or combination s. 
NOTE: HOWEVER, THE DEFINITIONS STATUTE DOES NOT LIST MAN OR WOMAN -
THEREFORE THEY ARE EXCLUDED FROM ALL THE STATUTES !!! 
Under the rule of const ruction "expr essio unius est exclusio alterius," where a statute or 
Const itution enumerates the things on which it is to operate or forbids certain thin gs, it is 
ordinarily to be const rued as excluding from its operation all those not expressly ment ioned. 
Generally words in a statute should be given their plain and ordinary meani ng. When a statute 
does not specifically define wor ds, such words should be const rued in their common or ordinary 
sense to the effect that the rules used in const ruing statutes are also applicable in the const ruction 
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of the Con stitution. It is a fundamental rule of statutory con struction that words of common
usage when used in a statute should be const rued in their plain and ordinary sense .
If you carefully read the statute laws enacted by your state legislature you will also notice that
they are all written with phr ases similar to these five examples :
1. A person commits the offense of failure to carry a license if the person ...
2. A person commits the offense of failure to re gister a vehicle if the person ...
3. A person commits the offense of driving unin sured if the person ...
4. A person commits the offense of fishing if the person .. .
5. A person commits the offense of breathing if the person .. .
Notice that only "p erson s" can commit these state legislature created crime s. A crime is by
definition an offense committed against the "s tate." If you commit an offense against a human, it
is called a tort. Examples of torts would be any pers onal injury, slander, or defamation of
character.
So how does someone become a "p erson " and subject to regulation by state statutes and laws ?
There is only one way. You must ask the state for permi ssion to volunteer to become a state
per son. You must volunteer because the U.S. Const itution forbids the state from compelling you
into slavery. This is found in the 13th and 14th Amendme nts .
13th Amendment - Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment
for crime , whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States,
or any place subject to their juri sdiction .
14th Amendment - Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to
the juri sdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they re side. No
State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the priv ileges or immunities of citizens
of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without
due process of law, nor deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
You become a state created statutory "pe rson " by taking up residency within the state and
stepping into the office of "person ." You must hold an "o ffice" within the state government in
order for that state govern ment to regulate and control you. First comes the legislatively created
office, pers on, then comes their contr ol. If you do not have an office in state government, the
legislature's control over you would also be prohibited by the Declaration of Rights section,
usually found to be either Section I or II, of the State Const itution as it operates upon the agent of
government .
The most common office held in a state is therefore the office known as "p ers on ." Your state
legislature created this office as a way to control people. It is an office most people occupy
without even knowing that they are doing so.
The legislature cannot lawfully control you because you are a flesh and blood human being . God
alone created you, and by Right of Creation, He alone can control you. It is the nature of Law,
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that what One create s, One contr ols. This natural Law is the force that binds a creature to its
creator. God created us and we are, therefore, subject to His Laws, whether or not we
acknowledge Him as our Creator.
The way the state gets around God's Law and thereby controls the People is by creating only an
office and not a real man . This office is titled as "p ers on" and then the legislature claims that you
are filling that office.
Legi slators err oneously now think that they can make laws that also control men . They create
entire bodies of laws - motor vehicle code, building code, compulsory education laws, and so on,
ad na useum. They still cannot control men or women , but they can now control the office they
created. And look who is sitting in that office -- YOU.
Then they create government departments to administer regulations to these offices. Within these
administrative departments of state government are hundreds of other state created offices. There
is everything from the office of janitor to the office of governor. But these administrative
departments cannot function properly unless they have subjects to regulate.
The legislature obtains these subjects by creating an office that nobody even rea lizes to be an
official state office. They have created the office of "pe rso n. "
The state creates many other offices such as police officer, prosecutor, judge etc. and everyone
understands this concept . However, what most people fail to re cognize and understand is the
most common state office of all, the office of "pe rson." Anyone filling one of these state offices
is subject to regulation by their creator, the state legislature. Through the state created office of
"pers on," the state gains its authority to regulate, control and judge you, the real human. What
they have done is apply the natural law principle, "w hat one create s, one control s."
A look in Webst er's dictiona ry reveal s the origin of the word "p erso n. " It literally means "the
mask an actor wears . "
The legislature creates the office of "per son " which is a mask. They cannot create real people,
only God can do that. But they can create the "o ffice" of "pe rson, " which is merely a mask, and
then they persuade a flesh and blood man to put on that mask by offering a fictitious privilege,
such as a driver license. Now the legislature has gained complete control over both the mask and
the actor behind the mask.
A resident is another state office holder.
All state re sidents hold an office in the state government.
But not everyone who is a resident also holds the office of "p erson . "
Some re sidents hold the office of judge and they are not per sons .
Some re sidents hold the office of prosecutors and they are not per sons .
Some re sidents hold the office of police officer( s) and they are not perso ns.
Some re sidents hold the office of legislators and they are not per sons .
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Some re sidents are administ rators and bureaucrats and they also are not per sons .
Some re sidents are attorneys and they also are not per sons.
An attorney is a state officer of the court and is firmly part of the judicial branch. The attorneys
will all tell you that they are "l icensed " to practice law by the state Supreme Court. Therefore, it
is un-lawful for any attorney to hold any position or office outside of the judicial branch. There
can be no attorney legislators - no attorney mayors - no attorneys as police - no attorneys as
governor. Yes, I know it happens all the time. However, this practice of multiple office holding
by attorneys is prohibited by the Const itution and is a felony in most states.
If you read farther into your state Const itution you will find a clause stating this, the Separation
of Powers , which will essentially read as follows:
Br an ches of government -- The powers of the state government shall be divided into legislative,
executive and judicial bran ches. No person belonging to one branch shall exer cise any powers
appertaining to either of the other branches unless expressly provided her ein.
Therefore, a police officer cannot arre st a pro secutor, a pro secutor cannot pro secute a sitting
judge, and a judge cannot order the legislature to perform and so on.
Because these "offices" are not person s, the state will not, and cannot pro secute them, therefore
they en joy almost complete protection by the state in the perform ance of their daily duties. This
is why it is impossible to sue or file char ges again st most government employee s. If their crimes
could ri se to the level where they "s hock the community" and cause alarm in the people, then
they will be terminated from state employment and lose their absolute protection. If you
carefully pay attention to the ne ws, you will notice that these government employees are always
terminated from their office or state employment and then are they arre sted, now as a common
per son, and charged for their crime s. Simply put, the state will not eat its own.
The re ason all state residents hold an office is so the state can control everythi ng. It wants to
create every single office so that all areas of your life are under the complete control of the state.
Each office has prescribed duties and re sponsi bilities and all these offices are regulated and
governed by the state. If you read the fine print when you apply for a state license or privilege
you will see that you must sign a declaration that you are in fact a "resi dent " of that state.
"P er son " is a subset of resident. Judge is a subset of re sident. Legi slator and police officer are
subsets of re sident. If you hold any office in the state, you are a re sident and subject to all
legislative decr ees in the form of statutes.
They will always say that we are free men. But they will never tell you that the legislatively
created offices that you are occupying are not free. They will say, "All men are free, " because
that is a true statement. What they do not say is, that holding any state office binds free men into
slavery for the state. They are ever ready to trick you into accepting the state office of "perso n, "
and once you are filling that office, you cease to be free man . You become regulated creatures,
called person s, totally created by the legislature. You will hear "free men " mentioned all the
time, but you will never hear about "free persons ."
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If you build your life in an office created by the legislature, it will be built on shifting sands . The
office can be changed and manipulated at any time to conf orm to the whims of the legislature.
When you hold the office of "pe r son" created by the legislature, your office isn't fixed. Your
duties and re sponsi bilities are ever changing. Each legislative session binds a "per son" to ever
more burdens and requirements in the form of more rules, laws and statutes.
Most state Const itutions have a section that declares the fundamental power of the People :
Political power --All political power is inherent in the People. The enuncia tion herein of certain
Rights shall not be const rued to deny or impair others retained by the People.
Notice that this says "people ", it does not say per sons . This statement declares beyond any doubt
that the People are Sovereign over their created government. This is natural law and the natural
flow of delegated power.
A Sovereign is a private, non-resident, non-domestic, non-person, non-individual, NOT
SUBJE CT to any real or imaginary statutory regulations or quasi laws enacted by any
state legislature which was created by the People.
When you are pulled over by the police, roll down your window and say, "Y ou are speaking to a
Sovereign political power holder. I do not cons ent to you detaining me. Why are you detaining
me against my will?"
Now the state office of policeman know s that "I T" is talking to a flesh and blood Sovere ign. The
police officer cannot cite a Sover eign because the state legislature can only regulate what they
create. And the state does not create Sovereign political power holders . It is very important to lay
the proper foundation, right from the beginn ing. Let the police officer know that you are a
Soverei gn. Remain in your proper office of Sovereign political power holder. Do not leave it. Do
not be persuaded by police pressure or tricks to put on the mask of a state "p ers on. "
Why aren 't Sovereigns subject to the state's charge s? Because of the conc ept of office. The state
is attempting to prosecute only a particular office known as "p ers on. " If you are not in that state
created office of "person ," the state statutes simply do not apply to you. This is common sense,
for example, if you are not in the state of Texas, then Texas laws do not apply to you. For the
state to control someone, they have to first create the office. Then they must coerce a warm
blooded creature to come fill that office. They want you to fill that office.
Here is the often expressed understanding from the United States Supreme Court, that "in
common usage, the term "per son" does not include the Sovereign, statutes employing the word
person are ordinarily const rued to exclude the Sovereig n." Wilson v. Omaha Tribe, 442 U.S.
653, 667 (1979) (quoting United States v. Cooper Corp., 312 U.S. 600, 604 (1941) ). See also
United States v. Mine Workers, 330 U.S. 258, 275 (1947).
The idea that the word "per son" ordinarily excludes the Sovereign can also be traced to the
"familiar principle that the King is not bound by any act of Parliament unless he be named
therein by special and particular words . "
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Dollar Savings Bank v. United States, 19 Wall . 227, 239 (1874). As this passage suggests,
however, this interpretive principle applies only to "the enacting Sovereig n. " United States v.
California, 297 U.S. 175, 186 (1936).
See also Jefferson County Pharmaceutical Assn., In c. v. Abbott Laborator ies, 460 U.S. 150, 161,
n. 21 (1983). Furthermore, as explained in United States v. Herron, 20 Wa ll. 251, 255 (1874),
even the principle as applied to the enacting Sovereign is not without limitations : "Where an act
of Parliament is made for the public good, as for the advancement of re ligion and justice or to
prevent injury and wr ong, the king is bound by such act, though not particularly named ther ein ;
but where a statute is general, and thereby any prerogative, Right, title, or interest is divested or
taken from the king, in such case the king is not bound, unless the statute is made to extend to
him by express words ." U.S. Supreme Court Justice Holmes explain ed:
"A Sovereign is exempt from suit, not because of any formal conc eption or obsolete theory, but
on the logical and practical ground that there can be no legal Right as again st the authority that
makes the law on which the Right depen ds." Kawananakoa v. Polyblank, 205 U.S. 349, 353, 27
S. Ct. 526, 527, 51 L. Ed. 834 (190 7).
The majority of American states fully embrace the Sovereign immunity theory as well as the
federal government. See Restatement (Second) of Torts 895B, comment at 400 (1979).
The following U.S. Supreme Court case makes clear all these princip les:
"I shall have occasion incidentally to evince, how true it is, that states and governments were
made for man ; and at the same time how true it is, that his creatures and servants have first
deceived, next vilified, and at last oppressed their master and maker ."
" ... A state, useful and valuable as the contrivance is, is the inferior contrivance of man ; and
from his native dignity derives all its acquired importance . ... "
"Let a [political] State be consid ered as subordinate to the people: But let everything else be
subordinate to the state. The latter part of this position is equally neces sary with the former. For
in the pract ice, and even at length, in the science of politics there has very frequently been a
strong current against the natural order of thin gs, and an inconsid erate or an interested
disposition to sacrifice the end to the means. As the state has claimed precedence of the people ;
so, in the same inverted course of thin gs, the government has often claimed precedence of the
state; and to this perversion in the second degree, many of the volumes of confusion concerning
Sovereignty owe their existenc e. The mini sters , dignified very properly by the appellation of the
magistra tes, have wished and have succeeded in their wish, to be cons idered as the Soverei gns of
the state. This second degree of perversion is confined to the old world, and begins to diminish
even there but the first degree is still too prevalent even in the several states, of which our union
is composed. By a state I mean, a complete body of free pers ons united together for their
common benefit, to en joy peaceably what is their own, and to do justice to others . It is an
artificial pers on. It has its affairs and its inter ests : It has its rules: It has its Rights: and it has its
obligations. It may acquire property distinct from that of its members. It may incur debts to be
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discharged out of the public stock, not out of the private fortunes of individuals. It may be bound 
by contra cts; and for damages arising from the breach of those contra cts. In all our 
contemplation s, however, concerning this feigned and artificial pers on, we should never forget, 
that, in truth and nature, those who think and speak and act, are men . Is the foregoing description 
of a state a true description? It will not be questioned, but it is . ... " 
"It will be sufficient to observe briefly, that the Sovereignties in Europe, and particularly in 
England, exist on feudal prin ciples. That system cons iders the prince as the Soverei gn, and the 
people as his subjects; it regards his person as the object of allegiance, and excludes the idea of 
his being on an equal footing with a subject, either in a court of justice or elsewhere. That system 
contemplates him as being the fountain of honor and authority; and from his grace and grant 
derives all fran chise, immunities and privileges ; it is easy to perceive that such a Sovereign could 
not be amenable to a court of justice, or subjected to judicial control and actual const raint. It was 
of nec essity, therefore, that suability became incom patible with such Sovere ignty. Besides, the 
prince having all the executive powers , the judgment of the courts would, in fact, be only 
monitory, not mandatory to him, and a capacity to be advised, is a distinct thing from a capacity 
to be sued. The same feudal ideas run through all their jurisprudence, and const antly remind us 
of the distinction between the prince and the subject." 
"No such ideas obtain here (speaking of Americ a) : at the revolution, the Sovereignty devolved 
on the people ; and they are truly the Soverei gns of the country, but they are Sover eigns without 
subjects (unless the African slaves among us may be so called) and have none to govern but 
themselves ; the citizens of America are equal as fellow citizens, and as joint tenants in the 
Sovereignty. Chisholm v. Georgia (February Term, 1793) 2 U.S. 419, 2 Dall. 419, 1 L.Ed 440 ." 
There are many ways you can give up your Sovereign power and accept the role of "pe rson ." 
One is by rec eiving state benefi ts. Another is by asking permi ssion in the form of a licen se or 
permit from the state. 
One of the subtlest ways of accepting the role of "pe rson " is to an swer the questions of 
bureaucrats. When a state bureaucrat knocks on your door and wants to know why your children 
aren't registered in school, or a police officer pulls you over and starts asking questions, you 
immediately fill the office of "per son" if you start answering their questions. 
It is for this re ason that you should ignore or refuse to "a nswer" their questions and inst ead act 
like a true Sover eign, a King or Queen, and ask only your own questions of them. 
You are not a "per son" subject to their laws. If they per sist and haul you into their court 
unlawfully, your re sponse to the judge is simple and direct, you the Sover eign, must tell him: 
"I have no need to an swer you in this matter. It is none of your business whether I understand my 
Rights or whether I understand your fictitious charge s. It is none of your business whether I want 
counsel." 
The reason it is none of your business is because I am not a person regulated by the state. I do 
not hold any position or office where I am subject to the legislature. The state legislature does 
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not dictate what I do. 
I am a free So vereign "Man" (or woman) and I am a polit ical power holder as lawfully decreed in 
the Sta te Constitution at article I (or II) and that Constitution is controlling over you. 
You must NEVER retain or hire an attorney, a state officer of the court, to speak or file written 
documents for you. Use an attorney (if you must) only for counsel and advice about their "lega l" 
system. If you retain an attorney to repr esent you and spea k in your pla ce, you become "NON 
COMPOS MENTIS", not mentally competent, and you are then considered a ward of the court. 
You LOSE all your Rights, and you will not be permitted to do anything herein. 
The ju dge knows that as long as he remains in his office, he is backed by the awesome power of 
the state, its lawyers, po lice and pr isons . The ju dge will try to force you to abandon your 
So vereign sanctuary by threatening you with jail. No matter what happen s, if you remain faithful 
to your So vereignty, the judge and the state may not lawfully move against you. 
The state did not create the office of So vereign polit ical power holder. Therefore, they do not 
regulate and control those in the office of So vereign. They cannot ascribe penalties for breach of 
that particular office. The reason they have no authority over the office of the Sov ereign is 
because they did not create it and the So vereign people did not delegate to them any such power. 
When challenged, simply remind them that they do not regulate any office of the So vereign and 
that their statutes only apply to those state employees in legislative created offices. This 
So vereign individual paradigm is explained by the following U. S. Supreme Court case HALE V 
HENKEL: 
"The individual may stand upon his Constitutional Rights as a citizen. He is entitled to 
carry on his private business in his own way. IDs power to contract is unlimited. He owes 
no such duty [to submit his books and papers for an examination] to the State, since he 
receives nothing there from, beyond the protection of his life and property. His Rights are 
such as existed by the law of the land [Common Law] long antecedent to the organization 
of the State, and can only be taken from him by due process of law, and in accordance with 
the Constitution. Among his Rights are a refusal to incriminate himself, and the immunity 
of himself and his property from arrest or seizure except under a warrant of the law. He 
owes nothing to the public so long as he does not trespass upon their Rights." Hale v. 
Henkel, 20 1 U. S. 43 at 47 (1905). 
Let us analyze this case. It says, "The individual may stand upon his Constitutional Rights ." It 
does not say, "the sovereign. " There is a principle here is: "Y ou'r e not signatory to the 
Constitution and not a party to the social compa ct. " 
However, the sovereign ... "is entitled to carry on his private business in his own way. " It says 
"private busin ess " - you have a Right to operate a private busin ess. Then it says "in his own 
way. " It doesn't say "in the government's way. " 
Then it says, "H is power to contract is unlimited ." As a So vereign individual , your power to 
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contract is unlimited. In common law there are certain criteria that determine the validity of
contracts . They are not important here, except that any contract that would harm others or violate
their Rights would be invalid. For example, a "c ontract" to kill someone is not a valid contract.
Apart from this obvious qualification, your power to contract is unlimited.
Next it says, "He owes no such duty [to submit his books and papers for an examination] to the
St ate, since he receives nothing there from, beyond the protection of his life and property ." The
court case contrasted the duty of the corporation (an entity created by government permi ssion -
feudal paradigm) to the duty of the So vereign 'man' . The So vereign 'm an' doesn't need and
didn't receive permi ssion from the government, hence has no duty to the government.
Then it says, "His Rights are such as existed by the law of the land [Common Law] long
antecedent to the organization of the St ate. " This is very important. The Supreme Court
recognized that human s have inherent Rights . The U.S. Constitution (including the Bill of
Rights) does not grant Rights. We have fundamental Rights, irrespective of what the Constitution
says. The Constitution acknowledges some rights and via the Bill of rights , but only as they
operate upon the agents of government by their oath of office not to violate them in respect to the
peopl e. And Amendment IX states, "The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain Rights,
shall not be construed to deny or dispa rage others retained by the people ." The important point is
that our Rights antecede (come before, are senior to) the organization of the state.
Next the Supreme Court says, "And [his Rights] can only be taken from him by due proc ess of
law, and in accordance with the Constitution." Does it say the government can take away your
Rights ? No! Your Rights can only be taken away "by due pr ocess of law, and in accordance with
the Constitution." "Due pro cess of law" involves procedures and safeguards such as trial by ju ry.
"Trial by ju ry" means, inter alia, the ju ry ju dges both law and fact.
Then the case says, "Among his Rights are a refusa l to incriminate himself, and the immunity of
himself and his property from arrest or seizure except under a warrant of the law." These are
some of the sup pose d Rights of a So vereign man. So vereign men need not report anything about
themselves or their businesses to anyone.
Finally, the Su preme Court says, "He owes nothing to the public so long as he does not trespass
upon their Rights ." Therefore, does the Sove reign man owe taxes?
If you should discuss Hale v. Henkel with a run-of-the-mill attorney, he or she will tell you that
the case is "old" and that it has been "overturned." If you ask that attorney for a citation of the
case or cases that overturned Hale v. Henkel, there will not be a meaningful respo nse. The
OUTLAWS have researched Hale v. Henkel and here is what we found:
As stated above, we know that Hale v. Henkel was decided in 1905 in the U.S. Supreme Court.
Si nce it was the Supreme Court, the case is binding on all courts of the land, until another
Supreme Court case says it isn't. Has another Supreme Court case overturned Hale v. Henkel?
The answer is NO. None of the various issues of this case has ever been overruled.
So, if the state through the office of the ju dge continues to threaten or does impri son you, they
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are trying to force you into the state created office of "p erson." As long as you continue to claim 
your Rightful off ice of So vereign, the state lacks all ju risdiction over you. The state needs 
someone filling the office of "p erson" in order to continue pro secuting a case in their courts . 
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PERSON 
"The word "pe rson" is a very general word and can be limited by the statutory rule of 
construction "nosc itur a sociis." The rule of noscitur a sociis teaches that the meaning of a word 
in a statute may be determined by reference to its association with other words or phra ses. 2A C. 
Sa nds, Sut herland's Statutes and St atutory Construction SS 47 . 16 (4th ed. 1973 ); ct . Lenhoff v. 
Birch Bay Real Estate, Inc ., 22 Wn. App . 70, 79, 587 P.2 d 1087 (1978 ). In light of the context, 
the word "pe rson" should be interpreted to mean "corporation or company" (See 73 C.J.S. 
Property sec. 10, 63A Am Jur 2d Property sec. 2). The meaning of doubtful words may be 
determined by reference to their relationship with other associated words ; Shurgard v. State, 40 
Wash. App . 72 1, 700 P2d 1176 (1985) , City of Mercer Isla nd v. Kaltenbach, (Wash. 1962 ), 37 1 
P2d 1009; 2A N. Singer, Statutory Construction SS 47 . 16 (4th ed. 1984). To properly construe 
the term "person ", we must look to statutes in pari materia, Kucher v. Pierce County, 24 Wash . 
App. 28 1, 600 P2d 683 (1979 ); 
The word "pers on" in legal terminology is perceived as a general word which normally includes 
in its scope a variety of entities other than human beings. See e.g. 1 U.S .c. ss 1. Church of 
Sc ientology v U.S. Dept. of Justice, 612 F 2d 417 , 425 (1979). 
The "eju sdem generis " rule requires that general terms appearing in a statute in connection with 
specific terms are to be given meaning and effect to the extent that the general terms suggest 
items similar to those designated by the specific terms. In short, specific terms modify or restrict 
the app lication of general terms where both are used in sequence. King County Water Dist. 68 v. 
Tax Comm'n, 58 Wn.2 d 282 244 (195 1). Under the rule of ejusd em generis, spec ific words 
modify and restrict interpretation of general words. Dean v. McFarland, 81 Wash . 2d 215, 22 1; 
500 P2d 1244 (1972) . The meaning of the general words, "includes every natural pers on, firm, 
co-pa rtnership, corporati on, association, or organization" are restricted by the specific word 
"corporation ". "corporati on" is defined in Black's Law Dictionary, 4th Edition, Page 409 , as: 
CORPORATION. An artificial person or legal entity created by or under the authority of the 
laws of a state or nation . ... " 
See also BLACKS 6th which defines Corporation as: 
"Corporation. An Artificial pers on or legal entity created by or under the authority of a state. An 
association of pers ons created by statute as a legal entity. The law treats the corporation itself as 
a person which can sue and be sued . ... " 
The Washington State Ses sions Laws of 193 7, Chapter 227, [S .B. 25 6]' and Page 1141, section 5 
{Q} defines "pe rson" or word "c ompa ny" as being the same, it reads as follows : 
"( b) The word "p erson" or word "co mpan y," herein used interchangeably, means any individual, 
receiver, assig nee, and trustee in bankruptcy, trust, estate, firm, co-pa rtnership, joint venture, 
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club, company, joint stock company, business trust, municipal corporation, corporation,
corporation, associa tion, society, or any group of individuals acting as a unit, whether mutu al,
cooperative, fraternal, non-profit or otherwise. "
In anticipation that the state will argue that there has been a change in the language of the statute
under which this charge is brought, it is submitted that the change is inapplicable, and ineffective
to change the result required, as the pr eviously existing laws control pursuant to the controlling
Rules & Statute s, Article XXVII Se ction I of the Washington State Constitution states in part
" .. .that all pr evious rights , actions, suits , proceed ings, contracts or claims ... shall continue as if no
change had taken pla ce. " The federal Constitution also has a similar pr ovisions at 1 St at 122 and
2 St at 29 8; and bring forward and certify and exemplif y the law in pursuance to U.S.
Constitution -Article 4 section 1 (17 87 (17 91)), and the R.C. W. 's (Revised Code Washington)
contain a similar pr ovision at R.C .W. 1.04.021. In construing the codes in title 46, then, the
codes themselves are merely prima facie evidence of the law as recognized in "R.C.W. 1.04.021.
Rules of construct ion--Prima facie law (1950); The contents of said code shall establish prima
facie the laws of this state of a general and permanent nature in effect on January 1, 1949, but
nothing herein shall be construed as chang ing the meaning of any such laws. In case of any
omissions, or any inconsistency between any of the pro visions of said code and the laws existing
immediately preceding this enactment, THE PREVI OUSL Y EXIS TING LAWS SH ALL
CONTROL. [1950 ex.s. c 16 section 2] ".
"Those statutes stand unrepealed, unabridged and unaltered and should be held to declare the law
of this stat e." St ate v. Williams, 85 Wn.2d 29, 530 P.2 d 225 (Jan. 1975). "The court has no
authority to abrogate by rule a right guaranteed by the Constitution." State v. Pavelich, 150
Wash . 41 1, 273 P. 182 (1928). "Our St ate Supreme Court's decision on an issue of state law is
binding on all lower courts until it is overruled by that court. " State v. Gore, 101 Wn.2 d 48 1-487,
68 1 P.2 d 227, 39 A.L.R. 4th 975 (19 84). See CrRU 1. I-DECIS IONAL LAWS, & A.R.L J. No.
9 (D Statutes not Superseded. Nothing in this rule shall be construed to supersede existing
statutes or subs equent amendments thereto. See also A.R.L.J. No.7!!!
R.C.W. 1.04.02 1 and R.C.W. 46.98 .020 require that the earlier statutes control.
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POLICE ENCOUNTERS
and the TRAFFIC STOP
Anyone who has suffered the indignities and humilia tion of a run-in with the law knows all too
well the potential dangers involving an encounter with "law enforcement officials". Fines,
confiscation of property, incarceration, loss of driving 'pr ivileges', inju ry, and even death are all
potential scenarios. It is a predatory system fueled by huge profits for municipal corporat ions,
counties, ju dges, attorneys, crooked cops, and the pr ison industry.
The sixty-four thousand dollar question is how does one stay in control of a situation that is
potentially threatening both phy sically and financially when you'r e out manned, out-gunned, and
ill informed? Like most questions, the answer lies in understanding the nature of the game and
how to influence the outcome to your advantage. If you understand the prime objective and the
techniques employed in its achievement, you are more likely to influence a situation to your
advantage.
It 's only commerce. The first thing to understand about law enforcement officials, as
agents/employees of the State corporati on, is that their official mis sion is to raise money on
behalf of their employer !, more often than not sharing in the take. According to Bouvier' s law
Dictionary, booty, a spoil of war, is the capture of pers onal property by a public enemy on land,
in contradistinction to pr ize, which is a capture of such property by such an enemy, on the sea.
The right to booty belongs to the 'St ate' ; but sometimes the right of the 'St ate' , or of the publ ic,
is transferred to the agents/employ ees/soldiers, to encourage them ...
All law enforcement today, including the National Park police, and Sheriffs, roll up to Interpol,
which is a military organization. The police are a private army and have been at war with you
since President Roosevelt, under color of law, altered the Trading With the Enemy Act,
effectively declaring all So vereign Americans to be enemies of the state .
On October 6, 1917, the UNITED ST ATES passed a corporate policy called the Trading with the
Enemy Act. In Section 2, sub-section (c) of the Act it defines the enemy as "other than citizens
of the UNITED ST ATES", i. e. , any individual not born in the District of Columbia, a territory,
or posses sion of the UNITED ST ATES- the So vereign people of America. So vereigns are
"foreign" to the UNITED ST ATES . Then on March 3, 1933, the Trading with the Enemy Act
was again amended for the pur pose of confi scating all private gold holdings . While the
amendment only targeted "citi zens of the UNITED ST ATES", the Executive Order calling in the
gold was circula ted throughout the 50 states of the Rep ublic, implying that those "foreign" to the
UNITED ST ATES were also obligated to comply with the order. The trick worked. A dollar of
gold was exchanged for a dollar of debt. The debt was owed to the Federal Reserve Bank on
which they charge interest in the form of the Income Tax.
UNDERS TAND : If you are a debtor/slave on the Plantation, you do not own the car/vehicle you
drive. You do not hold a lawful title to it. You are under contract to the St ate via the Department
of Motor Vehicles or whatever the agency is known by via the driver' s license you hold as
'indicia' (evidence) of the contract.
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By having the driver license is you admit that you are using the car/vehicle in a commercial
capacity/u se to haul people, property or freight for hire, in a vehicle owned by the St ate. The
St ate compel s you to have the license, registration and insurance because it's their car/vehicle !
And you are SUB JECT to the Motor Vehicle (commercial) Code and have agreed to help the
St ate raise 'revenue' through fees and tickets, tickets and more tickets ! So, if you are stopped for
some traffic matter and are licensed ... you are in essence ... TOAST !
When you walked into the DMV to register 'your' car, through the 'registration' proc ess, you
SU RRENDERED the 'ownership ' of the car/vehicle to the St ate. Oh, the Car Dealership had a
lot to do with it as well, due to the fact that the dealership is registered agent of the 'St ate' and it
is under orders to 'tum over' ownership and title of the car to the St ate. Do you remember
signing that Power of Attorney?
As Secured Party Creditor (SP C), having 'registered' your property, the car, boat, motorcycle,
etc., on a UCC- 3, you have effectively established a 's uperior security interest' in the property,
over and above the St ate. You have in essence, pla ced a 'c loud ' over the property, saying "I have
a superior interest in this property and it is filed first-in-line-first-in-time" ... unless anyone by
prior notice via UCC filing, has a superior filing before yours ! Your UCC filing becomes
evidence of your Title to the property, and as referenced in your security agreement.
HOWEVER : in relation to your new found statu s (SPC) and your security interest and 'c loud'
over the property ... hopefully you will accept the fact that you are still ALL ALONE, no support
base, and no protection in dealing with the 'St ate' and its officers and agents ! That' s why it is so
important for you understand the necessity of the International Sov ereigns Association as a
's eparate ' body politic ... rather than being subjected to the current military/defacto/bankrupt and
corrupt government and its sub-agencies known as St ates and Counties.
THEREFORE: In the remaining portion of this article, we will not address any 'encounters '
Debtor/slaves on the Plantation may have as they are 's ubject property' and 's ubject' to the St ate
DMV Code. Rather, we will suggest the basic steps that you might consider with an 'encounter '
with the agent/officers on the highw ay.
At the highway 'S TOP", keep in mind the primary purpose is commerce, some sup posed
violation of the code, via the 'citation,' equals revenue to the St ate.
Before discussing the mechanics and techniques of the police encounter it is very important for
you to understand that the police and court system today is extremely corrupt and operates in
many cases without authority, due pr ocess, or even the pretense of legality. If you have any
illusions that you are living under a Constitutional system where your so-called civil rights are
protected under the common law, you are seriously misinformed. There is a high probability
that you will be treated with contempt, and it is impossible to expect any kind of uniform
results using ANY technique. There are simply too many variables. If someone has experienced
success with a particular approach and they were to repeat exactly what they did before (an
improba bility), under a different set of external circumst ances, their results could vary.
Police are typically sociopat hs. This is a profile that lends itself to corruption and the stresses and
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rigor of police work. Police lie, cheat, steal, and plant evidence. They are experts at taking any 
information they are provided and turning it into reasonable suspicion or probable cause. They 
are practiced at intimidation and consider any gesture other than complete cooperation, a 
challenge to their authority. There are the 'Traffic agents ' out on the highways and all they know 
is their job. They have no 'correct' knowledge as applied to the non-applicability of the Motor 
Vehicle Code to private people - private cars/vehicles ! (Se e MYTHOLOGICAL MOTOR 
VEHICLES at the end of this article!) 
Su re ... the first objective of the Officer in dealing with you is to form a contract, such as "May I 
see your driver' s license and registration?" or "Will you please roll down your window a little 
further!" Your immediate compliance is deemed contractual ! 
While it's just busin ess, anyone can refuse to do busin ess with anyone else-the Supreme Court 
has consistently upheld your right of refusa l to contract. But officers have been known to break 
windows, spray 'p epper spra y,' pull people from vehicles, and get rather rough to even shooting 
people ! While we do not want to scare you, we do understand that any 'routine traffic stop ' may 
be a terrifying exper ience, but you have a good chance of pr evailing if you understand the 
mechanics of a police enc ounter. 
With the above information in mind, maintain your compo sure and focus, while this is just 
busin ess, while you may face verbal abuse and intimidation, Police encounters can involve any 
of the following three stages: 
1. Consensua l Contact 
2. Detention 
3. Arrest 
Si nce approximately 80% of police encounters only involve consensua l contact, 20% may 
involve the 'Traffic St op ' along the highway ! 
While in the past you were not expected to show identification if you are not in a vehicle, but 
most recently, the Su preme Court has recently ruled that the police may require one to identify 
them-selves anywhere at any time. Police will often ask you for identification such as driver' s 
license or social security number so that they can run a police check/report or get you to lead 
them to your vehicle so that they can "look" for evidence to try and build a case against you. You 
are not required to give persona l information such as social security numbers, even though you 
may be pr essured to supply it. It 's best to keep dialog in any encounter as short as pos sible. 
Clear, concise, statements and closed ended questions that can be answered with a yes or no are 
best. Remember also to avoid any Constitutional arguments . 
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IF YOU FEEL COURAGEOUS:
The following six questions are really all that is required to control most police encounters. They
are simple and will generally solicit a predictable and reliable response, especially No.5!
1. What is the nature of your inquiry?
2. Is that a request or a demand?
3. Do I have the right to remain silent?
4. Am I free to go?
5. Can anything I say to you or any documents I give to you be used against me in any
criminal matter?
6. I am not refusing to cooperate. I am exercising my right to remain silent.
7. Si nce you are using color (pretense) of law, threatening me with bodily harm, and forcing
me to do business with you aga inst my will, I am happy to cooperate under duress. May I
please have your busin ess card?
Question one basically asks who are you and what do you want. Leading with this question
solicits the officer to get down to busin ess and right to the point. Always respond to any req uest
for information or documents with "is that a request or a demand." If it is a request, ask "do I
have the right to remain silent", followed by" I free to go?" Your encounter can be this short if
you stay focused, and no demands are made. If the officer refused to let you go, you may remind
him that,
When an individual is detained, without warrant and without having committed a crime
(traffic infractions are not crimes), the detention is a false arrest and unlawful
imprisonment. If the officer goes silent, continue to ask, "Am I free to go?", until you
receive a yes.
If a demand is made, ask question 5, Can anything I say to you, or any documents I give to you
be used against me in any criminal matter?" This is a catch 22 for the officer. They are
sup posed to take an oath which binds them to their Constitution. This takes precedence over any
request or demand for information. They may choose to repeat their demand, and possi bly
become uncivil . Just keep asking the question until answered. If you are not willing to stay the
course because you feel that the officer may become violent, you can say Since you are using
color (pretense) of law, threatening me with bodily harm, and forcing me to do business with you
against my will, I am happy to cooperate under duress. May I please have your business card?"
Then give them what they are requesting. Make a mental note of what they say to you and
make an affidavit of the incident as soon as possi ble in case you want to file a tort claim against
them later. If they refuse to give you their card, memorize their badge number and/or name.
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Then give them what they are requesting:
Whether at the beginning of the 'stop' or if you proceed with the above paragraph in the
stop, when you determine when to produce certain information, you may provide a 'True
and Correct Copy' of your VCC-I, a VCC-3 pertaining to the car/vehicle you are in and
your SPC ID Card, and your 'International Driver's Permit, if you have one. If you have a
'State Driver License,' you better stipulate that you are not 'NOW' using the highways for
profit and gain hauling people of freight for hire! (If you need a good foundation as to the
RIGHT TO TRA VELlDriver License Issue, order the book; 'Traveling by Right' from The
American's Bulletin - $28.00 - shipping included!)
If you are threatened with arrest, let the officer know that "kidnapping is a very serious charge",
and that you do not consent to being arrested. Keep in mind that the officer will do what he
believes he can do. You, the secured party creditor has to do what you have to do! Collect the
facts as to the situation and as soon as you can put it to paper write them down so they can
become the facts in an affidavit to support your Tort !
A motorist was stopped on the freeway. Having rolled his window down a couple of inch, when
the officer asked him for his driver' s license, registration, and proof of insu rance. He asked the
question ; "If I had such information (driver' s license) and gave it to you, could you use it against
me?" The officer called for 'back-up !' Four other officers arrived and then the super vising
officer. The second officer on the scene walked over to the passe nger window, raped on the
window, and pointing to the glove box, shouted, "I need to see inside the glove box !" The
motorist motioned him over to the driver's side of the car and once again asked the same
question . The motorist asked the same question to each officer including the super visor when
they came to his window. After a huddle of the officers, eventually all the officers left except for
the officer who originally made the stop . The motorist waited for a few minutes, started his
engine, and drove off. The officer, who originated the stop, followed behind him to the next off
ramp and as the motorist left the freeway, the officer continued on down the freeway.
The following Scenarios are included as additional information and may be used at your
discretion :
SENERIO 1:
Motorist: (Window rolled down about one inch ; both hands on steering wheel) What seems to
be the problem, officer?
Officer: Would you please roll down your window a little further?
Motorist: How can I help you officer?
Officer: License and registration, please
Motorist: I do not consent to this conversation.
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Officer: I said, "license and registration," now.
Motorist: I do not consent to this conversation.
Officer: (Placing his hand on his service revolver) If you don 't hand over your license and
registration right now I' m gonna drag you out of that car and take you to jail.
Motorist: (Rolling down window, smiling) Oh well, that' s an entirely Different matter. Si nce
you are using color (preten se) of law, threatening me with bodily harm, and forcing
me to do busin ess with you against my will, I am happy to coope rate under duress.
Here is my license and registration. May I have one of your business cards, pleas e?
(Officer hands over a busin ess card.) and here is a copy of the published Copyright
Notice setting the terms of the consensual contract for unauthorized you of my
common-law-copy righted property. My name is copyrighted under common
law and the fee for its use is fairly steep ($500,0 00. 00 per occurrence), so you may
want to look over the terms of the consensual contract that you would be entering
into by writing my copyrighted property on any piece of paper.
Officer: What the hell are you talking about?
Motorist: I do not wish to do busin ess with you, officer, but if you insist on it then I have the
obligation to inform you of the fees associated with the use of my name, which is
copyrighted. Sh ould you decide to do business with me and accept the obligation
for payment of the fees for unauthorized use of my cop yrighted property, then I
will send you a bill, which is payable in full in 10 days of the date I send it. The
terms of the contract stipulate that you pledge all your tangible property as security
for payment of the debt you incur for the unauthorized use of my name. If you do
not pay within the lO-day per iod, legal title for all your property transfers to me. I
am then free to take posses sion and dispose of it as I see fit, in order to recover the
costs you incurred through the unauthorized use of my name, my copyrighted
property. If you will give me your home address, I will bill you at home, rather than
at the stationhouse.
Officer: I never heard of this one before. Is this some kind of joke?
Motorist: No, sir. This is extremely serious. My published copyright notice is also filed with
the county recorder. That contract you have in your hands is official public record.
Here is a certified copy of the filing. What I am saying is no secret or joke. I do not
wish to do busin ess with you, but if you insist and force me into it, I will cooperate
-but you will be liable for the unauthorized-use fees for the use of my copyrighted
property. Si nce you have threatened me with bodily harm, I am very willing to
cooperate under duress. At this point the choice is entirely yours . What would you
like to do?
Officer: Have a nice day. So long.
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What happened here? The revenue agent (officer) for the insolvent municipal corporation used
strong arm tactics in an attempt to bully the motorist into 'voluntarily' entering-and thereby
accepting financial respon sibility for-a commercial contract (traffic ticke t). However, the con
was preempted because the motorist never accepted any communication from the officer until
the issue of duress was established, thereby nullifying any contract established thereupon . After
the motorist adroitly established, on the motorist' s terms, the parameters of the non-violent,
consensual contract for the officer's unauthorized use of the common-Iaw-copyrighted 2 TRADE
NAME, the police officer then decided that the risk inherent in what the motorist was pro po sing
far outweighed any potential gain that may have been realized in his attempted transaction with
the motorist.
The traffic cop in the above example intended on "extracting revenue,,3 in the name of the
motorist' s St raw-man's TRADE NAME., by extracting the motorist' s promi se to appear and
then pay, thus sa ddling him with the bill as surety for the TRADE NAME. The copyright notice
short-circuits anyone from using your TRADE NAME for unauthorized commercial gain, the
primary ob jective of every single government on the face of the earth.
SENERIO 2:
The following example illustrates how you might use the strategy outlined above. It consists of
two par ts. In the first part the "su spect" isn't informed about police practices or the techniques
that can be used in order to demonstrate the kind of trouble one could open themselves up to.
The second part uses the techniques to demonstrate a very different result .
The set-up involves a dispute between a male and a female who had been living together until
ju st recently. The male (Martin) had just moved out and has discov ered that the female (Sa ra)
has removed some of his personal property from a storage locker that she controls. The
extenuating circumsta nce is this: Martin has a credit card in the name of the nominee for an
anonymous Nevada corporation that he has recently formed. Martin uses the card for general
pur chases and cash withdrawals. While the banks are not agreeable to a person using and signing
on the credit card account of another, no statute is being broken here because there is consent
between the contracting part ies, Martin and the nominee. The incident starts when Martin goes to
the Sa ra' s apartment to request his possessio ns. After a few minutes of dialog she threatens to
call the pol ice. Martin, feeling somewhat threatened, leaves the door and walks to the garden
area of the apartment complex and sits down on a bench to think about what to do . Within
minutes two police officers are on the grounds spot him and begin their questioning:
Police: Are you Martin?
Martin: Yes.
Police: May I see your identification pleas e?
Martin: I am not carrying any.
Police: Have you ever been arrested?
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Martin: No (lying).
Police: We will need to see your driver's license.
Martin: It 's in my car, I will have to get it.
Police: Let' s go.
Martin: Leads the police officers to the street outside the apartment complex where his
vehicle is parked. Martin opens the door, reaches inside his wallet and hands the
police officer a small leather identification holder. The holder has a see through
window showing his driver' s license and also contains his nominee's credit card.
Police: (Looks at the license, then reaches for the credit card, pulls it out, and asks)-is this
yours ?
Martin: The card is on my bank account, but the name is the nominee of my corporat ion.
Police: (Calls the credit card fraud unit to send another officer over to investigate) (they are
in Las Vegas)
Police: (Runs a report based on Martins drivers license information, but nothing comes
back.)
Police: What' s your So cial Security Number?
Martin: I don't remember.
Police: You don't remember? Tum around ! Put your knees up against the bumper (of the
squad car) and put your hands behind your back. (Martin is handcuffed).
What happened here? Unbek nownst to Martin, Sa ra has alerted the officers about Martin's little
credit card arrangement. The police went on a fishing expedition and Martin played right into
their hands . They now have probable cause to arrest Martin, who goes to jail as a John Doe, until
they can figure out who he is.
This scenario has all the elements referred as a citizen informant (having inside knowledge), a
naIve suspect, and probable cause for an arrest. Martin cooperated fully (rolled over), and all of
the information he provided was used against him. Martin was completely within his rights to
remain silent, but he didn't know that. For this reason he was a mark-f ood for the system.
SENERIO 3:
Now let' s use our understanding of police practice and the techniques to see how Martin may
have handled this situation differently.
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Police: Are you Martin? 
Martin: What is the nature of your inquiry? 
Police: We received a phone call relating to a disturbance in the building . Do you know 
Sa ra? 
Martin: Is that a request or a demand? 
Police: A request. 
Martin: Can anything I say be used against me in any criminal matter? 
Police: Yes. 
Martin: Do I have the right to remain silent? 
Police: Yes. 
Police: May we see your driver' s license? 
Martin: Is that a request or a demand? 
Police: A request. 
Martin: If I were to show you my driver's license could it be used against me in any criminal 
matter? 
Police: Yes. 
Martin: I am not refusing to cooperate . I am exercising my right to remain silent. 
Martin: Am I free to go? 
Police: Not yet. 
Martin: When an individual is detained, without warrant and without having committed a 
crime, the detention is a false arrest and false impri sonment. 
Police: Si lent. 
Martin: Am I free to go? 
Police: Yes you are free to go, but we don't want you to bother Sa ra again ! 
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This time Martin controlled the encounter by asking closed ended questions to which he already
knew the answer. Martin is sitting peacefully by hims elf, and there is no crime being committed .
Whereas the police may have reasonable suspicion to detain Martin based on the information that
they were pr ovided, they recognize Martin's right against self incrimination. Martin has just
saved himself a whole lot of headache by simply knowing how to use some basic information.
SENERIO 4:
The next two strategies are offered as examples of some other approaches that one might take.
While good technique s, there is a lot more risk involved. The more verbose the dialog is, the
greater the chance that you may be cut off mid stream while delivering your message. There is
also the attendant risk that you might forget your lines, or fail to recall them under stressful
circumsta nces. These techniques are designed to throw the police officer off guard by
overwhelming him with information that sounds credible, and to which he must weigh the
potential liability to him against whatever he hopes to gain in the encounter. If you run into
trouble with these techniques, you could always return to the more conservative approach
outlined above as a fallback pos ition. St ay within your abilities and be safe.
Officer: Si r, may I see your driver's license?
Motorist: Sir, may I see your identification; your bond card and number and the company
or agency that you are bonded with? (If they claim the St ate, ask for the St ate's
Bonding Company)
Officer: What are you talking about?
Motorist: Well you know that in order to arrest me you need a bond (i.e. insurance) in case
you violate my rights as a sovereign.
Officer: No, I don't know anything about that.
Motorist: Well, If you don't have a bond to protect my rights, then I am free to go and I am
leaving. Because you cannot charge me or give me a ticket unless you are
Bonded! Bye!
If you think this doesn't happen, think again. This is happening all over the country-a major
breakthrough for "S overeign" creditors who fund the bankrupt, debtor government corporati ons.
Can you smell the coffee?
The traffic cop in the above example intended on "extracting revenue,,3 in the name of the
motorist' s Straw-man's DEBTORJTRADE NAME, by extracting the motorist' s promi se to
appear and then pay, thus saddling him with the bill as surety for the TRADE NAME. The
copyright notice short-circuits anyone from using your TRADE NAME for unauthorized
commercial gain, the primary objective of every single government on the face of the earth.
The last top ics we will cover relates to travel documentation and the often asked question : "Are
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there alternatives to automobile registration, driver's license, and insurance. The answers to these
questions constitute a whole course in and of themselves, so we will only provide an overview.
On the topic of registration, if you go way back in your states early history near the introduction
of the automobile, you will discov er that once upon a time, automobile registration was only
required for the commercial use of a vehicle, and still is ! If you are not engaged in commerce
(your vehicle is not for hir e), the state has no business regulating your vehicle. In addition, a
driver' s license is a violation of your right/freedom to travel. (Again, see MYTHILOGICAL
MOTOR VEHICLE article!)
St ates also have laws on the books which give you the option of using a liability bond in place of
auto insurance. The bond option is not widely know or understood, and the state would like to
keep it that way. If you are a Secured Party Creditor, you have unlimited liability, why not use it !
If you prepare a bond in place of insura nce, and show it should you be stopped, the officer is
compelled to accept it. If not, ask the officer if s/he "is a lawyer and if s/he is making a legal
determination. This should get their attention.
The driver' s license issue is a little harder to deal with but it can be done. The background for
understanding why the state is so insistent that you have one, is that next to the So cial Security
Card, the driver's license is the pr inciple means of identifying and keeping track of you. The two
definitions following this paragraph, gives you a feel for why they want you to have one. If you
understand how the bankruptcy changed everything, including the form of "law" practiced today,
you can grasp the reasons for this. Remember also, that you are an enemy of the state which is at
war with you. (Se e Trading with the Enemy Act).
VEHICLE. That in or on which pers ons, goods, etc. may be carried from one place to
another, espec ially along the ground. That which is used as an instrument of conveyance,
transmission or communicat ion. Vehicle refers to every device in, upon or by which a
person or property is or may be transported upon a highway. Black's Law 6th Edition
Note: According to the above definition, a transmitting utility is a St raw-man
vehicle. Also, another definition for vehicle is an "inland vessel in admiralty".
VESSEL. The term vessel, in admiralty law, is not limited to ships or vessels engaged in
commerce. Black's Law 6th Edition
Note: In admiralty, names of vessel are designated in all-capital letters . Whenever
you appear in any public forum it is always via your Straw-man, your all-capital
letters vessel, much like an officer stands on the bridge of his ship and sails it into
port. All law is now admiralty/maritime and you can no longer go into court as a
man or woman, only by "s ailing your vessel" into the ju risdiction of the court.
Everyone speaks from his/her vessel, in terms of one vessel-officer to another.
Each is trying to get the other officer to recognize the condition of his/her vessel;
i.e. its registration. If a vessel is unregistered on the high seas in time of war it is
presumed or assu med to be a pirate vessel to be confiscated and investigated. If
the vessel is registered, then the issue is exactly what public entity is it registered
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to, and is that entity on the public side or the private? Your St raw-man is a 
transmitting utility-is a vessel-is an inland vessel in admiralty-is a public 
vessel-is a vehicle. In times of war (now) neutral vessels (St raw-men) require 
pas spor ts. 
So yes, you can drive without a driver' s license IF (the biggest word in the English language) 
you want to defend it all the time. Remember, a traffic stop isn't a good opportunity to educate 
your faithful servants on the fine points of So vereigntyIRedemp tion. If you know how to defend 
it successfully, you can build a local reputation, and they will leave you alone. If you travel 
widely however, you will be doing a lot of explaining as you go. Some who drive without a 
license as a secured party, elect to have private engraved license frame that say "S ECURED 
PARTY CREDITOR-PRIVATE PROPERTY, followed by their UCC- I contract number. 
While the 'frame' is not going to keep you out of trouble, it is notice! 
On the question of travel documents, this is a tricky subject. It 's hard to predict exactly what the 
officer' s respon se might be. If you are looking for an alternative to the driver' s license, carry 
whatever alternative you wish to use. If you're a secured party, it would probably serve you to 
carry a certified copy of your UCC- I, and UC C-3, and your privatelliability bond. But anything 
more will probably cause proble ms. Officers have been known to throw documentation back at 
drivers, throw it on the ground, or fold it and put it in their pocket. But it's not your job to 
conduct impromptu Redemption classes along the roa dside. It will be the rare officer whose 
interest will be piqued by what you are doing. 
The best way to deal with the issues of adhesion contracts is to become a Secured Party Creditor. 
Attempting to rescind adhesion contracts is an effort that doesn't really bear much fruit. Number 
one, it will make your life inconvenient. Two, the matrix is more per vasive than just adhesion 
contracts. Three you can sign all of your paperwork with the St ate, "Without Preju dice" and 
preserve all of your rights . Four, adhesion contracts did not involve your consent, a necessary 
element to contract, so they can't be defended in court. So do exactly as you please-you 'r e the 
So vereign ! Remember though, you are NOT to prote st or go to war! Your to go to Peace, accept, 
discharge and file a Tort claim, if necessary ! 
However, remember, the 'Traffic Officer' is an employee/agent of the Sta te Corporati on. They 
are there to solely protect the property of the 'corporat ion,' and regulate the 's ubject 
property/debtor slaves on the plantation via enforcement of private rules, statutes, etc., i.e., 
Driver' s License, Registration, Insura nce, etc., but technically, only if you are engaged in 
commercial use, occupation or prof essional of the use of the highways for profit or gain in a 
commercial use of said highways. If not, there is misapplication of the statute, law, etc. So as the 
Secured Party Creditor, as the Oregon St ate Statutes state (as an exampl e); Tort is the exclusive 
remedy. Therefore, due to this section on Traffic, courts, etc., on a case by case situation, you 
have to do whatever you have to do to deal with the matter as best you can. But keep in mind, if 
any agent/employee mi sapplies the statute, law, etc., your ONLY REMEDY IS TORT ! 
Tort deals with the 'moral wrong( s)' committed against you. What's the basis for the 'moral 
wrong' - misapplica tion of the statute ! The fact that you are not a signatory to the State (or 
federal) Constitution and that you are not a party to the 'so cial compac t. ' (state Constitution) So 
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the quest ion is, then, how does the Motor Vehicle Code operate upon you if you are not a party 
nor signatory to their private compact? [The 'ACD PACKET' deals with Tort at both the state 
level and federal level, with instructions and is available from The American's Bu lletin for 
$30.0 0] 
1 They tell you their mission is to protect and serve, but this is just a smoke screen. The system from the District Attorney down 
is designed to look good to all the class one ostriches that elected the 'officials' in charge of the system. These are the same 
people that form the pancake juries that are responsible for the unusually high conviction rates across America. They have been 
conditioned to please authority first and ask responsible questions later. 
2 Regarding the issue of copyright infringement, there is really no problem with people using copyrighted property-unless they 
use it for commercial gain. 
3 Before the bankruptcy in 1933, United States Notes could be redeemed in "lawful money of the United States". This practice 
ended in 1933 when the United States went into Bankruptcy. Since then, we have been on the "promise to pay" standard and all 
demands for payment constitute an issue of public currency. A promise to pay creates "money", and is what funds your 
mortgage, auto loan, credit card purchases, and every other kind of 'loan' you take out (including traffic tickets). 
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IF YOU ARE TAKEN TO JAIL
This page does not have to go into any lengthy detail. Remember, if you are taken to jail via a
'fresh arrest,' try to get the names of the officers involved in your arrest who cause the most
inju ry, threats or pain . Try to keep the details of your 'fresh arrest' in your head, as most likely,
they won't give you paper & pen cil. DO NOT SI GN IN, DO NOT ANSWER QUESTIO NS,
GIVE FINGERPRINTS, ETC., ONLY AFfER THEIR THREATS, AND DO NOT SI GN
WHEN YOU 'R E GETTING OUT. As soon as you are out, you need to do up an affidavit of all
the facts of that unlawful arrest ! It is best if you have someone that has your power of attorney to
assist you in these matters until you are out.
But, when you find yourself in a jail cell ... for whatever reason you'v e heard the story, seen it in
the movies ... that you have a right to ONE phone call. So the question is "who do you call?"
Well, it' s not to call your lawyer (God forbid !), your girlfriend, your pastor, the bondsman, your
buddy or your bookie! THE ONLY REAS ON FOR THE ONE PHONE CALL IS TO CALL
NTHE JUDGE !
Seek the name of the ju dge and try to get the phone number from the jailers. Be busin esslike and
polite, but firm! It is part of your 'Due Process', as they say ... you have the right to one phone
call ! Merely state that you need the number so that you can request an appearance bond
without fees or cost. This must be requested preferably before your arraignment.
Note; The Appearance Bond is the Bond that the Prosecutor puts up to bond the action brought
forward by the traffic officer/cop or he hims elf. They created the 'action,' they have to bond the
action in the event that they inju re you in their misapplication of statutes or other inju ries that
may occur !
If you are denied the phone call, then make the request at the next available opportunity, either
with any 'agent' to comes to you and or when you are taken into court for arraignment.
Remember, you want the 'Appearance Bond' as part of your due pro cess, and if the ju dge
prod uces the bond, you can state that you "accept the bond for value, I do not intend to challenge
the facts of the case" (or it can be stated;) "I plead guilty to charges in behalf of the
defendant/debtor, but that' s not me ... and I request the court to discharge the charges via the
Bond and I request that the Bond be released to me."
If the ju dge denies the 'bond,' he then has denied you remedy (due proc ess), committed
commercial fraud, (as the charges are not laid on you, but on the corporate fiction
Defendant/debtor), and since you cannot pay the fine or pay off the commercial charge, and can
only be 'discharged,' and being the 'insu rance polic y' via the bond is created by the pr osecutor
or some other agent via the 'ca se,' is to be brought forward to indemnify the
man/creditor/sovereign, in light of the bankruptc y, as everything is insured ! But the system most
always get's the 'arrestee' (you) to bond the case yourself or get you to plead guilty ... and or
consent to the charges !
If the bond is denied, at your next available opportunity, and or with someone you have given
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power of attorney to if you are still incarcerated, you can exercise your exclusi ve remedy ... and 
that is a Tort Claim ! 
A FEW CASE CITES 
LISTED HERE FOR REFERENCE ONLY! 
When an individual is detained, without warrant and without having 
committed a crime (traffic infractions are not crimes), the detention is a 
false arrest and unlawful imprisonment: 
DAMAGES AWARDED 
TREZEV ANT v. CITY OF TAMPA,741 F2d 336 (11th Cir. 1984) Motorist 
illegally held for 23 minutes on a traffic charge was awarded $25,000 in 
damages. (Sets foundation for $75,OOO/hr., l,600,OOO/day) 
CIVIL RIGHTS 
SANDERS v. EN GLISH, 950 F2d 1036 (6th Cir. 1992) False arrest, illegal 
detention (false imprisonment), and malicious prosecution are recognized 
as causes of action under Title 42 Section 1983. ( •.• and TORT!) 
PRECEDENT 
JAMES v. KENTUCKY, 466 US 341, 80 LED 2d 346, 104 S Ct. 1830 (1984) 
The supreme court held that State statutes did not tak e precedent over 
Constitutional law. 
MOYA v. US, 761 F2d 322 (7th Cir. 1985) People are entitled to refuse to 
provide information to police. Moya went to the supreme court and back. 
(held to be valid) 
Padelford, Fay a. Co. v. The Mayor and Alderman of the City of Savannah, 
14 Ga. 438 (1854) "But, indeed, no private person has a right to complain, 
by suit in court, on the ground of a breach of the Constitution. The 
Constitution, it is true, is a compact [contract], but he is not a party to it. 
The States are a party to it .•• " 
emphasis added. 
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Plus: if you are coming into the understanding of things read previous 
and to what's going on in the courtroom (business), the following is 
presented for your edification: 
COMMENT BEFORE THE JUDGE 
"I demand an appearance bond or a personal recognizance bond be issued forthwith, and 
respectfully demand a waiver of the fees and costs, so 1 can appear and plea to the charges 
during which 1 will stipulate to all the facts and accept and return the same for full 
settlement and closure in the transaction." 
The bond indemnifies the action, he's asking for fees to waived so that he can pled to the 
charges in behalf of his Debtor /defendant as identified on the charging instrument, but 
that's not me and 1 do not intend to challenge the facts (because you cannot argue them 
and the defendant is guilty) and I'm here for settlement and adjustment of the account so 
upon your judgment/presentment •.. 1 will accept it for value and return it for discharge to 
settle the matter! 
Judge may go, "Case dismissed, or he may ju st run out of the court room!" WHY? Cause now, 
the ju dge is acting as an unlawful debt collector for an invalid debt that the other parties 
defaulted on already! If the ju dge rules against you, or debtor, or whatever to cause commercial 
inju ry or misapplic ation of the statute, your ONLY remedy is Tort! 
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ALL DAY-EVE RY DAY
by Linda L. Kennedy, Attorney at Law
an d Virginia Jailer - By permission
It is unusua l that any attorney, let alone a conservative attorney, would dare to speak: out against
the ju dicial system and its supporting agencies for several reasons, only some being obvious. Bu t
for me to sit in front of some of the news shows night after night, hearing the debate over the
woes of the Military Courts and how we are known for our Civil and Criminal Due Process
Rights , and at the same time picturing in my mind the many people who have been hoodwinked
and even ruined by this so called "just" system, is not tolerable to me.
Linda L. Kennedy, Attorney at Law
Dear Media :
I realize that some of you may not be aware of the deception that the "due pro cess/Constitutional
attorneys" are spewing out on our airways, but let me set that record straight for you on military
courts --and I hope you have the guts and integrity to report it. I have heard of no one who is
saying on the air what I have to say today. Many unfortunate citizens know and agree with what
I will be describing to you. That is why I am writing, because it must be said and you must hear
it from an otherwise, conservative attorney. Additionally, I had ju st recently met with a former
Attorney General of the United St ates. Although he indicated that the ju dicial system needs
fixing, for him it was all about one politica l party being right while the other one was wrong.
That is absolutely not the pro blem.
Because this point of view I am pre senting will be surprising coming from a "c onservative"
(trained at Pat Robertson's Regent University Sc hool of Law) attorney, I hope you will see how
ridiculous the Military Court v. Civil/Criminal Court's debate actually is and the legal fiction the
distinction between the two creates. The public should not be fooled by these "s cholars" who try
to paint a difference between the two systems which are in all practicality, the same.
Additionally, I have put myself in grave jeopardy because I dare spea k: out against the "g ods " of
some of the courts, i.e., some of the ju dges, and their government agencies, for obvious reasons.
It has been and still is prof essional suicide to say what I have to say and I have certainly "w alked
the plank" more than ju st a few times for being so outspoken in a way that is not "big-business
friendly. " What I have to say must be said however, for the publ ic's best interest.
Most of what I am hearing on the air which is of concern to some of the Constitutional attorneys
being interviewed, is that the Military Courts may be unfair because they do not allow for
adequate discovery (turning over of evidence to the op pos ition so that the defense can prepare a
case), they have quick trials and secretive hearings, they will incorporate biased ju dges, they
have no ju ries, and pos sibly no appea ls. The bottom-line is simply: All of this debate has to do
with protecting civil rights . I want to show you why this debate is moot in practicality, and by
not having the following view as a part of any discussion, is misrepresenting the real problem to
the pub lic. In comparing these courts, we need to actually look at what civil rights the people are
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actually receiving and then compare the courts . Let's not look at the situation in a test tube any
longer. Here is what I am telling you is happe ning, not only as a scholar, but as a practicing
attorney who gets to see the inside of a courtroom all day-every day.
My claim which I can support with volumes of hard evidence includ ing testimony, transcripts ,
etc., is that some of our courts are already uncons titutionally acting as military courts against the
people today. Many individual pla intiffs that go into our courts (depending on which courts) get
to learn this shocking lesson all by themselves, and then after the dusts settles, they get to try to
pick up the pieces of their lives once they have truly experienced the tyranny of our own
corrupted system which ignores our Constitutional Rights daily. Because the reality is kept so
secret from the public at large, and because many news agencies will not inform the public of the
horrendous condition of these courts, the public is totally unaware of the inju stices happening
daily; only to find out if they are unfortunate enough to get caught up in the "v ortex" of the
ju dicial system --with only fleeting hope of ever getting free of it with their shirts still on their
backs !
Our civil rights are not protected now, even though the Constitution guarantees them, since some
of the courts ignore the Constitution regularly when it actually secretly, quietly, and quickly
dismisses our cases, without so much as a hearing, without so much as a right to an appeal
(rubber stamped "denied" without so much as an opinion as to why we lost, which then goes into
an "u npu blished opi nion" file at the discretion of the court so that nobody else (not even
attorneys) know that the case existed, and it does not affect precedent s). These courts openl y and
willingly allow one side (us ually the defense in civil cases, and the prosecutors in criminal cases)
to commit repeated per ju ry and allow it to thwart discovery requests (the lawful and mandatory
turning over of documents which allows the opposition to know what the issues are). If these
examples do not fit into the concerns of the Constitutional "s cholars " over the Military Courts
what does?
I ask you, why are so many specia l interest corporations funding ju dicial and governmental
officials to go on trips and to hear "p ro-corporati on" seminars? Doesn't this sound a little bit like
a biased court would result from such jun kets? This is happening regularly within our state and
federal systems, without hardly a word from the media. Why else would the Congress be so
concerned over appointments and the personal stands each ju dge has on issues ? It is because
Congress knows that an unbiased and impartial ju diciary is nonexistent when it comes to specia l
interest groups and any poor plaintif f and/or that attorney that tries to challenge it will pay dearly
for daring to do so.
Would you be surprised to hear from two people who actually had their ju dge 's fall asleep during
the trail, only to take the decision away from the ju ry once awakened, and then dismiss it without
the benefit of due proc ess? Of course, big busin ess won again. The special trips and seminars for
ju dges pay off. One case was dismis sed after the ju dge used 19 facts that were not even admitted
into evidence (that is like not allowing for discovery as military courts are prof essing to do). This
is forbidden by law. Appeal was denied, and the opinion was unpublished like about 90% of the
opinions in the 4th circuit so that nobody is the wiser. What about a ju dge that dismisses a
defamation claim against an insurance company, saying that the plaintiff should not have filed a
suit, because money is more important than reputation anyway, and that she should read some
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books because everyone knows that. Doesn't it make you wonder which big-business supported
that decision? What about a ju dge who refuses to acknowledge "blacklisting" as a law, even
though Congress/General Assembly made such a law to be enforced by the courts? Would you
be surprised that in both of these cases described above, the pla intiff got sanctioned (assesse d
fines and fees against them) for daring to bring these cases into court? I ask you then, in reality
how is our pre sent court system any different from the Military Courts to which so many are
taking offense?
Besides me, I know of only one other attorney who is trying to bring these abuses to light. Sh e
stepped down from a government pos ition because of all of the corruption for which she did not
want a part. Sh e filed suit and clearly showed the corruption of a particular city's police,
attorneys, and ju dges. Not only was she sanctioned for daring to bring such a case forward, but
those she expo sed placed a gag order on her, every single pleading ever filed is sealed so that
nobody can find out about this corruption, and she is regularly arrested by that city's police as
punishment. To top it off, although the case was never heard on the merits, she was sanctioned
about $18,000 and she has approximately another $2 00,000 waiting for her in our wonderful 4th
Circuit Court. That is what happens to those few of us who dare to expo se what is really going
on in this corrupt system. So unds like something we would describe might happen under the
reign of the Taliban doesn't it? Certainly this is worse than any military court which will at least
have some scrutiny placed on it.
How would you feel if you were ju dged by a ju dge who liked to use the word "nigger" and
derogatorily acts in a stereotypically "poor black from the 1800's manner" after he finds an
African American guilty ? How about a ju dge who proudly claims that he does not find for
employees in employment law cases (how 's that for unbiased ju dges).
Why then is the issue Military Courts v. Civil/Criminal Courts when, practically, there is no
difference? If you look at the statist ics, and open your forum to citizens who have been a part of
actual court proc eedings in certain ju risdictions including federal ju risdictions, you will clearly
find that some courts are treating their suppos edly open courts as if they were Military Courts -
and getting away with it daily. I will show you ju st one Federal Circuit who routinely violates
our Constitutional Rights daily with the blessing of the Court of Appeal s, but only one for
brevity sake. Please note that this is not my only examp le.
Take the Federal 4th Circuit located in Virginia. There exists a Title VII statute that allows for a
plaint iff in a "protected class" to file suit against employers who treat them wrongly because of
their race, color, sex, national origin, or religion. Just in the year 2000 which is the last full year
of statistics, the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals heard 11 cases on appeal from district courts (not
counting unpublished opinions and all the other district court cases which were quietly and
secretly dismissed). Of these cases all 11 were decided in favor of the defendant (big-business)
at the district court level. One of these was even heard by a ju ry (Conner v. Sc hrader-Bridgeport
International, Inc ., 227 F.3d 179 (4th Cir. 200 0)) and the ju ry found for the plaintiff. Let me
explain . Getting to a ju ry in the 4th Circuit is almost unheard of in employment law cases
although it is granted as a right under Title VII. In spite of the ju ry finding in favor of the
plaintif f, the district court ju dge then proceeded to take the case from the ju ry and find for the
defendant anyway (How 's that for due pro cess?) Furthermore, of these 11 cases, all had been
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decided for the defense on summary ju dgment Uu dge refuses to provide for a trial for the
plaintiff), or ju dgment as a matter of law Uu dge decides that even though the ju ry may have been
present, they do not get to decide the case at all).
Because I have taken part in cases like these and regularly have to tell my client "don't even
bother going to this court for ju stice," I will absolutely guarantee you that much of the evidence
was obvisca ted by the defense and the ju dge was absolutely no assist ant of ju stice in making the
defense turn over the evidence it was hiding. In fact, if the plaintif f gets hislher hands on a
document of the employers which could prove the truth ; one that the defense is falsely claiming
they don't have, the ju dge then finds that it is "s tolen," and makes the plaintif f return the
document to the defense. The defense then can continually claim that the document does not
exist even though the court knows that is not true and that per ju ry has been committed.
Additionally, these ju dges are repeatedly "wined and dined" by big-business with big corporate
interests (Please see .. www.Tripsfor ju dges.c om .. for my information here). According to
Tripsfor ju dges .com, ju dges have been sent on vacations even as far as Israel by big-business.
Also the Foundation for Research on Economics and the Environment (FREE) and the Liberty
Fund pays for these vacations for ju dges which are, coincidentally, very close to their
headquarters for "s eminars ." One ju dge even received a trip for he AND HIS SON, by
busin essman Mr. Hank Jones. How's that for unbiased Judges?
FREE is a nonprof it organization that advocates reliance on the free market and private property
rights, instead of environmental laws to protect the environment. Obviously, any tenant,
empl oyee, environmentalist, and anyone else challenging the acts of one of these interests is in
for a surpri sing, and rude, awakening. Judges who attend their lectures are indoctrinated into the
emp hasis of property rights and market pro cesses according to big-business interests . FREE gets
its funding directly from corporati ons, foundations of large companie s, and from prominent
conservative foundations. FREE receives 1/3 of its budget directly from corporations such as
Sh ell Oil Company Foundation, Burlington Resources Foundation, General Electric Fund,
Temple-Inland Foundation, and Kock Oil (Lambe Foundation). Foundations which support
FREE are Sa rah Sca ife, Carthage Foundations, and the John M. Olin Foundation. These
foundations are among the largest supporters of nonprofits that challenge environmental
regulations in federal court. How's that for unbiased Judges and the pos sibility of a citizen of the
United St ates receiving a full and fair hearing under the law?
Liberty Fund was founded by busin essman Pierre F. Goodrich. The Liberty fund makes grants
directly to conservative and libertarian organizations such as the Cato Institute, the Center for the
St udy of Federalism, and the Political Economy Research Center. The Liberty Fund not only
hosts its own seminars for ju dges, they also fund those of philos ophically aligned group s. The
Liberty Fund has over $202 million in assets and in 1997 alone spent $1. 6 million (1/5 of their
total budget) sponso ring meetings and seminars for federal ju dges and other government leaders.
If there is any doubt about the biased, unfair, and unconst itutional nature of the ju dicial make-up
and decisions that would rival any military court in the land, then consider that all but one of the
ju dges currently sitting on the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals bench has previously worked with a
firm whose primary practice area was civil defense (big-business).
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It is unu sual that any attorney, let alone a conservative attorney, would dare to speak out against
the ju dicial system and its supporting agencies for several reasons, only some being obvious. But
for me to sit in front of some of the news shows night after night, hearing the debate over the
woes of the Military Courts and how we are known for our Civil and Criminal Due Process
Rights, and at the same time picturing in my mind the many people who have been hoodwinked
and even ruined by this so called "just" system, is not tolerable to me . The Constitution is to be
honored in that it does provide the citizens of this country with due pr ocess and other very
valuable rights necessary to keep a society truly free. Unfortu nately, as Thomas Jefferson and
many others have warned, the system is only as good as those who oversee it. Unfortu nately,
those who pr esently oversee it are "Bi g-Business" and their advocates. Why else would we be
willing to bail out the insurance industry, some of whom regularly deny otherwise valid claims,
hire fact-witnesses to lie, change doctor reports, etc., at the expen se of the people and with total
"s elective-ignorance" by the Courts and the State Bars who oversee attorneys who do this? In
fact, these attorneys who do this are sometimes our next Bar pr esident or Judge. Only those who
fight this system are harassed.
Was the Judge who said money is more important than reputation really telling the truth? Sh ould
I just read some books so that I too will believe that is the "American Way?" It sure sounds like
it, as it is the present state of affairs which is being selectively ignored by those who should be
speaking for the peopl e. The Constitution still exists for the protection of the people through due
pro cess and other valuable rights . If we are going to ignore it daily, however, then at least let us
not pretend that there is a difference between Military and CiviVCriminal Courts .
As you can see, the Military or Civil Court debate is moot because the Military system is already
in place and has been in place for years, applied against our own shocked, but now "c ourt
hardened" citizens. Many of them are speaking out in frustration, because no media dares to
expo se this oppr ession which is likened to the sad days of slavery in America. Attorneys also
know what I am talking about, but until they value the people more than their own pocket books
and their distinguished prof essional careers, then our prof ession will continue to claim that the
"Emperor has clothes" and that there is a difference between the unconst itutional Military Courts
and the CiviVCriminal Courts by which the people are continually being terrorized. As President
Bush has said, terrorists need to be "rooted out. " In this case, either the media is with the people
or with those who practice ju dicial terrorism at the expen se of our citizens. Come on American
Media --start telling the whole story; "Let's Roll."
Si ncerely,
Linda L. Kennedy
Attorney at Law, Virginia
WBFLegal @ Aol.c om
416 London St.
Portsmouth, VA 23 704
(757) 397-450 0
(757) 397-0060-facsimile
Copy righted December 2, 200 1 by Linda L. Kennedy, Esq., Virginia
The following article appeared in The American's Bulleti n, MayfJ une 2003
issue and is presented for your edification:
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TH E MYTH O LOGI CAL MOTOR VEHI CL E
By The Travelers Guide
From Webster's New International Dictionary, 2nd Edition:
Myth is defined as "1. A story the origin of which is forgotten, that ostensibly relates historical
events which are usua lly of such character as to serve to explain some practice, belief,
institution ... ". So me people believe that they drive a motor vehicle, some actually do, and most
do not.
A few vehicles powered by motors are beginning to appear on our modem highways. There were
a few vehicles powered by motors as our society emerged from the horse and buggy mode. Most
were powered by, and still are, engines.
The Vehicle Code of the several states is a legitimate exercise of the police power reserved to the
states. The police power is exercised by Executive Branch Organizations, also known as
"agencies", and is intended to secure the health, safety and welfare of the public . Police power
must be exercised within Constitutional constraints inherent in the enabling clause, adopted upon
entry by each state to the Union. Under such constraint, police power cannot impinge upon the
peop le's Constitutionally secured rights.
Commercial interests, by nature, being driven by profit motive, have always been the object of
executive branch organization or state agency (hereinafter "agency ") polici ng. While many
busines smen are upright, the temptation is always at their elbow to cut a comer. Agencies, with a
few notable excepti ons, establish and enforce rules, consist ent with their legislative mandate, to
protect the public from un scrup ulous business practi ces, in part by requiring examination and
licensing of various tradesmen and prof essionals. The legislative language of the state of Oregon
defining "license" is: " ... permi ssion required by law to engage in any commercial activity, trade,
occupation or prof ession. "
I am a former father who, out of concern for his son and children generally, devoted fourteen
consecutive years to lobbying for family law reform. One of the bills I opposed would, and now
does, provide that a dead beat parent (at least we got the dead beat (ad language gender
neutralized) could lose his or her driver's license. At the next legislative session it was brought
to the legislature's attention that ex-spou ses of doctors, lawyers, architects and other
prof essionals were entitled to equal protection against non-payment of child support. My
dawning of consciousn ess, a driver license is another prof essional license ! A license or privilege
is granted by the state to a qualified (maybe) person to protect the public from unscr up ulou s or
incompetent business operators . What the state gives the state may take away.
I had heard rumors that the Driver and Motor Vehicle Services Division (hereinafter DMV)
might be running a scam. My first "official" confirmation of this came from a trip to Multnomah
County's Central Library. While strolling the stacks , looking for the point at which to begin my
research, I was literally touched near my knee by the General Laws of Oregon, 1921. The
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"General Laws" is the term referring to legislative enactments made by Oregon's Legislature
during the first half of the nineteenth century, now the same thing is referred to as "Oregon
Law". These journals of legislative activity are distinct from the "Revised Statue s", which are
regularly edited into contextually appropriate volumes by, the: staff of Legislative Counsel (the
legislature's attorney). If you want to look at General Laws at the Multnomah County Library
now, you must fill out a request slip asking that they be brought up from the basement.
In a "s pecia l session" of 1921, Oregon's Legislature exercised its police power in re-enacting the
Vehicle Code. To meet an emergency created by the use of heavy haulers causi ng damage to the
public 's highways , it was declared that all vehicles transporting pers ons and property for
compen sation would be charged fees to offset the cost of maintenance and, along with their
operators, be subject to regulation.
Later, I wrote to the attorney for the Oregon Legislature, Mr. Greg Chaimov , and asked him
where the most recent legislative definition of motor vehicle was to be found. His unequivoca l
answer was that it is to be found in the General Laws of Oregon & 1925 , Chapter 380. The
pur pose paragraph, which appears above the text and provides context in a summary of the act, is
language very similar to the 1921 version. Legislative pur pose is expr essed as : We, the
legislature intend to "imp ose a charge upon motor vehicles for the use of such highways in the
transportation of pers ons and property for compen sation ... " In the definition section:
Motor Vehicle. "motor vehicle " means any self-propelled vehicle moving over the public
highways of this state and not moving, operated, or driven upon fixed rails or track. It includes
motor trucks and motor buses and trailers, semi trailers and other trailers used in connection
therewith.
Note that "includes" is an exclusive term. That which is not within the list of "included" is not
there, unless the phrase "but not limited to" follows. In the 1925 re-enactment "c ompen sation"
was defined in minute detail to include, but not limited to, barter, futures, and securities.
Apparently some truckers were hauling on the promi se of a percentage of the value of the load
they were transport ing. Additionally classes of regulated "motor vehicles " were established
based on weight and tire width.
In 1927, responding to police zeal in enforcement of the registration pr ovisions of the Vehicle
Code upon businessme n's automobiles, the legislature inserted a paragraph describing a list of
busin ess uses that are exempt from regulation. In no uncertain terms, our elected representatives
clarified that regulated "m otor vehicles" are those actually transporting persons and property for
compen sation. Motor vehicles are not to be confus ed with those us ed to merely travel to sales
meetings or going somewhere incident to busin ess. (Depending on what the subs equent
legislative record shows, this could be the basis for penalties aga inst peace officers for assa iling
automobiles used by the publ ic. Research yet to be done.)
To clarify that everything running under its own power was not a "m otor vehicle" the 1927
legislature also added the definition of "v ehicle" as "every mechanical device moving by any
powe r", except for human pqwe red, and those operated over stationary rails. Highway was
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defined on the same page as: all the places in the state, including the streets and roads of
municipalities and counties, "u sed or intended for use by the general public for vehicles".
Right of use of the highway by the public was understood in the early part of the twentieth
century, perhaps because people were closer to their common law heritage. In 1983 the
legislative language defining highway was amended to include the word "open " and the phrase
" ... or vehicular traffic as a matter of rig ht". Thus, the "general public" uses every "mechanical
device" on the highway, "a s a matter of right" . This right of use is clearly contra-distinguished by
current statutory language which declares that subject to the pro visions of the Vehicle Code, the
state grants a privilege to "m otorists " to "operate motor vehicles" on the highway.
In 1929, realizing that there was more road work the state would like to do than could be covered
by the licensing and registration fees, the legislature impo sed a tax on fuel used by regulated
"m otor vehicles" of three cents per gallon. This is the same "motor vehicle fuel tax" that today is
twenty-four cents per gallon in Oregon. The motor vehicle fuel tax, neither state nor federal, has
ever applied to every mechanical device powered by whatever means, used on the highway by
the pUbl ic. When the state tax was three cents per gallon, most people knew it didn't. Now that
state and federal tax is almost 50¢ a gallon, most people pay it without a thought. How many of
your regularly paid taxes amount to anything like your "m otor vehicle fuel tax"?
The statutory language through the 198 1 Oregon Revised Statutes listed two types of licenses,
"operato r's" and "chauffeur's ". While there may be some confusion about the word "operator"
(even among citizen legislators), most literate individual s understand that busin esses "operate ".
For those of us who don't understand the business connotation of "operate", there is the
"Operator Manual ", available at a DMV Branch near you. The manual clearly states that "Oregon
currently issues three classes of driver license; Class A commercial..., Class B commercial .... ,
and Clas s C commercial .. .. ". The manual is intended as a study guide for those who will be
employed to "operate" a vehicle for compensa tion.
When one looks to an era appropriate edition of Black's Law Dictionary, the term
Operate ... when used with relation to automobiles, signifies a personal act in working the
mechanism of the automobile; That is, the driver operates the automobile for the owner, but the
owner does not operate the automobile unless he drives it himself. Si milarly,
Driver. One employed in conducting or operating a ... motor car, though not a street railroad car. "
And, Chauffeur. An operator who directly or indirectly receives compens ation for operating
motor vehicle. Operators who drive jitneys in cities and towns for hire. Person employed or paid
to operate, drive and attend car.
By the term "era appropriate edition", it is meant an edition which was published, or in use
during the early years of the Vehicle Code when the language was being developed and "settled"
by the courts . The edition cited throughout this article is the fourth, with court citations giving
rise to the definitions virtually identical to those cited in the third.
The most recent statutory definition of Chauffeur, which was deleted by Oregon Laws 1983,
Chapter 338 is consistent with Black's definition of driver and chauffeur:
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"Chauffeur means every person who is employed by another for the principal purpose of driving 
a motor vehicle carrying persons or property for compensation .. " 
An exception under this definition makes it perf ectly clear that the dividing line between drivers 
who are licensed and other highway users is the issue of compens ation: 
students operating vehicles, commonly known and used as private passenger vehicles, which are 
not operated for compensation ... 
It is interesting to note that "passe ngers " are technically those who pay a fare to be transported 
from one place to another (see Black's), but the legislature (or perhaps legislative counsel 
committee) qualified the use of "p assenger" by the modifying phr ases, "commonly known and 
us ed as private ... " and "not operated for compens ation .. " This mixing of terms by the legislature 
should constantly be born in mind by readers of the law or statutes, because many of our elected 
repr esentatives have had just as faulty an education as most of the rest of us. 
In 1931 the Oregon Legislature changed the wording in the definition of the term "v ehicle" to: 
"every device in upon or by which persons and property is or may be transported upon the 
highway ". 
By the time the Legislature began working on the major revision of the Code that is pretty much 
what we see today, the original definition of "v ehicle" had been reinserted, but with the addition 
of a third exception, the devices that traveled under overhead trolley wires. The fact that the 
definition has changed back and forth means that the charges were not subs tantive, and probably 
were done by legisla tive counsel as an editing function. 
The significance of the definition of "vehicle ", either original or current, cannot be 
overestimated. Even though "vehicle" is not now explici tly defined, there remains enough history 
in its grammar, if you know how to conjug ate English and have Black's Law Dictionary 
definition of: 
Transportation. The removal of goods or pers ons from one place to another, by a carrier 
(carrier is defined as an entity engaged in the activity for hire). 
Thus, every device which "is ", connotes those currently engaged in commerce, and "m ay be" 
means that by form, the vehicle could be, but is not now so engaged. 
A casua l reader without knowledge of the legisla tive language above might inquire why the 
legislature, or legislative counsel would currently define the regulated object, motor vehicle, the 
way it does: 
ORS 801.360 Motor vehicle. A vehicle which is self-propelled or designed for self-prop ulsion. 
Unless it was intended to apply to everybody's car, nowhere in the Vehicle Code does it say that 
"everybody's car is a motor vehicle", or that "the public operat es". Most important however, is 
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the context in which the definition occurs . The legislative language of 1925 providing adequate 
context has been deleted, ostensibly for the sake of simplification, but what remains is nearly 
identical. 
YOU can't tell what's in a book from the cover, but it is the first indication of context. When one 
approaches a bookshelf loaded with the nineteen volumes of Oregon Revised Statut es, it can be 
seen that Volume 15, is titled Bu siness Regulations (Part 2), Volume 14 being Part 1. The 
Vehicle Code is "Title 59" of Bu siness Regulations (Part 2) . Here's a bone for conspirac y buffs: 
The subject matter indicated on Volume IS 's cover does have Busin ess Regulations (Part 2) in its 
lead line, but each of the "s ub headings" are in the same font, laid out in lines, and separated by 
semi-colons as though listing things of similar importance. In contrast, Volume 14 has Bu siness 
Regulations (Part 1) as the lead line, but what follows is in much smaller font, in a column 
centered under it (so the list is literally "s ub headings "). When the reader flips past the fly leaf to 
the table of contents, the format for both volumes is identical, and of course Bu siness 
Regulations is not one of the listed "Titles". 
I had a talk with Legislative Counsel Chaimov about the inconsistency in formatting and 
apparent misuse of the semi-colons in 20 01. Because he had no legitimate explanation for the 
way the covers look, I wrongly assumed that corrections would be made in the 20 02-2003 
version of the Oregon Revised Statut es. 
Unfortu nately for peace officers and personnel of the DMV, they are regularly provided an 
excerpt of Bu siness Regulations (Fart 2) called the Vehicle Code Handbook, so they never get to 
see the primary contextual statement. I person ally conducted a poll of peace officers, asking 
whether they enforce business regulations. None knew that they did, and most were adamant that 
they didn't. 
In reading statute s, it is always a good idea to read the policy statement that precedes the 
subst ance, and the definition section. When people do not comprehend context, they sometimes 
believe that the law is a complicated thing becau se of all the numbers thrown in with the text. 
This is not a complica ting factor at all, but rather a means of referencing, so that contextualizing 
sentences and paragraphs do not have to constantly be restated, but are nevertheless explicitly 
referred to. One particularly well contextualized passa ge that is not interspersed with reference 
numbers, describes the offense of "operating motor vehicles without grant of driving pr ivilege" 
(ORS 807.010 ). In this pas sage the grammatical technique of contradistinguishing is employed : 
" ... every person who operates a motor vehicle on the highway or premi ses open to the public ... " 
must have a license. Two kinds of people are explicitly mentioned in this sentence, pers ons who 
operate motor vehicles and the Public for whom the highway is open . The legislature (or 
legislative counsel) did a great job conveying the intent of the Vehicle Code with this particular 
section of law, as the phrase "open to the public ", excerpted from the language defining 
"highway" used by the public by right, makes it clear that the public is not the subject of 
regulation. The language in the financial respons ibility paragraph (ORS 806.0 10) ju st happens to 
use exactly the same phrasing as who must be licensed. 
In 1983, the legislature extensively reorganized the Vehicle Code with this stated intent, "I t is not 
the intent of the Oregon Legislative Assembly to change the law by enacting this revision if the 
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Oregon Vehicle Code ... ". They go on to say: "The intent of the assembly is to make the law
relating to vehicles easier to use, amend, and understandably simplifying the language ... " They
emp hasize their intent not to change the law by stating : "Every agency of this state, every court,
and every person shall consider the revision to be a continuation of the vehicle laws in effect on
the effective date of the revision".
Needless to say, the statement of legislative intent does not routinely make it into the Oregon
Revised Statute s. So by confining one's research to the statutes, essential context cannot be taken
into account. For example "drive" is one of the most crucial words of the Vehicle Code. If one
does not refer to Oregon Laws, chapter 338, to read the legislative intent, and then find the 1981
definition of chauffeur who is employed to "drive", how would one know? It should be noted
that there is one reference left in today's Vehicle Code to chauffeur. The paragraph at ORS
802.0 70 provides that the DMV will funnel money into schools to teach students about
chauffeur's and operator' s licenses. Call your local high school's driver training program to find
out just what students are learning and see what happe ns.
If one does not know what a "driver" is, then comprehending what a "Driver license" allows is
impo ssible. Throughout the Vehicle Code one sees the term "license", which is to be used
interchangeably with "Drivers license" (ORS 80 1. 245 ). Usua lly the crucial words of any given
code are defined at the beginning. In the Vehicle Code, one will not find the definition of
"License". Historical note: In 1985 the Attorney General's Office supported a bill to change the
definition of license. The reason given was that they had been involved in several lawsuits over
what a driver license is and hoped that by obscuring the meaning they would not have to keep on
arguing this issue (SB 118 of 1985).
Though most of the Vehicle Code bears a footnote indicating revision in 1983, the Legislative
Se ssion of 1985 capped the four year pro ject. This business had been going on during the interim
session as well as during regular session. In April of 1985, a lobbyist from the DMV visited the
joint sub-committee on Transportation to lobby for a law allowing the DMV to adopt rules so
that they could title and register vehicles which are exempt from the titling requirements, Senate
Bill 124-A. The lobbyist explained that under the pr evious language it was obscure to which
vehicles needed to be titled, but the new language was now so clear that steps had to be taken.
She brought along an exhibit supporting SB 124-A, labeled Exhibit B, and signed in behalf of her
boss, the director of the DMV . Frank admission was made in this document acknowledging that
the DMV had been titling and registering vehicles without authorization. While the document
says they were "hi storically" doing what they were not authorized to do, during sub-committee
sessions it was generally acknowledged that it had been going on longer than anyone in the room
could remember. In the official minutes of the subcommittee, the word "illegal" is used to
describe the practice which the lobbyist n-w wanted authorization to do. Just to confirm what the
document said, the chairwoman, who was later to become one of Oregon's more notable DMV
directors, asked if there would be any changes as a result of this bill's pas sage. The lobbyist
reiterated that there would be no change, not even in the fees that they were currently charging
without authorization.
Most significant was the lobbyist's testimony that no change to the titling requirements was
propo sed, because "titling depends on use". While the lobbyist repeated this several times during
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her appearances before the sub-committee, she never actually said what the "use" was. There was
some discus sion about making certain "t yp es" of vehicles subject to registration. There was even
a suggestion that it might be easier if every vehicle with a motor in it was therefore required to
be titled, but the lobbyist told her listeners that every vehicle which could be titled and registered
was potentially exempt because it is use that determines.
The point I will make here about SB 124-A, and there are others, is that it resulted in the current
ORS 803 .0 35, "O ptional titling rules ". This paragraph provides that "u pon request of an
owner . .. ", any "otherwise exempt vehicle" may be titled by the DMV. When DMV accepts the
owner' s money and becomes title holder in fact, the vehicle becomes subject to all the pr ovisions
of the Vehicle Code. Of course the owner sets the benefit of one form of proof of right to
posses sion. Exhibit B actually contends that this is a benefit owners "s ometimes want" . The
bottom line is, "I f this authority were not continued, there would be some loss of revenue". Slig ht
miss tatement, the pur pose of the bill was to obtain authority never posses sed by the DMV, but
the pr evious sentence says, "if this authority were not continued" .
Options are always nice to have. Did anyone at the DMV ever tell you about their optional titling
program? Of course, anything that can be opted into has to have an opt out prot ocol. The very
next paragraph, ORS 803 .040, which was part of SB 124-A, says that, an optionally titled vehicle
will so remain "u ntil the owner uses a method recognized or established by the department to
establish the vehicle is no longer subject to the pr ovisions of the vehicle code". That sounds
pretty inviting. Who knows what the method is? Who's going to say, even if he or she knows?
I don't have all the answers, but I am involved in pro cesses which are leading to more
information. I have used a method which must be recognized by an agency with repeated results ,
twice. That resulted was that the agency did not contest the method, and declined to engage in
agency review of the implication of their default.
After I obtained the minutes of these meetings, I had to have the audio tape s. The archivist who
filled my order told me that I was the first to ever purchase these records . Because I have met
many people who know something about the DMV scam and articulate their aggravation, if not
hostility, I found it amazing that I am the first to pull these records. The Senator who chaired the
Senate Transportation committee and the joint subcommittee and who became the director of
DMV, found it so amazing that I had photo copies of her eighteen year old meetings that she had
to break off abruptly from the pleas antries of sharing a latte' with me.
It is hoped that by including many source citations readers will be encouraged to research for
themselves . There may be readers who would like to exchange information or reimburse me for
research and materials. I have hard copy of all documents referred to, plus Public Record Law
Demands which were made to establish the non-existence of a record. Much of the records are
formatted to compact disk. There are audio tapes of four 1985 joint subcommittee on
Transportation meetings, two House Transportation Committee meetings, and one Senate
Transportation Committee meeting on SB 124-A. These tapes have been edited down to a
presentation that can be made in one hour. The edited tape also has reference to bills to change
definition of driver license and classes of licenses.
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TH E AFFI DA VIT
The modem world of human affairs would grind to an immediate halt if the fundamental truths
and underlying facts in any matter or transaction could not be established or asserted-a bill, an
oath, a ledgering or bookkeeping, a statement of facts, are the life blood of the legal and
commercial world. These and more are all examples of the Affidavit.
The affidavit, when properly used, especially when leveraged by your standing as a secured
party, is the most power ful instrument available in protec ting, defending, and asserting your
sovereignty. For this reason, it is incumbent upon you to become pra cticed in its use and in your
ability to recognize its many forms.
AFFI DAVITS BACK ALL ADHESION CONTRACTS
If you are unable to recognize when affidavits are being solicited, you may be the unwitting dupe
of another parties attempt to create a binding contract. By the signature of your own hand, or
before you became of legal age, the signature of your parent or other authority such as a
physician, have been signing you into bondage since you were born. Certificate of Live Birth,
application for a driver's license, and IRS form 1040, a voter' s registration, and every single
document that the system desires others to be bound or obligated by, is, or requires, an affidavit.
When signed, they represent an oath, or Commercial Affidavit, executed under penalty of
per ju ry, "true, Correct, and complete ". Affidavits may also occur in a court setting where
testimony (oral) is stated in ju dicial terms by being sworn to be "the truth, the whole truth, and
nothing but the truth, so help me God. " In chapter 5 we will explore some strategies that you can
use to avoid this solicitation to contract.
MA XI MS OF THE AFFI DA VIT
Before we get into the structure, form, and requirements of the formal affidavit, with exampl es,
let' s develop a deeper comprehension and understanding of the pur pose, and important maxims
that govern their use.
1. First and foremost, in commerce, truth is sovereign-and the So vereign tells only the
truth. Your word is your bond. If truth were not sovereign in commerce, i. e. , all human
action and inter-relations, there would be no basis for anything. No basis for law and
order, no accountability, there would be no standards, no capacity to resolve anything. It
would mean "anything goes", "each man for himself' , and "nothing matters ". That's
worse than the law of the ju ngle. "To lie is to go against the mind". Oriental proverb :
"Of all that is good, subli mity is supreme ."
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2. In commerce for any matter to be resolved, it must first be expressed. No one is a mind
reader. You have to put your pos ition out there-you have to state what the issue is in
order to have something to talk about and resolve. A person must put himself on the line
and assume a position, take a stand, as regards the matter at hand. One who is not
damaged, put at risk, or willing to swear an oath on his commercial liability for the truth
of his statements and legitimacy of his actions, has no basis to assert claims or charges
and forfeits all credibility and right. Legal Maxim :
"He who fails to assert his right s has none."
3. He who leaves the battlefield first, looses by defau lt. This means that an affidavit which is
un-rebutted point for point stands as "truth in commerce" because it hasn't been rebutted
and has left the battlefield. Governments allegedly exist to resolve disput es, conflicts and
truth. Governments allegedly exist to be substitutes for the dueling field and the
battlefield for disputes . Conflicts of affidavits of truth are resolved peacea bly, reasonably,
instead of by violence. So people can take their disputes into court and have them all
opened up and resolved, instead of going out and marching ten paces and turning to kill
or inju re. Legal Maxim:
"He who does not repel a wrong when he can, occasions it" .
4. An un-rebutted affidavit stands as truth in commerce. Claims made in your affidavit if
not rebutted, emerge as the truth of the matter. Legal Maxim:
"He who does deny, admits ."
5. An un-rebutted affidavit becomes the judgment in commerce. There is nothing left to
resolve. Any proceeding in a court, tribunal, or arbitration forum consists of a contest, or
duel, of commercial affidavits wherein the points remaining un-rebutted in the end stand
as truth and matters to which the ju dgment of the law is ap plied.
6. A lien or claim can be satisfied only though a point by point rebuttal of an affidavit,
resolution by ju ry, or pa yment.
No court or ju dge can overturn or disregard or abrogate somebody's affidavit. The only one who
has any capacity or right or responsi bility or knowledge to rebut your affidavit, is the one who is
adversely affected by it. Just as no one can know what your truth is, it's the affected parties
responsi bility and obligation to issue their own affidavit and to speak on their own behalf.
COMMERCIAL LAW IS PRE-JUDICIAL
Another important concept to understand as a sovereign, if you should go before the court,
because it establishes the basis for keeping your matter in the private, is that Commercial Law is
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non-ju dicial, in fact, pre-j udicial (not pre jud ice). It is the only foundation by which government
or any court system can pos sibly exist or function. All that courts are ultimately adju dicating,
and making rules about, are the fundamental precepts of Commercial Law.
Now to get an idea of all the fun that you'v e been missi ng out on by not knowing about
affidavits , not even knowing that you could AS K FOR ONE, here is an example of how to
leverage your knowledge of Commercial Law and the power of the affidavit.
In commerce there are two pha ses ; assessm ent, and collection. The Assessm ent aspect, is about
determining who owes who, what, why, how much, and for what reason. The collection aspect is
based in International commerce that has existed for more than 6000 years. It is based on Jewish
Law and the Jewish grace period, which is in units of three; three days, three weeks, and three
months. This is why you get 90day letters from the IRS .
Remember, commercial pro cesses are non-ju dicial. They are summary pr ocesses (short, concise
without a ju ry).
THE POWER OF THE AFFID AVIT
Now, the IRS creates the most activity of Commercial Collection in the entire world. The
collection pr ocess is relatively valid, although the IRS is not registered to do business in any
state. Did you understand what you ju st read? The IRS is NOT REGIS TERED TO DO
BUSI NESS OR PERFORM COMMERCI AL MATTERS IN ANY ST ATE. So how do they get
all the money they get? ANSWER : because you give it to them without requesting a proof of
claim from them or even if they were "licens ed" to give you offers based on "arbitrary"
estimations.
However, this is where things get very interesting. Remember the assessm ent phas e? THERE IS
NO VALID ASSESS MENT. The IRS has, and never can, and never will, and never could,
EVER issue a valid asses sment lien or levy. It's not pos sible.
First of all, in order for them to do that there would have to be paperwork, a True Bill in
Commerce. There would have to be sworn Affidavits by someone stating that this is a true,
correct affidavit, complete and not meant to deceive, which, in commerce , essentially "the truth,
the whole truth and nothing but the truth" when. Now, nobody in the IRS is going to take
commercial liability for exposing themselves to a lie and have a chance for people to come back
at them with a True Bill in Commerce, a true accounting. This means they would have to set
forth the contract, the foundational instrument with your signature on it, in which you are in
default, and a list of all the wonderful goods and services for which you owe them money; or a
statement of all the damages that you have caused them, for which you owe them.
To my knowledge, no one has ever received goods or service from the IRS for which they owe
money. I personally don't know of anyone that has damaged anybody in the IRS that gives them
the right to come after us and say that "you owe us money because you damaged me". The
asses sment phase in the IRS is non-existent, it is a complete fraud.
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This is why these rules of Commercial Law come to our rescue . T. S. Eliot wrote a wonderful 
little phrase in one of his poems : 
"We shall not cease from exploration, and the result of all our exploring will be to arrive 
at the place at which we began and know it for the first time. " 
This is the beginning, and this is the end. This closes the circle on the pro cess. 
One reason why the super-rich bankers and the super-rich people in the world have been able to 
literally steal the world and subju gate, plunder, and bankrupt it all the while making chattel 
property out of most of us is because they know and use the rules of Commercial Law and we 
don't. 
Because we don't know the rules, nor use them, we don't know what the game is. We don't know 
what to do. We don't know how to invoke our rights, remedies and recourses. We get lost in 
doing everything under the sun except the one and only thing that is the solution . 
No one is going to explain to you what and how all this is happening to you. That is never going 
to happen. These powe rs-that-be have not divulged the rules of the game. They can and do get 
away with complete fraud and steal everything because no one knows what to do about it. 
SOLUTION 
What CAN you do about it? YOU CAN IS SU E A COMMERCIAL AFFIDAVIT. You don't 
have to title it that, but that's what it is. You can assert in your affidavit, "I have never been 
presented with any sworn affidavits that would provide validity to your assessm ent. It is my best 
and considered ju dgment that no such paperwork or affidavit exists ." At the end of this 
document, you put demands on them. They must be implicit and then you state, "Sh ould you 
consider my pos ition in error ... " 
You know what they have to do now, don't you? They must come back with an affidavit which 
rebuts your affidavit point for point, which means they have to provide the paper work with the 
real assessm ent, the true bill in commerce, the real sworn affidavits that would make their 
assessm ent or claims against you valid. 
No agent or attorney of a fictitious entity can sign an affidavit for the corpora tion. How can they 
swear as fact that the corporation has done or not done ANYTHING? They do not have the 
standing. They cannot and never will provide you with this. This means your affidavit stands as 
truth in commerce. 
Note: An even more streamlined and sophi sticated approach in dealing with the IRS is to 
send them a package with a letter and an IRS power of attorney requesting a 
determination of your tax statu s. This is more pow erful because you have completely 
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drawn them into your power. Now they have two choices, sign the papers you have given
them permi ssion to prepare on your behalf, UNDER PENALTY OF PERJURY , or give
you a determination. This approach puts you out of the business of having to 'p rove that
you'r e not a taxpayer' by offering them the opportunity to admit this themselves . Or they
can fill out their own death warrant. Which do you think they will choose?
DEFINIT IONS
In its formal expr ession, an affidavit is a statement of facts that chronicle the events of a
particular commercial or legal matter, reduced to writing, and sworn to or affirmed before a
person legally authorized to administer an oath or affirmation such as a notary. The person
making the statement is technically known as the affiant or deponent. The affidavit usua lly
contains statements that you can attest to, based on your experience, and may also co ntain
statements based on the observations of others if you indicate this by adding that the information
is based on your 'information and belief' .
You may sometimes see affidavits titled and referred to as "Affidavits of Truth" or "Affidavits of
Facts". This is informal and redundant-all affidavits are about truth and facts . Here are some
formal definitions and types of affidavits and the definition for declaration since this is used in
the definition for affidavit from Blacks Law 6th Edition:
1. Affidavit. A written or printed declaration or statement of facts , made voluntarily, and
confirmed by the oath or affirmation of the party making it, taken before a person having
authority to administer such oath or affirmation.
2. Affidavit of defense. An affidavit stating that the defendant has a good defense to the
plaintif f' s action on the merits ; e.g. affidavit filed with motion for summary ju dgment.
3. Affidavit of inquiry. By court rule in certain states, substituted service of proc ess may be
had on absent defendants if it appears by affidavit of plaint iff s attorney, or other person
having knowledge of the facts, that defendant cannot after diligent inquiry, be served
within the state
4. Affidavit of merits. One setting forth that the defendant has a meritorious defense
(subst antial and not technical) and stating the facts constituting the same. See affidavit of
defense.
5. Affidavit of notice. A sworn statement that affiant has given proper notice of hearing to
other parties to action.
6. Affidavit of service. An affidavit intended to certify the service of a writ, notice,
summ ons, or other document or proce ss. In federal courts, if service is made by a person
other than a United St ates Marshall or his deputy, he shall make affidavit thereof.
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7. Affidavit to hold to bail. An affidavit required in many cases before the defendant in a
civil action may be arrested. Su ch as affidavit must contain a statement, clearly and
certainly expr essed, by someone acquainted with the fact, of an indebtedness from the
defendant to the plaint iff, and must show a distinct cause of action.
8. Declaration. A common-law plead ing, the first of the pleadin gs on the part of the
plaintif f in an action at law, being a formal and methodical specification of the facts and
circumsta nces constituting his cause or action. It commonly compr ises several sections or
divisions, called "c ounts", and its formal parts follow each other in this general order:
Title, venue, commencement, and cause of action, counts, and conclu sion. The
declaration at common law, answers to the "libel" in ecclesiastica l and admiralty law, the
"bill" in equity, the "petition" in civil law, the "com pl aint" in code and rule pleadin g, and
the "count" in real actions. The term "compla int' is used in the federal courts and in all
states that have adopted Rules of Civil Procedure.
ELEMENTS & FORMATS
There are two forms of the affidavit, court brief format and letter. If your matter is private, use
the letter format. The court brief format requires a case number and must be in the standard legal
form. If you write an affidavit in a private matter, which then ends up in the courts, you could
rewrite it in legal format; however, it is not necessary since you can submit the affidavit in letter
form as an exhibit.
On the facing page is an example of the court brief form of a generic affidavit. You can use it as
a template for creating your own. The required elements in order are the Title,
Venue, notice, introduction , statements of fact, date and signature block, and the notary block for
notary information and seal.
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The follo wi ng Affi davit is a Ba re Sa mple format : 
AFFIDAVIT AND DECLARATION 
OREGON STATE 
) Scilic et. 
Cou nty of Jackson ) 
"I nde ed, no more than (affida vits) is necessar y to ma ke the prima 
fac ie case." Uni ted States v. Kis, 658 F.2 nd, 526, 536 (ih Cir . 19 81); 
Cert Den ied , 50 U.S. L.W . 21 69; S. Ct. Ma rch 22, 19 82 
Tha t I, , a li ving breath ing man (or woman) , being fi rst duly sworn , dep ose and 
say and declar e by my signa ture tha t the foll owi ng facts are true to the best of my kno wledge and bel ief. 
TH AT , on 
TH AT, 
TH AT 
Furt her Affiant Saith Not. 
Done this __ day of Februar y 2009 A. D. 
Your name - Affiant 
AC KNOWLEDGEMENT 
SUB CRIBED TO AND SW ORN before me this __ day of , A.D. 
2009 , a Notary, that , pers onally appeared and known to me to 
be the man whose name subs cribed to the within instrument and acknowledged to be the 
same. 
________________ Seal; 
Notary Public in and for said St ate 
My Comm ission expires; _ ______ _ 
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NO TE : If you ar e goin g to us e an affida vit in su ppor t of a cr itic al point that ot her s have
exper i enc e on, we su gg est that you ask those indi vi duals co me forwar d and pr ovi de thei r
own affida vit in sup por t of you r case . The wei g ht of 10 or 20 affi dav its as co mpar ed with
jus t a few, deliv er ed with all the le g al force possi ble, is har d to overl oo k or dism iss.
The following Affidavit is an example and does appear on the bonus CD !
AFFIDA VIT OF TRUTH
PENNS YLVAI NA STATE )
) Sci licet
Cou nty of Phi lad elphia )
"I ndeed, no mor e than (affida vits) is nec essar y to make the
pr ima facie case." Un ited States v. Kis , 658 F. 2nd, 526 , 536 (ih
Cir. 19 81 ); Cer t Denie d, 50 U.S. L.W . 21 69; S. Ct . March 22,
19 82
That I, Benjamin Fr eedom Frank lin, a li vi ng breathing man , being fi rst dul y swor n, de pose
and say and declar e by my sig natur e tha t the following facts are true, corr ect and com ple te to
the best of my kno wledge and belie f.
THAT, the Affia nt is a flesh and bl ood man , and is sover eign in a coll ective capacity with
oth er sove reigns.
THAT, the Affiant's rig hts " ... existed by the law of the land long antec edent to the
organiz ation of the State." (Hale V. Henk el, 201 U.S. 43)
THAT, the Affi ant's rig hts exis t eve n in li ght of the U. S. Bankru ptcy aka The National
Emer genc y and tha t incl udes the right of redem pti on.
THAT, under Article I, Section I of the Oregon Constitu tion, "the peo ple have al l powe r" and
the Affiant as one of the people tha t can exe rcise any powe r.
THAT, Affian t is 'of the peop le' and is above the corpo rate gover nment cal led 'State of
Oregon' / STATE OF OREGON, oper ating in a de-facto bankrup t capaCi ty/status.
THAT, Affiant fi led a UCC Financing State ment (UCC -1) in Pen nsylva nia State , UCC Filing
Nu mber 71 1 2-862-412 9-5 on October 10 , 2009, to per fect a secu rity in terest to ini tia te
rede mp tion as a matter of right.
THAT, the Affiant is the Secu red Party creditor and autho rized represen tativ e of the
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co rpo rate fic tion-entit y / Debto r (Ens legis) ide ntified as BE NJAM IN FREED OM FR AN KLI N
un der necessity.
THAT, Affiant caused to be filed, a Sup erior Secu rity In te rest and Lien up on the prope rty of
the Deb to r and in the Debtor's name file d fi rst in line and fi rst in time, ove r and above the State
of Oregon and tha t all proper ty is exemp t from levy.
THAT, the State of Oregon can not sho w nor pr ovi de a sup erior in terest in the said proper ty
as identified upon the Secu rity Ag reemen t held by the Affi ant. (see for reference; Wynhammer
v. Peo ple, NY 378) .
THAT, the Affiant /Secur ed Party is flesh and blood and the co rpo rate fic tion /Debtor /Ens
legis as appeari ng upon any UCC filing is 'artificial' and was created in the cont emp lation of law
(commer ce) AN D THE TWO ARE NOT TH E SAME, FO R ONE IS RE AL, THE OTH ER IS
FIC TION.
THAT, any di scr imina tion or injur y caused by the State of Or egon to recog ni ze the two
dis ti nct enti ties, the one real and the other artificial agrees to such injur ies and to the asso cia ted
damages as estab lis hed by the Affiant and the State , by and th rough its agen ts by said
agr eement, is estopped from defense or rebuttal in the matte r and ag rees tha t the Affiant may
proceed by Tort for damages.
THAT, this Affi davit if not reb utted point for point by any man , re presen ting the State of
Oregon at any lev el, in any matte r, at any time with in 7 da ys upon rece ip t, the se facts sta nd as
true in the both the private and publi c reco rd ... as true.
NOTE: Maxi m of Law; 1. In Commer ce - Truth is sove rei gn. 2. For a matte r to be resolv ed ,
it mu st be exp ressed . Point of Law - Si lenc e eq uates to agreement.
Fur ther Affiant Saith No t.
Done this 4 day of July 2009 A.D.
''Without Prejudice"
13eniamin :Jreeaom :Jrankfin
Benjamin Freedom Fran kl in, Affiant, Author ized
Rep resenta ti ve , Attorney-In -Fact in behalf of
BENJA MIN FREEDOM FRAN KLlN ©, Ens legis
AC KNOWLED G EM ENT
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SUBCRIDED TO AND SWORN before me this 4th day of July, A.D. 2009 , a Notary, that 
Benjamin Fr eed om Frank lin, personally appeared and known to me to be the man whose 
name subscr ibed to the within instrument and acknowledged to be the same . 
________________________________ Selli 
Notary Public in and for said State 
My Comm ission exp ir es; ______ __ 
Official Notar y Seal 
Goes her e 
But this box does not appear on you r 
************************************************************************************************************************ 
The fo ll owing Affida vit is used afte r Conditional Acce pta nc e for Va lu e for Pr oof of 
Claim (CAF V) : 
Ce rtified Mail Numb er ____ ____________________ __________ __ 
John Henr y Doe 
c/o 6880 S. Broadway 
Tuc son, Ariz ona 85746 
Secu red Party 
Dan the Man d.b.a. 
Loan Reso lu tion Specialist 
SHYSTER BAN K 
16 65 Palm Beach Lakes Bl vd . 
West Palm Beach FL. , 33401 Respondent 
RE: Accou nt # __ ________ __ ____ __ 
Contr act # _ ___ _ 
The followi ng is Sample Format. .. 
Un der stand what is being said and done 
and ma ke any ne cessar y changes on a 
'case by case bas is !' Wo rds in Bold are to 
be changed as to your matter. Use 
com mon sense. 
Remove this text box from vour 
AFFI DA VI T OF NO TICE OF DE FAU LT 
State of __________ _ 
) Scilic et 
___________ cou nty ) 
NOTICE TO AG ENT IS NOTICE TO PRIN CIP AL 
NOTICE TO PRINCIP AL IS NOTICE TO AG ENT 
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I, , her ein 'Affiant," ha ving been duly sworn , declar es tha t by 
affidavit that of the non-r esponse of the Responde nts/pa rties to the contr act entitled, CO ND ITI ONAL 
AC CEP TA NCE FOR VALUE FOR PR OOF OF CLAIM (CA FV), her eina fter, ar e in full agreemen t 
regarding the follo wi ng: 
1. THA T Affiant is com petent to state the matters includ ed in his /h er declar atio n, has kno wledge of the 
facts , and declar ed th at to the best of hi s/h er knowle dge, the statemen ts made in his /h er affida vit are true, 
correct, and not meant to mi slead ; 
2. THA T Affiant is the secu red party, superior claimant, holder in due course, and princip al cred itor having 
a registered prior ity lien hold in terest to all property held in the name of the Debtor; JOHN HENR Y DOE, 
evidenced by UCC-I Fina ncing Statement # filed with the Secretary of State of the 
State of _______ _ 
3. THA T Responde nt, Dan the Man, is herein add ressed in his private capacity, but in his publi c capac ity 
as dir ector, agent, Gov ernor, .•. or ... a citizen and resident of the State of and 
is particip ating in a com mer ci al enterprise with his co-business partner s (or em ployees), including but 
not lim ited to State, Co rporation, SHY STER BANK, etc., her eina fter coll ective ly referred to as 
"R esponden t" ; 
4. TH AT the governing law of this private contr act is the agreemen t of the parties suppor ted by the Law 
Merchant and appl icab le maxims of law; 
5. THA T Affiant at no time has willi ngly, knowingly, in tentiona lly, or volu ntari ly agreed to su bordina te their 
position as cred ito r, thr ough Signa ture, or words, acti ons, or in action's; 
6. THA T Affiant at no time has requested or accepted extrao rd inar y bene fits or privi leges from the 
Respondent, the Un ited States, or any sub d ivision ther eof; 
7. TH AT Affiant is not a party to a valid contr act with Respondent tha t requir es Affiant to perform in any 
manner, including but no t lim ited to the paym ent of mo ney to Respondent; 
8. THA T on Sept ember 22, 2002 , Affiant sent a CONDITI ONAL AC CEP TANCE FOR VA LUE FOR 
PR OOF OF CL AIM (do cument for di scove ry) to the Respondent requesti ng proof of claim as to the loan 
contr act # , (or wha tever the purpose was of the CAFV) in regards to proof of wha t was 
loane d, bank mo ney or bank cred it (or wha tever) , and oth er various proofs of claim to su pport a valid 
lawful contr act. 
9. TH AT Respo ndent had 10 (or 7 or 3 depe nding upon cir cu mstan ces and time!) day s to respond 
with proof of cla im, point for point, ho wever elected to remain silen t or other wise refused to provi de said 
proof of claim (s} and the refore has failed to state a claim upon which relie f can be granted and has 
agreed and stipula ted to the facts and agreed tha t the under sig ned Secu red Party can onl y disch arge 
said deb t via the remedy provided by Congr ess via HJR-1 92 with Bill of Exchange or oth er appropria te 
com mercial paper. 
10 . THA T Responden t has dishonor ed Affiant's CAFV by not providing Proof of Claim (s} in respect to 
their Loan Con tract, etc. This dishonor in now deemed a char ge agains t the Respondent. 
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The following affidavit is an EXCEPTION AL affidavit as to its content. It is
included here for your edification: {T o save space, the paragraphs are
printed single spacing.
STAT E OF MICHIGAN
IN THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE COUNTY OF OA KLAN D
BAN K ONE, N. A., Ca se No. 03-047448-CZ
Plain tiff,
v.
Hon. E.. Sosn ick
AFFI DAVIT OF WALKER F. TODD,
EX PER T WITN ESS FO R DEFEN DANTS
HARSHA VA RDHAN DAV E and
PR ATIM A DAV E, joi ntly and severall y,
Defenda nts .
Harsha vardhan Dave and Pratima H. Dave
C/o 51 28 Echo Road
Bloomfield Hi lls, MI 48302
Defendant s, in propria persona
Mi chael C. Hammer (P41 705)
Ryan O. Lawlor (P 64693)
Dickinson Wrigh t PL LC
Attorn eys for Bank One, N. A.
500 Woodward Avenue, Su ite 4000
Detroit, Mi chigan 48226
(31 3) 22 3-3500
Now comes the Affiant, Walker F. Todd, a citizen of the Un ited States and the State of
Ohio over the age of 21 years, and declar es as fol lows , under pen alty of perjur y:
1. Tha t I am fam ili ar with the Prom issory Note and Disbu rsemen t Reque st and Authoriz ati on,
da ted Novemb er 23, 19 99, together some times referred to in other do cum en ts filed by
Defenda nts in this case as the "alleged agreeme nt" between Defendan ts and Plai nt iff but
called the "N ote" in this Affidavit. If called as a witn ess, I would testify as stated her ein. I
ma ke this Affida vit based on my own personal knowledge of the legal, economic, and
hi storical princip les stated her ein, except tha t I ha ve re lied en tirely on do cumen ts provided to
me, including the Note, re garding certain facts at issue in this case of which I previously had
no dir ect and per sonal kno wled ge. I am ma king this affida vit based on my experience and
expertise as an attorney, econom ist, research write r, and teacher. I am com petent to ma ke
the foll owi ng statemen ts.
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PR OFESSIONAL BACKG ROUND QUALIFIC AT IONS
2. My qual ifica tions as an expert witness in mone tary and banking in stru men ts are as follo ws.
For 20 years, I worked as an attorney and legal officer for the legal dep artme nts of the
Feder al Reserve Banks of New York and Cle veland. Among other things, I was ass igned
respons ibili ty for questions in volving both novel and routine no tes, bo nds, bankers'
acceptances, secur ities, and othe r financial in stru men ts in con nec tion with my work for the
Reserve Ban ks' disc oun t wind ows and parts of the open mar ket trad ing desk fu ncti on in New
York. In addition , for nin e years, I worked as an economic research officer at the Federal
Reserve Ban k of Clev eland. I became one of the Federal Reserve System's recogn ized
experts on the legal his tory of centr al ban king and the pledg ing of not es, bonds, and other
financial in stru men ts at the di scount wi ndow to enable the Federal Reserve to ma ke
adva nces of credit tha t became or could become mone y. I also have read extensively
treatises on the legal and fi nancial hi story of mon ey and banking and have publ ished several
articles covering all of the sub jects ju st menti oned. I ha ve served as an expert witness in
several trials in vol ving banking practices and mone tary in stru men ts. A summar y biogr aph ical
sketch and resume including further det ails of my work experience , readings, publ ications,
and ed ucation will be tender ed to Defendant s and may be ma de available to the Court and to
Plai ntiff's counsel upon request.
GE NER ALL Y AC CEP TED ACC OUNTING PRINCI PLES
3. Ban ks are requir ed to adher e to Gen erally Accepted Acco un ting Princip les (GAAP) . GAAP
follo ws an accou nti ng conv ention tha t lies at the heart of the doub le-entry bookk eeping
system called the Match ing Princ iple. This principle works as fol lows : Wh en a bank accepts
bullion, coi n, cu rrency, ch ecks , dr afts, prom isso ry no tes, or any other si mil ar ins tru men ts
(her eina fter "ins tru ments") from cust omers and de posits or records the in strume nts as assets ,
it mu st record offsetting liabili ties tha t match the assets tha t it accepted from cust omer s. The
liabi li ties represent the amou nts tha t the bank owes the cus tomer s, funds accepted from
cust omer s. In a fractional reserve ban king system lik e the Un ited States banking system,
most of the funds adv anced to bo rrowers (assets of the bank s) are created by the bank s
themselv es and are not merely trans ferred from one set of depos itors to ano ther set of
borrowers.
RE LE VAN CE OF SUBTLE DIS TINC TIONS ABOUT TYPE S OF MONE Y
4. From my study of his torical and economic writi ngs on the sub ject, I conclude that a common
mi sconcep tion about the na tu re of money un fortuna tely has been pe rpetuated in the U.S.
mone tary and banking systems, especially sin ce the 19 30s . In classical econom ic theor y,
once economic exchange has moved beyond the barte r stage, ther e are two types of money:
money of exchange and money of account. . For near ly 300 years in both Eur ope and the
Uni ted States, conf usion about the di stinc tive ness of these two concep ts has led to persi stent
attempts to treat money of acco un t as the equivalent of mon ey of exchange . In reali ty,
especially in a fractional reserve banking system , a compar ative ly small amount of money of
exchange (e .g., gold, sil ver, and official cu rrency notes) ma y support a vastly larger quan tity
of busi ness tran sactions den om ina ted in mo ney of ac count. The sum of these tran sactions is
the sum of credit extensions in the economy. Wi th the exception of cus tomary sto res of value
li ke gold and sil ver, the mone tary base of the economy lar gely consis ts of credit in stru men ts.
Agains t this background, I conclude tha t the Note, despite some langua ge about
"l awful mone y" explai ned below, clearly cont empla tes both disbur sement of funds and
eventual repaym ent or settlement in mone y of acc oun t (that is, mone y of excha nge
would be welcome but is not reguir ed to repay or settle the Note ). The factual bas is of
this conclusion is the reference in the Disbu rsement Requ est and Author ization to repayment
of $95 ,9 05. 16 to Mi chigan National Ban k from the proceeds of the Note. Tha t was an
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exchange of the credit of Bank One (Plai nt iff) for credit apparently and previously extended to
Defendan ts by Mi chigan National Ban k. Also, ther e is no reason to belie ve tha t Plai nt iff
would refuse a sub stit ution of the credit of ano ther bank or banker as com plete payment of
the Defendants' repayment obli gation un der the Note. This is a case about exch anges of
mo ney of acco un t (credit) , not about exchan ges of mon ey of exchange (l awful mon ey or even
legal tender ) .
5. Iron ically, the No te explicitly refers to repayment in "law ful money of the Uni ted States of
Ame rica" (see "Pr om ise to Pay" clause) . Trad itionall y and legally, Con gress de fines the
phr ase "l awful mone y" for the Un ited States. Lawful mo ney was the form of mone y of
exchange tha t the federal governmen t (or any state) could be requir ed by statute to rece ive in
paym ent of taxes or other deb ts. Trad itionally, as defined by Congr ess , lawful money only
includ ed gold, si lver, and cu rrency no tes rede emable for gold or si lve r on demand. In a
banking law cont ext, lawful mo ney was only those forms of mon ey of exchange (the form s
ju st men tioned , plus U.S. bonds and notes redee mable for gold) tha t cons tituted the reserves
of a na tional bank prior to 19 13 (da te of creation of the Federal Reserve Ban ks). See, Lawful
Mone y, Webster's New International Dictionary (2d ed. 19 50). In li ght of these facts. I
conclude tha t Plain tiff and Defenda nts exchanged reci procal credits in volving mo ney
of account and not mone y of exc hang e; no lawful mone y was or proba bly ever wou ld
be di sbur sed by either side in the covered trans actions. This conclusion also is
cons istent with the bookke eping entries that un derlie the loan acco un t in di spute in the
present case. Moreover, it is puzzl ing why Pl aintif f would retain the archaic langua ge, "law ful
mo ney of the Un ited States of Amer ica ," in its other wise mo de rn-seemin g Note. It is possible
that this langua ge is merely a legacy from the pre-19 33 era. Mo dern credit agreem en ts mi ght
in clud e repayment langua ge such as, "The repayment obl igati on under this agreement shall
conti nue un til payment is received in fully and finally collected funds," wh ich avoids the enti re
questi on of "In wha t form of mo ney or credit is the repayment obl igation due? "
6. Legal tender. a related con cept but one that is econom ically in ferior to lawful money because
it allo ws paym ent in ins tru men ts that canno t be red eemed for gold or sil ver on demand, has
been the form of mone y of excha nge com monl y used in the Uni ted States since 19 33, when
dom estic private gold tran sactions were suspended (until 19 74).. Basical ly, legal tender is
wha tever the government says that it is. The mo st com mon form of legal tender today is
Feder al Reserve notes , which by law canno t be red eemed for gold si nce 19 34 or, si nce 19 64,
for sil ver. See, 31 U.S.C. Sections 51 03, 51 18 (b) , and 51 19 (a) .
Note: I question the statemen t tha t fed reserve no tes canno t be redeemed for sil ver si nce 19 64. It
was Johnson who declar ed on 15 Marcy 19 67 that after 15 Jun e 19 67 that Fed Res Notes
would not be exchanged for si lve r and the practice did stop on 15 June 19 67 - not 19 64. I
bel ieve this to be error in the text of the author's affidavit.
7. Legal tender under the Uniform Commercial Code (U. CC.), Section 1-20 1 (24) (Official
Commen t), is a concept tha t sometimes su rfaces in cases of this natu re. . The referenced
Official Co mm ent notes tha t the de fini tion of money is not lim ited to legal tender under the
U,C.C. Money is de fine d in Section 1-201 (24) as "a medium of exchange autho rized or
adopted by a dome stic or foreign government and includ es a mone tary uni t of acco un t
established by an in tergovernmen tal organ ization or by agreemen t between two or mor e
nati ons." The relevant Official Commen t states that ''The test adopted is tha t of sanction of
government, whet her by autho rization before issue or adop tion afterward, which recogniz es
the cir cu lating medium as a part of the official cu rrency of tha t government. The na rrow view
tha t mo ney is lim ited to legal tender is rejected ." Thus, I conclude tha t the U.C.C. tends to
valida te the cla ssical theor etical view of mone y.
HOW BAN KS BE GAN TO LEND THE IR OWN CREDI T IN STEAD OF RE AL MON EY
8. In my opinion , the best sou rces of in formation on the origins and use of credit as mone y are
in Alfr ed Marsha ll, MON EY, CRE DIT & CO MMER CE 249-251 (1 929) and Cha rles P.
Kind leber ger, A FI NA NCIAL HIS TORY OF WESTERN EUROPE 50-53 (1 984) . A synt hesis
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of these sour ces, as applie d to the facts of the present case , is as fol lows: As com mercial 
bank s and di scount hous es (private banker s) becam e estab lished in parts of Eur ope 
(especially Great Britai n) and North Amer ica, by the mi d-ni neteenth centur y they com monly 
made loans to bo rrowers by extending th eir own credit to the bo rrowers or, at the borrowers' 
di rection, to thir d parties . The typical form of such extensions of credit was dr afts or bills of 
exchange dr awn upon them selves (cl aims on the credit of the dr awees) ins tead of 
disbu rseme nts of bullion , coin, or oth er forms of mon ey. In transac tions with thir d parties, 
these dr afts and bills came to serve most of the ordinary func tions of mone y. The thir d 
parties had to det ermin e for themsel ves wheth er such "c redit mon ey" had value and, if so, 
how mu ch. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 was dr afted with this model of the com mercial 
economy in min d and provided at lea st two mech anisms (the dis coun t wi ndow and the open
ma rket trad ing desk) by which certain types of bank ers' cred its could be exchanged for 
Federal Reserve cred its , which in tur n cou ld be wit hdr awn in lawful money. Cr edit at the 
Feder al Reserve event ually became the princip al form of mone tary reserves of the 
com mercial banking system, especially after the suspension of dom estic tran sactions in gold 
in 19 33 . Thus, credit mone y is no t alien to the cu rrent official mone tary system; it is ju st 
rarely used as a device for the creation of Federal Reserve credit that, in turn , in the form of 
either Federal Reserve no tes or banks' depos its at Federal Reserve Ban ks, fu ncti ons as 
mo ney in the cu rrent mo netary system. In fact, a means by which the Fede ral Reserve 
expands the mo ney su pply, loose ly defi ned , is to set banks' reserve requir emen ts (cu rrently, 
usually ten percent of demand liabil ities) at levels tha t woul d enc our age bank s to extend new 
credit to borrowers on thei r own books that thir d parties would ha ve to present to the same 
banks for redemp tion, thus leading to an expansion of bank-cr eated credit mo ney. In the 
modern economy, ma ny non-bank provider s of credit also extend book credit to the ir 
cus tomer s without previously setting aside an equivalent amount of mone tary reserves (credit 
card line of credit access che cks issued by non-bank s are a good example of this type of 
cred it), which also causes an expansion of the aggregate quantity of credit mon ey. The 
dis cussion of mon ey taken from Federal Reserve and other mo der n sou rces in paragraphs 
11 et seq. is cons istent with the account of the origins of the use of bank credit as mo ney in 
this paragraph. 
ADVANCES OF BANK CREDIT AS THE EQUIVALENT OF MONEY 
9. Plai ntif f apparently asse rts tha t the Defenda nts sig ned a prom ise to pay, such as a note(s) or 
credit appl ication (col lective ly, the "No te") , in exchange for the Plai ntiff's advance of funds, 
credit, or some type of money to or on behalf of Defendant. However, the bookke eping 
en tries requir ed by appl ication of GAAP and the Federal Reserve's own writings should 
trigger clo se scrutiny of Plai ntiff's apparent asse rtions tha t it lent its funds, cred it, or mo ney to 
or on behalf of Defendan ts, ther eby causing them to owe the Plai ntif f $400 ,000. Acco rding to 
the bookke eping entries sho wn or ot her wise described to me and appl ication of GAAP, the 
Defendant s al legedly were to tender some form of money ("law ful mo ney of the Uni ted States 
of Ame rica" is the type of mon ey explicitly called for in the Note), secu rities or other capital 
equivalent to mo ney, funds, cred it, or some th ing else of val ue in exch ange (money of 
exchange , loosely de fine d), col lectiv ely referred to her ein as "money," to repay wha t the 
Plai ntif f claims was the money lent to the Defendan ts. It is not an unr easonable argument 
to state tha t Plai ntif f appare ntly chang ed the economic su bsta nce of the transac tion 
from tha t contempla ted in the cred it applica tion form . agreem ent. note(s). or other 
si mil ar in stru ment(s) that the Defenda nts executed. ther eby changing the costs and 
risk s to the Defenda nts. At most, the Plai nt iff extended its own credit (m oney of accou nt) , 
but the Defenda nts were re quir ed to repay in money (m oney of exchange, and lawful money 
at tha t), which creates at least the in ferenc e of ine qual ity of oblig ations on the two sides 
of the transac tion (m oney, including lawful money, is to be exchanged for bank crediQ. 
MODERN AUTHO RITIE S ON MON EY 
11. To under stand wha t occu rred between Plai ntif f and Defendant s conc erning the alleged loan of 
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money or, mor e accu rately, credit, it is helpful to review a mo der n Fede ral Reserve
description of a bank's lending process. See, David H. Friedma n , M ONE Y AN D BAN KING
(4th ed. 19 84)(appar ently alr eady in trod uced in to this case): "T he com mercial bank lending
process is simil ar to tha t of a th rift in that the receipt of cash from depos ito rs incr eases both
its assets and its depo sit liabili ties , which enable s it to make add itional loans and
in vestmen ts. . .. Wh en a com mercial bank makes a busi ness loan , it acce pts as an asset
the borrower's deb t oblig ation (the prom ise to repay) and creates a liabili ty on its books in the
form of a demand deposit in the amoun t of the loan ." (Co nsumer loans are funded simil arly. )
Ther efore, the bank's original bookke eping entr y should sho w an incr ease in the amoun t of
the asset credited on the asset side of its books and a correspon ding incr ease equal to the
value of the asset on the li abi li ty side of its books. This would show tha t the bank rece ived
the cus tomer's signe d prom is e to repay as an asset, thus mone tizing the cus tomer's
signa tur e and creating on its book s a liabi li ty in the form of a demand deposit or other
demand li abi li ty of the bank . The bank then usually would hold this demand deposit in a
transac tion accou nt on behalf of the cus tomer. In stead of the bank lending its money or oth er
assets to the cus tomer, as the cus tomer reasonably mi ght bel ieve from the face of the Note,
the bank created funds for the cust omer 's tran sacti on account without the cus tomer 's
permissi on, authoriza tion, or kno wledge and del ivered the credit on its own books
representi ng those funds to the cus tom er, meanwh ile alleg ing tha t the bank lent the cus tomer
money. If Plai ntiff's respons e to this line of argum ent is to the effect tha t it ackno wledges tha t
it lent credit or issued credit ins tead of mon ey, one mi ght refer to Thoma s P. Fitch,
BAR RON'S BUSIN ESS GUIDE DIC TION ARY OF BANKING TERMS, "Cr edit banki ng," 3.
"Bookke eping entr y re presenti ng a deposit of funds in to an account." But Plai ntiff's loan
agreement apparently avo ids cla iming tha t the bank actually lent the Defenda nts money.
They apparen tly state in the agreement that the Defendant s are obli gated to repay Plai ntiff
princi pal and in terest for the "V al uable consider ation (mon ey) the bank gave the cus tomer
(borr ower)." The loan agreement and Note apparently sti ll de lete any reference to the bank's
receipt of actual cash val ue from the Defendan ts and exchange of tha t receipt for actual cash
value that the Plai ntif f banker retu rned .
12 . Accord ing to the Federal Reserve Ban k of New York. mo ney is anything tha t has va lue
tha t bank s and people accept as mone y; mone y does not have to be issue d by the
government. For exam ple, David H. Friedman, I BET YOU THOUGH T .... 9, Federal
Reserve Ban k of New York (4th ed. 19 84)(apparently alr eady in trod uced in to this case),
explains tha t bank s create new mon ey by depositi ng IOUs, prom issor y no tes, offset by bank
liabili ties cal led checking acco un t balances. Page 5 says , "Money does n't have to be
in trinsically val uable, be issued by governmen t. or be in any special form .... "
13 .The publ icati on , Anne Marie L. Go nczy, MODERN MONE Y ME CHANICS 7-33, Feder al
Reserve Bank of Ch icago (rev. ed. June 19 92)(apparently alr eady in troduced in to this case),
cont ains standar d bookke eping en tries demo nstr ating that money ordi narily is recorded as a
bank asset, while a bank liability is evid enc e of money tha t a bank owes . The bookke eping
en tries tend to prove tha t ban ks accept cash, checks, dr afts, and prom issor y notes/c redi t
agreemen ts (assets) as money dep osited to create credit or checkbook money tha t are bank
liabilities, which sho ws that, absent any right of setoff, banks owe money to persons who
deposit money. . Cash (mone y of excha nge) is mone y. and cred it or promi ssor y notes
(mone y of accou nt) become mo ney when bank s deposit prom iSSOry notes with the
in tent of treating them lik e de posi ts of cash. See, 12 U.S.C. Section 18 13 (/)( 1)
(defi ni tion of "deposif' under Feder al Deposit In sur ance Act). The Plai ntif f acts in the
capacity of a lending or banki ng ins tituti on, and the ne wly issued credit or mo ne y is similar or
equi valen t to a prom issory note , whi ch may be treated as a deposit of mone y when received
by the lending bank .. Feder al Reserve Bank of Dal las publ ication MON EY AN D BAN KING,
page 11, explains tha t when bank s grant loans , they create new mo ney. The new money is
created because a new "loan becomes a deposit, ju st lik e a paycheck does ." MODERN
MONE Y ME CHAN ICS, page 6, says , "W ha t they [ban ks] do when they ma ke loans is to
accept prom issor y notes in exchange for cred its to the borrowers' tran saction account s." The
ne xt sentence on the same page explains tha t the banks' assets and liabi li ties incr ease by
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the amoun t of the loans. 
COMMENTARY AN D SUMM ARY OF AR GUMENT 
14 . Plai nt iff apparently accepted the Defen dants ' Note and credit appl ication (money of acco un t) 
in ex change for its own credit (also mo ney of acco un t) and depos ited that credit in to an 
acco unt with the Defenda nts' names on the acco un t, as we ll as apparen tly issu ing its own 
credit for $95 ,9 05.1 6 to Mi chigan Na tional Ban k for the accou nt of the Defendan ts. One 
reasonably mi ght argue tha t the Plai nt iff recorded the Note or credit appl ication as a loan 
(money of acco un t) from the Defend ants to the Plai ntiff and that the Plai ntif f then bec ame the 
borrower of an equivalent amoun t of money of acco un t from the Defendants. 
15 . The Plai ntif f in fact nev er len t any of its own pre-ex isting mone y, credit, 
or ass ets as consid eration to purch ase the Note or cred it ag reement 
from the Defendan ts. (No te: I add tha t when the bank does the forgoing, then in tha t 
event, ther e is an utter failure of consideration for the "loan cont racf' .) When the Plai nt iff 
depos ited the Defen dants' $400 ,0 00 of newly issued credit in to an acco un t, the Plai ntif f 
created from $360, 000 to $400 ,000 of new mo ney (the nom in al princip al amoun t less up to 
ten percent or $40 ,000 of reserves tha t the Feder al Re serve would requir e agai ns t a demand 
deposit of this siz e). The Plai ntiff received $400 ,0 00 of cr edit or mo ney of acco un t from the 
Defendants as an asset . GAAP ordi narily would requir e tha t the Plai nt iff record a lia bili ty 
acco un t, cr ed iting the Defenda nts' deposit account, sho wing that the Plai ntif f owes $400 ,000 
of mo ney to the Defendants, ju st as if the Defenda nts were to deposit cash or a payroll check 
in to the ir accoun t. 
16 . The fol lowi ng appears to be a dispu ted fact in this case about which I ha ve in sufficient 
in forma tion on which to form a concl usi on: I in fer tha t it is alleged tha t Plai nt iff refused to 
lend the Defendan ts Plai ntif f's own money or assets and recorded a $400 ,000 loan from the 
Defendant s to the Plai nt iff, which arguably was a $400 ,000 dep osit of money of account by 
the De fend ants , and then when the Plai nt iff repaid the Defenda nts by payi ng its own credit 
(m oney of accou nt) in the amoun t of $400 ,0 00 to thir d-party seller s of goods and services for 
the account of Defendants, the Defendan ts were re paid their loan to Plai ntiff, and the 
transac tion was complete. 
17 . I do not ha ve sufficient knowledge of the facts in this case to form a conclusion on the 
following disp uted poi nts : None of the follo wing ma terial facts are dis clo sed in the credit 
appl ication or Note or were adve rtised by Plai ntif f to prove tha t the Defenda nts are the true 
lender s and the Plai ntif f is the true bo rrower. The Plai ntif f is tryi ng to use the 
cred it ap plic at ion form or the Note to pe rsuade and deceiv e the 
Defenda nts in to be li eving tha t the opposit e occ urred and tha t the 
Defen da nts we re the borr ower and no t the lender. The fol lowi ng poin t is 
und isput ed : The Defenda nts' loan of their credit to Pla intif f, when issued and paid from their 
deposi t or credit account at Plai ntif f, became money in the Feder al Reserve System (sub ject 
to a red uction of up to ten percent for reserve requir eme nts) as the newly issued credit was 
paid pursuant to written order s, including che cks and wire tran sfers , to sel lers of goods and 
services for the account of Defenda nts . 
CONCLUSION 
18 . Based on the forego ing, Plai nt iff is using the Defendan t's Note for its own pu rposes , and it 
remains to be proven whether Plai ntif f has incu rred any financial loss or actual dama ges (I do 
not ha ve sufficient in formation to form a conclusion on this poi nt) . In any case, the inclusion 
of the "la wful mone y" langua ge in the repaymen t clause of the Note is conf using at best and 
in fact may be mi slea ding in the context described abo ve. 
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AFFI RMATION 
19 . I her eby affir m tha t I prepared and ha ve read this Affida vit and tha t I belie ve the forego ing 
statemen ts in this Affida vit to be true. I her eby fu rther affir m tha t the basis of these bel iefs is 
either my own direct kno wledge of the legal pr inciple s and hi storical facts in volved and with 
respect to which I hold myself out as an expert or stateme nts ma de or docu men ts provided to 
me by thir d parties whose veracity I reasonably assumed. 
Furt her the Affiant saith naught. 
At Chagrin Falls, Ohio 
December 5, 2003 
WALKE R F. TODD (Ohio bar no. 0064539) 
Expert witness for the Defend ants 
Walker F. Todd , Attorney at Law 
Ohio 44022 
fax (440) IIIIIIII 
e-mail: westodd @a delphia. ne t 
At Chagr in Falls, Ohi o 
Decemb er 5, 2003 
NOTARY'S VERIFICATI ON 
On this day perso nally came before me the abov e-name d Affiant, who proved his ide ntity to me to 
my sati sfaction, and he ackno wledged his sig natu re on this Affida vit in my presence and stated tha t he 
did so with fu ll under standing tha t he was sub ject to the penalties of perjur y. 
Notary Public of the State of Ohio 
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GLO SS ARY OF TE RMS 
TH E FO LLO WING DEF INI TIO NS ARE FO R YO UR USE TH ROUGHOU T TH E MAN UAL 
AN D WIL L NE ED TO BE REFERRED TO OFTEN TO UNDER STAN D TH E ME CHAN IC S 
AN D OPER ATI ON OF CO M ME RCIAL LAW AN D RE DEM PTI ON . IT IS SUGGES TED 
THAT YO U AC QUIRE AT LEAST A BLACKS LAW 6 TH OR 7TH ED IT ION DIC TION ARY 
FO R YO UR PRIV ATE USE. 
Abuse of Process : 
Th ere is sa id to be an ab use of process when an adver sa ry, th rough the malicious 
and un foun ded use of some reg ular legal proceed ing, obt ains some adva ntage ove r 
his opp onent. Whart on . Empl oyment of process for doing an ac t clearly out side 
au thor ity con veyed by expr ess terms of writ . -- Holding of accused inc ommun icado 
before co mplying with wa rrant req uir ing accus ed to be ta ke n before magis trate . --
Wa rra nt of ar rest to coer ce deb tor. A malicious ab us e of legal process occu rs wher e 
the pa rty emplo ys it fo r some un lawfu l obje ct, not the pu rpose wh ich it is in tended 
by the law to effect ; in oth er wor ds, a per ver sion of it. (Black s 4th ) 
Acceptance: 
The vo lunta ry act of receiving so me th ing or ag ree ing to ce rta in term s. In con trac t 
law, ac ce pta nce is co nsent to the terms of an offe r, crea ting a binding contr act; the 
ta king and rece ivi ng of any th ing in good part , and as if it wer e a tacit agr eement to 
a preced ing act, which migh t have been defeated or avoided if such ac ce pta nce had 
not been made . The act of a per son to whom a th ing is offe red or tender ed by 
ano ther , wher eb y he receives the th ing with the in tention of retaining it, such 
in tention be ing evi denc ed by a suf ficien t act. -- (B lack's 6th) 
Acceptance: 
contr acts . An ag reement to receiv e some th ing wh ich has been offe red . 
2. To co mplete the contr act, the acce pta nce mus t be ab so lute and pas t reca ll, 
10 Pick. 826 ; 1 Pick. 278 ; and com mun ic ated to the pa rty making the offer at the 
time and place appOint ed . 4. Whe at. R. 225 ; 6 We nd . 103 . 
3. In many cases ac ce pta nce of a th ing wa ives the ri gh t which the pa rty 
receiving before had ; as, for exa mp le, the ac cepta nce of rent after notice to qu it, in 
gener al wa ives the no tice . See Co . Ut t. 211, b; Id . 215 , a.; and No tice to qui t. 
4. The ac cept anc e may be express, as when it is openly decla red by the pa rty to 
be bo und by it; or impli ed , as wher e the pa rty acts as if he had ac ce pted . The offe r, 
and ac ce pta nce mus t be in so me me dium un der stood by, both pa rties ; it may be 
langua ge, symb olical, oral or wr itten. Fo r exam ple, pe rsons deaf and dumb may 
contr act by sy mb olic al or wr itten language. At auc tion sales, the contr act, 
gener ally sym bo lical; a nod, a wink , or some oth er sign by one part y, imp orts that 
he ma kes an offe r, and knocki ng down a hamm er by the other , that he agr ees to it. 
3 D. & E. 148 . Th is sub je ct is fu rth er co nsider ed under the art icles Asse nt an d 
Offe r, (q v.) 
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5. Acce pta nce of a bi ll of exch an ge the act by wh ich the drawee or oth er 
per son evi nces hi s assent or in tention to co mp ly with and be bo und by, the req ue st 
cont a in ed in a bill of exc hange to pay the sa me; or in oth er wor ds, it is an 
eng agement to pay the bi ll when due. 4 Eas t, 72 . It will be proper to co nsider , 1, 
by whom the ac cepta nc e ough t to be made; 2, the ti me 
when it is to be made ; 3, the form of the acce pta nce ; 4, its extent or effect. 
6.-1. The ac ce pta nce mus t be made by the drawee hims elf, or by one au thor ized 
by him . On the presentment of a bi ll, the holder has a ri gh t to ins ist up on such an 
ac cepta nce by the draw ee as will sub je ct him at all eve nts to the pay ment of the 
bill, acco rding to its tenor; co nseq uen tly such drawee mus t hav e ca pacit y to 
con tract, and to bind hi mself to pay the amoun t 
of the bill, or it, may be treated as di shonor ed . Mar ius, 22. See 2 Ad . & EH . N. S. 
16 , 17. 
7.- 2. As to the ti me when, a bill ough t to be ac ce pted , it may be before the bill is 
drawn ; in th is case it mu st be in writi ng ; 3 Mas s. 1; or it may be af ter it is drawn ; 
when the bi ll is present ed, the drawee mus t ac cept the bill wi thin twe nty-four hou rs 
after prese ntme nt, or it should be treated as di shonor ed . Chi t. Bi lls, 212. 217. On 
the refu sal to ac cept, eve n with in the twen ty-four hou rs, it should be protest ed . 
Chit. Bills, 217. The ac cepta nce may be made after the bill is drawn, and before it 
beco mes due or afte r the time app oi nted for paym ent 1 H. BI . 313; 2 Gree n, R. 33 9 
and eve n after refu sa l to accept so as to bind the ac cept or. 
S. The acce pta nce may also be made su pra protest, wh ich is the ac cepta nc e of 
the bi ll, afte r protest for non -accepta nce by the drawee, for the honor of the 
dr awer , or a par ticu lar endor ser. When a bill has been ac cepted supr a protest for 
the honor of one part y to the bi ll, it may be ac ce pted supr a protest, by ano ther 
ind ivi dual, for the honor of ano ther. 
Beawes, tit. Bills of Excha nge, pI. 52; 5 Ca mpb. R. 447 . 
9.-3. As to the fo rm of the ac ce pta nce, it is clearly established it may be in 
writi ng on the bill itself, or on an oth er pa per , 4 East, 91; or it may be verba l, 4 
Eas t, 67; 10 Jo hn. 207 ; 3 Mas s. 1; or it may be expr essed or impl ied . 
10. An expr ess ac ce pta nc e is an agr eement in dir ect and expr ess terms to pay a 
bill of exc hange, either by the pa rty on whom it is drawn , or by so me oth er per so n, 
for the honor of so me of the pa rties . It is Us ually in the wor ds ac ce pted or ac ce pts, 
but oth er expr ess wor ds showing an engag ement to pay the bill will be eq ually 
bin din g . 
11. An implied ac ce pta nc e is an agr eement to pay a bill, no t by dir ect and 
expr ess terms, but by any acts of the pa rty fro m wh ich an expr ess agr eement may 
be fa ir ly in ferred . Fo r exam ple, if the draw ee writes "se en," "p resent ed ," or an y, 
oth er th ing up on it, (as the day on whic h it beco mes due,) this, un less expla ine d by 
oth er Circu ms ta nces, will con stitut e an accept an ce . 
12.-4. An ac cepta nc e in regar d to its exte nt and effect, may be either ab solute, 
condit iona l, or partia l. 
13. An ab solute acce pta nce is a positive engagem ent to pay the bill ac co rdin g 
to its tenor , and is usually made by writi ng on the bill "ac ce pted ," and su bscr ib ing 
the drawe e's name; or by mer ely writi ng his name ei th er at the botto m or acr oss 
the bi ll. Co mb. 40 1; Vi n. Ab . Bi lls of Exch ange, L 4; Bayl. 77; Chi t. Bills, 226 to 
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228 . But in order to bind ano ther than the dr awee, it is req ui si te hi s name should 
ap pea r. Bayl. 78. 
14. A co ndi tional ac cepta nc e is one wh ich will sub je ct the draw ee or ac cepto r to 
the payment of the mone y on a conti ngenc y, Bayl. 83, 4, 5; Chit. Bi lls, 234; Holt's 
C. N. P. 182; 5 Ta un t, 344 ; 1 Mar sh . 186. The holder is no t bo und to receive such 
an ac ce pta nce, but if he do rece ive it he mus t obser ve its terms. 4 M.& S. 466 ; 2 
W. C. C. R. 48 5; 1 Ca mpb. 425. 
15. A par ti al acce pta nce va ries fro m the tenor of the bi ll, as wher e it is made to 
pay part of the sum for which the bill is dr awn, 1 Stra . 214; 2 Wash . C. C. R. 485 ; 
or to pay at a di fferent ti me, Molloy, b. 2, c. 10, s. 20 ; or plac e, 4. M. & S. 462 . 
(B ouvier s 1856 6th Ed .) 
ACCEPTANCE BY SILEN CE : "When the co urt 'imp lies a prom ise" or holds that 
"g ood fa ith " req uir es a part y no t to violate th ose exp ectati ons, it is recog nizing that 
some ti mes sile nce says mor e th an wor ds, and it is un der standing its dut y to the 
spir it of the bar gain is hig her th an its dut y to the tech nic alities of the language ." 
Cor bin on Contr acts - UCC 1-2 05 
Acceptor: 
"A cce pto r" means a drawee who has acce pted a draft. UCC 3-103( 1). Th e per son 
who ac ce pts a bi ll of exch an ge, (gener ally the drawee) or who engage s to be 
prim ar ily responsi ble for its payme nt. -- Black's 1s t 
Accommodat io n : 
An ar ran gemen t or engagem ent made as a favor to ano ther , no t up on a 
co nsider ation recei ved . Some th ing done to oblige, usua lly spok en of a loan of 
mone y or co mmer cial paper; also a friend ly agr eemen t or co mp osit ion of 
di fferenc es . The wor d impli es no co nsider at ion . Whil e a pa rty's in tent may be to ai d 
a mak er of a no te by lending hi s cred it, if he see ks to acc ompl ish ther eb y legitim ate 
objec tives of his own, and no t simply to aid ma ker, the act is not for 
acc ommo datio n. (Black s 6th ) 
Accommod ati on Party: 
One who signs commer cial paper in an y ca paci ty for pu rpose of lending his na me 
(i.e. cred it) to an oth er part y to ins trum ent. Such part y is a su rety . (Black s 6th) 
UC C 3-419 
Account: 
Acco un t me ans any ri ght to payment for goods sold or leased or for servic es 
render ed which is no t evidenc ed by an ins tru ment or chat tel pa per , whe ther or no t 
it has been ea rned by performa nce . All rig ht s to payment ea rned or unear ned un der 
a chart er or con tract in vo lving the use or ri g hts of a vesse l and all rig hts in cident to 
the chart er or contr act are ac cou nts . UC C 9-10 6 
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To Accrue: 
Lit erally to gr ow to ; as the int erest accrues on the princip al. Accru ing cos ts ar e 
those wh ich beco me due and ar e created after ju dg ment of an execut ion . 
2.- To accr ue mea ns also to ar ise, to ha ppen, to co me to pass ; as the statut e of 
limita tions does not co mm enc e ru nn ing un ti l the ca us e of acti on has accr ued . 1 
Bo uv. Ins t. n. 86 1; 2 Rawle, 277 ; 10 Wat ts, 363 ; Ba c. Abr. Li mitati on of Actions, D 
3. (B ouvier s 18 56, 6th Ed .) 
Acc us ation : 
A form al cha rge agai nst a per so n, to the effect that he is gui lty of a pu nishable 
offense, laid before a co urt or magis trate havi ng ju risd ic tion to in quir e in to the 
alleged crime. (Black s 6th ) 
Action: 
"Ac ti on" in the sense of a judi cia l proceed ing in cludes recoupmen t, cou nter -claim, 
set-off, su it in eq uity, and any oth er proce edings in wh ich rig hts ar e determ in ed . -
UCC 1-2 01(1) 
Action : 
Co nduc t; behavior; some th ing done ; the condition of acti ng ; an act or series of 
acts . 
Practic e 
The legal and formal demand of one's ri gh t fro m ano ther per son or part y made 
and in sis ted on in a court of ju stice . Pur su it of righ t in co urt, without reg ar d to form 
of proced ure. Fo rm of su it gi ve n by law fo r recove ry of that wh ich is one's due. 
Judi cial mea ns of enf orcing a ri gh t. Judi cia l remedy for the enf orce ment or 
protec tion of a rig ht. An ordinar y procee ding in a court of ju stice by wh ich one 
pa rty prosecutes an oth er for the enf orcemen t or protection of a ri gh t, the redr ess 
or preve ntion of a wrong, or the pun ishment of a publi c offens e. (B lack's 4th ) 
Adjudication: 
The gi ving or pronouncing a judg ment or de cree in a ca us e; also the ju dg ment 
gi ven. Or the en try of a decr ee by a co urt in respec t to the parties in a case . 
It impli es a hear ing by a co urt , after notice, of legal evidenc e on the factual is sue 
in vo lved. Th e eq uiva lent of a "de term in at ion ." And co ntemp lates that the cla ims of 
all the par ties ther eto hav e been co nsider ed and set at rest. The term is pr incip a lly 
us ed in ban kru ptcy proceed in gs, the adj ud ica tion be ing the order which dec lares 
the deb tor to be ba n kru pt. (B lack's 4th ) 
Affidavit : 
A wr itten or pr int ed dec laration or state ment of facts, made vo luntar ily, and 
conf i rmed by the oath or af fi rm ation of the pa rty making it, ta ke n before an offi cer 
with au thor ity to ad min is ter such oath . (B lacks 1s t) 
Agreement : 
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"Ag reeme nt" me ans the ba rgain of the par ties in fact as found in th eir language or 
by impl icati on fro m oth er cir cums ta nces includ ing cou rse of de aling or usage of 
trade or cou rse of pe rformanc e as provided in th is code. Whe ther an agr eement has 
legal co nseq ue nces is determ in ed by the provisions of this cod e, if appli ca ble; 
oth erwise by the law of contracts . (S ecti on 1- 103) . UCC 1-2 01(3) 
Allege : 
To sta te, recite, asser t, or char ge; to mak e an allegation . To affi rm , asse rt, or 
declar e. (B lacks 4th ) 
Alleged : 
Stat ed ; recit ed ; claime d ; asser ted ; char ged . (B lacks 4th ) 
Appearance Bon d: Type of bail bond req uir ed to in sur e prese nce of defendant in a 
criminal case . As a Secu red Pa rty Cred ito r you ca n reque st an app ear an ce bond 
without fees and cha rges fro m the judge or prosecut or. Th is is the mo st va luable 
us e of yo ur one free ca ll and is the reco mm ende d first order busine ss on be ing 
boo ked in to jail. Yo u ca n ask for the bond at you r ar raign ment. 
Arraignmen t: 
crim. law practice . Signifies the ca lling of the de fendant to the ba r of the cou rt, to 
an swer the accusat ion cont ai ned in the ind ic tm ent. It co nsis ts of th ree part s. 
2.- 1. Ca lling the def endant to the ba r by his name, and com manding him to hold 
up his hand ; this is done for the pu rpose of co mpletely iden tif ying the pris oner , as 
the per son na med in the ind ictm ent; the hold ing up his hand is no t, ho weve r, 
ind ispens able, for if the prisoner should refu se to do so, he may be ide ntified by 
an y adm ission that he is the per son in tended . 1 BI . Rep. 3. 
3.- 2. The reading of the ind ic tment to enable him fu lly to un der stand, the 
char ge to be prod uc ed agai nst him; The mode in wh ich it is read is, afte r' sayi ng, 
"A B, hold up yo ur hand," to proceed , "you sta nd ind icted by the nam e of A B, late 
of, &c ., for that yo u on, &c ." and then go thr ough the whole of the ind ictment 
4.-3. Afte r this is co ncluded, the clerk proceeds to the th ir d par t, by adding, 
"Ho w say yo u, A B, are you gui lty or no t gui lty?" Up on this, if the priso ner , 
conf esses the cha rge, the conf ess ion is recor ded, and no th ing fu rther is done ti ll 
ju dg ment if , on the cont ra ry, he an swe rs "n ot gui lty", that plea is ent ered for him, 
and the clerk or atto rney gen eral, replies that he is gui lty; when an issue is formed . 
Vide gener ally, Dalt. J. h. t. ; Bur n's J. h. t. ; Williams; J. h. t. ; 4 BI . Com . 322; Har g. 
St. Tr. 4 vol. 777, 66 1; 2 Hale, 219; Cro . C. C. 7; 1 Chit. Cr. La w, 414. (B ouvier s 
1856 6th Ed .) 
Artificial: 
Creat ed by Art, or by law; exis ti ng only by force of, or in cont emp lation of law. 
(B lacks 1s t) 
Artificial Person : 
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In a fi g ur ative sense, a body of men or comp any ar e sometimes ca lled an art if icial 
per so n, beca use the law associ ates them as one, an d gi ves them va rious power s 
possessed by na tu ral per so ns. Cor por atio ns are such artif icia l per so ns. 1 Bo uv. Ins t. 
n. 177 . (B ouvier s 1856 6th Ed .) 
Assess: To as certain ; fi x the va lue of. To fi x the amoun t of the damage s or the 
va lue of the th ing to be asce rtain ed . To im pose a pecu niar y pay ment up on per so ns 
or propert y. To ascer tain, adjus t, and settle that respe ctive shar es to be 
co ntri but ed by seve ra l perso ns towa rd an obje ct bene ficia l to them all, in propor tion 
to the bene fit receiv ed . To tax. 
In co nne cti on with ta xation of proper ty, means to mak e a va luation and appr ai sa l of 
proper ty, usua lly in co nn ection with listi ng of proper ty liable to taxa ti on, and 
impl ies the exer cise of dis cretion on the part of officials char ged with dut y of 
as sessi ng . Inc luding the listi ng of inv en tory of proper ty in volved , determ in ation of 
extent of phy sic al prop erty, and placing of a va lue ther eo n. To adjus t or fix the 
propor tion of a tax wh ich each per so n, of seve ra l liable to it, has to pay ; to 
ap port ion a tax among seve ral; to di stribut e taxation in a propor tion foun ded on 
the pr oportion of bur den and bene fi t. To ca lculate the rate and amoun t of tax es. To 
levy a charge on the ow ner of propert y for impr oveme nts ther eto, such as for 
sewer s or sidew alks. "Access " is some ti mes used as synonymous with "le vy". See 
also AS SE SS ME NT. 
Assessment: In a gen eral sense, the process of asce rtaini ng and adj usti ng the 
shar es res pective ly to be co ntri but ed by sever a l per sons towar d a co mm on 
bene ficia l obje ct ac cor ding to the bene fit received . A va luation or a determ in ation 
as to va lue of propert y. It is ofte n us ed in co nne cti on with as ses sing proper ty taxes 
or levying of proper ty taxes . Also the amoun t as sessed . See also Asses s; 
Equal iz ati on. 
Assumpsit: 
con tracts . An un dert aking either expr ess or impli ed, to pe rform a pa role 
agr eement. 1 Li lly's Reg . 132. 
2. An expr ess as sump sit is wher e one un dert ak es ve rba lly or in writi ng, no t 
un der sea l, or by mat ter of reco rd, to pe rform an act, or to a sum of mone y to 
an oth er. 
3. An impl ied assu mp sit is wher e one has not made any formal prom ise to do an 
ac t or to pay a sum of mone y to ano ther , but who is pr es um ed fro m his co nduc t to 
ha ve assu med to do what is in point of law jus t and right; fo r, 1s t, it is to be 
presumed that no one desir es to enr ich hi mself at the expens e of an oth er; 2d , it is 
a ru le that he who desir es the ant eced ent , mus t ab ide by the co ns eq uent; as, if I 
receive a loaf of bread or a ne wspa per daily sent to my hous e without order s, and I 
us e it without obje cti on, I am pres um ed to hav e ac cepted the term s up on which the 
per son send ing it had in co ntemp latio n, that I should pay a fa ir pr ice for it; 3d, it is 
also a ru le that ever yo ne is presu med to asse nt to what is us efu l to him. See 
Assent (B ouvier s 1856 6th Ed .) 
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Attach: 
When the th ree basic prerequ isi tes of secu rity int erest exis t (agr eeme nt, va lue, and 
collateral) the secu rity agr eement bec ome s enfor cea ble between the par ties and is 
sa id to "at tach ". (B lack s 6th) - UCC 9-203 
Attachment: 
The act or process of ta king, appr ehend ing, or seiz ing per sons or proper ty, by 
vir tue of a wr it, su m mons, or oth er ju di cial order , and br inging the sa me in to the 
cus tody of the law; us ed either for the pu rpose of bringing a per son before the 
cou rt, of ac quir ing ju ri sd ic tion over the proper ty seiz ed , to comp el an app ea ran ce, 
to fu rn ish secu rit y for deb t or costs, or to ar rest a fu nd in the hands of a th ir d 
person who may beco me liab le to pay it ove r. Also the wr it or other process for the 
ac compl ishment of the pu rposes ab ove enu mer ated, th is be ing the mor e co mmon 
us e of the wor d . A remedy anc illary to an acti on by wh ich plai ntiff is enab led to 
acquir e a lien up on pr oper ty or effects of defendan t for sati sfa ction of ju dg ment 
wh ich plain tiff may ob tain . Th ough some times ca lled an anc illary or auxi liary 
proceed ing, it is in all ess en tia l respec ts, a sui t. 
The pu rpose is to ta ke def enda nt's proper ty in to legal cus tody, so that it may be 
appl ied on defenda nt's deb t to plai ntif f when est ablished . 
At co mmon law, "at tach ment" was proced ure wher eby sher iff was co mm an ded to 
attach a def endant who, after being per sonally ser ved, dis obe yed orig inal writ of 
sum mons, by keeping certa in of hi s goods which he wo uld fo rfeit if he did no t 
app ear , or by making him fi nd secu rities who wo uld be amer ced if he conti nu ed his 
nonapp ear anc e, and, if after such attach ment he sti ll neg lected to app ear , he wo uld 
not only forfe it th is secu rity, but was co mp elled by a wr it of dis tri ngas inf in ite . 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Attorn: 
(#), v. i. [OF. atorn er, atu rner , atou rner , to dir ect, prepar e, disp ose, attorn (c f. DE. 
atorn en to retu rn , ador n); a L. ad) + torner to tu rn; cf. LL. atto rnar e to co mmi t 
busine ss to ano ther , to attor n; ad + tornar e to turn, L. tornar e to tu rn in a lathe, to 
round off. See Tu rn , v. t. ] (We bste r's 1913) 
1. (F eudal La w) To turn, or tra nsfe r homage and ser vice, fro m one lord to ano ther. 
Th is is the act of feud atories, vassa ls, or tena nts, up on the aliena tion of the estate . 
Blackstone. 
2. (Mo der n La w) To agr ee to beco me tenant to one to whom rever sion has been 
gr an ted . 
Attorney: [e- 'ter-ne] 
pi : -neys Anglo- French atorne legal represent ative , fro m pas t par tici ple of atorner 
to desig nate, appoi nt, fro m Old French, to prepar e, ar range see attorn : a per son 
au thor ized to ac t on ano th er 's behalf (Webs ters La w 199 6)(F indl aw.c om) 
Bail: 
practice, cont racts . By ba il is under stood su reties, gi ven accor din g to law, to insur e 
the app ea ranc e of a pa rty in cou rt. The per so ns who beco me su rety ar e ca lled ba il. 
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Some ti mes the term is appli ed, with a wa nt of exac tness, to the secu rity gi ve n by 
a defenda nt, in order to obt ain a stay of execut ion, after ju dg men t, in ci vil cases ., 
Ba il is either civil or crimin al. (B ouvier s 1856 6th Ed .) 
Bail: 
n. Mon eta ry am ount for or co nd ition of pretrial release fro m cu stody, no rma lly set 
by a ju dge at the ini ti al app ea ranc e. The pu rpose of ba il is to insur e the app ea ranc e 
of the accu sed at su bseq uent proceed ings. If the accus ed is una ble to mak e ba il or 
oth erwis e unabl e to be released on his or her own recog ni za nce, he or she is 
detai ned in cu stod y. The Eig hth Am endmen t (U.S. Con stit uti on) provides that 
excessive ba il sha ll no t be req uir ed . -- Th e su rety or sur eties who procu re the 
release of a per son un der ar rest, by bec oming respo nsible for his app ea ran ce at the 
ti me and place desig nated . Those per so ns who beco me su reties for the ap pea ranc e 
of the defendant in co urt. (B lacks 6th ) 
Bailee: 
"B ai lee" me ans the per so n who, by a wa rehous e rece ip t, bill of lading, or oth er 
docu ment of title, ack nowledge s posses sion of go ods and contr acts to deliver 
th em. UCC 7-10 2( l) (a) 
Bailee: 
In the law of con tracts . One to whom goods ar e bai led; the pa rty to whom per so nal 
proper ty is deliver ed un der a co ntract of ba ilment. A species of agent to whom 
some th ing mo vea ble is co mmi tted in trust for an oth er. (B lacks 4th ) 
Bailiff : 
One to whom some au thor ity, ca re, guar dians hip , or ju risd ic ti on is del ive red , 
co mm itted, or en tru sted ; one who is deput ed or app Oi nted to ta ke char ge of 
ano ther 's affair s; an over seer or su per in tendent; a kee pe r, protector, or guar di an; 
a stewa rd . A she rif f's offi ce r or depu ty . A court attendan t some ti mes ca lled a 
tips taff. 
A magis trate, who formerly admini stered jus ti ce in the par liamen ts or co urts of 
Franc e, an sweri ng to the Engl ish She riff s as ment ione d by Bracton . 
A person acti ng in a min is ter ial ca pa cit y that has by delive ry the cu stody and 
admin is tration of lands or go ods for the bene fit of the ow ner or bai ler, and is liable 
to render an ac cou nt ther eof. (B lacks 4th ) 
Bank: 
"B ank " mea ns an y per son engaged in the busi ness of ba nk ing . UC C 1-2 01 
Bank: 
A bench or seat; the bench of jus tic e ; the bench or tribuna l occu pied by the ju dges; 
the seat of judgm ent; a co urt. The fu ll bench, or fu ll court; the ass embly of all the 
ju dges of a co urt. 
An acclivi ty; an elevation or mound of ea rth, espec ia lly that which bor der s the sides 
of a water co ur se . 
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An ins titut ion, of gr eat va lue in the co mm ercial wor ld, empo wer ed to receiv e 
deposi ts of mone y to mak e loans, and to is sue its prom issor y no tes (desig na ted to 
cir cu late as mo ney, and co mm only ca lled "b ank -notes" or "b ank -bills", ) or to 
per form any one or mor e of th ese fu nctions. 
Th e hous e or plac e wher e the busine ss of ba nk ing is carri ed on . (Black s 4th ) 
Bank Acceptance : 
Draft drawn on and ac cepted by ba nk . (B ouvier s 3rd) 
Banker: 
A pr ivat e per so n who kee ps a ba nk; one is who eng aged in the busi ness of ba nk ing . 
Indi vid ual Ba nk er -- Under some statutes, an indi vid ual ban ke r, as di sti ngu ished 
fro m a "pr ivate ba nk er" (q .v. ), is a per son who having co mplied wi th the statut ory 
req uir em ent s, has received au th or ity fro m the state to engage in the busi ne ss of 
ba nk ing, while a pr ivat e ba nk er is a per so n is enga ged in ba nk ing wi thout having 
any specia l pr iv ileges or au th or ity fro m the state . 
Pr ivat e Ba nk er -- One who ca rri es on the busine ss of ba nk ing wi thout be ing 
inc orpor ated . One who carri es on the busi ne ss of ba nk ing by receiving mone y on 
dep osit wi th or without in terest, by buying and selling bills of exc hange, promis sor y 
notes, gold or si lver coin, bullion, in cu rre nt mone y, bonds or stock, or oth er 
secu rities, and by loan ing mo ney wi thout being inc orpor ated . (B lacks 4th ) 
Bankers Acceptance: 
A bill of exc hange dr aft paya ble at ma turit y that is drawn by a cred itor agai nst hi s 
or her deb to r. Ba nkers ac ce pta nc es ar e sho rt-term cred it ins tru me nts mo st 
co mm only us ed by perso ns or fi rms eng aged in in ternat ional trade. They ar e 
co mparable to short -term go vern ment secu riti es (f or exa mp le, Treasu ry Bills) and 
may be sold on the open ma rket at a di scou nt. (B lacks 6th ) 
Banker 's No te: 
con tracts . In England a di sti ncti on is made betwe en bank no tes, (q . v.) and 
ban kers' not es . The latter ar e promi ssor y no tes, and rese mble ba nk no tes in eve ry 
res pect, except that they ar e gi ven by per sons acti ng as priv ate ba n ke rs . 6 Mod . 
29 ; 3 Ch it. Co m. Law, 590 ; 1 Le igh's N. P. 338. (B ouv ier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Bankruptcy: 
Po pular ly defi ned as in solvenc y, the inabil ity of a deb tor to play hi s de bts as they 
beco me due. Tech ni ca lly, ho weve r, it is the legal process un der the Fed eral 
Ba nkru ptcy Act by wh ich as sets of the deb tor ar e liqui da ted as qu ickly as pos sible 
to pay off his cred itors and to di sc har ge the ban kru pt, or free him of his deb ts, so 
he ca n sta rt an ew . In reorgan izat ion, on the oth er hand, liqu idation may be av oide d 
and the deb tor may conti nue to fu nction, pay his cred itors, and ca rry on bUSine ss . 
(B ar ron's 3rd) 
Barratry: 
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In criminal law. Also sp elled "B a rretry" . The offe nce of freq ue ntly exci ting and 
sti rri ng up quar rels and su its, either at law or oth erwise . Co mmon ba rratry is the 
practice of exci ting gr ou ndless judi cia l proceed ings. Pe nal Code Ca l. Section 15 8; In 
Mar iti me law. An ac t co mmi tted by the mas ter or mar in ers of a vesse l, for so me 
un lawfu l or fraudul ent pu rpose, contr ary to th eir dut y to the owner s, wher eby the 
latter sus tain injur y. (B lacks 4th ) 
BEARER : mea ns the perso n in posses sion of an ins tru men t, document of title, or 
certif ied secu rit y paya ble to bea rer or indor sed in blank. UCC - defini tions 1996-97 
ed . p. 4 NO TE : Our moth ers 'b ea r' us to bir th . 
Bench Warrant: 
Process issued by the co urt itself, or "f rom the bench ," for the attachment or ar rest 
of a per son ; ei ther in case of cont emp t, or wher e an ind ictment has been found, or 
to bring in a wi tness who do es no t ob ey the subpoena . So ca lled to di sti ngu ish it 
fro m a wa rran t, issu ed by a jus tice of the peace, alder ma n, or co mm is sioner. 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Bench Warrant: 
crim. law. The name of a process so meti mes gi ven to an attachment issued by 
order of a criminal co urt, agains t an indi vidual for some cont em pt, or for the 
pu rpose of ar resti ng a per so n accu sed ; the latter is seldom gr an ted un less when a 
true bill has been fou nd . (B ou vier's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Bill: 
A writ ten state ment of the terms of a contr act, or spec ificati on of the items of a 
contr act or of a dem and . Also, a gener al name for an y item of indeb tedne ss, 
whe th er receiv a ble or pay able. (B lacks 6th ) 
The cred itor's wr itten stat ement of his claim, specif ying the items. (B lack's 1s t) 
The cred itor's written state men t of his claim, specif ying the items. It di ffers fro m an 
ac coun t stated in this, that a bill is the cred itor 's stat ement; an ac count stated is a 
state ment that has been assent ed to by both partie s . (B ouv ier's 3rd) 
A form al dec laration, co mplai nt, or state ment of par ticu lar th ings in wr iti ng . As a 
legal term , th is wor d has man y me an ings and applic ations, the mor e imp orta nt of 
which ar e enum erated below . 
1. A formal writ te n state ment of co mplain t to a court of jus tice . In the an cient 
practi ce of the court of king's be nch, the usual and order ly method of beg inning an 
acti on was by a bill, or orig inal bill, or plaint. Th is was a wr itten sta tement of the 
plai ntif f's ca us e of action, like a declar ation or co mplai nt, and always alleged a 
trespass as the ground of it, in order to gi ve the co urt jur is dic tion . (Bill Cham ber , 
Bi ll of Pri vi lege, Bi ll of Proof) 2. A species of wr it . 
A formal writ ten declar at ion by a co urt to its offi cers, in the na tu re of process . 
(Bill of Mi dd lesex) 
3. A formal written petit ion . To a su perior co urt for acti on to be ta ken in a 
ca use already determ ined, or a reco rd or certif ied acco unt of the proceed ings in 
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such action or so me por ti on ther eof , acc ompanying such a petit ion . (Bill of 
ad vocati on, Bill of cer tior ar i, Bill of evidenc e, Bi ll of excep ti ons) 
4. In eq u ity practic e . A formal written com plain t, in the natu re of a peti tion, 
add ressed by a su ito r in chanc ery to the cha ncellor or to a co urt of eq uity or a co urt 
havi ng eq u itab le jur is d iction , sho wing the na mes of the par ties, stati ng the facts 
wh ich mak e up the case and the co mplainan t's allegatio ns, ave rri ng that the acts 
di sclosed ar e contr a ry to eq u ity, and pray ing for process and for sp ecific relief, or 
for such relief as the cir cu msta nc es dem and . (B ill for a new trial, Bill for 
foreclosur e, Bi ll for fraud, Bi ll in aid of execut ion, Bi ll in nat u re of a bill of rev iew, 
Bill in nat u re of a bill of revivor , Bi ll in natu re of a supp lemen ta l bill, Bi ll in natu re of 
in terp leader , Bill of co nfor m ity, Bi ll of di scove ry, Bi ll of in format ion, Bill of 
in terpleader , Bill of peac e, Bi ll of review, Bi ll of rev ivor , Cross- bill, ........... ) 
5. In legis lation and Co nstituti onal law. The wo rd mea ns a draft of an act of the 
legislatu re befo re it becomes a law; a prop osed or projected law. A draft of an act 
prese nted to the legis lature, but not enac ted . Also, a sp ecial ac t passed by a 
legis lative body in the exer cise of a qu asi judi cia l power. 
6. A so lemn and formal legislative declar ation of po pular rig hts and libert ies . 
Promu lgated on ce rtain extraor d inar y occ asions, as the fa mous Bi ll of Ri gh ts in 
Eng lish hi sto ry. (Bill of Ri ght s) 
7. In the law of contr acts . An obli gati on ; a deed wher eby the obligor 
acknowledges hi mself to owe to the obligee a ce rtain su m of mone y or some other 
th ing . It may be inde nted or po ll, and wi th or without a pena lty. (Bill obli gator y, 
Bi ll of deb t, Bi ll pe nal, Bi ll sing le) 
8. In co mm ercial law. A written state ment of the terms of a con tract, or 
sp ecif ic at ion of the ite ms of a trans action or of a dem and ; also a gener al name for 
an y ite m of in deb ted ne ss, whe ther recei va ble or paya ble. 
Acco un ts for go ods so ld, servic es render ed , or work done . As a verb, as 
gener ally and cus tomar ily us ed in com mer cia l trans actions, "bill" is synonymous 
wi th "char ge" or "i nvoic e" . (Bill-book, Bi ll-head, Bi ll of lading, Bill of par cels, Bill of 
sa le, Bi ll paya ble, Bill rec ei va ble, Bill render ed , Gr and bill of sa le) 
9. In the law of nego tia ble ins tru ment s. A prom issor y obligation for the 
payment of mone y. Standing alone or wit hout qual ifying wor ds, the term is 
un der stood to mea n a ba nk note, Un ited States treasur y note, or oth er pi ece of 
paper cir cu lating as money. (Bill of cred it, Bi ll of exchange, Dom estic Bi ll of 
Exch an ge, Fo reign Bi ll of Excha nge, In land bill of exc hange) 
10. In Mar iti me law. The term is appl ied to contr acts of va rious sorts, but 
chie fly to bills of lading and to bills of adv en tu re. (B ill of adventu re, Bill of gr oss 
ad ventu re, Bi ll of hea lth) 
11. In reve nue law and proced ure. Th e term is gi ve n to various do cu ment s 
fi led in or issu ing fro m a cu sto m hous e, princi pa lly of the so rts de scri bed below . 
(Bill of en try, Bi ll of sig ht, Bill of sto re, Bi ll of suff eranc e) 
12. In criminal law. A bill of indic tme nt, see in fra . (Bill of Ap pea l, Bi ll of 
ind ic tme nt) 
-- Bill of app eal. An anc ie nt, but now ab olished, method of criminal prosec uti on . 
-- Bi ll of ind ic tment. A form al written document accusing a per son or per sons 
na med of having co mm itted a felony or mi sd emean or, lawfully laid before a gr and 
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jur y for th eir ac tion up on it. If the gr and jur y decided that a trial ough t to be had, 
they indor se on it "a true bill;" if oth erwise, "no t a tru e bill" or "no t found ." 
13. In co mm on law practice . An it em ized state men t or specific ation of 
par ticu lar detai ls, es pecia lly items of cost or char ge (Bill of costs , Bi ll of 
par ticu lars) 14. In Eng lish law- A draft of a pat ent for a cha rter, co mm ission, 
dign ity, offi ce, or app oi ntment. 
Bill. True: 
A tru e bill is an ind ic tment appr oved of by a grand jur y. Vide Be lla Vera ; Tru e Bi ll. 
(B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Bill of Exchange: 
A writ ten order fro m A. to B., dir ecti ng B. to pay C. a certain su m of mone y th erein 
na med . A bill of exch an ge is an ins tru ment, nego tiabl e in fo rm , by wh ich one, who 
is ca lled the "dr awer " , req ues ts ano ther , ca lled the "dr awe e", to pay a specif ied 
sum of money. A bill of exch an ge is an order by one per so n, ca lled the "dr awer " or 
"mak er", to ano ther , ca lled the "dr awee" or "ac ce ptor" , to pay mone y to ano ther , 
(who may be the drawer hims elf,) ca lled the "p ayee ", or his order , or to the bea rer. 
If the payee, or a bea rer, tra nsfe rs the bi ll by endor se men t, he then becomes the 
"endor ser " . (B lack's 1s t ) 
Bond: 
A certif ic ate or evidenc e of a deb t on which the issu ing co mpany or go vern ment al 
body promis es to pay the bondholder s a sp ecif ied am oun t of in terest for a specif ied 
length of ti me, and to repay the loan on the exp ir ati on da te . A long term deb t 
ins tru ment that promis es to pay the lender a series of per iod ic in terest payme nts in 
add ition to retu rn ing the pr incip al at mat u rit y. In eve ry case a bond represe nts deb t 
- it's holder is a cred ito r of the corpor ation and not a par t owner as is the 
shar eholder. (B lack's 6th ) 
Bondag e: 
Slavery; inv olunta ry per sonal servi tu de; ca ptiv ity (B lack's 4th ) 
Calendar: 
crim. law. A list of pr is oner s, contain ing th eir na mes, the ti me when they wer e 
co mmitt ed , and by whom, and the ca use of th eir co mmitment s. (B ouvier 's 185 6 
6th Ed .) 
Calendar of Prisoners: 
In Eng lish practice . A list kept by the She riffs cont aining the na mes of all the 
pr is oner s in their cu stody, wi th the seve ra l judgm ent s agai nst each in the mar gin. 
(B lack s 4th ) 
Special Calendar: 
A ca lendar of list of ca us es, cont aining those set down spec ially for hear ing, trial, or 
ar gu ment. (B lack's 4th ) 
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Calendar Year: 
The per io d fro m Januar y 1s t to Dec emb er 31, inclu siv ely. (B lack's 4th ) 
Call: 
N .C ont ract language. As us ed in contr act, means demand for payment of, 
espec ia lly by formal no tice . 
Con veya nc ing . A visi ble nat u ral obje ct or landmar k desig na ted in a pat ent , entr y, 
gr an t, or oth er con veya nce of lands, as a limi t or bou ndar y to the land de scri bed , 
with wh ich the pOi nts of su rveying mus t co rrespo nd . Also the co ur ses and di sta nc es 
des ign ated . 
Cor por ation Law. A demand by di recto rs up on su bscri ber s for shar es fo r pay ment 
of a por tion or ins tallment; in th is sense, it is ca pable of th ree me anin gs : (1) The 
reso lution of the dir ecto rs to levy the assess ment; (2) its no tif icat ion to the per so ns 
liable to pay ; (3) the time when it becomes pay able. 
Altho ugh the terms "c all" and "as sess ment" ar e ofte n us ed sy nonymously, the latter 
term appl ies wi th pecu liar ap tness to contr ibu tions ab ove the pa r va lue of stock or 
the su bscr i ption liabil ity of the stoc kholder s. 
Dealings in Futu res . Deposit of mor e mar gin. 
Dealin gs in Secu rities or Grain. Option or ri gh t to demand a ce rtain am oun t of 
secu rities or gr ain at a fixed pr ice at or with in certa in ti me agr eed on. (B lack's 4th ) 
Call: 
To summ on or demand by name; to demand the prese nce and partici pation of a 
numb er of per sons by ca lling aloud th eir name s, either in a pre-ar ran ged and 
syste matic order or in a suc cess ion determ ined by chanc e. Terms "c alled" and 
"sold " ar e eq u iva lent. 
Ca ll of the Ho use, Ca lling a Sum mons, Ca lling an Electi on, Ca lling the Dock et 
The publi c ca lling of the do cket or list of ca us es at co mmen cement of term of 
co urt for setti ng a time for trial or en teri ng order s of conti nuanc e, de fault, nonsu it, 
etc . (B lack's 4th ) 
Camera: 
In old En glish law . A cham ber , room, or apar tment; a ju dge's cha mb er; a treasu ry; 
a ch est or coffer. Also, a sti pend pay able fro m vassa l to lord; an annui ty . See In 
Ca mer a (B lack's 4th ) 
Case: 
Acti on, ca use, su it, or co ntrove rsy . A gen eral term for an acti on, ca use, su it, or 
contr ove rsy, at law or in eq u ity ; a que sti on co ntested before a co urt of jus tice ; an 
agg reg ate of facts wh ich fu rn ishes occ asion for the exe rcise of the jur isd ic ti on of a 
court of jus tice . The wor d "c ase' or "c au se" me ans a judi cia l proce ed ing for the 
determ in ation of a contr ove rsy betwee n pa rties wher ein ri gh ts are enf orced or 
protect ed, or wr ongs are preve nted , or red ressed . Any proceed ing judi cial in its 
natu re. 
Cases and controversi es . 
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Th is term , as us ed in the Cons titution of the Un ited States, embr aces claims or 
cont entions of litiga nts brough t before the co urt for adjud icat ion by reg ular 
proceed ings established for the protection or enfor ce ment of rig hts, or the 
preve ntion, red ress or punish ment of wrongs; and whene ver the claim or 
cont ention of a pa rty ta kes such a form that the judi cia l power is ca pable of ac ti ng 
up on it, it has bec ome a case or con trove rsy . (Blac k's 4th ) 
Case : 
remed ies. Th is is the name of an action in very gen eral us e, wh ich lies wher e a 
par ty sue s for damage s for any wrong or ca use of co mpla in t to wh ich cov enan t or 
trespas s wi ll no t lie. Steph . PI . 15 3 Wodd . 16 7 Ha m. N. P. 
1. Vide Wr it of tres pass on the case . In its mo st co mpr ehen siv e sign ific atio n, 
case incl udes as su m psit as we ll as an acti on in form ex delicto ; but when simpl y 
mentioned, it is usua lly under stood to mea n an acti on in form ex delicto . 7 T. R. 36. 
It is a liberal actio n; Bu rr, 906, 10 11 1 BI . Rep. 199; ba ilable at co mmon law. 2 
Ba rr 927-8 ; foun ded on the jus tice and co nscienc e of the Tiff 's case, and is in the 
natu re of a bill in eq u ity 3 Bu rr, 1353, 1357 and the su bsta nce of a co un t in case is 
the damage assi gn ed . 1 BI . Re p. 200 . (B ou vier's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Cash: 
Mo ney or its eq ui va lent; usua lly ready money. (B lack's 4th ) 
co mm erce . Mone y on hand, which a mercha nt, trader or oth er person has to do 
busi ness wi th . 
2. Cash pr ice, in co ntracts, is the pric e of art icles paid for in cash, in 
contr ad is ti ncti on to the credit pr ice . Pa rd . n. 85; Chipm . Contr. 11 0. In comm on 
par lance, ba nk notes are co nsider ed as cash ; but bills receiva ble ar e not. 
(B ouv ier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Ca us e practi ce . A Cont ested que sti on before a co urt of jus tice ; it is a Sui t or action . 
Ca us es are ci vil or crimin al. Wood 's Civ. La w, 302; Cod e, 2, 416. (B ouvier 's 1856 
6th Ed .) 
Cause of Action: 
By this phr ase is un der stood the ri gh t to bring an action, wh ich impli es, that ther e 
is so me per son in exis tence who ca n assert, and also a per son who ca n lawfully be 
sued ; for exa mple, wher e the payee of a bill was dead at the ti me when it fell due, 
it was held the ca us e of acti on di d not accr ue, and con seq uen tly the statut e of 
limitations di d no t beg in to ru n un ti l letters of admin istr ation had been ob tai ned by 
some one. 4 Bing . 686 . 
2. Ther e is no ca us e of action ti ll the claiman t ca n legally sue, the refo re the 
statut e of limitations does not ru n fro m the mak ing of a prom ise, if it wer e to 
per form some th ing at a futu re time, but only fro m the exp ir ation of that time, 
thou gh, when the obligor prom ises to pay on dema nd, or gener ally, without 
sp ecif ying day, he may be sued immed iat ely, and then the ca use of action has 
accrued . 5 Ba r. & Cr. 860 ; 8 Dowl. & R. 34 6.W hen a wrong has been co mm itted, or 
a breach of dut y has occu rred , the ca use of action has ac crued, th ough the claiman t 
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may be ign orant of it. 3 Ba rn . & Ald. 288, 626 5 B. & C. 259 ; 4 C. & P. 127. 
(B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Chamber of Accounts : 
In French law. A sover eign court , of gr eat an ti qu ity, in Franc h, wh ich took 
cog ni za nce of and regis tered the ac cou nts of the ki ng's revenue; nea rly the same 
as the Eng lish cou rt of excheq uer. (B lack's 4th ) 
Chamber of Commerce: 
A soci ety of the prin cipal mer cha nts and trader s of a city, who me et to promo te the 
gener al trade an d co mmer ce of the place. Some of these are inc or por ated, as in 
Phi ladelphia . (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Charge: 
v. To im pose a bur den, obligation or lien ; to creat e a claim agai nst propert y ; to 
claim, to demand ; to ins truc t a jur y on mat ters of law. n. In gener al. An 
encu mbr anc e, lien, or bur den ; an obligation, or du ty; a liabili ty ; an accusat ion . In 
con tracts . An obligation, binding up on him who ent ers in to it, wh ich may be 
remo ved or take n away by a di sc har ge. (B lack's 1s t) 
Conver sion of electri ca l ener gy int o chem ic a l ener gy wit hin a cell or sto rage 
bat tery . (B lack's 4th ) 
In crim inal law 
An ac cu sati on or oral cha rge. A formal co mplai nt, inf or mati on, or indic tment. A 
co un t. (B lack's 4th ) 
Charge and Discharge: 
Un der former eq uity practice, in ta king an acc oun t before a mas ter, a wr itten 
state ment of items for wh ich plain tiff ask ed credit and a cou nte r-state me nt, 
exh ibi ti ng claims or demands def endan t held aga i nst plai ntiff. (B lack's 4th ) 
Charge-Back : 
(a) A co llecting ba nk has a secu rity in terest in an item and any ac comp an ying 
docu men ts or the proceed s of eit her: ... (2) In case of an item for wh ich it has gi ven 
cred it av ailable for withdr awa l as of rig ht, to the extent of the credit gi ve n, whe ther 
or no t the credit is drawn up on or ther e is a ri gh t of cha rge-b ack. (UC C 4-
21 0(a)(2) 
Charge-Sheet: 
A paper kept at a polic e station to receiv e each ni ght the na mes of the per sons 
brough t and gi ven in to cus tody, the natu re of the accusat ion, and the name of the 
accuser in each case . (B lack's 4th ) 
Charg es : 
The expens es wh ich hav e been in cu rred, or di sbur se me nts made, in co nne cti on 
wi th a con tract, su it or busine ss tra ns acti on . Spok en of an acti on, it is sa id that the 
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term inclu des mor e th an what fa lls under the tech ni ca l descri ption of "c osts ." 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Chattels. property: 
A term which incl udes all kinds of proper ty, except the free hold or th ings wh ich ar e 
par cel of it. It is a mor e exte nsi ve term than goods or effects . Deb to rs ta ke n in 
executi on, ca ptives, appr en tices, ar e acco un ted chat tels. Godol . Or ph . Leg . pa rt 3, 
ch ap. 6, Sec . 1. 
2. Ch atte ls ar e per sonal or rea l. Per so nal, are such as belong immed iat ely to the 
per son of a ma n; ch attels rea l, are such as either ap pert ain not im med iately to the 
per so n, but to some th ing by way of dependenc y, as a box with the title deeds of 
lands; or such as are is su ing out of some real estate, as a lease of lands, or term of 
yea rs, wh ich pass like per so nally to the executor of the owner. Co . Lit t. 11 8; 1 Chit. 
Pro 90; 8 Vin . Ab . 296 ; 11 Vi n. Ab . 166; 14 Vin . Ab. 10 9; Bac . Ab . Bar on, &c . C 2; 2 
Kent, Com . 278 ; Dane's Ab . Inde x, h. t. ; Co m. Dig . Biens, A; Bouv. In st . In dex, h. t. 
Ch eat, criminal law, torts . A cheat is a deceit fu l practice, of a public na tu re, in 
de frauding an oth er of a known right, by some artfu l device, contr ary to the plain 
ru les of co mm on hon esty . 1 Hawk. 343 . 
2. To co nstitut e a che at, the offenc e mus t be, 1st. of a public natu re for eve ry 
sp ecies of fraud and di shon esty in tran sac tions betwee n indi vid uals and is not the 
sub je ct-mat ter of a criminal char ge at co mmon law; it mus t be such as is ca lculated 
to def ra ud num bers, an d to de ceive the peo ple in gener al. 2 Eas t, P. C. 816; 7 
Jo hn. R. 20 1; 14 Jo hn. R. 371; 1 Green l. R. 387 ; 6. Mass. R. 72; 9 Cowe n, R. 588 ; 
9 Wend . R. 187 ; 1 Yerg . R. 76; 1 Mas s. 137. 2. The cheati ng mus t be done by fa lse 
weig hts, fa lse measu res, fa lse tokens, or the like, ca lculated to de ceive numb ers. 2 
Bu rr, 11 25; 1 W. BI . R. 27 3; Ho lt, R. 354. 
3. That the obje ct of the def enda nt in de frauding the prosecut or was su cces sfu l. 
If un suc ces sfu l, it is a mer e attemp t. (q .v. ) 2 Mass. 139. When two or mor e en ter 
in to an agr eemen t to cheat, the offenc e is a co nsp irac y. (q .v.) To ca ll a man a 
che at is slander ous. He tl. 167; 1 Ro ll's Ab . 53; 2 Lev . 62. Vide Illite rate ; Token . 
Chattel Paper: 
"Ch attel Pa per " mea ns a wr iti ng or wr iti ngs wh ich evide nce both a mone ta ry 
obliga tion and a secu rity in terest in a lease of spe cified goods, but a char ter or 
other con tra ct in volving the use or hir e of a vesse l is not chat tel pa per. When a 
trans acti on is evidenc ed by both a secu rity agr eement or a lease and by an 
in stru men t or series of ins tru me nts, the gr oup of writi ngs ta ke n toge th er 
con stitut es chat tel pa per. -- UC C 9-105(b) 
Check: A draft drawn up on a ba nk and paya ble on dema nd, sig ned by the mak er or 
drawer , cont ain ing an un co ndi ti onal prom ise to pay a su m certa in in mone y to the 
order of the payee . 
The Fed eral Reserve Boa rd de fin es a check as "a draft or order up on a ba nk or 
banking hous e pur porti ng to be drawn up on a de posit of fu nds for the payment at 
all eve nts of a certa in sum of mone y to as certa in perso n ther ein na med or to him 
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or his order or to bea rer and paya ble ins ta ntly on demand ." It mus t cont ain the 
phr ase "p ay to the order of. " 
City: 
In England - An in co rpor ated town or bor ough wh ich is or has been the see of a 
bis hop. 
A large tow n, in corpor ated with cert ain pr ivi leges . Th e inh abi ta nts of a ci ty . The 
citize ns. 
In Amer ica - A mun icipal corpor at ion . Also a territ ory with in the corpor ate limi ts . 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Civil Death. persons: 
The cha nge of the state (q .v.) of a per son who is de clared ci villy dead by judg ment 
of a co m pete nt tribu nal. In such case, th e per son agai nst whom such sent enc e is 
pronounc ed is co nsider ed dead . 2 Jo hn. R. 218. See Gilb. Us es, 15 0; 2 Bu is t. 188; 
Co . tit. 132; Jenk. Cent. 250 ; 1 Ke ble, 398 ; Prest. on Conv ey . 140 . Vide Death , 
civi l. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Civil Law: 
That body of law whi ch eve ry practica l nat ion, co mm onw ea lth, or cit y has 
esta blished pecu liarly for itse lf; mor e proper ly ca lled "muni cip al" law, to di stingu ish 
it fro m the "l aw of natu re", and fro m in tern atio nal law. The syste m of jur ispr udenc e 
held and admin is tered in the Roman Empir e, particu larly as set forth in the 
com pi lation of Jus tini an and hi s su ccesso rs -- co mpr is ing the ins titut es, Cod e, 
Dig est, and No ve ls, and co llecti vely den omi nated the "C orpus Jur is Civi lis", -- as 
di sti ngu ished fro m the co mmon law of England and Ca non law. (B lack's 6th ) 
Claim: 
A cha llenge of propert y or owner sh ip of a th ing wh ich is wrongf u lly wit hh eld; to 
demand as one's own ; to asse rt. A ri gh t or tit le. To state ; to urge; to in sis t. 
(B lack's 4th ) No te : A claim is a di spu te over title! !! The mas ter/se rva nt 
relatio ns hip. We mus t re-claim and reun ite our RI GHT and TITLE to prevail. We 
have VALU E only if we ca n AC QUIR E our RIG HTS . The su bject/citizen (de bto r/slave 
on the Pla ntati on !) ca nnot own title nor do they 'p os sess title to th eir propert y. 
To demand as on e's own or as one' s rig ht; to asser t; to ur ge; to in sis t. A ca us e of 
action . Me ans by or thr ough wh ich claiman t ob ta ins possess ion or enjo yment of 
privi lege or th ing . Demand for mone y or propert y as of rig ht, e.g . insu ranc e claim. 
With resp ect to claims to a nego tia ble ins tru ment of wh ich a holder in due cou rse 
ta kes free, the term "cla im" mea ns any in terest or remedy recogn ized in law or 
eq u ity that creates in the claiman t a ri gh t to the in terest or its proceed s. 
Right to payme nt, whe ther or not such ri gh t is red uc ed to ju dg men t, liqu id ated , un
liqu id ated, fix ed, conti ngen t, matu red, un- matu red, di sp uted , un di sp uted , legal, 
equ itab le, secu red , or un secu red ; or ri gh t to an eq uitable reme dy for breach of 
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per for manc e if such breach gi ves rise to a ri gh t to pa yment , whe ther or not such 
ri ght to an eq uitable remedy is reduc ed to judg ment, fix ed, conti nge nt, matu red, 
un- matu red , di sp uted , un di spu ted , secu red , or un secu red . Ban kru ptcy Cod e, &se ct ; 
101. 
Clearing House, com. law: 
Among the Engli sh bank ers, the clearing hous e is a place in Lo mbar d street, in 
Lo ndon, wher e the ban kers of that cit y dail y settle with each oth er the ba lances 
wh ich they owe, or to which they are en titled . Desk s ar e placed ar ound the room, 
one of wh ich is appr opria ted to each ba nk ing hous e, and they ar e: occu pied in 
alpha betic a l order. Each clerk has a box or drawer along side of him, and the name 
of the hous e he represent s is ins cribed ove r hi s head . A clerk of each hous e comes 
in ab out half pas t th ree o'clock in the afternoon , and brings the drafts or ch ecks on 
the oth er ban ke rs, wh ich hav e been paid by hi s hous e that day, and de posit s th em 
in th eir proper drawer s. The clerk at the desk cred its th eir ac cou nts sepa rately 
which the y hav e agai nst him, as found in the drawer. Ba lances ar e thus stru ck fro m 
all the ac cou nts, and the claims tra nsferred fro m one to ano ther , un til they ar e so 
wou nd up and ca ncelled, that each clerk has only to settle wi th two or th ree oth ers, 
and the ba lances ar e im med iat ely paid . When drafts are paid at so late an hou r that 
the y ca nn ot be cleared that day, they ar e sent to the hous es on whic h they ar e 
dr awn, to be mar ked , that is, a memor and um is made on them, and they are to be 
cleared the ne xt day. See Gilb ert's Practica l Treatise on Ba nk ing, pp. 16 -20, 
Ba bbage on the Econom y of Machi nes, n. 17 3, 174; Kelly's Ca mb ist; Byles, on Bills, 
10 6, 11 0; Pu lling's La ws and Cus toms of Lo ndon, 437 . (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Clerk: 
co mm erce, con tract. A person in the emplo y of a mercha nt, who attends only to a 
part of hi s busi ness, while the mer chan t hi mself su per i ntends the whole . He di ffers 
fro m a facto r in th is, that the lat ter wholly su pplies the place of his pr in cipa l in 
resp ect to the proper ty co nsig ned to him. Pa rd. Dr. Co m. n. 38, 1 Chit. Pract. 80; 2 
Bo uv. Ins t. n. 12 87. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Clerk: 
officer. A per son emp loyed in an offi ce, public or privat e, for keeping recor ds or 
acc ou nts . Hi s busine ss is to writ e or regi ster, in pr oper form , the tran sac tions of the 
tribunal or body to wh ich he belon gs. Some clerks, ho weve r, hav e little or no 
writi ng to do in th eir offi ces, as, the clerk of the ma rket, who se du ties are conf i ned 
chie fly to su perint ending the ma rkets . In the Eng lish law, clerk also sign if ies a 
clergym an. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Code: 
A syste m used for brevit y or secr ecy of com mun ic at ion, in which ar bitr arily chosen 
wor ds, letters , or symb ols are assig ned de fi nite me an ings. (We bster' s) 
A co llection, co mp end ium or revision of laws . A co mplete syste m of positi ve law, 
scie ntif ic a lly ar ra nged and promulg ated by legis lative au thor ity . (B lack's 4th ) 
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Cognizance: 
practi ce . Some ti mes sign if ies ju risd ic tion and jud icial powe r, and so me ti mes the 
hea ring of a mat ter ju di cia lly. It is a term us ed in the ackno wledg ment of a fi ne. 
See Va ughan' s Rep. 207 . (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Collateral: 
"C ollateral" means the proper ty sub je ct to a secu rity in terest, and include s ac co unts 
and chat tel paper wh ich hav e been sold . UC C 9-10 5( c) 
Commerce: 
trade, con tra cts . The exchange of co mmo dities for co mm od iti es; co nsider ed in a 
legal po in t of view, it co nsis ts in the va ri ous agr eeme nts wh ich hav e for their obje ct 
to facilitate the exc hange of the prod ucts of the ear th or indus try of man, with an 
in tent to rea lize a profit . Pa rd . Dr. Co in. n. 1. In a na rrowe r sense, co mm erce 
sign if ies any recipr oca l agr eeme nts between two per so ns, by which one deliver s to 
the oth er a th ing, which the latter ac ce pts, and for which he pays a co nsider ation ; if 
the co nsider ation be mone y, it is ca lled a sa le; if any oth er th ing than mone y, it is 
ca lled exch ange or bar ter. Dom at, Dr. Pu b. liv. 1, tit. 7, s. 1, n. 2. Co ngr ess hav e 
powe r by the Co nstitu tion to regu late co mm erce with foreign nations and among 
the seve ral sta tes, and wi th the Indian tri bes . 1 Ke nt. 43 1; Sto ry on Const. Sec . 
1052, et seq . The sense in wh ich the wor d co mm erce is us ed in the Cons titu tion 
see ms no t only to include traf fi c, but in tercour se and naviga tio n. Sto ry, Sec . 1057; 
9 Wheat. 190, 191, 215 , 229 ; 1 Tu ck. BI . App . 249 to 252. Vide 17 Jo hn. R. 488 ; 4 
Jo hn. Ch . R. 150; 6 John . Ch . R. 300 ; 1 Ha ist. R. 285 ; Id . 236; 3 Cowe n R. 713; 12 
Wheat. R. 419; 1 Brock. R. 423; 11 Pet . R. 10 2; 6 Cowe n, R. 16 9; 3 Dana, R. 27 4; 
6 Pet . R. 515; 13 S. & R. 205 . (B ouvi er's 185 6 6th Ed .) 
Commercial Law: 
A phr ase us ed to deSigna te the whole body of su bsta ntive ju ri spr udenc e (e .g. 
Un ifor m Co mm ercia l Co de, Tru th in Lending Act) ap plica ble to the ri gh ts, 
in terco urse, of per so ns engage d in co mm erce, tr ade or mer ca nti le pur su its . 
(B lack's 6th ) 
Commercial Paper: 
Bi lls of exchange, prom issor y notes, ban k-che cks, and oth er nego tia ble ins tru ment s 
for the pa yment of mone y, which, by their form and on thei r face, pu rpo rt to be 
such ins tru me nts as ar e, by the law-mercha nt, recog nized as fa lling un der the 
desig nation of "c om mer ci al paper " . Nego tia ble paper gi ven in due cou rse of 
buSi ness, whe ther the element of nego tiabil ity be gi ve n it by the law-mer chant or 
by statut e . (B lack's 4th ) 
To Commit: 
To send a per son to prison by vir tue of a wa rra nt or oth er law ful wr it, for the 
co mm ission of a cri me, offe nc e or mi sde mea nor , or for a contem pt, or non
pa yment of a de bt. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
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Commit: 
To pe rpetrate , as a crim e; to perfor m, as an act. To send a per son to prison by 
vi rtue of a lawfu l au th or ity, for any cri me or conte mp t, or to an asylum, wo rkh ous e, 
refor matory, or the like, by author ity of a co urt or magis trate . 
To deliver a def endant to the cu stody of a she rif f or mar sha l, on his su rrender by 
hi s bai l. 
Commitment: 
criminal law, practice . The wa rrant. or order by wh ich a co urt or magis trate dir ects 
a min is terial offi cer to ta ke a per son to pris on . The co mm itment is ei ther for fu rther 
hear ing, (q .v.) or it is fi na l. 
2. The formal req uis ites of the co mm itment are, 1s t. that it be in wr iti ng, un der 
hand, and sea l, and sh ow the au th or ity of the magis trate, and the time and place of 
making it. 3 Har. & McHen . 11 3; Char I . 280 ; 3 Cranch, R. 448 ; see Har p. R. 313. In 
this case it is sa id a sea l is no t ind ispens able. 
3. - 2d . It mus t be made in the nam e of the Un ited Stat es, or of the 
co mmo nwea lth, or peo ple, as req uir ed by the Cons tituti on of the Un ited States or, 
of the sever a l stat es. 
4. - 3d . It should be dir ected to the keeper of the pris on, and not gener ally to 
ca rry the pa rty to pris on. 2 Str. 934 ; 1 Ld . Raym . 424 . 
5. - 4th . The priso ner should be de scr i bed by his name and sur name, or the 
name he gi ves as hi s. 
6. - 5th . The co mm it ment ough t to state that the pa rty has been char ged on 
oath . 3 Cran ch, R.4 48 . But see 2 Vir go Ca s. 504; 2 Ba il. R. 290 . 
7. - 6th . The particu lar cri me char ge d agai nst the pris oner should be mentioned 
with conv en ient ce rta in ty. 3 Cran ch, R. 449 ; 11 St. Tr. 304 . 318; Hawk. B. 2, C. 16, 
S. 16 Chi t. Cr. La w, 11 0. 
8. - 7th . The co mmi tment should point out the place of impr is onmen t, and not 
mer ely dir ect that the part y be ta ken to pris on . 2 Str. 934 ; 1 Ld . Ray. 424 . 
9. - 8th . In a fi nal co mm itment, the co mmand to the keeper of the prison 
shou ld be to keep the priso ner "un ti l he shall be di schar ge d by due cou rse of law," 
when the offenc e is no t ba ilable; when it is ba ilable the gaoler should be, dir ected 
to keep the pris oner in his "said cus tody for wa nt of sur eties, or un ti l he sha ll be 
di sch ar ge d by due cou rse of law." When the comm it ment is not fi nal, it is usual to 
co mmi t the pr is oner "f or fu rther he ar ing ." The co mm itment is also ca lled a 
mi tti mus. (q.v.) 
10. The act of sending a person to prison char ged with the com m ission of a 
cri me by virt ue of such a wa rran t is also ca lled a co mmit ment. Vide, gener ally, 4 
Vi n. Ab . 576; Bac . Ab . h. t. ; 4 Cran ch, R. 12 9; 4 Da ll. R. 412; 1 Ash m. R. 248 ; 1 
Cowen, R. 144; 3 Con n. R. 502; Wr ig ht, R. 69 1; 2 Vi rgo Cas. 276; Har din, R. 249 ; 4 
Mass. R. 497 ; 14 Jo hn. R. 371 2 Vi rgo Ca s. 594 ; 1 Tyler, R. 444 ; U. S. Dig . h. t. 
(B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Commitment: 
In practice . The wa rra nt or mittimus by wh ich a court or magis trate dir ects an 
officer to take a per son to pr ison . Author ity for hold ing in pr iso n one co nvic ted of 
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crime. A process di rected to a minis terial offi cer by whom a person is to be co nfin ed 
in pr is on, us ually issued by a co urt or magis trate . 
A wa rra nt wh ich do es not dir ect an offi cer to co mmi t a pa rty to prison but only to 
receive him in to cu stody and saf ely keep him for fu rther exa mi natio n, is no t a 
co mmi tment. 
The act of send ing a per son to prison by mea ns of such a war rant or or der. 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Communicatio n: 
In formation gi ven, the shar ing of kno wledge by one with an oth er; conf erenc e; 
co nsu ltation or ba rgaining prepa rato ry to mak ing a contr act. Int erco ur se ; 
co nn ection . Also, the Mas onic eq uiva lent fo r the wor d "m eet in g" . (B lack's 4th ) 
Complaint: 
In ci vil practic e - In th ose states having a Code of Civi l Proced ure, the co mplain t is 
the fi rst or in itiator y plead ing on the par t of the plai ntif f in a ci vil action . It 
co rres ponds to the declaration in the co mmon-l aw practic e . 
In crim inal law. A ch ar ge, prefer red before a magis trate havi ng jur is di ction that a 
per son na med (or an unk nown per so n) has co mm itted a specif ied offense, with an 
offe r to prove the fact, to the end that a prosec ution may be ins titut ed . It is a 
tech nic al term , descri ptive of proceed ings before a magis trat e . The co mplain t is an 
allegation, made before a proper magis trat e, that a per son has bee n gu ilty of a 
deSign ated publi c offens e . (B lack's 1s t) 
In some ins ta nc es "c ompl ain t" is in terch angeable wi th "i nfor matio n". 
And is ofte n us ed int ercha ngeably wi th "af fid avit" . (B lack's 4th ) 
Compulsory Cou nterclaim: 
A pleading sha ll state as a cou nterclaim any claim wh ich at the ti me of ser ving the 
plead ing the pleader has agai nst any opp osing par ty, if it ar ises out of the 
trans action or occu rrenc e that is the sub je ct mat ter of the op posi ng par ty's claim 
and does no t req uir e for its adjud ication the presenc e of th ir d par ties of whom the 
co urt ca nno t ac quir e jur isd ic tion . But the pleader need no t state the claim if the 
op posi ng pa rty brough t sui t by attachment or oth er process by wh ich the cou rt di d 
not ac quir e jur isd ic tion to re nder a per sonal ju dg men t on that claim . Fed . R. Civi l P. 
13(a) Fo r claim to cons titut e a co mpu lsory co unterclaim, it mu st be logic ally 
related to or igin al claim and ar ise out of sa me sub ject ma tter on wh ich or iginal 
claim is based ; many of the sa me factu al legal issues, or offsh oots of same basic 
con trove rsy between pa rties mus t be inv olved in a co mpu lsory cou nter claim . 
(B lack's 6th - Cod ified at 28 USC Ru le 13 (a) ) 
Comptrollers: 
Th ere ar e offi cers who bea r th is name, in the treasu ry depar tment of the Un ited 
Stat es . 
2. Ther e ar e two com ptrollers. It is the du ty of the first to examine all acc oun ts 
settled by the fi rst and fi fth aud ito rs, and certif y the ba lances ar ising thereon to the 
regis ter; to cou nte rsign all wa rra nts drawn by the secr eta ry of the treasu ry, oth er 
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than those drawn on the req ui sitions of the sec reta ries of the wa r and nav y 
depar tme nts, wh ich sha ll be wa rra nted by law; to report to the secr eta ry the offic ial 
forms to be issue d in the di fferent offi ces for co llecti ng the public reve nue s, and the 
manner and form of stati ng the accou nts of the seve ral pe rso ns emp loyed ther ein ; 
and to su perintend the preser vation of the public accou nts, sub je ct to his revisi on; 
and to prov ide for the pa yment of all mone ys wh ich may be collected . Act of Mar ch 
3, 1817 , sec t. 8; Act of Sept. 2, 17 89, s. 2 Act of Mar ch 7, 1822 . 
3. To super i ntend the recove ry of all de bts due to the Un ited Stat es ; to dir ect 
su its and legal proceed ings, and to ta ke such measu res as may be au th or iz ed by 
the laws, to enf orce prom pt payment of all such deb t; Act of Mar ch 3, 18 17 , sec t. 
10; Act of Sept. 2, 17 89, s. 2; to lay before co ngr ess annual ly, dur ing the fi rst 
wee k of th eir sess ion, a list of such offi cers as sha ll ha ve fa iled in that yea r to mak e 
the settlement req uir ed by law; and a state ment of the ac cou nts in the treasu ry, 
wa r, and nav y depar tments, which may ha ve remai ned mor e than th ree yea rs 
un settled, or on wh ich ba lances ap pear to ha ve been due mor e than th ree yea rs 
pr ior to the th irt eenth day of Sep tem ber , th en last pas t; togeth er with a state ment 
of the ca us es which hav e prevented a settlement of the ac cou nts, or the recove ry 
of the balances due to the Un ited Stat es . Act of Mar ch 3, 1809, sect . 2. 
4. Bes ides these, th is offi cer is req uir ed to per form min or du ties, which the plan 
of th is work forb ids to be enu mer ated her e. 
5. Hi s sa lary is th ree thousand fi ve hun dred dollars per ann um. Act of Feb. 20, 
18 04, s. 1. 
6. The du ties of the seco nd co m ptroller ar e to examin e all accou nts settled by 
the sec ond, th ir d and fourt h au d ito rs, and certif y the ba lances ar ising -ther eon to 
the secr eta ry of the depa rtment in wh ich the expend itu re has been inc ur red ; to 
cou nter -sig n all the wa rra nts drawn by the secr eta ry of the trea sur y up on the 
req ui si tion of the secr eta ries of the wa r and nav y dep artme nts, wh ich sha ll be 
wa rra nted by law; to report to the sa id secr eta ries the officia l forms to be issued in 
the di fferent offices for disbur sing publi c mone y in th ose departmen ts, and the 
manner and form of keeping and sta ti ng the accou nts of the per sons emplo yed 
ther ein, and to su perint end the preser vation of public ac coun ts sub je ct to his 
revisi on. Hi s sa lary is th ree thous a nd dollars per annum. Act of Mar ch 3, 18 17, s. 9 
and 15; Act of May 7, 1822 . 
7. A similar offi cer exi sts in seve ra l of the state s, wh ose officia l title is 
com ptroller of the public ac cou nts, aud itor gener al, or oth er title de scri ptive of the 
du ties of the office . (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Comptroller: 
A publi c offi cer of a state or muni cipa l corpor ati on, cha rge d with ce rtain du ties in 
relation to the fisca l affair s of the sa me, pr incip ally to examine and audi t the 
ac cou nts of co llectors of the pu blic mone y, to keep reco rds, and repor t the fi na ncia l 
sit uation fro m time to ti me . Th ere are also offi cers bea ring this name in the 
trea sur y depa rtment of the Un ited Stat es . (B lack's 4th ) 
Conclusion of law: Stat emen t of co urt as to law appl ic able on basis of facts found 
by jur y; Fi nding by co urt as determ in ed th rough appl ication of ru les of law. The 
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fi nal judgm ent or decr ee req uir ed on basis of facts found or verd ic t. 
Propositions of law wh ich ju dge ar rives at after, and as a res ult of, fi nding certa in 
facts in case tried wi thout jur y or an advisor y jur y and as to these he mu st state 
them sepa rately in wr iti ng . See also judg ment. 
Condemn: 
To fi nd or adjud ge guil ty . To adjudge or sent enc e. To adjudge (as an admir alty 
co urt) that a vesse l is a pr ize, or that she is un fit for servic e . To set apar t or 
expr op riat e proper ty for publi c use, in the exe rcise of the powe r of emi nen t 
dom ain . (B lack's 4th ) 
Condemnation: 
In ad mir alty law. The judg ment or sent enc e of a co urt havi ng jur isd ic tion and 
acti ng in rem, by wh ich (1) it is declar ed that a vessel wh ich has been ca ptu red at 
sea as a prize was lawfully so seized and is liable to be treated as prize ; or (2) that 
proper ty wh ich has been seiz ed for an alleged violation of the reve nue laws, 
neut rality laws, navig ation laws, etc . was lawfully so seized , and is, for such ca use, 
forfeited to the go vern ment; or (3) that the vesse l wh ich is the su bject of in quir y is 
un fit and un saf e for naviga ti on . 
In the ci vil law. A se ntenc e or ju dg ment wh ich co ndemns someone to do, to gi ve, 
or to pay so me thing, or which declar es that hi s claim or pretentions are un fou nded . 
In real proper ty law. The process by which propert y of a pr iv ate owner is ta ken for 
publi c use, wi thout his conse nt, but up on the awa rd and payment of jus t 
co mp ens ation, bei ng in the na tu re of a fo rced sa le and conde mner sta nds towa rd 
owner as buyer towa rd se ller. (B lack's 4th ) 
Condemnation: 
mar. law. The sent enc e or judg ment of a co urt of co mpetent jur isd ic tion that a ship 
or vesse l ta ke n as a priz e on the high sea s, was liable to ca ptu re, and was proper ly 
and legally ca ptu red . 
2. By the gener al practice of the law of nat ions, a sent enc e of co ndem nation is, 
at prese nt, gen erally deemed necessa ry in order to di vest the title of a vessel ta ke n 
as a prize . Un ti l th is has bee n done the or iginal owner may regain hi s proper ty, 
altho ugh the ship may have bee n in possess ion of the enemy twent y-four hour s, or 
ca rri ed in fra prae sid ia . 1 Ro b. Rep. 13 4; 3 Ro b. Re p. 97, n.; Ca rth . 423 ; Chit. La w 
of Nat. 99, 100; 10 Mo d. 79 ; Abb. on Sh. 14; Wesk. on Ins. h. t. ; Mar sh . on Ins. 
402 . A se nte nc e of co ndem nation is gener ally binding eve ryw her e. Mar sh . on Ins. 
402 . 
3. The term co ndem nation is also appl ied to the sent enc e wh ich declar es a ship 
to be unf it for service ; th is sent enc e and the gr ou nds of it may, however , be re
examin ed and litig ated by pa rties in terested in di sputing it. 5 Esp. N. P. C. 65 ; Abb. 
on Shipp. 4. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
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Condemnation: 
ci vil law. A se ntence of judg ment wh ich conde mns so meone to do, to gi ve, or to 
pay some thing ; or wh ich decla res that hi s claim or pretensions are un found ed . Th is 
wor d is also us ed by co mmon lawyer s, th ough it is mor e usual to say convic ti on, 
both in civi l and crimi nal cases . It is a maxi m that no man oug ht to be co ndem ned 
un hea rd, and wi thout the opport un ity of be ing hea rd. (B ou vier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Conditio na l Acceptance: 
An engagement to pay the draft or ac cept the offe r on the ha ppen ing of a co nd itio n. 
A "cond ition al ac ce pta nce" is in effect a stat emen t that the offe ree is willing to 
en ter in to a bar ga in dif fering in some respec ts fro m that prop osed in the orig inal 
offe r. The co nd itiona l ac cepta nc e is, ther efore, itse lf a cou nter-offe r. (B lack's 6th ) 
Consent: 
A co ncu rrenc e of wi lls. Vo luntar ily yi elding the will to the prop osition of an oth er; 
ac qu ie sce nce or com plia nc e ther ewith . "C onsent" is an active ac quiesc enc e as 
dis ti ngu ished fro m "as sent, " me aning a silen t acqui escenc e. (Black's 4th ) 
Consideration: 
Practi ce . A tech ni ca l term ind icati ng that a tribunal has hear d and judi cia lly 
determ in ed mat ters subm itted to it. Contr acts . The induc emen t to a cont ract . The 
ca use, motive, price, or imp elling in fluenc e wh ich induc es a co ntrac ti ng pa rty to 
en ter in to a co ntract. The reason or ma terial ca us e of a co ntract . (B lack's 4th ) 
Constitution: 
con tra cts . The Co nstitu tion of a co ntract, is the making of the con tract as the 
written Co nsti tution of a deb t. 1 Be ll's Co m. 332, 5th ed . (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Contempt of Court: 
Any act which is ca lculated to emb arrass, hi nder , or ob stru ct court in admin istr ation 
of jus tice, or wh ich is ca lculated to lessen Its au thor ity or It's dign ity. Cont em pt's 
ar e also classed as ci vil or crimin al. The former ar e those qu asi contem pt's wh ich 
co nsis ts in the fa ilure to do some th ing which the part y is order ed by the co urt to do 
for the ben efit or adva ntage of ano ther pa rty to the proce edings before the co urt, 
while criminal cont em pt' s are acts done in di srespec t of the co urt or it's process or 
which obs truc t the admin is tration of jus tice or tend to bring the co urt in to 
di srespec t. (B lacks 4th ) 
Contract: 
"C on tract" means the tota l legal obliga tion wh ich resu lts fro m the pa rties' 
agr eement as affected by th is code and any other appli ca ble ru les of law. UCC 1-
201 (11 ) 
Contract 
Th is term , in its mor e exte ns ive sense, incl ude s ever y descr i pti on of agr eeme nt, or 
obliga tio n, wher eby one pa rty beco mes bo un d to ano ther to pay a su m of mone y, 
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or to do or omi t to do a certa in act; or , a con tract is an ac t which cont ains a pe rfect 
obli gati on. In its mor e co nf in ed sense, it is an agr eement between two or mor e 
per so ns, co ncer ning some th ing to be, done, whereb y both pa rties ar e bo und to 
each oth er, or one is bo und to the oth er. 1 Pow . Contr. 6; Civ. Code of Lo . ar t. 
1754; Code Civ . 11 01; Poth . Oblig . pt . i. c. 1, S. 1, Sec . 1; Blackstone, (2 Co mm. 
442 ,) def in es it to be an agr eeme nt, up on a suff icient co nsider ati on, to do or no t to 
do a pa rticu lar th ing . A contr act has also been def in ed to be a co mp act between 
two or mor e per so ns. 6 Cranch, R. 136. 
2. Contr acts ar e di vided in to expr ess or impli ed. An expr ess contr act is one 
wher e the terms of the agr eement ar e open ly uttered and avowed at the time of 
mak ing, as to payi ng a state d pr ic e for certa in goo ds. 2 BI . Co m. 443 . 
3. Expr ess co ntra cts ar e of th ree sort s 1. Bi par ole, or in wr iti ng, as 
contr ad is ti ngu ished fro m specia lties . 2. By specia lty or un der seal. 3. Of reco rd . 
4.- 1. A par ole contr act is de fi ned to be a ba rgain or vo lunta ry agr eement made, 
ei ther orally or in writi ng no t un der , sea l up on a go od co nsider at ion, between two 
or mor e per so ns ca pable of cont racti ng to do a lawful act, or to omi t to do 
some th ing, the pe rfor ma nc e wher eof is not enjoi ned by law. 1 Com . Contr. 2 Chit. 
Contr. 2. 
5. From this def ini tion it ap pea rs, that to con stitut e a sufficient par ole 
agr eemen t, th ere mus t be, 1s t. The recipr oca l or mut ual asse nt of two or mor e 
per so ns com petent to co ntract. Ever y agr eement ough t to be so cert ain and 
co mp lete, that each pa rty may have an acti on up on it; and the agr eement wo uld be 
in co mplete if either part y with held his assent to any of its ter ms. Pea ke 's R. 227 ; 3 
T. R. 653; 1 B. & A. 68 1 1 Pick. R. 278 . The agr eement mus t, in gener al, be 
obli gat ory on both pa rties, or it binds neither. To this ru le ther e ar e, ho wever , some 
exce ptions, as in the case of an inf an t's co ntract. He may always sue, th ough he 
ca nnot be sued , on his contr act. Stra . 937 . See oth er ins ta nc es ; 6 Eas t, 307 ; 3 
Ta un t. 16 9; 5 Ta un t. 788 ; 3 B. & C. 232. 
6.-2 d. Th ere mu st be a go od and va lid co nsider ation, motive or induc ement to 
mak e the prom ise, up on wh ich a part y is char ged, for this is of the ve ry esse nce of 
a contract un der seal, and mus t exis t, alth ough the con tract be reduc ed to wr iti ng . 
7 T. R. 350, no te (a) ; 2 BI. Co in. 444 . See this Di ct . Co nsider ation ; Fo nb. Tr. Eq . 
335, n. (a) Chit. Bills. 68 . 
7.-3 d. Th ere mus t be a th ing to be done, wh ich is no t forbidden ; or a th ing to 
be om itted , the per forma nc e of wh ich is not enjoi ned by law. A fraudul ent or 
im mor al contr act, or one co ntra ry to public po licy is void Chit. Contr. 21 5, 217 , 
222 : and it is also vo id if contr ary to a statut e . Id . 228 to 250; 1 Bi nn. 11 8; 4 Dall. 
298 4 Yeat es, 24, 84 ; 6 Bi nn. 32 1; 4 Ser g & Rawle, 159; 4 Da ll. 269 ; 1 Bin n. 11 0 2 
Browne's R. 48 . As to contr ac ts wh ich ar e vo id for wa nt of a co mpli a nce with the 
statut es of frau ds, see Frau ds, Statut e of. 
8.-2. Th e seco nd kind of expr ess contrac ts ar e specia lties, or those which ar e 
made un der sea l, as deeds, bonds, and the like; they ar e not mer ely writ ten, but 
deliver ed ove r by the pa rty bou nd . The so lemn ity and deli ber ation wi th wh ich, on 
ac cou nt of the ceremon ies to be ob served , a deed or bond is pres um ed to be 
ent ered in to, attach to it an im por ta nce and char acter wh ich do not belong to a 
simple con tract . In the case of a speCia lty, no co nsider ation is ne ces sar y to gi ve it 
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va lidity, eve n in a cou rt of equ ity . Plowd . 308 ; 7 T. R. 477 ; 4 B. & A. 652 ; 3 T. R. 
438 ; 3 Bin gh. 111 , 11 2; 1 Fo nb. Eq, 34 2, no te When, a co ntrac t by specia lty has 
been change d by a pa role agr eeme nt, the whole of it beco mes a par ole contr act. 
2 Wat ts, 45 1; 9 Pi ck. 298 ; see 13 Wend . 71. 
9.-3. The highe st ki nd of expr ess con tracts are thos e of reco rd, such as 
ju dg me nts, recogn iza nce of ba il, and in Engl and, statutes mer chan t and sta ple, and 
oth er secu rities of the sa me na tu re, cut ered in to with the int ervention of some 
publi c au tho rity . 2 BI . Co m. 465 . See Authentic Facts . 
10. Impl ied contr acts ar e such as reason and ju stice dic tates, and which, 
ther efo re, the law presu mes eve ry man un der ta kes to perfor m; as if a man 
emp loys an oth er to do any busi ne ss for him, or perform any work, th e law impl ies 
that the former contr acted or un der too k to pay the latter as mu ch as his labor is 
wor th ; see Qua ntu m mer wit; or if one ta kes up goods fro m a trade sman, with out 
any agr eement of price, the law co ncludes that he contr acts to pay th eir va lue. 2 
BI . Co m. 443 . See Qua ntu m va lebant; Assump sit. Com . Dig . Acti on up on the case 
up on as sum psit, A 1; Id . Ag ree ment. 
11. By the laws of Lo ui siana, when con sider ed as to the obli gation of the parties, 
contr acts ar e eit her uni lateral or recipr oca l. When the pa rty to whom the 
engagem ent is made, ma kes no expr ess agr eement on his par t, the con tract is 
ca lled uni lateral, eve n in cases wher e the law attaches certain obligations to hi s 
ac cepta nce. Civ. Code of Lo . art. 17 58 . A loan for use, and a loan of mo ney, are of 
this kind . Poth . Db. P. 1, c. 1, s. 1, art. 2. A reci proca l contr act is wher e the parties 
expr ess ly en ter in to mut ual engage me nts such as sa le, hir e, and the like. Id . 
12. Contr acts, co nsider ed in relation to th eir su bsta nce, are either co mm utative 
or indep enden t, prin cipal or ac cesso ry. 
13. Co mmu tative con tracts , are th ose in which what is done, gi ven or prom ised 
by one pa rty, is co nsider ed as eq u iva lent to, or in co nsider ation of what is done, 
gi ven or prom ised by the oth er. Civ. Cod e of Lo . art. 17 61 . 
14. Indep enden t co ntra cts are those in wh ich the mut ual acts or prom ises hav e 
no relation to each oth er, either as eq ui valents or as co nsider ati ons. Id . art. 17 62. 
15. A prin cip a l contr act is one en tered in to by both par ties, on th eir acc ount s, or 
in the sever a l quali ties they assu me. 
16. An ac cesso ry contrac t is made for as su ring the perfor ma nce of a prior 
contr act, either by the sa me pa rties or by oth ers, such as su rety, mort gage, and 
pledges. Id . art. 17 64 . Poth . ObI. p. 1, c. 1, s. 1, art. 2, n. 14. 
17. Con tracts, co nsider ed in relation to the mo tive for. making the m, ar e ei ther 
gr atu itous or oner ous. To be gr atu itous , the obje ct of a contr act mus t be to ben efit 
the per son with whom it is made, wi thout any profit or adva ntage, received or 
prom ised , as a co nsider ation for it. It is not, ho weve r, the less gratu itous, if it 
proce eds either fro m gr atitu de for a ben efit before rece ived , or fro m the hope of 
rece iving one her eaft er, alth ough such ben efits be of a pecu niar y natu re. Id . art. 
17 66. Any th ing gi ven or promised , as a co nsider ation for the engagement or gi ft; 
any ser vice, in terest, or co ndi ti on, im posed on what is gi ve n or prom ised , alth ough 
un eq ual to it in va lue, mak es a contr act oner ous in its natu re. Id . art. 17 67. 
18. Co nsider ed in relation to their effects, contr acts are either ce rtain or 
haza rdous. A con tract is certa in, when the th ing to be done is supp osed to depend 
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on the will of the par ty, or when, in the usual co ur se of eve nts, it mus t ha ppen in 
the ma nn er sti pulated . It is hazar dous, when the performanc e of that which is one 
of its obje cts, depends on an un certa in eve nt. Id . art. 17 69 . 
19. Poth ier , in hi s excellent treatise on Oblig ations, p. 1, c. 1, s. 1, art. 2, di vide s 
contr acts un der the five following heads : 
20 .-1. Int o recipr oca l and uni lateral. 
21 .-2. Int o cons ens ual, or those which ar e formed by the mer e co nsent of the 
pa rties, such as sa le, hi ri ng and mandat e; and those in wh ich it is ne cessa ry that 
ther e shou ld be some th ing mor e than mer e cons ent, such as loan of mone y, 
de posit or pledge, wh ich fro m th eir natu re req uir e a deliver y of the th ing, (r ei ); 
whenc e they are ca lled real contr acts . See Rea l Contr ac ts . 
22.-3. Int o fi rst, co ntra cts of mut ual in terest, wh ich ar e such as ar e ent ered in to 
for the recipr ocal in terest and uti lity of each of the pa rties, as sales exc hange, 
par tner ship, and the like. 
23. -2d . Con tracts of ben efice nce, wh ich are those by wh ich only one of the 
con tracti ng par ties is ben efit ed , as loans, dep osit and ma ndat e. 3d . Mi xed 
contr acts, wh ich ar e those by wh ich one of the par ties conf ers a ben efit on the 
oth er, receivi ng so meth ing of in ferior va lue in retu rn , such as a donation sub jec t to 
a char ge. 
24 .-4. Int o pr incip a l and ac cesso ry. 
25.-5. Int o those wh ich ar e su bjected by the civi l law to certa in ru les and fo rms, 
and thos e wh ich are reg ulated by mer e natu ral jus tice . See, gener ally, as to 
contr acts, Bo uv. In st . In dex, h. t. ; Ch itty on Contr acts ; Co myn on Contr ac ts ; 
New land on Cont racts ; Co m. Dig . titles Abat emen t, E 12, F 8; Ad mir alty, E 10, 11; 
Action up on the Case up on Assu mp sit; Ag reement; Ba rgain an d Sa le; Ba ron and 
Fe me, Q; Co nd iti on ; Dett, A 8, 9; Enf an t, B 5; Idio t, D 1 Mer cha nt, E 1; Pleader , 2 
W, 11 , 43 ; Trade D 3; War , B 2; Ba c. Abr. tit . Ag ree ment; Id . Assu mp sit; 
Cond itio n; Obl igatio n; Vi n. Abr. Co nd iti on ; Contr ac ts and Ag reement s; Cov ena nts ; 
Ve ndor , Ve ndee; Supp. to Ves . jr . vo l. 2, p. 260, 295, 376, 44 1; Yelv. 47 ; 4 Ves . 
jr ., 497, 67 1; Arch b. Civ. PI . 22; Code Civ . L. 3, tit. 3 to 18; Poth ier 's Tr. of 
Oblig ations Sugden on Vendor s and Pu rchaser s; Sto ry's exc ellent treatise on 
Ba ilme nts; Jone s on Ba ilme nts ; Toullier, Droit Civi l Fran cais, to mes 6 et 7; Ham. 
Pa rties to Actions, Ch . 1; Chi t. Pro Inde x, h. t. ; and the articles Ag reement; 
Apport ionmen t; Appr opr iati on ; Asse nt; Assi gn ment; Assump sit; Attest ation ; 
Ba ilment; Ba rgain and sa le; Bidder; Bi later al con tract ; Bi ll of Exc hange; Buy er; 
Co mm od ate ; Co ndit ion ; Cons ensua l cont ract ; Con jun ctive ; Co nsu mm at ion ; 
Cons tru ction ; Contr acto of be nev olence; Covenan t; Cu mu lative co ntracts ; Debt; 
Deed ; Delegat ion . Delive ry; Di sc har ge Of a co ntract; Dis jun ctive ; Equ ity of a 
red emp tio n; Excha nge; Guar an ty; Imp air ing the obligation of co ntracts ; In su ran ce ; 
In terested co ntracts ; It em; Mi srepr esent ati on ; Mort gage; Mi xed con tract ; 
Ne gocior um ges tor; No vat ion ; Obl iga ti on ; Pac tu m constitut ae, pecu niae; Pa rtn ers; 
Pa rtn ershi p; Pledge; Prom ise ; Pur chas er; Quasi con tract ; Represe ntati on; Sa le; 
Seller; Settlement; Simple co ntract; Syn allagmatic con tract; Subr ogatio n; Ti tle; 
Uni latera l con tract. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
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Contract : 
A prom issor y agr eeme nt, betwee n two or mor e per so ns that creat es, mod ifies, or 
de stroys a legal relation . An agr eeme nt, up on suff icient co nsider ation, to do or no t 
to do a par ticu lar th ing . 
Pa role - A co ntract not enti rely in writi ng . (B lack's 4th ) 
Controversy : 
A di sp ute ar ising between two or mor e per so ns. It di ffers fro m case, wh ich inclu des 
all su its crimi nal as we ll as civi l; wher eas cont rover sy is a civi l and not a crimin al 
proceed ing . 2 Da ll. R. 41 9, 43 1, 432; 1 Tuck. BI. Com . Ap p. 420, 42 1; Sto ry, 
Cons t. Sec . 16 68 . 
2. By the Cons titution of the Un ited States the ju di cia l power sha ll exte nd to 
con trove rsies to wh ich the Un ited States sh all be a par ty . Art. 2, 
1. The me anin g to be attached to the wor d contr ove rsy in the Cons tit utio n, is that 
ab ove gi ven . (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Convict : 
v. To co ndem n afte r judi cia l inv estigat ion ; to fi nd a man gui lty of a crim inal cha rge. 
The wor d was formerly used also in the sens e of fi ndin g agai nst the def endant in a 
ci vil case . 
Form erly a man was sa id to be a co nvic t when he had been found guil ty of 
treason or felony, but before ju dg ment had been pa ssed on him, after wh ich he was 
sa id to be atta in t, (q. v. ) . 
n. One who has been fi na lly co ndem ned by a co urt. One who has been adju dge d 
gui lty of a cri me or mi sdeme anor. Us ually spok en of co ndemne d felons or the 
pr iso ner s in pen itent iar ie s. (B lack's 4th ) 
Conviction : 
In a gener al sense, the result of a crimin al trial which ends in a judgm ent or 
sent enc e that the pris oner is gui lty as char ged . The act of convic ting a per so n, or 
state of be ing co nvic ted , of a criminal offens e. 
A recor d of the summar y proceed ings up on any penal statut e before one or mor e 
jus tices of the peac e or oth er pe rso ns duly au thor ized , in a case wher e the offender 
has been co nvic ted and sent enc ed . In resp ect of par doning powe r, ver dic t of gUil ty . 
In ordinar y phr ase , the me aning of the wor d "c onvic tion" is the fi nding by the 
jur y that the accu sed is guil ty . But , in legal parla nce, it ofte n deno tes the fi nal 
ju dg ment of the court. (B lack's 4th ) 
Coroner : 
The na me of an an cient offi cer of the co mmon law, who se office and fu nctions ar e 
conti nue d in mo der n Engl ish and Ame rica n admin is trati on. The co roner is an offi cer 
belonging to each county and is char ged wi th du ties both jud icia l and minis teria l, 
but chie fly the former. It is hi s spe cial provi nce and du ty to mak e in quir y in to the 
ca us es and cir cums ta nces of any de ath happ ening wi th in hi s territo ry wh ich occur s 
th rough vio lence or suddenly and with ma rks of susp ici on . Th is exa mi nation (c alled 
the "cor oner 's inque st" ) is held with a jur y of proper perso ns up on view of the dead 
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body. In Eng land, an oth er branch of his ju di cia l offi ce is to in quir e concer ning 
shi pwr ecks, and certif y whe ther wreck or not, and who is in posses sion of the 
goo ds; and also to inquir e concer ning treasu re trove , who wer e the fi nder s, and 
wher e it is, and whe ther an yone be sus pected of havi ng found and co ncea led a 
treasu re. It belongs to the min is terial offi ce of the cor oner to ser ve writ and oth er 
process, and gener ally to dis cha rge the du ties of the she rif f, in case of the 
inc ap aci ty of that offi cer or a vac a ncy in his office . (B lack's 4th ) 
Coroner : 
An officer wh ose pr in cipa l dut y it is to hold an inqu isit ion, with the assi sta nce of a 
jur y, ove r the body of any per son who may hav e co me to a violent death , or who 
has di ed in pr ison . It is hi s du ty also, in case of the death of the she riff, or when a 
vaca ncy happ ens in that offi ce, to ser ve all the writ s and process which the sher iff 
is usua lly bo un d to ser ve . The chie f jus tice of the King's Bench is the sove reig n or 
chie f cor oner of all England, altho ugh it is no t to be un der stood that he performs 
the active du ties of that offi ce in any one co un t. 4 Re p. 57, b. Vide Bac. Ab . h. t. ; 6 
Vi n. Ab . 242 ; 3 Co m. Dig . 242 ; 5 Co m. Dig . 212; and the art icles Death ; Inqui sition . 
2. The du ties of the cor oner are of the great est co ns eq uenc e to soci ety, both for 
the pu rpose of bringin g to pun ish ment mu rderer s and oth er offender s agai nst the 
lives of the citiz ens, and of protec ting inno cent per so ns fro m crim inal accusat ions. 
Hi s offi ce, it is to be reg retted , is regar ded wi th too much indif ferenc e. Th is offi cer 
should be prop erly ac quai nted with the med ic al and legal know ledge so ab solutely 
ind ispens able in the fa ithf u l dis char ge of hi s offi ce . It no t in freq ue ntly ha ppens that 
the publi c mind is deeply impr essed with the guil t of the ac cus ed , and when 
probably he is gui lty, and yet the imp erfections of the ea rly exa mi natio ns leave no 
alternativ e to the jur y but to ac qui t. It is proper in mo st cases to procu re the 
exa mina tion to be made by a phy sicia n, and in some cases, it is his dut y. 4 Ca r. & 
P. 57 1. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Coron er' s Inquest : 
An inqu isition or exa mi nation in to the ca us es or cir cu msta nc es of an y de ath 
happ enin g by violenc e or un der suspicious co nd itions wi th in his territo ry, held by 
the cor oner with the assis ta nc e of a jur y. (B lack's 4th ) 
Corporation : 
An art if icia l per son or legal en tit y created by or un der the au thor ity of laws of a 
state . An as soc iation of per so ns creat ed by statut e as a legal ent ity . The law treat s 
the corpor ati on itse lf as a per son that ca n sue and be sued . The corpor ation is 
di sti nct fro m the indi vid uals who co mpr ise it (shareholders) . Th e corpor ation 
sur vives the de ath of its in vesto rs, as the shar es ca n usually be tra nsferred . 
(B lack's 6th ) 
Count : 
v. In plead ing . To dec lare; to recit e ; to state a case ; to na rrate the facts 
co nstit uti ng a plai ntif f's ca us e of action . In a spec ial sense, to set out the claim or 
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co un t of the demandan t in a real action . To plead orally; to plead or argue a case in 
co urt; to recit e or read in co urt; to recit e a co un t in co urt. 
n. In plead ing . The plai ntif f's state ment of his ca use of action . Th e di fferent pa rts of 
a dec laration, each of which, if it stood alone, wou ld co nstitut e a gr ound for action . 
Us ed also to sign ify the sever al pa rts of an indi ctment, each char ging a di stric t 
offens e . 
"Cou nt" and "char ge" when us ed relative to allegations in an ind ic tm ent or 
in formation ar e synonymo us. (B lack's 4th ) 
Count : 
plead ing . Th is wor d, der ived from the French conte, a na rrative, is in our old law 
boo ks us ed synon ymously wi th declar ation but practice has in troduc ed the followi ng 
di stinc tion : when the plaint iff's co mplain t embr aces only a si ngle ca use of action, 
and he ma kes only one state ment of it, that stat ement is ca lled, ind ifferently, a 
dec laration or co un t; th ough the former is the mor e usual term . 
2. But when the su it embr aces two or mor e ca us es of action, (each of which of 
cou rse requir es a di fferent statement; ) or when the plai ntif f ma kes two or mor e 
di fferent state me nts of one and the sa me ca us e of actio n, each seve ral stat ement is 
ca lled a co un t, and all of the m, co llective ly, con stitute the declar atio n. 
3. In all cases, ho wever, in which ther e ar e two or mor e cou nts, whether th ere is 
actually but one ca us e of ac tion or sever a l, each co unt pu rpor ts, up on the face of it, 
to di sclose a dis tinc t ri gh t of acti on, unconne cted with that stated in any of the 
oth er cou nts . 
4. One obje ct prop osed , in ins erti ng two or mor e cou nts in one dec larat ion, when 
ther e is in fact but one ca us e of action, is, in some cases, to gu ard again st the 
danger of an ins uff icien t state ment of the ca use, wher e a dou bt exi sts as to the 
legal suf ficienc y of one or an other of two di fferent modes of dec laring ; but the mor e 
usual end prop osed in ins erti ng mor e than one co un t in such case, is to 
ac commo dat e the state ment to the ca use, as fa r as may be, to the pos sible state of 
the proof to be exh ib ited on tria l; or to guar d, if pos sible, agai ns t the hazar d of the 
proofs va rying mater ially fro m the stat ement of the ca us e of ac tion ; so that if one 
or mor e or seve ral cou nts be not ada pted to the evidenc e, some oth er of them may 
be so . Gould on PI . c. 4, s. 2, 3, 4; Steph . PI . 279 ; Doc t. PI . 1 78; 8 Com . Dig . 29 1; 
Dane's Ab . Inde x, h. t. ; Bo uv. Ins t. Inde x, h. t. In real actions, the decla ration is 
mo st usua lly ca lled a co un t. Steph . PI . 36, See Com mon coun t; Mo ney co un t. 
(B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Counterclaim : 
A claim present ed by a def endan t in op position to or ded uction fro m the claim of 
the plai ntif f. Fed R. Ci vil P. 13. If established, such will def eat or dimi nish the 
plai ntif f's claim . Under federal ru le practice, and also in mo st stat es, co un terclaims 
ar e either co mp ulsory (r eq uir ed to be made) or perm issi ve (m ade at op tion of 
defenda nt) . (B lack's 6th ) 
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Court : 
A sp ace wh ich is un cove red, but which may be pa rtly or wholly enclo sed by 
build ings or wa lls. (B lack's 4th ) 
Court of Common Pleas : 
The na me of an Eng lish court which was estab lished on the brea king up of the aula 
Reg iS, for the determ in at ion of pleas mer ely civi l. It was at fi rst ambula tory, but 
was afterwa rds located . Th is jur isd ic tion is foun ded on or iginal wr ite issu ing out of 
chanc ery, in the cases of co mmon per so ns. But when an atto rney or per son 
belonging to the co urt , is plai ntif f, he sues by writs of privilege, and is sued by bill, 
which is in the natu re of a petitio n; both wh ich or igi nat e in the co mm on 
pleas . See Be nch ; Ba nc. 
2. Th ere ar e co urts in mo st of the states of the Un ited States wh ich bea r the 
name of co mm on pleas; they hav e va rious powe rs and jur is dic tions. (B ouv ier's 
1856 6th Ed .) 
Credit : 
The abil ity of a busine ss man to bo rrow mone y, or obt ain go ods on ti me, in 
cons eq ue nce of the favor a ble opin ion held by the com mun ity, or by the pa rticu lar 
lender , as to hi s solvenc y and reliabili ty . Th at in flue nce co nn ected with cer ta in 
social posit ions. Ti me allowed to the buyer of goods by the se ller , in wh ich to mak e 
payment for th em. Th e co rrelative of a debt; that is, a deb t co nsider ed fro m the 
cred itor's standp oi nt, or that which is inc oming or due to one. That which is due to 
a per son, as di stingu is hed fro m debi t, that which is due by him . Claim or ca us e of 
acti on for sp ecific su m of mone y. 
A sum credit ed on the book s of a co mp any to a per son who ap pea rs to be 
entitled to it. (B lack's 4th ) 
co mmon law, con tracts . The abil ity to bo rrow, on the opin ion co ncei ved by the 
lender that he will be repa id . Th is def in ition incl ude s the effect and the im med ia te 
ca us e of cred it. Th e deb t due in cons eq uenc e of such a contr act is also ca lled a 
cred it; as, adminis trato r of the goods, chat tels, effects and cred its, &c . 
2. The ti me exte nde d for the payment of goods so ld, is also ca lled a cred it; as, 
the go ods wer e so ld at six mo nths credit. 
3. In co mm ercial law, cred it is un der stood as op posed to debit; cred it is what is 
due to a mer cha nt, debi t, what is due by him. 
4. Acco rding to M. Duver gi er, credit also sign ifies that in flue nce ac quir ed by 
in trigue co nn ected with ce rtain soci al posit ions. 20 Toull. n. 
19. Th is last species of cred it is no t of such va lue as to be the obje ct of co mmer ce . 
Vide gener ally, 5 Ta un t. R. 338. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
That wh ich is exte nded to a buy er or bo rrower on the se ller 's or lender 's belie f that 
that wh ich is gi ven wi ll be repa id . The term ca n be appl ied to unlim ited types of 
transac tions. Un der the UCC, any credit trans action creat ing a secu rity in terest in 
propert y is ca lled a "secu red tra nsac tio n" . (Bar ron's 3rd) 
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Creditor : 
A person to whom a deb t is owing by ano ther person who is the "deb tor. " One who 
has a ri gh t to req uir e the fu lfillment of an obliga tion or contr act; one to whom 
mone y is due, and, in ordinar y ac ce ptati on, has referenc e to fi na ncia l or busine ss 
trans actions. (B lack's 4th ) 
Credits : 
A term of un iver sa l appl ication to obliga tions due and to beco me due. 
A term us ed in tax at ion statut es to desig na te certain forms of per sonal proper ty . It 
in clude s eve ry claim and demand for mone y and eve ry sum of mo ney rece iva ble at 
sta ted per iods, due or to bec ome due, but not un ac crued rents to issue out of land . 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Cr ime : 
A positive or nega tive act in violation of pen al law; an offe nse agai nst the state . 
"Cr ime" and "m is demeanor", proper ly spea ki ng, ar e syn onymous terms; th ough in 
co mmon usage "cr ime" is made to deno te such offens es as are of a mor e at rocious 
dye . An act co mm itted or omitted in violation of a public law. (B lack's 4th ) 
Cri minal : 
n. One who has co mm itted a criminal offens e; one who has been legally co nvic ted 
of a crime; one adjud ged guil ty of crime. (B lack's 4th ) 
Currency : 
Coined mone y and such ban kno tes or oth er paper mone y as are au thor iz ed by law 
and do in fact cir culate fro m hand to hand as the me dium of exc hange. 
The term "m one y" is sy nonymous wi th "cu rrenc y" and imp orts any cu rrenc y, 
to ken, ba nk notes, or oth er cir cu lating me dium in gene ra l use as the represent ative 
of va lue. (B lack's 4th ) 
Currency : 
The mone y wh ich pa sses, at a fi xed va lue, fro m hand to hand ; mone y which is 
au thor ized by law. 
2. By art. 1, s. 8, the Co nstitu tion of the Un ited States au thor izes co ngr ess "t o 
co in mo ney, and to regulate the va lue th ereof. " Chan ges in the cu rrenc y ough t not 
to be made but for the mo st urgent reas on, as they uns ettle co mm erce, both at 
home and abr oad . Supp ose Peter co ntrac ts to pay Pa ul one th ous a nd dollars in six 
mo nths-the dollar of a certa in fi nene ss of si lver, weig hing one hundr ed and twelve 
and a half gr ain s-a nd afterwa rds, before the mone y beco mes due, the va lue of the 
dollar is changed, and it we ig hs now but fif ty-six and a quart er gr ains; wi ll one 
thous and of the new dollars pay the old deb t? Dif ferent opin ion may be entert ai ned, 
but it see ms that such payment wo uld be comp lete ; beca use, 1. The cred ito r is 
bo und to rece ive the public cu rrenc y; and, 2. He is bou nd to receive it at its legal 
va lue. 6 Duver g . n. 17 4. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
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Debit : 
A sum charged as due or owing . The term is used in book- kee ping to deno te the 
left page of the ledger , or the char gin g of a per so n or an acc oun t with all that is 
suppl ied to or paid out for him or for the su bject of the acc oun t .. Also, the bala nc e 
of an ac count wher e it is shown that some th ing remains due to the pa rty keeping 
the acc oun t. (B lack's 4th ) 
Debt : 
A sum of mo ney due by certa in and expr ess agr eement; as by bond for a 
determ ina te sum, a bill or note, a spec ial bar gain, or a rent reser ved on a lease, 
wher e the am oun t is fi xed and specific, and do es no t depend up on any su bseq uent 
va luation to settle it. 
Synonyms : 
The term "demand" is of mu ch broader im por t th an "deb t, " and embr ac es ri g hts 
of action belon gi ng to the deb tor beyo nd those wh ich cou ld appr opr iat ely be ca lled 
"deb ts" . In this resp ect the term "dema nd" is one of very extensi ve imp ort. 
Ne verth eless, "deb t" may be synon ymous with "cl aim" ; and may in clude an y 
kind of a jus t demand . 
Th e wor d du es is eq uiva lent to "deb ts," or that wh ich is owi ng and has a 
contr actu al sig n ifica nc e. 
"D eb t" is no t exac tly sy nonymous with "du ty." A deb t is a legal liabil ity to pay a 
specif ic su m of mone y; a du ty is a legal obligation to per form some ac t. 
"Obl igat ion" is a broa der term than "deb t" . Eve ry obli gation is no t a deb t, th ough 
eve ry deb t is an oblig ation . 
The wor ds "deb t" and "liabili ty" ar e no t necessa ri ly synonymous. As appl ied to 
the pecu niar y relations or par ties, liabili ty is a term of broader sign ifica nce than 
debt. Lia bility is resp onsi bility ; the state of one who is bo un d in law and jus tice to 
do so me th ing wh ich may be enf orced by act ion . Th is liabili ty may ar ise fro m 
contr acts eit her expr ess or impli ed , or in con seq uenc e of torts co mm itted . "L ia bili ty" 
ordinar ily means an obligation wh ich may or may no t ri pen in to a debt. Yet "deb t" 
may some ti mes include va ri ous kinds of liabili ties . (B lack's 4th ) 
Debt : 
con tra cts . A su m of mone y due by certain and expr ess agr eement. 3 61. Com . 15 4. 
In a less techn ic al sense, as in the "ac t to regulate ar bi trations and proceed ings in 
cou rts of jus tice" of Pe nns ylva nia, pa ssed the 21s t of Mar ch, 18 06, s. 5, it mea ns a 
claim for mone y. In a sti ll mor e enlar ged sense, it deno tes any kind of a jus t 
dema nd ; as, the de bts of a ba nk ru pt. "4 S. & R. 506. 
2. De bts ar ise or are proved by ma tter of recor d, as judg ment de bts ; by bonds 
or specia lties ; and by simple co ntrac ts, wher e the qu ant ity is fixed and sp ecif ic, and 
do es no t depend up on any futu re va luat ion to settle it. 3 BI. Com . 15 4; 2 Hill. R. 
220 . 
3. Acco rd ing to the civi lians, deb ts ar e di vided in to active and passive . By the 
fo rmer is meant what is due to us, by the latter, what we owe . By liquid deb t, they 
un der sta nd one, the payment of wh ich may be immediat ely enf orced , and no t one 
which is due at a futu re ti me, or is sub ject to a co ndi tion ; by hy potheca ry deb t is 
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mea nt, one wh ich is a lien over an estate and a dou btfu l deb t, is one the payment 
of wh ich is un certain . Clef des Lo is Ro m. h. t. 
4. De bts ar e di sch ar ged in va rious ways, but pr in cip a lly by payment. See Acco rd 
an d Sati sfa ction ; Ba nkru ptcy ; Conf usion Co mp ens atio n; Delegat ion ; Defeasa nc e; 
Dis ch ar ge of a contract; Exti ncti on; Exti ngu ishment; Former reco very ; La pse of 
ti me; No vat ion ; Payment; Release ; Rescis sion ; Set off. 
5. In payment of deb ts, some are to be paid before oth ers, in cases of in solvent 
estates fi rst, in co nseq uenc e of the char acter of the cred ito r, as deb ts due to the 
Un ited States ar e gener ally to be fi rst paid ; and sec ondly, in con seq uenc e of the 
na tu re of the deb t, as fu ner al expe ns es and serva nts' wage s, wh ich ar e gener ally 
paid in preferenc e to oth er deb ts . See Preferenc e; Pri vilege; Prio rity . (B ouvier 's 
1856 6th Ed .) 
Debtor : 
"D eb tor" mea ns the person who owes payment or other performanc e of the 
oblig ation secu red , whe ther or no t he or she owns or has ri g hts in the co llateral, 
and incl udes the se ller of ac co un ts or chat tel paper. UCC 9-10 5(d) 
Debtor : 
One who owes a debt; he who may be co mp elled to pay a claim or dema nd . Any one 
liable on a claim, whe ther due or to beco me due. 
The term may be us ed syn onymously with "obl igor ," mor tgagor ," and the like. 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Debtor : 
contr acts . One who owes a deb t; he who may be cons trai ned to pay what he owes . 
2. A deb tor is bo und to pay hi s deb t per sonal ly, and all the estate he possesses 
or may acquir e, is also liable for hi s deb t. 
3. De bto rs are join t or seve ral; joi nt, when they all eq ually owe the deb t in 
solido; in th is case if a suit should be necessa ry to recover the deb t, all the de bto rs 
mus t be sued toge ther or, when some ar e de ad, the sur vivor s mus t be sued , but 
each is bou nd for the whole deb t, havi ng a righ t to con tri bution fro m the oth ers; 
they ar e seve ral, when each promis es sever ally to pay the whole deb t; and 
obli gations ar e gener ally binding on both or all de bto rs joi ntly and seve rally. When 
the y are seve rally bo un d each may be sued sepa rately, and on the pay ment of deb t 
by one, the other s will be bo und to contri but io n, wher e all had par tiCi pat ed in the 
mone y or propert y, wh ich was the ca use of the deb t. 
4. De bto rs are also pr in cip a l and su rety ; the prin cipal deb tor is bou nd as 
betwee n him and his su rety to pay the whole debt. and if the su rety pay it, he will 
be en titled to recove r agai nst the princi pa l. Vide Bo uv. Ins t. Inde x, h. t. ; Vi n. Ab. 
Cred ito r and Deb tor; Id . Debt; 8 Com . Dig . 288 ; Dig . 50, 16 , 10 8 Id . 50, 16, 17 8, 
3; Toull. liv. 2, n. 250. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Debtor in Possession: In ban kru ptcy , refers to deb tor in a Ban kru ptcy Code 
Cha pte r 11 or Cha pte r 11 case either the deb to r will remain in con trol of its 
busine ss or as sets or a tru stee wi ll be ap pOi nted to ta ke contr ol of the busine ss or 
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as sets . 
Decision : 
A judg ment or decr ee pronounc ed by a court in settlement of a co ntrove rsy 
subm itted to it and by way of au tho ritative an swer to the que sti ons raised before it. 
A judg ment gi ven by a co m pet ent tribun al. The fi ndings of fact and co nclusions of 
law wh ich mus t be in writi ng and fi led wi th the clerk. (B lack's 4th ) 
Declara tio n : 
In Plead ing . The fi rst of the plead ings on the par t of the plai ntif f in an acti on at law, 
bei ng a formal and me thod ic al spe cif ic ati on of the facts and cir cums ta nc es 
con stitu ting his ca us e of ac tion . It co mm only co mpr ises seve ral sec ti ons or 
di visions, ca lled "cou nts, " and its form al par ts follow each oth er in this or der "Tit le, 
ve nu e, co mm enc emen t, ca us e of action, co unt s, and co nclusion . The dec laration, at 
co mmon law, ans wer s to the "lib el" in ecclesias tic a l and admir alty law, the "bill" in 
eq uity, the "p etit ion" in civi l law, the "c ompla in t" in cod e plead ing, and the "cou nt" 
in real actions. It may be gen eral or special: for exam ple, in deb t on a bo nd, a 
dec laration co un ti ng on the penal part only in general; one which sets out both the 
bond and the co ndi tion and as signs the breach is special. (B lack's 4th ) 
Declaration : 
plead ing . A declar at ion is a sp ec ificati on, in a me thod ica l and logic al form , of the 
cir cu msta nc es which co nstitut e the plai ntif f's ca us e of ac tion . 1 Chit. PI . 248 ; Co . 
Lit t. 17 , a, 303, a; Bac. Abr. Pleas, B; Co m. Dig . Pleader , C 7; Lawes on PI . 35; 
Steph PI . 36; 6 Ser g o & Ra wle, 28 . In real acti ons, it is mo st proper ly ca lled the 
co un t; in a per sonal one, the dec larat ion . Steph . PI . 36 Doc t. PI . 83; La wes, Plead . 
33; see P. N. B. 16, a, 60, d. The latter, ho wever, is now the gener al te rm ; being 
that co mm only us ed when referri ng to rea l and per sonal acti ons without dis tinc tio n. 
3 Bouv. In st . n. 28 15. 
2. The de claration in an action at law an swer s to the bill in chanc ery, the libel of 
the civi lians, and the allegation of the ecclesias tica l co urts. 
3. It may be co nsider ed with refere nce, 1s t. To those gener al req ui sites or 
qual ities wh ich go vern the whole decla rati on; and 2d . To its form , pa rticu lar part s, 
and requ is ites . 
4.- 1. The gener al req ui sit es or qual ities of a dec laration ar e fi rst, that it 
corr espond with the process . But, ac co rding to the prese nt practic e of the cou rts, 
order of the writ ca nno t be craved ; and a va ri an ce between the wr it and dec laration 
ca nno t be pleade d in ab atem ent. 1 Saund . 31 8; a. 
5. Sec ondly. The seco nd gener al req ui si te of a dec laration is, that it cont a in a 
state ment of all the facts nec essa ry in point of law, to sus tain the action, and no 
mor e. Co . Lit t. 303, a; Plowd . 84, 122. See 2 Mas s. 863 ; Cowp. 682 ; 6 Eas t, R. 422 
5 T. R. 623 ; Vin . Ab . Dec larati ons. 
6. Th ir dly. These cir cu ms ta nces mus t be stated wi th certa in ty and truth . The 
ce rtai nty ne cessa ry in a decla ration is, to a certa in in tent in gener al, wh ich should 
perva de the whole declar ati on, and is particu larly req uir ed in setti ng forth, 1s t. The 
pa rties ; it mus t be stated wi th ce rta i nty who ar e the pa rties to the su it, and 
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ther efo re a declar ation by or agains t "c D and Co mp an y, " not be ing a corpor ation, 
is in suf ficient. See Com . Dig . Pleader , C I 8 1 Ca mp. R. 446 I T. R. 508 ; 3 Ca ine s, 
R. 170. 2d . The ti me; in per sonal acti ons the dec laration mus t, in gener al, state a 
time when ever y ma terial or trave rsa ble fact happ ene d ; and when a venue is 
necessa ry, ti me mus t also, be me ntioned . 5 T. R. 62 0; Co m. Dig . Plead . C 19; 
Plowd . 24 ; 14 Eas t, R. 39 0.; Th e precise time, ho weve r, is no t mater ia l; 2 Da ll. 
346 ; 3 Johns. R. 43 ; 13 Johns. R. 253; un less it co nstitut es a ma terial pa rt of the 
contr act dec lared up on, or wher e the date, &c ., of a wr itten contr act or reco rd, is 
averred ; 4 T. R. 590 10 Mo d. 313 2 Ca mp. R. 307, 8, n.; or , in ejectment , in wh ich 
the dem ise mus t be stated to hav e been made after the title of the lesser of the 
plai ntif f, and hi s ri gh t of en try, accr ued . 2 Eas t, R. 257; 1 Johns. Ca s. 283 . 3d . The 
Place . See Ve nue. 4th . Ot her cir cu msta nc es nec essa ry to main ta in the action . 
7.-2. The par ts and par ticu lar requ isit es of a dec laration ar e, fi rst, the title of 
the court and term . See 1 Chit. PI . 26 1, et seq . 
8. Sec ondly. The ven ue. Immedia tely afte r the title of the declar ation follows 
the state ment in the mar gin of the ve nue, or cou nty in wh ich the facts are alleged 
to have occu rred, and in wh ich the ca use is tried . See Ve nue. 
9. Th ir dly. The co mmenc ement. What is termed the co mm encement of the 
dec laration follows the venue in the mar gin, and precedes the mor e cir cu mstan tia l 
stat ement of the ca us e of action . It cont ains a state me nt, 1s t. Of the na mes of the 
parties to the su it, and if they sue or be sued in an oth er ri gh t, or in a politic a l 
capa city, (as exec utors, assig nees, qui lam, & c. ) of the cha racter or ri gh t in 
respec t of wh ich they ar e pa rties to the suit. 2d . Of the mode in wh ich the 
def endan t has bee n brough t in to co urt; and, 3d . A br ief recit al of the form of action 
to be proceeded in. 1 Sa und . 31 8, Id . 111 , 11 2; 6 T. R. 130. 
10. Fourth ly. The state ment of the ca us e (i f action, in wh ich all the req ui sites of 
certa int y before me ntioned mus t be obser ved , nec essa ri ly va ries, ac co rding to the 
cir cu msta nces of each par ticu lar case , and the form of ac tion, whether in 
as su mpsit, deb t, cov ena nt, deti nue, ca se, trover, replevin or trespass . 
11. Fif th ly. The sever a l co un ts . A dec laration may consis t of as many cou nts as 
the case req uir es, and the jur y may assess enti re or di sti nct da mages on . all the 
cou nts; 3 Wils. R. 185; 2 Bay, R. 206; and it is usua l, par ticu larly in acti ons of 
as su mpsit, deb t on simple con tract, and actions on the ca se, to set forth the 
plai ntif f's cause of action in various sha pes in diff erent co unts, so that if the plai ntif f 
fa il in proof of one cou nt, he may su cceed in ano ther. 3 BI . Co m. 29 5. 
12. Si xth ly. The conclusion . In per sonal and mi xed acti ons the dec laration 
shou ld concl ude to the damage of the plaint iff; Co m. Dig . Pleader , C 84 ; 10 Co . 
11 6, b. 11 7, a.; un less in scir e facias and in pe nal actions at the sui t of a comm on 
in former. 
13. Seve nth ly. The profert and pledges. In an action at the su it of an execut or 
or ad mini strato r, im med iat ely after the co nclusion to the dama ges, &c ., and before 
the pledge s, a profe rt of the letters testa me ntary or letters of admin is tration shou ld 
be ma de. Ba c. Abr. Execut or, C; Do ugl. 6, in notes . At the end of the dec laration, it 
is usual to add the plai ntif f is co mm on pledge s to prosecute, John Doe and Ric har d 
Roe . 
14. A dec laration may be gener al or specia l; for exa mp le, in deb t or bo nd, a 
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de claration co un ti ng on the pe nal pa rt on ly, is gener al; when it sets out both the 
pena lty and the co ndi ti on, and ass igns the breach, it is specia l. Gould on PI . c. 4, 
Sec . 50. See, gener ally, Bo uv. Ins t. In dex, h. t. 1 Chit. PI . 248 to 402 ; La wes, PI . 
Inde x) h. t. ; Arch . Civ. PI . in dex, h. t. ; Steph . PI . h. t. ; Grab. Pro h. t. ; Com . Dig . 
Pleader , h. t. ; Dane's Ab. h. t. ; Un ited States Dig . Plead ings ii. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th 
Ed .) 
Deduction : 
That wh ich is deduc ted ; the par t take n away; ab atement; as a ded uction fro m the 
yea rly rent. 
In Prob ate La w - By "deduc tio n" is un der stood a portion or th ing wh ich an heir has 
a ri gh t to ta ke fro m the mas s of the suc ces sion before any par tition ta kes place . 
Taxat ion . 
As us ed in In terna l Reve nue Co de, relating to tax on cor por ati on, "de duc tio n" 
refe rs to items which may be su btracted fro m a co rpo rat ion's gross inc ome in 
ar ri ving at net inc ome. (B lack's 4th ) 
Default : 
The neg lect to perform a legal obliga tion or du ty ; but in techn ic al langua ge by 
def ault is ofte n under stood the non-app ea ran ce of the def endan t with in the ti me 
prescri bed by law, to defend hi mself; it also sign ifies the non-app ear anc e of the 
plai ntiff to prosecut e his claim . 
2. When the plai ntif f ma kes de fau lt, he may be un su ited ; and when the 
defendan t ma kes default, judg ment by default is render ed agai nst him. Com . Dig . 
Pleader , E 42 Id . B 11. Vide art icle Ju dgme nt by Default, and 7 Vi n. Ab . 429 ; Doct. 
PI . 208 Grah. Pro 63 1. See, as to what will excuse or save a defau lt, Co . Lit t. 259 b. 
(B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Defe nd : 
To prohi bit or forbid . To deny. To contest and en deav or to de feat a claim or 
demand made aga i ns t one in a co urt of jus tice . 
Defendant : 
The per son def end ing or deny ing ; the pa rty agai nst whom relief or recove ry is 
sou gh t in an action or suit. In co mmon usage, th is term is appli ed to the pa rty put 
up on his def en se or sum mone d to ans wer a cha rge or co mplai nt, in any species of 
action, ci vil or criminal, at law or in eq uity . Stri ctly, ho wever , it do es not apply to 
the per son agai nst whom a real action is brough t for in that proceed ing the 
tech ni ca l usage is to ca ll the pa rties respec ti vely the "demanda nt" and the 
"t ena nt" . (B lack's 4th ) 
Delivery : 
Wi th resp ect to ins tru me nts, do cu men ts of title, ch attel paper or ce rtified secu rities 
mea ns volu nta ry tra nsfer of posses si on. UCC 1-2 01( 14) 
A vo luntary trans fer of title or possess ion fro m one pa rty to ano ther; a legally 
recog nized handin g -over of one's possesso ry rig hts to ano ther. 
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Wher e actu al delive ry wou ld be cu m ber so me or imp ossible, the cou rts will fi nd a 
cons tru ctive deliv ery suff icie nt, prov ide d the in tention is clearly to tra nsfer tit le. 
(B ar ron's 3rd) 
Demand : 
contr acts . A claim; a legal obliga tion . 
2. Lo rd Co ke says, that demand is a word of art, and of an exte nt, in its 
sign if ic atio n, gr eat er than any oth er wor d except claim . Lit t. sec t. 508 ; Co . Lit t. 
29 1; 2 Hill, R. 220 ; 9 S. & R. 124; 6 Wat ts and S. 226 . Henc e a release of all 
demands is, in gener al, a release of all cov ena nts, real and per son al, co nd itions, 
whe ther brok en or no t, annu ities, recog ni za nce, obliga tions, contr acts, and the like. 
3 Tho . Co . Lit t. 427 ; 3 Pen na, 12 0; 2 Hill, R. 228 . 
3. But a release of all demands does no t di sch ar ge rent be fore it is due, if it be a 
rent in cident to the rever sion ; for the rent was not only no t due, but the 
consider ation - the futur e enjo yment of the lands - for wh ich the rent was to be 
gi ve n, was not execut ed . 1 Sid . 14 1; 1 Lev. 99 3 Lev . 27 4; Ba c. Ab . Release, I. 
(B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Deny : 
To trave rse . To refu se to gr an t a petit ion or protest . (B lack's 4th ) 
Dige st : 
ci vil law. The name some ti me s gi ve n to the Pa nd ects of Ju stini an; it is so ca lled 
beca use th is com pi lation is reduc ed to order , qu asi di ge stiae . 
2. It is an ab rid gm ent of the decis ions of the praetors and the wo rks of the 
learned, and an cient writers on the law. It was made by order of the em per or 
Jus tini an, who, in 530, publi shed an ordin a nce en titled De Conc ept ione Dig estoru m, 
which was addr essed to Tribonian, and by wh ich he was req uir ed to select some of 
the mo st di sti ngu ished lawyers to assis t him in co mp osing a co llection of the best 
decisions of the ancient lawyers, and co mpil e th em in fifty book s, without conf usion 
or contr adic tion . The work was imme di ately co mme nced , and co mpleted on the 
16 th of Dece mb er, 533 . 
3. The Dig est is di vided in two di fferent ways ; the fi rst, in to fif ty book s, each 
book in to seve ra l titles, and each title in to sever a l laws at the head of each of them 
is the name of the lawyer from. who se work it was ta ken . 
4.- 1. The fi rst book cont a ins twent y-two titles ; the su bject of the fi rst is De 
jus ticia et jur e; of the di vision of per son and th ings; of magis trat es, & c. 
5.- 2. The sec ond, di vided in to fi fteen titles, treat s of the powe r of mag is trates 
and their jur isd iction ; the man ner of co mm encing su its ; of agr eeme nts and 
co mpr om ises . 
6.-3. The th ir d, com posed of six titles, treats of those who ca n and those who 
ca nno t su e; of ad vocates and attorneys and syndic s; and of ca lumny. 
7.- 4. The fourt h, di vided in to ni ne titles, treat s of ca uses of restituti on of 
subm issions and ar bi trat ions ; of min ors, ca rrie rs by wat er, innk eeper s and those 
who hav e the ca re of the proper ty of oth ers . 
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8.-5. In the fif th ther e ar e six titles, which treat s of jur is dic ti on and in officious 
testa men ts . 
9.- 6. Th e sub jec t, of the six th , in wh ich ther e ar e th ree titles, is ac tions. 
10.-7. Th e seve nth, in nine titles, emb races what ever co ncerns usuf ructs, 
per so nal servitudes, habi tati ons, the us es of real estate , and its appur tena nces, and 
of the sur eties req uir ed of the usuf ructu ar y. 
11 .-8. The eig hth book, in six titles, reg ulates ur ba n an d ru ral ser vitu des . 
12.- 9. The nin th book, in four titles, exp lains ce rtain per so nal actions. 
13.-1 0. The tenth , in four titles, treats of mi xed actions. 
14.- 11. Th e objec t of the eleventh book, co ntaining eigh t titles, is to reg ulate 
in terrog atories, the cases of which the ju dge was to take cog ni zanc e, fu gi tive 
slaves, of gam blers, of su rveyo rs who made fa lse repor ts, and of fu ner als and 
fu ner al expens es . 
15.- 12. The twe lfth boo k, in seven titles, reg ulates per so nal acti ons in wh ich the 
plai ntif f claims the title of a th ing . 
16.-13. The th irteenth , treats of certain pa rticu lar acti ons, in seve n titles . 
17.- 14. Th is, like the last, reg ulates certa in actions : it has six ti tles. 
18 .-15. Th e fiftee nth , in four titles, treat s of actions for which a father or mas ter 
is liable, in co nseq uenc e of the acts of his ch ildren or sl aves, and those to which he 
is entitled ; of the pecu lium of ch ildren and slaves, and of the actions on this ri gh t. 
19.- 16. The six tee nth , in th ree titles, cont ain s the law. relating to the senatus 
co nsu ltum ve llei anum, of co mp ens ation or set off, and of the acti on of dep osit . 
20 .-17. The seve ntee nth , in two titles, expo un ds the law of manda tes and 
par tn ershi p. 
21.-1 8. Th e eig hteenth book, in seve n titles, exp lain s the contract of sa le. 
22 .-1 9. Th e nine tee nth , in five titles, treats of the actions whic h ar ise on a 
contr ac t of sa le. 
23. -20. The law relating to pawns, hy pothecati on, the preferenc e am ong 
cred ito rs, and subr ogat ion, occu py the twentieth book, wh ich cont ains six titles . 
24. -21. The twe nty-first book, ex plains un der th ree titles, the edic t of the ed i les 
relating to the sa le of slaves and animals; then what relates to evic ti ons and 
wa rran ties . 
25. -22. Th e twe nty-seco nd treat s of in te rest, profits and ac cesso ries of th in gs, 
proof s, pres ump tions, and of ignor anc e of law and fact. It is di vi ded in to six titles. 
26 .-23. The twent y-th ir d, in five titles, cont ains the law of mar ria ge, and its 
ac comp an yi ng agr eemen ts . 
27. -24. The twent y-fou rth, in th ree titles, reg ulates dona ti ons between hus band 
and wif e, di vor ces, and th eir conseq uenc e. 
28 .-25. The twen ty-fifth is a conti nua tion of the sub je ct of the preced ing . It 
cont a ins seve n titles . 
29 .-26 and 27. These two boo ks, each in two titles, cont ain the law relating to 
tut orship and cu ratorship. 
30. -28. The twent y-eig hth , in eigh t titles, co ntain the law on last wills and 
testa men ts . 
31.- 29 . Th e twent y-nin th , in seve n titles, is the conti nua tion of the twen ty-
eig hth boo k. 
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32. -30 , 31, and 32. These th ree book s, each di vide d in to two titles, cont ain the 
law of tru sts and specif ic legacies . 
33. -33, 34, and 35. The fi rst of these, di vided in to ten titles ; the sec ond, in to 
nin e titles ; and the last int o th ree titles, treat of va ri ous kinds of legacies . 
34 .-36. The th ir ty-sixth , cont aining four titles, explains the senatu s con su ltum 
treb ellianum, and the time when tru sts beco me due. 
35. -37. Th is book, co ntain ing fift een titles, has two objec ts fi rst, to regu late 
su cces sions ; and, second ly, the resp ect wh ich childr en owe th eir pa ren ts, and 
freed men their patr ons. 
36.-38. Th e th ir ty-eig hth book, in seve ntee n titles, treat s of a va ri ety of 
sub jec ts ; of suc cessions, and of the degr ee of ki ndr ed in suc ces sions ; of 
posses sion ; and of heir s. 
37. -39. The th irt y-nin th expla ins the means wh ich the law and the prae tor take 
to preve nt a th reat ene d in jur y; and dona tions in ter viv os and mortis ca usa . 
38. -40 . Th e fortieth, in six tee n tit les, treats of the state and co ndi tion of 
per so ns, and of what re lates to freed men and liberty . 
39 .-41. Th e di fferent means of acquir ing and losing title to propert y, ar e 
expla ined in the forty -fi rst book, in ten titles. 
40 .-42 . The forty-seco nd, in eigh t titles, treats of the res ju dic ata , and of the 
sei zur e and sa le of the proper ty of a deb tor. 
41.- 43 . In terdic ts or possesso ry actions ar e the obje ct of the forty-th ir d book, in 
thr ee titles . 
42 . -44. The forty-fou rth cont ains an enu mer ation of def ens es wh ich ar ise in 
co nseq uenc e of the res jud ic ata, fro m the lapse of time, prescri ption, and the like. 
Th is occu pies six titles ; the seve nth treats of obligations and actions. 
43 .-45. Th is spea ks of sti pu lations, by freed men, or by slaves . It cont ains only 
thr ee titles . 
44 .-46. Th is book, in eigh t titles, treat s of secu riti es, notati ons, and delegations, 
payme nts, releases, and ac cept anc es . 
45.- 47. In the forty-seve nth book are explai ned the puni shme nts in flicted for 
privat e crim es, de pr ivates delictis, among wh ich ar e incl uded larceni es, slander , 
libels, offenc es agai nst religion, and publi c mann ers, remo ving bou nda ries, and 
oth er similar offenc es. 
46. -48 . Th is boo k treats of public cri mes, am ong wh ich are enum erated those 
laesae majes tatiS, adu ltery, mur der , pois oning, pa rri cide, exto rtion, and the like, 
wi th ru les for proced ure in such cases . 
47 . -49. The forty-nin th , in eig hteen titles, treat s of app eals, of the ri g hts of the 
publi c treasu ry, of those who ar e in captivit y, and of the ir repur chase . 
48 .-5 0. The last book, in seve nteen titles, explain s the rig hts of muni cip alities . 
and then treat s of a va rie ty of publi c offi ce rs . 
49 . Besides th is di visio n, Ju stinian made ano ther , in wh ich the fifty book s wer e 
di vided in to seve n part s : Th e fi rst cont ains the fi rst four boo ks ; the sec ond, fro m 
the fi fth to the eleventh book in clusiv e; the th ir d, fro m the twe lfth to the ni neteenth 
inclu si ve ; the fourt h, fro m title twentie th to the twe nty-seve nth inclusiv e; the fi fth , 
fro m the twent y-eig hth to the th irt y-sixth inclu si ve the six th , co mm enc ed with the 
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th ir ty seve nth , and ende d with the forty -fou rth boo k; and the seventh or last was 
com posed of the last six book s . 
50. A th ir d di visio n, which, ho weve r, is sa id no t to have bee n made by Jus tinian, 
is in thr ee par ts . Th e fi rst, ca lled di ge stu m vetu s, beca use it was the fi rst pr i nted . It 
co mm enc es with the fi rst book, and . incl ude s the work to the end of the sec ond 
title of the twent y-fou rth boo k. The sec ond, ca lled di ge stu m inf ort ia tu m, beca use it 
is su ppor ted or fortif ied by the oth er two, it be ing the middle; it co mm enc es with 
the beginnin g of the th ir d title of the twen ty-four th boo k and ends with the th ir ty
eig hth . Th e th ir d, wh ich beg ins with the th irt y-ni nth boo k an d ends with the wo rk, 
is ca lled di ges tu m novu m, beca use it was last pri nted . 
51. The Dig est, alth ou gh, co mpi led in Cons ta ntinople, was or ig in ally writ ten in 
Lati n, and afterwa rds trans lated in to Gree k. 
52. Th is wo rk was lost to all Eur op e dur ing a co nsider able per iod, as in deed all 
the law wo rks of Ju stinian wer e, except some fragme nts of th e Code and No vels. 
Dur ing the pillage of Am alphi, in the war between the two so i-d isant po pes 
Inno cent II . and Anacle t II ., a so ldier dis cove red an old man uscr i pt, wh ich attracted 
hi s attention by it s en velope of many co lors. It was ca rri ed to the emp eror , 
Clothair e II ., and proved to be the Pa nd ects of Ju stini an . The work was ar ran ge d in 
its present order by War ner , a Ger man, who se na me, Lati ni sed , is Ir nerius, who 
was ap pOi nted professor of Ro man law at Bologna, by that emp eror. 1 Four nel, 
Hi st. des Avocats, 44, 46, 51. 
53 . Th e Pa nd ects co nta in all whatsoeve r Jus tinian drew out of 15 0,000 verses of 
the old boo ks of the Ro man law. The style of the Dig est is very gr ave and pur e, and 
di ffers not mu ch fro m the eloque ntis t sp eech that eve r the Ro mans us ed ." The 
learning of the dige st st ands rath er in the di scus sing of su btle que stions of law, an d 
enum erati ons of the va ri ety of opin ions of an cient lawyer s ther eupon, than in 
practica l mat ters of daily use . The Code of Ju stinian di ffers in th ese resp ects from, 
the Dige st. It is less methodic al, but mor e practica l; the sty le ho wever, is a 
barbar ous Th racia n phr ase Lati ni sed , such as ne ver any mea n Lati ni st spok e. The 
work is other wis e rude and un sk illful." Ri dley's View of the Civ. & Ecc . La w, pt. 1, 
ch . 2, Sec . 1, and ch . 1, Sec . 2. 
54 . Dif ferent opin ions ar e en terta in ed up on the mer its of the Dig est, or Pa nd ects, 
Cod e, Authe ntics and Feuds, as a syste m of jur ispr udenc e. By some it has been 
sever ely cri ticiz ed , and eve n har shly censur ed, and by other s as warmly def ende d 
the one pa rty di scoveri ng noth ing but defects , and the oth er as ob sti na tely 
determ in ed to fi nd no thing but what is go od and va luable. See Felangier i della 
Leg islazione, vo l. 1, c. 7. It mus t be conf essed that it is not without de fects . It 
migh t hav e been co mp rehe nded in less exte nt, and in some pa rts ar ra nge d in 
better order. It mus t be co nfessed also that it is less co ngenial as a whole, with the 
princip les of free go vern ment, th an the co mm on law of Eng land . Yet, with all these 
defects, it is a rich fo un tain of learning and reaso n; and of th is monu ment of the 
high cu lture and wisdom of the Ro man ju ri sts it may be sa id, as of all oth er wo rks 
in wh ich the go od so mu ch su rpasses the bad . 
Ut plura in tent in carm ine non ego pa uc is Off endar macu lis, qu as aut 
in cu ria fu di t Aut hu mana pa ru m cavit natu ra . HOR AT. ART. PO ETI C, v. 35 1. (?) 
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Dischar ge : 
The op posit e of cha rge; henc e to release ; liberate ; annu l; unbur den ; un enc umb er. 
In the law of co ntra cts . To ca ncel or un loose the obligation of a cont ract; to mak e 
an agr eement or contr act null and in oper ative . Dis char ge is a gener ic term ; it's 
princi pa l species ar e resc is sion, release, acco rd and sati sfa cti on, per for manc e, 
judg men t, com posit ion, ba nkru ptcy , mer ger. (B lack's 1s t) 
practice . The act by wh ich a per son in co nfinemen t, under some legal process, or 
held on an ac cus ati on of so me cri me or mi sdemea nor , is set at liberty; the wr iti ng 
co ntaining the order for his bei ng so set at liberty, is also ca lled a di schar ge. 
2. The di sc har ge of a def enda nt, in prison un der a ca . as ., when made by the 
plai ntif f, has the oper ation of satisf ying the deb t, the plaint iff having no oth er 
remedy . 4 T. R. 526. But when the di sch ar ge is in con seq ue nce of the in solvent 
laws, or the def endan t di es in pris on, the deb t is not satis fied . In the fi rst place the 
plai ntif f has a reme dy agai ns t the proper ty of the defenda nt, ac quir ed after hi s 
di schar ge, and, in the last case, agai nst the execut ors or ad mini strators of the 
deb tor. Ba c. Ab . 
Execut ion, D; Bin gh. on Exec ution, 266 . (B ouvier's 18 56 6th Ed .) 
Discount : 
In a gener al sense, an y allowanc e or deduc tio n made fro m a gr oss sum on any 
ac coun t wh ateve r. In a mor e lim ited and tech ni ca l sense, the ta king of in terest in 
adv a nce . 
By the lang uage of the co mmer cia l world and the settled prac tic e of ba nk s, a 
di scoun t by ba nk means a dr awback or deduc ti on made up on its adv anc es or loans 
of mone y, up on nego tiable paper or other evidenc es of deb t paya ble at a futu re 
day, wh ich ar e tran sfe rred to the ba nk. 
Although the di scou nti ng of notes or bills, in its mo st co mpr ehensi ve sense, may 
mea n lending mone y and ta king notes in payme nt, yet, in its mor e ordinar y sense, 
the di scou nti ng of no tes or bill me ans adva ncing a co nsider ation for a bill or note, 
de duc ti ng or dis cou nti ng the in terest which will accrue for the ti me the note has to 
ru n. 
Di scou nti ng by a bank means lending mo ney up on a no te, and ded ucti ng the 
in terest or premium in adv anc e. 
Dis cou nt, as we hav e see n, is the di fference between the pric e and the amoun t 
of the deb t, the evidenc e of wh ich is tran sfe rred . That di fference represe nts int erest 
cha rged , be ing at the sa me rate, accor di ng to wh ich the pric e pa id, if in ves ted un til 
the matu rit y of the de bt, will jus t produc e its amou nt. (B lack's 4th ) 
Dishonor : 
A term appl ied to the non -fulfillment of co mm ercia l engagemen ts . To di shonor a bill 
of exc hange or promis sor y no te, is to refu se or neg lect to pay it at matu rity . 
Bouv eir 's 3rd In mer can ti le law and usag e. To refu se or decline to ac cept a bill of 
exch an ge, or to refu se or negle ct to pay a bill or note at matu rity . A ne go tiable 
ins tru ment is di shonor ed when it is ei ther not paid or no t ac cept ed, accor ding to its 
tenor , on prese ntment for that pu rpose, or without prese ntm en t, wher e that is 
excus ed . Ci vil Code Ca l. Sec ti on 31 41 / (B lack's 1s t) 
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Dock : 
The cage or enclosed sp ace in a criminal co urt wher e pris oner s sta nd when brough t 
in for tria l. The spac e in a rive r or ha rbor , en closed between two whar ves . 
A slip or water way extending between two pier s or projecti ng whar ves for the 
rece pti on of, ship s, so me ti me s inc luding the pier s thems elves . 
"A dock is an artif icia l ba sin in co nne cti on with a ha rbor , us ed for the reception 
of vesse ls in the ta king on or the di sch ar gin g of the ir ca rgo es, and provided wi th 
ga tes for preventi ng the rise and fa ll of the wate rs occ asioned by the tides, and 
keeping a un ifor m leve l with in the do cks." (B lack's 4th ) 
Docket : 
v. To ab stra ct and en ter in a boo k. To mak e a br ief entr y of an y proceed ing in a 
cou rt of jus tice in the do cket . 
n. A minute, ab stra ct, or br ie f en try, or the boo k cont ainin g such entr ies. A sm all 
pie ce of pa per or pa rch ment having the effect of a larger. 
In practic e . A formal reco rd, ent ered in brie f, of the proceed ings in a co urt of 
jus tice . 
A book cont aining an en try in br ief of all the imp ortant acts done in cou rt in the 
co nduc t of each case, fro m it s inc ep ti on to its co nc lusion . 
The name of "dock et" or "tr ial do cket" is some times gi ven to the list or ca lendar 
of ca us es set to be tried at a speci fi ed term , prepar ed by the clerks fo r the us e of 
the co urt and bar. (B lack's 4th ) 
Docket. striking a. : 
A phr ase form erly used in Eng lish ban kru ptcy practic e . It refe rred to the en try of 
cert ain pa per s at the ban kru ptcy office, preliminar y to the prosec ution of the fi at 
agai nst a trader who had beco me ban kru pt. These paper s co nsis ted of the affid avit, 
the bo nd, and the pet ition of the cred itor, and th eir abje ct was to ob tain fro m the 
lord cha ncellor hi s fi at, au th or izing the petiti oner to prosecut e his co mplain t agai ns t 
the ba n kru pt in the ban kru ptcy co urts. (B lack's 4th ) 
Document of Title : 
"D ocu ment of Ti tle" in clude s bill of lading, dock wa rra nt, dock receip t, wa rehous e 
rece ip t, or order for deliver y of goo ds. Ev iden cing that the per son en titled un der the 
do cu ment has the ri gh t to rece ive , hold and di sp ose of the docu men t and the go ods 
it cove rs . UC C 1-2 01( 15) 
Dollar : 
The uni t emp loyed in the Un ited States in ca lculating mo ney va lues . It is of the 
va lue of one hundr ed cents . Mon ey or cu rrenc y issued by lawfu l au th or ity and 
in tended to pass and cir cu late as suc h . (Black's 4th ) 
Dollar. money : 
A silver co in of the Un ited States of the va lue of one hundr ed cents, or tenth pa rt of 
an eag le. 
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2. It we ighs four hun dred and twe lve and a half grain s. Of one thous a nd pa rts, 
nin e hun dred ar e of pur e si lver and one hun dred of alloy . Act of Januar y 18, 1837, 
ss. 8 & 9, 4 Shar sw . Co nt. of Sto ry's L. U. S. 2523, 4; 
Wrig ht, R. 162. 
3. In all co mput ations at the cus tom- hous e, the specie dollar of Swed en and 
Nor way sh all be esti mated at one hundr ed and six cent s . The specie dollar of 
Den mar k, at one hun dred and five cent s . Act of Ma y 22, 18 46 . (B ouvier 's 1856 
6th Ed .) 
Double Entry : 
A syste m of mer can ti le boo kkeeping, in whic h the ent ries in the day- book, etc., ar e 
pos ted twice in to the ledger. Fi rst, to a per so nal acc ou nt, that is, to the ac cou nt of 
the per son wi th whom the de aling to which any gi ven entr y refe rs has take n place; 
sec ond ly, to an im per so nal ac cou nt, as "goods ." (B lack's 1s t) 
A syste m of boo kke eping , in wh ich the ent ries ar e pos ted twic e in to the ledger , 
onc e as a credit and onc e as a debit. (B lack's 6th ) 
Double Entry : 
A term used am ong mer cha nts to sig nify that boo ks of acc ou nt ar e kept in such a 
manner that they present the debit and credit of ever yth in g. The term is used in 
contr adis ti nction to singl e entr y. 
2. Keeping boo ks by double en try is mor e exac t, beca use, prese nti ng all the 
ac tive and all the pass ive propert y of the mer cha nt, in th eir respec tive di visions, 
ther e ca nno t be placed an art icle to, an acc ou nt, wh ich do es no t pass to so me 
co rres pondent acc oun t elsew her e. It present s a pe rfect vie w of each oper ati on, 
and, fro m the relation and co mp a rison of the di ver s accou nts, wh ich always kee p 
pace wi th each oth er, th eir co rrectness is proved ; for eve ry co mmer cia l oper ation is 
ne cessa ri ly com posed of two in terests, wh ich are co nn ected toge th er. The basis of 
this mode of keeping book s, an d the only condi tion req uir ed , is to wr ite down ever y 
trans acti on and noth ing else ; and to mak e no entr y wit hout put ti ng it do wn to the 
two age nts of the oper ation . By th is means a mer ch ant who se trans actions ar e 
extensi ve, co mp ris ing a gr eat numb er of sub je cts , is able to know no t only the 
gener al situation of his affa ir s, but also the situ ation of each part icu lar oper at ion . 
For exa mple, when a mer chant receiv es mone y, his cash acc oun t beco mes de btor, 
and the per son who has paid it, or the mer chand ise so ld, is cred ited with it; when 
he pays mone y, the ca sh ac co un t, is cred ited ; and the mer chand ise boug ht, or the 
obliga tion pa id, is deb ited wi th it. See Single en try. (B ouvier's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Dra ft : 
An order in wri ting dir ecti ng a per son oth er th an the mak er to pay a specif ied su m 
to a na med per son . Drafts may or may no t be nego tiable ins tru ments, dep ending 
on wher e the eleme nts of nego tia bility are satis fied . Draft is synonymous wi th bill of 
exc hange. (B ar ron's 3rd) 
"D raft" mea ns a draft as de fin ed in Sec ti on 3-10 4 or an item, oth er th an an 
ins tru men t, that is an order. UCC 4-10 4(7) . An ins tru men t is a "no te" if it is a 
prom ise, and is a "dr aft" if it is an order. UC C 3-10 4(e) 
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The co mm on term for a bill of exch ange; as be ing drawn by one per son on ano th er. 
An order for the payment of mone y drawn by one per son on an oth er. It is sa id to 
be a nome n generalissimum and to include all such order s. 
Th e term in cludes a cash ier's check; but a draft is di sti ngui shable fro m a 
cas hier 's check in that a dr aft is a bill of exc hange paya ble on demand pu rporti ng to 
be drawn on dep osit while a ca shier 's check is a pr imar y obligation of a ba nk wh ich 
issues it and co nstitut es it's wr itten prom ise to pay it on dem and . It is di sti ngu ished 
fro m "c heck" by the fact that in a draft the drawer is a ba nk , whil e in the ordinar y 
check, the dr awer is an ind ividua l. (B lack's 4th ) 
Drawee : 
One to whom a bill of exch ange or a check dir ects a reque st to pay a certa in su m of 
mone y specified ther ein. In the typic al checki ng ac count situati on, the ba nk is the 
drawee, the per so n writi ng the check is the mak er or dr awer , and the per son to 
whom the check is wr itten is the payee . (B ar ron's 3r d) 
"D rawee" mea ns a per son order ed in a dr aft to mak e payment. UCC 3-10 3(2) 
A person to whom a bill of excha nge is addr ess ed, and who is req uested to pay the 
am ou nt of mone y ther ein men tione d . (B lack's 4th ) 
Drawer : 
"Dr awer " mea ns the person who signs or is ide ntified in a draft as a person order i ng 
pa yment. UCC 3-103(3) 
The person dr awing a bi ll of exch ange and add ressing it to the drawee . (B lack's 
4th ) 
Dummy : 
n. One who holds legal title for ano ther; a Straw- man . adj. Sh am; mak e-belie ve ; 
pretende d ; im itati on . As respects basis for pred icati ng liabili ty on pa rent 
co rpo ration for acts of su bsid iar y, "age ncy, " "ad jun ct, " "br an ch ," "i nstru ment ality," 
"du mm y, " "b uffer, " an d "too l" all mean very muc h the sa me th ing . (B lack's 4th ) 
n. One who pur chas es proper ty and holds legal title for ano ther , usua lly to con cea l 
the ide ntit y of the tru e owner; a Straw- man . 
adj . Sh am; mak e-belie ve ; pretended ; im itati on . Per son who ser ves in place of 
an oth er , or who ser ves un ti l the proper per so n is na med or av ai lable to ta ke his 
place (du mm y corpor ate officer s ; dumm y owner s of rea l estat e) . (B lack's 6th ) 
Dummy Corporation : 
Corpor ation formed for sha m pu rposes and not for co nduc t of legitima te busine ss ; 
e.g. formed for sole reason of avoiding per so nal liabili ty . (B lack's 6th ) 
Earn : 
To ac quir e by labor , servic e or perfor ma nce. (B lack's 4th ) 
Effigy : 
crim. law. The fi g ur e or represe ntati on of a per so n. 
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2. To mak e the effigy of a per son with an in tent to mak e him the obje ct of 
rid icu le, is a libel. (q .v.) Hawk. b. 1, c. 7 3, s. 2 14 Eas t, 227; 2 Chi t. Cr. Law, 866. 
3. In Franc e, an execution by effigy or in effi gy is ado pted in the case of a 
criminal who has fled from jus tic e . By the public expo sur e or exh ibi tion of a pic tu re 
or re prese ntati on of him on a scaf fold, on which hi s name and the decr ee 
co ndem ning him ar e written, he is deemed to un der go the pun ish ment to wh ich he 
has been sent enc ed . Si nce the adop tion of the Code Civi l, the practice has been to 
affi x the name s, quali ties or add it ion, and the reside nce of the co ndemne d per so n, 
togeth er with an extract fro m the sent enc e of co ndem nat ion, to a post set up ri gh t 
in the gr ou nd, ins tead of exh ibi ti ng a por tra it of him on the scaf fold. Repert oir e de 
Vi llar gue s; Bir et, Vo ca b. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
The fi gur e or corpor ea l represent ati on of a per so n. (B lack's 4th ) 
Employee : 
For pu rposes of this cha pte r, the term "emp loyee" inclu des an offi cer , emp loyee, or 
elected officia l of the Un ited States, a State , or an y politic a l subd ivision ther eof , or 
the Dis tric t of Colum bia, or an y agenc y or in stru me ntality of any one or mor e of the 
foregoi ng. The term "emp loyee" also inclu des an offi ce r of a corpor ati on . (I nter nal 
Reve nue Cod e, Sec . 340 1( d) Sub title C ) 
Employer : 
For pu rposes of this cha pte r, the term "emp loyer" mea ns the per son for whom an 
indi vi dual per forms or per formed any ser vice, of whateve r nat u re, , as the 
emplo yee of such per so n, except that (1) if the per son for whom the ind ivid ual 
performs or per formed the ser vic es does no t hav e co ntrol of the payment of the 
wages for such servic es, the term "emp loyer" means the perso n havi ng contr ol of 
the payment of such wages . (In ternal Reve nue Code Sec . 34 01( d) Su btitle C ) 
Eo No mine: Un der or by what name; by that app ellation, jus t as if it had been 
deliver ed to you by that name. An "eo nomi nee" desig nation is one which de scri bes 
co mm od ity by a spec ific na me, usua lly one we ll known to co mm erce . Or dinar ily, 
us e is not a crit eria in determining whe th er mer chand is e is embr aced with in eo 
nomi nee provision, but may be co nsider ed in determinin g ide ntit y of eo nomi nee 
desig nation . 
Equity : 
Mo st gener ally jus tice, "j ustice ." Hi sto rica lly, "eq uity" developed as a sepa rate body 
of law in England in reaction to the inabil ity of the com mon law co urts, in th eir stri ct 
adherenc e to wr its and forms of action, to en terta in or provide a remedy for ever y 
in jur y. The king ther efore established the high co urt of chanc ery, the pu rpose of 
which was to admin is ter jus tic e accor ding to pr incip les of fa ir ne ss in cases wher e 
the co mm on law wo uld gi ve no or inad eq ua te redress . Eq uity law, to a large extent, 
was form ulated in maxims , such as "equ ity suf fers not a ri gh t wi thout a remedy" or 
"e qu ity follows the law," me aning that eq u ity will de rive a means to achie ve a 
lawful result when legal proced ure is ina de qua te . Equ ity and law are no longer 
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bif urcated but are now mer ged in mo st jur isd ic tions, th ough eq uity ju ri spr udenc e 
and eq uitable do ctri nes are sti ll inde pende ntly via ble. (B ar ron's 3rd) 
Ju stice ad min is tered ac co rding to fa ir ness as contras ted with the stri ctly form ulated 
ru les of co mm on law. It is ba sed on a syste m of ru les and principl es wh ich 
orig ina ted in England as an alternative to the har sh ru les of co mmon law and wh ich 
wer e based on what was fa ir in a pa rticu lar situat ion . One sou gh t relief un der th is 
syste m in cou rts of eq u ity rather th an in co urts of law. The term "eq uity" deno tes 
the spi rit and habi t of fa ir ness, jus tice, and ri gh t de aling wh ich would reg ulate the 
int ercou rse of men with men . 
Eq uity is a body of jur ispr udenc e, or fi eld of jur isd ic tion, di fferi ng in its Or ig in, 
theor y and me thods fro m the co mmon law; th ough proced urally, in the feder al 
co urts and mo st state co urts, eq ui ta ble and legal ri gh ts and remedies are 
admin is tered in the same co urt. See Equ ity, cou rts of. 
A syste m of jur ispr ude nce co llatera l to, and in some resp ects in dependen t of, "l aw"; 
the obje ct of wh ich is to render the admin is tration of jus tic e mor e co mp lete, by 
affording relief wher e the co urts of law ar e in com petent to gi ve it, or to gi ve it wi th 
effect, or by exer ci sing certa in bran ches of jur isd ic tion indep enden tly of th em. 
A stoc kholder s' prop ort ion ate shar e (owner ship in terest) in the co rpor ati on' s ca pit al 
stock and sur plus. The exte nt of an owner sh ip in terest in a ventu re. In this cont ext, 
equ ity refers no t to a legal conc ep t but to the fi na ncia l de fin ition that an owner 's 
eq uity in a busi ness is eq ual to the busine ss' s asse ts minus its liabili ties . 
Va lue of propert y or an en terprise ove r and ab ove the in deb ted ness agai nst it (e. g. 
ma rket va lue of hous e minus mor tgage) . See Rea l estate, be low. 
Equity. courts of: Cou rts which admin is ter jus tice ac co rding to the syste m of 
equ ity, and accor ding to a pecu liar co urse of proced ur e or practi ce . Freq uen tly 
termed "cou rts of cha ncery." With the proced ur al mer ger of law and eq uity in the 
federal and mos t state court s, eq u ity cou rts ha ve been ab olished . 
Equity of Redemption : 
A ri gh t which the mor tgage e of an estate has of redee min g it, after it has been 
forfeited at law by the non- payment at the ti me app oi nted of the mone y secu red by 
the mort gage to be pa id, by pay ing the am ount of the deb t, in terest and costs . 
2. An eq u ity of redemp tion is a mer e creatu re of a co urt of eq u ity, foun ded on 
this pr in ciple, that as a mor tgage is a pledge for secu ri ng the repayment of a sum 
of money to the mortgage e, it is but na tu ral jus tic e to co nsider the owner ship of 
the land as sti ll vested in the mor tgagor , sub ject only to the legal title of the 
mort gage e, so fa r as such le gal title is necessa ry to hi s secu rit y . 
3. In Pe nn sylvania, ho wever , redemp tion is a legal ri gh t. 11 Ser g o & Rawle, 223 . 
4. The phr ase equ ity of redemp tion is ind iscr imina te ly, th ough per hap s no t 
co rrectly appli ed , to the ri gh t of the mor tgagor to regain his estate , both before an d 
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after breach of co nd itio n. In Nor th Ca rolina by statut e the former is ca lled a legal 
ri gh t of redemp ti on ; and the latter the eq uity of red emp tion, th ereb y keeping a jus t 
dis tinc tion betwee n these estat es . 1 N. C. Rev . St. 266 ; 4 Mc Co rd, 340 . 
5. Onc e a mor tgage always a mort gage, is a un iver sa l ru le in eq u ity . The ri gh t 
of redemp tion is sa id to be as in sepa rab le fro m a mort gage, as that of replevin of a 
dis tress, and ever y attemp t to limi t th is ri gh t mus t fa il. 2 Ch an. Ca s. 22 ; 1 Vern . 
33, 190; 2 Jo hn. Ch . R. 30 ; 7 Jo hn. Ch . R. 40 ; 7 Cranch, R. 218; 2 Cowe n, 32 4; 1 
Yeat es, R. 584 ; 2 Cha n. R. 22 1; 2 Sum ner , R. 487 . 
6. The ri gh t of redemp tion exis ts, not only in the mor tgagor hi mself, but in hi s 
heir s, and per sona l represe ntatives, and assignee, and in eve ry other per son who 
has an in terest in, or a legal or eq ui ta ble lien up on the lands; and ther efo re a 
tenan t in dower , a jOi nters, a tenan t by the cu rtsey, a remai nder -man and a 
reve rsiona ry, a judg ment cr edit or, and eve ry oth er encu mbr anc er , unless he be an 
encu mbr anc er pe nde nte lite, may redee m. 4 Kent, Com . 15 6; 5 Pi ck. R. 14 9; 9 
Jo hn. R. 59 1, 611; 9 Ma ss . R. 422 ; 2 Ut t. R. 334 ; 1 Pick . R. 48 5; 14 Wend . R. 23 3; 
5 Jo hn. Ch . R. 482 ; 6 N. H. Re p. 25; 7 Vi n. Ab. 52. Vide, gener ally, Cru ise, Dig . tit. 
15 , c. 3; 4 Kent, Com . 148 ; Pow . on Mor tg . eh . 10 and 11; 2 Black. Com . 158; 13 
Vi n. Ab . 458; 2 SUpp. to Ve s. Jr . 368 ; 2 Jac. & Walk. 194, n.; 1 Hill. Ab. c. 31; and 
arti cle Stellionat e. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Escrow : 
A scroll, writi ng, or de ed deliv ered by the grantor , prom isor or obl igor in to the 
hands of a th ir d per son, to be held by the latter un ti l the happ en ing of a 
conti ngenc y or performa nc e of a co ndi tion, and then by him deliver ed to the 
gr an tee, prom is ee or obl igee . 
The state or co nd ition of a deed which is co nd itio nally held by a th ir d per so n, or the 
possess ion and rete ntion of a de ed by a th ir d person pe nding a co ndi ti on ; as when 
an ins tru ment is sa id to be deliv ered "in escr ow" . Th is use of the term , ho weve r, is 
a perversion of its me aning . (B lack's 4th ) 
A writ ten ins tru me nt, such as a deed , temp orar ily de pos ited with a neu tral th ir d 
par ty, the escr ow age nt, by the agr eement of two pa rties to a va lid con tract. The 
escr ow agent will deliver the docu ment to the ben efited pa rty when the co nd itions 
of the con tract ha ve been met. The de posit or has no control ove r the ins tru ment in 
escr ow. In co mmon law, escr ow appl ied to the deposi ts of ins tru ment s for 
conv eya nce of land, but now it appl ies to all ins tru me nts so de posit ed . Mone y or 
propert y so de posit ed is also loosely referred to as escrow . (B ar ron's 3rd) 
Estate : 
The int erest wh ich an yone has in lands, or in any oth er sub je ct of prop erty. An 
estate in lands, tenemen ts, or her edit ame nts, sig n ifies such in te rest as the tenan t 
has ther ei n. The co nd ition or cir cums ta nc es in wh ich the owner stands with reg ard 
to his proper ty . In this sense, "es tate " is con sta ntly us ed in co nveya nces in 
co nne cti on with the wor ds "r ig ht, "title, " and "in terest, " and is, in a gr eat deg ree, 
synonymous wi th all of th em. 
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The deg ree, qua ntit y, natu re, and extent of int erest wh ich a per son has in rea l 
propert y is usually refe rred to as an esta te, and it va ries fro m ab solute owner ship 
down to na ked posses sion . 
In ano ther sens e, "e state " desig nates the proper ty (r eal or per son al) in which one 
has a right or in terest; the su bject-matter of owner sh ip; the corpus of pr oper ty . 
Th us we spea k of a "v aluable estat e," "all my estat e," "sepa rate estate ," "t rust 
estate," etc . Th is, also, is its me an ing in the classific ation of propert y in to "r ea l 
estate " and "p ersonal estate ." 
Examen : 
L. Lat. 
A tria l. 
The bala nce of an acc oun t. 
Examination : 
An inv esti ga ti on ; sea rch ; in terrog at ing. 
Cr iminal Prac tic e 
An in vestig ation by a magis trate of a per son who has been char ged wi th cri me 
and ar rested, or of the facts and cir cums ta nces wh ich are alleged to have attende d 
the crime and to faste n suspicion up on th e pa rty so cha rged, in order to ascer ta in 
whe th er ther e is suf ficient gr ounds to hold him to ba il for his trial by the pr oper 
cou rt. 
Th e prelimin ary hear ing to determine whe th er per son ch ar ged with having 
co mm itted a cri me should be held for tria l. 
Trial Practice - Th e exa mi nation of a witness co nsis ts of the series of que stions put 
to him by a pa rty to the action, or his co un sel, for the pu rpose of br inging before 
the co urt an d jur y the legal fo rm the knowledge which the witn ess has of th e fa cts 
and mat ters in di sp ute, or of probing and sifting hi s evid enc e previously gi ven . 
Of a long acc ount. Th is phr ase does not mea n exa mi nation of the ac count to 
as ce rta in the result or effect of it, but proof by testi mony of co rrectness of ite ms 
co mp osing it. 
Of ba n kru pt . Th is is the in terrogation of a ban kru pt, in the co urse of proceed ings in 
ban krupt cy, or prior to the adjud ica tion, co ncer ning the co nduc t of hi s busine ss, the 
ca us e of his ban kru ptcy, hi s de alings wi th his cred ito rs and oth er per so ns, the 
amou nt, kind, and wher ea bout s of his proper ty, and all mat ters which may affect 
the admin is tration and settlement of his estate . Th is is au thorized Ba n kru ptcy Act, 
Secti on 7, 30 Stat. 548, 11 U.S .C. A. Secti on 25 . (B lack's 4th ) 
Examination : 
practi ce . Th e in terrogation of a wi tness, in order to as certa in his knowledge as to 
the facts in di sp ute between pa rti es . When the exa mi nation is made by the part y 
who ca lled the witness, it is ca lled an exa mi nation in ch ie f. When it is made by the 
oth er pa rty, it is known by the name of cross-exa mi nati on . (q.v.) 
2. The exa min ation is to be made in open court , when practica ble; but when, on 
ac coun t of age, Sick ness, or oth er ca use, the witness ca nno t be so examin ed, then 
it may be made before au thor ized co mm issioner s. In the exa mination in chie f the 
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co un sel ca nno t ask leading qu esti ons, excep t in particu lar cases . Vide Cross
exami nation ; Lead ing qu estio n. 
3. The laws of the seve ra l states req uir e the private exa mi nation of a feme 
cove rt before a co m pete nt offi ce r, in order to pas s her title to her own real estate 
or the int erest she has in that of her hu sb and : as to the mode in wh ich th is is to be 
done, see Acknowle dg ment. See, also, 3 Ca ll, R. 394 ; 5 Mas on's R. 59 ; 1 Hill, R. 
11 0; 4 Leigh, R. 498 ; 2 Gill & Jo hn. 1; 3 Ra nd . R. 468 1 Monr. R. 49 ; 3 Monr . R. 
397 ; 1 Edw . R. 572 ; 3 Yerg . R. 548 1 Yerg . R. 413 3 J. J. Mar sh . R. 24 1 2 A. K. 
Mar sh . R. 67 ; 6 We nd. R. 9; 1 Dall. 11 , 17; 3 Yeates, R. 47 1; 8 S. & R. 299 ; 4 S. & 
R. 273 . (B ou vier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Exchange : 
To bart er; to swap. To pa rt with, gi ve or tra nsfer for an eq uiva lent. 
Co mmer cia l Law 
A nego tiat ion by wh ich one per so n tran sfe rs to ano th er fu nds wh ich he has in a 
certa in place, either at a pr ice ag reed up on or which is fi xed by co mmer cia l usa ge. 
The process of settling ac cou nts or deb ts between pa rties resid ing at a di sta nce 
fro m each oth er, without the in tervention of mo ney, by exc ha nging order s or 
drafts, ca lled bills of exc ha nge; the payment of deb ts in di fferent places by an 
exchange or tra nsfer of cred its . (B lack's 4th ) 
Exchequer : 
That department of the Engli sh go ver nm ent wh ich has cha rge of the co llection of 
the nati ona l revenue; the trea sur y depar tm ent. 
It is sa id to have been so na med fro m the check ered cloth , resembling a ch ess
boa rd, which an ciently cove red the ta ble ther e, and on which, when ce rta in of the 
king's accou nts wer e made up, the sums wer e ma rked and sco red with cou nter s . 
(B lack's 4th ) 
R, Eng . law. An anc ient cou rt of reco rd set up by William the Co nqu eror. It is ca lled 
excheq uer fro m the check ered cloth , resembling a chessboa rd, which cove rs the 
ta ble ther e. 3 BI . Co m. 45. It co nsis ts of two di visions; the rece ip t of the 
excheq uer, wh ich ma nages the roya l revenue; and the co urt, or judi cia l part of it, 
wh ich is again di vide d in to a co urt of eq uity, and a court of co mm on law. Id . 44 . 
2. In th is court all per so nal actions may be broug ht, and su its in eq uity 
com me nced , the plai ntif f in both (f ic titi ou sly for the mos t part) alleg ing hi mself to 
be the king's deb tor, in order to gi ve the co urt ju risd icti on of the ca us e . Wood des. 
Lect . 69 . But by stat. 2 Will . IV. c. 39, s. 1, a cha nge has been made in th is 
respe ct. (B ouvier 's 185 6 6th Ed .) 
Execution : 
contr acts . The ac compl ish men t of a th ing ; as the execution of a bond and wa rra nt 
of atto rney, wh ich is the si gni ng, sealing, and deliver y of the sa me. (B ouvier 's 
1856 6th Ed .) 
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Exempt : 
v. To re lease, di sc har ge, wa ive, relieve fro m liabili ty, to relieve , excuse or set free 
fro m a dut y or ser vic e im posed up on the gener al class to wh ich the ind ivid ual 
exe mpted be longs; as to exemp t fro m mili tia servic e . 
To re lieve ce rtain classes of propert y fro m liabil ity to sa le on execut ion . (B lack's 
4th ) 
Exemption : 
Freed om fro m a ge ner al dut y or servi ce ; immuni ty fro m a gener al bur den, tax, or 
char ge. 
A privilege allowed by law to a ju dg ment de bto r, by which he may hold proper ty to 
a ce rtain amou nt, or certa in classes of proper ty, free fro m all liabili ty to levy and 
sale on exe cution or attach men t. 
A ri ght gi ven by law to a deb tor to reta in a por ti on of his propert y free fro m claim s 
of cred ito rs . 
An "ex emp tion" co ntemplated by Co nstitu tiona l provision forbidding exemp tion of 
propert y fro m taxation is an exemp tion fro m all tax ation in any form . 
An "ex emp tion" fro m inh er ita nc e tax is a ded uction . As ap plied to taxati on 
"e xem ptio n" is freedom fro m bur den of enfor ced contri bu tio ns to expe nses and 
mai ntena nce of gover nment. 
Ded uction made in de term ining taxa ble inc ome is an "ex emp tio n". (B lack's 4th ) 
Fealty : 
In feudal law, fi delity, allegia nce to the feudal lord of the ma nor; the feudal 
obligation resting up on the tenant or vassa l by wh ich he was bo un d to be fa ithf u l 
and tru e to hi s lord, and render him obed ienc e and se rvic e . Th is fealty was of two 
sort s : that wh ich is gener al, and is due fro m eve ry su bje ct to his princ e ; the oth er 
spec ial, and req uir ed of such only as in respec t to the ir fee are tied by th is oath to 
the ir landlords. Fea lty sig n ifies fi delity, the phr ase "f eal and leal" me aning simpl y 
"f ai thf u l and loyal." Tena nts by kn ig hts' ser vic e and also ten an ts in soca ge wer e 
req uir ed to ta ke an oath of fealty to the ki ng or oth ers, th eir im med iat ely lords; and 
fealty was one of the co nd itions of th eir tenur e, the breach of whi ch oper ated a 
forfei tu re of their estates . Altho ugh foreign ju ri sts co nsider ed fealty and homage as 
conv ertible terms, beca use in so me conti ne nta l cou ntries they wer e blende d so as 
to form one engagem ent, yet they wer e no t to be conf ou nded in our cou ntry, for 
they did not im ply the sa me th ing, homage bei ng the ack nowled gm ent of tenur e, 
an d fealty, the vassa l oath of fi delity, being the esse ntial feudal bo nd, and the 
ani mating pr in ciple of a feud, wi thout wh ich it cou ld no t su bsis t. Black ' s La w 
Dictionary 6th Ed ition 
Fiction : 
An assu mp tion or supp osition of law that some th ing wh ich is or may be fa lse is 
tru e, or that a state of facts exis ts which has never rea lly take n place . An 
as su m ption, for pu rposes of jus tice, of a fact that does not, or may not exist. 
A ru le of law wh ich assumes as true, and wi ll no t allow to be di spr oved, 
some th ing wh ich is fa lse, but not imp ossi ble. 
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These assu mp tions are of an in nocent or even benef icia l cha racter, and ar e made 
for the adva ncement of the ends of jus tice . They secu re th is end chie fly by the 
extension of proced ure fro m cases to whic h it is appl ic able to oth er cases to wh ich 
it is no t stric tly appl ic able, the ground of ina pplic abil ity be ing so me di fferenc e of an 
imma teri al char acter. 
Fic ti ons ar e to be dis ti ngu ished fro m presu mp tio ns of law. By the form er, 
some th ing known to be fa lse or unr ea l is as su med as true; by the latter, an 
infer enc e is set up , wh ich may be and probably is true, but which, at any rate, the 
law will not per m it to be co ntrove rted . It may also be said that a presu mp tion is a 
ru le of law prescri bed for the pu rpose of ge tti ng at a ce rtain conclusion, th ough 
ar bi tra ry, wher e the sub je ct is in tri nsic ally liable to dou bt fro m the remo tene ss, 
di screpa ncy, or actu al defect of proof s . (B lack's 4th ) 
Fiction of Law : 
Some th ing known to be fa lse is assumed to be true. (B lacks 4th ) 
The as sump tion that a certa in th ing is true, and wh ich gi ves to a per son or th ing, a 
qual ity wh ich is no t natu ral to it, and establishes, conseq uen tly, a ce rtain 
di spositi on, which, without the fi ctio n, wo uld be repugnan t to reason and to truth . 
It is an order of th ings wh ich does not exis t, but wh ich the law prescr i be ; or 
au th orizes it di ffers fro m presu mp tion, beca use it establishe s as true, so meth ing 
which is fa lse; wher eas pres ump tion suppl ies the proof of some th ing true. Da lloz, 
Dic t. h. t. See 1 Tou ll. 171, n. 203 ; 2 Toull. 217 , n. 203 ; 11 Toull. 11 , n. 10, no te 2; 
Fergus on, Mor al Ph i losophy, part 5, c. 10 , s. 3 Bur ge ss on Ins olvency, 13 9, 14 0; 
Report of the Rev iser s of the Ci vil Cod e of Pe nn sylvania, Mar ch 1, 1832, p. 8. 
2. The law never feigns what is imp ossibl e fi ctu m est id qu od factu m non est 
sed fi eri potu it. Fic tion is like art; it im itates na tu re, but never di sfigur es, it aids 
truth , but it ough t never to des troy it. It may we ll supp ose that what was pOSSible, 
but which is no t, exis ts ; but it will never feign that what was im possi ble, actually is. 
D'A gu essea u, Oeuvr es, tome iv. page 427, 47e Plaido ye r. 
3. Fic tions wer e in vented by the Roman prae tors , who, no t posse ssi ng the 
powe r to abr og ate the law, wer e neve rtheless willing to der ogat e fro m it, un der the 
prete nce of doing eq uity. Fic tion is the resou rce of wea kn ess, which, in order to 
ob tain its obje ct, assumes as a fact, what is known to be contr ary to truth : when 
the legis lator desi res to acc ompl ish hi s objec t, he need no t feign, he co mmands. 
Fic tions of law owe the ir orig in to the legislative usur pat ions of the bench . 4 Benth . 
Ev . 300 . 
4. It is sa id that eve ry fic tion mus t be fra med accor ding to the ru les of law, and 
that eve ry legal fi ction mus t ha ve eq u ity fo r its obje ct. 10 Co . 42 ; 10 Pric e's R. 15 4; 
Cowp. 177. To prevent th eir evil effects, they ar e no t allowed to be ca rri ed fu rther 
than the reas ons wh ich in trod uced them nec essa ri ly req uir e. 1 Li li. Ab . 610; Hawk. 
320 ; Best on Pres. Sec . 20 . 
5. The law abounds in fi cti ons. That an estate is in ab eya nc e; the doc tri ne of 
remi tter, by wh ich a part y who has been dis eased of his free hold, and afterwa rds 
ac quir es a defective title, is remi tted to his form er good tit le; that one th ing done 
tod ay, is co nsider ed as done, at a preced ing ti me by the doc tri ne of relation ; th at, 
beca us e one th ing is proved, an oth er shall be presumed to be true, which is the 
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case in all presump ti ons; that the heir , execut or , and ad mi nis trator sta nd by 
represe ntati on, in the place of the deceased are all fic tions of law. "Our vari ous 
in trod uction of John Doe and Rich ar d Roe ," says Mr . Eva ns, (P oth . on Ob. by Eva ns, 
vol. n. p. 43, ) "ou r solemn process up on di ssuasion by Hugh Hun t; our ca sua lly 
losing an d fi ndin g a ship (wh ich never was in Eur ope) in the par ish of St. Mar y Le 
Bow, in the war d of Che ap; our trying the va lid ity of a will by an im ag inar y, wager 
of fi ve pou nds; our imag in ing and co mp as sing the ki ng's death , by gi ving 
in formation wh ich may de feat an attack up on an enemy's settlemen t in the 
an tipodes our char ge of picking a pock et, or forg ing a bill with force and ar ms; of 
neg lecting to repa ir a bridge, agai nst the peace of our lord the ki ng, hi s crow n and 
dign ity are cir cu ms ta nces, which, looked at by th ems elves, wou ld convey an 
impr ession of no very favor able natu re, with respec t to the wisdom of our 
jur ispr udenc e ." 
Vide 13 Vin . Ab . 209 ; Mer lo Re p. h. t. ; Dane's Ab . Inde x, h. t. ; and Rey, des Ins t. de 
I' Ang l. tome 2, p. 21 9, wher e he sever ely censu res these fi cti ons as ab sur d and 
useless . (B ouv ier's 185 6 6th Ed .) 
Fictitious : 
Fo un ded on a fi cti on ; havi ng the char acter of a ficti on ; pretende d ; cou nter feit. 
Feig ned, imaginar y, no t real, fa lse, no t genuin e, and none xis tent. Bi ll alleg ing that 
am ount of mor tgage sou gh t to be ca nceled was "fic tit ious" held to allege that 
mor tgage was with out co nsider at ion . Arbitr ar ily inv en ted and set up , to acc ompl ish 
an ulteri or obje ct. (Black's 4th ) 
Fictitious Na me : 
A cou nterfeit, feign ed, or pretende d name ta ken by a per so n, di fferi ng in some 
esse ntial pa rticu lar fro m his tru e name, (consis ti ng of Chr ist ian name and 
patr onymic, ) wi th the impl ication that it is meant to dec eiv e or mi slead . (B lack's 
4th ) 
Fictitious Plaintiff : 
A per son app ea ring in the wr it or record as the plai ntiff in a su it, but who in reality 
do es not exis t, or who is ignor ant of the sui t and of the us e of his name in it. It is a 
cont emp t of co urt to sue in the name of a fictiti ous plai ntiff. (B lacks 4th ) 
Fiducia : 
ci vil law. A con tract by which we sell a th ing to some one, that is, transmi t to him 
the proper ty of the th ing, wi th the so lemn fo rms of emancip atio n, on co nd ition that 
he will se ll it back to us. Th is species of contr act took place in the ema ncip at ion of 
childr en, in testa me nts, and in pledge s. Poth . Pa nd o h. t. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Fiduciary : 
The term is der ived fro m the Ro man law, an d mea ns, (as a no un) a per so n holding 
the cha racte r of a tru stee, or a char acter anal ogous to that of a tru stee, in resp ect 
to the trust and co nf ide nce in volved in it and the scr upu lous go od fa ith and ca ndor 
wh ich it req uir es . A pe rson having dut y, created by hi s un der tak ing, to ac t 
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pr imar ily for ano ther's ben efit in mat ters co nne cted with such under tak ing. (B lack's 
4th ) 
Fiduciary Capacity: 
One is said to act in a "f id uciar y ca pacit y", or to re ceive mone y or con tract a deb t in 
a "fid uciar y ca pacit y", when the busi ness which he tra nsac ts, or the mone y or 
propert y wh ich he hand les, is no t hi s own or for his own bene fit, but for the ben efit 
of ano ther per so n, as to whom he sta nds in a relation impl ying and ne cessitati ng 
gr eat conf ide nce and trust on one par t and a high degr ee of good fa ith on the oth er 
pa rt. The term is no t restri cted to tech nic al or express tru sts , but in cludes also such 
offi ces or relations as those of an attorney at law, a guar dian, execut or, or brok er, 
a dir ector of a corpor ati on, and a publi c officer. (B lack's 4th ) 
Fiduciary Contract : 
An agr eement by wh ich one per so n deliver s a th ing to an other on the co nd it ion that 
he wi ll resto re it to him. (B lack's 4th ) 
Fiduciary Debt : 
A deb t foun ded on or ar ising fro m some conf idenc e or trust as di sti ngu ished fro m a 
"deb t" foun ded simpl y on con tract. (B lack's 4th ) 
Field Warehouse Receipt : 
Do cu ment issued by war ehous eman evidencing rece ip t of goods which hav e been 
stored . Such may be us ed as co llatera l for loans. (B lack's 6th ) 
Fine : 
v. To imp ose a pecu niar y pun ish ment or mu lct. 
To sent enc e a per so n co nvic ted of an offense to pay a pena lty in money. 
n. A su m of mone y paid at the end, to mak e an end of a tran sac ti on, su it, or 
prosec uti on ; mu lct; penal ty. A forfe it or fo rfei tu re. (B lack's 4th ) 
Finding: The result of the deli ber ati ons of a jur y or a co urt. A decision up on a 
qu esti on of fact reached as the result of a judi cia l exami nation or in ves tig ation by a 
co urt , jur y, referee, coroner , etc . A recit a l of the facts as found . The wor d 
co mmonl y appl ies to the res ult reached by a ju dge or jur y. See also Decisio n; 
Ju dg ment; Ve rdi ct. 
Finding of Fact: Determi nation fro m the evid enc e of a case, either by co urt or an 
ad mini strative agenc y, co nc er ning facts ave rred by one pa rty and den ied by 
an oth er. A de termi nation of a fact by the co urt, ave rred by one pa rty and den ied by 
the oth er, and foun ded on evidenc e in case . A conclusion by way of reaso nable 
inf erenc e fro m the evi denc e . Also the ans wer of the jur y to a sp ecif ic int errogat ory 
prop oun ded to them as to the exis tence or non -exis tence of a fact in issu e. 
Concl usion dr awn by trial co urt fro m facts without exer cise of legal judg ment. 
Compare Co nclusion of law. 
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FIN DING OF FACTS, See FI ND ING. 
Firm : 
The wor d "f irm" is a convent iona l term , appl ic able only to per so ns who are 
mem ber s of fi rm on pa rticu lar occ asion when name is us ed , and mea ns name, title, 
or style un der wh ich a co mp any trans acts busi ness, a par tner ship of two or mor e 
per so ns, or a comm ercia l hous e, and is syn onymous with "c omp any", "house", 
"p artner ship", and "conc ern". (B lack's 4th ) 
Fisc : 
ci vil law. Th e trea su ry of a pr i nce . The publi c treasu ry. Henc e to confiscate a th ing, 
is to appr opr ia te it to the fi sc . Pa illet, Droit Pu blic, 21, n, says that fis cus, in the 
Ro man law, sign ified the treasu re of the pri nce, and aer ar ium, the trea sur e of the 
state . But th is dis ti nction was not ob served in Fran ce . See La w 10, ff. De jur e Fisci . 
(B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Fiscal : 
Of or per tainin g to the public treasu ry or reve nue, of or pert ainin g to fi na ncia l 
mat ters gener ally. Belonging to the fi sc or public trea sur y. Relating to ac cou nts or 
the ma nagem ent of revenue. Of or per taining to the publi c fi nanc es of a 
go vern ment. (B lack's 4th ) 
Fiscal Year : 
The yea r by or for wh ich ac count s ar e reck oned, or the year between one annu al 
time of settlem ent or ba lancing of ac cou nts and ano ther. An acc oun ti ng period of 
twelve mont hs. A period of twe lve mon ths (n ot nec essa ri ly co ncu rre nt with the 
ca lendar yea r) wi th referenc e to wh ich ap prop ri ations ar e made and exp endi tu res 
au thor iz ed , and at the end of which acc oun ts are made up and the boo ks ba lanced . 
(B lack's 4th ) 
For Value : 
See Holder (B lack's 4th ) 
Foreclosure : 
To shut out, to ba r, to destroy, to des troy an eq uity of redemp ti on. A termination of 
all ri gh ts of the mort gagor or his gr an tee in the propert y covered by the mort gage. 
A process in chanc ery by wh ich all fu rther ri gh t exis ti ng in a mor tgagor to 
red eem the estate is defeated and lost to him, and the estate becomes the ab solute 
proper ty of the mor tgagee ; being ap plica ble when the mor tgagor has forfei ted hi s 
estate by non- payment of the mone y due on the mor tgage at the ti me app Oi nted , 
but sti ll reta ins the eq uity of redemp ti on . 
Th e term is also loosely appl ied to any of the vari ous methods, statut ory or 
oth erwis e, known in di ffe rent ju risd ictions, of enfor cing payment of the deb t 
secu red by a mort gage, by ta king and se lling the mortgaged estate . 
Fo reclosure is also appl ied to proceed ing foun ded up on so me oth er liens; th us 
ther e ar e proceed ings to foreclose a mec han ic's lien . It is a proc eed ing in co urt or 
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out of co urt, when provided for by a va lid co ntract, to sub je ct proper ty or par t 
ther eof covered by a lien to payment of deb t secu red by the lien, and it has effect 
of exti ngui shing all rig ht, title, or in terest, if an y, of defenda nts in the proper ty . 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Fourteenth Amendment : 
The Fo u rteenth Am end ment of the Cons titu tion of the Un ited Stat es . 
It beca me a pa rt of the organic law July 28th , 1868, and it's im porta nce entitles 
it to sp ecia l menti on . It creates or at leas t recog ni zes for the fi rst time a citiz ensh ip 
of the Un ited Stat es, as dis ti nct fro m that of the stat es ; forb ids the making or 
enf orce ment by any state of an y law abri dging the pr ivi leges and immuni ties of 
citi zens of the Un ited Stat es ; and secu res all "p erso ns" agains t any state action 
wh ich is either depr ivati on of life, liberty, or proper ty without due pr ocess of law or 
denial of the eq ual protection of the laws . (B lack's 4th ) 
Free : 
No t sub je ct to legal co nstrain t of ano ther. 
Un co nstrain ed ; havi ng power to fo llow the dic tates of hi s own will. No t sub je ct to 
the domini on of an oth er. No t co mp elled to in vo lunta ry servi tu de. Used in this se ns e 
as op posed to "sl ave" . 
No t bou nd to servic e for a fi xed term of yea rs; in dis tinc tion to be ing bo und as 
an appr en tice . 
Enjo ying fu ll civic ri gh ts . Availab le to all citiz ens alik e wit hout char ge; as a free 
scho ol. 
Avai lable for pu blic use without charge or toll; as a free bridge. 
No t desp oti c; as su ring liberty; def end ing ind ivid ual rig hts agai nst en croach ment 
by any per so n or class ; ins titut ed by a free people; sa id of go ver nments, 
ins tituti ons, etc .. 
Cert ain, and also co nsis tent with an honorable degr ee in life ; as free servic es, in 
the feudal law. 
Conf i ned to the per son posses sing, ins tead of being shar ed by oth ers; as a free 
fi sher y. 
No t engage d in a war as a be lliger ent or ally; neutr al; as in the maxim, "F ree 
ship s mak e free goo ds." (B lack's 4th ) 
Free and Clear : 
(And like phr as es) . Th e title to propert y is sa id to be "f ree and clear" when it is no t 
encu m ber ed by any liens; but it is sa id that an agr eement to conv ey land "f ree and 
clear" is satis fied by a con veya nce passi ng a go od tit le. (B lack's 4th ) 
Free Law : 
A term former ly us ed in Eng land to desig nate the freedom of civi l ri gh ts enjo yed by 
freemen . It was liable to forfe itu re on co nvic tion of treason or an inf amous crime. 
(B lack's 4th ) 
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Freedom : 
The state of bei ng free ; liberty; se lf-determ in ation ; ab se nce of restraint; the 
op pos ite of slavery. 
The power of acti ng, in the char acter of a mor al per so nality, acco rding to the 
dic tates of the will, wi thout oth er check, hindr an ce , or prohi bit ion than such as may 
be im posed by jus t and necessa ry laws and the du ties of soc ial life. 
The preva lence, in the go vern ment and Cons tit ution of a cou ntry, of such a 
syste m of laws and in stitutions as to secu re ci vil liberty to the indi vid ual citiz en . 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Freeholder : 
One having title to realty . Ei ther of inh er itanc e or for life. Either legal or eq u itable 
tit le. (B lack's 4th ) 
Freeman : 
A per son in the possess ion and enjo yment of all the civi l and politic a l rig ht s 
accor ded to the peo ple un der a free go vern ment. 
In the Ro man law, it deno ted one who was either bor n free or emanCi pat ed , and 
was the op pOSite of "sl ave." In feudal law, it deSigna ted an Allodial propr ietor, as 
di stingu ished fro m a vassa l or feudal tenant. In old Eng lish law, the wor d descri bed 
a freeholder or tenan t by free se rvic es ; one who was no t a vi llain . In moder n legal 
phr aseology, it is the ap pellation of a mem ber of a cit y or bor ough havi ng the ri gh t 
of suf frage, or a memb er of any muni cip al corpor ation inv ested with fu ll civic 
ri ght s. (B lack's 4th ) 
Fund : 
v. To ca pit alize with a view to the prod uction of in terest . Also, to put in to the form 
of bonds, stock s, or oth er secu rities, bea ring reg ular in terest, and to prov ide or 
appropr ia te a fu nd or per ma nent revenue for the payment th ereof. 
To fu nd a deb t is to pledge a spec ific fu nd to keep down the int erest and reduc e 
the princip al. 
n. A gen eric term and all-embracing as co mp ar ed with term "m one y, " etc., wh ich 
is specif ic. 
A su m of mo ney set apart for a spe cific pu rpose, or av ailabil ity for the payment 
of de bts or cla ims. 
In its na rrower and mor e us ual sense, "f und" sign ifies "c ap it al", as opp osed to 
"i nte rest" or "i ncome" ; as wher e we spea k of a corpor ation fu nding the ar rear s of 
in terest due on its bonds, or the like, me an ing that the in terest is ca pit alized and 
made to bea r int erest in its tu rn un ti l it is repaid . 
In the plural, th is wor d has a variety of slig htly dif ferent mea ni ngs, as follows : 
Mone ys and much mor e, such as notes, bills, che cks, drafts, stocks and bonds, 
and in broader me aning may include proper ty of eve ry ki nd. 
Mo ney in hand ; as sets ; ca sh; mone y availab le for the payment of a deb t, legacy, 
etc . 
The proceed s of sa les of real and per so nal estat e, or the proceeds of any oth er 
as sets conver ted in to mone y . 
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Corpo rate stocks or go vern ment secu riti es ; in th is sense us ually spoken of as the
"f und s."
Assets , secu rities, bonds, or reve nue of a state or go vern ment appr op riated for
the di sch ar ge of its deb ts .
Public Funds
An non -tech nic al nam e for (1) the reve nue or mone y of a govern ment, state, or
muni cipal corpor ation ; (2) the bonds, stocks, or oth er secu rities of a nation al or
state go vern ment. Mo ney, wa rra nts, or bonds, or oth er pa per havi ng a mone y
va lue, and belong ing to the state, or to any cou nty, cit y, inc orpor ated tow n or
school dis tric t. Th e term appl ies to fu nds of eve ry politic a l su bd ivision of state
wher ein taxes ar e levied for public pu rpos es . (B lack's 4th )
Gage :
In old En glish law, a pawn or pledge; so meth ing dep os ited as secu rity for the
per for manc e of some act or the payment of mone y, and to be forfeited on fa ilure or
no n-p erformanc e. A mor tgage is a dead-gage or pledg e; for, what soever profit it
yields, it redeems not itse lf, un less the whole am ou nt is pa id at the ap poi nted
ti me. (B lack's 4th )
Go To Protest :
Co mmer cia l paper is said to "go to protest" when it is di shon ored by non-p ayment
or non-ac cepta nce and is han ded to a nota ry for protest . (B lack's 4th )
Goods :
A term of va riable content and me aning . All th ings wh ich ar e mo vea ble at the time
of ide ntific ation to the contract for sa le, inv estm ent secu rities, and th in gs in action .
Also incl udes the un bor n yo ung of an imals. (B lack's 6th )
"G ood s" inclu des all th ings that are movea ble at the ti me the secu rity int erest
attaches. UCC 9-105(h)
Government De Facto :
A go vern ment of fact. A go ver nment act ually exer ci sing powe r and con trol in the
state , as op posed to the tru e and lawfu l gover nmen t; a go vern men t not established
ac cor ding to the Cons tit ution of the state , or not lawfully en titled to recog ni tion or
supr emac y, but wh ich has nevertheless suppla nted or di splac ed the go vern ment de
jure. A go vern ment deemed un lawful, or deemed wrongf ul or un jus t, whi ch,
neverth eless, rece ives prese ntly habi tual ob ed ienc e fro m the bulk of the
com muni ty .
Th ere ar e seve ra l deg rees of what is ca lled "de facto gover nm ent" . Such a
go vern ment , in its hig hes t deg ree, as su mes a char acter very closely resembling
that of a lawfu l go ver nm ent. Th is is when th e usur ping go vern ment expels the
reg ular au thor ities fro m their cus tomar y seat s and fu ncti ons, and establishe s itse lf
in th eir place, and so becomes the actu al go vern men t of a cou ntry. The
di stingu ish ing char ac teristic of such a gover nment is that adher en ts to it in wa r
agai nst the go vern ment de jure do not incu r the pena lties of treas on ; and, un der
ce rtain limitati ons, oblig ations assumed by it in behalf of the cou ntry or oth erwis e
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wi ll, in gener al, be respec ted by the go vern ment de jur e when resto red . 
Such a go vern ment migh t be mor e ap tly denomi nat ed a "go vern ment of 
pa ramoun t force ," bei ng mai ntai ned by ac tiv e mil itary power agai nst the rig htfu l 
au thor ity of an esta blished and lawfu l go vern ment; and obe yed in civi l mat ters by 
priv ate citiz ens. They are usually ad mini stered dir ectly by mil ita ry au thor ity, but 
they may be adminis tered, also, by ci vil author ity, su ppor ted mor e or less by 
milita ry force . (B lack's 4th ) 
Government De lu re : 
A go vern ment of ri gh t; the true and lawfu l go vern ment; a go vern ment established 
accor ding to the Co ns tit ution of the state, and lawfully en titled to recog ni tion and 
supr emac y and the admin istr ation of the stat e, but wh ich is ac tually cut off fro m 
power or co ntrol. A go vern ment dee med lawful, or deemed ri gh tfu l or jus t, wh ich, 
never th eless, has been suppla nted or di splaced ; that is to say, wh ich receives no t 
prese ntly (a lthough it rece ived formerly) ha bit ual ob ed ienc e fro m the bulk of the 
com muni ty . (B lack's 4th ) 
Grace : 
A favor or indu lgenc e as dis ti ngu ishe d fro m a ri gh t. The lord chancellor was 
ins tru cted to ta ke cog ni zanc e of mat ters of grace, be ing such sub jec ts of eq uity 
ju risd ic tion as wer e exclusively mat ters of equ ity . 
A facu lty license or di spens at ion ; also gener al and free par don by ac t of 
par liament. (B lack's 4th ) 
Guarantee : 
One to whom a guar an ty is made . Th is wor d is also used , as a noun, to deno te the 
contr act of guar an ty or the oblig ation of a guar an tor, and, as a verb, to deno te the 
acti on of assu mi ng th e responsi bilities of a gu aran to r. (B lack's 4th ) 
Guaranty : 
v. To un der take co llaterally to an swer for the payment of ano ther's deb t or the 
per for manc e of ano ther 'S dut y, liabil ity, or obliga ti on ; to assu me the resp onsi bility 
of a guar an tor; to wa rrant. (B lack's 4th ) 
n. A co llatera l agr eement for per formanc e of ano ther'S un dert aking. A prom ise to 
an swer for payment of deb t or per formanc e of obligation if per son liable in fi rst 
in sta nce fails to ma ke payment or perfo rm obliga ti on . An un dert aking by one 
per son to be ans wer able for the payment of so me deb t, or the due per for ma nc e of 
some contr ac t or dut y, by ano ther per so n, who hi mself remains liable to pay or 
perform the sa me. 
Synonyms 
The terms guaran ty and surety are some ti mes us ed in terchan ge a bly; but they 
should not be co nfou nded . The contr act of the guar an tor is his own sepa rate 
contr act. It is in the na tu re of a wa rra nty by him that the th ing guar an teed to be 
done by the prin cipa l sha ll be done, not merely an engagement joi ntly with the 
principal to do the th ing . Th e orig inal contr act of the pr incipal is no t hi s contr act, 
and he is no t bo und to ta ke no tice of its non- performanc e . 
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Guaranty and warranty ar e der ived fro m the sa me root, and ar e in fact 
etymolog ic ally the sa me wor d, the "g" of the Nor man French bei ng in terch angeable 
wi th the Eng lish "w" . They ar e ofte n us ed co lloqui ally and in co mmer cial 
trans acti ons as havi ng the sa me sign ific at ion, as wher e a pi ece of mach in ery or the 
produc e of an estate is "guar an teed" for a term of yea rs, "wa rra nted" being the 
mor e ap propr iat e term in such a case . A di sti nction is also so meti mes made in 
co mm ercia l usage, by which th e term "guar an ty" is un der stood as a co llatera l 
wa rra nty (o ften a co ndi tiona l one) agai ns t some default or eve nt in the futu re, 
while the term "wa rra nty" is ta ken as meaning an ab so lute un dert ak ing in 
praesen ti, agai nst the defect, or for the qua ntit y or qual ity cont emplated by the 
par ties in the sub jec t-matter of the co ntract . But in stri ct legal usage the two terms 
ar e widel y di sti ngu ishe d in this, that a wa rra nty is an ab so lute un dert ak ing or 
liabil ity on the part of the wa rra nto r, and the contr act is void un less it is stric tly and 
literally perfor med , whil e a guar an ty is a prom ise, entir ely co llatera l to the orig inal 
con tract, and no t im posing any pr imar y liab ility on the guar antor , but binding him 
to be ans wer able for the fa ilur e or def ault of ano ther. (B lack's 4th ) 
Hearing : 
Proceed ing of relative formality, gener ally publ ic, with de fi n ite issues of fact or of 
law to be tried, in wh ich par ties proceeded agains t have ri gh t to be hear d, and is 
much the sa me as a trial and may term in ate in fi nal order. Synonymous with tria l, 
and incl udes reception of evidenc e and ar gum ents ther eo n. It is freq ue ntly us ed in 
a broa der and mor e po pular sign ifica nce to descri be wh ateve r ta kes place before 
magis trates clothed wi th jud icial fu nctions and sit ti ng without jur y at an y sta ge of 
the proceed ings su bseq uent to its inc eption, and may include proceed ings before an 
aud itor. (B lack's 4th ) 
He dge : 
A pur chase of gr ain to protect agai nst loss due to fluctuations in pr ice . 
To saf eg uar d one's se lf fro m loss on a bet or sp ecu lation by making 
co mp ens ato ry ar range me nts on the oth er side . (B lack's 4th ) 
Hedging : 
A me ans by which co llecto rs and expo rters of gr ain or oth er prod ucts, and 
manuf actu rers, who mak e contr acts in ad va nce for the sa le of th eir go ods, secu re 
thems elves agai nst the fluctu ations of the ma rket by cou nte r contr acts for the 
pur chas e or sa le of an eq ual qua ntit y of the prod uct or of the ma terial of 
manuf ac tu re. The action of one who buy s co mm od ities in sel ling an eq ual amoun t 
of such comm od ities on exch ange for the pu rpose of insuranc e agai nst fluctuations 
in pr ice . 
The term "h ed ge," as used in the milling busine ss, mea ns when the miller en ters 
in to a contr act for the deliv ery of flour at a futu re da te, he buys whe at on the stock 
exc hange for futu re deliver y, and when he pur chas es wheat for actu al deliver y fro m 
the gr ain elevat or to fu lfill the co ntract wh ich he had previously made to fu rn ish 
flour , he se lls the wheat which he has bou gh t on the stock exc hange. (B lack's 4th ) 
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Hell : 
The name form erly gi ven to a place un der the excheq uer cham ber , wher e the king's 
de bto rs wer e conf ine d . (B lack's 4th ) 
Holder : 
The holder of a bi ll of ex change, promis so ry note, or check is the person who has 
legally ac quir ed posses sion of the same, by endor sement or deliver y, and who is 
en titled to rece iv e payment of the ins trumen t. (B lack's 4th ) 
Holder in Due Course : 
A holder who has ta ken a bill of exch ange (c heck or note) comp lete and reg ular of 
the face of it, un der the followi ng co nd itions, na mely : (a) That he beca me the 
holder of it before it was over due, and without notic e that it had been previously 
di shonor ed , if such was the fact. (b) That he too k the bill (che ck or no te) in good 
fa ith and for va lue, and that at the time it was neg otiated to him he had no notice 
of any def ect in the title of the person who neg otiated it. (B lack's 4th ) 
Honor : 
v. To ac cept a bill of exc hange, or to pay a no te, ch eck, or ac ce pted bill, at 
matu rit y and accor ding to its tenor. (B lack's 4th ) 
Hypothecate : 
To pledge a th ing without delive ri ng the po sses sion of it to the pledgee . (B lack's 
4th ) 
In Camera : 
In cham ber s; in pr ivat e . A ca use is sa id to be hear d in camera eith er when the 
hea ring is had before a ju dge in hi s priv ate room or when all spec tators ar e 
exclude d fro m the co urtroom . (B lack's 4th ) 
In Common : 
Shar ed in respec t to title, use, or enjo yme nt, without app ortion ment or di vision in to 
ind ivid ual par ts ; held by seve ra l for the eq ual advant age, use, or enjo yment of all. 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Encumbrance : 
Any ri gh t to, or int erest in, land wh ich may su bsis t in an oth er to the diminu tion of 
its va lue, but consis tent wi th the pas sing of the fee . 
A claim, lien, char ge, or liabili ty atta ched to and binding real propert y . An 
encu mbr anc e may be a mor tga ge; a ju dg ment lien ; a me ch an ics lien ; a lease ; 
restri ction in de ed ; encr oa ch ment of a building ; an eas ement or ri gh t of way ; 
ac cru ed and unp aid taxes ; the statut ory ri gh t of redemp ti on . 
The term "encu mbr an ce" is so me times us ed to deno te a bur den or char ge on 
per sonal proper ty as e.g. a ch attel mor tgage on a stock of go ods. (B lack's 4th ) 
Indicted : 
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practi ce . When a man is ac cus ed by a bill of indic tment preferred by a gr and jur y, 
he is sa id to be ind icted . (B ouv ier's 185 6 6th Ed .) 
Indictment : 
An ac cu sation in writi ng found and present ed by a gr and jur y, legally co nvok ed and 
swo rn , to the co urt in which it is imp aneled, char gi ng that a per son ther ein na med 
has done some act, or been gui lty of so me omis sion, which, by law, is a public 
offense, puni shable on ind ic tm ent. 
A prese ntment dif fers fro m an ind ictment in that it is an accusat ion made by a 
gr and jur y of th eir own mo tion, either up on th eir own obser vati on and knowled ge, 
or up on evidenc e before th em; while an in dic tment is preferred at the su it of the 
go vern me nt, and is usua lly fra med in the first ins ta nce by the pr osecuti ng offi ce r of 
the go ve rn me nt, and by him laid before the grand jur y, to be foun d or ig nor ed . An 
in formation rese mb les in its form and su bsta nce an ind ictment, but is fi led at the 
mer e di scretion of the proper law offi cer of the go vern me nt, wi thout the 
in tervention or ap prova l of a grand jur y, and an affidavit is a char ge made and 
preferred by an ind iv idual . (B lack's 4th ) 
Indictment : 
crim. law, practice . A written accusat ion of one or mor e persons of a cri me or 
mi sdeme anor , present ed to, and preferred up on oath or aff ir matio n, by a gr and 
jur y legally co nvok ed . 4 BI . Co m. 299 ; Co . Lit t. 12 6; 2 Ha le, 15 2; Bac. Ab . h. t. ; 
Com . Dig . h. t. A; 1 Chi t. Cr. L. 16 8. 
2. Th is wor d, indi ctment , is sa id to be der ived fro m the old French wor d indic ter, 
which sign ifies to indic ate ; to show, or po in t out. Its obje ct is to ind ic ate the offe nce 
cha rged agains t the ac cu sed . Rey, des Ins t. 'Anglo to me 2, p. 347 . 
3. To render an indic tment va lid, th ere ar e certain esse ntia l and form al 
req ui si tes . The essenti al req ui si tes ar e, 1st. That the ind ic tm ent be present ed to 
some co urt having ju risd ic tion of the offen ce stated ther ein . 2d . That it ap pea r to 
ha ve been found by the gr and jur y of the proper cou nty or dis tric t. 3d . Th at the 
ind ic tm en t be found a tru e bill, and signed by the foreman of the grand jur y. 4th . 
That it be fra med with suf ficient cert ain ty ; for this pu rpose the char ge mus t co ntain 
a ce rtain de scri ption of the cri me or mi sdemea nor , of which the def endan t is 
accused , and a state ment of the facts by wh ich it is co nstitut ed, so as to ide ntif y 
the accu sat ion . Cowp. 682, 3; 2 Hale, 167; 1 Bi nn. R. 20 1; 3 Bi nn. R; 533; 1 P. A. 
Bro. R. 360 ; 6 S. & R. 398 4 Ser g o & Rawle, 19 4; 4 BI . Com . 30 1; Yeates, R. 407 ; 4 
Cran ch, R. 167. 5th . The ind ic tm ent mus t be in the Eng lish lang ua ge. But if any 
docu men t in a foreig n langua ge, as a libel, be nec essa ri ly in troduc ed , it should be 
set out in the or ig inal tongue, and then tran slated, sho wing its appli cat ion . 6 T. R. 
162 . 
4. Sec ond ly, form al requis ites ar e, 1s t. The venue, which, at co mm on law 
should always be laid in the cou nty wher e the offenc e has been co mm itted, 
altho ugh the charge is in its na tu re transi tory, as a battery . Hawk. B. 2, c. 25, s. 
35. The venue is stated in the mar gin th us, "C ity and cou nty of to wit. " 2d . 
The presentme nt, which mus t be in the present tense, and is usually expr essed by 
the following formula, "Th e gr and inque st of the co mmonw ea lth of in quir ing 
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for the cit y and co un ty aforesaid, up on th eir oaths and affi rmat ions presen t." See, 
as to the ve nue, 1 Pi ke, R. 171; 9 Yerg . 357. 3d . The name and add ition of the 
defendan t; but in case an error has bee n made in th is resp ect, it is cu red by the 
plea of the def endant. Bac. Ab . Mi snomer , B; Indic tment, G 2; 2 Ha le, 175; 1 Ch it. 
Pro 202 . 4th . The na mes of th ir d per so ns, when they mus t be necessa ri ly 
mentioned in the indic tment, sh ould be stated with certa in ty to a co mm on in tent, 
so as suf ficie ntly to inf orm the defendan t who are his accuser s. When, ho wever, the 
na mes of th ir d per so ns ca nno t be as ce rta ined, it is suf ficient, in some cases, to 
state "a ce rta in person or per so ns to the jur ors aforesa id unk nown ." Hawk. B. 2, c. 
25, s. 71; 2 Eas t, P. C. 65 1, 78 1; 2 Hale, 18 1; Plowd . 85; Dye r, 97, 286 ; 8 C. & P. 
773 . See Un known . 5th . The ti me when the offen ce was commi tted, shou ld in 
gener al be stated to be on a sp ecific yea r and day. In so me offenc es, as in perj ury, 
the day mus t be precisely stat ed ; 2 Wash . C. C. Rep. 32 8; but alth ough it is 
ne cessa ry th at a day certa in shou ld be laid in the indic tme nt, yet, in gener al, the 
prosecut or may gi ve ev idenc e of an offe nc e co mm itted on any other day previous 
to the fi nding of th e, ind ic tm ent. 5 Ser g o & Ra wle, 316. Vide 11 
Ser g o & Rawle, 177; 1 Chit. Cr. La w, 217 , 22 4; 1 Ch . PI . In dex, tit. Ti me. See 17 
Wend . 475 ; 2 Dev . 567 ; 5 How. Mis. 14; 4 Dana . 496 ; C. & N. 36 9; 1 Hawk s, 460 . 
6th . The offenc e should be proper ly de scr ib ed . Th is is done by sta ti ng the 
su bstan tia l cir cu msta nc es nec essa ry to show the natu re of the cri me and, next, the 
formal allegations and terms of art req uir ed by law. 1. As to the su bstan ti al 
cir cu mstanc es . The whole of the facts of the case ne cessa ry to ma ke it app ea r 
ju di cia lly to the co urt that the indic tors hav e gone up on suff icient premis es, should 
be set forth ; but ther e shou ld be no unn ecessa ry mat ter or any th ing wh ich on its 
face mak es the ind ictment repugnan t, in co ns is tent, or ab sur d. Ha le, 183; Hawk. B. 
2, c. 25, s. 57; Ab. h. t. G 1; Co m. Dig . h. t. G 3; 2 Lea ch, 660 ; 2 Str. 12 26 . All 
ind ic tme nts ough t to char ge a man with a pa rticu lar offenc e, and no t with be ing an 
offender in gener al: to this ru le ther e are so me except ions, as indic tment s agai nst a 
co mmon ba rrater, a co mmon scold, and the kee per of a co mm on bawdy hous e; 
such per so ns may be ind ic ted by these ge ner al wor ds. 1 Chit. Cr. La w, 230, and the 
au thor ities ther e cited . The offenc e mus t no t be sta ted in the di sj u nctive, so as to 
leave it unc ertain on what it is in tended to rely as an ac cusat ion ; as, that the 
defendan t erected or ca used to be . erecte d a nu isa nc e. 2 Str. 900 ; 1 Chit. Cr. La w, 
236. 
2. Ther e ar e cert ain terms of art us ed , so appr opr iat ed by the law to expr ess 
the precise idea which it enter tains of the off enc e, that no oth er terms, however 
syn onymous they may see m, are ca pa ble of fi lling the sa me office : such , for 
exam ple, as trai torous ly, (q .v. ) in treas on; feloniousl y, (q .v. ) in felony; 
bur glar iously, (q .v. ) in bur glary; maim, (q .v.) in may hem, &c . 7th . Th e conclusion 
of the indic tment should co nfor m to the pr ovision of the Cons tituti on of the state on 
the su bject, wher e ther e is suc h provision ; as in Pe nnsylva ni a, Cons t. art. V., s. 11 , 
wh ich prov ides, that "all prose cut ions sha ll be ca rri ed on in the name and by the 
au thor ity of the co m monw ea lth of Pe nns ylvania, and co nclude agai nst the peac e 
and dign ity of the sa me." As to the nec essit y and propr iety of havi ng sever a l cou nts 
in an ind ic tm en t, vide 1 Chit. Cr. La w, 248 ; as to . joinder of sever a l offenc es in the 
same ind ic tme nt, vide 1 Chit. Cr. Law, 253; Arch . Cr. PI . 60 ; seve ral defenda nts 
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may in so me cases be joi ned in the sa me in d ic tm ent. Id . 255; Arch . Cr. PI . 59. 
When an ind ic tm ent may be am ended , see Id . 29 7. Sta rk . Cr. PI . 286; or qu ashed , 
Id . 298 Sta rk . Cr. PI . 83 1; Arch . Cr. 66 . Vi de; gen erally, Arch . Cr. PI . B. 1, pa rt 1, c. 
1; p. 1 to 68 ; Sta rk . Cr. PI . 1 to 336; 1 Chi t. Cr. La w, 16 8 to 304; Co m. Dig . h. t. : 
Vi n. Ab . h. t. ; Bac. Ab . h. t. ; Dane's Ab . h. t. ; Nels. Ab. h. t. ; Bu rn's Ju st. h. t. ; Rus s . 
on Cr. In dex, h. t., 
5. By the Cons titution of the Un ited Stat es, Amend . art. 5, no perso n sha ll be 
held to ans wer for a ca pit al, or oth erwis e inf amous crime, un less on a presentment 
or ind ic tm ent of a gr and jur y, exce pt in cases ar isi ng in the land or nav a l forces, or 
in the mili tia, when in actu al servic e in ti me of wa r, or public da nger. (B ou vier 's 
1856 6th Ed .) 
Endorsement : 
The act of a payee, drawee, acc om modation endor se r, or holder of a bill, note, 
che ck, or oth er nego tia ble ins tru ment, in wri ti ng hi s name up on the back of the 
sa me, with or without fu rther or quali fying wor ds, wher eby the propert y in the 
same is as sig ned and tran sfe rred to an oth er. 
Th at which is so writ ten up on the back of a nego tiable ins trum ent. 
In the law of nego tia ble ins tru ment s, a new and su bsta ntive con tract by wh ich 
title to the ins trument is tra nsfe rred and by which endor ser beco mes a part y to the 
ins tru men t, and is liable, on certain co nd itions for its payme nt. In this respec t 
end orse ment di ffers fro m a co mmon-l aw ass ign ment. 
One who wr ites hi s name up on a nego tia ble ins tru me nt, oth erwise th an as a 
mak er or ac ce pto r, and deliver s it, wi th hi s name ther eo n, to an oth er per so n, is 
called an "endor ser , " and hi s ac t is ca lled "endor semen t" . 
The wor d "endor sement" is also used with refe rence to writs, in sur anc e po licies, 
certif icat es of stock, etc . The term as us ed in the Un ifor m Stock Tra nsfer Act 
cont emplates a writi ng pas sing or attemp ting to pass title or an in terest . As appl ied 
to a wr it or wa rrant "endor seme nt" is an entr y made on the back ther eof. (B lack's 
4th ) 
Endorsement : 
crim. law, prac tic e . When a wa rra nt for the ar rest of a per son char ged wi th a cri me 
has been issued by a jus tice of the peace of one cou nty, wh ich is to be executed in 
an oth er coun ty, it is ne cessa ry in some states, as in Pe nns ylvania, that it should be 
in dor sed by a jus tice of the cou nty wher e it is to be execut ed : th is endor sement is 
ca lled back ing . (q .v. ) (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Information : 
An accus ati on exh ib ited agai nst a per son for some crim inal offense, wit hout an 
ind ictm ent. An accusation in the na tu re of an ind ictment, fro m wh ich it di ffers only 
in be ing prese nted by a com pete nt publi c officer on his oath of offi ce, ins tead of a 
gr and jur y on the ir oath . A wr itten accusation swor n to before a magis trate, up on 
wh ich an ind ic tm ent is afterwar ds foun ded . 
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The wor d is also freq ue ntly us ed in the law in its sense of co mmuni cated 
knowle dge. And affi dav its are freq ue ntly made, and plead ings and oth er 
docu men ts verif ied , on inf ormation and "b elief " . 
In French La w. The act or ins tru men t wh ich cont ain s the dep ositi ons of witn esses 
agai nst the ac cus ed . (B lack's 4th ) 
Informer : 
A per so n who in forms or prefe rs an accusation agai nst ano ther , whom he susp ects 
of a vio lation of some pen al statu te . (B lack's 4th ) 
Inquest : 
A body of men app oi nted by law to in quir e int o ce rtain mat ters; as, the inque st 
exa mined in to the fa cts co nn ected with the alleged mur der; the gr and jur y, is 
some ti mes ca lled th e gr and inque st . Th e ju dicial in quir y itse lf is also ca lled an 
inque st . The fi nding of such men, up on an in vestig atio n, is also ca lled an inque st or 
an inqu isi tio n. 
2. An inque st of offi ce was bo un d to fi nd for the king up on the dir ecti on of the 
co urt. The reason gi ven is that the in q uest concluded no man of his rig ht, but only 
ga ve the king an opport un ity to en ter so that he co uld hav e his ri gh t tried . Moor e, 
730 ; Va ughan, 135; 3 H. VII . 10; 2 H. IV . 5; 3 Leon. 196 . (B ouv ier's 185 6 6th Ed .) 
Inquisition : 
practi ce . An exami nation of ce rtain facts by a jur y empanel led by the sher iff for the 
pu rpose ; the ins tru men t of wr iti ng on wh ich th eir decision is made is also ca lled an 
inqu isition . The she rif f or cor oner and the jur y who mak e the inqu isi tio n, ar e ca lled 
the inque st. 
2. An inqu isi tion on an un timely de ath , if om itted by the cor oner , may be ta ken 
by jus ti ces of go al deliv ery and over and terminer or of the peace, but it mus t be 
done publ icly and open ly, oth erwis e it will be qu ashed . Inqu isitions ei ther of the 
co roner , or of the oth er jur isd ic tions, ar e trave rsa ble. 1 Bu rr. 18, 19. (B ouvier 's 
1856 6th Ed .) 
Inquisitor : 
A desig nation of sher iffs, cor oner s, sup er visu m cor poris, and the like, who ha ve 
powe r to inquir e in to certain mat ters . 
2. The name, of an offi cer, am ong ecclesias tics, who is au thor iz ed to inquir e in to 
her esies, and the like, and to puni sh th em . An ecclesias tica l judge. (B ouvier 's 1856 
6th Ed .) 
Instrument : 
A wr itten docu ment; a form al or legal do cumen t in writi ng, such as a contr act, 
deed , wi ll, bo nd, or lease . 
Any th ing reduc ed to writi ng, a do cument of a form al or solemn cha racte r, a writi ng 
gi ven as a means of affording ev idenc e. A docu ment or writi ng wh ich gi ves form al 
expr ess ion to a legal act or agr eement, for the pu rpose of creati ng, secu ring, 
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modif ying, or termi nati ng a ri gh t; a writi ng executed and del iver ed as the evidenc e 
of an act or agr eement. 
In the law of evidenc e . Any th ing wh ich may be prese nted as evidenc e to the sens e 
of the adjud icati ng tribun al. (Black's 4th ) 
Instrument : 
contr acts . The writi ng wh ich co nta ins so me agr eeme nt, and is so ca lled beca us e it 
has been prepar ed as a memor ial of what has ta ken place or been agr eed up on . 
The agr eement and the ins tru ment in wh ich it is cont ai ned ar e very dif ferent th in gs, 
the lat ter be ing only evidenc e of the exis tence of the form er. The ins trum ent or 
form of the co ntract may be va lid, but the co ntract itse lf may be void on ac coun t of 
fraud . Vide Ay l. Pa rerg . 305; Du nlo Ad . Pro 220 . (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Instrument : 
An ins tru ment is a "n ote" if it is a promis e and is a "d raft" if it is an order. If an 
ins tru men t fa lls wi th in the def ini tion of both "n ote " an d "d raft, " a per son en titled to 
enf orce the ins trum ent may treat it as either. UC C 3-10 4(e) . "Ins tru me nt" means 
a nego tiable ins tru men t (d efin ed in Secti on 3-10 4), or a ce rtif ied secu rit y (de fi ned 
in Sec tion 8-10 2) or any oth er wr iti ng whic h evi denc es a ri gh t to the payment and 
is no t itse lf a secu rit y agr eement or lease and is of a type wh ich is in ordinar y 
cou rse of busi ness tran sferred by deliver y with an y ne cessa ry endor sement or 
assi gn ment. UC C 9-10 5(1) . 
Interest : 
Propert y; The mos t gener al term that ca n be emp loyed to deno te a proper ty in 
lands or chat tels. In its appl ication to lands or th ings rea l, it is freq ue ntly us ed in 
co nn ection wi th the terms "es tate," "r ig ht, " and "ti tle," and, accor ding to Lo rd Co ke, 
it prop er ly in clude s them all. Mor e par ticular ly it mea ns a ri ght to hav e the 
adva ntage accr uing fro m any thing ; any ri gh t in the natu re of propert y, but less 
tha n title; a partia l or und ivided ri gh t; a title to a shar e. 
The term "in terest" and "title " ar e not synon ymous. A mor tgagor in posses sion, 
and a pur chaser holding under a de ed defective ly execut ed, have, both of th em, 
ab solute as we ll as insu rable int erests in the proper ty, th ough neither of them has 
the legal tit le. 
Fo r Money Int erest is the co mpens ation allowed by law or fixed by the parties for 
the us e or forbea ranc e or detention of money. (B lack's 4th ) 
Internal Revenue : 
In the leg islation and fisca l admin is tration of the Un ited Stat es, reve nue raised by 
the im position of taxes and excises on dom esti c prod ucts or manuf actu res, and on 
dome stic busine ss and occu pat ions, inh erita nce taxes, and stamp taxes ; as broad ly 
dis ti ngu ished fro m "cus toms du ties, " i. e. du ties or taxes on foreign co mm erce or on 
goods im po rted . (B lack's 4th ) No te : the taxes co llected do not supp ort the 
Cou ntry, but ar e appl ied to the nat ional deb t as owed to the Fed eral Reser ve, IMF 
and King of Eng land . 
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Invoice : 
In co mm ercial law. A list or ac cou nt of go ods or mer ch and ise sent by mer cha nts to 
thei r co rresponde nts at home or abr oad, in which the ma rks of each pack age, with 
oth er pa rticu lars, ar e set fo rth . Wr itten item ized ac coun ts sent to a pur chaser by 
the se ller of mer ch an di se . A list sent to a pur chas er , facto r, co nsig nee, etc . 
cont ainin g the items, togeth er with the pric es and cha rges of mer cha nd ise sent or 
to be ing sent to him. A wr iting made on beh alf of an im por ter, specif ying the 
mer chand ise im por ted, and its tru e cos t or va lue. (B lack's 4th ) 
Issue : 
v. To se nd forth ; to emi t; to promu lgate; as, an officer issues order s, process 
issues fro m a co urt. To put in to cir cu latio n; as, the treasu ry issues notes . To se nd 
out, to send out officia lly; to delive r, for use, or au thor itat ive ly; to go forth as 
au th oritative or bin din g. 
A wr it is "i ssued " when it is deliver ed to an offi cer, with the in tent to hav e it 
ser ved . 
n. The act of issu ing, se nding forth, em itting or promul ga ti ng; the gi ving a th ing its 
fi rst inc eption ; as the issue of an order or a writ . (B lack's 4th ) 
Journal : 
A daily book; a boo k in wh ich en tries are made or event s recorded fro m day to day. 
In mar iti me law, the jou rnal (o th erwise ca lled "l og " or "l og- book" ) is a boo k ke pt 
on eve ry vesse l, which co ntains a brief recor d of the eve nts and occu rrenc es of 
each day of a voya ge, with the na utica l ob ser vations, co urse of the sh ip, ac coun t of 
the weat her , etc . In the syste m of double- entr y boo kkeeping, the jour nal is an 
ac cou nt-book in to wh ich ar e trans crib ed , daily or at oth er in terva ls, the items 
ent ered up on the day-book, for mor e conven ient posti ng in to the ledger . In the 
usage of legislative bod ies, the jour nal is a daily reco rd of the proceed ings of either 
hous e . It is kept by the clerk, and in it ar e ent ered the app Oi ntme nts and acti ons of 
co mm ittees, in trod uction of bills, mo tions, votes, reso lutions, etc., in the order of 
th eir occur renc e. (B lack's 4th ) 
Judge-Made Law : 
A phr ase us ed to indi cate judi cia l dec isions wh ich co nstru e away the me an ing of 
statutes, or fi nd me aning in them the leg islatu re never in tended . It is some times 
us ed as me aning, simpl y, the law established by judi cia l preced ent. (B lack's 4th ) 
Judgment : 
A sens e of knowledge suf ficient to com prehend na tu re of tra nsac ti on. 
An opin ion or esti mat e . 
The co nclusion in a syllogism having for its major and min or pren ises issu es ra ised 
by the plead ings and the proof s ther eon . 
The format ion of an opinion or not ion co nc er ning someth ing by exer ci sing the mind 
up on it. 
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The officia l and authen tic decision of a co urt of jus tice up on the resp ective rig hts 
and claims of the pa rties to an acti on or sui t ther ein litig ated and subm itted to its 
determ ina ti on . 
Also it is, or may mea n, adjud icat ion ; Affi rmation by court or co m pen sati on 
awa rd . Co nclusion of law up on facts found or admi tted by the pa rties or up on th eir 
default in the course of the sui t; co nclusion that na tu rally follows fro m the 
prem is es of law and fact; deb t which co urt of law fi nds to be due and order s to be 
paid . 
A decr ee is a judgm ent. An allowance or di sa llowance of a claim may be a 
ju dg ment. 
An en try on co urt reco rd may con stitute a ju dg ment. 
An order may be a judg ment : Co mp ens ation proceed ing . 
To co nstitut e act of ban kru ptcy , "j udg men t" suf fered by de bto r mus t be one that 
has beco me lien and, as such, a legal preferenc e. (B lack's 4th ) 
Jurisprudence: The phi losophy of law, or the scienc e wh ich treat s of the pr incip les 
of positiv e law and legal relati ons. 
In the proper sens e of the wor d, "j ur ispr ude nce" is the scienc e of law, na mely, that 
scienc e wh ich has for its fu nction to as certa in the pr incipl es on which legal ru les ar e 
based , so as not only to classify th ose ru les in th eir proper order , and sho w the 
relation in wh ich they sta nd to one ano ther , but also to settle the manner in wh ich 
new or dou btfu l cases shou ld be brough t un der the ap prop riat e ru les, Jur ispr udenc e 
is mor e a formal th an a ma teria l scie nce. It has no dir ect concer n with que stions of 
mor al or politic a l po licy, for they fa ll un der the provinc e or eth ics and legis latio n; 
bu t, when a new or dou btfu l case ar is es to wh ich two di fferent ru les see m, when 
take n literally, to be eq ually appl ic ab le, it may be, and ofte n is, the fu ncti on of 
jur ispr ude nce to co nsider the ulti ma te effect wh ich wo uld be prod uced if each ru le 
wer e ap plied to an in def in ite numb er of similar cases, and to choose that ru le 
which, when so appl ied , will prod uc e the gr eat est adv antage to the com muni ty . 
Law. Criminal : 
By crimin al law is un der stood that syste m of laws wh ich provide s for the mode of 
trial of per so ns char ged with crimi nal offe nc es, defin es crim es, and provides for 
th eir puni sh me nts. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Law. Merchant : 
A syste m of cus toms acknowledged and ta ke n notice of by all co mm ercial natio ns; 
and thos e cus to ms constitut e a par t of the gener al law of the land ; and be ing a pa rt 
of that law th eir exis tence ca n not be proved by wit ne sses, but the ju dge s ar e bo un d 
to take notice of them ex officio . See Beawes' Lex Mer cato ria Redi vi va ; Ca ine s' Lex 
Mer cato ria Amer ica na ; Com . 
Dig . Mer cha nt, D; Chit. Co mm. La w; Pa rde ss . Droi t Co mm ercia l; Co llecti on des Lo is 
Mar itimes an terieur e au di x huti Sme si Scle, pa r Dupin ; Ca pma ny, Cos tu mbr es 
Mar iti mas; II Consol ato del Mar e; Us et Coutu mes de la Mer; Piant andia, Della 
Giu ri spr udenz e Mar iti na Co mm erciale, Antic a e Moder na ; Va lin, Com ment air e sur 
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l'Or donna nc e de la Mar in e, du Mois d'A ou t, 16 81; Bou lay-Pat y, Dr. Co mm .; 
Bo ucher , Ins titut ions au Droit Mar iti me. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Law. Municipal : 
Municipal law is de fi ned by Mr . Jus tic e Blacksto ne to be "a ru le of civi l co nduc t 
prescr i bed by the su preme power in a state , com manding wha t is rig ht and 
prohi bi ti ng what is wrong ." Th is def ini tion has bee n crit iciz ed , and has been 
per hap s, jus tly consider ed imp erfect. The latter par t has bee n th ough t 
super abu ndan t to the fi rst; see Mr . Ch rist ian' s No te : and the fi rst too gen eral and 
in defi ni te, and too lim ited in its sig nific ation to co nvey a jus t idea of the su bje ct. 
See La w, civi l. Mr . Ch itty def in es muni cipal law to be "a ru le of ci vil co nduc t, 
prescr i bed by the supr eme powe r in a sta te, co mm anding what sha ll be done or 
what sha ll not be don e." 1 BI . Com . 44, no te 6, Ch itty's edit. 
2. Muni cip al law, am ong the Ro ma ns, was a law made to go ve rn a pa rticu lar cit y 
or provinc e; this term is de rived fro m the Latin muni ci pium, wh ich among them 
sign ified a cit y wh ich was go verned by its own laws, an d wh ich had its own 
magis trates. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Law of Na ture : 
The law of natu re is tha t wh ich God , the sover eign of the un iver se, has prescri bed 
to all men, not by any form al promu lgation, but by the in ternal di ctate of reason 
alone . It is di scove red by a ju st co nsider ation of the agr eea blene ss or 
di sa gr eeablene ss of hum an actions to the na tu re of ma n; and it co mpr ehends all 
the du ties wh ich we owe either to the Su preme Bei ng, to our selves, or to our 
neigh bor s; as reve renc e to God , self-defen se, temp eranc e, honor to our par en ts, 
bene vo lence to all, a stri ct adher enc e to our engageme nts, gratitu de, and the like. 
Erski ne's Pro of L. of Scot . B. 1, t. 1, S. 1. See Ayl. Pa nd o tit . 2, p. 5; Cicero de Leg . 
lib. 
2. The pr im itive laws of nat u re may be reduc ed to six, na mely : 1. Co mpar ative 
saga cit y, or reas on. 2. Self-love . 3. The attraction of the sexes to each oth er. 4. 
The tender ne ss of pa rent s towa rds the ir ch ildren. 5. Th e religi ous senti ment. 6. 
Soc iabil ity . 
3.-1. When man is pr oper ly organ ized , he is ab le to di scove r mor al go od fro m 
mor al ev il; and the study of man proves that man is no t only an in telligen t, but a 
free be ing, and he is ther efo re responsible for his actio ns. The ju dg ment we form of 
our go od ac tions, produc es happi ne ss ; on the contr ary the ju dg ment we form of our 
bad actions prod uces un happin ess . 
4.-2. Eve ry anima ted being is imp elled by natu re to his own prese rvati on, to 
defend hi s life and body fro m in ju ries, to shun what may be hu rtfu l, and to provide 
all th in gs req ui si te to his exis tenc e. He nc e the du ty to watch ove r his own 
prese rvati on. Su icide and dueling ar e the refo re contr ary to this law; and a man 
ca nn ot mu ti late hims elf, nor renou nc e his liberty . 
5.-3. The attrac tion of the sexes has been provided for the preser vation of the 
human race, and th is law co ndemns ce libac y. The end of mar ri age proves that 
polygam y, (q .v.) and polyandr y, (q .v. ) ar e contr a ry to the law of natu re. Henc e it 
follows that the husb and and wif e have a mut ual and exclusive ri gh t over each 
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oth er. 
6.- 4. Man from his birth is who lly unable to provide for the least of his 
ne cess ities ; but the love of his par en ts suppl ies for this wea kne ss . Th is is one of the 
mos t powe rfu l laws of natu re . The principal du ties it im poses on the par ent s, ar e to 
bes tow on the child all the ca re its wea kne ss req uir es, to prov ide for its ne cessa ry 
food and cloth ing, to ins tru ct it, to provide for its wa nts , and to us e coercive means 
for its go od , when req ui si te . 
7.-5. The religious senti ment wh ich leads us natu rally tow ar ds the Su preme 
Bei ng, is one of the attri but es wh ich be long to hum ani ty alone ; and its imp orta nc e 
gi ves it the ra nk of the mor al law of natu re. From this sentiment ar ise all the sec ts 
and di fferent forms of wor ship among men . 
8.- 6. The ne ed whic h man fee ls to live in soci ety, is one of the prim itiv e laws of 
natu re, whenc e flow our du ties and ri gh ts; and the exis tence of soci ety depends 
up on the cond ition that the right s of all sha ll be respec ted . On th is law ar e based 
the assis ta nc e, su ccor s and go od offi ces which men owe to each oth er, they be ing 
un ab le to prov ide each eve ryth ing for hims elf. (B ouv ier's 185 6 6th Ed .) 
Law« Unwritten : 
or lex non scri pta : All the laws which do not co me under the def ini tion of wr itten 
law; it is co m posed , princip ally, of the law of na tu re, the law of nations, the 
co mm on law, and cus toms. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Law Penal : 
One wh ich in flic ts a pena lty for a violation of its en actm ent. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th 
Ed .) 
Ledger : 
A book of ac cou nts in which a trader ent ers the na mes of all pe rso ns with whom he 
has de alings; ther e be ing two pa rallel co lumns in each ac co un t, one for the en tri es 
to the debi t of the per so n char ged, the other for his cred its . Int o th is boo k are 
pos ted the items fro m the da y-boo k or jour na l. 
A "l edger " is the pr in cipa l boo k of ac co u nts of a busine ss establishment in wh ich 
all the trans acti ons of each day ar e en tered un der ap propr ia te heads so as to sho w 
at a gla nce the deb its and credit s of each acc ount. (B lack's 4th ) 
Levy : 
v. To as sess ; raise ; execut e ; exac t; collect; gather; ta ke up; seize . Th us, to levy 
(as sess, exa ct, raise, or co llect) a tax; to levy (rai se or set up) a nu isa nce ; to levy 
(acknowle dge) a fi ne; to levy (inaugur ate ) war; to levy an execut ion, i. e., to levy or 
co llect a sum of mone y on an execut ion . 
n. A se izu re. An ac tu al ma king the mone y out of the propert y; the ob taining of 
mo ney by seizu re and sale of proper ty. The ment al act of de term in ation to sell. The 
raising of the mone y for which an execu tion has been issued . 
As us ed in the Un iform Cond it ional Sa les Act, "l evy of executi on" mea ns the 
setti ng aside of spe cific propert y fro m the gen eral proper ty of the deb tor and 
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placi ng it in the cus tody of the law un ti l it ca n be sold and appl ied to the pay ment 
of the execut ion . 
Eq uitable Levy - The lien in eq u ity created by the fi ling of the cred ito r's bill to 
sub je ct rea l propert y of the de bto r, and of a lis pe ndens, is so me ti mes so ca lled . 
The ri gh t to an equ itab le lien is sometimes ca lled an "eq u itable levy" . (B lack's 4th ) 
Levy Court: A co urt form erly exis ting in the Di stri ct of Co lumbia . It was a body 
cha rged wi th the admin is tration of the min is ter ial and fi na ncia l du ties of 
Wash in gton cou nty . It was char ged wi th the dut y of laying out and repa ir ing roads, 
building bridges, provid ing poor hous es, laying and co llecting the taxes ne cessa ry to 
enable it to di scha rge these and other du ties, and to pay the oth er expens es of the 
cou nty . It has capac ity to mak e co ntracts in referenc e to an y of these mat ters, and 
to raise money to me et such con tracts . It has pe rpetu al su cces sion, and its 
fu nctions wher e th ose which, in the seve ral sta tes, ar e per for med by "cou nty 
co mm issioner s." Ove rseers of the poor , " "cou nty sup ervisor s," and similar bod ies 
with oth er desig natio ns. 
Lia bility : 
Th e wor d is a broad legal term . It has been referred to as of the mo st 
co mpr ehensi ve sig nif ica nce, inc ludin g almo st ever y char acter of hazar d or 
respo nsibil ity, ab so lute, conti ngen t, or likely. 
It has been def in ed to me an : all cha rac ter of muni cip al de bts and obligatio ns; 
am en abili ty or respons ibil ity; an obligat ion, one is bo und in law or jus tice to 
perform . An obligation which may or may no t ri pen in to a debt. Any kind of deb t or 
liabil ity, either ab so lute or conti nge nt, expr ess or impli ed; any liabili ty wh atsoeve r; 
co nd ition of be ing actually or pote ntia lly su bject to an obliga ti on ; co nd ition of be ing 
exposed to the up -spr inging of an obliga tion to di sch ar ge or ma ke good an 
un dert ak ing of ano ther , or a loss or def iCi t, or the being exposed or sub je ct to a 
gi ven conti nge ncy, ri sk , or casua lty wh ich is mor e or less proba ble; cond ition of 
bei ng resp onsible for a pos sible or ac tu al loss, pena lty, ev il, expense, or bur den ; 
co ndi tion wh ich creates a du ty to pe rform an act im med iat ely or in the futu re; dut y 
or pay mone y or per form some oth er servic e; dut y which mus t at least eve ntually 
be per for med ; eve ry kind of legal obligat ion, responsi bility, or du ty ; fi xed liabili ty ; 
legal resp ons ibili ty ; penalt y for fa ilure to pay tax when due; present, cu rren t, 
futu re, fix ed, or conti ngent deb ts ; puni sh ment; resp ons ibili ty for torts ; tax; that 
which one is un der obliga tion to pay, or for which one is liable; the state of be ing 
bo und or oblige d in law or jus tice to do, pay, or mak e go od so me th ing ; the state of 
one who is bo un d in law and jus tic e to do some th ing wh ich may be enf orced by 
action ; un-liqu id ated claim; unp aid deb t. 
The term is ther efo re broa der than the wor d "deb t, " or "in deb ted nes s," and 
includ es in add ition exis ti ng obliga tions, which may or may no t in the futu re 
eve ntuat e in an in deb ted ne ss . (B lack's 4th ) 
License : 
Certif ic ate or the do cu ment itse lf that gi ves perm is sion . Perm ission or au th or ity . 
(B lack's 4th ) 
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In the law of co ntracts . A per m is sion, grant ed by a co mpete nt au thor ity, conf er ri ng 
the ri gh t to do some act wh ich without such au thor izati on wou ld be illega l, or wo uld 
be a trespass or tort. (B lack's 1s t) 
A per mit, gr ant ed by an appr opr iat e go vern men ta l bod y, gener ally for a 
co nsider ation, to a per son, fi rm , or cor por ation to pur sue some occu pation or to 
ca rry on so me busine ss su bject to regu lation un der the polic e power. A license is 
not a contr act between the state and the licensee, but is a mer e per so nal perm it. 
(B lack's 6th ) 
Lic ense : 
con tracts . A ri gh t gi ven by so me co mpete nt author ity to do an act, wh ich wit hout 
such au thor ity wou ld be illegal. The in stru men t or writi ng which secu res th is ri gh t, 
is also ca lled a license . Vide Ay l. Pa rerg, 353; 15 Vi n. Ab . 92; Ang . Wat. Co . 61, 85 . 
2. A license is expr ess or impli ed . An expr ess license is one which in dir ect 
terms au thor iz es the perfor manc e of a ce rtain act; as a license to keep a tave rn 
gi ven by public author ity . 
3. An impli ed license is one which th ough not expr essly gi ve n, may be 
presu med fro m the acts of the pa rty havi ng a ri gh t to gi ve it. The followi ng ar e 
exa mp les of such licens es : 1. When a man knock s at ano ther's door , and it is 
opened, the act of op ening the door licens es the former to en ter the hous e for an y 
lawfu l pur pose . See Hob . 62. A ser va nt is, in co ns eq uenc e of hi s emp loyment, 
licens ed to admi t to the hous e, th ose who come on his mas ter' s busine ss, but only 
such per so ns. Selw. N. P. 999 ; Cro. Eliz. 246 . It may, ho weve r, be in fer red fro m 
cir cu msta nc es that the ser va nt has au thor ity to in vit e whom he pleases to the 
hous e, for lawfu l pu rpos es . See 2 Green l. Ev . Sec . 427; Entr y. 
4. A license is either a ba re au thor ity, without in terest, or it is co upled with an 
int erest . 1. A bar e license mus t be executed by the pa rty to whom it is gi ve n in 
per so n, and ca nno t be made over or as sig ned by him to ano ther; and, being 
with out co nSider atio n, may be revo ked at plea sur e, as long as it remain s 
executor y; 39 Hen . VI . M. 12, page 7; but when ca rri ed in to effect, either pa rtia lly 
or altoge th er, it ca n only be rescinded, if in its natu re it will ad mi t of revocati on, by 
placing the other side in the same situation in wh ich he stood before he en tered on 
its execut ion . 8 Eas t, R. 308; Pa lm. 71; S. C. Po ph . 151; S. C. 2 Ro ll. Rep. 143, 
152. 
5.-2. When the licens e is co up led with an in terest the au thor ity co nfer red is no t 
proper ly a mer e per mi ss ion, but am ou nts to a gr ant, wh ich ca nno t be revo ked , and 
it may then be as sig ne d to a th ir d per son . 5 Hen . V., M. 1, page 1; 2 Mod . 317; 7 
Bing . 69 3; 8 Eas t, 309 ; 5 B. & c. 22 1; 7 D. & R. 783 ; Crabb on R. P. Sec . 52 1 to 
525; 14 S. & R 267 ; 4 S. & R. 24 1; 2 Eq . Ca s. Ab . 522 . When the license is coupled 
with an in terest, the form alities ess ent ial to co nfer such in terest should be 
obser ved . Say. R. 3; 6 Eas t, R. 602 ; 8 Eas t, R. 31 0, note . See 14 S. & R. 267 ; 4 S. 
& R. 24 1; 2 Eq . Ca s. Ab . 522; 11 Ad . & EI. 34, 39 ; S. C. 39 Eng, C. L. R. 19. 
(B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
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Lien : 
A qual ified ri gh t of proper ty wh ich a cred itor has in or ove r specific proper ty of hi s 
de btor, as secu rity fo r the deb t or char ge or the per formanc e of some act. (B lack's 
1s t) 
A cha rge or secu rity or encu mbr anc e up on propert y . 
A claim or char ge on proper ty for payment of some deb t, obli gatio n, or du ty ; 
hold or claim wh ich one per so n has up on the propert y of an oth er for so me deb t or 
cha rge; obligation, tie, du ty or claim anne xed to or attach ing up on propert y by the 
com mon law, equ ity, contr ac t or sta tute, without satis fying which such proper ty, 
ca nnot be lawfully dema nded by ano ther; pledg ing of the asse ts available to pay 
the corpor ate liabi lities . Preferred or pr ivi leged claims gi ven by statut e or by 
ad mir alty law; quali fi ed ri gh t of propert y wh ich a cred itor has in or over sp ecific 
propert y of his de btor, as secu rit y for the deb t or cha rge or for performa nc e of 
some ac t; ri gh t to detain propert y; ri gh t or claim agai nst some in terest in proper ty 
created by law as an in cident of co ntract ; ri gh t to enf orce char ge up on propert y of 
ano ther for payment or sati sfaction of deb t or claim. Right to reta in proper ty for 
payment of deb t or dem and . Secu rity for a deb t, du ty, or oth er obligati on ; tie that 
binds propert y to a deb t or claim for its sati sfacti on. 
A "cla im" is gener ally a liabili ty in per so nam but ca pable of em braci ng both a 
per so nal liabili ty and a lien on proper ty, while a lien is a liabil ity in rem. 
A lien is a cha rge im posed up on specif ic proper ty, wher eas an assig nm en t, 
unless in so me way qual if ied , is proper ly the tra nsfe r of one's whole in terest in an 
estate , or ch attel, or other th ing . (B lack's 4th ) 
Liquidate : 
To pay and settle. 
Also to liqui da te mea ns to adj ust; to as ce rta in the amou nt, or the seve ra l am ou nts, 
of the liabi lities of ins olvent and ap por ti on the as sets towa rds di schar ge of the 
in deb tedn ess ; to ascert ain the ba lance due and to whom pay able; to ass emble and 
mobil ize the as sets , settle wi th the cred itor s and the de bto rs and app ortion the 
rema inin g as sets, if any, am ong the stoc kholder s or owner s; to clear up; to 
determ ine by agr eemen t or litigation precise am oun t of in deb ted ne ss ; to di sc har ge; 
to exti ngui sh an indeb ted ness ; to ga ther in the as sets, co nvert them in to ca sh and 
di stri but e them accor ding to the legal ri g hts of the par ties in terested ; to mak e 
am ount of in deb ted ne ss clear and ce rtain ; to reduc e to precision in am oun t and to 
satisfy ; to sell; to "wind up " affair s of a busine ss . (B lack's 4th ) 
Maker : 
"Mak er" mea ns a per son who sig ns or is ide ntified in a no te as a per son 
un dert ak ing to pay . UC C 3-103(5) 
Th e per son who creates or execut es a note, that is, issues it, and in signing the 
ins tru ment ma kes the prom ise of payment co nta in ed ther ein . One who signs a 
check; in th is cont ext, synonymous with dr awer. (B lack's 6th ) 
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Margin : 
The edge or bor der; the edge of a body of water wher e it mee ts the land . As 
appl ied to a bou ndar y line of land, the "mar gin" of a rive r, creek, or oth er 
wat erco u rse me ans the center of the strea m. But in the case of lake, bay, or 
na tu ral pond, the "mar gin" means the line wher e land and water me et. 
A sum of mone y, or its eq uiv alent, plac ed in the hands of a stockbr ok er by the 
pr incip a l or per son on whose acc oun t a pur chas e or sa le is to be made, as a 
secu rity to the former agai nst losses to which he may be exposed by su bseq uent 
fluctu ations in the ma rket va lue of the stock. (B lack's 4th ) 
May : 
To be perm itted ; to be at liberty ; to ha ve the powe r. 2. Whene ver a statut e 
dir ects the doing of a th ing for the sa ke of jus ti ce or the pub lic good, the wor d may 
is the sa me as sh all. Fo r exa mp le, the 23 H. VI . says, the she riff may ta ke ba il, that 
is co nstrued he sh all, for he is co mp ellable to do so . Ca rth . 293 Sa lk. 609 ; Sk in . 
370 . 3. The wor ds sh all and may in gener al ac ts of the legisla tu re or in priv ate 
Co nsti tutions, are to be co nstrued im per ativ ely; 3. Atk. 166; but the construc tion of 
those wor ds in a de ed depends on cir cu ms ta nc es . 3 Atk. 282 . See 1 Ve rn . 15 2, 
case . 142 9 Po rter, R. 390 . (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
An auxi liary ve rb quali fying the me aning of ano ther verb by expr essing abil ity, 
com pete ncy, liberty, per mi ss ion, pos sibil ity, prob abil ity, or conti ng enc y. Reg ar dless 
of the ins tru men t, ho weve r, whe ther Co nstit utio n, statut e, deed, co ntract or 
wha tno t, , cou rts not in freq uen tly cons tru e "m ay" as "sha ll" or "mus t" to the end 
that jus tice may not be the slave of gr ammar . (B lack's 4th ) 
Measure : 
That by whi ch exte nt or di mension is as ce rtain ed, ei the r length, br eadth , th ickness, 
ca paci ty, or am ou nt. We bste r. The ru le by wh ich any th ing is adjus ted or 
prop ort ioned . (B lack's 4th ) 
Measure of Value : 
In the ordinar y se ns e of the wor d, "m ea sur e" wo uld mea n some th ing by 
compa ri son with wh ich we may ascer ta in what is the va lue of any thing . When we 
co nsider , fu rther , that va lue itse lf is relative, and that two th ings are ne cessa ry to 
cons titut e it, in dep end ently of the th ir d th ing, wh ich is to measur e it, we may 
define a "m easu re of va lue" to be some th ing by comp ar ing wi th wh ich an y two 
other th ings we may in fer th eir va lue in relation to one ano ther. (B lack's 4th ) 
Medium of Exchange : 
A su bsta nce us ed to tra nsfer ener gy fro m one sou rce to ano ther. (Amer. Her itage 
Dic tionar y) 
Memorandum: To be remem ber ed ; be it rememb ered . A formal wor d wit h wh ich 
the body of a reco rd in the Co urt of Ki ng' s Be nch an ciently co mmenc ed . 
An in formal recor d , no te or ins tru ment em bodyi ng someth ing that the parties desir e 
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to fi x in memor y by the aid of writ ten evidenc e, or that is to serve as the basis of a
futu re formal contr act or deed . A brief writ ten state ment out lining the terms of an
agr eement or trans acti on. In formal in teroffice commun icat ion .
Under por ti on of sta tut e of fra uds provi din g that a con tract not to be perfor me d
wi th in a yea r is inv alid un less the co ntra ct, or so me memor andum of the contr ac t,
is in wr iti ng and su bscr i bed by the pa rty to be char ged or his age nt, the wor d
"m emor an dum" impl ies some th ing less than a co m pet e con tract, and the
"m emor andum" fu ncti ons only as ev idenc e of the co ntract and need not co ntain
eve ry term , so that a letter maybe suff icient "m emor andum" to ta ke a ca se out of
the statue of frauds.
Th is wor d is us ed in the statue of frau ds as the des igna tion of the wr itten
agr eemen t, or not or evidenc e ther eof, while it mus t exis t in order to the bind the
par ties in the cases provided, The memor andum mus t be such as to dis close the
par ties, the natur e and su bsta nce of the co ntract, the co nsider ation and prom ise,
and be signed by the part y to be bound or his au thor ized agent. See UCC & sect ; 2-
20 1. See also contr act.
Mens Rea :
A gui lty mind ; a guil ty or wr ongf u l pur pose ; a crim inal in tent. Guil ty knowle dge and
willfulne ss . (B lack's 4th )
Mercantile Law :
An expr ess ion su bstan tia lly equ iva lent to the law-mer ch ant or co mm ercia l law. It
des igna ted the syste m of ru les, cus toms, and us ages gener ally recogn ized and
ado pted by mer cha nts and trader s, and which, either in its simpl ic ity or as mod ified
by co mmon law or statutes, co nstitutes the law for the reg ulation of th eir
trans actions and the solution of the ir co ntrover sies . (B lack's 4th )
Merchant :
One who is engaged in the pur chas e and sa le of goo ds; a traf fi cker; a trader.
(B lack's 4th )
Ministerial Du ty :
One regar ding which noth ing is left to di scr eti on -- a simple and def in ite dut y,
im posed by law, and ar ising un der co nd it ions adm itted or proved to exis t. It ar ises
when an ind ivid ual has such a legal in terest in its per forma nce that neglect of
performa nce bec ome s a wrong to such ind ividua l. (B lack's 4th )
Minu te-Book :
A book kept by the clerk or proth ono ta ry of a co urt for ent eri ng memor an da of its
proceed ings. (B lack's 4th )
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Minutes : 
Busi ne ss La w. Memor anda or notes of a tran sac tion or proceed ing . Th us, the 
reco rd of the proceed ings at a me eti ng of di recto rs or shar eholder s of a co mpany is 
ca lled the "min utes" . 
Practic e . A memor anda of what ta kes place in co urt, made by au thor ity of the 
cou rt. (B lack's 4th ) 
Monetary : 
The usual me aning is "p ertaining to coi nage or cu rrency or having to do wi th 
mone y" , but it has bee n held to include per so nal prop erty . (B lack's 4th ) 
Money : 
"M one y" mea ns a me dium of excha nge au thor ized or ado pted by go vern ment. UCC 
1-201 (2 4 ) 
In usual and ordinar y acce ptati on it mea ns gold, si lver, or paper mone y used as 
cir cu lating me dium of exc ha nge, and does not embr ac e notes, bonds, evidenc es of 
deb t, or oth er per so nal or real estate . Cu rrenc y; the cir cu lating me di um; cash . 
The term "m one ys" is no t of mor e exte nsiv e sign ific ation th an "m one y, " and 
mea ns only ca sh, and not th ings in acti on . 
In its strict tech ni ca l sense, "mo ney" mea ns co in ed me tal, usua lly gold or silver , 
up on wh ich the gov ern men t stamp has been impr essed to indi cate its va lue. In its 
mor e popu lar sense, "m oney" mea ns any cu rrenc y, to kens, ba nk -notes, or oth er 
cir cu lating me dium in gener al us e as the represe ntative of va lue. 
Th e simple me aning of "mo ney" is cu rrent co in, but it may mea n possess ions 
expr essible in money va lues. "M on ey" has no tech nic al me aning, but is of 
amb ig uous im por t, and may be int erpreted having reg ard to all su rrou nding 
cir cu msta nc es un der which it is us ed . "M one y" is ofte n and po pular ly us ed as 
eq uiva lent to "p ropert y" . "M one y" mea ns wea lth reckoned in terms of money; 
ca pita l co nsider ed as a cash as set ; sp ecifica lly such wea lth or ca pit al dealt in as a 
co mm od ity to be loan ed, inv ested, or the like; wealth co nsider ed as a ca sh asset . 
In its mor e co mp rehensi ve and gen eral sense, it means wealth ,-- the 
represent ative of com mod ities of all kinds, of lands , and of ever yth ing that ca n be 
tran sfe rred in co mm erce . A gener al, inde fi ni te term for the measur e and 
represent ative of va lue. 
Public Money. Revenue. Mo ney rece ived by officer s of the state in the ordinar y 
process of taxat ion . Un der a muni cipal char ter, mone y or fu nds belong ing to a cit y; 
mone ys wh ich are ow ing or paya ble to the cit y in its corpor ate ca pa cit y, such as 
as sess ment s, license fees, or mone ys der ived fro m the sales of proper ty, whar fage 
cha rges, and such like . Un der a statut e, all mone y wh ich by way the sher iff in hi s 
ca pa cit y as such and as treasu rer of the co unt y and di stric t is au thor ized to co llect, 
rece ive, and di sbur se for publi c pu rposes . As used in the Un ited States statutes, the 
mone y of the feder al go vern ment received fro m the public reve nue s, or ent rusted 
to its fisca l offi cers, wher eve r it may be . 
As to mone y "B roker, " "Cou nt, " "J udg ment ," and "S criv ener " . See those titles . 
(B lack's 4th ) (S ee Wa lker Todd Affidavi t! ) 
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Moral Law : 
The law of co ns cienc e ; the aggr eg ate of those ru les and pr in cipl es of eth ic s wh ich 
relate to righ t and wr ong co nduc t and prescri be the sta ndar ds to which the actions 
of men sh ould conf or m in th eir de alings with each other. (B lack's 4th ) 
Mortgage : 
An estate creat ed by a con veya nc e ab so lute in its form , but in te nded to secu re the 
perfor manc e of so me act, such as the payment of mone y, and the like, by the 
gr an tor or some other per so n, and to beco me void if the act is per formed agr eea bly 
to the terms prescri bed at the ti me of mak ing such conv eya nce . 
A condi ti ona l co nveya nc e of land . 
A tra nsfer of proper ty pas sing co nd iti ona lly as secu rity fo r debt. 
A deb t by specia lty, secu red by a pledge of lands, of wh ich the legal owner ship is 
vested in the cred ito r, but of which, in eq uity, the deb to r and th ose claiming un der 
him remain the actual owner s, un ti l deb a rred by jud icia l sent enc e or the ir own 
laches . 
The foreg oing def in itions ar e appl ic able to the comm on-law conception of a 
mor tgage. But in man y states in moder n ti mes, it is regar ded as a mer e lien, and 
not as cr eati ng a title or estat e . It is a pledge or secu rit y of par ticu lar propert y for 
the payment of a deb t or the per forma nce of so me oth er obliga ti on, wh ateve r form 
the tra nsac ti on may take , but is no t now reg arded as a co nv eya nc e in effect, 
thou gh it may be cast in the form of a con veya nce . (B lack's 4th ) 
Municipal Bonds : 
Evidenc es of in deb ted ness issued by cities or oth er co rpo rate publi c body, 
nego tiable in fo rm , paya ble at de sig na ted futu re ti me, and in tende d fo r sa le in 
ma rket with objec t of ra ising mone y for muni cipal expense, which is beyo nd 
im med iat e resou rces of reas onable taxati on, as di sti ngu ished fro m tempor ary 
evidenc es of deb t, such as vo ucher s, certif ic ates of indeb tedn ess, order s, or dr afts 
drawn by one officer on ano ther and similar de vic es for liqui dati ng cu rrent 
obliga tions in an tici pat ion of collection of taxes . (B lack's 4th ) 
Municipal Warrants : 
A muni cip al wa rra nt or or der is an in stru men t, gener ally in the form of a bill of 
exc ha nge, drawn by an offi cer of a muni cipal ity up on its treasu rer , dir ecti ng him to 
pay an am oun t of mone y sp ecified ther ein to the per son na med or his order , or to 
bea rer. (B lack's 4th ) 
Na tional Debt : 
The mone y owing by go vern ment to some of the publ ic, the in terest of wh ich is 
paid out of the taxes ra ised by the whole of the publi c. (B lack's 4th ) 
Na tural Law : 
Th is expr ess ion "na tu ral law, " or jus na turale, was largely us ed in the phi losoph ica l 
sp ecu lations of the Ro man ju ri sts of the Ant onine age, and was in tended to deno te 
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a syste m of ru les and pr in cip les for the gui da nce of human co nduc t which ,
ind epen dently of enac ted law or of the syste ms pecu liar to any one people, migh t
be di scover ed by the rationa l in telligen ce of man, and wou ld be foun d to gr ow out
of and conf orm to his na ture, me anin g by that wor d his whole ment al, mor al, and
ph ysica l Co nstit uti on . The po in t of depa rtu re for this concept ion was the Stoic
do ctri ne of a life order ed "ac cor ding to natu re," wh ich in its tu rn rested up on the
pur ely supp osititi ous exis tence, in pr im itive times, of a "s tate of natu re;" that is, a
co nd ition of soci ety in wh ich men un iver sa lly were go verned solely by a rat iona l and
co nsis tent obed ienc e to the needs, imp ulses, and prom pti ngs of thei r true natu re,
such na tu re bei ng as yet und efac ed by di sho nesty, fa lsehood , or indu lgenc e of the
base r passi ons. (B lack's 4th )
Ne gotiable :
Capa ble of be ing tran sfe rred by end orse ment or deliver y so as to pas s to holder the
rig ht to sue in hi s own name and take free of eq uities agai nst assi gn or pay ee.
An in stru ment emb od ying an obliga ti on for the payment of mone y is ca lled
"n ego tiable" when the legal title to the ins tru ment itse lf and to the whole am ou nt of
mone y exp ressed upon its face, with the ri gh t to sue the refo re in his own na me,
may be tra nsfe rred fro m one per son to ano ther without a formal as sign ment, but
by mer e endor sement and deliver y by the holder or by deliv ery only. (B lack's 4th )
That which is ca pa ble of be ing tra nsfe rred by ass ig nment; a th ing, the title to wh ich
may be tran sfe rred by a sa le and endor sement or deliver y.
2. A chose in acti on was no t as signable at comm on law, and ther efo re contracts
or agr eeme nts co uld no t be nego tiat ed . But exce ptions hav e been allowed to this
ru le in relation to simple contr acts, and oth ers hav e bee n in trod uc ed by legis lative
acts . So that, no w, bills of exchange, promi ssor y notes, bills of lading, ba nk notes,
paya ble to order , or to bea rer, and, in some states, bonds and other specia lties,
may be tra nsfe rred by assig nment, endor seme nt, or by deliver y, when the
ins tru ment is paya ble to bea rer.
3. When a claim is as signe d wh ich is no t nego tia ble at law, such, for exam ple,
as a book deb t, the title to it remains at law in the as sig ner , but the as sig nee is
en titled to it in equ ity, and he may ther efo re recove r it in the as sig nor 's name. See,
gener ally, Har e & Wa ll. Se l. Dec . 15 8 to 19 4 Nego tiable pa per. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th
Ed .)
Ne gotiable Instruments :
Any wr itten secu rities which may be tran sfe rred by endor se men t and deliv ery or by
deliver y mer ely, so as to vest in the endor see the legal title, and th us enable him to
sue th ereon in his own name. Or , mor e tech ni ca lly, those ins tru me nts wh ich not
only ca rry the legal title wi th them by endor sement or deliv ery, but ca rry as we ll,
when tran sferred before matu rity , the ri gh t of the tra nsfe ree to demand the fu ll
�mQu\1ts wn\ cn tn@\r foces con fQr.
A nego tiable ins tru ment is a wr itten prom ise or reque st for the payment of a
certain sum of mone y to order or bea rer.
A gener al name for bi lls, no tes, ch ecks, trade ac cepta nces, letters of credit, and
oth er nego tiable wr itten secu rities .
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Under the Unif or m Nego tiable Ins tru ment s Act, an ins tru me nt, to be nego tiabl e, 
mus t be in wr iti ng an d signed ; mus t cont a in an un cond itio nal promis e or order to 
pay a certa in sum of mone y on demand, or at a fixed and determinable futu re ti me; 
it mus t be paya ble to order or to bea rer, and wher e it is addr essed to the drawee, 
he mus t be na med or other wis e ind ic ated with reaso nable certa in ty ; its nego tia bility 
is not affected by the fact that it is no t da ted , or that it bea rs a sea l, or that it does 
no t specif y the va lue gi ven or that any va lue was gi ven . (B lack's 4th ) 
Ne gotia tio n : 
The deli ber ati on, dis cussio n, or conf erenc e up on the terms of a prop osed 
agr ee ment; the act of settling or ar ranging the terms and cond itions of a ba rgain, 
sa le, or oth er busine ss tr a nsac tion . 
The act by wh ich a bill of exc hange or promis sor y note is put in to cir cu lation by 
bei ng pa ssed by one of th e original par ties to ano ther per so n. (Black's 4th ) 
No te : 
n. A uni latera l ins tru ment cont ainin g an expr ess and ab solute prom ise of signer to 
pay to a specif ied per son or or der , or bea rer, a de fi nite sum of mone y at a specif ied 
ti me. An ab stract, a memor an dum; an inf ormal stat ement in writi ng . (B lack's 4th ) 
A writi ng acknowle dging a deb t and prom ising payment. For the ins tru ment to be 
nego tiabl e it mus t be sig ned by the mak er and co ntain an un co nd iti onal prom ise to 
pay a sum certa in in mone y on demand or at a def in ite time to order or to bea rer. 
A no te is no t payment but only a prom ise to pay. Th e term note is synonymous 
wi th promis sor y note . The term may be qual ified by its uni que char acteris tics . Fo r 
exam ple, a no te that is back ed by a pledge of co llatera l such as real or per so nal 
propert y is ca lled a secur ed no te . (B ar ron's 3rd) 
NUNC PRO TUN C : 
Now for th en. A phr ase appl ied to acts allowed to be done after the ti me when they 
should be done, with a retroac tive effect, i.e., wi th the sa me effect as if reg ularly 
done. Nun c pro tu nc en try is an entr y made now of so meth ing actually previously 
done to have effect 
Obligation : 
A gener ic wor d, der ived fro m the Lati n su bsta ntive "obliga tio, " havi ng ma ny, wide, 
an d va ried me ani ngs, acco rding to the cont ext in whic h it is us ed . That which a 
per so n is bo und to do or forbea r; an y dut y im posed by law, prom ise, contr act, 
relations of socie ty, cou rtesy, ki ndne ss, etc . Du ty . Dut y im posed by law. La w or 
du ty binding pa rties to perform the ir agr eement. An un dert ak ing to per for m. That 
wh ich cons titut es a legal or mor al dut y and wh ich render s a person liab le to 
coer cion and puni sh men t for neg lecti ng it; a wor d of broad me aning, and the 
par ticu lar me an ing in tended is to be gai ned by co nsider ation of its co ntext . An 
obligation or deb t may exis t by reason of a ju dg ment as we ll as an expr ess 
con tract, in either case th ere being a legal du ty on the part of the one bo und to 
co mp ly with the prom is e. Lia bilities created by cont ract or law; or tort. As legal 
term wor d orig in ally meant a sea led bond, but it now exte nds to any cert ain wr itten 
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prom ise to pay mone y or do a specif ic th ing . A formal and binding agr eement or 
acknowle dgem ent of a liabil ity to pay a certa in su m or do a certain th ing . (B lack's 
4th ) 
Offense : 
A cri me or mi sdemeanor; a breach of the crim inal laws. 
It is us ed as a genus, co mpr eh ending eve ry cri me and mi sdemea nor , or as a 
species, sig nifying a crime no t indic ta ble, but puni shable su mmar ily or by the 
forfei tu re of a pena lty. 
The wor d "off ens e," while some ti me s us ed in va ri ous sens es, gener ally impl ies a 
cri me or a mi sdemea nor in fringing public as di sti ngu ished fro m mer e privat e rig hts, 
and puni shable un der the crim inal laws, th ough it may also include the violation of 
a crimin al statut e for which the remedy is mer ely a civi l su it to recove r the pena lty. 
Under a statute, declari ng that one gui lty of an offens e or fa ult ca using ano ther 
damage is oblige d to repa ir it, "o ffens e" or "f au lt" has the sa me me aning as "tor t" ; 
and a cr iminal cont emp t has been held to be an "o ffens e." (B lack's 4th ) 
Offer : 
v. To br ing to or before; to prese nt for ac cepta nce or rejecti on ; to hold out or 
proffe r; to mak e a prop osa l to ; to exh ibi t some th ing that may be take n or received 
or not. 
To attemp t or ende avo r; to mak e an effort to effect some obje ct, as, to offe r to 
brib e; in this sense used pr incip ally in crim inal law. 
In trial practice, to "of fer" evidenc e is to state its natu re and pu rpo rt, or to recit e 
what is expec ted to be proved by a gi ve n witnes s or documen t, and demand its 
adm ission . Un less un der exce ptiona l cir cu ms ta nc es, the term is no t to be ta ken as 
equ iva lent to "i ntroduc e". 
The wor d "o ffer," as used in a sta tut e provi din g that the buy er, to resci nd a sale, 
mus t offer with in a reasonable time to retu rn the goods, is sy nonymous with the 
wor d "t ender. " 
n. A prop osa l; a prop osa l to do a th ing. 
An attemp t; ende avor. We bster 
An offe r of evide nce . See the verb "o ffer" . 
An act on the pa rt of one per son wher eb y he gi ves to an oth er the legal power of 
creati ng the obligation ca lled con tract . 
An offer, as an element of a contr act, is a propo sa l to mak e a con tract. It mus t 
be made by the per son who is to mak e the prom ise, and it mus t be made to the 
per so n to whom the prom ise is made . It may be made either by wor ds or by sig ns, 
either orally or in writi ng, and either per sonally or by a mess enger; but in what ever 
way it is made, it is not in law an offer un ti l it co mes to the knowledge of the 
person to whom it is made . 
An "of fer" mus t be so defi nite in its terms, or req uir e such defin ite terms in 
ac ce pta nce, that the prom ises and per formanc es to be render ed by each pa rty ar e 
reaso nably certain . 
An "o ffer to sell" mer ely cont emp lates the proffer, proposa l, prese ntati on, or 
exh ibi tion of some th ing to ano ther for ac ce pta nce or rejecti on. (B lack's 4th ) 
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Order : 
contr ac ts . An endor sement or shor t writi ng put up on the back of a nego tia ble bill or 
note, for the pu rpose of pas sing the title to it, and ma king it pay able to an oth er 
per so n. 
2. When a bill or no te is paya ble to order , wh ich is gener ally expr essed by th is 
formula, "t o A B, or order , "or " to the order of A B, " in th is case the payee, A B may 
either receive the mo ney secu red by such ins tru me nt, or by his order , wh ich is 
gener ally done by a simple endor se me nt, (q .v.) pass the ri gh t to rece ive it to 
an oth er. But a bill or note wa nti ng these wor ds, alth ough not nego tiabl e, does no t 
lose the gener al qual ities of such ins tru men ts . 6 T. R. 123; 6 Ta un t. 32 8; Russ . & 
Ry . C. C. 300 ; 3 Ca i nes, 137; 9 Jo hn. 217. Vide Bill of Exc hange; Endor se ment. 
3. An in for mal bill of exch ange or a paper which req uir es one per son to pay or 
deliver to ano ther go ods on accoun t of the ma ker to a th ir d party, is ca lled an 
order. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
"Or der " mea ns a wr itten ins tru ction to pay mone y signed by the per son gi ving the 
ins tru ction . The ins tru cti on may be add ressed to any per so n, in cluding the per son 
gi ving the ins truc tion, or to one or mor e per so ns join tly or in the alternative, but 
not in su cces sion . An au th or ization to pay is not an order un less the per son 
au thor ized to pay is also ins tru cted to pay . UC C 3-10 3 (6) 
Order : 
A manda te, prece pt; a co mmand or dir ecti on au thor itative ly gi ven ; a ru le or 
reg ulation . 
The di stinc tion betwee n "or der " and "r eq ui sit ion" is that the fi rst is a mandat ory 
act, the latter a req ue st . 
An in formal bill of exchange or le tter of req uest wher eby the part y to whom it is 
addr essed is di rected to pay or deliver to a person ther ein na med the whole or par t 
of a fu nd or oth er proper ty of the per so n making the order , and which is in the 
possess ion of the drawee . A designa tion of the per son to whom a bi ll of exch ange 
or nego tia ble prom issor y no te is to be paid . 
It is us ed to de sign ate a ra nk , class, or di vision of men ; as the order of noble s . 
order of kn ig hts, order of pr ies ts, etc . 
Or der s ar e also issued by su bor di na te legislative aut hor ities . Such are the 
En glish order s in co un cil, or or der s issued by the pr ivy co un cil in the name of the 
ki ng, either in exe rcise of the roya l prerog ative or in pur sua nce of an act of 
par liament. The ru les of co urt un der the jud ic atu re act ar e gr ou ped together in the 
form of order s, each order de aling with a pa rticu lar sub je ct-mat ter. 
In Fr ench law. The name order (or dre) is gi ven to the oper ation which has for its 
obje ct to fix the rank of the preferen ces clai med by the cred ito rs in the dis tri bution 
of the price [ar ising fro m the sa le] of an im mo va ble affected by th eir liens. 
Practice . 
Eve ry dir ecti on of a co urt or ju dge made or en tered in wr iti ng, and not incl uded in a 
ju dg ment. An ap plication for an order is a mo tio n. (B lack's 4th ) 
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Ownership : 
title to propert y. Th e ri gh t by wh ich a th ing belongs to someone in par ticu lar, to the 
exclusion of all other per so ns. Loui s. Cod e, art. 480 . (B ouvi er's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Party : 
"P arty" mea ns a pa rty to an ins tru ment. UC C 3-10 3(8) 
Passport : 
In In ternat ional Law. 
A docu ment issued to a neut ral mer chant vesse l, by her own go vern me nt, dur ing 
the prog ress of a wa r, and to be ca rri ed on the voya ge, cont aining a suf ficient 
de scri pti on of the vesse l, mas ter, voya ge, and ca rgo to evi denc e her natio nality and 
protect her agai nst the cru iser s of the be lliger ent power s . Th is paper is oth erwis e 
ca lled a "p ass, " "s ea -pas s," "s ea -letter, " or "se a-br ie f" . A license or saf e conduc t, 
issued dur ing the progr ess of a wa r author izing a per son to remo ve hi mself or hi s 
effects fro m the territory of one of the belligerent na ti on s to ano ther cou ntry, or to 
trave l fro m cou ntry to coun try without ar rest or detention on acc oun t of the war. 
(B lack's 1s t) 
Mar iti me La w. A paper cont aining a per mi SSion fro m the ne utra l state to the capt ain 
or mas ter of a ship or vesse l to proceed on the voya ge prop osed ; it us ually co ntains 
his name and residence; the name, propert y, de scripti on, ton nage and de sti nation 
of the ship; the natu re and qua ntit y of the ca rgo; the place fro m whe nc e it co mes, 
and its de sti nati on ; wi th such other mat te rs as the practic e of the place req uir es . 
2. Th is document is ind ispens ably ne cessa ry in time of wa r for the saf ety of 
eve ry ne utral vesse l. Mar sh . Ins. B. 1, c. 9, s. 6, p. 406, b. 
3. In mo st cou ntries of co nti nen ta l Eur ope passport s are gi ven to trave lers; 
these ar e in tend ed to protect them on the ir jou rney from all molestat ion, whil e they 
are obed ient to the laws . Pass ports are also gr anted by the secr eta ry of state to 
perso ns traveling abr oad, certif yin g that the y ar e citize ns of the Un ited Stat es . 9 
Pet . 69 2. Vide 1 Kent, Com . 16 2, 182; Mer l . Reper t. h. t. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Pawn : 
v. To deliver per sonal propert y to an oth er in pledge, or as secu rity for a deb t or 
sum bo rrow ed . (B lack's 4th ) 
n. A ba ilment of go ods to a cred itor as secu rity for some deb t or engagem ent; a 
pledge. 
A pledge. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Pay : 
v. To di sc har ge a debt; to deliver to a cred itor the va lue of a deb t, either in mone y 
or in goods, for his acce pta nce .The term , ho wever, is some ti mes limited to 
di sc har ging an indeb ted ne ss by the use of mone y . (B lack's 4th ) 
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Payee : 
In mer ca nti le law. The pe rson in wh ose favo r a bill of exch ange, prom issor y no te, 
or check is made or drawn ; the per son to whom or to whose order a bill, note, or 
check is made paya ble. (B lack's 4th ) 
Pecuniary : 
Mone ta ry; relating to mone y; fi na ncia l; co nsis ti ng of mone y or that wh ich ca n be 
va lued in mone y. (B lack's 4th ) 
Penal : 
Pu ni sha ble; in flic ting a pun ishment; cont aining a pena lty, or relating to a pena lty. 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Penal Sum : 
A su m agr eed up on in a bo nd, to be forfe ited if the co nd ition of the bond is no t 
fu lfilled. (B lack's 4th ) 
Penalty : 
The su m of mo ney which the obligor of a bond un dert ak es to pay in the event of hi s 
omi tti ng to pe rform or ca rry out the terms im posed up on him by the co nd iti ons of 
the bond . An agr eemen t to pay a greater sum, to secur e the payment of a less 
su m. It is co nd iti onal, and ca n be avoided by the paym ent of the less sum before 
the conti ngenc y agr eed up on sha ll ha ppen . By what name it is ca lled is im materia l. 
A punishment; a puni shmen t im posed by statut e as a co ns eq ue nce of the 
co mm ission of an offens e. Also mone y recove rable by virtue of a statut e imp osi ng 
a payment by way of puni sh ment. 
To con stitut e a "p uni sh men t" or "p ena lty" ther e mus t be a depr iva tion of 
propert y or some ri gh t, such as the enjo yment of liberty. (B lack's 4th ) 
Peon : 
In Me xic o . A deb tor held by hi s cred itor in a qual ified ser vitu de to work out the 
deb t; a serf. 
In India . A footm an; a soldier; an in feri or offi cer; a ser va nt emplo yed in the 
busine ss of the reve nue, po lice, or jud ic atu re. (B lack's 4th ) 
Peonage : 
The state or condi tion of a peon as ab ove def in ed ; a co nd ition of enfor ced 
servitu de, by wh ich the se rvitor is restrai ned of his liberty and co mp elled to labor in 
liqu idation of some deb t or obl igatio n, real or pretended , agai nst his will. (B lack's 
4th ) 
Perfect : 
Co mplete ; fi ni shed ; execut ed ; enf orcea ble; without defect; mer ch an table; 
ma rketa ble. (B lack's 4th ) 
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Perfection of Security Interest :
In secu red trans actions law, the process wher eby a secu rity in terest is protect ed,
as fa r as the law perm its, agai nst co m peti ng claims to the co llater al, wh ich usua lly
req uir es the secu red pa rty to gi ve notice of the in terest as by fi ling in the
go vern ment offi ce (e. g. in offi ce of Secr eta ry of Stat e). Perfection of a secu rity
int erest dea ls wi th th ose ste ps legally req uir ed to gi ve a secu red pa rty int erest in
sub je ct proper ty agai nst deb to r's cred itor s . (B lack's 6th )
A secu rity in terest is perfected when it has attache d and when all the appl ic able
ste ps req uir ed for pe rfection ha ve been ta ken . Such ste ps ar e sp ecif ied in Sec ti ons
9-302, 9-304, 9-305, and 9-306 . If such steps are ta ken bef ore the secu rity
in terest attaches, it is pe rfected at the ti me when it attaches . UCC 9-303( 1).
Perform :
To perform an obliga tion or cont ract is to execute, fu lfill, or acc ompli sh it accor di ng
to its terms. Th is may co nsis t either in action on the part of the per son bou nd by
the con tract or in omis sion to ac t, ac cording to the nat u re of the su bject-mat ter;
but the term is usua lly appl ied to any acti on in di sc har ge of a co ntract oth er than
payment. (B lack's 4th )
Pe rson :
A man consider ed ac co rding to the rank he holds in soci ety, with all the ri gh t to
which the place he holds entitles him, and the dut ies wh ich it imp oses .
The wo rd in its na tu ral and us ual signif ic ation in cludes women as well as men .
Term may in clude artif icia l beings, as corpor ations, qu asi -corpor ati ons, territ or ial
corpo rations, and foreign cor por ations un der statut es, forbidd ing the ta king of
proper ty wit hout due process of law and gi ving to all per sons the eq ual protection
of the laws; co ncerning claims ar ising fro m Indian depr edati ons; relating to taxation
and the reve nue laws; to at tach men ts ; usur ious con tracts ; applying to lim ita tions of
actions; and co ncerning the adm issi bili ty as a witn ess of a pa rty in hi s own behal f
when the opp osi te pa rty is a living per son .. A co rpor ation is also a per so n un der a
pe nal statut e . Corpor ations ar e "p ersons" as that wor d is us ed in the first claus e of
the XIV Am end ment. But a corpor at ion of ano ther state is no t a "p erso n" wi th in the
jur isd ic tion of the state un ti l it has co mplied with the co nd itions of adm ission to do
busine ss in the state , and a statut ory requir emen t of such co ndi tions is not in
co nflic t with the XIV Amend ment.
It may in clude partner ships. Also fi rm s.
"P erso ns" ar e of two kinds, na tu ral and artif icia l. A na tu ral per so n is a human
be ing . Artif icia l per so ns in clude a co llection or suc cess ion of natu ral per so ns
form ing a corpor ati on; a co llecti on of proper ty to wh ich the law attri but es the
ca pacit y of having rig hts and du ties . The latter class of ar tif icia l per so ns is
recog nized only to a limit ed exte nt in our law. Exa mp les ar e the estate of a
ban kru pt or de ceased per so n.
It has been held that when the wor d per son is us ed in a legislative act, na tu ral
per so ns will be in tende d un less some th ing ap pea r in the context to show that it
ap plies to art if icia l per sons; but as a ru le corpor ations will be co nsider ed per so ns
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wi th in the sta tut es un less the in tention of the legislatu re is man ifest ly to exclude 
them . 
A cou nty is a per so n in a legal sense ; but a sove reign is not. 
In the Un ited States ba n kru ptcy act of 18 98, it is pr ov ided that the wor d 
"p erso ns" sh all include corpor ati ons, except wher e oth erwis e sp ecif ied , and offi cer s, 
partner ship s, and women, and, when us ed with refe renc e to the co mmission of ac ts 
which ar e ther ein forbidden, sha ll in clude per so ns who are pa rtici pa nts in the 
fo rbidden acts, and the age nts, officer s, and mem ber s of the boa rd of dir ecto rs or 
tru stee s, or their contr olling bodies of cor por ations . (B lack's 4th ) 
Petition : 
A wr itten addr ess, emb odyi ng an appl icati on or prayer fro m the per so n or per sons 
preferri ng it, to the power , body, or per so n to whom it is prese nted for the exercise 
of his or th eir au thor ity in the redress of so me wrong, or the gr ant of some favor, 
pr ivilege, or licens e . (B lack's 4th ) 
Petition in Bankruptcy : 
A paper fi led in court of ban kru ptcy, or wi th the clerk, by a deb tor praying for the 
ben efits of the ba nkru ptcy act, or by cred itor s alleg ing the co mm ission of an act of 
ban kru ptcy by the ir deb tor and praying an adjud ic ation of ban kru ptcy agai nst him. 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Plaintiff : 
A per son who br ings an action ; the pa rty who com plains or sues in a per so na l 
action and is so named on the recor d . (B lack's 4th ) 
Plea : 
Com mon-law practice . A plead ing ; an yone in the se ries of plead ings. Mor e 
particu larly, the fi rst plead ing on the par t of the def enda nt. In the stric test sense, 
the an swer wh ich the def endan t in an action at law mak es to the plai ntiff 's 
declar ati on, and in wh ich he sets up mat ter of fact as def ense, th us di sti ngu ished 
fro m a demu rrer, wh ich int erposes obje cti ons on gr ounds of law. 
Equ ity . A special ans wer showi ng or relying up on one or mor e th ings as a ca us e 
why the suit should be eit her di smis sed or de layed or barr ed . 
A short state men t, in response to a bill in eq uity, of facts which, if ins erted in the 
bill, wo uld render it demur ra ble; whil e an ans wer is a co mplete state ment of the 
defenda nt's case, and cont ain s an swer s to any int errogat ories the plai ntif f may 
have admin is tered . (B lack's 4th ) 
Pledge : 
In the law of ba ilment. A ba ilment of goods to a cred ito r as secu rity for some deb t 
or engagemen t. A ba ilment or del iver y of go ods by a deb tor to his cred ito r, to be 
kept ti ll the deb t be dis cha rged . 
The ne cessa ry eleme nts to co nstitut e a contr act one of "p ledge" are: Possess ion of 
the pledge d propert y mus t pass fro m the pledgor to the pledgee ; the legal title to 
the proper ty mus t remain in the pledgor; and the pledgee mus t ha ve a lien on the 
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proper ty for the payment of a deb t or the per forma nce of an obli gation due him by 
the pledgor or so me oth er per son -- while, in the "chat tel mor tgage, " legal title 
passes to the mor tgage e su bject to a def easa nce. 
A ba ilment of per so nal proper ty as secu rity for a deb t or oth er obligation . 
The specific article deliver ed to the cred ito r in secu rity is also ca lled a "pl edge" or 
"p aw n" . (B lack's 4th ) 
Policy : 
The gener al pr incipl es by which a go vern ment is gu ided in its ma nagement of public 
affa ir s, or the legislatu re in its measu res. 
This term, as appl ied to a law, ordin a nc e, or ru le of law, deno tes its gener al 
pu rpose or tendenc y co nsider ed as dir ecte d to the welfar e or prospe rity of the state 
or com muni ty . 
Public Po licy . That pr in ciple of the law whic h holds that no sub jec t ca n lawfu lly do 
that wh ich has a tendenc y to be in jur ious to the public or agains t the publi c go od . 
The pr inciple s un der wh ich the freed om of con tra ct or pr ivat e de alin gs is restri cted 
by law for the go od of the co mmuni ty . The term "p olic y," as appl ied to a statute, 
reg ulat ion, ru le of law, course of action, or the like, refe rs to its proba ble effect, 
tendenc y, or obje ct, consider ed with referen ce to the socia l or politic a l we ll-being of 
the state . Th us, certain classes of ac ts ar e said to be "agai nst public polic y, " when 
the law refu ses to enf orce or recog ni ze them, on the gr ound that they hav e a 
mi sch ie vous tendenc y, so as to be in jur ious to the int erests of the state, ap art fro m 
illegality or immor ality . 
"P ubli c po licy" is the co mmun ity co mm on sense and co mmon consci enc e 
extended and appl ied th roug hout the state to mat ters of publi c mor als, public 
health, publi c saf ety, public welfar e, and the like; it is that gener al and we ll-settled 
opini on relating to man' s plain, pa lpab le dut y to hi s fellow men having due regar d 
to all the cir cums ta nces of each pa rticu lar relation and situ ation . Pu blic policy 
proper ly cog ni za ble by cou rts is that der iv ed or der iv able by clear impl icati on fro m 
its Cons tit utio n, statut es, and ju di cia l dec isions. "P ub lic polic y is a va riable quali ty ; 
it mus t and do es va ry with the habi ts, ca pacities, and oppor tu ni ties of the publi c" . 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Preferred : 
Possess ing or acco rding a pr io rity, ad va ntage, or privi lege. Gener ally de noti ng a 
pr ior or su perior claim or ri gh t of payment as agai nst ano ther th ing of the sa me 
kind or class. (B lack's 4th ) 
Premium : 
A rewa rd for an act done. 
A bount y or bo nus; a co nsider ation gi ven to in vi te a loan or a bar gain ; as the 
co nsider ation paid to the assi gn or by the as signe e of a lease, or to the tran sferor by 
the tra nsfe ree of shar es of sto ck, etc . So stock is sa id to be "at a premium" when 
its ma rket pr ice exceeds its nominal or face va lue. 
In gr an ting a lease, par t of the rent is so me ti mes ca pi ta liz ed and paid in a lump 
sum at the time the lease is gr an ted . Th is is ca lled a "p remium" . 
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The sum paid or agr eed to be paid by an assu red to the un der wr iter as the
co nsider ation for the insuranc e. (B lack's 4th )
Present :
v. In Eng lish ecclesias tica l law. To offe r a clerk to the bishop of the di ocese, to be
ins titut ed .
In crimin al law. To fi nd or represe nt judi cia lly; us ed of the officia l act of a gr and
jur y when they ta ke notice of a cri me or offens e fro m the ir own knowle dge or
obser vat ion, wi thout an y bill of ind ic tm ent laid before th em. To lay before ju dge,
magis trate, or go ver ning body for acti on or co nsider ation ; su bmi t as a petit ion or
remons tranc e for a decision or settlement to proper au thor it ies .
In the law of nego tia ble ins tru ment s. Pri mar ily, to present is to tender or offer.
Th us to prese nt a bill of exchange for acce pta nce or payment is to exh ib it it to the
dr awee or ac ce pto r, (or hi s au thor ized agent ,) with an expr ess or impl ied demand
for ac ce pta nc e or payment.
Claim s are "pr ese nted " to the prob ate cou rt when pl aced in the cu stody of the
cou rt, or fi led or made a mat ter of record th erein ; and to prese nt claim agai nst cit y,
wi th in statut e providing that claims for dama ges agai nst the cit y mus t be
"p rese nted " to the cit y or town cou nci l and fi led with the cit y or tow n clerk, means
to hand to and leave wi th . (B lack's 4th )
Presentment :
Criminal Prac tice .
The writ ten notic e ta ke n by a gr and jur y of any offens e, fro m their own kno wledge
or obser vati on, without any bill of in dic tm ent laid before them at the su it of the
go ver nment. Prese ntme nts ar e also made in co urts-Ie et and co urts-bar on, before
the stewa rds.
The wr iti ng wh ich cont a ins the accusation so prese nted by a gr and jur y.
In an extended sense, the term in cludes no t only prese ntme nts proper ly so ca lled,
but also inqu isitions of office and ind ic tm ent s found by a gr and jUr y.
An in for mal state ment in writi ng, by the grand jur y, representi ng to the co urt
that a publi c offens e has been co mm itted wh ich is actionable in the cou nty, and
that ther e is reas onable gr ound for believi ng that a pa rticu lar indi vid ual named or
de scri bed ther ein has co mm itted it. An accus ation of cri me, made by a gr and jur y
fro m thei r own kno wledge or fro m evidenc e fu rn ishe d them by wi tn esses or by one
or mor e of th eir mem ber s.
The di fferenc e betwee n a prese ntment and an inqu isition is this : that the form er
is found by a gr and jur y au thor ized to inquir e of offens es gener ally, wh ereas the
latter is an accu sati on found by a jur y speciall y retu rned to inqu ir e co ncer ning the
particu lar offens e.
An ind ictment di ffers fro m a presentment in that the form er mus t be in dor sed "A
tru e bill," fo llowed by the sig natu re of the gr and jur y fo rem an; a prese ntment is to
be sig ne d by all the gr and jur ors, and henc e does not have to be indor sed "A tru e
bi ll."
The di sti nction betwee n a spe cial prese ntment and a bill of indic tment, eve n
un der the old practice, was ver y th in; and in Geor gia even this dis ti nction has been
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ab olished in practice fo r many yea rs. The so lici tor is not now req uir ed to fra me any 
ind ic tment on a speci al prese ntme nt, but the speci al prese ntment of the gr and jur y 
is retu rned in to co urt, and up on it the defendan t is ar raig ned and tri ed . It has the 
sa me force and effect as a bill of ind ictm ent. The only formal di fference between 
the two is that a prosecut or prefers a bi ll of in dictme nt, and a specia l presentment 
has no prosecut or , bu t, in theor y orig ina tes with the gr and jUr y. Even th is 
di fference between a bill of ind ic tment and a spe cia l prese ntment no longer exi sts , 
and the fi nding of the grand jur y is prepa red by the sol icitor -gener al and ca lled a 
bill of ind ictment , or a spec ial prese ntment, at his wi ll. 
Nego tiabl e Ins tru me nts 
The prod uction of a bi ll of exc hange to the drawee for his ac ce pta nce, or to the 
drawor or ac ce pto r for payment; or of a promis sor y no te to the pa rty liable, for 
paym ent of the sa me. (B lack's 4th ) 
"P rese ntment" mea ns a demand made by or on be half of a per son en titled to 
enf orce an ins tru ment (1) to pay the in stru ment made to the drawee or a part y 
obliged to pay the ins tru men t, or in the case of a note, or ac cepted draft paya ble at 
a ba nk , to the ban k, or (2) to ac cept a draft made to the drawee . UC C 3-50 1(a) 
may be made by any co mm ercia lly reas onable mea ns, inc luding an oral, writ ten, or 
electronic com mun icat ion ; is effective when the demand for payment or ac cept a nc e 
is receiv ed by the per son to whom prese ntment is made . UCC 3-5 01(1) The 
prod uction of a nego tia ble ins tru ment [bill of exch ange] to the drawee for his 
ac cepta nce, or to the drawer or ac cept or for payment; or of a prom issor y no te to 
the pa rty liable, for payment of the sa me. Prese ntment is a demand for ac cepta nce 
or payment made up on the ma ker, ac ceptor, drawee or oth er payo r by or on beha lf 
of the holder. UC C 3-504( 1). 
Presumption : 
A presump tion is an assu mp tion of fact that the law requir es to be made fro m 
an oth er fact or gr oup of facts found or oth erwis e esta blished in the action . A 
pres ump ti on is not evidenc e . A presu mp tion is ei ther co nclusiv e or rebut ta ble. 
Eve ry rebut ta ble pr esump tion is ei ther (a) a presump tion affecti ng the bur den of 
prod ucing evidenc e or (b) a pres ump ti on affec ti ng the bur den of proof. (B lack's 
6th ) 
A di sput ab le presu mp ti on, ca lled also an "i nconclu siv e " or "r ebut table" 
presump ti on, is an in ferenc e of law which holds go od un ti l it is inv alida ted by proof 
or a stronger presu mp ti on . (B lack's 4th ) 
Presumption; Third Party Documents; Admissibility : 
(1) A bill of ladin g or any oth er docu ment au thor ized or requir ed by the contr act to 
be issue d by a th ir d pa rty is adm issi ble as evidenc e of the facts stated in the 
docu men t by the th ir d pa rty in any acti on ar ising out of the contr act which 
au thor ized or req uir ed the do cu men t, (2) In any action ar ising out of the contr act 
which au thor ized or req uir ed the do cu ment referred to in su bd ivision (1). (a) A 
do cu ment in due form pu rpo rting to be the docu ment refe rred to in su bd ivision (1) 
is pres um ed to be au the ntic and ge nuine. Th is presu mp tion is a presu mp tion 
affecti ng the bur den of prod uc ing evidenc e. (b) If the docu ment is foun d to be 
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au thentic and ge nuin e, the facts stated in the docu men t by the th ir d pa rty ar e 
presume d to be true. Th is presu mp tion is a presump tion affecti ng the bur den of 
proof. UC C 1-2 02 
Price : 
Some th ing wh ich one ordinar ily ac ce pts vo luntar ily in exch an ge for so me th ing else . 
The co nsider ation gi ven for the pur chas e of a th ing ; usua lly in mone y. (B lack's 
4th ) 
Prime : 
n. In French Law. The pr ic e of the ri sk assu med by an insur er; premium of 
insur anc e. 
v. To sta nd fi rst or par amou nt; to take preced enc e or pr ior ity of; to outr ank ; as, in 
the se ntenc e "t axes prime all oth er liens." (B lack's 4th ) 
Principal : 
adj. Ch ief; leading ; mos t im por ta nt or co nsider able; pr imar y; orig in al. Hi g he st in 
ra nk , au thor ity, char ac ter, im por ta nce, or degr ee . 
n. Th e sou rce of au thor ity or ri gh t. A super in tenden t, as of a school dis tri ct. The 
cap ita l sum of a deb t or obligation, as di sti ngu ished fro m in terest, or oth er 
add itions to it. The cor pus or ca pita l of an estate in co ntrad is ti ncti on to the in co me ; 
"i ncome" be ing mer ely the fru it of ca pit al. 
Law of Ag enc y. 
The employer or cons titut or of an agent; the per son who gi ves au thor ity to an 
agen t or attorney to do so me act for him. Ca lled also co nstitu ent or ch ief. One, 
who, being co m pete nt sui juris to do any act for hi s own ben efit or on hi s own 
acc ou nt, conf ide s it to ano ther person to do for him. (B lack's 4th ) 
Principle : 
A fu nda ment al tru th or doc tri ne, as of law; a compr ehen siv e ru le or do ctri ne wh ich 
furn ishes a basis or orig in for oth ers; a settled ru le of action, proced ur e, or legal 
determi nation . A truth or proposition so clear that it ca nno t be proved or 
contr adic ted un less by a propositi on wh ich is sti ll clearer. That wh ich co nstitut es the 
esse nce of a body or its cons titu ent pa rts . Th at wh ich per tains to the theor etica l 
par t of a scienc e . (B lack's 4th ) 
Priority : 
Preced enc e; going before . A legal preferenc e or precedenc e. When two per sons 
ha ve similar ri gh t in resp ect of the sa me sub jec t-mat ter, but one is en titled to 
exer cise his ri gh t to the exclusion of the other , he is sa id to have prio rit y . (B lack's 
4th ) 
Private : 
Affecti ng or belonging to pr iv ate ind ivid ua ls, as di strict fro m the publi c gener ally. 
No t officia l; no t clothed with office . (B lack's 4th ) 
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Private Law : 
As us ed in contr adis ti nction to publi c law, the term mea ns all that pa rt of the law 
which is ad minis tered between citizen and citize n, or wh ich is conc erned with the 
def ini ti on, reg ulation, and enf orce men t of rig hts in cases wher e both the per son in 
whom the ri gh t in her es and the per son up on whom the obliga tion is in cident ar e 
priv ate indi viduals. (B lack's 4th ) 
Private Bank : 
An uninc orpor ated ba nk ing ins titution owned by an ind ividual or par tn ership and, 
depe nding on state statutes, sub jec t to or free fro m state reg ulation . (B lack's 1s t) 
Prize : 
mar. law, wa r. Th e ap prehens ion and deten tion at sea , of a ship or oth er vesse l, by 
au thor ity of a belliger ent power , either with the des ign of appropr iati ng it, with the 
goods and effects it cont ai ns, or with that of bec oming mas ter of the whole or a 
par t of its ca rgo. 1 Ro b. Ad m. R. 228 . The vessel or go ods th us ta ke n are also 
ca lled a prize . Goods ta ken on land fro m a public enemy, ar e ca lled bo oty , (q.v.) 
and the dis tinc tion be tween a prize and booty co nsis ts in th is, that the form er is 
ta ken at sea and the latter on land . 
2. In order to vest the title of the prize in the ca pto rs, it mus t be brough t with 
due ca re in to so me conv en ient port for adjudic ation by a co m petent cou rt. The 
co ndem nation mus t be pronou nc ed by a prize co urt of the go vern ment of the 
capto r sit ting in the co un try of the ca ptor, or hi s ally; the pr ize co urt of an ally 
ca nnot co ndemn . Stri ctly spe aking , as between the be lligerent parties the title 
passes, and is vested when the ca ptu re is co mplete ; and that was form erly held to 
be co mplete and pe rfect when the battle was ove r, and the spes recuper andi was 
gone. 1 Kent, Co m. 100; Ab bott on Ship. Inde x, h. t. ; 13 Vi n. Ab . 51; 8 Co m. Dig . 
885 ; 2 Bro . Civ. La w, 444 ; Har r. Dig . Ship. and Shipping, X; Me rl. Re pert. h. t. ; 
Bo uv. Ins t. Index. 
h. t. Vide Inf ra prae sidia . (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Prize Court : 
Eng . law The name of court which has ju ri sdic tion of all ca ptu res made in war on 
the high sea s. 
2. In Eng land th is is a sepa rate branc h of the cou rt of ad mir alty, the oth er 
branch be ing ca lled the ins ta nc e co urt. (q .v. ) 
3. The di stric t cou rts of the Un ited States hav e jur isd ic tion both as ins ta nc e and 
prize co urts, ther e being no di sti nction in this resp ect as in Eng land . 3 Da ll. 6; vide 
1 Ga ll. R. 563 ; Bro . Civ . & Ad m. Law, ch . 6 & 7; 1 Kent, Co m. 356; Mann. Co mm. 
B. 3, c. 12. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Proceeding : 
In a gener al sense, the form and manner of conduc ti ng jur idic al busine ss before a 
co urt or ju di cia l officer; reg ular and order ly pr og ress in form of law; in cludin g all 
pos sible ste ps in an action fro m its co mmenc ement to the execution of ju dg ment. 
In a mor e pa rticu lar sense, an y applic ation to a co urt of jus tice, ho weve r made, for 
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aid in the enf orcement of ri gh ts, for relief, for redress of in jur ies, for da mages, or 
for any remed ial obje ct. (B lack's 4th ) 
Promissory No te : 
A promis e or engage me nt, in writi ng, to pay a specif ied su m at a time ther ein 
lim ited , or on dema nd, or at sig ht, to a per son ther ein na med , or to his order , or 
bea rer. A wr itten prom ise made by one or mor e to pay ano ther , or order , or bea rer, 
at a sp ecified time, a specif ic am ou nt of mone y, or oth er art icles of va lue. An 
un co nd itio nal wr itten prom ise, sig ned by the ma ke r, to pay ab so lutely and at all 
eve nts a sum certa in in mo ney, ei ther to the bea rer or to a per son ther ein 
des igna ted or hi s order , at a time specif ied ther ein, or at a ti me wh ich mus t 
certa inly ar rive . (B lack's 4th ) 
Pronounce : 
To utter formally, official ly, and so lemnly; to dec lare or affi rm ; to dec lare aloud and 
in a formal mann er. In th is sense a co urt is sa id to "pr onou nce" judg ment or a 
sent enc e. (B lack's 4th ) 
Public : 
n. The whole body politic, or the aggr egat e of the cit izens of a state, dis tri ct, or 
muni cip ality . The inhabi ta nts of a state, cou nty, or co mmun ity . In one sense, 
eve rybody ; and ac co rdingl y the body of the peo ple at large; the co mmun ity at 
large, wi thout referenc e to the geog raph ic al lim its of any co rpor at ion like a ci ty, 
town, or co un ty ; the people. In an oth er sense the wor d does not me an all the 
people, nor mo st of the people, nor very man y peo ple of a place, but so many of 
them as co ntrad is tingu ishes them fro m a few. Acco rdin g ly, it has bee n def in ed or 
emplo yed as me aning the inh abi ta nts of a pa rticu lar place; the people of the 
neig h bor hood . Also, a part of the inhabi ta nts of a co mmuni ty . 
adj . Pert aining to a state , nat ion, or whole co m muni ty ; proceed ing from, relati ng 
to, or affecti ng the whole body of peo ple or an entir e com muni ty . Open to all; 
no to rious. Co mm on to all or many; gener al; open to co mm on use . Be longing to the 
peo ple at large; relating to or affecti ng the whole peo ple of a state, nat ion, or 
com muni ty; no t lim ited or restri cted to any pa rticu lar class of the com muni ty . 
(B lack's 4th ) 
That vas t mu ltitude, wh ich inclu des the ig nor an t, the un think ing, and the cred ulous, 
who in making a pur chase, do no t sto p to ana lyze, but ar e go ver ned by gen eral 
app ea ran ce and Gener al impr essions. (B allanti ne's La w Dic ti onar y) 
Public Debt : 
That wh ich is due or owing by the go vern ment. 
2. The Co nstitu tion of the Un ited States prov id es, art. 6, s. 1 that "all deb ts 
contr acted or engage ment s en tered in to, before the adop tion of th is Cons tit ut ion, 
sh all be as va lid agai nst the Un ited States under this Cons titu ti on, as un der the 
conf eder ation ." It has in vari ably been the policy sinc e the Revo lutio n, to do jus tice 
to the cred ito rs of the go vern ment. The publi c deb t has some ti mes been swelled to 
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a large amou nt, and at oth er ti me s it has been reduc ed to almost not hing . 
(B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Punishment : 
In criminal law. Any pa in, pe na lty, or conf in ement inf licted up on a per son by the 
au thor ity of the law and the ju dg ment and sent ence of a court for some crime or 
offens e comm itted by him, or for hi s omission of a du ty enjoi ned by law. A 
depr iv ation of proper ty or some ri ght. But does not include a ci vil pena lty 
redounding to the bene fit of an ind ivid ual, such as a forfei tu re of in terest . (Black's 
4th ) 
Purchase : 
Tran sm ission of propert y fro m one per son to an oth er by vo lunta ry act and 
agr eemen t, foun ded on a va luable co nsider ation . In a tech ni ca l and broa der 
me aning relative to land gener ally mea ns the acq ui sition of real estate by an y 
mea ns wh ateve r except by de sce nt. (B lack's 4th ) 
Puts and Calls : 
A "p ut" in the language of the gr ain or stock ma rket is a pr ivilege or deliver ing or 
not deliveri ng the su bject-mat ter of the sa le; and a "c all" is a pr ivilege of ca lling or 
not ca lling for it. (B lack's 4th ) 
Question : 
A su bject or po int of in vesti gat ion, exa mi nation or de bat e ; theme of inquir y; 
problem ; mat ter to be inquir ed in to; as a delic ate or dou btfu l que stio n. 
A me thod of criminal exa mi nation he retofore in us e in some of the cou ntries of 
conti nent al Eur ope, co nsis ting of the appl ic ation of tortu re to the su pposed criminal, 
by means of the rack or oth er engi nes, in order to extort fro m him, as the co nd ition 
of his release fro m the tortu re, a co nfess ion of hi s own guil t or the na mes of his 
acc ompl ic es . 
Ev idenc e . 
An in terrogation put to a witness, for the pu rpose of havi ng him dec lare the truth of 
ce rta in facts as fa r as he knows th em. 
Prac tice . 
A point on wh ich the parties ar e not agr eed , and wh ich is subm itted to the decision 
of a ju dge or jur y. (Bl ack's 4th ) 
Quo Warranto : 
In old Eng lish practice . A writ, in the natu re of a writ of ri gh t for the king, agai nst 
him who clai med or usu rped any offi ce, fran ch ise, or liberty to in quir e by what 
authority he su ppor ted his claim, in order to determ ine the rig ht. It lay also in case 
of non-us er, or long neg lect of a fran ch ise, or mi sus er or ab use of it; being a wr it 
com manding the def endant to show by what warrant he exer cises such a franch ise, 
havi ng never had any grant of it, or havi ng forfei ted it by neglect or ab us e. 
In England, and quite gener ally th roug hout the Un ited Stat es, th is wr it has gi ven 
place to an "i nform ation in the natu re of a quo warranto," which, th ough in form a 
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criminal proceed ing, is in effect a ci vil remedy si milar to the old writ, and is the 
method now usually emplo yed for trying the title to a corpor ate or oth er franch ise, 
or to a public or corpor ate offi ce . An extraor d inar y proce ed ing, prerog ative in 
natu re, addr essed to preve nti ng a conti nu ed exer cise of au thor ity un lawfu lly 
as se rted . (B lack's 4th ) 
Rate : 
Proport iona l or relativ e va lue, measu re, or deg ree ; the propor ti on or sta ndar d by 
which qua nt ity or va lue is adjus ted . 
In co nn ection with publi c uti lities, a cha rge to the publi c for a ser vic e open to all 
and up on the sa me terms. (B lack's 4th ) 
Recognizance : 
An obliga tion of reco rd, ent ered in to before some co urt of reco rd, or magis trate 
duly au thoriz ed, with co nd ition to do some particu lar act; as to ap pea r at the 
assizes, or cr iminal co urt, to keep the peace, to pay a deb t, or the like. It 
rese mbles a bond, but di ffers fro m it in be ing an ack nowled gement of a former deb t 
up on reco rd . 
In the practice of seve ral of the sta tes, a species of ba il bond or secu rity, gi ve n by 
the pris oner ei ther on bei ng bo und over for trial or on hi s ta king an ap peal. 
In criminal law, a per son who has been found guil ty of an offens e may, in ce rtain 
cases, be req uir ed to en ter int o a recog ni za nce by which he binds hi mself to keep 
the peac e for a certain period . 
In criminal cases, a "b ail bo nd" is a contract un der sea l, execut ed by accused, 
and fro m its natu re req uir ing su reties or ba il, to who se cus tody he is co mm itted , 
while a "r ecog ni za nc e" is an obliga tion of reco rd, ent ered in to bef ore some court or 
magis trat e aut hor ized to ta ke it, with co nd ition to do some pa rticu lar act, and a 
pris oner is ofte n allowed so to obliga te hi mself to an swer to the cha rge. (B lack's 
4th ) 
Redemption : 
A repur chas e ; a buyi ng back. The act of a vendor of propert y in buying it back 
again fro m the pur ch aser at the same or an enhanc ed pr ice . 
Th e process of annulling and revoking a co ndi ti onal sa le of propert y, by 
perfor manc e of the co ndi tions on wh ich it was stipul ated to be revoca ble. 
The process of ca nc eling and annull ing a de fensi ble title to land, such as is creat ed 
by a mort gage or a tax-sa le, by pay ing the deb t or fu lfilling the oth er co nd iti ons. 
The liber ation of an estate fro m a mor tgage. 
The liber ation of a chat tel fro m pledge or pa wn, by payi ng the deb t for which it 
stood as secu rity . 
Repur chas e of notes, bills, or oth er evidenc es of deb t, (p articu larly ba nk -notes and 
paper -mone y, ) by payi ng th eir va lue in co in to th eir holder s. (B lack's 4th ) 
Deliver a nce fro m the powe r of an alien domina tion and the enjo yment of the 
resu lta nt freedom . It in vo lves the ide a of resto rat ion to one who possesses a mor e 
fu ndamen ta l ri gh t or in terest . (londer va n' s Pic tor ial Enc ycloped ia of the Bible) 
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Registered Bond : 
Th e bonds of the Un ited States go vern ment (and of man y muni cipa l and pr ivat e 
corpo ratio ns) ar e either reg is tered or "cou pon bo nds. " In the case of a regis tered 
bo nd, the name of the owner or lawfu l holder is en tered in a re gi ster or record, and 
it is not nego tia ble or trans fera ble except by an en try on the regi ster, and check s or 
wa rra nts are sent to the reg is tered holder for the su ccessive ins ta llments of in terest 
as they fa ll due. A bond with in terest co up ons attached is tra nsfe rable by mer e 
deliver y, and the co up ons ar e paya ble, as due, to the per son who sha ll present 
them for payment. But the bond issue s of man y priv ate corpo rati ons now provide 
that the ind iv idual bonds "ma y be reg is tered as to pr inci pa l," leavi ng the in terest 
co up ons paya ble to bear er, or that they may be regi stered as to both prin cipa l and 
in terest, at the option of the holder. (B lack's 4th ) 
Registry : 
A regis ter, or boo k au th or ized or recogn ized by law, kept for the reco rding or 
reg is tration of facts or docu ment s. The act of reco rding or writing in the reg is ter or 
dep osi ting in the place of publi c reco rds. 
In co mm ercia l law. The regi stration of a vesse l at the cus tom-hous e, for the 
pu rpose of en titling her to the fu ll privi leges of a Briti sh or Amer ican buil t vess el. 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Release : 
n. Th e relinqu ishmen t, co nc essio n, or gi ving up of a rig ht, claim, or privi lege, by 
the per son in whom it exi sts or to whom it ac cru es, to the per so n agai nst whom it 
migh t ha ve been dema nded or enf orced . 
In th is se ns e it is a co ntract and mus t be supp orted by lawfu l and va luable 
co nsider ati on . 
A di sch ar ge of a deb t by act of par ty, as dis ti ngu ished fro m an exti ngu ish men t 
which is a di sc har ge by oper ation of law, and, in di stingu ish ing release fro m receip t, 
"r ecei pt" is evide nc e that an obliga tion has been di sc har ged, but "r elease" is itse lf, 
a di sch ar ge of it. (B lack's 4th ) 
Remedy : 
Remedy is the mea ns by wh ich the violation of a ri gh t is preve nted, red ressed , or 
co mp ens ated . (B lack's 1s t) 
The pu rpose is to mak e it clear that both remedy and rig hts (as def ine d) include 
those remed ial rig hts of "s elf help" which ar e among the most imp ortant bod ies of 
ri gh ts un der th is Act, reme dial rig hts, be ing those wh ich an agg rieved part y ca n 
resort on his own mo tion . UCC 1- 20 1 (3 4) 
Reorganization: Act or process of orga ni zing aga in or an ew . 
Replevin Bond : 
A bond execut ed to ind emni fy the offi cer who execut ed a writ of replevin and to 
in demn ify the defendan t or per son fro m who' s cus tody the proper ty was ta ke n for 
such da mages as he may sus tain . (B lack's 4th ) 
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Request : 
n. An aski ng or petiti on ; the expr ession of a desi re to some per son fo r some th ing 
to be gr an ted or done ; pa rticu larly for the payment of a deb t or per forma nce of a 
contr act; also dir ecti on or co mmand in law of wi lls. 
The two wor ds "r equest" and "r eq uir e," as us ed in no tice to credit ors to present 
claims agai nst an estate , ar e of the sa me orig in, and vir tu ally sy nonym ous. 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Res : 
proper ty. Th ings. The terms "R es, " "B ona ," "B iens, " us ed by ju ri sts who ha ve 
written in the Lati n and French langua ges, are in tende d to in clude mo va ble or 
per sonal, as we ll as im mova ble or real propert y. 1 Bu rge, Co nfl . of La ws, 19. See 
Biens ; Bo na ; Th ings. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Responsible : 
Lia ble, legally ac cou ntab le or ans wer able. Able to pay a su m for wh ich he is or may 
beco me liable, or to di schar ge an obligation which he may be un der. (B lack's 4th ) 
Retail : 
To se ll by sm all qua ntities, in brok en lots or par cels, no t in bulk , to se ll dir ect to 
co nsu mer. (B lack's 4th ) 
Return : 
To bring, ca rry, or send back; to place in the cu stody of; to resto re; to re-deliver; 
to send back. (B lack's 4th ) 
Revenue : 
Retu rn , yield, as of land, profit, that whic h retur ns or co mes back fro m an 
in vestme nt, the annual or pe riod ica l rents profits, in terest or issues of any sp ecies 
or propert y, real or per sonal, inc ome. 
Also the in co me fro m an ind ivid ual or pr ivate corpor ation . 
As appl ied to the in come of a go ver n me nt, a broad and gen eral term , including all 
publi c mone ys which the state co llects and rece ives, fro m whateve r sou rce and in 
wh ateve r man ner. The inc ome which a state co llects and receives in to its treasu ry, 
and is appr op riat ed fo r the payment of its expens es . 
Revenue Law. 
Any law wh ich prov ide s for the as ses smen t and collection of a tax to de fra y the 
expenses of the go vern ment. Such leg islation is co mmonly refe rred to un der the 
gener al term "r evenue measu res, " and those measu res in clude all the laws by 
wh ich the go vern ment provides mea ns for me eti ng its exp end itu res . (B lack's 4th ) 
Right of Redemption : 
The ri gh t to un encu m bered proper ty or to free it fro m a claim or lien ; spec if ica lly, 
the ri gh t (gr ant ed by statut e on ly) to free proper ty fro m the encum bran ce of a 
foreclosur e or oth er judi cia l sale, or to recover the title pas sing ther eb y, by payi ng 
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wha t is due, wi th in terest, costs, etc . No t to be conf ou nde d with the "equ ity of 
redemp tion ," wh ich exis ts in dependen tly of statut e but mus t be exer cised before 
sa le. (B lack's 4th ) 
Right(s) : "R ig hts" in cludes remedies . UCC 1-2 01 (3 6) . 
Sale : 
A contract betw een two par ties, ca lled, resp ective ly, the "s eller" (or ve ndor ) and 
the "b uyer" (or pur chas er, ) by wh ich the former, in co nsider ation of the payment or 
promise of payment of a certa in pr ice in mone y, tran sfers to th e latter the title and 
the posses sion of proper ty. 
A co ntract wher eby proper ty is tra nsfe rred by one per so n to ano th er for a 
con sider ation of va lue, impl ying the pas sing of the gener al and ab solute title, as 
di sti ngu ished fro m a spec ial in terest fa lling shor t of co mplete owner sh ip. (B lack's 
4th ) 
Sanctions : 
In the or ig inal sense of the wor d, a pena lty or pun ishment prov ided as a mea ns of 
en forcing obed ie nce to a law. In a mor e gene ra l sense, a con di tio nal ev il anne xed 
to a law to produc e obed ienc e to that law. (B lacks 4th ) 
Satisfaction : 
Act of satis fying ; the state of be ing satis fied . The di sc har ge of an obliga tion by 
payi ng a pa rty what is due to him, (as on a mor tgage, lien, or con tract, ) or what is 
aw arded to him, by the ju dg ment of a co urt or oth erwis e . Th us, a judg ment is 
satis fi ed by the payment of the am oun t due to the pa rty who has recover ed such 
ju dgme nt, or by his levyi ng the am ou nt. The execution or ca rrying in to effect of an 
ac co rd . (B lack's 4th ) 
Satisfy : 
To ans wer or di schar ge, as a claim, deb t, legal dema nd or the like. To co mp ly 
actually and fu lly with a demand ; to exti ngu ish, by payment or per for manc e. 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Secure : 
To gi ve secu rit y ; to assu re of pay me nt, performanc e, or indemni ty ; to guar ant y or 
mak e ce rtain the payment of a deb t or di sc har ge of an obliga tion . 
One "s ecur es" his cred ito rs by gi ving him a lien, mort gage, pledge, or oth er 
secu rity, to be used in case the deb to r fa ils to mak e pay ment. 
Also, not exposed to dang er; saf e ; so strong, sta ble or fi rm as to insur e saf ety . 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Secured Party : 
"S ecu red Pa rty" means a lender , se ller or oth er per so n in who se favor ther e is a 
secu rity in terest, including a per so n to whom ac cou nts or chat tel paper ha ve been 
sold. When the holder s of obligations issued un der an in de ntu re of trust, eq uipm ent 
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trust agr eement or the like are represe nted by a tru stee or oth er per son, the
represent ative is the secu red part y. UCC 9- 105(m)
Securities :
Stock certif icates, bo nds, or oth er evidenc e of a secu red ind ebted ne ss or of a ri gh t
created in the holder to pa rtici pat e in the profits or as sets di stri bution of a profit
making en terprise ; mor e gener ally, writ ten as sur anc es for the retu rn or payment of
mone y; ins tru me nts gi ving to the ir legal holders ri gh t to mone y or oth er proper ty .
As such, secu rities hav e va lue and ar e used in reg ular cha nnels of co mm erce . The
basic pu rpose of the sa le of secu rities is to ra ise ca pita l for busine ss and
go vern ment. (B lack's 4th )
Security :
Protecti on ; as suran ce ; indemn if icati on . The term is usua lly applie d to an oblig at ion,
pledge, mort gage, de posit, lien, etc., gi ve n by a deb tor in order to mak e su re the
payment or per formanc e of his deb t, by furn ish ing the cred itor wi th a resou rce to
be used in case of fa ilure in the pr incipal obligati on . The name is also some ti mes
gi ven to one who beco mes su rety or guar an tor for ano ther. (B lack's 4th )
Security Agreement :
"S ecu rity agr eemen t" mea ns an agr eemen t which creates or prov ides for a secu rity
in tere st. UCC 9-105. An agr eement wh ich creates or provides for a secu rity
in terest betwe en the deb tor and the secu red part y. UCC 9-105(h)
An agr eement grant ing a cred itor a secu rity in terest in per sonal propert y, wh ich
secu rity in terest is nor mally pe rfected either by the cred itor ta ki ng possess ion of
the co llatera l or by fi ling fi nancing state me nts in the proper publi c reco rds. (B lack's
6th )
Security Interest :
"S ecu rity in terest" means an int erest in per so nal proper ty or fi xtu res wh ich secu res
payment or per formanc e of an obli gati on . UC C 1-2 01 (37)( a). A fo rm of int erest in
propert y which prov ides that the proper ty may be sold on de fault in order to sati sfy
the obligation for wh ich the secu rity in te rest is gi ven . UCC 9-102. A secu rity
in terest is pe rfected when it has attached and when all the appl ic able ste ps
req uir ed for pe rfecti on hav e been ta ken . Such ste ps ar e specified in Sec ti ons 9-
302, 9-304, 9-305 and 9-306. If such ste ps are ta ken before the secu rit y in terest
attache s, it is perfected at the time when it attaches . UCC 9-303( 1).
Lien created by an agr ee ment. (B an kruptcy Cod e Sec ti on 101)
Int erest in proper ty ob tai ned pur suant to secu rity agr ee ment. (B lack's 6th )
Seisin :
Possess ion of real prop erty un der claim of free hold estate . The co mpletion of the
feudal in vestitu re, by which the tenant was admi tted in to the feud, and performed
the ri g hts of homage an d fea lty. Posse ssion with an in tent on the pa rt of him who
holds it to claim a freehold int erest . Rig ht to im mediat e possess ion ac co rding to the
par t of him who holds it to claim a freehold in terest . Ri gh t to immed ia te possess ion
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ac co rding to the natu re of the estate . Willi am v. Swango, 365 IL L. 549, 7 N. E2d 
306, 309 . Black ' s law Dictionary 6th Ed ition 
Sentence : 
The judg ment formally pronou nced by the co urt or ju dge up on the def endant after 
his co nvic tion in a criminal prose cut ion, awa rding the punishme nt to be inf licted . 
Ju dg ment formally declar i ng to accu sed legal con seq ue nces of guil t wh ich he has 
co nfessed or of which he has been convic ted . The wor d is proper ly co nf i ned to th is 
me aning . In civil cases, the terms "j udg ment," "de cis ion," "awar d," "f inding," etc . 
ar e us ed . (B lack's 4th ) 
A ju dg me nt, or jud icial declaration made by a judge in a ca us e. The term judg men t 
is mor e usually ap plied to civi l, and sent enc e to criminal proce ed ings. 
2. Sent enc es are fi nal, when they put , an end to the case ; or in terlocutor y, 
when they settle only some inc iden tal mat ter wh ich has ar isen in the cou rse of its 
prog ress . Vide Aso & Man . In st . B. 3, t. 8, c. 1. (B ouvier 's 185 6 6th Ed .) 
Sight Draft : 
A bill of exch ange for the imme di ate paym ent of mone y. (B ar ron's 3rd) 
A bill of exchange for the im med iat e co llection of mone y. (B lack's 6th ) 
Signed : 
"Sig ned" in clude s any writ ten symb ol execut ed or adop ted by a part y with prese nt 
in tention to au the nti cat e a writ ing . UC C 1-2 01 (39) 
Single Entry : 
A term used am ong mer chant s sign ifying that the entr y is made to char ge or to 
credit an indi vid ual or th ing, wi thout , at the sa me time, prese nti ng any oth er part 
of the oper at ion ; it is used in contr ad istinc tion to double ent ry. (q .v.) Fo r exam ple, 
a single en try is made, A B de bto r, or A B cred ito r, without desig nati ng what ar e 
the co nne ctions between the en try an d the objec ts which com posed the fortu ne of 
the mer chant. (B ouvier 's 185 6 6th Ed .) 
Solvency : 
Abi lity to pay deb ts as they matu re. Abil ity to pay deb ts in the usual and ordinar y 
cou rse of busine ss . Prese nt abil ity of deb tor to pay out of hi s estate all his deb ts . 
Excess of assets ove r liabili ties . Also such attitu de of a per son' s propert y as that it 
may be reached and su bjected by process of law, without his conse nt, to the 
payment of such deb ts . The opp os ite of insolvency. (B lack's 4th ) 
Statement : 
In a gener al sense, an allegati on ; a dec laration of mat ters of fact. The term has 
co me to be us ed of a vari ety of formal na rratives of facts, req uir ed by law in 
va rious jur isd ic tions as the foun da tion of ju dicial or officia l proceed ings and in a 
limited sense is a forma l, exa ct, deta iled present at ion . (B lack's 4th ) 
Stock : 
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Mer ca nti le Law. 
The go ods and wa res of a mer ch ant or trades man, kept for sa le and traf fi c. 
In the larger sense . The ca pi ta l of a mer chant or other per so n, inc ludin g hi s 
mer ch and ise, mone y, and cred its, or , in oth er wor ds, the en ti re propert y emplo yed 
in busine ss . 
"S tock" is di sti ngu ishe d fro m "b onds" and, ordinar ily, fro m "debe ntu res, " in that it 
gi ves ri gh t of owner sh ip in par t of as sets of corpor ation and ri gh t to in terest in any 
sur plus after payment of deb t. (B lack's 4th ) 
Stramineus Homo: 
L. Lat. A man of straw, one of no su bsta nce, put forwar d as ba il or su rety . (B lack's 
6th ed p. 14 21) 
Straw-man: 
A "f ront" , a th ir d pa rty who is put up in na me only to ta ke pa rt in a trans acti on in 
name only. Nomin a l part y to a tra nsac tion . (B lack's 6th ) 
The term is also used in co mm ercial and proper ty cont exts when a tra ns fer is made 
to a th ir d par ty, the Straw- man, sim ply for the pu rpose of retra nsferri ng to the 
transferor in order to acc om plish some oth er pu rpose no t other wise per mi tted . 
(B ar ron's 3rd) 
Sum : 
In Engl ish law . A su mm ary or ab stract; a co mp endiu m; a co llection . Seve ral of the 
old law treatises ar e ca lled "sum s." 
The se nse in which the term is mo st co mm only us ed is "m one y" ; a qua ntit y of 
mone y or cu rrenc y; any amoun t inde fi ni tely, a sum of mo ney, a sma ll sum, or a 
large su m. (B lack's 4th ) 
Supervisor : 
A su rveyo r or over see r; a hig hway offi cer. Also, in some states, the ch ief officer of 
a town ; one of a boa rd of cou nty offi cers. 
In a broad sense, one havi ng au thor ity over oth ers, to su per i ntend and dir ect. 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Surety : 
One who un der ta kes to pay mo ney or to do any oth er ac t in eve nt that his prin cipal 
fa lls th erein . One bo und wi th hi s pr in cip al for the payment of a sum of mo ney or for 
the per formanc e of so me dut y or prom ise and who is en titled to be indemn ified by 
someo ne who ou gh t to hav e paid or per for med if payment or performa nce be 
enf orced agai nst him. Eve ryo ne who incur s a liabili ty in per son or estate , for the 
ben efit of ano ther , without shar ing in the co nsider atio n. sta nds in the posit ion of a 
"sur ety," wh ateve r may be the form of hi s obligati on . 
A su rety is an in su rer of the deb t or obliga ti on ; a guar an tor is an insur er of the 
solvenc y of the pr incip al deb tor or of hi s abil ity to pay. (B lack's 4th ) 
Surrender : 
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To gi ve back; yield ; render up; resto re ; and in law the gi ving up of an estate to the 
per son who has it in reve rsion or remaind er, so as to mer ge it in the larger estate ; 
the gi ving up of a lease before its expir ation ; yield ing up a tenanc y in a co pyhold 
estate to the lord of th e manor for a sp ecified pu rpose ; a de ed by wh ich sur render 
is made ; the gi ving up by a ban kru pt of his propert y to his cred ito rs or th eir 
as sig ne es; also, his due ap pea ran ce in the ban kru ptcy co urt for exa mination as 
formerly req uir ed by the ban kru ptcy acts . 
"Su rrend er" is con tractu al act and occu rs only th rough consent of both pa rties . 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Suspense : 
When a rent, profit, a prendr e, and the like, ar e, in con seq uenc e of the un ity of 
possess ion of the rent, &c ., of the land out of wh ich they is sue, not in esse for a 
time, they ar e sa id to be in suspens e, tu nc dor m iu nt, but they may be revived or 
awa kene d . Co, Lit t. 313 a. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Tacit Hypothecation: 
In the civi l law, a species of lien or mor tgage which is creat ed by oper ati on of law 
wit hout any expr ess agr eement of the par ti es . In ad mir alty law, this term is 
so meti mes appli ed to a ma riti me lien, which is no t, stri ctly spea king, an 
hy pothecati on in the Roman sense of the term , thou gh it rese mb les it. (B lack's 
4th ) 
Tax : 
A rate or sum of mo ney as sessed on a citize n's per so n, propert y, or ac tivit y for the 
support of a go vern ment levied up on real as sets or real propert y (pr opert y tax), 
up on inc ome de rived fro m wages, etc . (i nc ome tax ), or up on sa le or pur chas e of 
goods (s ales tax) . (B ar ron's 3rd) 
Tax Return : 
The form on wh ich an indi vi dual, corpor ation or oth er entit y report s inc ome, 
de duc tions and exe mp tions and ca lculates th eir tax liabil ity, A tax retu rn is 
gener ally for a one year per iod , ho wever, in some cases, the pe riod may be less 
th an a year . A federal tax return is fi led wi th the Inter nal Revenue Serv ice , and a 
state retu rn is fi led wi th the revenue depar tment of the state . (B lack's 6th ) 
Tender : 
An offe r of money; the act by which one prod uces and offers to a per so n hold ing a 
claim or demand agai nst him the amoun t of mone y wh ich he co nsider s and adm its 
to be du e, in satis fac tion of such claim or demand, without an y sti pu lation or 
co ndi tion . 
The offe r of per forma nc e, no t performanc e itse lf, and, when un j ustif iabl y 
refu sed , places oth er part y in default and per m its par ty mak ing tender to exe rcis e 
reme die s for breach of co ntract. 
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The actu al proffer of mone y, as dis tingui shed fro m mer e prop osa l or proposit ion 
to pr offe r it. He nce mer e wr itten prop osa l to pay mone y, wi th out offer of ca sh, is 
not "t ender. " 
Tender , th ough us ually used in co nn ecti on with an offe r to pay mone y, is proper ly 
us ed in co nn ection with offe r of proper ty oth er th an mone y . 
Tender , in plead ing, is a plea by def endant that he has been always ready to pay 
the deb t demanded, and before the co mm encement of the acti on tender ed it to the 
plai ntif f, and now br ings it in to co urt ready to be paid to him. 
Leg al tender is that kind of co in, mone y, or cir cu lating medium wh ich the law 
co mp els a cred itor to accept in payment of his deb t, when tender ed by the de bto r 
in the right am oun t. (B lack's 4th ) 
Test : 
To bring one to trial and exa mi nat ion, or to as ce rta in the truth or the qual ity or 
fi tness of a th ing . 
Some th ing by wh ich to as ce rta in the tru th respec ti ng ano ther th ing ; a crit er io n, 
gauge, standar d, or nor m. (B lack's 4th ) 
Testify : 
To bea r witnes s ; to gi ve ev idenc e as a witness ; to mak e a solemn declar ati on, 
un der oath or affi rm at ion, in a jud icial inquir y, for the pu rpose of establi shing or 
proving some fact. (B lack's 4th ) 
Title : 
estat es . A title is defi ned by Lo rd Co ke to be the means wher eby the owner of lands 
hath the jus t possess ion of hi s propert y. Co . Lit . 345 ; 2 BI . Co m. 195. Vide 1 Ohi o 
Rep. 349 . Th is is the de fin ition of title to lands only . 
2. Th ere ar e seve ra l sta ges or degr ees req ui si te to form a co mp lete title to lands 
and tenemen ts. 1s t. The lowes t and mos t imp erfect deg ree of title is the mer e 
posses sion, or actu al occu pation of the esta te, without any ap pa rent ri gh t to hold or 
conti nue such posses sion ; th is happ ens when one man dis seis es ano ther. 2 BI . 
Com . 195. 2d ly. Th e ne xt ste p to a good and pe rfect title is the ri gh t of posses sion, 
wh ich may reside in one man, wh ile the ac tual possess ion is no t in hi mself, but in 
an oth er. Th is ri gh t of possess ion is of two sort s ; an ap pa rent ri gh t of posses sion, 
wh ich may be defeated by proving a better; and an actu al ri gh t of posses sion, 
which will sta nd the test agains t all opponen ts . Idem . 196. 3d ly. The mer e ri gh t of 
propert y, the jus prop riet atis without eith er possess ion or the ri gh t of possess ion . 
Id. 197. 
3. A title is ei ther go od , ma rketa ble, dou btfu l, or bad . 
4. A good title is that wh ich en titles a man by ri gh t to a propert y or estate , and 
to the lawfu l possess ion of the sa me. 
5. A ma rketa ble title is one which a co urt of eq u ity co nsider s to be so clear that 
it will enf orce its ac ce pta nce by a pur chas er. The ordinar y accept ation of the term 
ma rketa ble title, wou ld co nvey but a ver y imp erfection of its legal and tech ni ca l 
imp ort. 
6. To co mm on ap prehension, un fettered by the tech ni ca l and convent ional 
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di stinc tion of lawye rs, all titles be ing either good or bad , the former wo uld be 
co nsider ed ma rketa ble, the latter non-mar ketable. But th is is no t the way they are 
regar ded in co urts of equ ity, the di stinc tion ta ke n ther e being no t between a title 
wh ich is ab so lutely go od or ab so lutely bad, but between a title, wh ich the co urt 
co nsider s to be so clear that it will enf orce its ac cepta nce by a pur chaser , and one 
wh ich the co urt will no t go so fa r as to declar e a bad title, but only that it is su bject 
to so much dou bt that a pur chaser ough t no t to be comp elled to ac cept it. 1 Jac. & 
Wa lk. R. 56 8. In short , what eve r may be the private opin ion of the co urt, also the 
go od ness of the title yet if ther e be a reas onable doub t eit her as to a mat ter of law 
or fact inv olved in it, a pur chaser will not be co mp elled to co mp lete hi s pur chas e ; 
and such a title, th ough it may be per fectly secu re and unimp eac hable as a holding 
title is sa id , in the cu rrent lang uage of the day, to be unmar keta ble. Atkins on Ti t. 2. 
7. The do ctri ne of ma rketa ble titles is pur ely eq uitable and of moder n orig in. Id . 
26. At law eve ry title not bad is ma rketab le. 6 Ta un t. R. 263 ; 5 Ta un t. R. 625 ; S. C. 
1 Mar sh ., R. 258 . See Dalzell v. Crawford, 2 Pen n. La w Jour n. 17. 
8. A dou btfu l title is one whi ch the co urt does not co nsider to be so clear that it 
will enf orce its acce pta nce by a pur chas er, nor so defective as to dec lare it a bad 
title, but only sub ject to so mu ch dou bt that a pur chaser ough t not to be co mp elled 
to ac cept it. 1 Jac. & Wa lk. R. 568 ; 9 Cowe n, R. 344 ; vide Title, Ma rketa ble. 
9. At co mm on law, dou btfu l, titles are unk nown ; ther e ever y title mus t be either 
good or bad . Atki ns on Tit. 17. See Dalzell v. Craw ford, 2 Pen n. Law Jour n . 17. 
10. A bad title is one wh ich con veys no propert y to a pur chas er of an estate . 
11. Title to rea l estate is ac quir ed by two methods, na mely, by de sce nt and by 
pur chas e . (S ee these wor ds .) 
12. Title to perso nal propert y may accrue in th ree di fferent ways . By orig inal 
ac qu isition . 2. By tra nsfe r, by act of law. 3. By tra nsfe r, by, act of the parties. 
13. -Sec. 1. Title by orig inal acq ui sition is ac qui red, 1s t. By occu panc y. Th is 
mode of ac quirin g title has bec ome almo st exti nct in ci vilized go vern me nts, and it is 
per mitted to exis t only in those few speci al cases, in wh ich it may be co nsis tent 
wi th the publi c good . Fir st . Goods ta ken by ca ptu re in wa r wer e, by the co mm on 
law, adju dge d to belong to the ca pto r, but now goods ta ke n fro m enem ies in time 
of wa r, vest primar ily in the sove reign, and they belong to the ind ivid ual ca pto rs 
only to the extent and un der such reg ulations, as positiv e laws may prescr i be . 
Finch 's Law, 28, 17 8 Bro. tit . Proper ty, pI. 18, 38; 1 Wi lson, 211; 2 Kent, Co m. 
290, 95. Sec ondly . Ano th er ins ta nc e of acq uisition by occu panc y, wh ich sti ll exis ts 
un der certa in limitations, is that of goods casu ally lost by the owner , and 
un claimed, or desig nedly ab a ndone d by him; and in both these cases they belong 
to the fortu nate fi nder. 1 BI . Com . 296 . See Der i lict. 
14.-2 d. Title by orig inal acq u isition is acquir ed by ac ces si on. See Access ion . 
15. -3d . It is acquir ed by in tellectu al labor. It co nsis ts of literary proper ty as the 
co nstru cti on of map s and chart s, the writi ng of boo ks and pa per s. The ben efits 
ar ising fro m such labor are secu red to the owner. 1. By patent ri g hts for in vent ions. 
See Pate nts . 2. By copyr ig hts . See Copyr ig hts . 
16. -Sec . 2. The title to per sonal propert y is ac quir ed and lost by tra nsfer, by act 
of law, in various ways . 1. By forfei tu re. 2. By su cces sion . 3. By mar riage . 4. By 
ju dg ment. 5. By ins olvenc y. 6. By int estacy . 
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17. -Sec . 3. Title is also ac quir ed and lost by tra nsfe r by the act of the part y. 1. 
By gi ft. 2. By con tract or sa le. 
18. In gener al, possess ion con stitutes the crit erion of title of per sonal proper ty, 
beca us e no oth er mea ns exis t by wh ich a knowled ge of the fact to whom it be longs 
ca n be attai ned . A se ller of a ch atte l is not, ther efore, req uir ed to sho w the origin of 
his title, nor , in gener al, is a pur chaser , without no tice of the claim of the owner , 
co mp ellable to mak e restit uti on ; bu t, it seems, that a pur chas er fro m a tenant for 
life of per so nal chat tels, will not be secu re agai ns t the claims of those en titled in 
remai nder. Co wp. 43 2; 1 Bro. C. C. 27 4; 2 T. R. 376; 3 At k. 44 ; 3 V. & B. 16. 
19. To the ru le that possess ion is the crit erion of title of proper ty may be 
mentione d the case of sh ip s, the title of wh ich ca n be ascert aine d by the regi ste r. 
15 Ves . 60; 17 Ves . 25 1; 8 Price, R. 256, 277. 
20 . To con vey a title the se ller mus t hi mself have a title to the proper ty which is 
the su bject of the trans fer. But to th is gener al ru le ther e are except ions. 1. The 
lawfu l co in of the Un ited States will pass the proper ty along with the possessi on . 2. 
A nego tiable ins tru ment endor sed in blank is tra nsferable by an y per son holding it, 
so as by its deliver y to gi ve a good title "t o any person hon estly ac quir ing it. " 3 B. & 
C. 47; 3 Bur r. 151 6; 5 T. R. 683 ; 7 Bing . 284 ; 7 Ta un t. 265, 278 ; 13 Ea st, 509 ; 
Bo uv. In st. Inde x, h. t. (B ouvier 's 185 6 6th Ed .) 
Token : 
co mmer cia l law. In England, th is nam e is gi ve n to pie ces of met al, made in the 
shape of mone y, passi ng am ong pr iv ate per so ns by consent at a certain va lue. 2 
Ad olph . P. S. 175; 2 Chit. Com . La w, 182 . (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Tort : 
(f rom Lat. torq uere, to tw is t, tortus, tWisted , wrested asid e) . A privat e or civi l 
wrong or in jur y. A wrong ind ep enden t of cont ract . A viola tion of a du ty im posed by 
gener al law or oth erwise up on all per sons occu py ing the relation to each other 
which is in vo lved in a gi ven trans action . Ther e mus t always be a violation of so me 
du ty owing to plain tif f, and gener ally such du ty mus t ar ise by oper ation of law and 
not by mer e agr eement of the par ti es . 
Th ree elemen ts of ever y tort action are : Exis tenc e of legal du ty from def endan t 
to plai nt iff, breach of du ty, and damage as proxim ate result. 
A legal wrong co mm itted up on the per so n or propert y in dependen t of con tract . It 
may be either (1) a dir ect inv asion of so me legal ri gh t of the ind ivi du al; (2) the 
inf raction of some publi c du ty by wh ich specia l da mage accr ues to the indi vid ual; 
(3) the violation of some private obligation by wh ich like damage accrues to the 
ind ivi du al. In the former case, no spec ial dam age is necessa ry to en title the pa rty 
to recove r. In the two latter cases, such da mage is necessa ry. A violation of a ri gh t 
in rem which plai ntif f has as agai nst all per sons with whom he comes in contac t or 
the violation of a ri ght wh ich is created by law and no t by any ac t of pa rties . 
Perso nal Tort. 
One in volving or co nsis ting in an in jur y to the person or to the repu tati on or 
feelings, as di sti ngu ishe d fro m an in jur y or damage to real or per sonal propert y, 
ca lled a "pr oper ty tort." (B lack's 4th ) 
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Trade Acceptance :
A draft or bill of exchange drawn by the se ller on the pur chas er of goods sold and
ac ce pted by such pur chaser. (B lack's 4th )
Transaction :
Act of trans acti ng or co nduc ti ng any busi ne ss ; nego tiat ion ; ma nagement;
proceed ing ; that which is done ; an affair . Some th ing wh ich has take n place,
wher eby a ca us e of acti on has ar isen . It mus t ther efo re consis t of an act or
agr eemen t, or seve ra l acts or agr eeme nts havi ng some co nn ecti on with each oth er,
in wh ich mor e th an one person is concer ned, and by wh ich the legal relations of
such per so ns between themse lves ar e altered .
A broader term th an "con tract." (B lack's 4th )
Transmitting Utility :
"Tr ansm itting uti lity" mea ns any per son prim ar ily engage d in the railroad , street
railway or trolley bus busi ness, the electri c or electronic s com mun ic at ions
transm is sion busi ness, the tran smis sion of goods by pip elin e, or the tran sm is sion or
the prod ucti on and tran sm ission of electri cit y, stea m, gas or water, or the provision
of sewer ser vic e . UCC 9-105(n) . The proper place to fi le in order to pe rfect a
secu rit y in terest in co llatera l of a tran sm itti ng uti lity is the offi ce of the Secr eta ry of
State . UC C 9-40 1(5 ) If the deb tor is a transm itting uti lity and a fi led fi nancing
state ment so states, it is effec tive un til a termi nation state ment is fi led. UCC 9-
403 (6) .
NO TE : We are all engage d in busi ness (c omm erce) . We all us e electri ci ty, water,
phone, sewe r, etc. ; by our usage we are engaged in these transmi ss ions dir ect ly.
The nam e in CAPI TAL LEITE RS is a "com mer cia l - tran sm itti ng uti lity" as it is the
ent ity wher eb y all co mmer ce, i.e., prese ntme nts, bills, appl ica tions, co urt actions,
eve ryth in g co mes to us the na tu ral flesh and blood peo ple acti ng as the authorized
represen tative of our comm ercia l transm itti ng uti lity (S traw -man) bei ng the fi ction
by wh ich all ac ti ons come to us and agai ns t us. NO TE : Your deb tor is a commercial
transm itti ng uti lity in that all co mmer ce and comm ercia l presentment s ar e mai led
or pass th rough to yo ur Deb tor!
Traverse :
In the language of plead ing, a trave rse sig nifies a den ial. Thus, wher e a def endan t
den ies an y ma terial allegation of fact in the plai ntiff 's declar at ion, he is sa id to
traver se it, and the plea itse lf is thenc e freq uently termed a "tr aver se ."
Treasury No te :
A note or bill issued by the treasu ry dep artment by the au thor ity of the Un ited
States go ve rn me nt, and cir cu lating as mone y. (B lack's 4th )
Treasury Securities :
Such as have been lawfully issued and ther eafter ha ve bee n bou gh t by corpor ation
for a consi der ation out of corpor ate fu nds or oth erwise acquir ed fro m owner s, and
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not reti red but placed as an as set of the cor por ation in it s treasu ry for futu re use as 
such . (B lack's 4th ) 
Trial : 
A judi cia l examin at ion, in ac co rdanc e with law of the land, of a ca us e, either ci vil or 
criminal, of the issues between the parties, whe th er of law or fact, before a co urt 
that has ju risd ic tion over it. Fo r pu rpose of determ ining such issu e. 
It in cludes all proceed ings fro m time when issue is joined, or , mor e usua lly, 
when pa rties ar e ca lled or try the ir case in co urt, to time of its fi nal determ in ati on. 
And in its stric t defin it ion, the wor d "tr ial" in criminal proced ure mea ns the 
proceed ings in open co urt after the plead ings ar e fi ni shed and the prose cut ion is 
oth erwis e ready, down to and inc luding the rendi tion of the ver d ic t. (B lack's 4th ) 
True Bill : 
practic e . These wor ds ar e endor sed on a bill of ind ic tm en t, when a gr and jur y, af ter 
havi ng hear d the wi tnesses for the go vern me nt, ar e of opin ion that ther e is 
suff icient ca use to put the de fendant on his tria l. Fo rmer ly, the end orse ment was 
Bella Ve ra, when legal proceed ings were in Lati n; it is sti ll the practic e to write on 
the back of the bill Ignor am us, when the jur y do not fi nd it to be a tru e bi ll. Vide 
Grand Jur y. (B ouvi er's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Trustee in Bankruptcy : 
A per son in whom the proper ty of a ba nkru pt is vested in trust for the cred ito rs . 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Unalienable : 
The state of a th ing or ri ght wh ich ca nnot be sold. 
2. Th ings which are no t in co mmer ce, as publi c roads, ar e in th eir natu re 
unali enable. Some th ings ar e unal ienable, in co ns eq uenc e of pa rticu lar provisions in 
the law forbidd ing th eir sa le or tra nsfer, as pe nsions gr an ted by the go vern ment. 
The natu ral rig hts of life and liberty ar e unali ena ble. (B ouvi er's 18 56 6th Ed .) 
Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) : 
One of the un iform laws dr afted by the Na ti ona l Conf erenc e of Co mm issioner s on 
Uni form State Laws and the Amer ic an Law Ins titut e go vern ing co mm ercial 
trans acti ons (in cluding sa les and leasi ng of goods, tra ns fer of fu nds, co mmer cia l 
pa per , ba nk de pos its and collections, letters of cred it, bulk tra nsfers, wa rehous e 
receip ts, bills of lading, in vestm ent secu rities, and secu red tra nsac tions) . The UC C 
has bee n ado pted in whole or su bstan tia lly by all sta tes . (B lack's 6th ) 
A code of laws go vern ing various co mmer cia l tra ns actions, including the sa le of 
go ods, ba nk ing trans actions, secu red trans actions in per so nal pr oper ty, and oth er 
mat ters, that was de signe d to br ing un ifor mity in these ar eas to the laws of the 
va ri ous states, and that has been adop ted, with some mod ific at ions, in all stat es, as 
we ll as in the Dis tri ct of Columb ia and in the Vir gin Isla nds. (B ar ron's 3rd) 
Un less di splac ed by the particu lar provisions of this cod e, the pr incipl es of law and 
eq uity, inc luding the law mer chan t and the law relative to ca paci ty to con tract, 
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principal and ag ent, estoppels, fraud, misr epr ese ntat ion, dur ess, coer ci on, mis ta ke, 
ban kru ptcy , or oth er va lida ti ng or in va lidati ng ca us e sha ll suppl ement its 
provisions. UCC 1- 103. 
Un ilateral Con tract : 
civi l law. When the pa rty to whom an engagemen t is made, mak es no express 
ag reement on his par t, the con tract is ca lled uni lateral, even in cases wher e the law 
attaches ce rtain obli gat ions to hi s ac cepta nce . Civ. Code of Lo . art. 17 58 . Code 
Nap. 11 03. A loan of mone y, and a loan for use, are of th is kind . Poth . ObI . pa rt 1, 
c. 1, s. 1, art. 2; Lee . Elemen . Sec . 78 1. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Un ited States : 
Th is term has sever a l me anin gs. It may be mer ely the name of a sover eign 
occu pyi ng the positi on ana logous to that of oth er sover eigns in fa mily of nations, it 
may de Sig na te territo ry over which sove reig nty of Un ited States extends, or it may 
be co llective name of the states wh ich are un ited by and un der the Cons titu tion . 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Un ited States of America: 
The republic who se organic law is the Co nstitu tion ado pted by the peo ple of the 
th irteen states that declar ed th eir ind ependenc e of the go ver nment of Great Brita in 
on the fourt h day of July, 17 76. If the nation comes down fro m its positi on of 
sove reig nty and ent ers the dom ain of comm erce, it subm its itse lf to the sa me laws 
of co mm erce that go vern indi vid uals ther ein . It as sumes the posit ion of ordinar y 
citizen an d it ca nno t reced e fro m the fu lfillment of its obli ga ti ons. (B ouvier's 3rd) 
Th e term is be lieved to have been copyr ig ht ed by the feder al corpor ation as we ll as 
the term 'Un ited States .' 
Un ited States No tes : 
Promis sory notes, resembling ba nk -notes, issued by the go vern ment of the Un ited 
Stat es . (B lack's 6th ) 
Un liquidated : 
No t asc ertained in am ou nt; not determine d; remaining un- as sessed or uns ettled; 
as un-liqu idat ed da mage s. 
A deb t is spok en of as "un-liqu id ated ," if the am oun t ther eof ca nno t be 
asce rtai ned at the trial by a mer e co mp utat ion, based on the terms of the 
obli gation or on some oth er ac cepted standar d. 
Under the law of ac cor d and sati sfacti on, a claim or deb t will be regar ded as un
liqui da ted if it is in di spu te as to the proper amount. 
A claim in ban krupt cy is "un -liqu id ated" un ti l fi nal fi xation of am ou nt of liabili ty. 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Valuable Consideration : 
con tracts . An eq uiva lent for a th ing pur chas ed . Vide Vi n. Ab . Co nsider at ion, B; 2 BI . 
Com . 29 7; Co nsider at ion . (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
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A class of co nsider ation up on wh ich a promis e may be foun ded , which en titles the 
prom isee to enfor ce his claim agai nst an un willing prom isor. Some ri gh t, in terest, 
profit, or ben efit accr uin g to one pa rty, or so me forbea ran ce, detri men t, loss, or 
responsi bility gi ven, suf fered , or un der ta ken by the oth er. A gain or loss to ei ther 
pa rty in who se favor the co ntract is made pa rts with a ri gh t which he migh t 
oth erwis e exer t. It need not be translatab le in to dollars and ce nts, but is suf ficient 
if it co nsis ts of per forma nce, or prom ise th ereof, which pr om isor treat s and 
co nsider s of va lue to him . It is no t essent ial that the per so n to whom the 
co nsider ati on mo ves should be ben efit ed , provi ded the per son fro m whom it mo ves 
is, in a legal sense, in jur ed . The in jur y may consis t of a co mpr om ise of a di sp uted 
claim or forbea ranc e to exer cise a legal ri gh t, the alteration in position being 
regar ded as a detri men t that forms a co nsider ation in dependent of the actu al va lue 
of the ri gh t forbor ne. 
The followi ng was sa id to be a va luable co nsider ati on : Extension of ti me for 
payment of an obliga tion . Re lease of propert y sub je ct to execut ion . Pre-exis ting 
debt. The dis ti nction betwee n a good and a valuable co nsider ation is that the 
former co nsis ts of blood, or of natu ral love and affecti on ; as when a man gr ant s an 
estate to a nea r relative fro m mo tives of gener osit y, prude nce, and natu ral du ty ; 
and the lat ter co nsis ts of such a co nsider ation as mo ney, mar ri age wh ich is to 
follow, or the like, wh ich the law esteems an eq uiva lent gi ve n for the gr ant. 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Valuation : 
The act of ascert aining the wor th of a th ing . The esti mated wor th of a th ing . 
"V alua tio n" of itself do es no t levy tax up on per son or propert y, but is ne cessa ry 
ste p preliminar y th ereto . (B lack's 4th ) 
Value : 
The ut ility of an obje ct in satis fying, dir ectly or indir ectly, the needs or de sir es of 
human be in gs, ca lled by economis ts "v alue in us e;" or its wor th co nsis ti ng in the 
power of pur chasi ng oth er obje cts , ca lled "va lue in exc ha ng e." Also the esti ma ted 
or ap prai sed wort h of any objec t or proper ty, ca lculated in mone y. 
Any co nsider ation suf ficient to supp ort a sim ple co ntract . 
The term is ofte n us ed as an abbr evia tion for "v aluable co nsider atio n," espec ially 
in the phr ases "pur chas er for va lue, " "h older for va lue," etc . (B lack's 4th ) 
A per son gi ves "v alue" for rig hts if he or she ac quir es th em . UCC 1-2 01( 44) . (a) 
An ins tru ment is issued or tra nsfer red for va lue if any of the follow ing ap ply : (3) 
The ins tru ment is issued or tra nsfe rred as secu rit y for, an an tecedent claim agai nst 
any per son . UCC 3-303(a )(3) 
Vendee : 
A pur chaser or buyer; one to whom any thing is sold . Gener ally us ed of the 
pur chas er of real prop erty, one who ac quir es chat tels by sa le be ing ca lled a 
"b uyer " . (B lack's 4th ) 
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Vendor : 
The per son who tra nsfe rs proper ty by sa le, par ticu larly rea l estate , "sel ler" being 
mor e co mmonl y us ed for one who se lls per son ally. The latter may, ho weve r, wi th 
en ti re prop ri ety, be termed a vendor. A mer ch ant; a reta il de aler; some ti mes, one 
who buy s to se ll 
One who neg otiates the sa le, and beco mes the reci pient of the co nsider ati on, 
th ough the title co mes to the ve ndee fro m an oth er sou rce, and no t fro m the 
vendor. (B lack's 4th ) 
Vessel : 
Tho ugh, the term "v ess el," in ad mir alty law, is not lim ited to ship s or vesse ls 
enga ged in co mmer ce . (B lack's 6th ) 
Pu blic Ves sel - One owned and us ed by a nat ion or go vern ment for its publi c 
service, whether in its nav y, its reve nue ser vice, or oth erwi se . (B lack's 4th ) 
U. S. CODE - TI TLE 18 - PART I - CHAP TER 1 § 9 - Vesse l of the Un ited States 
def in ed ; mea ns a vesse l belonging in whole or in par t to the Un ited Stat es, or an y 
citizen the reof, or any cor po rati on creat ed by or under the law s of the Un ited 
Stat es, or of an y State, Territo ry, Dis trict, or posses sion ther eof. 
Voucher : 
A rece ip t, aqu itta ls, or release, wh ich may ser ve as evidenc e of payment or 
di schar ge of a deb t, or to certif y the co rrectness of acc ou nts. An acc ou nt-book 
cont aining the acq u itta ls or recei pts showi ng the acc ou ntan t's di sch ar ge of his 
oblig at ions. When used in co nne ction wi th di sbur sement of mone y, a wr itten or 
prin ted ins tru ment in the natu re of a bill of par ticu lars, ac cou nt, rece ip t, or 
acq uitta nce, that sho ws on its face the fact, au thor ity, and pu rpose of 
di sbu rsement. (B lack's 4th ) 
ac co un ts . An ac coun t book in wh ich ar e ent ered the acq uitta ls, or wa rra nts fo r the 
acc ou nta nt's di sch ar ge. It also sig nif ies an y acq uitta nc e or rece ip t, which is 
evidenc e of payment, or of the deb tor's being dis char ged . See 3 Ha ist. 299 . 
(B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Warehouseman : 
A "war ehous eman" is a per so n enga ged in the busi ness of sto ri ng goods for hir e. 
UCC 7-10 2(h) 
Warehouse Receipt : 
A rece ip t gi ven by a wa rehous eman for goods received by him on sto rage in hi s 
wa rehous e. It is evidenc e of title to go ods ther eby represe nted . (B lack's 4th ) 
A war ehous e rece ip t or oth er docu men t of title is nego tiable (a) If by its terms, the 
goods are to be deliver ed to bea rer or to the order of a na med per son; or (b) 
Wher e recogn iz ed in over seas trade, if it ru ns to a na med per son or ass igns. UC C 
7-10 4( 1) 
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Warrant : 
V. In con tra cts . To engage or prom ise that a certa in fact or state of facts , in 
relation to the sub jec t-mat ter, is, or sha ll be, as it is represe nted to be . 
In con veya nces . To as sur e the title to proper ty sold, by an expr ess cove nan t to that 
effect in the deed of co nveya nc e. To sti pulate by an expr ess cove nan t that the title 
of a gr ant ee sha ll be go od, and hi s possess ion und is turbed . 
n. 1. A writ or precept fro m a co m petent au thor ity in pur suanc e of law, dir ecting 
the doing of an act, and addr essed to an offi cer or per son co mpete nt to do the ac t, 
an d affo rding him protec tion fro m dam age, if he does it. 
2. Pa rticu larly, a wr it or precept issu ed by a magis trate , jus tice, or oth er com pete nt 
au thor ity, addr essed to a she riff , co nstable, or oth er offi ce r, req uir ing him to ar rest 
the body of a per so n ther ein named, and br ing him before the magi strat e or co urt, 
to ans wer , or to be examin ed, touching some offens e wh ich he is char ged with 
havi ng co mm itted . 
3. An order by wh ich the drawer au th orizes one per son to pay a par ticu lar su m of 
money. 
4. An au thor ity issued to a co llecto r of taxes, em power i ng him to co llect the taxes 
extended on the as ses sment roll, and to mak e dis tress and sa le of goods or land in 
default of payment. 
5. A co mmand of a cou nci l, boa rd, or official wh ose du ty it is to pass up on the 
va lidity and de term ine the amoun t of a claim agai ns t the muni cip a lity, to the 
trea sur er to pay mone y out of any fi nds in the mu ni cip a l treasu ry, which ar e or may 
beco me availa ble for the pu rpose specif ied , to a des igna ted per son who se claim 
ther efo re has been duly adju sted and allowed . 
A "wa rra nt" di ffers fro m a "b ond" in that a bond is a "ne go tia ble ins tru me nt" , 
wher eas a wa rra nt is non- nego tiable and is su bjec t at all times to the def ens es it 
wo uld be wer e it in the hands of the original pay ee, wh ich is not the case with a 
nego tiable bond . (B lack's 4th ) 
Warrant : 
crim. law, Prac tice . A writ issued by a jus tice of the peac e or oth er au thor ized 
offi ce r, dir ected to a con sta ble or oth er proper per so n, req uir ing him to ar rest a 
per so n ther ein na med, char ge d with co mm itti ng some offen ce, and to br ing him 
before that or some other jus tice of the peac e . 
2. It shou ld reg ular ly be made un der the hand and sea l of the jus tice and dat ed . 
No wa rra nt ough t to be issued exce pt up on the oath or affir mation of a witn ess 
cha rging the de fendan t wi th , the offenc e. 3 Bi nn. Re p. 88 . 
3. The reprehensible pr actic e of issu ing blank wa rra nts which onc e preva iled in 
England, was ne ver adop ted her e. 2 Russ . on Cr. 51 2; Ld . Raym . 546 ; 1 Sa lk. 175; 
1 H. BI . R. 13; Doct . PI . 529 ; Wood 's In st . 84 ; Co m. Dig . Fo rcible Entr y, D 18, 19; 
Id . Impr is onmen t, H 6, ; Id . Pleader , 3 K 26; Id . Pleader , 3 M 23. Vide Sear ch 
wa rrant. 
4. A bench wa rra nt is a process gr ant ed by a co urt au thor izing a proper offi cer 
to appr ehend and bring before it some on char ged with some cont em pt, cri me or 
mi sd emeanor. See Be nch wa rran t. 
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5. A sea rch wa rrant is a process issue d by a com pete nt co urt or offi cer 
au thor izing an offi cer ther ein na med or de scr ib ed, to examin e a hous e or oth er 
place for the pu rpose of fi nding go ods wh ich it is alleged have been stolen . See 
Sea rch wa rrant. (B ouvi er's 185 6 6th Ed .) 
warranty : 
A promise that a proposition of fact is true. (B lack's 4th ) 
contr acts . Th is wor d has sever a l sign if ic ations, as it is appli ed to the conve yanc e 
and sa le of lands, to the sa le of goods, and to the con tract of in sur an ce . 
2. -1. The anc ient law relating to wa rra nties of land was fu ll of su btleties and 
in trica cies; it occu pied the attention of the mo st emin ent writ ers on the Eng lish law, 
and it was decla red by Lord Coke, that the learning of wa rran ties was one of the 
mo st cu rious and cu nnin g learning' s of the law; but it is now of little use eve n in 
England . The wa rra nty was a cove nan t rea l, wher eby the gr ant or of an estate of 
freehold, and hi s heir s, wer e bo und to wa rra nt the tit le; and either up on vo ucher , 
or ju dg ment in, a writ of wa rran tia cha rtae, to yield oth er lands to the va lue of 
those fro m wh ich th ere had been an eviction by par amoun t title Co . Lit t. 365 ; 
Touchs t. ; 181 Bac. Ab . h. t. ; the heir of the wa rra nto r was bo un d only on co nd ition 
that he had, as as sets, oth er lands of eq ual va lue by de scent. 
3. War ra nties wer e linea l and co llateral. 
4. Linea l, when the heir der ived title to the land wa rran ted, either fro m or 
th rough the an cesto r who made the wa rra nty. 
5. Co llatera l wa rra nty was when the heir 's title was not der ived fro m the 
wa rran ting an ces tor, and yet it ba rred the heir fro m claiming the land by any 
co llatera l title, up on the presump tion that he migh t ther eaf ter have as sets by 
desce nt fro m or thr ou gh the anc estor; and it imposed up on him the obliga tion of 
gi ving the wa rra ntee oth er lands, in case of evic ti on, prov ided he had as sets . 2 BI . 
Com . 301, 302. 
6. The statut e of 4 An ne, c. 16, annull ed these co llateral wa rra ntees, which bid 
beco me a gr eat gr ieva nce. Wa rra nty in its or ig inal form , it is presu med, has never 
bee n known in the Un ited Stat es. The mor e plain and pliab le form of a cov enan t 
has been ado pted in its place and th is cov ena nt, like all oth er cove na nts, has 
always bee n held to so und in dama ges wh ich afte r judg ment may be recovered out 
of the per so nal or real esta te, as in oth er cases . Vide 4 Kent, Com . 457 ; 3 Ra wle's 
R. 67, n.; 2 Wh eat. R. 45; 9 Ser g o & Ra wle, 268 ; 11 Ser g o & Rawle, 109; 4 Da ll. 
Rep. 442 ; 2 Saund . 38, n. 5. 
7.-2. Wa rra nties in relation, to the sale of per so nal ch attels are of two kinds, 
expr ess or impli ed. 
8. An expr ess wa rra nty is one by which the wa rra ntor cove na nts or un der ta kes 
to insur e that the th ing wh ich is the sub ject of th e. con tra ct, is or is no t as th ere 
ment ione d ; as, that a hor se is sou nd ; that he is no t five yea rs old. 
9. An impl ied wa rra nty is one wh ich, no t be ing expr essly made, the law impl ies 
by the fact of the sa le; for exa mple, the seller is, un der stood to wa rra nt the title of 
goods be se lls, when they are in hi s possess ion at the ti me of the sa le; Ld . Raym. 
593 ; 1 Sa lk .. 210; bu t if they ar e not then in hi s possess ion, the ru le of caveat 
em pto r appl ies, and the buyer pur chas es at his ri sk. Cro . Jac. 197. 
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10. In gener al ther e is no impl ied wa rra nty of the quali ty of the go ods so ld. 2 
Kent, Co m. 374 ; Co . Ut t. 10 2, a; 2 Black Co mm. 452; Ba c. Abr. Action on the ca se 
E; 2 Co m. Co ntr. 263 ; Doug l. 20; 2 Eas t, 31 4; Id . 448, n.; Ross on Vend . c. 6; 1 
Johns. R. 274 ; 4 Co nn. R. 428 ; 1 Dall. Rep. 91; 10 Mas s. R. 197; 20 Johns. Rep ., 
196 ; 3 Yeates, R. 262 ; 1 Pet . Rep. 31 7; 12 Ser g o & Rawle, 18 1; 1 Har d. Kent. Re p. 
53 1; 1 Mur phy, Rep. 13 8; 2 Id . 245 ; 4 Hay wood 's Term . R. 227 ; 2 Ca in es' Rep. 48 . 
The ru le of the civi l law was, that a fa ir pr ice impl ied a wa rra nty of title ; Dig . 21, 2, 
1; th is ru le, has been ado pted in Lou isiana ; Cod e, art. 247 7; and in South 
Ca rolina . 1 Bay, R. 32 4; 2 Bay, R. 380 1 Cons t. R. 182; 2 Const. R. 353. Vide Har r. 
Dig . Sale, II. 8; 12 Eas t, R. 452. 
11 .-3. In the contr act of in sur an ce, ther e ar e ce rta in wa rra nties wh ich ar e 
induc eme nts to the insur er to en ter in to it. A wa rran ty of this ki nd is a sti pu lation or 
agr eement on the par t of the insu red, in the natu re of a co nd ition preced ent. It 
may be affi rmativ e ; as wher e the insur ed un dert ak es for the truth of some posit ive 
allegati on : as, that the th ing insur ed is neut ral proper ty : or , it may be promis sor y; 
as, that the ship sha ll sa il on or before a gi ven day. 6 N. S. 53 . 
12. Wa rran ties ar e also expr ess or impli ed . An expr ess wa rra nty is a particu lar 
sti pu lation in troduc ed int o the writ ten contr act, by the agr eement of the pa rties ; an 
impl ied wa rra nty is an agr eement wh ich necessa ri ly resu lts fro m the natu re of the 
contr act : as, that the ship sh all be seaworthy when she sa ils on the voya ge insur ed . 
13. The wa rra nty be ing in the natu re of a co nd it ion precede nt, it is to be 
per formed by the insur ed , before he ca n demand the pe rformanc e of the contr act 
on the part of the insur er. Mar sh . In st . B. 1, C. 9. See, gener ally, Bo uv. In st. Inde x, 
h. t. (B ouvier 's 1856 6th Ed .) 
Wholesale : 
Selling to reta ilers or jobber s ra th er th an to consu mer s. A sa le in large qua ntit y to 
one who in tends to resell. A sa le of goods by the pi ece or in large qua ntities . 
(B lack's 4th ) 
Writ : 
A precept in wr iti ng, couched in the form of a letter, ru nning in the name of the 
king, pres iden t, or stat e, issu ing fro m a cou rt of jus tice, and sealed with its sea l, 
addr essed to a she rif f or oth er officer of the law, or dir ectly to the per son who se 
acti on the cou rt desi res to co mmand, either as the co mm enc emen t of a su it or 
oth er proce ed ing or as inciden ta l to it s progr ess, and req uirin g the per formanc e of a 
specified act, or gi ving author ity and co mm ission to hav e it done . 
A mand atory precept is su ing fro m a co urt of ju stice . (Black's 4th ) 
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The Pas t is the no w the Future 
80+ Ye ar Old Qu ote Br in gs 'Sho ck and Aw e' 
Qu oted fro m a me eti n g, its har d to bel ie ve ho w a co nver sa tion made ove r 80 yea rs ag o ca n 
be dead-on to the me thods that ar e bei ng dic us sed for us e In tod ay' s soci ety Edwa rd 
Mandell Hous made the co nver sation belo w to Wood row Wils on while Wils on was Pr esident 
of the US A bet ween 19 13- 1 921. With to da y;s soci ety de alin g with sec ur it y and possi ble us e 
of fi n ger pr i nt s and DNA to mai nt ain order In ter nal ly, the words of Edwa rd mandell Hous e 
then, wo uld mak e him a pr ofi t eq ual to many sCienc e fi ction wr iter s of his ti me. 
"[ Ve ry] so on, eve ry Amer ic a n wi ll be req uir ed to regis te r thei r 
biolo gic al pr opert y In a Na tional sy ste m desi gn ed to ke ep track of 
the pe ople and that wi ll op erat e un der the an Cient syste m of 
ple dgin g By such me thod ol ogy, we ca n co mp el peo ple to su bmi t 
to our agenda , whic h wi ll affect our secu ri ty as a ch ar geb ack fo r 
our fi at pa per cu rrenc y Eve ry Am eric a n wi ll be forced to reg is te r 
or suf fe r no t bei ng ab le to wor k and ea rn a li ving They wi ll be 
our chat tel, an d we will hold the secu rit y In ter est ov er them 
forev er, by oper ati on of the law mer ch an t un der sc heme of 
secu red tra nsac ti ons Amer ic a ns, by un know gln gly or un wit ti ngly 
del iver in g the bills of la din g to us will be render ed ban kru pt and 
In sove nt, fo reve r to re ma in ec onom ic sl aves th roug h ta xati on, 
se cu red by th eir pledges. Th ey wi ll be stri pp ed of th eir ri g ht s and 
gi ve n a co mm er ci al va lu e desig ne d to mak e us a pr ofi t and they 
wi ll be non the Wis er , for no t one man In a milli on co uld eve r 
fi gur e It ou t, we ha ve In our ar sena l pla usi ble dema bil it y Afte r all, 
th is IS the only lo gic al way to fu nd go vern me nt, by fl oati ng li ens 
and deb t to th e reg istr a nt s In the fo rm of ben efi ts and pr lv ellg es . 
Th is wi ll in ev it ab ly reap to us hu ge pr ofi ts beyo nd our wi l des t 
exp ecta ti ons and le ave eve ry Am eric a n a co ntr i but or to th is fra ud 
whic h we wi ll ca ll 'S oci al Insur anc e ' Wi thout real izing It , eve ry 
Amer ic an wi ll In su re us for any lo ss we may In cu r and In th is 
man ner; eve ry Amer ican wi ll unk nowi ngly be our ser va nt, 
ho weve r beg ru dgi ngly The pe ople wi ll bec ome helple ss and 
wi thout an y hope fo r thei r redemp ti on and, we wi ll em plo y th e 
high offi ce of the Pr esiden t of our dumm y co rpo rati on to fo ment 
th is plo t ag ai ns t Amer ic a " 
****************** ***************** ***************** 
KIND OF SHO CK ING? Th e que sti on to ask IS; IS th is true? From th e con text of the aut hor , 
no! The real au thor was known as 'QU I Ta m' , a legal resea rcher then li vm g I n Wyom in g In 
2002 . As he sa id, "Th iS IS what they ar e dOl n g "l So read it a g ain 3 to 5 ti mes. And if you 
do no t bel ive it. .. pr ove it wr on g I 
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REVISED ARTICLE 9
Summarv of the Un iform Commer cial Code
Revi sed Ar ticle 9
Last upda ted Wed nesday, November 20, 2002
H. Bruce Bernste in
Gener al Cou nsel ,
Commer cial Fina nce Assoc iation ; and
Partner, Sid ley & Aus tin
For over eight years, Article 9 of the UCC has under gone a comprehens ive review, revision and all
around spruce up. The Article 9 Drafting Comm ittee, which was estab li shed in 19 92 jOintly by the National
Co nference of Comm issioner s on Un iform State Laws (NCCU SL) and the Amer ican Law In stitute (AL I),
met fifteen times si nce 19 93 (each sess ion stretching over several day s). CF A attended and actively
partici pated in all but one of these sessions.
The Drafting Comm ittee consider ed and accepted virtually all of the im portant chan ges to Article 9 which
CF A requested be made in CF A's orig inal memor anda to the Article 9 Study Comm ittee in 19 90 and
19 91 . Our sugge sted chang es were few in numb er and were di rected at simpli fyi ng the filing
requir emen ts, enh ancing the scope of Article 9 to cover cu rrently exclud ed colla teral types (lik e de posit
acco un ts, which are exclud ed in all but a small handful of states), making Article 9 mor e inclusi ve for
facto rs, com mercial paper condu its and other entities tha t purchase certain categories of paym en t
in tangib les in tran sactions tha t are not now covered by the Code , clari fying prio rities for holder s of
purchase money secu rity in terests, elimin ati ng the confusion created by existi ng restricti ons on tracing
colla teral proceeds after ban kruptcy, and other wise fine tu ning a statute that has func tioned beauti fully
si nce the late 19 50s'.
The dr afting process has been comple ted ; revised Article 9 (the "R evisi on") was approved by the ALI in
May of 19 98 and by NC CUSL in July of 19 98. The Revision , together with the Official Commen ts, is now
being subm itted to the state legisla tur es for ena ctmen t as soon as possible. As of October 1, 19 99, the
Revision had been adopted in 7 states and in trod uced, but not yet ena cted, in 15 other jur isdic tions. See
Enactment by States Will it be effective in any state this year? Will it be effective any wh ere ne xt year?
Qu ite sim ply --no. In orde r to redu ce problems dur ing the transition period while the Revis ion is being
adopted in some states and old Article 9 remains the law in other s, the Revision provides for an effective
da te of Ju ly 1, 2001 . See Revision § 9-701. This leng thy delay permits the Revision to take effect at the
same time in all the states tha t ena ct it before July 1, 2001 . This is a good idea, and the states wher e the
Revi sion has been in trod uced and /o r ena cted ha ve all accepted the conc ept of a dela yed effective da te.
Unfortu na tely for us old Article 9 junkies, the Revis ion reflects a sub stantial reorgan ization of Article 9 and
a renumb ering of most sections. To ma ke it easier to use, ho wever, the Revision in corporates su bsection
captions and cross-reference tab les. The chan ges made to existi ng Article 9 are quite nume rous, but,
except in a few specific in stanc es, they are no t particul arly dr astic . For the most part, they mo dernize and
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resolve ambigu ities which appeared in the case law si nce 19 72, the last time Article 9 was 
com prehen sively revised . The gener al areas changed include (i) scope of coverage of Article 9; (ii) 
perfection by filing and by methods other than fi ling; (iii) cho ice of law; (i v) prior ities; and (v) post-default 
enfor cement. See generally Revision § 9-101 , Official Comment #4. We'll add ress these areas one at 
a time. 
Wh at will revised Article 9 cover tha t it doesn't cover today? Wh at types of col lateral will be included tha t 
today are exclud ed? Most sign ificantly for secu red lender s, Article 9 wi ll now apply to (i) sales of paym ent 
int ang ibles and prom issor y notes (only sales of accou nts and cha ttel paper are inclu ded today) ; See 
Revision § 9-109(a)(3) (ii) secu rity inte rests in he alth-car e in su rance receivables (no in terests in 
insur ance pol icies of any kind, except cas ual ty insur anc e proceeds, are in cl uded tod ay); See Revision § 
9-109(a)(1), (a)(3), (d)(8) (iii) secu rity in terests in de posit acco un ts as orig inal col late ral (wh ich, as I 
mentioned , are exclud ed today in all but a very few states); See Revision § 9-109(d)(1 3) and (iv) 
secu rity in terests in com mercial tort claims (wh ich are not includ ed today) .See Revision § 9-109(d)(12). 
Also to be includ ed under Article 9's umbr ella are non- possesso ry, statutory agricul tur al liens See 
Revision §§ 9-102(a)(5); 9-109(a)(2) (some thought was given to including all statuto ry liens, but the idea 
was late r aban doned as being overly ambi tious and possibly creati ng dif ficult cir cular ity of lien issues) , all 
forms of co nsig nme nt, See Revision § 9-104(a)(4) certain claims agai ns t governmen tal uni ts, See 
Revision § 9-109(c)(2)-(3) and guaranties and letter of credit payment right s tha t support the paym ent or 
performance of other colla teral such as account s and chatte l paper. See Revision §§ 9-102(a)(77); 9-
102, Official Commen t #5f, 9-308(d) . Also includ ed will be embedded software, which will be deemed part 
of the goods in which the software is em bedded . See Revision §§ 9-102(a)(44); 9-109(a)(1). If, ho wever, 
the software mai ntains its in dependent status, it will be treated as a gener al in tangible. See Revision § 9-
102(a)(42). Retu rning to deposit acco un ts as original colla teral, inclusion wi ll be lim ited to no n-consumer 
deposit acco un ts See Revision § 9-109(d)(12) and filing will be elimina ted as a means of perfection. See 
Revision § 9-312(b)(1). In stead , perfection will be obtained only th rough "contr ol" over the deposit 
acco un t, a conc ept we'll review later when we take up the sub ject of perfection in mor e det ail. See 
Revision §§ 9-203(b)(3)(D); 9-312(b)(1). 
With respect to com mercial tort cla ims, a secu rity in terest will not attach un less the tort claim exists See 
Revision § 9-204(b)(2) and is specif ically described in the secu rity agreement. See Revision § 9-
108(e)(1). (Specific descri ption in the secu rity agreement will not, ho wever, be ne cessar y for other types 
of colla teral --bu t more about tha t later.) Personal in jur y clai ms will con tinue to be excluded from Article 9 
un til they are settled and become contr actual in na ture, as with struc tur ed settlemen ts. See Revision §§ 
9-109(d)(12); 9- 109, Official Commen t #15. On ce the in jur y claim is trans formed in to a co nt ractual claim , 
it can ther eafter be sold or pledged un der Article 9 un less other state law prohi bit s the aSSignm ent. See 
Revision §§ 9-109(a)(3); 9-109, Official Comm ent #1 5. 
Let's go back to health -care receivables for a mom ent. Wh at are they? The Revision defines them as 
in terests in or claims un der a pol icy of insur ance evide ncing a right to the payment of mone y for providing 
health-c are goods or services. See Revision § 9-102(a)(46). In cluding health-c are receivab les in Article 9 
will permit health -care provider s to lump insur ance receivables with other acco un ts in a singl e package 
and fina nce the whole th ing under Article 9. See Revision § 9-109(a)(1), (3). This change will also al low 
healthcar e provi der s to take aSSignmen ts of insur ance claims from their patie nts and be perfected 
autom atical ly, without the ne ed to file any th ing --a very help fu l amendmen t. See Revision §§ 9-309(5); 
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9-309, Official Comment #5. 
Let's briefly retu rn to the sale of paym ent int an gibl es and promis sory notes . How do you incl ude sales of 
them in Article 9 (which the entir e secu ritiza tion indus try wants done to clear up some sign ificant "true 
sale" issues in the legal opin ions the rating agencies and acco un tants request), and not ha ve such an 
in clusion result in financing statements being requir ed to be filed every time a lender sells a loan 
partici pation (which is a payment in tan gible}S ee Revision § 9-102(a)(61) to ano ther lender ? As we know, 
to perfect a sale of accou nts under the exis ti ng Co de, a financing statemen t is requi red to be filed . See 
Current § 9-302(1). The same is true with respect to cha ttel paper unle ss you take possession of the 
paper. See Current §§ 9-302(1)(a); 9-305. Well, the solution proposed is really qu ite ingen ious. Fi rst, 
un der the Revis ion the definition of "acco un ts" wi ll be expanded to in corporate virtually all rights to 
payment except property cons tituti ng a "p aym ent in tangib le ," which is so nar rowly dr awn as to arguably 
in clude only inter ests in loans. See Revision § 9-102(a)(2), (61). Perfection of a sale of "acc ou nts " (as 
newly defined) wi ll sti ll requir e a fi ling, See Revision § 9-31 0(a) while perfection of a sale of paymen t 
in tan gibles (and prom issory notes) will be automa tic -- no filing will be requir ed. See Revision §§ 9-
309(3)-(4); 9-310(b)(2). This will al low the secu ritiz ation in dus try file to perfect the sale of acco un ts and all 
the in tangibl es su rrou nding the acco un ts that are sold to the SPY's and condui ts, while not placing a filing 
bur den on the loan partiC ipation mar ket. It's an ingenious resolution to a dif ficul t problem , and it should 
work. 
Enough about the expanded scope of Article 9. Let me now touch briefly on the attachmen t of the secu rity 
in terest before we move on to perfection. Not mu ch wi ll change when it comes to attachment. You will still 
ne ed wha t you al ways needed --value going to the deb tor, agreement of the deb tor that the secu rity 
in terest attach , and the deb tor having rights in the col lateral. See Revision § 9-203(b). Wh at is new is 
tha t the secu rity agreement will not need to be physica lly signed by the deb tor, nor wi ll it ha ve to exis t on 
paper. See Revision §§ 9-102(a)(7); 9-203(b)(3)(A). It wi ll, ho wever, need to be some th ing which you'll 
hear often under the Revision --namely an "a uthentica ted record ." A "r ecord" is defined as "in formation 
tha t is in scribed on a tangible medium (Le., paper) or which is stored in an electroni c or other medium and 
is retrievable in perceivable form ." Revision § 9-1 02(a}(69} (em phasis added ). Examp les of cu rrent 
techno log ies tha t would quali fy as a "r ecord " include magne tic media, optical di scs , digi tal voice message 
systems, electronic mail, audio tapes and pho tographic media. See Revision § 9-102, Official Comment 
#9a. 
So that's a "r ecord " --how is a record "authentic ated ?" If it's paper, it's phy si cally signed. See Revision § 
9-102(a)(7)(A). If it's some oth er form of record , the Revision provides that it is authent icated when the 
authentic ator encr ypts or simi larly processes the record with the present in tenti on of both ide ntifyi ng the 
authe nticato r and adop ting or agreeing to the record . See Revision § 9-1 02(a)(7)(8). The pu rpose of this 
expansion of existi ng Article 9's conc epts of a "writi ng" and of "Signed" is obvious --new Article 9 is 
in tended to be medium neutr al. The parties don't need paper, but they sti ll need to demons trate in some 
di scernab le, retriev able form , that they in tend to take the action the record pu rports to evidenc e . The 
Revision merely reflects the reali ty of our time --people make agreements , ini tia te filings and other wise 
commun icate in media oth er than paper, and the commer cial laws tha t govern the ir actions should be 
moder niz ed to reflect tha t re al ity. See Revision § 9-102, Official Comment #9. More on electroni c 
records later. Let's move now from attach men t to perfection. 
How wi ll a secu rity in terest which has attached (Le., tha t is en forceab le agai nst the debtor) be perfected 
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(i. e., be en forceable agains t thir d parties, including bankrup tcy trus tees)? Again, basic con cepts are not
chang ed, but some existi ng proced ures are. In essence, ther e are sti ll two ways to perfect --eith er by
filing a financi ng statement or by taking actual or con struc tive possess ion of the colla teral . Revision § 9-
31 0. (Per fection in some lim ited ins tances can be autom atic --lik e perfection of sales of payment
in tangib les and secu rity in terests in supporting obli gations, but for the most part, fi ling or "p osses sion" wi ll
sti ll be ne cessar y.) See id. But wher e and wha t you fi le, and how you take possess ion are changed to
simpli fy the process , to resolve some cu rrent prob lems and to reflect mo der n techn ology.
Fi rst --filing. Wha t's new with UCC-1 financi ng statemen ts? Maybe the most sign ificant change in the
formal requisi tes for a UCC-1 (and maybe one of the most sign ificant chang es ove rall) is tha t the deb tor's
sig natu re will no longer be requir ed on the financing statement. See Re vision § 9-502(a). This change is
in tended to facil itate electronic filing. See Revision § 9-502, Official Comment #3. Author ization for filing
by the secu red party wi ll, in most cases, be cont ained in the secu rity agreement, and authoriz ation wi ll be
automa tic to the extent the col late ral des cribed in the UCC- 1 is coextensi ve with the colla teral covered by
an other wise authe ntica ted security agreemen t. See Revision § 9-509(b). If the tr an saction in volves the
pre-filing of UCC -1's, the secur ed party will ha ve to obtain in dependent authori zati on. Under the Revision
it will make no di fference tha t actually makes the filing. All tha t is import ant is tha t the party maki ng the
filing has been author ized to do so. See Revision §§ 9-509; 9-510. The deb tor's authoriz ation is requir ed
for the filing of the ini tial fin anci ng statement and for any amendmen t that adds colla teral . See Revision §
9-509(a). Only the secu red party's authoriz ation is requir ed for other amendmen ts, lik e name and addr ess
changes . See Revision § 9-509(d)(1). If the secu red party is requir ed to term ina te a filing (i.e., because
the secur ed deb t is paid or because it neve r existed in the fi rst place) and fai ls to do so, the debtor ha s
certain lim ited rights to do so. See Revision § 9-509(d)(2). (This right is restricted but was thought
necessar y to protect deb tors agai nst secu red parties tha t had gone out of busi ne ss and agai nst rad icals
in some parts of the cou ntr y who file UCC -1's agains t publi c fig ures for personal or pol itical revenge.)
Oth er changes in formal requisi tes for the UCC- 1 in clude the ab ili ty to use a super -generic descrip tion of
the colla teral such as "all assets of the deb tor now owned and he reafter acquir ed ", assuming of cou rse
tha t this desc ription accu rately describ es the deal between the deb tor and the secu red party. See
Revision §§ 9-108; 9-504(2). This represent s a 18 0 degr ee change from existi ng law appl icable to
financing statemen t descrip tions. But the use of gener ic descrip tions does not extend to the secu rity
agreement, which sti ll mu st describe the colla teral by item or type, and be even mor e precise when the
col lateral is a com mercial tort claim or the transac tion in volves a con sumer and the col lateral is con sumer
goods or certai n types of in vestmen t property. See Revision §§ 9-1 08(e); 9-203(b)(3)(A).
Before leaving the topic of filing, you should also kno w tha t the Revis ion (Part 5) cont ains several new
provisions governing the oper ations of filing offices, wher e it was felt tha t filing officer s ha ve become too
in dependen t in their adoption of so-called lo cal rules which someti mes resu lted in other wise legally
sufficient filings being rejected . The Revision sets forth only a very few reasons for rejecting a filing such
as tenderi ng an in suf ficient filing fee or communi cati ng the UCC- 1 or other record to the filing office by a
medium not author ized by the office . See Revision §§ 9-516; 9-520.
Filing offices will also be requir ed to link all records received after the original filing (such as assig nme nts
and contin uation statements) to the in itial financing statement they relate to. See Revision § 9-51 9(c)-(e).
Ano ther change proh ib its a filing office from de leti ng a financi ng statement and related records from the
fi les no earlier than one year after lapse and even then only if a con tinua tion statement hasn't been filed.
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See Revision §§ 9-515; 9-51 9(g); 9-522. This will help both to elimi na te filing office di scretion and to
ease problems associated with mul tiple secu red parties and mul tiple partial assignm ents. See Revision
§§ 9-519; 9-520. Finally, the Revis ion (i) provides for the promulg ation of filing office rule s de aling with
min isterial det ails best left out of the statute See Revision § 9-526 and (ii) manda tes periodic reports tha t
should le ad to a har monizing of the fi ling and search rules thr oug hout the Uni ted States. See Revision §
9-527.
So that's what's new with respect to the form al requis ites of the UCC -1. Wher e you will be requir ed to file
the UCC- 1 is a topic we'll get to in a mom ent after we briefly explor e the second method of perfection,
which is possess ion. Earlier, when di scus sing deposit acco un ts as a category of original colla teral
covered by the Revis ion , I stated tha t perfection was possible only th rough "contr ol ." This is a concep t
borrowed from revised Article 8 of the UCC deal ing with in vestmen t property. Contr ol, which is a form of
construc tive posses sion , will now be im ported in to Article 9 to deal no t only with in vestm ent property
(which was accomp lished in the 19 94 Revisions of Article 9), See Revision § 9-106 but also with deposit
accoun ts, See Revision § 9-104 rights to payment un der letters of credit. See Revision § 9-10 7 and
"ele ctronic cha ttel paper" (Le. cha ttel paper that isn't on paper).See Revision § 9-105. To perfect in a
dep osit account, other than as proceeds of other colla teral, the secu red party mu st get the de posito ry
bank's agreemen t to act on the secu red party's ins truct ions (Le. , get a blo cked acco unt agreement) ,
beco me the bank's cus tomer with respect to the account or actually be the depositor y ban k. See
Revision § 9-104 If you do get a typical blo cked acco un t agreement, how ever, you 'll kno w that you're
perfected in the bank acco un t. See Revision § 9-104(a). Co ntrol over rights to payment under UC 's
occu rs when the UC issuer conse nts to the assignme nt of proceeds . See Revision § 9-107. (As you
kno w, today you mu st take possession of the UC to perfect.)See Current §§ 9-304(1); 9-305. The
Revision shifts from possess ion of the piece of paper to control over the proceeds . Con trol is only means
to perfect in deposit accou nts and UC rights as original colla teral. See Revision §§ 9-203(bX3)(O); 9-
31 2(b)(1)-(2). To the extent the UC support s paymen t of an acco un t or paym en t in tang ible, if you 're
perfected in the accoun t or payment in tang ible, you'll be perfected in the rights to payments un der the
UC. See Revision § 9-308(d). Perfection in in vestment property will conti nue to be governed by the rules
(which incl ude both filing and contr ol) adopted as part of the 19 94 amendmen ts. See Revision §§ 9-106;
9-309(10)-(11 ); 9-310; 9-313(a); 9-312; 9-314. Perfection in electronic cha ttel paper can be achie ved
either by control (a specially defi ned contr ol, in "h i-tech" terms, for this type of col lateral) , or by filing. See
Revision §§ 9-105; 9-310; 9-312; 9-314.
Finally, the Revision mak es an im portant chang e in the perfection rules relating to the use of bailees.
Un der cu rrent law, most decisions hold that a secu red party can perfect sim ply by giving notice to the
bailee tha t the secur ed party has a secu rity in terest in the property in the bailee's posses sion. See
Revision § 9-313, Official Com men t #4 (ci ting In re Atlantic Systems, Inc., 13 5 B.A. 463 (Bankr. S.D.N .Y.
19 92)). Un de r the Revis ion, howeve r, the bailee mu st not only receive no tice of the secu rity inter est, it
mu st also acknowl edge, in an authent icated record, tha t it is holding the col late ral for the secu red party's
bene fit . See Revision § 9-313(c). Un fortu na tely, this revision wi ll elimi na te the handy "bailee with notice "
device available today, but the change was thought ne cessar y to better evidence the fact tha t the se cur ed
party's control over the colla teral was sufficient enough to constitute construc tive possession. See
Revision § 9-313, Official Comment #4. The new rule isn't wonder fu l, but it is mor e logically consis tent
with the Revis ion's concept of "contr ol" than old § 9-305. We'll learn to li ve with it.
So, dep ending upon the type of colla teral in volv ed , you can file, you can take actual possession , or you
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can obta in construc tive possess ion (Le. contr ol), or in some ins tances you can file and take possess ion;
but if you file, which , ju st lik e today, you will do most often, wher e do you file? In ans wering this question ,
I belie ve I wi ll be tel ling you about the single most import ant of the Article 9 revisions. It certainly is lik ely
to save you and your cus tomer s the mo st mon ey.
Today, the ch oice of law rule s governing perfection (the rules about wher e you file) for most collater al,
tang ible and in tangible, look either to (i) the law of ju risdiction wher e the deb tor is lo cated or (ii) the law of
the jurisd iction wher e the colla teral is lo cated . See Current § 9-103. The ju risdiction of the deb tor's
location cu rrently governs the perfection of a secu rity in terest in accou nts , gener al in tangibles and goods
tha t typically move among di fferent jur isdic tions, such as cons truction equipment. See Current § 9-
103(3). The debtor's location is also the proper place to file today if you elect to perfect agai nst cha ttel
paper or in vestment property by filing ins tead of possess ion or contr ol. See Current § 9-103(4), (6). Wi th
respect to most ot her types of colla teral (lik e in vento ry and equip ment) you mu st file wher e the colla teral
is lo cated , and this can in volv e all 50 states in some transa ctions. See Current § 9-103(1).
Un der the Revisi on, ho wever, the ju risd iction of debtor's loca tion will apply for all types of col late ral,
tangible and in tan gible. See Revision § 9-301(1 ). In dete rmining loca tion, § 9-307 of the Revision
essent ially follo ws existing law under § 9-1 03, namely, loca tion of debtor is the deb tor's place of busine ss
(or ch ief executive office , if the debtor ha s mor e than one place of busi ness) .See Revision § 9-307(b)(2)
(3). But the new law contains thr ee major exceptions. Fir st, a "r egistered organiz ati on" such as a
corporation or LL C, is deemed located in the state under whose law the debtor is organ ized (which , for a
corporation, will be the state of in corporation) .See Revision § 9-307(e). Second, an indi vidual debtor is
located at hi s or her princi pal residence. See Revision § 9-307(b)(1). Thir d, ther e are special rules for
determ ining the loca tion of registered organiz ations organiz ed un der the la ws of the Uni ted States and for
foreign debtor s dOing busine ss in the Uni ted States but other wise organiz ed under the la ws of a
jur isdic tion tha t doesn 't ha ve a public notice filing system for non- posses sory secu rity in terests. See
Revision § 9-307(f). These foreign de btors are deemed located in the Di strict of Colum bia. See Revision
§ 9-307(c).
Wha t all this means is that, in mo st cases under the Revis ion , secu rity in terests in the assets of dom estic
corpo rations which can be perfected by filing, can be perfected with one filing in the state where the
debtor is in corporated or registered . Not so good for the search firms, but great for us!
One in teresting dic hoto my in the new cho ice of law regime is tha t while location of debtor wi ll frequen tly
govern place of filing, it will no t govern prio rity, See Revision § 9-301 (3)(C) nor will it govern perfection of
possessory secu rity inter ests . See Revision § 9-301(2) or agricultural liens. See Revision § 9-302.
Those topics wi ll conti nue to be governed by the laws of jur isdic tion wher e the colla teral is located at the
time of perfection , the same as under existi ng law. Additio nal special cho ice-of-Iaw rules, wh ich are too
inv olv ed for this di scussio n, but which don't make rad ical changes, will govern goods cove red by
certific ates of title. See Revision § 9-303.
Let me ma ke some gener al obse rvations about prio rity and proceeds before turning to enfor cement. For
the most part, exis ting prio rity rules will not change. The lon g-standing rule (since 19 72), tha t the fi rst
party to file a financing statement or to other wise perfect its secu rity in terest will ha ve prio rity, con tinue s.
See Revision § 9-322(a)(1). Tha t said, ther e are sti ll a numb er of imp ortant changes effected by the
Revis ion .
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Fir st, as CF A re quested back in 19 91 , the rules with respect to purcha se money secu rity in terests are
clarified for non- consu mer tran sactions. The new defi ni tion of a purcha se mon ey secu rity int erest mak es it
abso lu tely clear tha t a secu rity in terest ma y be both purchase mo ney and non-pur chase mon ey at the
same time. (This is the so-called "dual- status" approach.) See Revision § 9-103(f). In effect, the change
rejects the "transfo rmation rule" under which a purchase money secu rity in terest was "tran sfo rmed" in to a
non-pur cha se mo ney secu rity in terest (an d, cons equen tly, lost its special prior ity status under the UCC)
when ther e was no on e-to-one correspo nden ce between colla teral and the debt which was incu rred to
purcha se or fin ance the purch ase of tha t col lateral . See Revision § 9-103, Official Comment #7. This is
an imp ortant change for floor plan financer s who extend credit to vendor s in amoun ts greater than the
purcha se price of floor plan ned goods. Wi th "dual statu s", the secu rity in terest granted the floor plan
financer can be both purcha se mo ney (with super prio rity status for some of the deb t) See Revision §§ 9-
31 7(e); 9-324 and non- purcha se money (sub ject to the regular fi rst to file or perfect rules) for the balance
of the debt. This will greatly simpli fy in ter-creditor nego tiations and do cumen tation, which today are often
leng thy and costly. Next, the Revision provides a numb er of new rules with respect to deposit acco un ts
which ha ve been patterned on the rules for in vestment property under Article 8. If a secu red party has
control of the deposit account, its secu rity inter est will be senior to a secu rity in terest perfected in any
other manner (such as by filing, or even as proceeds of othe r colia teral) .See Revision § 9-327(1). If mor e
than one secu red party has control of the same deposit account, priori ty rank s acco rding to who obtai ned
control fir st, See Revision § 9-327(2) unle ss one of the com peting secu red parties is the de pository bank,
which will win unle ss the other secur ed party takes control of the deposit acc oun t by becoming the
depos itory bank's cus tomer. See Revision § 9-327(3)-(4) or un less the deposi tory bank has agreed to the
contr ary. See Revision § 9-339. Ano ther very sign ificant amendmen t affecting deposit acco unt s gives
prior ity to the offset rights of the depos itory bank over the secu rity in terest held by another secu red party,
including an asset-based lender who claims the deposi t acco un t as proceeds of its colla teral. See
Revision § 9-340. This is a 18 0 degr ee change from existi ng law, but was necessar y to get the Fede ral
Reserve on boar d with the amendmen ts gener ally. The prio rity given to the offsetting bank can be
overco me by express agreemen t with the bank. See Revision § 9-339 or by havi ng the com peting
secu red party put the acco un t in its name, ther eby becoming the ban k's cus tomer. See Revision §§ 9-
104(a)(3); 9-340(c). Many lender s will find tha t they al ready ha ve such provisions in th eir blo cked acco un t
agreements today.
Turning to letters of cred it, control will also trump perfection by any oth er means. See Revision § 9-
329(1). Remem ber, perfection in rights to payment un der UCs will be accompl ished by control (Le. by
obtai ning the consen t of the UC issuer to the assignm ent of the UC proceeds) See Revision § 9-107.
ins tead of physical possess ion of the UC un less , of course, the UC cons titutes a supporti ng obl igation for
an acco un t re ceivab le, in which case perfection is automa tic if the secu rity in terest in the un de rlyi ng
oblig ation (be it an acco un t or paym en t in tan gibl e) is perfected . See Revision § 9-308(d). But, agai n,
control will trump autom atic perfection.
The prio rity rules for cha ttel paper will not change mu ch. Different rules wi ll apply depend ing upon
wheth er purchaser s who give new val ue and take possession of, or obtain control over, the paper, do so
with the paper being merely proceeds of other col lateral or as separately fina nced assets . See Revision
§ 9-330. (This is cons istent with existing law un der § 9-308). Ad dit ionally, ther e are several new ru les
affecting priorities in cha ttel paper tha t deal with the role of kno wledge , good faith and the effect of a
previous assignmen t which are too com plicated to addr ess at this time. See id. Suffice it to say the new
rules are help fu l and resolve some issues long thought to be in need of clar ifica tion.
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One no te about proceeds before I conclude my remar ks with a di scussion on en forcement. The Revision
affects "pr oceeds" in two signi ficant respects. Fir st, the de fin ition of proceeds is greatly expanded to
in clude dis tributions "on acco unt of" colla teral such as cash or stock di vidends from secu rities . Revision §
9-1 02(a) (64)(B ) . (This overrules contr ary cases such as Hastie v. FDIC, 2 F.3 d 10 42 (1 0th Cir.
19 93)).See Revision § 9-102, Official Comment #13 a. Proceeds will also includ e li cense revenues and
claims stemmin g from loss or non -conform ity of, defects in, or dam age to, colla teral, in cluding
infr ingem ent claims against th ird parties. See Revision § 9-102(a)(64). Final ly, proceeds will incl ude
col lections on acco un t of supporting obliga tions, such as guaranties and rights under UC s. See Revision
§§ 9-102(a)(64)(8); 9-102, Official Com ment #1 3b. All these expansions in the defi ni tion of proceeds
resolve in favo r of the secu red lender vari ous ambigui ties tha t ha ve existed over the years wh ich caused
secu red lender s to be denied the bene fit of colla teral they thought they had bargained for.
Turning to another major impr ovemen t for the secu red len ding indus try, the section of Article 9 tha t
prohibi ted the tracing of cash proceeds in to com min gled bank accou nts after the debtor's bankrup tcy (Le.
cu rrent § 9-306(4)(d )), and tha t oth erwise gave rise to a numb er of frigh tening preference prob lems under
the Bank ruptcy Code, wi ll be elimi na ted . See Revision § 9-315(b)(2). This may seem lik e a small
impr ovement, but, belie ve me, it's major !
Finally, let's look at enfor cement. The Revi sion ma kes a numb er of import ant chan ges in the law
govern ing debtor def aul t and secu red party enfor cement. Let me focus on those I belie ve ma y be mo st
im portant.
Fir st, the Revision makes stric t foreclo sur es (wher e the secur ed party retains colla teral , ins tead of selling
colla teral, to satisfy the deb t) mu ch mor e attractive for secu red lender s. Un der existi ng law, stric t
foreclosur e was thought to be un avai lable if the lender either wanted to have the col lateral satisfy a part,
rather than all the debt, or the lender wanted to retain in tan gible colla teral (l ik e acco un ts) rather than
tangible col lateral (lik e equi pment or in ventor y). Both of these lim itations on strict foreclos ure have been
elimi na ted by the Revis ion . See Revision § 9-620. And as a final blo w to existing lim its on stric t
foreclos ure, the Revision ma kes it clear tha t (i) junior secu red claim ants are di scharged by a senior 's
retention of the colla teral --an unlik ely resul t un der cu rrent law, See Revision § 9-622(a) and (ii) secu red
parties who fai l to exped itiously di spose of colla teral after def aul t will not be deemed to ha ve foreclosed
on it. See Revision § 9-620(a)(1), (c).
Next, in one of the most sought after changes in Article 9, the Revision ado pts the rebuttable presump tion
rule for creditor mi sbeha vior during the foreclosur e process , rather than abso lu te bar rule. See Revision
§ 9-626(a). This means that in no n-cons umer transa ctions , the secu red party won't lose its deficiency
claim sim ply because one aspect of the foreclosur e is fou nd not to ha ve been com mercially reaso nable.
Rather, the non-c omplying secu red party will be requir ed to credit the deb t with the greater of the ne t
sales proceeds received on foreclosur e or the amoun t a court later det ermi nes the secu red party would
ha ve received if the foreclo sur e had been cond ucted in a com mercial ly reaso nable manner. See
Revision § 9-626(a)(3)-(4). This is a very im portant cla rifica tion in the law.
Staying with deficiencies for a mom ent, the Revision cont ains a series of special new rules for calc ula ting
def iciencie s and sur pluses wher e the col lateral is sold at foreclosur e to the secu red party, to an affil iate of
the secu red party, or to a secondar y obligor (Le. a gu arantor) . See Revision § 9-615(f). Some member s
of the Drafting Comm ittee belie ved tha t sales to related parties could be mor e easily manipula ted and
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abused , and , conse quen tly, needed protection above and beyond wha t the sim ple com mercially
reasonable standar d provi ded. See Revision § 9-615, Official Comment #6. So the dr afters cam e up
with the follo wing solution --if the sale yields pr oceeds "sign ificantly below the range of proceeds" tha t a
comp lyi ng disposition woul d yield to an indep endent thir d party, then --even if the sale itself was
otherwise proced ur ally proper --the de ficiency or sur plus wi ll be calcula ted based upon the amoun t of
proceeds tha t would ha ve been realiz ed in a com mercially reasonable sale to an unr ela ted th ird party.
See Revision § 9-615(f). Un fortu na tely, this change will either di scou rage secu red parties from bidd ing at
th eir own foreclosur e sales (particularly when the colla teral is har d to val ue an d, thus, wi ll lik ely gener ate
li tigatio n), or will prompt secu red parties to obtain appraisals (m aybe mor e than one) in each case wher e
they in tend to bid, and then place their bid at the mi ddle or above the mi ddle of the appraised val ue.
Personally, I didn' t belie ve this change was necessar y, but several im portant representatives of our
indus try did (evidently, because they have witn essed mor e rigged sales than I ha ve). In any event, the
revision is ther e, and we'll ha ve to conduc t ou rselves accordingl y.
Finally, let me look at the notices tha t have to be given to th ird parties when foreclo sing. Un der cu rrent
law, no tice of foreclosu re is requir ed to be given only to those cred itors from whom the foreclos ing
secu red party has received notice of an inter est in the colla teral and a de sir e to receiv e notice. See
Current § 9-504(3). This provision was part of the 19 72 revisions of Article 9 and it changed then existing
law. Well, we're chang ing back to the pre-19 72 version of Article 9 and requir ing the foreclos ing secu red
party to conduc t a lien search in the appropria te ju risdicti on (which wi ll be mu ch easier when you file on
everyth ing in one place) and to provide written no tice to all secu red parties of record whose financing
statements cover the colla teral being foreclosed on. See Revision §§ 9-611 (c)(3); 9-621. The Revision
sets out in det ail the conte nts of the notice and how far in advance of the sale no tice mu st be sent. See
Revision §§ 9-61 1 to 9-614. The Revision also cont ains a safe harbor if a lien search, which is
conduc ted with in a specified time prior to sale , fails to reveal a filing or if the search isn't comp leted within
a reasonable time. See Revision § 9-61 1(e). But, at the end of the day, the secu red party will sti ll ha ve to
search and no tify other secu red parties of record --som eth ing it does n't ha ve to do today un less a juni or
secu red party so requests .
Ther e are other new rules (i) giving juni or secu red parties certai n protections, (ii) di fferen tiating the rights
of debtor s, obligor s and secondar y obl igors, (iii) limi ting the ab ili ty of guar antor s to waive certain su rety
def enses , See Revision §9-602. (iv) provi ding secu red parties greater flexibil ity in collec ting receivables
See Revision §9-607. and (v) di fferentia ting con sumer from no n-cons umer remedies, but I bel ieve we
covered enough for one day. Suffice it to say, ther e is a lot to learn , but I'm con vinc ed tha t the Revision
will facil itate secu red financing, red uce its cost, bring greater certai nty to trans actions covered by Article 9
and provide greater protection to deb tors and secu red parties alike. These are de sir able resul ts, and the
Revis ion dese rves our support.
-e nd.
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CO py CER TI FI CA TION BY DO CUM EN T CUS TO DIA N : 
State of _________ ) 
) Sci licet 
Cou nty of ________ ) 
____________________ , her eby swear (or affi rm) 
Name of Custodian of Original Document(s) 
tha t the attac hed reprod ucti on of: 
Char ge Back Cove r Letter. Char ge Back. Bill of Exchang e #076 13 99. Ce rtified Cop y of Birth 
Ce rtifica te. True and Co rrect Copy of UCC -1. 10 40 ES. sent via DHL Tracking 
#1 23456789 10 . and DHL Tracking Sum mary 
... is a TRUE, co rrect and comp lete pho tocopy of a docu men t or docu men ts in my 
possess ion and I'm the cus tod ian of said docu men t or do cumen ts. 
Signature of Custodian of Original Document 
Address/Locale 
SUBSCRIBED and SWORN (or affirmed) to befo re rue on this ___ day of 
_______________ 200 ___ 
_______________ Seal: 
NOTE : Th e ar ea ab ove that has the th ree li ne s with all the do cumen ts lis ted , ca n be used 
for any docu ment or do cu me nts to be plac ed on to p, stapled, and sent out to an ybody you 
need to copy any do cu m ent(s) ... No ta ri ze d un der Co py Cer tif ic at ion , wher eby you ar e the 
docu ment cu stod ian ! 
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Th eod or e Ro ose ve lt- la m es tow n 
Ex positi on - Apri l 26 , 1907 
We of th is mig hty weste rn Repu bli c have to gr apple with 
the danger s tha t spr ing fr om po pular se lf -go ve rn men t trie d 
on a scale in com par ably vaste r than eve r befo re in the 
hi sto ry of man kin d, ... It beh ooves us to re memb er tha t 
men ca n neve r escap e be in g governe d . Ei ther the y 
mus t govern thems elv es or the y mus t submi t to be in g 
gover ne d by other s. If from la wl ess ne ss or fickl en ess , 
fr om fo ll y or self -ind u lg enc e , the y ref use to gove rn 
thems el ves , then mo st as su red ly in the end the y wi ll have 
to be gove rned fr om the out side. The y ca n prevent the 
need of gov ern ment from with ou t onl y by sho win g 
tha t the y possess the power of govern ment from 
wi th in, a sovereign can no t mak e exc uses fo r hi s 
fa i lur es ; a sov ereign mu st accept the res ponsi bil ity fo r 
the exe rcis e of the po we r tha t inher es in him, and wh er e, 
as it is true in our Re publ ic, the peo ple ar e sove reign , then 
the pe ople mu st sho w a so ber un der standing and a same 
and stead fast pu rpose if the y ar e to pr ese rve tha t or der ly 
lib erty up on wh ich as a fo un dation eve ry re publi c mu st 
rest . 
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MI SCEL LANE OUS 
Un if orm Comm ercia l code 
§ 10 -1 04, Laws Not Repea led . 
[( 1 )] The Article on Docume nts of Title (Article 7) does not repeal or mod ify laws prescri bing 
the form or conte nts of docu me nts of title or the ser vices or facil ities to be afford ed by bai lees, 
or oth erwise reg ula ting bailees busine sses in respec ts not specifical ly dealt with her ein: but the 
fact tha t such laws are viola ted does not affect the Status of a docu ment of title wh ich other wise 
compl ies with the de fini tion of title. (Sec tion 1-201 ). As amended in 19 62 and 19 94 
Note ; BU SINE SS LAW - 19 62 - WE ST PUB; Ch apter 23, page 49 1 ; Secur ed Party repla ces 
mor tgagee, seller, entruster, assignee. Secu rity in ter est repla ces ... "tit le". Fi nanci ng statement 
is the in strument fi led to gi ve public notice (UCC -1) 
CODIFI CATI ON OF HJ R-1 92 : 
In Jun e 19 33 the In terna tional Banker s, owners of the Feder al Rese rve Ban k (a priv ate Bank) 
took contr ol of all pr ivate and real propert y by the consent of Cong ress due to the Uni ted . 
States, In c. going bankrup t in 19 33 and as su ppo rted by Execut ive Order s of the then 
Preside nt(s) and upheld by preced ing Preside nts and Congr ess as wel l. As a res ul t of these 
acts , Congr ess made provi sions for redemp tion in the 19 00's for your reins tate ment of right ful 
status as an Ame rican (sovereign) when you became of age or became aware of the rig ht to 
red eem . These provi sion were pla ced in vari ous Act(s) , legis latio n, resol utions and execut ive 
order s, mostly in and around 19 33, including but lim ited to HJ R-1 92 which has si nce been 
cod ified in Public Law 73-10 and so confi rmed by the Un ited states Supr eme Co urt in 19 39 
Dyett v Turner, Wa rder, Utah State , 439 P 2nd 266 @ 267: 
"The Un ited States Supr eme Court, as at present cons tituted, has depar ted from the 
Constitution as it been in terpr eted from its in cep tion and has follo wed the urgin gs of social 
refo rmer s in fois ting up on this Nation laws wh ich even Co ngr ess coul d not Co nstitutionally pass . 
It has amended the Cons titution in a manner un kno wn to the do cumen t itse lf. While it takes 
thr ee fourt hs of the states of the Uni on to change the Constitu tion legally, yet as few as five men 
who have neve r been el ected to office can by judi cial fia t accomplish a change jus t as rad ical as 
could th ree fourths of the states of this Nation. As a res ul t of the rece nt holdings of that Court, 
the sove reig nty of the states is practically abolished, and the erstwh ile free and ind epe nden t 
state are now in effect and pu rpose mer ely closel y su pe rvised un its in the feder al system ." 
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APP EN DIX NO TE: You will notic e that th ere is a sa mple form s, fi lled out in the 
name of "B enjamin Freed om Frank lin." Read and review the fo rms . Fo llowi ng the 
form is gener ic copy of the form . It is no t sugg ested that one co py any of the forms 
out of the book and 'f ill-in' the blank s wi th pen, as it red uc es the profess ional 
ap pea ran ce of the forms. The 'B lank' forms are on the 'CD' to pull up on yo ur 
co mp uter to inp ut yo ur in formation to prep are the form for you process /fi ling . 
Typewr iter use on clean co pied forms is ok if that is all you hav e ! 
See the dat a she et for th e par ticu lar placement of the req uir ed in formation on each 
docu ment or view the sa mple 'f illed -in form docu men t! ' 
The secu rity agr eeme nt, in pr incipl e, shou ld be done fi rst, signed and no ta rized , as 
it is the first agr eement between yo ur deb to r and yo u. 
The Powe r of Attorney and the Hold Harml ess Ag reement also ne eds to be 
nota rized . 
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The World Book Encyclopedia, 2003 at page 369
Footprinting is a system of identitication similar to fingerprinting. Footprints are the impressions made by ridges on the
soles of the feet like fingerprints. foot prints remain unchanged throughout a person's lifetime. No individuals footprints
have been found to be identical to those of another person Fool-prints found at the scene of a crime may help identify
suspects. especially in hot areas of the world where people often go bare foot. Footprints also provide a means of
identification when fingerprints cannot be obtained because of severe burns or other injuries. Many hospitals footprint
new born infants for Identification shortly after birth and keep the prints on file for future reference.
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f�-91-41-2 Karen £1 t;t.beth Al t: )f;29 Jant:t
I CERTIFY that dtH inq tbe dischargE' procedure
received my baby, exammed it and determined thot
;1 was mine, � ch�Jced th(� Ident,A-Band p<;2Tts sealed
on the baby and on rut" and found that 'hey wer(\
idt:tnticaUy numbered "'j"L.1-- . and contc:dnoo
c(ure<1.. id"ntilyinq information. . J j W.In-d: � /£ S,,,.-C1;k .. L�* __ _ .....,
........ ·r��{jg,� - I
Univ ersity of Illin ois Hos pital
Notes: I. The footprints are taken (captured) before the babies feet hit terra finna 2. Upper Panel: The taking of the baby
(S ignature person taking) is mediated by a registered agent of the corporation and witnessed by the attending physician.
3. Lower Panel: Mother a!,'Tees to the fraud by signing per the registration number or the "property" not the babies name.
Her act is witnessed by the Hospital Representative.
REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 676

redemption-manual-4-5-edition

What this file is for

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